I 
 
 Cyclopedia of American horticulture 
 
 
 i 
 
■'rt^><^° 
 
Cyclopedia of 
 American Horticulture 
 
 COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI- 
 CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF 
 FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 
 SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER 
 WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BY 
 
 L. H. BAILEY 
 
 Professor of HorticuJture in Cornell University 
 
 AsSISTKlt HY 
 
 WILHELM MILLER 
 
 , Associate Editor 
 
 AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS 
 
 JllusftratrU toitS ober 
 Ctoo 'iXiiousanti i^ngmal (lEngtat)ins0 
 
 /AT Four Volumes 
 AD 
 
 'CTorontP i 
 
 VIHTUE & COMPANY \ 
 
 10 ADKLAIDK STKEET KAf»T 1 
 
 T!h' litiht* <if tettrvdiicdon mid of fninnhitiii,- tire Mtnctl!' •■■>'»'i>'>'<' i 
 
Copyright, 1900, 
 By the MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 ^ount ©Iraaant Drinictp 
 
 J Horace McFarland Company 
 HarrisbutK, t'a. 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 T IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK to make a complete 
 record of the status of North American horticulture as it 
 exists at the close of the nineteenth century. The work dis- 
 cusses the cultivation of fruits, flowers and garden vegetables, 
 describes all the species which are known to be in the hor- 
 ticultural trade, outlines the horticultural possibilities of the 
 various states, territories and provinces, presents biographies 
 of those persons not living who have contributed most to the 
 horticultural progress of North America, and indicates the leading mono- 
 graphic works relating to the various subjects. 
 
 It has been the dream of years to close the century with a comprehensive 
 index to American horticulture, and for a long period the Editor, therefore, 
 has collected notes, books, plants and information for the furtherance of 
 the work. Before the active preparation of the manuscript was begun, a 
 year was expended in making indexes and references to plants and litera- 
 ture. Every prominent plant and seed catalogue published in the United 
 States and Canada has been indexed, and the horticultural periodicals have 
 been explored. A dozen artists have been employed in various horticul- 
 tural centers to draw plants as they grow. Expert cultivators and botanists 
 have contributed on their various specialties. All the important articles 
 are signed, thus giving each author full credit for his work, and holding 
 him ]'esponsible for it. 
 
 Th ) work is made first-hand, from original sources of information. 
 So fa' as possible, the botanical matter has been newly elaborated from 
 the p ants themseh v^a ; and in all cases it is specially prepared directly for 
 this Cyclopedia, and is not the work of copyists nor of space-writers. In 
 many of the most important subjects, two authors have contributed, one 
 writing the culture and the other the botany ; and in some cases the 
 culture is presented from two points of view. When it has been 
 necessary to compile in comparatively unfamiliar groups, the greatest 
 pains has been taken to select authentic sources of information ; and the 
 proofs always have been submitted to recognized specialists. In f^>ct, 
 
 (▼) 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 proofs of every article in the work have been read by experts in that 
 subject. 
 
 Every effort has been made to present a truthful picture of American 
 horticulture, by describing those plants which are or lately have been in 
 the trade, and by giving cultural directions founded upon American 
 experience. Therefore the Old World cyclopedias, which represent other 
 horticultural floras and other methods of cultivation, have not been fol- 
 lowed. Species which are commonly cultivated in the Old World, or 
 which are mentioned prominently in horticultural literature, but vhich are 
 not known to be in North American commerce, are briefly recorded iu 
 smaller type in supplementary lists. The object has been to make the 
 work essentially American and wholly alive. 
 
 Particular attention has been given to the tropical and sub -tropical 
 plants which are now being introduced in southern Florida and southern 
 California. These plants already represent the larger part of the cultivated 
 tropical flora ; and a knowledge of them will be of increasing interest 
 and importance with the enlargement of our national sphere. The work 
 is intended to cover the entire field from Key West and the Rio Grande 
 to Quebec and Alaska. 
 
 North America is a land of outdoor horticulture, and the hardy fruits, 
 trees, shrubs and herbs are given the prominence which they deserve. In 
 most works of this character, the glasshouse and fanciers' plants receive 
 most emphatic attention. 
 
 Since it is hoped that the work will be of permanent value, descriptions 
 of varieties are not included ; for such descriptions would increase the bulk 
 of the work enormously, and the information would be out of date with the 
 lapse of a few months or years. If the work finds sufficient patronage, it 
 is hoped that a small supplemental volume may be issued annually, to 
 record the new species and varieties and the general • progress of horticul- 
 tural business and science. 
 
 The illustrations have been m^de under the personal supervision of 
 the Editor so far as possible, and, with few exceptions, they are owned 
 and controlled by the publishers. No trade cuts have been purchased. In 
 various confused groups, copies have been made of old prints for the pur- 
 pose of showing the original or native lorm of a plant, and thereby to 
 illustrate the course of its evolution ; but credit is given to the source 
 of the illustration. 
 
 The point of view is the garden, not the herbarium. The herbarium 
 
PREFACE ^ vii 
 
 is the adjunct. In other words, the stress is laid upon the plants as 
 domesticated and cultivated subjects. Special efforts have been made to 
 portray the range of variation under domestication, and to suggest the 
 course of the evolution of the greatly modified forms. Garden plants are 
 worthy subjects of botanical study, notwithstanding the fact that they 
 have been neglected by systematists. It is desired to represent the 
 plants as living, growing, varying things, rather than as mere species or 
 bibliographical formulas. 
 
 The Editor desires to say that he considers this book but a beginning. 
 It is the first complete survey of our horticultural activities, and it is 
 published not because it is intended to be complete, but that it may 
 bring together the scattered data in order that further and better studies 
 may be made. A first work is necessarily crude. We must ever improve. 
 To the various articles in the work, the teacher of horticulture may assign 
 his advanced students. The Editor hopes that every entry in this book 
 will be worked over and improved within the next quarter centuiy. 
 
 T TT RATI W\ 
 Horticultural Department, ^' ^-^' -o-^^-i-L^-Ci -«■ • 
 
 College op Agriculture of Cornell University, 
 
 iTrfACA, New York, December SO, 1899, 
 
■ ■ 'lah Miiiiri 
 
COLLABORATORS 
 
 /. PARTIAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA 
 
 The asterisk designates the contributors to the first volume, 
 proofs and in other ways. 
 
 Many of the contributors have also assisted in reading 
 
 Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp. 
 Sta., Kingston, R. I. {Rhode Island.) 
 *Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and 
 Instructor in Botany in Harvard f niv., Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. {Many genera of Orchids.) 
 *Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. 
 {China Asters.) 
 
 Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, 
 Ind. {Phi"^.olog" of Plants.) 
 
 Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ., 
 Ithaca, N. Y. {Mushrooms.) 
 
 Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. 
 Sta., Pullman, Wash. {fVashington.) 
 ♦Barclay, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. {Na- 
 tive Asters. Various hardy plants.) 
 
 Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology, 
 Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ills. {Fertiliza- 
 tion . Flower. ) 
 
 Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. {Everlasting flowers.) 
 ♦Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp. 
 
 Si a., Geneva, N. Y. {Corn. Thinning.) 
 *Bladle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt- 
 more, N. C. {Bamboos.) 
 
 Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. A^Tie. College, Agri- 
 cultural College, Mich. {Article ''^ Grasses.^') 
 *Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa. 
 {Bougainvillea.) 
 
 Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nur«'eryman, 
 Augusta, Ga. {Eaki. Has read j>roof of vari- 
 ous groups of importance in the South.) 
 
 Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta., 
 Champaign, Ills. {Glass. Illinois.) 
 ♦Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's nursery. River- 
 ton, N. J. {The article ^^ Ferns." Many groups 
 of tender ferns. ) 
 
 Buffum, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp. 
 Sta., Laramie, Wyo. {Wyoming.) 
 
 Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp. 
 Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana.) 
 
 Bush and Sons and Meissner, Bushberg, Mo. 
 {Grape Culture in the Prairie States.) 
 *BUTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Asst. Horticulturist, Pa. 
 Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation. 
 Pennsylvania. ) 
 
 •Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of 
 Harvard Univ. ( Various articles and much help 
 on rare plants. Alpinia. Campanula, etc.) 
 
 ♦Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College, 
 Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many 
 articles and much help on rare plants. Anthu- 
 rium, Gloxinia, etc.) 
 
 *Card, Prof. Fred. W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp. 
 Sta,, Kingston, R. I. {Nebraska.- Botany and 
 culture of many bush fruits. Amelanchier. Ber- 
 heris. Blackberry. Buffalo Berry. Currant.) 
 Clinkaberry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N. 
 J. {Certain orchids, as Lcelia, Lycaste.) 
 
 ♦Cook, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and 
 Plant Litroduetion, Dept. of Agric, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. {Coffee.) 
 Corbett, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. 
 Sta., i^org.antown, W. Va. ( West Virginia.) 
 
 ♦Coulter, John M., Professor and Head of the 
 Dept. of B tany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 
 Illinois. 
 
 ♦Craig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta., 
 Ames, la. {Canada. Gooseberry.) 
 
 ♦Craig, Roblrt, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. {Arau- 
 caria. Ardisia . Codiceu m . ) 
 Craig, W. N., Taunton, Mass. 
 
 ♦Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp. 
 Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. (Colorado.) 
 CusHMAN, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid, 
 ^ Ohio. {Gladiolus.) 
 
 ♦Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 {Rannnculacew.) 
 
 ♦Davy, J. BuRTT, Assistant Botanist, Univ. of 
 Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. 
 {Acacia. Eucalyptus. Myrtacece.) 
 
 ♦Dorner, Fred., Carnation specialist, Lafayette, 
 Ind. {Carnation.) 
 DoRSETT, P. H. , Associate Physiologist and Patholo- 
 gist Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.( Violet.) 
 Duggar, B. M., formerly Asst. Cryptogamic Bota- 
 nist, Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Pollen.) 
 
 ♦Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly- 
 technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. {Alabama.) 
 Earl^., Parker, Horticulturist, Roswell, N. M. 
 {Nfw Mexico.) 
 
COLLABORATORS 
 
 *ElSELS J. D., Foreman Dreer's Nursery, River- 
 ton, N. J. {Cordyline.) 
 
 *Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass. 
 {Asparagus plumosus.) 
 Emery, S. M., Director Mont. Exp. Sta,, Boze- 
 man, Mont. (Montana.) 
 
 *Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. {Achim- 
 enes. Acidanthera.) 
 
 *EVANS, Walter H., Office of Exp. Stations, Dept. 
 of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Alaska.) 
 
 *Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and 
 Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Tropical 
 fruits, as therimoya, Mangosteen, etc.) 
 
 *Ferxow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry,. 
 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. [Conifers. For- 
 estry.) 
 
 *Finlayson, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline, 
 Mass. (Diosma. ) 
 
 •Fletcher, S. W., Horticulturist, Ithaca, Y. 
 (ConvolvuIac€(B. HelianVuus. Papaver.) 
 
 *Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima- 
 tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. (Rare 
 plants of S. Calif., as Dasyiirion, etc.) 
 Garfield, C. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rapids, 
 Mich. (Michigan.) 
 
 *Gerard, J. N., Elizabeth, N. J. (Many articles, 
 especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus, Iris, 
 Narcissus. ) 
 Gillett, Edwahd, Nurseryman, Southwiek, Mass. 
 
 (Hardy Ferns.) 
 GOFF, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta., 
 Madison, Wis. ( Wisconsin.) 
 
 *GrOULD, H. P., Asst. Entomologist and Horti- 
 culturist, Maryland Exp. Sta., College Park, 
 Md. (Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac. ) 
 Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota 
 Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Minne- 
 sota.) 
 Green, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta., 
 Wooster, Ohio. (Ohio. Sub- irrigation.) 
 
 *Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables. La Salle^ 
 N. Y". ( Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, As- 
 pa rag us , Bea n. Cress.) 
 
 *Grey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. 
 (Cypripedium and other oi'chids.) 
 Groff, H. H., Simcoe, Ont. (Gladiolus.) 
 
 *Gurney, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden, 
 St. Louis, Mo. (Cacti.) 
 
 *Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist, South 
 Glastonbury, Conn. (Conntcticut.) 
 
 ♦Halsted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New 
 Brunswick, N. J. (Diseases. Fungi.) 
 Hansen, Geo., Landscape architect and botanist, 
 
 Berkeley, Calif. (Epidcndrum.) 
 Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak. 
 Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. [South 
 Dakota.) 
 
 Hasselbring, H., Instructor in Botany, Cornell 
 Univ., Ithaca, >",. Y. (Iris and certain orchids, 
 as Gongora, Odontoglossum.) 
 •Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ., 
 Ithaca, N. Y. (Some tropical plants, as Berria, 
 Bertholletia.) 
 Hatfield, T. D., Gardener, Welles! ey, Mass. 
 
 ( Gesnera and various articles. ) 
 Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, 
 Agricultural College, Mich. (Evaporated Fruits.) 
 •Henderson & Co., Petf.r, Seedsmen, 37 Cort- 
 
 landt St., New York, N. Y. (Bulbs.) 
 •Herrington, a.. Gardener, Florham Farms^ 
 Madison, N. J. [Chrysanthemum coccineian.) 
 Hexamer, Dr. F. M., Editor American Agricul- 
 turist, New York, N. Y. (A. S. Fuller. ) 
 Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. (Seed Testing.) 
 *HiLL, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. (Begonia.) 
 Hoopes, Josiah, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa. 
 (Hedges.) 
 •HoRSFORD, Fred. H., Nurseryman, Charlotte, Vt. 
 (Alpine Gardens. Has read proof of many ar- 
 ticles on native plants.) 
 HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta.,. 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y. [Forcing of vegetables.) 
 Huntley, Prof. F. A., Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow^ 
 
 Idaho. (Idaho.) 
 Hutchins, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In- 
 dian Orchard, Mass. (Sweet Pea.) 
 •Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar- 
 den, St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum.) 
 •Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen, Newark, 
 
 N. Y. (Clematis.) 
 Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns- 
 wick, N. J. (Xew Jersey.) 
 •Kains, M, G.,T)iv. of Botany, Dept. of Agric, 
 Washington, D. C. (Minor vegetables. Pot 
 Herbs. Importations.) 
 •Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. (Many 
 
 groups of hardy herbaceous perennials .) 
 Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston, 
 Mass. (yorth Carolina plants, as Galax and 
 Leucothoe.) 
 •Kennedy, P. Beveridge, Div. of Agrostology, 
 Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Many 
 genera of grasses. Begonia.) 
 Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. (Mary- 
 land.) 
 •Kift, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cut- 
 jlo' ers. I 
 King, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi- 
 son, Wis. [Irrigation.) 
 •Kinney, L. F., Horticalturist, Kingston, R. I. 
 -- (Celery.) 
 
 •Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit, 
 N.J. (Cattleya.) 
 
COLLABORATORS 
 
 Lake, Prof. E. R., Hqrticulturi&., Ore. Exp. Sta., 
 
 Corvallis, Ore. {Oregon.) 
 Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Horticulture, Cor- 
 nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Geranium. Pelar- 
 gonium.) 
 *LONSDALE, Edwin, Florist, Chestnut Hill, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. {Conservatory.) 
 Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects 
 and builde'S, Irvington- on -Hudson, N. Y. 
 [Greenhousr Construction.) 
 *LoTHKOP & IfiGGiNS, Dahlia specialists, East 
 
 Bridgewater, Mass. 
 ♦Manning, J. Wcodward, Nurseryman, Reading, 
 Mass. {Pyreth'^um. Has read proof of many 
 groups of herbaceous perennials.) 
 Manning, Warren H., Landscape architect, 
 Boston, Mass. {Article^ ^^ Herbaceous Peren- 
 nials.") 
 Massey, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp. 
 
 Sta., Raleijfh, N. C. {Figs. North Carolina.) 
 Mathews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp. 
 Sta., Lexington, Ky. {Kentucky.) 
 *Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, - Morley St., 
 Boston^ Mass. {Color.) 
 Maynard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass. 
 Hatch Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. {Massa- 
 chusetts.) 
 McDowell, Prof. R. H., Reno, Nev. {Nevada.) 
 ♦McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer 
 and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 {Border.) 
 *Mc William, Geo., Gardene'*.- Whitinsville, Mass. 
 
 {Dipladeni4i.) 
 *Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. {Cri- 
 nun. Has helped in matters of extreme southern 
 horticulture. ) 
 Morris, O. M., Asst. Hoiticulturist, Okla. Exp. 
 
 Sta., Stillwater, Okla. {Oklahoma.) 
 Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisvi c>j Pa. 
 
 ( Trees for orna ment.) 
 MuNSON, T. v., Nurseryman and grape hybridist, 
 
 Denison, Tex. {Grape culture in the South.) 
 MuNSON, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp. 
 Sta., Orono, Me. {Maine.) 
 *Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. [Cer- 
 tain orchids. ) 
 Norton, J. B. S., Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan- 
 ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Euphorbia.) 
 *Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball Conserva- 
 tories, Rochester, N. Y. {Dendrobium.) 
 *0liver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens, 
 Washington, D. C. {Many articles on palms, 
 aroids, succulents and rare plants, and much help 
 on proofs. Alstrcemeria. Amaryllis. ) 
 *0rpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster, 
 Mass. {Many articles. Border. Cyclamen. Dian- 
 thus, and certain orchids.) 
 
 ♦Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Atco, 
 N. J. {Dahlia.) 
 
 ♦Powell, Prof. G. Harold. Horticulturist, Del. 
 Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. {Cherry. Delaware.) 
 
 Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp. 
 Sta., College Station, Tex. {lexas.) 
 
 ♦PuRDY, Carl, Speeialigt in California bulbs, 
 Ukiah, Calif. {Califoryiian native plants, a^ 
 Brodieea, Calochortus, Fntillaria.) 
 Rane, Prof. F. W., Horticulturist, N. H. Exp. 
 Sta., Durham, N. H. {New Hampshire.) 
 
 ♦Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market -gardener, 
 Boston, Mass. {Cucumber.) 
 
 ♦Reasoner, E. N., Nurseryman and norticulturist, 
 Oneco, Fla. {Many articles, and much help on 
 extreme southern horticulture. Ccesalpinia. 
 Cocos.) 
 
 ♦Rehder, Alfred, Specialist in hardy trees and 
 shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Botany and 
 culture of most of the hardy trees and shrubs.) 
 
 ♦Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric, 
 Cornell Univ., Itliaea, N. Y. {Drainage. Fer- 
 tility. Potato.) 
 Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Horticulturist, S. C. Exp. 
 Sta., Clemson College, S. C. {Florida. Egg- 
 plant.) 
 
 ♦Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb., 
 Smithsoniau Inst., Washington, D. C. 
 {Agave.) 
 Rose, N. J., Landscape gardener to New York 
 City Parks, New York, N. Y. 
 
 ♦RowLEE, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Botany, 
 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Nymphcea. Nar- 
 cissus. Salix. Definitions.) 
 
 ♦Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum, 
 Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Abies.) 
 
 ♦Scott, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. Y. {Acacia. Cy- 
 tisus. ConvallariA. Cyclamen. Smilax, etc.) 
 
 ♦Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. {Berto- 
 lonia and other dwarf tender foliage plants.) 
 
 ♦Semple, James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle - 
 vue. Pa. {Aster.) 
 
 ♦Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Sta- 
 tions, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. {Cali- 
 fornia. Fig, etc.) 
 
 ♦Shore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor- 
 nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ( Various articles, as 
 Acniypha, Bedding, Marguerites, Dichorisandra, 
 Fittonia.) 
 
 ♦Siebrecht, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman, 
 New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro- 
 chelle, N. Y. {Dracatna and various articles. 
 Much help on rare greenhouse plants, jmrticularly 
 orchids.) 
 SiMONDS, O. C, Supt. Graeeland Cemetery, Buena 
 Ave., Chicago, 111. {CemeterieSf in article on 
 Ljndscape Gardening.) 
 
zu 
 
 COLLABORATORS 
 
 Slinqerland, Prof. M. V., Asst. Prof. Economic 
 Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 
 (Insects. Insecticides.) 
 
 *Smith, a. W., Cosmos cultivator, Americas, Ga. 
 ( Cosm OS. Moon flower . ) 
 
 *Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist, 
 Adrian, Mich. (Chrysanthemum.) 
 
 *Smith, Jared G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric, 
 Washington, D. C. (Xearly all palms and va- 
 rious genera, as Centaurea,Cerastium, Cotyledon.) 
 Spencer, John W., Fruit-grower, Westfield, Chau- 
 tauqua Co., N. Y. (Grapes. Help on impor- 
 tant fruits.) 
 Starnes, Prof. Hugh N., Horticulturist, Ga. Exp. 
 Sta., Athens, Ga. (Georgia.) 
 
 *Stinson, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta., 
 Mountain Grove, Mo. (Arkansas.) 
 Taft, Prof. Ii. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric. 
 Coll., Agricultural College, Mich. (Heating. 
 Hotbeds. ) 
 
 *Taplin, W. H., Specialist in ^alms and ferns, 
 Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. (Culture of 
 many palms, ferns and foliage platits.) 
 
 *Taylor, Wm. a., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po- 
 mology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. 
 (Nuts.) 
 
 ♦Thompson, C. H., Assistant Botanist, Mo. Botani- 
 cal Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Many genera of 
 Cacti.) 
 
 •Toumey, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta., 
 Tucson, Ariz. (Arizona. Date.) 
 Tracy, S. M., Biloxi, Miss. (Mississippi.) 
 
 ♦Tracy, Prof. W. W., Seedsman, Detroit, Mich. 
 (Cabbage.) 
 
 ♦Trelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden, 
 St. Louis, Mo. (Aloe. Apicra. Gasteria. Ha- 
 worth ia.) 
 
 ♦Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's 
 Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aquarium. Aqua- 
 tics. Nymphoki. Nelumhrnm. Victoria, etc.) 
 Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta., 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana.) 
 Turner, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. 
 (Farcing Fruits.) 
 
 *TuTTLE, H. B., Cranberry grower, Valley Junc- 
 tion, Wis. (Cranberry.) 
 
 ♦Underwood, Prof. L. M., Columbia University, 
 New York, N. Y. (Botany of all ferns.) 
 
 ♦Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va. 
 (Date.) 
 Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago 
 
 and New York. (Christmas Greens.) 
 Voorhees, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta., 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertilizers.) 
 Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist. N. Dak. 
 Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. (North Dakota.) 
 
 ♦Walker, Ernest, Horticulturist, Arkansas Exp. 
 Sta., Fayett^ville, Ark. (Anmials. Basket 
 Pla n ts . Wa tering . ) 
 Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la. 
 (Iowa.) 
 
 ♦Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus- 
 sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Colchicum. 
 Cuttage. Forcing. House Plants.) 
 Watts, R. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta., 
 Knoxville, Tenn. (Tennessee.) 
 
 ♦Waugh, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp. 
 Sta., Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumber. 
 Lilium. Pentstemon. Salad Plants. Vermont.) 
 
 ♦Webber, H. J., In charge of Plant Breeding 
 
 Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., 
 
 Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. 
 
 (Citrus.) 
 
 Whitney, Prof. Milton, Chief Div. of Soils, 
 
 Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Soil.) 
 Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp. 
 Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Mi<f.souri.) 
 
 ♦WiCKSOi-f, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac- 
 tice, Univ. of Calif., and Horticulturist, Calif. 
 Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apri- 
 cot, Cherry, Grape, etc., in California.) 
 
 ♦Wiegand, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell 
 Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. Cordyline. 
 Cyperus. Draco'na.) 
 
 ♦Wyman, a. p., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land- 
 scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. {Dirca, 
 Epigcea, Halesia and other hardy trees and 
 shrubs, ) 
 
 II. PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY READING PROOF, 
 
 AND IN OTHER WATS 
 
 Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo. 
 (Native icestern plants, especial I y neic hardy CacH.) 
 
 Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. (Palms. Ferns. Foliage 
 Plants.) 
 
 Barker, Michael, Editor "American Florist," 
 324 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. (Many sug- 
 gestions. ) 
 
 Bassett, Wm. F., & Son, Hammonton, N. J. 
 (Hibisctts and other plants.) 
 
 Berger & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. (Japa- 
 nese and Californian plants.) 
 
 Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadelphiai 
 Pa. (Cacti. Novelties.) - 
 
 Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass. 
 (Portrait of Joseph Jireck.) 
 
COLLABORATORS 
 
 xm 
 
 BUDLOKO Bros., Pickle makera, 1 -ovidence, R. I. 
 (Cucfimber.) 
 
 Clark, Mis8 Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept. 
 of Agric, Washington, D. C. {Information as 
 to species since Index Kewensis ) 
 
 COATES, Leonard, Napa City, Calif. [Fruit Cul- 
 ture in California.) 
 
 CoviLLE, Frederick v.. Botanist, Dept. of Agric, 
 Washington, D. C. {Suggestions as to con- 
 tributors.) 
 
 CowEN, J. H., lorticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 {Colorado.) 
 
 Dat, Miss Mary A., Librari.an, Gray Herbarium 
 of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. {Rare 
 books. ) 
 
 Deane, Walter, Cambridge, Mass. {Various 
 botanical problems.) 
 
 Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in Bamboos, New 
 Orleans, La. {Batnb^os.) 
 
 Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. {Bartram.) 
 
 Dreer, H. A., Seedsmen and plantsmen, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. {Many and varied services, espe- 
 cially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare 
 annuals.) 
 
 Eqan, W. C. Amateur, Highland Park, Ills. 
 {Plants of exceptional hardiness.) 
 
 Ellwanger & Barry, Nurserymen, Rochester, 
 N. Y. {Hardy plants.) 
 
 Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College, 
 Northampton, Mass. {Cacti.) 
 
 Halliday Bros., Baltimore, Md., Florists. 
 {Azalea. Camellia.) 
 
 LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. I, 
 {Cabbage.) * 
 
 Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry grower. West Barn- 
 stable, Mass. {Cranberry.) 
 
 Manda, W. a.. Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J. 
 {Orchid pictures.) 
 
 Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass. 
 {Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial 
 plants.) 
 
 Manning, Robert, See. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston, 
 Mass. ( Biographical sketches. ) 
 
 Mathews, Wm . , Florist , Utica, N. Y. ( Orchids. ) 
 
 May, John N., Florist, Summit, N.J. {Florists^ 
 flotccfs. ) 
 
 Meehan & Sons, Thos., Nurserymen, German- 
 town, Pa. {Hardy plants.) 
 
 PiERSON, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown - on - 
 Hudson, N. Y. {Bulbs.) 
 
 Powell, Geo. T., Pomologist, G'aent, N. Y. 
 {Important fruits.) 
 
 Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton, N. J {Cran- 
 berry.) 
 
 Robinson, Dr. B. L., Curator Gray Herbarium of 
 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Lla> . {Various 
 articles.) 
 
 Sr-ooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y. 
 {Cherry.) 
 
 Sears, Prof. F. C, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. 
 {Canada.) 
 
 Shady Hill Nursely Co., Boston, Mass. {Her- 
 baceous perennials.) 
 
 Slaymaker, A. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del. 
 {Delatrare.) 
 
 Stokrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville, 
 Ohio. {Various plants.) 
 
 Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., 11 Broad- 
 way, New York, N. Y. {Japanese plants.) 
 
 Thorbi'RN & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York, 
 N. Y. {Numerous important and rare plants, 
 especially ann uals. ) 
 
 Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon- 
 treal, P. Q. {Hardy trees and shrubs.) 
 
 Vick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y. 
 {Various plants.) 
 
 Ward, C. W., Florist, Cottage Gardens, Queens, 
 L. I. {Carnation.) 
 
 Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. {Delaware.) 
 
 White, J. J., Cranberry grower. New Lisbon, 
 N. J. {Cranberry.) 
 
 WiLLARD, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y. 
 {Important fruits, as Cherry.) 
 
 Wood, E. M., Florist, Natick, Mass. 
 
 Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seaford, Del. 
 {Delaware.) 
 
EXPLANATIONS 
 
 HoRTicuLT is the art of raising fruits, vege- 
 tables, flower^ ud ornamental plants. The lines 
 of demarcation between it and the art of agricul- 
 ture on the one hand and the science of botany 
 on the other, are purely arbitrary. In thif? work, 
 the word horticulture has been interpretit^d liber- 
 ally. Herein are included discussions of land- 
 scape gardening, and brief notes of such impor- 
 tant agricultural subjects as Coffee, Cotton, Flax, 
 and such economic subjects as Cinchona, India 
 Rubber. Forage and medicinal plants are men- 
 tioned only incidentally. 
 
 fVHAT IS MEANT BY ''THE TRADE'' 
 
 It is the design of the Cyclopedia to describe 
 fully all those species of plants which are in the 
 American trade, — that is, the species that are 
 bought and sold. In order to determine what 
 species are in the trade, catalogues of nurserymen, 
 seedsmen and florists have been indexed, and 
 other commercial literature has been consulted; 
 in addition to this, specialists have been consulted 
 freely for lists of plants. The work includes the 
 plants offered by foreign dealers who have Ameri- 
 can agents, and who circulate in America cata- 
 logues printed in the English language : therefore, 
 the work will be found to include many species 
 offered by the bulb growers of Holland, and by 
 most other large European concerns. The pur- 
 pose is to make a live record of the real status 
 of our horticulture, rather than a mere compila- 
 tion from the other literature. However, im- 
 portant plants which are not in the American 
 trade are mentioned, for they may be expected to 
 appear at anytime: but these plants are in sup- 
 plementary lists in smaller type. Thus, the size 
 of type indicates that Abobra viridifiora is in the 
 trade, whereas Abroma augusta is not. It will no 
 doubt be a surprise to the reader, as it has been 
 to the Editor, to discover the great wealth of 
 American horticulture in species of plants. 
 
 NOMEXCLATURE 
 
 The Editor has desired to be conservative on the 
 vexed question of nomenclature. This effort is 
 particularly important in the discussion of culti- 
 vated plants, because names become established 
 
 in the trade and are worth money. A plant sells 
 under a familiar name, but it may be a commer- 
 cial failure under a new or strange one. Since 
 plants belong as mi'ch to the horticulturist as to 
 the botanist, it is only fair that the horticulturist 
 be corisulter" before wholesale changes are made 
 in nomenclature. 
 
 It ifi well to bear in mind that changes in the 
 names of plants proceed from two general causes, — 
 (1) from new conceptions respecting the limits of 
 generi, species, varieties, and (2) from new ideas in 
 the merely arbitrary fashions or systems of nomen- 
 clature. Changes of the former kind are usually 
 welcomed by horticulturists, because they eluci- 
 date our understanding of the plants, but changes 
 of the latter kind are usually deplored. At the 
 present moment, there is the greatest unrest in 
 respect to systems of nomenclature. This unrest 
 is, to be sure, in the interest of the fixity or per- 
 manency of names, but there is no guarantee— if, 
 indeed, there is any hope— that the system which 
 may be adopted to-day will be accepted by the 
 next generation. In fact, the very difficulty of ar- 
 riving at a common understanding on the qutstion 
 is itself the strongest evidence that the systens do 
 not rest on fundamental or essential principles, 
 but upon expediency and personal preference. 
 There is no evidence that names which are mak 
 ing to-day will persist any longer than have those 
 which they are supplanting. 
 
 So-called reforms in nomenclature are largely 
 national or racial movements, often differing 
 widely between different peoples : consequently it 
 is impossible to bring together under one system 
 of nomenclature the cultivated plants of the world 
 without making wholesale changes in names. 
 Therefore, the Editor has accepted the most ten- 
 able names which the plants bring, without in- 
 quiring into the system under which they are 
 given. In general, however, he believes that the 
 technical name of a plant is comprised of two 
 words, and that the first combination of these 
 two parts should be accepted as the name. Such 
 double names as Caialpa Catalpa and Glaucium 
 Olaucitim are the results of carrying arbitrary 
 rules to the utmost limit, but their ugliness and 
 arbitrariness condemn them. It is to be expected 
 that in the names of plants, as in everything else, 
 the race will not long tolerate inflexibility. ^ 
 
 (xiv) 
 
EXPLANATIONS 
 
 XV 
 
 In generic names, the system of Bentham and 
 Hooker (Genera Plmtcium) hftS been followed. 
 This system makes fo»ver chanj^es m accepted 
 horticultural name t^an any other, and this ie 
 considered to be a disiinct merit. The chief rea- 
 son for adopting t le liritisL ideas of genera, how- 
 ever, is that Indfs Kewensis aflfcrds a complete 
 fiuding-llGt of suecies under those genera. It 
 would bo impossible, in a work like the present, 
 to follow the m jre recent system of Engler and 
 Prantl (Die Nitiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien), be- 
 cause there is no index or fiuding-list for *hu 
 species under those genera, and to make the 
 proper combinitions of generic and specific names 
 for horticultur: il plants would necessitate a compi- 
 lation practically equivalent to Index Kewensis. 
 However, the various contributors have been at 
 liberty to adopt their own ideas of generic limita- 
 tions, so that the work will be found to occupy a 
 somewhat mi idle ground between the British and 
 German ideas of genera. 
 
 CHIEF LITERARY AIDS 
 
 In the compilation of this worl iif Editor has 
 had access to most of the impor* it world-floras, 
 and to the leading geographical floras. In the 
 systematic botany, the greatest help has been 
 derived fr jm i,he following great general works : 
 Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum (1862- 
 1883); Hooker & Jackson, Index Kewensis (1893- 
 1895); DeCandolle's Pi-^dromus (1824-1873)- 
 DeCandolle's Monogrr= phiee Phanerogamanim 
 (1878-1896, and continu'ig); Engler and Prantl, 
 Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (begun 1889) ; 
 Botanical Magazine (1786 to the present, and con- 
 tinuing) ; Botanical Register (1815-1847); Revue 
 Horticole, Paris (1829 to the present, and continu- 
 ing) ; Gardeners' Chronicle, London (1841, and con- 
 tinuing) , Garden, London (1871, and continuing); 
 Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, London (1817-1833); 
 Flore des Serres, Ghent (1845-1880); L' Illustration 
 Horticole, Ghent (1854-1896) ; Gartenflora, Berlin 
 (1852, and continuing) ; Garden and Forest, New 
 York (1888-1897); Nicholson's Illustrated Diction- 
 ary of Gardening, London (1884-1887); Mottet's 
 translation of Nicholson, Paris (1892-1899) ; Siebert 
 and Voss, Vilmorin's Blumengartneri (189G). 
 
 HOW TO USE THE KEYS 
 
 In order to facilitate the study of the plants, the 
 species have been arranged systematically, under 
 the genus, rather than alphabetically. However, 
 in all genera which contain 15 or more species, an 
 alphabetical index has been supplied for purposes 
 of rapid reference. The grouping of the species 
 is founded preferably on horticultural rather 
 
 than on botanical characters, so that the ar- 
 rangement does not always express botanical re- 
 lationships. The grouping and the keys are 
 arranged primarily to aid the gardener in making 
 determinations of species. Every effort is made 
 sharply to contrast the species rather than to de- 
 scribe them. A word of explanation will facilitate 
 the use of the keys. The species are arranged in 
 coordinate groups of various ranks, and groups of 
 equal rank are marked by the same letter. Thus, 
 group A is coordinate with aa and with aaa, and 
 B with BB ai^d BBB. Moreover, whenever possible, 
 the cooruinate keys begin with the same catch- 
 word : thus, if A begins "flowers," so do aa and 
 AAA ; and this catchword is not used for keys of 
 other rank. As an example, refer to Acer, page 
 12. Look first at a, beginning "foliage;" then at 
 AA (p. 15), also beginning "foliage." Under A 
 are the coordinate divisions B and BB, each with 
 "bloom" for the catchword. Under b there are 
 no subdivisions, but under BB there are divisions 
 c, cc and ccc, each with "fls." for a catchword. 
 Under o there are no subdivisions, but cc has 
 four coordinate divisions, D, dd, ddd, dddd, each 
 with "Ivs." for a catchword, and so on. In other 
 words, if the plant in hand does not fall under a, 
 the inquirer goes at once to aa. If it falls under 
 A, then he determines whether it belongs to B or 
 to BB, and so on. 
 
 A diagrammatic display of a scheme would 
 stand as follows: 
 
 A. Leaves, etc. 
 
 B. Flowers, etc. 
 
 c. Fruits, etc. 
 c. Fruits, etc. 
 BB. Flowers, etc. 
 AA. Leaves, etc. 
 
 B. Rootb, tjti. 
 
 c. Flo vers, etc. 
 
 D. Margins of leaves, etc. 
 DD. Margins of leaves, etc. 
 c. Flowers, etc. 
 BB. Roots, etc. 
 BBB. Roots, etc. 
 AAA. Leaves, etc. 
 
 PRONUNCIA TION 
 
 Accent marks are used to aid the reader in pro- 
 nouncing the name. The accent designates (1) 
 stress, or the emphatic syllable, and (2) the length 
 of the emphatic vowel. Following the American 
 custom, as established by Gray and others, a grave 
 accent ( ^ ) is employed to designate a long vowel, 
 and an acute accent (') a short vowel. Thus, 
 officinale is pronounced offici-nay-Vi ; microcdrpus 
 is pronounced microcarp'-us. Ordinarily in diph- 
 thongs the mark is placed over the second letter. 
 Thus, in aurca the au is meant to have its custo- 
 mary long sound, as if written awe. Double vow- 
 els take their customary English sounds, as ee and 
 
 I 
 
XVI 
 
 EXPLANATIONS 
 
 00. Thus, the oo in Hodkeri is to be pronounced 
 as in hook. In most cases, the letters oi (from the 
 Greek, meaning like to) are to be pronounced sep- 
 arately : if the » is the penultimate syllable (next 
 to the last), it is long, as in yuccol-des ; if the i is 
 the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end) 
 it is short, as in rhomboi-dea. In dioicus and 
 monoicwi, however, the oi is a true diphthong, as 
 in moist. It should be remembered that the final 
 e terminates a separate syllable, as commh-ne, 
 vulga-rcy gran' -de. This final e takes the short 
 sound of », as in whip. 
 
 These pronunciations follow, in general, the 
 common English method of pronouncing Latin 
 names. However, many of the Latinized forms 
 of substantive and personal names are so unlike 
 Latin in general construction that the pronuncia- 
 tion of them cannot follow the rule. As a matter 
 of fact, biological nomenclature is a language of 
 itself thrown into a Latin form, and it should not 
 be a source of regret if it does not closely follow 
 classical rules in its pronunciation. It has seemed 
 best to make an exception to the literary rules in 
 the case of personal commemorative names in the 
 genitive : we retain, so far as possible, the pro- 
 nunciation of the original name. Thus, a plant 
 named for Carey is called Ca-reyi, not Carey-i; 
 for Sprenger, Spreng-eri, not Sprenger-i. The 
 original spelling ( as written by the author of the 
 name) of the masculine genitive ending is usually 
 retained, whether i or ii, but the syllable is usually 
 pronounced as if the « were single. Whether one 
 
 t or two is used in the making of a masculine 
 genitive, is largely a matter of euphony and per- 
 sonal preference. 
 
 It may be well to add what are understood to be 
 the long and short sounds of the vowels : 
 
 k as in eane. 
 A as in can. 
 d aa in mete. 
 6 as in met. 
 1 as in pine. 
 i &s in pin. 
 
 y is often used as a vowel instead of i. 
 
 d as in cone. 
 6 as in eon. 
 ii as in jute. 
 6 us in jut. 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 The original spelling of generic and specific 
 names is preferred. In some instances this origi- 
 nal orthography does not conform to the etymology 
 of the name, particularly if the name is made from 
 that of a person. Such a case is Diervilla, named 
 for Dierville. Ideally, the name should be spelled 
 DierviUea, but Tournefort and Linnaeus did not 
 spell it so, and a name is a name, not primarily a 
 monument to a man. 
 
 In accordance with the best authorities, the di- 
 graph re is u-^ed in the words cterulea, earuleseens, 
 ceespitosa, e.fsia ; a? is used in ccelestis and coe- 
 lestinum. 
 
 Digraphs (e and ce have been dropped from Latin - 
 made names which have come into the vernacular. 
 Thus, as a common or English name. Spiraea be- 
 comes spirea, Paeonia becomes peonia or peony, 
 Bougainvillaea becomes bougainvillea. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 /. OF GENERAL EXPBESSIINS 
 
 cult cultivated, etc. 
 
 diam diameter 
 
 E. east. 
 
 ft feet. 
 
 tn inches. 
 
 N north. 
 
 S south. 
 
 trap tropics, tropical. 
 
 W west. 
 
 11. OF BOTANICAL TERMS 
 
 fl flower. 
 
 ^.s' flowers. 
 
 fid flowered. 
 
 fr fruit. 
 
 h height. 
 
 //. leaf. 
 
 1ft leaflet. 
 
 Ivs. . leaves. 
 
 sts . stems. 
 
 syti synonym. 
 
 var variety. 
 
 III. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS 
 
 To aid the student in the verification of the 
 work, and to introduce him to the literature of the 
 various subjects, citations are made to the por- 
 traits of plants in the leading periodicals to 
 which the American is most likely to have access. 
 These references to pictures have been verified as 
 far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof. 
 A uniform method of citation is much to be de- 
 sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi- 
 cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc- 
 tance it was decided to omit the year in most 
 eases, because of the pressure for space, but the 
 student who lacks access to the original vohimes 
 
 may generally ascertain the year by consulting the p p Th "pi "" t 
 
 bibliographical notes below. 
 
 An arbitrary and brief method of citation has 
 been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi- 
 cate whether the cited picture is colored or not. 
 This accounts for the two ways of citing certain 
 publications containing both kinds of pictures, 
 as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Gartenflora. 
 
 Tht figures gi.on below erplain the method of 
 
 citation, and incidentally give some hints as to 
 
 the number of volumes to date, and of the number 
 
 of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes. 
 
 A few works of the greatest importance are 
 
 mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment 
 
 (p. XV.). The standard works on the bibliography 
 
 of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's 
 
 Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's 
 
 Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic 
 
 Gardens, Kew. 
 
 A. F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade 
 paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol- 
 umes end with July. Many pictures re- 
 peated in "Gng." (14: 1524= vol. and page). 
 
 A. G. . . . AmericanGardening. New York. Repre.seiits 
 14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ- 
 ing The American Garden (1888-1890). 
 Founded 1879! (20:896 = vol. and page.) 
 
 B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years 
 
 on title pages. Founded 1839. 8 vols., 
 50 colored plates in each vol. ( 8 : 400 = 
 vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index. 
 
 B. B. . . . Britton & Brown. An Illustrated Flora of 
 the Northern U. S., etc. New York. 
 1896-1898. ( .*i :588 = vol. and page. ) 
 
 B. H. . . .La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols. 
 (1851-1885.) 
 
 B. M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London. 
 Founded 1787. The oldest current peri- 
 odical devoted to garden plants. The 
 vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole 
 work. Index to first 107 volumes by E. 
 Tonks. London. ( 7690 = col. plate. ) 
 
 B. R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14 
 edited by Edwards : vols. 15-33 by Lind- 
 ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num- 
 bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they 
 are numbered independently in each vol. 
 There are 688 plates ia vols. 24-33. "An 
 Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol- 
 umes " (bound separately or with the 
 25th vol.), contains an index to the first 
 23 vols. An index to vols, 24-31 may be 
 found in vol. 31. (33: 70 = vol. and col. 
 plate. ) 
 
 D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers. 
 
 New York. 1893. (298 = page. ) 
 
 Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas- 
 sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates. 
 
 F.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon- 
 don. 1837-1840. 3 vols., 4to. 
 
 s' Exchange. New York, A 
 tra<le paper, whose pictures sometimes 
 are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec, 8, 
 1888. (11: 1298 = vol. and page. ) 
 
 F. M. . . . Floral Majrazine. Ix)ndon. Series I. 1861- 
 1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to. 
 (1881 :450 = year and col. plate.) 
 
 F. R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper. 
 Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26. 1898. Two 
 vols, a year. (4:660= vol. and page.) 
 
 (xvii) 
 
XVlll 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 F.S. 
 
 G.C. . 
 
 O.F. 
 G.M. 
 
 Gn. 
 
 Gng. 
 Gt. 
 
 G. W. F. 
 HBK. . 
 
 I. H. . 
 
 Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.) 
 Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate 
 numbers are always found on the plate 
 itself or on the page opposite. Valuable 
 but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19 
 (23:2481= vol. and col. plate.) 
 
 Th«) Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se- 
 ries I. (io4l-1873) is cited by year and 
 pr^e. Series II. or "Nevr Series "( 1874- 
 1886), is cit'd thus: II. 26: 824 = series, 
 volume and page. Series ill. is cited 
 thus: iFT. 26:4i ". Two vols, a vear, be- 
 ginniuj^ 1874. z.. select index is scattered 
 through 1879 and 1^.30. Consult II. 
 12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub- 
 sequent vols. 
 
 Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897. 
 ( 10 :518 = vol. and page. ) 
 
 , Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed. by 
 Shirh'v Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols. 
 31-42 are cited. ( i2 :872 = vol. and page. ) 
 
 . The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two 
 vols, a year. (56: 1254 = vol. and col. 
 plate. 56, p. 458= vol. and page con- 
 taining black figure.) An Index of the 
 first 20 vols, was separately published. 
 Complete Index of Colored Plates to end 
 of 1888 in vol. 54, p. 334. 
 
 Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15, 
 1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384 = vol. 
 and page.) 
 
 Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt. 
 48: 1470 = vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p. 
 670=vol. and page containing black 
 figure). 
 
 Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos- 
 ton, 1886. (50 = col. plate.) 
 
 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova 
 
 Genera et Species, etc. 
 7 vols. Folio. 
 
 Paris. 1815-25. 
 
 J. H. 
 
 L. . . 
 L.B.C. 
 
 Lind. . 
 Lowe . 
 M. . . 
 M.D.G. 
 Mn. . . 
 
 N. 
 
 . L'lllustration Forticole. Ghent. (1854-1896.) 
 (43:72 = vol. and col. plate.) The volumes 
 were numbered continuously, but there 
 were 6 series. Series I.= 1854-63. Se- 
 ries II. = 1864-69. Series I II. = 1870-80. 
 Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887- 
 93. Series VI. = 1894-96. The plates 
 were numbered continuously in the first 
 16 vols, from 1 to 614 : in vols. 17-33 
 they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from 
 1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew 
 with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols. 
 10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo. 
 
 . Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded 
 in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series 
 III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III. 
 39:504 = series, vol., page.) 
 
 . In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means 
 Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful 
 Leaved Plants. See " Lind." and " Lowe." 
 
 . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817- 
 33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete 
 index in last vol. (20: 2000 = vol. and 
 col. plate.) 
 
 . Lindenia. Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio. 
 Devoted to orchids. 
 
 . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and 
 Howard. London. 1864. (60 = col. plate.) 
 
 . A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar- 
 den. London. 1896. (224 = page.) 
 
 , Moller's Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung. Erfurt. 
 Founded 1886. (1897:425 = year and page.) 
 
 , Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila- 
 delphia. Founded 1891. (9: 192 = vol. 
 and page opposite col. plate. ) 
 
 . Nicholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols. 
 1-4 (1884-1887). Vol. 5 in preparation. 
 
 P. F. Q. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon- 
 don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 P. G. . . . '•opular Gardening. Buflfalo. 1885-90. 
 '5: 270= vol. and page.; 
 
 P. M. . . . Pax'on's Magazine of Botany. London. 
 1834^ t9. ^ 16: 376 = vol. and page oppo- 
 site cot. (jiate.) Vol. 15 has index of first 
 15 vo's. 
 
 B Reich .nbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon- 
 don. Founded 1886. Folio. 
 
 R. B. . . . Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et Etrang^re. 
 Ghent. Founded 1875 i (2.{: 288 = vol. and 
 page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of 
 the Cyclopedia "R.B." .sometimes means 
 Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is 
 corrected in later vols., where Belgique 
 Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H." 
 
 R. H. . . . Revue Horticole, Dates from 1826, but 
 
 is now considered to have been founded in 
 
 , 1829. (1899:596 = year and page opposite 
 
 ^ col. plate. 1899, p. 596 = year and page 
 
 opposite black figure.) 
 
 S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns. 
 
 London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2, 
 
 1893. 
 S. B. F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London. 
 
 Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II., 
 
 1831-38, 4 vols. 
 S. H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897. 
 
 (3 : 548 = year and page. ) 
 
 S.TI. . . . Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in 
 this fashion a few times in first vol. 
 
 S. S. . . . Sargent. The Silva of North America. 
 13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898. 
 (12:620= vol. and plate, not colored.) 
 
 S. Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol. 
 1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 bv Miquel, 1870. 
 (2:150 = vol. and plate.) 
 
 V. or V. M. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded 
 1878. Vols, numbered continuously 
 through the 3 series. Vols, begin with 
 Nov. (23:250= vol. and page.) Some- 
 times cited as "Vick." 
 
 IV. OF AUTHORS OF PLANT NAMES 
 
 By common consent, the Latin name of a plant, 
 in order to be considered by botanists, must first be 
 regularly published by a reputable author in a rep- 
 utable book or periodical. As an index to this 
 name, the name of its author is published with it 
 whenever an accurate account of the species is 
 given. Thus, Abelia Chinensis, R. Br., means that 
 this name v.as made by Robert Brown. This cita- 
 tion at once distinguishes Robert Brown's Abelia 
 Chinensis from any other Abelia Chinensis; for it is 
 possible that some other author may have given 
 this name to some other plant, — in which case the 
 older name must stand. Thus, the Abelia serrata of 
 Siebold & Zuccarini is not the A. serrata of Nich- 
 olson. In some cases, the fact that there are two 
 plants passing under one name is indicated in the 
 citation: Abelia rupestris, B.OTt., not Lindl., means 
 that the rupestns of horticulturists is not the rupes- 
 tris of Lindley. "Hort." means that the particular 
 name is one in use amongst horticulturists, — that 
 it is a garden name. 
 
 The citation of authorities gives a clue to the 
 time and place of publication of the species. It is 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 XIX 
 
 an index, to the literature of the subject. It is no 
 part of thti idea m rcl^ o give credit or honor to 
 the mm who mavlc name. It is held by some 
 
 that the authority is ^.a intej^ral part of the name, 
 and should always go w 'i it; but coraraon usage 
 dictates otherwise, for tlie authority is never pro- 
 nounced with the Latin *vords in common speech. 
 The authority is a matter of bibIiogra:>ny, not of 
 language. 
 
 It remains to be said (as already explained un- 
 der the discussion of Nomenclature, page xi» . ^ that 
 the Editor holds that the name of a plant io of t»ro 
 coordinate words. Therefore, it is the habit of this 
 work to cite the author who first made the combi- 
 nation of the two, not the one who first invented 
 the specific name. Thus, Linnaeus called a certain 
 plamt Eupatoritim ccelestinum ; DeCandolle, however, 
 prefers to pxit this plant in the genus Conoclinium, 
 and calls it Conoclinium coelestinum. For the name 
 in Eupatorium, Linnaeus is cited: for the name in 
 Conoclinium, De CandoUe is cited. Some writers 
 would cite both authors under Conoclinium, thus: 
 Conoclinium c<El€stinum, (Linn.) DC. The authority 
 in parentheses is the one who invented the specific 
 name itself: the other is the one who made the 
 particular combination. This double citation is 
 bungling, particularly for a horticultural work. Its 
 merit is the fact that it suggests the history of the 
 name; but it is not complete in this respect, for 
 the name may have been used in other combina- 
 tions, of which the citation gives no hint. The full 
 history of a name can appear only in the synonymy. 
 
 Adans. Michael Adanson, 1727-1806. France. 
 
 Ait. William Aiton, 1731-1793. England. 
 
 Ait. f. William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-1849. 
 England. 
 
 All. Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy. 
 
 Andr. Henry C.Andrews, botanical artist and engraver, 
 conducted The Botanists' Repository from 1799-1811, 
 and illustrated books on heaths, geraniums and roses. 
 
 Andrk. Edouard Andr^, once editor of Illustration 
 Horticole, now editor-in-chief of Revue Horticole. 
 
 Abn. George Arnold Walker Amott, 1799-1868. Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Baill. H. Baillon, author of the great natural history 
 of plants in French. 
 
 Baker. John Gilbert Baker, formerly keeper of the Her- 
 barium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England. 
 
 'Balt. Charles Baltet, frequent contributor to Revue 
 Horticole. 
 
 Bean. W. J. Bean, recent writer from Kew in Gard. 
 Chron. on bamboos. 
 
 Beal'v. Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Palisot de 
 Beauvois, 1755-1820. France. 
 
 Bbissn. L. Beissner, Inspector of the Botanic Gardens 
 at Bonn, and Instructor at Poppelsdorf, pub. Hund- 
 buch der Nadelholzkunde. 
 
 Benth. George Bentham, 1800-1884, one of England's 
 most distinguished botanists. 
 
 Benth. & Hook. George Bentham and J. D. Hooker, 
 
 authors of Genera Plantarum. England. 
 
 Bernh. Johann Jacob Bemhardi, 1774-1850. Germany. 
 
 Bert. Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, 1789-1831. Died be- 
 tween Tahiti and Chile. 
 
 BiEB. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 
 1768-1826. German botanist; lived later in Russia. 
 
 Bigel. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts. 
 
 Bl. See Blrrae. 
 
 Blume. Karl Ludwig Blume, b. 1796 at Braun- 
 schweig, d. 1862 at Leyden. Wrote much on Jav«ui 
 plants. 
 
 Boiss. Edmond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland. 
 
 BoJER. W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mau- 
 ritius. Austria. 
 
 Bbitton. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director New York 
 Botanic Garden, New York, N. Y. 
 
 Brongn. Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, 1801-1876. 
 France. ' •; 
 
 Bull. William Bull, plant merchant, London. 
 
 Bull. Pierre Bulliard, 1742-1793, author of the g^eat 
 Herhicr de la France in 12 folio vols., with 600 
 plates. 
 
 BuNGE. Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia. 
 
 BuBM. Johannes Burmann, 1706-1779, Prof, at Amster- 
 dam, wrote on plants of Ceylon and Malabar. 
 
 BuRM. f. Nickolaus Laurens Burmann, 1734-1793. Son 
 of Johannes. 
 
 Carb. Elie Abel Carrifere, 1818-1896, distinguished 
 French botanist and horticulturist, editor of Revue 
 Horticole, 
 
 Cass. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de, 
 1781-1832. France. 
 
 Cav. Antonio Jos^ Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain. 
 
 Cebv. Vicente Cervantes, 1759 (1)-1829. Mexico. 
 
 Cham. Adalbert von Chamisso, poet and naturalist, 
 1781-1838. Germany. 
 
 Chapm. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, 1809-1899, author 
 of Flora of the Southern United States. 
 
 Chois. Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859 Switzerland. 
 
 CUNN. Richavd Cunningham, 1793-1835. Colonial bot- 
 anist in Australia. 
 
 CcNN., A. Allan Cunningham, b. 1791, Scotland, d. 
 1839, Sidney, Australia. Brother of Richard. 
 
 Cuirt. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. Founder 
 of the Botanical Magazine, now known as Curtis' 
 Botanical Magazine. 
 
 CuBTis. Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina. 
 
 DC. Augustin Pjramus DeCandolle, 1778-1841, projec- 
 tor of the Prodromus, and head of a distinguished 
 family. Alphonse DeCandolle, the son (1806-1893), 
 and Casimir DeCandolle, the grandson, are also 
 quoted in this work. 
 
 Decne. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. France. 
 
 Desf. Ren^ Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France. 
 
 Desv. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France. 
 
 DeVb. Willem Hendrik de Vriese, 1807-1862, Prof, 
 of Botany at Leyden. Wrote on medical plants and 
 plants of the Dutch East Indies. 
 
 Dicks. James Dickson, 1738-1822, Scotch writer on 
 flowerless plants. 
 
 Dipp. Dr. L; Dippel, of Darmstadt, Germany. Den- 
 drologist ; pub. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. 
 
XX 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 D. Don. David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841. 
 Scotland. 
 
 Don. George Don. 1798-1856. England. 
 
 DoNN. James Donn, 1758-1813, author of Hortus Can- 
 tabrigiensis. England. 
 
 DorciLAi*. David Douelas, 1799-1&J4, collector in north- 
 western America. Scotland. 
 
 Drude. Prof. O. Drude, of Dresden, Germany. 
 
 Duchesne. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827. 
 France. 
 
 DmoRT. Barth^lemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878. 
 Belgium. 
 
 DuNAL. Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1856. France. 
 
 Dyer. W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Director of Kew Gar- 
 dens, present editor of the Flora of Tropical Africa, 
 etc. 
 
 Eaton, A. Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, author of a Manual 
 of Botany for North America, 1st ed. 1817, 8th ed. 
 1841. 
 
 Eaton, D. C. Daniel Cady Eaton, Prof, at Yale Col- 
 lege, and writer on ferns. 
 
 Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1795. Germany. 
 
 Ell. Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. South Carolina. 
 
 Ellis. John Ellis, 1711-1776. England. 
 
 Endl. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, 1804-1849, Prof, 
 at Vienna, Numerous works. 
 
 Engelm. George Engelmann, 1809-1884. Missouri. 
 
 Engler. Prof. A. Engler, of Berlin, joint author of 
 Engler and Prantl's Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 
 
 F. C. Lehm. See Lehm., F. C. 
 
 Fee. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F^e, 1789-1874. 
 France. 
 
 FiscH. Friedrich Ernst Ludwigvon Fischer, 1782-1854. 
 Russia. 
 
 FoRB. John Forbes, catalogued heaths, willows, coni- 
 fers, and other plants at Woburn Abbey. 
 
 FoRSK. Pehr Forskal, 1736-1768, collected in Egypt 
 and Arabia. 
 
 FoRST. Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. Germany. 
 (Also Georg Forster, the son. ) 
 
 Fraser. John Eraser, 1750-1811, traveled in America 
 1785-96. Had a son of same name. 
 
 Frcel. Joseph Aloys Froelich, 1766-1841. Germany. 
 
 F. V. M. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist of 
 Australia, author of many works on economic 
 plants. See Muell. 
 
 Gaertn. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany. 
 
 Gacd. Charles Gaudichaud - Beaupr^, 1789-1864. 
 France. 
 
 Gawl. See Ker. 
 
 Gmel. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia. 
 
 Goepp. Heinrich Robert Goeppert, 1800-1884, Prof, at 
 Breslau. Wrote much on fossil botany. 
 
 GoRD. George Gordon, 1806-1879, author of the Pine- 
 tum. London, 1858. 
 
 Gray. Asa Gray, 1810-1888, Harvard University, 
 Massachusetts, America's most noted botanist. 
 
 Greenm. J. M. Greenman, writes from Ha vard Uni- 
 versity on Mexican plants. 
 
 Griseb., Gris. Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach, 
 1814-1879. Germany. 
 
 Hassk. Justus Karl Hasskarl, 1811- . Germany. 
 
 Hayne. Friedrich Gottlob Hayne, 1763-18.32, Prof, at 
 Berlin. Medicinal plants; trees and shrubs. 
 
 Haw. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England. 
 
 HBK. Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859. 
 Germany. Aim6 Bonpland. 1773-18.58. France. Karl 
 Sigismund Kunth, 1788-18.50. Germany. Authors of 
 a great work on plants of the New World. 
 
 Hemsl. W. Botting Hemsley, Keeper at Kew, has 
 written many reviews of genera of horticultural 
 value in Gard. Chron. and elsewhere. 
 
 Herb. William Herbert. 1778-1847. England. 
 
 Hochst. Christian Friedrich Hochst^tter, 1787-1860, 
 described many African plants. 
 
 HoFFM. Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany. 
 
 Hook. William Jackson Hooker, 178.5-1865. England. 
 
 Hook. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817- 
 England. 
 
 Hort. Hortorum, literally of the gardens. Placed af- 
 ter names current among horticulturists, but not 
 necessarily all horticulturists. Often used with less 
 exactness than names of authors. Frequently in- 
 dicates garden or unknown origin. Many of these 
 plants have never been sufficiently described. 
 
 JAOtj. Nicolaus .Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria. 
 
 Juss. Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836, the first to 
 introduce the natural families of plants. France. 
 
 Karw. Wilholm Karwinsky von Karwin, d. 1855, col- 
 lector in Brazil. 
 
 Kaulf. Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss, Prof, at Halle, d. 
 1830. He described the ferns collected by Chamisso. 
 
 Ker. John Belleuden Ker, 1765 (?;-1871, botanist, wit 
 and man of fashion. First known as John Gawler. 
 In 1793 was compelled to leave army because of sym- 
 pathy with French Rev. His name was changed in 
 1804 to John Ker Bellenden, but he was known to his 
 friends as Bellenden Ker. First editor of Edwards' 
 Botanical Register. 
 
 Ker-Gawl. See Ker. 
 
 Klatt. Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous 
 botanist. Germany. 
 
 Klotzsch. Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1805-1860, cu- 
 rator of Royal herbarium at Berlin, monographer of 
 Begoniaceae. 
 
 Koch. Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany. 
 
 Koehne. Emil Koehne, Prof, at Berlin. Pub. Deutsche 
 Dendrologie. ^^ r 
 
 Kotschy. Theodor Kotschy, Asst. curator at Vienna, 
 1813-1866. Wrote on oriental plants. 
 
 Kranzl. F. Kranzlin, Berlin, writes on orchids in The 
 Gardeners* Chronicle. 
 
 Kunth. See HBK. 
 
 Lag. Mariano Lagasca, 1776-1839, one of Spain's most 
 distinguished botanists. 
 
 Lam. Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet Lamarck, 
 1744-1829, author of the Lamarckian philosophy of 
 organic evolution. France. 
 
 Langs. Georg Heinrich von Langsdorf, 1774-1852, 
 Russian consul-general in Brazil. 
 
 Lauth. Thomas Lauth, 1758-1826, Prof, of Anatomy 
 at Strassburg, wrote a 40-page monograph on Acer 
 in 1781. 
 
 Lecq. Henry Lecoq. b. 1802, once Prof, at Clermont- 
 Ferrand, wrote an elementary botany, a dictionary 
 of botanical terms, a book on hybridization, etc. 
 
 LeConte. John Eaton LeConte, 1784-1860. Pennsyl- 
 vania, 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 XXI 
 
 Lkdeb. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851. 
 
 Kussia. 
 Lehm. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860, 
 
 Prof, at Hamburg, wrote several monographs, and 
 
 described many new plants. 
 Lkhh., F. C. F. C. Lehmann, living German collector 
 
 in South America. 
 Leicht. Max Leichtlin, horticnlturist, Baden-Baden, 
 
 Germany. 
 Lem. Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium. 
 LHer. C. L. L'H^ritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800. 
 
 France. 
 LiN'D. & Rod. L. Linden and E. Rodigas, once adminis- 
 trator and editor, respectively, of L' Illustration Hor- 
 
 ticole. 
 Linden. J. Linden, 1817-1898. Belgium. For many 
 
 years director of L'lllustration Horticole. 
 LiND., L. Lucien Linden, associated with J. Linden for 
 
 some years on L'lllustration Horticole. 
 LiNDL. John Lindley, 1799-1865, one of the most 
 
 illustrious of English horticulturists. 
 Link. Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1767-1851. Germany. 
 Linn. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linn^), 1707-1778, 
 
 the "Father of Botany," and author of binomial 
 
 nomenclature. Sweden. 
 Lrs^>. f. Carl vo ,inn^, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden. 
 LoDD. Conrad -^Jdige^.. nurseryman near London, 
 
 conducted Lrd liges' Botanical Cabinet from 1817-33, 
 
 20 vol".. 2. COO colored plates. 
 LoiSEL. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 
 
 1774-1849. Fiance. 
 LorD. John Claudius Loudon, 17S3-1843, an extremely 
 
 prolific English writer. 
 LoUK. Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, missionary in China. 
 
 Portugal. 
 Marsh. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania. 
 Mart. Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martins, 1794-1868, 
 
 Prof, at Munich, monographer of palms, founder of 
 
 the great Flora Brasiliensis, and author of many 
 
 works. 
 Mast. Maxwell T. Masters, editor of The Gardeners' 
 
 Chronicle, wherein he has described great numbers 
 
 of new plants of garden value ; author of Vegetable 
 
 Teratology, etc. 
 Max. or Maxim. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891, 
 
 one of the most illustrious Russian systematic bota- 
 nists; wrote much on Asian plants. 
 Medic. Friedrich Casmir Medikus, 1736-1808, director 
 
 of the garden at Mannheim, wrote a book of 96 pages 
 
 in German on North American plants in 1792. 
 Meisn. Karl Friedrich Meisner, 1800-1874. Switzer- 
 land. 
 Mett. Georg Heinrich Mettenius, 1823-1866, Prof, at 
 
 Leipzig, wrote on flowerless plants. 
 Mey. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851. 
 
 Prussia. 
 Met., C. A. Carl Anton Meyer, 1795-1855, director 
 
 botanic garden at St. Petersburg, wrote on Russian 
 
 botany. 
 MicHx. Andr^ Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for 
 
 ten years a resident of North America. 
 MiCHX. f . Fran<;ois Andr^ Michaux, the son, 1770-1855. 
 
 France. 
 
 Mill. PhUlip Miller, 1691-1771, of Chelsea, England, 
 
 author of a celebrated dictionary of gardening, 
 
 which had many editions. 
 MiQ. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, 1811-1871. 
 
 Holland. 
 MiTFORD. A. B. Freeman-Mitford, English amateur, 
 
 author of The Bamboo Garden . 
 MoENCH. Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany. 
 MoxcH. See Moench. 
 Moore. Thomas Moore, 1821-1887, curator of Chelsea 
 
 Botanic Garden, author of Index Filicum, and other 
 
 well known works. 
 Mo<j. Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France. 
 MoRREN. Charles Jacques Edouard Morren, of Ghent, 
 
 1833-1886. 
 MoTT. S. Mottet, frequent contributor to Revue Hor- 
 ticole, translator of Nicholson's Dictionary of 
 
 Gardening. 
 McELL. Arg. Jean Mueller, of Aargau, wrote for 
 
 De CandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 16. 
 MuELL., C. Carl Mueller, 1817-1870, who edited vols. 
 
 4-6 of Walpers' Annals. 
 MuELL., F. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist at 
 
 3Ielboume, h«s written much on Australian and 
 
 economic bctany. 
 MuHL. Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 MrRR. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany. 
 MuRR., A. Andrew Murray, 1812-1878, author of The 
 
 Pines and Firs of Japan. London, 1863. 
 Naud. Charles Naudin, 1815-1899, botanist, frequent 
 
 contributor to Revue Horticole. 
 Ndn. See Naud. 
 N.E. Br. N. E. Brown describes many new plants in 
 
 Gardeners* Chronicle. 
 Nees. Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776- 
 
 1858. Prussia. 
 Nichols. George Nicholson, Curator at Kew, author 
 
 of The Dictionary of Gardening. 
 Nltt. Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. Massachusetts. 
 O'Brien. James O'Brien, current writer on orchids in 
 
 Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 Oliv. Daniel Oliver, once Curator at Kew, and founder 
 
 of the Flora of Tropical Africa. 
 Orph. Theodor Georg Orphanides, Prof, of Botany at 
 
 Athens. D. 1886. 
 Ortega, Ort. Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818. 
 
 Spain. 
 Otto. Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany. : 
 Pall. Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and 
 
 explorer in Russia. Germany. 
 Pax. Ferdinand Pax, German botanist. Breslau. 
 Paxt. Joseph Paxton, 1802-1865. England. - ^ 
 
 Pers. Christian Hendrick Persoon, 175.5-1837. Ger- 
 many. 
 Planch. Jules Emile Planchon, professor at Mont- 
 
 pellier. France. 
 PoHL. Johann Emmanuel Pohl, 1782-1834, Prof, at 
 
 Vienna, wrote a large book on travels in Brazil. 
 PoiR. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 17.55-1834. France. 
 Presl. Karel Boriweg Presl. 1794-18.52. Bohemia. 
 Pi'RSH. Frederick T. Pursh (or Pursch), 1774-1820. 
 
 Siberia, but for 12 years in the United States. 
 
zxu 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 Raddi. Giuseppe Raddi, 1770-1829. Italy. 
 
 Raf. Constantinu Samuel Raflnesque-Sohmaltz, 1784- 
 
 1842. Prof, of Nat. Hist. Transylvania Univ., Lex- 
 ington, Ky. 
 R. Br. Robert Brown, b. Scotland, 1773, d. London, 
 
 1858. Author of many important worlts. 
 Rkqel. Eduard von Regel, 1815-1892, German, founder 
 
 of Gartentlora; Dir. Bot. Garden at St. Petersb ir ;. 
 Rkich. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 179:^- 
 
 1879. Germany. 
 Reich, f. Heinrich Gustav, 1823-1889, son of the pre- 
 ceding. Orchids. 
 Rich. John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland, [FVance. 
 Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821. 
 RiDDELL. John Leonard Riddell, 1807-1865, Prof, of 
 
 Chemistry in Cincinnati and New Orleans. 
 Rob. Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director Gray Herbarium of 
 
 Harvard Univ., is editing The Synoptical Flora of 
 
 North America. 
 Rod. Emile Rodigas, for some years connected with 
 
 L'lllustration Horticole. 
 ROEM. Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland. 
 
 Also M. J. Roemer. 
 RoscoE. William Roscoe, 1753-1831. England. 
 Rose. J. N. Rose, Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb., 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. Mexican plants. 
 Roth. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, 1757-1834, Physician at 
 
 Vegesack, near Bremen. 
 RoxBG. William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India. 
 RoYLE. John Forbes Royle, b. 1800 at Cawnpore, d. 
 
 London, 1858. Prof, in London. Plants of India. 
 Ruiz & Pay. Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 1764-1815, and Jos^ 
 
 Pavon, authors of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain. 
 RupR. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia. 
 S. & Z. See Sieb. & Zucc. 
 
 Sabine. Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. [land. 
 Salisb. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. Eng- 
 Salm-Dtck. Joseph, Prince and High Count Salm- 
 
 Reiflferscheidt-Dyck, b. at Dyck, 1773, d. 1861. Wrote 
 
 on Aloe, Cactus, Mesembryanthemum. 
 Sabo. Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, Dir. Arnold 
 
 Arboretum, author of Silva of North America. 
 ScHEiDW. Michael Joseph Scheidweiler, 1799-1861, 
 
 Prof, of Bot. and Hort. at Hort. Inst, of Ghent. 
 ScHLECHT. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechten- 
 
 dahl, 1794-1866. Prof, at Halle, wrote several memoirs 
 
 in Latin and German, 
 ScHLDL. See Schlecht. 
 ScHOTT. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, 1794-1865, wrote 
 
 much on Aroids with Nyman and Kotschy. 
 Schrad. Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1836. Ger- 
 many. 
 ScHw., ScHWEix. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780- 
 
 1834. Pennsylvania. 
 ScHWER. Graf Schwerin, German authority on Acer. 
 Scop. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy. 
 Seem. Berthold Seemann, Hanover, 1825-1872, wrote 
 
 on palms, and botany of the voyage of the Herald. 
 SiBTH. John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of 
 
 Greece. England. 
 Sieb. & Zucc. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1796-1866, 
 
 and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 SiKBEBT. A. SieVrt, Dir. of the Palm Gard.at Frank- 
 furt, joint author of Vilmorin's Blumengartuerei. 
 
 Sims John Sims, 1792-18.'J8. England, for many years 
 editor of Curtis' Botanical M- ^azine. 
 
 Smith. James Edward Smith. 1759-1828. England. 
 
 Sol., Soland. Daniel Solander, 17;i6-1782. England. 
 
 Spach. Eduard Spach, b. Strassburg, 1801, d. 1879. 
 Author of Histoires Naturelle des Vegetaux. 
 
 Spaeth. L. Spaeth, Berlin, nurseryman. 
 
 Spreno. Kurt Sprengel, 1766-1833. Germany. 
 
 Steld. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-1856. Germany. 
 
 Stev. Christian Steven, 1781-1863. Russia. 
 
 St. Hil. Auguste de Saint Hilaire, 1779-lo53. France. 
 
 SwABTZ. Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden. 
 
 Sweet. Robert Sweet, 1783-18.35, author of many well 
 known works, as Geraniaceee, British Flower Garden. 
 
 Swz. See Swartz, 
 
 Thore. Jean Thore, 1762-1823, physician at Dax. 
 
 Thunb. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden. 
 
 ToRR. John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. [setts. 
 
 TrcKM. Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. Massachu- 
 
 Ukdebw. Prof. Lucius M. Underwood, Columbia Univ., 
 New York, N. Y.. has written much on ferns, etc. 
 
 Vahl. Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark. 
 
 Van Houtte. Louis Van Houtte, 1810-1876, founder 
 and publisher of Flore ^^s Serres. 
 
 Veitch. John Gould Veitch, 18.39-1867, and successors, 
 horticulturists at Chelsea, England. 
 
 Vent. Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France. 
 
 Vebl. B. Verlot, contributor to Revue Horticole. 
 
 Vebsch. Ambroise Verschaffelt, 1825-1886, founder pnd 
 publisher of L'lllustration Horticole at Ghent, Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 ViLL,. Dominique Villars, 174&-1814. France. 
 
 ViLM, Several generations of the family of Vilmorin, 
 Paris, seedsmen and authors of many books and 
 memoirs on botany and horticulture. Pierre Philippe 
 Andr^ Leveque de Vilmorin, 1746-1804. Pierre Vil- 
 morin, 1810-1860. Henry L. de Vilmorin, d. 1899. 
 
 Voss. A. Voss, author of botanical part of Vilmorin's 
 Blumengartnerei. 
 
 Wahl. Georg Wahlenberg, 1781-1851. Sweden. 
 
 Wall. Nathanael Wallich, b. Copeiihagen 1786, d. 
 London 1854, wrote on plants of India and Asia. 
 
 Walp. WUhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853. 
 
 Walt. Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of 
 Flora Caroliniana. South Carolina. 
 
 Wang. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747- 
 1800. Gt-rmany. 
 
 Wats. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University. 
 
 Wedd. H. A. Weddell, wrote for De Candolle's Pro- 
 dromus, vol. 16, etc. 
 
 Wendl., H. Hermann Wendland, Dir. Royal Bot. 
 Garden at Herrenhausen, one of the chief writers on 
 palms. 
 
 Willd. Karl Ludwig Willdeuow, 1765-1812. Germany. 
 
 With., Wither. William Withering, 1741-1799. Eng. 
 
 Wittm. Max Karl Ludwig Wittmack, editor of Gar- 
 tenflora. Prof, at Berlin. 
 
 Wood. Alphonso Wood, 1810-1881. Of his Class-Book 
 of Botany, 100,000 copies have been sold in Amer. 
 
 Zrcc. Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848, Prof, at 
 Munich. 
 
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture 
 
 AB£LIA (after Dr. Clarke Abel, d. 1826). CaprifoUd- 
 eece. Small shrubs : Ivs. opposite, small, petioled and 
 mostly dentate: fls. tubular, unequally 5-lobed, in axil- 
 lary, 1-3-fld. cymes, sometimes forming terminal panicles: 
 fr. adry, leathery berry. E.Asia, Himalayas and Mexico. 
 Pree-flowering low shrubs for cool greenhouse or outdoor 
 cultivation. The Japanese and Chinese species are the 
 hardiest, but in the north require some protection during 
 the winter. The Mexican species are hardy only south. 
 If potted, a sandy compost of peat and loam will suit 
 them; in the often they grow best in sandy soil in a sunny 
 position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer or by 
 layers in sp-lng. 
 
 Chin^nsis, R. Br. {A. ^-upistris, Lindl.). Lvs. ovate, 
 rounded at the base, serrate, hairy on the midrib beneath 
 and sometimes with scattered hairs above, deciduous: 
 fls. in terminal panicles, white, J^in. long; sepals f .sta- 
 mens exserted. Summer. China. B.R. 32:8. Gn. 27, 
 p. 424. 
 
 floribiinda, Decaisne. Shrub, 4 ft. : lvs. persistent, 
 oval,crenate-serrate, ciliate: peduncles axillary, 1-3-fld. ; 
 corolla rosy purple, 2 in. long; sepals 5. Summer. Mex. 
 B.M.4316. F.S. 2:5. R.B. 23:157. 
 
 ^andifldra, Hort. (A. Chinensisxunijtdra, A. rupis- 
 tris, Hort., not LiTkdl. A. rup^stris, var. grandifldra, 
 Andr^. A. uniflbrd. Hort., not Turcz.). Lvs. ovate, 
 rounded or attenuate at the base, serrate, shining above, 
 nearly glabrous, half -'ivergreen : fls. in terminal panicles, 
 white flushed pink, over ^iin. Jong; sepals 2-5; stamens 
 not exserted. Of garden origin. Gt. 41:1366.— One of 
 th'* hardiest and most free-flowering Abelias; it flowers 
 continuously from June to Nov. 
 
 A. hifibra, Turcz. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely ser- 
 rate, deciduous : fls. vhite: sepals 4. Manchuria, N. China. — 
 A. serrata, Sieb. & Zucc. Allied to A.biflora. Sepals 2. Japan. 
 S.Z.l:^i.—A.spathvldta,Sieb.^.ZnQC. Allied to A.biflora. Lvs. 
 ovate: fls. ovc lin. long, white tinged yellow in throat ; sepals 5. 
 Japan. S.Z.1:34. B.^LmOl.— A. tri/lor-a, R.Br. Lvs. persistent, 
 lanceolate, nearly entire, hairy : fls. white, tinged with pink; 
 Sep. 5, linear, long, hairy. Himal. P.F.G. 3: 91. R.H. 1870: 511.— 
 A.unifldra,R.Br. (A. serrata, Nichols. .notS.&Z.). Lvs. persis- 
 tent, ovate-lanceolate : fls. rosy white with yellow in throat; 
 sepals 2. China. B.M.461H. Gn. 27, p. 425. ^^^^^^ Rehder. 
 
 ABfiKIA(Mt.Aber). Bixindcecp. The Kei Apple of the 
 Cape of Good Hope; a spiny plant grown S. for hedges, 
 but killed in Fla. by freeze of 1893: is considered prom- 
 ising for S. Calif, and S. Fla. as a fruit plant. Int. 1891. 
 Fresh fruit used as pickles. 
 
 C&ffra, Hook, f . & Harr. Thorny, glabrous : lvs. obo- 
 vate, obtuse, cuneate at base, entire: fls. dioecious, 
 apetalous. G.C. III. 18: 737. 
 
 Abies (derivation doubtful). Conijercp. Fir. Tall, 
 pyramidal trees: lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire, 
 sessile, persistent for many years; on youu). plants and 
 lower sterile branches flattened, usually deep green and 
 lustrous above and silvery white below from the pres- 
 ence of many rows of stomata, rounded an>I variously 
 notched at the apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist at 
 their base; on upper fertile branches crowded, more or 
 less erect, often incurved or falcate, thickened or quad- 
 rangular, obtuse or acute : fls. axillary, appearing in 
 early spring from buds formed the previous summer on 
 branch lets of ♦he year, surrounded by involucres of the 
 enlarged scales of the flower-buds: staminate fls. pen- 
 dent on branches above the middle of the tree: pistil- 
 late fls. globular, ovoid or oblong, erect on the topmost 
 branches: fr. an erect, ovoid or oblong cylindrical cone, 
 its scales longer or shorter than their bracts, separating 
 at maturity from the stout, persistent axis. Northern and 
 mountainous regions of the northern hetnisphere, often 
 gregarious. Twenty-three species are distinguished; 
 greatest segregation on the Cascade Mountains of Ore- 
 
 gon, in the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, and 
 in Japan. All the species produce soft, perishable wood, 
 sometimes manufactured into lumber, and balsamic exu- 
 dations contained in the prominent resin vesicles in tl»e 
 bark characteristic of the genus. Handsome in cultiva- 
 tion, but usually of short-lived beauty. Moist, well- 
 drained soil. Prop, by sowing and by grafts. Seeds are 
 usually kept dry over winter and planted in frames or 
 seed-beds in spring. Young plants usually need shade. 
 Most species can be grafted with comparative ease; 
 A. Picea and A. balsamea are commonly used for 
 
 Spanish Fir.— Abies Pinsapo. 
 
 stocks. Many species which have been referred to Abies 
 are now included in Picea. S. S. 12. Heinrich Mayr, 
 Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches. 
 Gn. 11, pp. 280, 281. See Conifers. 
 
 The following species, in the American trade, are here 
 described, the synonyms being in italics : amabilis, Nos. 
 4,8; Apollinis,12; balsamea, G; hrachyphylla,\\; Ceph- 
 alonica, 12; Cilicica, 3; concolor, 9; Fraseri, 7; Gordoni- 
 ana, 8; grandis, 8; homolepis, 11; Hudsonia, 6; Lowi- 
 ana,9; magnifica, 15; nephrolepis, 10; nobilis,14; Nord- 
 manniana, 2; Parson.'iianaj 9; pectinata, 1; Picea, 1; 
 Pichta, o ; Pinsapo, 13 ; Shasteusis, 15 ; Sibirica, 5 ; 
 Veitchii, 10. See supplementary list, p. 3, for other 
 cultivated species. 
 
 A. Euahies. Leaves fiat, grooved on the upper surface, 
 only occasionally stomatlferous above on upper 
 fertile branches. 
 
 B. Leaf blunt. 
 
 c. Foliage essentially green. — the leaves green above and 
 
 u-hitish only beneath. 
 
 D. Cones usually upwards of / tM. long. 
 
 1. FicetL,Liui\l.( A . pectindta , DC). Silver Fir. Fig. 
 2.C. Tree 100-200 ft. : trunk 6-8 ft. in diam. : lvs. flat, dis- 
 tichously spreading, dark green and lustrous above, sil- 
 very white below: cones slender, cylindrical, light green 
 to dark purple, 5-6 in. long ; bracts slightly longer than 
 their scales. Mountains oif central and southern Europe, 
 ojftt-ii gregarious. — Wood esteemed and much used; 
 yields Strasburg turpentine. Dwarf forms, with erect 
 and pendulous and with much abbreviated branches, are 
 common in gardens. 
 
ABIES 
 
 ABiES 
 
 2. Nordmanniina, Spaeh. Fig. 2, e. Tree 100-130 ft. : 
 trunk 4-6 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. flat, crowded, dark green aud 
 very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones oblojjg- 
 cylindrical or ellipsoidal,dark orange-brown, 4-0 in. long; 
 bracts as long as or slightly longer than their .scales. 
 Mountains south and southeast of the Black Sea,and west- 
 ern spurs of the Caucasus. B.M. (J992. Ung. 6:51, — Very 
 hardy; one of the most desirable tirs iu northern states. 
 
 3. Cilicica, Carriere. Tree 45-60 ft. : trunk 2-3 ft. in 
 diam. : Ivs. narrow, flat, dark green above, silvery white 
 below: cones stout, cylindrical, orange-brown, 5-6 in. 
 long; b»*acts rather shorter than their scales. At high 
 elevations on the Anti-Taurus of Asia Minor, and on the 
 Lebanon. A. G. 16:255. Gng. 4:113. — Begins to grow 
 early in the spring and is often injured by late frosts; 
 hardy aud desirable in the northern states. 
 
 4. amdbiliB, Forb. TVhiteFir. Tree 100-150 ft.: trunk 
 4-6 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark green and very lus- 
 trous above, silvery white below, occasionally stoma- 
 tiferous on the upper surface : cones oblong, dark pur- 
 ple, 3V^-6 in. long; bracts much shorter than their scales. 
 Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, and 
 Coast Ranges from Vancouver Island to Oregon. — One 
 of the handsomest of the genus, often forming groves 
 at high elevations ; in cultivation grows slowly, and is not 
 very satisfactory. 
 
 DD. Con*-H usually under 4 in, long. 
 
 5. Sibirica, Ledeb. {A. Pichta, Forbes). 
 Tree 60-100 ft. : trunk 2-4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. 
 crowded, dark yellow-green : cones cylin- 
 drical, slender, brownish yellow, 2>^-3 in. 
 long; bracts mucu.shorter than their scales. 
 Northern and eastern Russia to Kamt- 
 schatka and Mongolia, gregarious 
 on the Altai Mountains. — Very 
 hardy, the early growth often 
 injured by late frosts ; in cult, 
 soon becomes thin 
 and loose in habit 
 
 6. bals&mea, Mill. 
 Balsam Fir. F\g.2,h. 
 Tree 50-80 ft. : trunk 
 17-30 in. in diam. :lvv.. 
 dark green and lus- 
 
 tree. Trees sold under this name are nearly always forms 
 of A. bafsnmea. 
 
 8. grindis, Lindl. (.4.awrf?»j7/.'<,Murr.,notForbes. A. 
 Gordonidna,CArr.). Fig.2,rt. Tree 200-300 ft., becoming 
 4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very 
 dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cy- 
 lindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded orretuseat the apex, the 
 broati.scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate 
 and furnished with a short point. Coast of northern Cali- 
 fornia to Vancouver Island and to the western slopes of 
 the Rocky Mountains of Montana. S.S.12: 612. Gn. 38, 
 p. 291. R.H.1894, p. 274. — Occasional specimens are seen 
 in parks and choice grounds, but 
 it rarely thrives in eastern states. 
 
 cc. foliage pale blue or tii^^ 
 
 glaucous. .t^lJf^f* 
 
 9. cdncolor, 
 Lindl.&Gord. ^|» 
 
 A. Lowidna, O^T ■.>, 
 A. Murr. A. ^ --^. 
 Parsonsidna, 
 Hort.). White 
 Fir. Fig.2,rf. 
 
 2. 
 A. errandis 
 Picea; d. 
 
 Abies or Fir. 
 
 ; b. A. balsamea ; c. A. 
 A.concolor; e. A. Nord- 
 
 manniana ; /. A. mai^ifica. 
 
 trous above, pale 
 tMU'lJii. B ■ ■ wyy^ ^^w' m y/ziia^^ below, rounded or 
 
 Vj'jr/'jir^mSSBK^B^SSSsr obtusely short- 
 W, J J ^f fj^^^K^^SM^^Km^ I ■ ^^^«PV. pointed and occa- 
 sionally emargi- 
 nate, acute or acu- 
 minate on fertile 
 branches : cones 
 oblong, cylindri- 
 cal, purple, 2}^-4 
 in long ; bracts 
 shorter or rarely 
 slightly longer 
 than their scales. 
 Eastern North 
 America from Labra.ior and the valley of the Athabasca 
 to Iowa and the mountains of Virginia. S. S. 12:610. 
 G.C. III. 17: 423, 425, 431.— Wood occasionally used for 
 lumber; Canadian Balsam, or Balm of Fir, is obtained 
 from bark ; in cult, loses its beauty early. 
 
 Var. Hudsdnia, Engelm. {A. Huds6nica, Hort.), is a 
 dwarf form. 
 
 7. Friseri, Poir. She Balsam. Tree .30-50 or even 70 
 ft.: trunk reaching 2% ft. in diam.: Ivs. flat, obtusely 
 short-pointed, twisted at the base so as to appear to be 
 crowded on the upper side of the branches, dark green 
 and lustrous : cones oblong-ovate or nearly oval, rounded 
 at the slightly narrower appx, 2^^ in. long and 1 in. thick, 
 the scales dark purple, twice as wide as long and at matu- 
 rity nearlvhalf covered by palereflexed bracts or points. 
 Mountains of Va., Tenn., and N. C. S. S. 12: 609. -Too 
 much like the baLsani fir to be prized as an ornamental 
 
 Tree 100-250 
 ft. : tnmk 4-6 
 ft. in diam.: 
 Ivs. elongated, 
 stoniatiferous on the upper 
 surface, on fertile branches 
 often falcate and thickened 
 and keeled above : cones ob- 
 long, gray-green, dark purple or bright 
 canary-yellow, :{-5 in. long; bracts shor- 
 ter than their scales. Western North 
 America from southern Oregon to Lower 
 California and to Utah, southern Colo- 
 rado, New Mex., Ariz, and Sonora. S.S. 
 12: 613. G.C. III. 8:748, 749.-Of all fir trees best with- 
 stands heat and drought; very hardy, grows rapidly, 
 and the most desirable of the genus in the eastern states. 
 
 Leaf pointed, especially on main shoots, 
 and usually rigid. 
 
 10. Vditchii, Lindl. (A. nephrolepis, Maxim.). Tree 
 80-100 ft. : trun' 3-4 ft. in diam. : branchlets slender, 
 pubescent: Ivs. crowded, dark green and lustrous above, 
 silvery white below : cones cylindrical, slender, dark 
 purple, 2-2 >^ in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. 
 Mt. Fuji-san, Japan ; gregarious and forming great for- 
 ests, coast of Manchuria. — Very hardy in the northern 
 states, and in a young state one of the most beautiful 
 of fir trees. 
 
 11. hoill61epi8,Sieb.«feZucc.(4. brachyphfflla, Maxim.). 
 Tree 80-100 ft. : trunk 6 ft. in diam: upper branches long 
 and vigorous, ultimately forming a broad round-topped 
 head: Ivs. elongated, sharp-pointed, dark green and very 
 lustrous above, silvery white below: cones cylindrical, 
 stout, dark purple, 3-3^^ in. long ; bracts much shorter 
 than their scales. Mountains of central Japan, singly or 
 in small groves. B.M. 71 14. — Very hardy, and iu its young 
 state one of the most desirable of the fir trees for the 
 northern states. ^ 
 
 12. Cephal6nica, Loud. Tree 60-70 ft.: trunk 2-4 ft. in 
 diam.: Ivs. l»road, rigid, sharp-pointed, standing out 
 from the branches at right angles: cones cylindrical, 
 slender, pointed, gray-brown, Cy-G in. long; bracts longer 
 or rarely shorter than their scales. Mt. Enos, on the Island 
 of Cephalonia. Gng. 6:49,— Hardy as far N. as south- 
 ern New York, 
 
 Var. Ap611iiiiB, Boiss. {A. ApMlinis, Link.), with nar- 
 row and blunter leaves, is remarkable in its power to pro- 
 duco vigorous shoots from adventitious buds. Mountains 
 of (treece and Roumelia, often gregarious: more hardy 
 tlian tlje type in the northern states. 
 
ABIES 
 
 ABUTA 
 
 13. Pinsipo, Boiss. Spanish Fir. Fig. 1. Tree 70-80 
 ft.: trunk 4-G ft. in diara.: Ivs. short, broad, rigid, 
 sharp-pointed, bright green, spreading from all sides of 
 the stiff branchlets : cones cylindrical, slender, gray- 
 brown, 53^-6 in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. 
 Mountains of central and southern Spain, often grega- 
 rious. G.C. III. 21:407.— Not very hardy north of the 
 Middle states. 
 
 AA. yobiles. Leaves hlne-green, often glaucous, stoma- 
 tiferous on both surfaces, flat or -i-sided on 
 sterile branches; 4-sidefl, acute, incurved and 
 crowded on fertile branches. 
 
 U. ndbilis, Lindl. Red Fir. Tree 150-250 ft. : trunk 0-8 
 ft. in diam. : Ivs. on lower branches grooved above, 
 rounded and emarginate at the apex: cones oblong-cylin- 
 drical, purplish or olive-brown, 4-0 in. long; bracts much 
 longer, thin and covering the scales, strongly reflexed, 
 palfl green. Cascade and Coast Mountains of Washington 
 and Oregon, often gregarious. S.S. 12:617. 
 G. C. III. 20: 275.— There is a var. glauca 
 in the trade. 
 
 15. magrnifica, A. Murr. Red Fir, Fig. 
 2, /. Tree 200-250 ft. : trunk 0-10 ft. in 
 diam.: Ivs. quadrangular, bluntly pointed 
 on sterile and acute on fertile branches: 
 cones oblong-cylindrical, purplish brown, 
 6--9in. long; bracts much shorter than the 
 scales. Sierra Nevada of California; gre- 
 garious and forming great forests. S. S. 
 12:618. On. 37, p. 591. — Wood occasionally 
 manufactured into lumber. Less hardy 
 in the eastern states than A. nohilis. 
 
 Var. Sliast^lisis, Lemm., of southern 
 Oregon and northern California, cones 
 somewhat smaller, vrith bracts as long as 
 or longer than the scales. S.S. 620. 
 
 A. Albertidna, Murr.=Tsuga hetero- 
 phylla. — A. Jiahorensia, Let. Lvs. dark, 
 silvery below, very numerous, }^-l in. long: 
 cones 4 or 5 together, reaching 7 or 8 in. 
 long and 1 in. diam. X. Africa. R.H. 1866, 
 p. 106.— 4. bifida, Sieb. 
 & Zucc.="A. firma— ^. 
 bracteata. Hook. & Am. 
 =A. venusta. — ^4. Can- --jnK^.r^^-.^^f^ 
 
 adensis, Michx. = Tsuga :.->7VwiJiii*^^.C->?; -7* ?, 
 
 Canadensis. — A. firma, ' ' '" ' ^^-' - - — ' 
 
 Sieb, & Z-icc.="A. Mome, 
 Sieb. Lvs. thick and rigid, 
 lin.long:cones cylindrical 
 often Sin.long.with keeled 
 scales. Japan. Promising 
 for S.— A. Hookeridna, 
 Murr.='Tsuga Mertensi- 
 &nai.—A .lasiocdrpa, Nutt. 
 
 Lvs. blue-green and glaneous: cones 3in. long, with very broad 
 spineless scales. Western L^.S.Gng.4:373. S.S. 12:611.— 4. macro- 
 <rd rpa, V.isey=»Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. — A. Jfdrieaij, Mast. 
 Small tree with crowded branches and short, dark foliage which 
 is pale below: cones large, dark purple. N.Japan. — A. Jlf<rtcn- 
 sidna, Lindl.=T iga heterophylla. — A. Numidica, DeLannoy 
 =»A.Baboren8i' A.Pindrow, Spach.,isaformof A.Webbiana, 
 but has longer If ;ives and smaller cones. Himalayas. — A. Hegi- 
 n(e AmdlUe— A. Cephalonica, var. Appolinis. — A. religiosa, 
 Lindl. Ix)ng, slender, drooping branches: lvs. silvery below: 
 cones Sin. long. Mex. B.M.675;i, — A.^'af/iaZ/rtPn*/*, Mast. Tall 
 tree, with pale bark, white buds, and long, slender, dark green 
 lvs.: cones 3 in. long. E.Asia. — A. «M6a7phm, Engelm.^lasio- 
 carpa. — A.veiiHsta, Koch. Lvs. acuminate, dark yellow, green 
 above and silvery below : cones 4 in. long, with Iv,ng, slen- 
 der bracts. California. S. S. 12 : 615, 616. B. M. 4740. — J.. 
 Webbidna, Lindl. Lvs. l-2Kin. long, flat, silvery below: cones 
 cylindrical, 6 or 7 in. long- Himalayas. See Picea for A. Aja- 
 nensis, alba, Alcockiana, Engelmanni, excelsa, Gregoriana, 
 miniata, Morinda, nigra, obovata, orientnlis, pendula, polita, 
 pungens, Schrenkiana, Smitfiiana. See, also, Fseudotsuga and 
 
 C. S. Sargent. 
 
 ABOBRA (Brazilian name). Cucurbitdcece. Green- 
 house climber,cult. for its numerous small, showy fruits : 
 arrows rapidly, and may be planted out in summer. The 
 tuberous roots are stored like dahlias. Prop, by seeds or 
 rarely by soft cuttings. 
 
 viridifldra, Naudin. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. much di- 
 viili'd: lis. small, pale green, fragrant: fr. a scarlet gourd. 
 Brazil. R.H. 18G2: 111. 
 
 ABBOMA (from a, not, and broma, food). Sterculid- 
 cexp. Greenhouse evergreen trees. Prop, by seeds or by 
 cuttings in spring from half -ripened wood under glass. 
 
 A. augtista, Linn. f. Lower lvs. cordate. 3-5-lobed : upper lvs. 
 ovate-lanceolate. Trop As. B.R.518.— A./Mtwdsa, R.Br. Lower 
 lvs. cordate. 5-lobed; upper lvs. ovate: fls. dark purple. Trop. 
 
 As., Austral. 
 
 ABBONIA (from abros, delicate, referring to involu- 
 cre). Nyctagindcecp . Trailing plants, with fragrant ver- 
 bena-like flowers suitable for baskets and rockeries; 
 commonlv treated as hardy annuals. Mostly tender 
 perennials from Calif. Height 0-18 in. For early and 
 continuous summer bloom, seeds may be sown in pots 
 of sandy soil the previous autumn and wintered in a 
 frame. Peel off the husk before sowing seed. Cf . Sereno 
 Watson, Bot. Calif. 2 : 3-5. 
 
 : A. Flowers yellow. 
 
 Fig. 3. Plant very viscid-pubescent: 
 lvs. thick, broadly ovate or reni- 
 form, obtuse, on distinct petioles: 
 root stout, fusiform. A. are- 
 ndria, Menzies, is probably the 
 same, but is considered distinct by 
 some. B.M. 6546. G.C. II. 16:365. 
 
 AA. Flowers pink or rose. 
 
 umbell&ta, Lam. Whole plant 
 viscid-puberulent : lvs. typically 
 narrower than the above, oval 
 or oblong : fls. pink. F. S. 
 11: 1095. P. M. 16: 36. Var. gran- 
 dilldra, Hort,, Las larger fls. and 
 broader lvs. 
 
 villdsa, Watson. Smaller and 
 slenderer than the last and t overed 
 with a glandular-villous pubes- 
 
 latifdlia, E^ch. 
 
 ^■?i^r^i^ 
 
 3. Abronia latifolia (X J-a). 
 
 cence:'lvs. rarely 1 in. long: fls. 5-15 in a cluster, rose. 
 Not common in cult. Int. 1891. 
 
 AAA. Flotcers white. 
 
 mellifera, Dougl. Stouter than A. t<»ihe7Za fa.* involucre 
 larger, scarious: lvs. longer and narrower. B.M. 2879. 
 Int. 1891. 
 
 frilgrailS, Nutt. Lvs. larger than in A. umbellata, 
 broader at the base and more tapering: fls. night-bloom- 
 ing. B.M. 5544. 
 
 A.pnlchHla, Nicholson. Fls. pinkish rose.— A. rosea, Hart- 
 weg.=»umbellata ? ^^^ ]y(^ 
 
 ABBUS (from abros, soft, referring to leaves). Legti- 
 mindscf. Deciduous greenhouse climber, or used S. 
 outdoors for screens. Roots have virtues of licorice. 
 Needs strong heat for indoor culture. Prop, by seeds 
 or by cuttings tinder glass in sand. 
 
 precatdrius,Linn. Crab's-eve Vine. Weather-plant. 
 Height 10-12 ft. : leaflets oblong, in numerous pairs: fls. 
 varying from rose to white: seeds bright scarlet, with a 
 black spot, used by Buddhists for rosaries, and in India 
 as standards of weight. Tropics.— The absurd claims 
 made for itsweather-prophesving properties are exposed 
 by Oliver iu Kew Bull. Jan. 1890. 
 
 ABOTA (native name). Menispermdceop. Greenhouse 
 evergreen climber. Prop, by cuttinjrs under gla.ss with 
 bottomlu'at.- A . r»</»''.«c<'M.<{, Aubl. Lvs. ovate: fls. dark 
 purple within. S. Am. Unimportant. 
 
ABUTILON 
 
 ABITTILON 
 
 AfitfTILON (name of obscure origin). Malvdcece. 
 Flowering Maple. Attractive coolhouse shrubs ami 
 window plants. Lvs. long-stalked, often maple-like: tls. 
 with naked 5-clef t calyx, 5 separate obovate petals, many 
 stamens united in a column about the many-branched 
 
 4. Abutilon striatum (X K^ 
 
 Style. Of very easy culture in conditions which are suit- 
 able for geraniums or fuchsias. Usually grown in pots, 
 but sometimes bedded out in summer. Dwarf and com- 
 pact varieties suitable forbedding are becoming popular. 
 The tall varieties are adaptable to growing on rafters 
 or pillars. A . 
 
 striatum and A. ,_, 
 
 Thompsoni are 
 the commonest 
 type forms. Prop, 
 by greenwood cut- 
 tings at any sea- 
 son, preferably in 
 late winter or 
 
 early spring ; also freely by seeds. Many 
 horticultural varieties, some of them no 
 doubt hybrids, are in common cultivation. 
 Following are well known : Arthur Bel- 
 sham, red, shaded gold, Boule de Neige, 
 pure white, very free. Eclipse, foliage 
 marbled green and yellow: fls. of fair size; 
 sepals scarlet; petals orange-buff : suited 
 for baskets and vases : a form of A . mega - 
 potamicum (another Eclipse is known 
 Erecta, pink orange-veined erect fls. Gol- 
 den Bell, deep yellow, free-flowering. Golden Fleece, 
 pure yellow, free-flowering. Mary Miller, deep rose 
 pendulous fls. Mrs. John Laing, purplish rose. Roste- 
 flora, pinkish rose. Royal Scarlet, rich, shining scarlet. 
 Santana, deep red. Savitzii, dwarf, with white-edged 
 foliage: useful forbedding. Snow Storm, semi-dwarf, 
 pure white. Souvenir de Bonn, lvs. large, deep green, 
 not mottled, but edged with a broad white margin: dis- 
 tinct and striking: a useful bedding plant. Splendens, 
 bright red. 
 
 A. Leaves prominently lobed, mostly maple-like or- 
 
 vine-like. 
 — -B. Corolla iridely open or .spreading. 
 
 D4rwini, Hook. f. Strong pubescent shrub 3-5 ft.: 
 lvs. velvety pubescent beneath, thickish, 5-9-ribbed, the 
 
 lower ones lobed to the middle, the upper ones shallow- 
 3-lobed ; fls. 1-3 at a place, orange with blood-red veins. 
 Brazil. B.M. 5917. — Blooms in both winter and summer. 
 Much hybridized with other species. A . grandiflbrum 
 and A. compdctum are garden forms ; also A. floribun- 
 dum, Hort., R. H. 1881: 350. 
 
 BB. Corolla mostly longer and contracted at the mouth. 
 
 striatum, Dicks. Fig, 4. Glabrous throughout: lvs. thin, 
 deeply 5-lobed, the lobes long-pointed, rather closely ser- 
 rate, sometimes small-spotted: fls. rather small and slen- 
 der, hanging on peduncles 4-6 in. long, red or orange, 
 •with brown^red veins, the stamens scarcely or not at all 
 exserted. Brazil. B.M. 3840. P.M. 7: 53.— One of the har- 
 diest species, blooming continuously. 
 
 Tli6mp8oni, Hort. Fig. 5. Graceful but strong-growing 
 plant: lvs. vine-like, mostly3-lobed, the middle lobe long- 
 pointed, thin and usually glabrous, mottled with green 
 and yellowish blotches: fls. medium size, yellow or 
 orange with red veins, the column of stamens conspicu- 
 ously exserted in the single forms. R.H. 1885:324. G.W. 
 70:133.— Blooms in summer and winter. An oflFshoot of 
 A . striatum, or a hybrid with that species. In the double- 
 fld. form, the fls. are open-spreading. Cions often convey 
 the variegation to the stock. Common and valuable. 
 
 vendsum, Lemaire. Very strong grower: lvs. large, 
 deeply palmate-lobed and strongly toothed: fls. large, 3 
 in. long, on peduncles 10-12 in. long. Mex. B.M. 4463. 
 —A showy species. 
 
 AA. Leaves not lobed, cordate, but prominently toothed, 
 , sometimes angled. 
 
 B. Corolla wide-spreading. 
 insigne, Planchon. {A. igneum, Hort.). Lvs. medium 
 size, crenate-dentate, acuminate, villous pubescent un- 
 derneath: fls. large, flaring-mouthed, white with very 
 heavy and rich veiningand markings of purple and red, 
 onslenderhangingpeduncles. New Granada. B.M. 4840. 
 Gn. 18: 263. — Very showy; common. 
 
 longricuspe, Hochst. White-canescent shrub, with long- 
 acuminate, broad-cordate and blunt-toothed long-stalked 
 lvs., felt-like below: blue veiny wide-open fls. on mostly 
 many-branched axillary peduncles. Abyssinia. — Re- 
 cently introduced by S. Cal. Acclimatizing Assoc, irom 
 seed collected by SchweinfurtU and distributed from 
 Berlin in 1893. 
 
 BB. Corolla long 
 and narrow. 
 megapotdmicom, 
 St. Hil. & Naud. 
 (4. vex'lliiriumf 
 Morren>. Fig.6. Droop- 
 ing habit : lvs. rather 
 small, lance - ovate, 
 acuminate, sharp-ser- 
 rate : fls. 2-3 in. long, 
 on short drooping 
 stalks, the long calyx 
 bright red, the pro- 
 truding petals lemon- 
 yellow, the column of 
 stamens conspicuously 
 protruding. Trop. Am. 
 B.M. 5717. Gn. 37: 745. J. H. HI. 18: 359. -A strikingly 
 handsome species. Common in windows and baskets. 
 There is a variegated-leaved variety. Generally mis- 
 spelled mesapotamicum . 
 .4. ar6^r«im, Sweet. Lvs. cordate, tomentose: Us. pale yellow. 
 
 Abutilon 
 
 Thompsoni, 
 
 double (XVa). 
 
ABUTILON 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 'PeTxi. — A.Be4fordidnum,^t.'H.\\. Lvs. lobed: fls. yellow with 
 red: very tall. BtazU.— A. globiAdrum, Don. Fls. large, cream- 
 i-olored. Mauritius.— A.inffOerrimum, Hooker& Jackson, Index 
 Kewensis. (Sidaintegerrima, Hook. B.M. 4360. i Lvs. entire, cor- 
 date, toraentnse below: fl». large, yellow, flariug New Granada. 
 — A..p<eoni4j^rum, W&lpen, Fls. rather small, piak. Brazil. 
 
 6. Abutilon mespjiotaniicum (X /^). 
 
 '-A.pulehellum,Sweet, '.nd ^4. pulchrum, Don.=»Plagianthus 
 pulchellus. — A.vitifdliv/n,Pres\. Lvs. lobed: fls. wide-spread- 
 ing, light blue ( a white-flowered var.) : plant one of the hardiest. 
 Chile. B.M. 4227, 7328. Gn. 51:1117. l H. B. 
 
 ACACIA (ancient name). Legumindscp, tribe Mimb- 
 nece. Shrubs or trees : lvs. twice-pinnate, of many leaf- 
 lets, or reduced to phyllodia or leaf -like petioles, as in 
 Figs. 8 and 9 (except the earlier lvs. of young seedlings, 
 and occasionally those on robust shoots) : fls. yellow or 
 white, minute, in conspicuous globular heads or cylin- 
 <lrical spikes, axillary, solitary or fasciculate, or diffusely 
 paniculate at the ends of the branches ; stamens very 
 many, exserted. Australia (chiefly); afew in N. and S. 
 America, N. and S. Africa and Asia. Ours Australian 
 unless otherwise stated. Prop, by seeds sown under 
 glass as soon as ripe, or by cuttings of half-ripened 
 wood taken with a heel, in summer; the seeds should 
 first be placed in hot water and left to soak 24 hours. 
 The bark of most of the Australian and of some other 
 species {es^pecia.Uy A. pycnantha, A. moUissima and A. 
 decurrens) abounds in tannins, which may eventually 
 make their cultivation profitable in the southwest. For 
 outdoor planting in Calif, and the S.,keep in pots until 
 large enough to place in permanent quarters, for they do 
 not transplant well. Several African species yield the 
 jrum arable of commerce, especially A. Senegal. Mono- 
 graphed in part by Baron von MUller in his Iconography 
 of Australian Acacias, cited here as F. v. 31. Icon. 
 
 J. BuRTT Davy. 
 
 Of several hundred known kinds, not more than 50 are 
 in cultivation, and a dozen species will cover those deserv- 
 ing of greenhouse culture, but these few are gems. All 
 of this most important section thrive in a winter tem- 
 perature ranging from 40° to 50°; in fact, little above 
 the freezing point is .suflicient. They do not like heat, 
 and consequently are not adapted for forcing. If win- 
 tered cool and allowed to come along naturally with the 
 increasing heat and light of the spring, they will flower 
 in March and April, a season when their graceful beauty 
 is appreciated in the private conservatory or is valuable 
 to the commercial florist. The prevailing color of all the 
 Australian species is yellow, varying from pale lemon to 
 deep orange. The tall-growing kinds, or rather those in- 
 clined to make lofcg, straight shoots, make excellent sub- 
 jects for planting permanently against a glass partition 
 of a conservatorj-, or against a pillar. There is scarcely 
 
 a more beantiful plant than A. pubeseens, with its 
 slightly drooping, yellow racemes. It deserves a fa- 
 vored place in every cool conservatory. The Acacias are 
 of easy culture. If planted permanently in the border, 
 provision for drainage should be made. A good, coarse, 
 tarfy loam, of not too heavy texture, is all they want, 
 with the addition of a fifth part of leaf -mold or well- 
 rotted spent hops. Few of our greenhouse pests trouble 
 them. Water in abundance they like at all times, and in 
 their growing season, which is the early summer months, 
 a daily syringing is necessary. Several 6t the species of 
 bushy habit are very largely grown as pot-plants in Eu- 
 rope, and are now largely imported and sold for the east- 
 em trade. A. armata and A. Dntmmondii are good 
 species for this purpose. We believe, with our hot sum- 
 mers, the commercial man will do better to import than 
 to attempt to grow them from cuttings. The Acacias 
 need pruning, or they will soon grow straggling and un- 
 shapely; more especially is this true of those grown in 
 pots. After flowering, cut back the leafling shoots rather 
 severely. Shift into a larger pot if roots demand it, and 
 encourage growth by a genial heat and syringing, giving 
 »t same time abundance of light and air. They should 
 be plunged out-of-doors as soon as danger of frost is 
 past, and removed to the greenhouse before any danger 
 of early fall frosts. Cuttings root surely but not quickly. 
 The best material is the side shoots from a main stem 
 in the condition that florists call half -ripened— that is, 
 not green and succulent as for a verbena, nor as firm 
 and hard as the wood of a hybrid perpetual rose in Nov. 
 The wood or shoot will be in aboiit the right condition 
 in June. No bottom heat is needed, but the cuttings 
 should be covered with a close frame and kept moder- 
 ately moist and cool by shading. The following spring 
 these young plants can be either planted out-of-doors, 
 where there is a good chauce to keep them well watered, 
 or grown on in pots, as described above. A few of the 
 finest species are A. pubescens, suitable for training on 
 pillars; A. Biceana makes a bush or can be trained; 
 A. longifolla, an erect species, de.serves a permanent 
 position in the greenhouse border. Of all the species 
 best adapted for medium-sized, compact pot-plants, A, 
 armata and A. Drummondii are the best. The former 
 has small, simple, dark green lvs. and glrbular, pure yel- 
 low fls. A. Drummondii has drooping, cylindrical, pale 
 lemon fls. As both these flower in March without any 
 forcing in our northern greenhouses, they are very val- 
 uable acquisitions to our Easter plants. The Acacia 
 has two distinctive charms: the foliage is either small, 
 .•simple and glaucous, as in A. armata, or much divided, 
 graceful and fern-like, as in -1. pubescens. All the Aca- 
 cias are among the freest-flowering of our hard-wooded 
 plants. Cult, by William Scott. 
 
 The species in the American trade are here described 
 under the following numbers: A. acinacea, 7; aneura, 38; 
 angustifolia, 16; Arabica, 49; argyrophylla, 15; armata, 
 5; Baileyana, 45; brachybotrya, 15 ; calamifolia, 3; Cate- 
 chu, 52; Cavenia, 48; celastrifolia, 16; cinerascens, 39; 
 cHltrata,12; cultriformis, 12; cuspid.ata, 1 ; cyanophylla, 
 20; Cyclops, 32; dealbata, 43; decurrens, 41; diffusa, 1; 
 dodonieifolia, 10; Drummondii, 53; extensa. 4; falcata, 
 17; falciformis, 18; Farnesiana, 47; filicina, 50; genista- 
 folia, !• " ^-'•a, 15; glaucescens, ,39; glaucophylla, 15; 
 c'^J^'*' Jreggii, 51; harpophylla, 29; hispidissima, 
 
 •io, ' . ^0; implexa, 30; juncifolia, 2; Lafrobei, 
 
 7', t ^i; leucophylla, 40; line&rifi, 27', lineata, 
 
 6, iin.'Cii ,. . I -'.gifolia, 36; Jongissima,37; lunata, 11; 
 M?issneri,9; m Manoxylon, 31 ; mollissima,42; myrtifolia, 
 16; neriifolia, 22 : normalis, 16, 41; obliqua, 8; obtusata, 
 21; ole<e folia, 11; Oswaldi, 27; oxycedrus, 33; paradoxa^ 
 5; pendula, 28; penninervis, 18; penta'dra,4; pinifolia, 
 2; pravissima, 13; prominens, 14; pubescens, 44; pul- 
 chella, 43; pycnantha, 23; retinodes, 22; Riceana, 35; 
 rostellifera, 25; rotundifolia,8; salicina, 24; saligna, 19; 
 SophoraB,36; .suaveolens,26; undulata,5; vertieiliata,34. 
 
 A. Lvs. simple; that is, reduced to phyllodia (except 
 the earlier lvs. of young seedlings, and occasionally 
 those of robust shoots ) . Figs. 7, 8 and 9. 
 
 B. Fls. in globular heads . 
 c. Fhyll. ter3te, or only slightly flattened. 
 1. diffiisa, Lindl. {A.genisttefdlia.hmk.). A tall, gla- 
 brous shrub; branches angular: phyll. %-l in. long. 
 
ACACIA 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 1-13^ lines wide, quadrangular-linear, l-nerved: fl. hds. 
 solitarv, or 2 or 3 together; peduncles short; fls. yellow, 
 May. B.M.2417. B:R. 634. 
 
 Var. ctispidita, Benth. (A. ctispiddta, Cunn.). Phyll. 
 % to rarely 2 in. long, slender, often not broader than 
 thick. 
 
 2. juncifdlia, Benth. (A.pinifblia, Benth.). Tall, gla- 
 brous shrub : branches slender, quite terete : phyll. 3-6 in. 
 long, often nearly tetragonous, linear-subulate, with a 
 scarcely prominent nerve on each side: fl. hds. solitary 
 or in pairs; peduncles short. F.v.M.Icon. 2: 8. 
 
 3. calamifdlia. Sweet. Broom Wattle. Tall shrub 6-10 
 ft. : phyll. 3-4 in. long, linear-subulate, slightly flattened, 
 with 1 nerve prominent or indistinct ; point fine, recurved 
 or simply oblique: fl. hds. 3 or 4, shortly racemed in 
 the axils of the terminal phyll. ; calyx shortly toothed or 
 lobed. Feb. B.R. 839. 
 
 4. ext6nsa, Lindl. {A. pentadrn, Kegel). Shrub: 
 branches angular or sometimes winged: phyll. ;i-4 or 
 even 8 in. long, slender, linear-subulate, almost tetrago- 
 nous, with a prominent nerve on each side: pedimcles 
 1-headed or rarely irregularly racemose in the axils of 
 the terminal phyll. : calj-x triangular, truncate. Mar. 
 
 cc. Phyll. vertically flattened. 
 
 D. Veins of phyll. 1, or very rarely i. 
 
 E. Fl. heads solitary or in pairs or clusters. 
 
 P. Length of phyll. 1 in. or less. 
 
 O. Stipules persistent as slender spines. 
 
 5. arm&ta, R. Br. (A. tindnhlta, V^illd. A. paraddxa, 
 DC. Mimosa paraddxa, Poir.). Kangaroo Thorx. 
 Fig. 7. Spreading shrub, 6-10 ft. high : branches pubes- 
 cent: phyll. 1 in. long, semi-ovate, undulate, obtuse, or 
 with a short, oblique point: heads solitary: peduncles 
 axillary, equaling the phvll. , borne all along the branches : 
 
 fls. fragrant. Feb. B.M. 1653. F.E. 
 9:401, 431.- Good hedge shrub. 
 Grown also for spring bloom. 
 
 GG. Stipules small, deciduous, 
 or 0. 
 
 8. line^ta, Cunn. Bushy shrub: 
 branches pubescent, terete: phyll. 
 \i-%\n. long, broadly linear; point 
 small, hooked : peduncle solitary, 
 axillarj', very slender, equaling or 
 exceeding the phyll., glabrous: fls. 
 rich yellow. Mar. B.M. 3346. 
 
 7. acin&cea, Lindl. [A.Latrbbei, 
 Meissn.). Shrub: branches gla- 
 brous, angular: phyll. M-%vn. long, 
 about 3 lines wide, obliquely oblong 
 or somewhat falcate, obtuse, with a 
 small, recurved point : peduncles 
 slender, about equaling the phyll. 
 Mar. F.v.M. Icon. 4:7. 
 
 8. obllqaa, Cunn. {A, rotundi- 
 fdlia, Hook.). Shrub : branches 
 glabrescent : phyll. H to nearly 
 34in. long, obliquely obovate or or- 
 bicular ; mid-nerve terminating in 
 a minute, recurved point : peduncles 
 very slender, mostly exceeding the 
 phyll. Mar. B.M. 4041. 
 
 9. Meissneri, Lehm. Tall shrub: 
 young branches glabrous, acutely 
 angular : phyll. %-l in. long, 2-4 
 lines broad, obovate-oblong or ob- 
 liquely cuneate, obtuse, or with a 
 small, hooked point : peduncles 
 shorter than the phyll. : fls. yellow. 
 
 _ _ May. 
 
 FF. Length of phyll. l%-4 in. ^^ 
 
 10. dodoneeifdlia.Willd. Tall shrub, very resinous, shin- 
 ing : phyll. 2-4 lines wide, oblong-linear or lanceolate, 
 mostly obtuse, l-nerved, lateral veins prominent an«l 
 anastomosing: stipules 0: peduncles solitary or in pairs, 
 about ^iin. long. Mar. 
 
 7. Acacia armata 
 (X>^). 
 
 EE. Fl. heads in axillary racemes {rarely reduced to 
 a solitary head). 
 
 F. Phyll. 2 in. or less long, broad, 
 a. Racemes much exceeding the phyll. 
 
 11. luiiita,Sieb.( J..o?ecp/d?m,Cunn.). Glabrous shrub: 
 phyll. less than 1 in. long, obliquely-lanceolate or ellipti- 
 cal-cuneate, obtuse, or with a minute, oblique or recurved 
 point : fls. yellow : pods linear-elliptical, 3—4 lines broad ; 
 seeds placed close to the upper suture. Apr. B.R. 1352. 
 —Without the fruit this may easily be mistaken for A. 
 lini folia var. prominens, 
 
 12. cultriibrmis, Cunn. (^.cM?^r^to, Ait.). Tall shrub, 
 glaucous with wax when young : phyll. \4-%m. long, 
 falcate-ovate or almost triangular, mucronulate, with 
 thickened margins and usually a marginal gland at the 
 angle on the convex side: fl. heatis in axillary racemes 
 much exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ; 
 seeds placed close to the upper suture. Mar. R.H. 18%, 
 p. 503. J.H. III. 34:131. 
 
 13. pravlssima, F.v.M. Tall shrub or small tree; gla- 
 brous: phyll. mostly 3-5 lines long, obliquely falcate- 
 obovate, or almost trapezoid, recurved, imperfectly 2- 
 veined; marginal gland much below the angle on the 
 convex side : fl. heads in handsome axillar>' racemes much 
 exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ; 
 seeds placed along the center of the pod. 
 
 GG. Racemes not, or only slightly, exceeding the phyll. 
 
 14. linifdlia, Willd. Tall shrub: phyll. 1-1 Kin. long, 
 linear to linear-lanceolate, straight, rather thin ; marginal 
 gland small, near the base: fl. heads in slender, axil- 
 lary racemes about equaling the phyll. : pods linear, very 
 flat, 4-6 lines broad; seeds placed along the center. B.M. 
 2168. See No. 11. 
 
 Var. prOmimens, Moore {A . pr6minens, Cunn. ) . Phyll. 
 broader, linear-lanceolate to ol)long- falcate; marginal 
 gland prominent, distant from the base. B.M. 3502. 
 
 15. brachybdtrya, Benth. Tall shrub: phyll. K-lKin., 
 rarely, in luxuriant specimens, 2 in. long, obliquely obo- 
 vate or oblong, firm, rather broad, obtuse or mucronu- 
 late: fl. heads few, in short, axillary racemes, about 
 equaling the phyll., or rarely reduced to 1 head: fls. 20- 
 50 in a head: pods flat, linear to narrow-elliptical. 
 
 Var. argryroph^lla, Benth. (A. argyrophylla. Hook.). 
 Silvery-silky, turning sometimes golden yellow: phyll. 
 mostly 5^-1 >^ in. long: fl. heads often solitary. B.M. 4384. 
 
 Var. glaucoph^lla, Benth. Glaucous and more or less 
 pubescent: phyll. mostly >^-%in. long: fl. heads mostly 
 2-5, shortly racemose. 
 
 Var. glabra, Benth. Quite glabrous : phyll. small and 
 narrow: fl. heads small. 
 
 16. myrtifdlia, Willd. Shrub, rarely tall : phyll. 1-2 in. 
 long, very variable, firm, usually acute or mucronate 
 and narrowed at base, with thickened, nerve-like mar- 
 gins, and a marginal gland below the middle: fl. heads 
 several, in short, axillary racemes about equaling the 
 phyll.: fls. 2-4 in a head, rather large: pods linear, 
 thick, curved, with very thick margins, 2-3 lines broad. 
 B.M. 302, as Mimosa myrtifolia. 
 
 Var. celastrifdlia, Benth. (A. celastrifdlia, Benth.). 
 Phvll. mostly lK-2 in. long and often 1 in. broad. B.M. 
 430(5. 
 
 Var. nonn&lis, Benth. Phyll. mostly 1-2 in. long and 
 about Jiiin. broad. 
 
 FF. Phyll. S-6-1S in. long {sometimes only 1% in. in 
 
 A. oittusata). 
 Var. angnstifdlia, Benth. Phyll. mostly 2-4 in. long, 
 2-4 lines broad. 
 
 G. Hie phyll. distinctly penniveined. 
 
 17. falcita, Willd. Tall shrub or small tree ; glabrous: 
 branches angular: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, lanceolate- 
 falcate, acuminnte, much narrowed to the base; margi 
 nal gland clo- to the ba.se or 0: sepals free, narrow: 
 pods rather nas ;<>w; funicle encircling the seed. 
 
 18. pennin6rvis, Sieb. Tree ; glabrous : branches angu- 
 lar: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate- 
 falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margins 
 nerve-like; gland distant from the base or 0: pods broad; 
 funicle encircling the seed. Mar. B.M, 2754, 
 
ACACIA 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 Var. ialcif6nniB, Benth, {A. falcif6rmin, DC). Phyll. 
 mostly larger and more falcate: young shoots and in- 
 florescence minutely hoarj' or golden-pubescent ; pod 
 nearly ^4 in. broad. 
 
 19. saligna, Wendl. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branchlets angu- 
 lar: phyll. 4-ti in. long, falcate-lanceolate or oblan«eolate, 
 narrowed to the base, rather obtuse, glaucous and 
 smooth, the lateral veins but little conspicuous: racemes 
 short; peduncles short: fl. heads few, large. Mar. 
 
 20. cyanophiflla, Lindl. Blt'e-leaved Wattle. Tall 
 shrub 18 ft.; stoloniferous : branches drooping: lowt-r 
 phyll. about 12 in. long; upper 6 in. or less and narrower, 
 linear-oblong to lanceolate-falcat«, much narrowed to- 
 ward the base, glabrous and often glaucous: peduncles 
 i^->^in. long: 11. heads 3-5, large, golden yellow. 3Iar. 
 Gn. 52, p. 99. 
 
 21. obtusiita, Sieb. Tall, glabrous shrub: phyll. lK-3 
 in. long, oblong-linear,or almost spatulate, usually almost 
 straight, rather obtuse, point not curved, thick, rigid, 
 with thickened, nerve-like margins; marginal gland 1, 
 distant from the base, not prominent : racemes about 
 ^in. long, with densely packed heads; fls. 30 or more. 
 Mar. 
 
 GG. The phyll. thick, usually tcifh inconspicuous lateral 
 veins (conspicuous in A. pycnantha). 
 
 22. neriifdlia, Cunn. {A. retinddes,Sch\eeht. A.reti- 
 nddes,v&T. Jioribiinda, Hort. ). Fig. 8. Tall, handsome 
 shrub or small tree: branchlets slender: phyll. .3-5 in. 
 long. 2-5 lines wide, linear-lanceolate, falcate, much nar- 
 rowed to the base: racemes 1-2}^ in. long ; peduncles 
 about 2 lines long : fls. bright yellow. Mar. F.v.M.Icon. 
 5: 9. R.H. 1896, p. 505. A.F. 13: 880. -Useful as a street 
 tree in Calif. 
 
 23. pycndntlia, Benth. Golden Wattle. Small tree: 
 phyll. 3-6 in. long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, or, on vig- 
 orous shoots, even obovate-falcate, obtuse or acutish, dis- 
 tinctly penniveined, with a conspicuous marginal gland 
 near the base: fl. heads in axillary racemes, on short pe- 
 duncles, large, fragrant: funide scarcely folded. Feb. 
 R.H. 1896, p. 504. — Very variable in shape and size of 
 phyll. 
 
 24. ^alicina, Lindl. Small tree : branches drooping : 
 foli'tjre pale: phyll. 2-5 in. long, 2%-^ lines wide, ob- 
 1 iu,T-linear or lanceolate, narrowed at base, thick, rigid, 
 with a curved point; midrib and marginal veins scarcely 
 pro ninent: racemes short, often reduced to 2 or 3 heads, 
 or even only 1: peduncles slender: fls. about 20 in the 
 L'-ad: pods straight; funicle scarlet, folded under the 
 seed. 
 
 25. rostellifera, Benth. Tall shrub, perhaps only a va- 
 riety of J., snlieina, but, according to Bentham, different 
 in aspect and the nerve of the phyll. much more promi- 
 nent: phyll. linear-lanceolate, with an oblique or re- 
 curved caillous point. 
 
 26. snavdolens, Willd. Shrub .3-f) ft. high, glabrous: 
 branches acutely angled: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 lines 
 wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear; margins thickened: 
 racemes about %m. long before opening, inclosed in 
 large, imbricate bracts : fls. 6-10 in a head. Apr. 
 
 DD. Veins of phyll. several (rarely only 2), 
 longitudinal. 
 
 27. Oswaldi, F. v. M. Tall shrub: phyll. 1 ^i-2 in. long. 
 falcate-oblong to linear, rigid, mostly mucronate, finely 
 striate, twisted, mostly 3 or 4 lines broad. F. v. M. Icon. 
 6:10. 
 
 28. p^ndula, Cunn. Weeping Mtall. Handsome small 
 tree: branches pendulous: foliage pale or ash-colored, 
 with minute pubescence: phyll. \%-l%'\n. long, nar- 
 rowly lanceolate or almost linear-falcate, ending in a 
 curved cusp; nerves few, indistinct: racemes very short, 
 sometimes reduced to a solitary head; peduncles 5-6 
 lines long. F. v. M. Icon. 6: 8. 
 
 29. harpophJ^Ua, F.v.M. Tree: branchlets slightly an- 
 gular: phyll. 6-8 in. long, lanceolate, very falcate, nar- 
 rowed at the end but obtuse, much narrowed at the base, 
 coriaceous, pale or glaucous; nerves several, fine; reticu- 
 late veins few and indistinct: peduncles slender, mostly 
 clustered in the axils : funicle short. F. v. M. Icon. 
 6:9. 
 
 30. impl6za, Benth. Glabrous tree: branchlets nearly 
 terete: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 23'a-5 lines wide, lanceolate 
 and very falcate-acuminate, with a short, hooked point, 
 rather thin; reticulate veins numerous and distinct: pe- 
 duncles few, in a very short raceme, long and slender: 
 fls. pale yellow or dirty white: pods rather narrow, bi- 
 convex, curved or twisted, slightly constricted between 
 the seeds; funicle yellow, folded at the end of the seed 
 but not encircling it. F. v. 31. Icon. 8 : 2. 
 
 8. Acacia neriifolia, narroAV- leaved form. 
 
 31. melan6zyIon,F. Br. Australian B^^ckwood. Tall 
 tree, usually pyramidal, glabrous: branchlets slightly 
 angular: phyll. mostly 3 or 4 in. long, %-\ in. wide, nar- 
 rowly lanceolate to falcate-oblong, or even falcate-ob- 
 lanceolate, much narrowed to the base, verj' obtuse, 
 thick and stiff; reticulate veins numerous: racemes oc- 
 casionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads ; peduncles short, 
 stout : fls. pale yellow or dirty white ; petals connate 
 above the middle : pods flat, 3— 4 lines broad, often curved 
 in a circle ; funicle bright red, doubly Encircling the 
 seed. Mar. B.M. 1659. 
 
 32. Cyclops, Cunn. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branchlets angrular: 
 phyll. 1^2-3 in. long, nearly straight, narrow-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, rigid: racemes short, occasionally reduced to 1 or 2 
 heads : fls. yellow ; petals smooth, free : pods flat, 4-4> 
 lines wide, curved or twisted ; funicle richly colored, 
 doubly encircling the seed. Apr. F. v. M. Icon. 8:3. 
 
 BB. Fls. in cylindrical, or rarely oblong, spikes, 
 c. Phyll. narrow, pungent-poivted, %-! in. long. 
 
 .33. oxyc§dru8, Sieb. Tall, spreading shrub : phyll. 
 %-%, or rarwly 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, scattered, very rigid, striate, with 3 or 4 prominent 
 nerves on each side ; stipules small, often spinescent : 
 spikes often above 1 in. long. B.M. 2928. 
 
 34. verticillita, Willd. {Mimosa verticilldta, L'TIer.}. 
 Bushy, spreatling shrub : phyll. K-yiin. long, linear- 
 subulate to lanceolate c<r oblong, mostly whorled, rigid, 
 with 1 prominent central nerve; stipules minute: spikes 
 %-l in. long, dense ; fls. deep yellow. Apr. B. M. 110. 
 
 .35. Bice&na, Hensl. Tall shrub or small tree, hand- 
 some. dark green: phyll. K-?4»n. long, linear or subulate, 
 sometimes very narrow and 1-lJ^in. long, scattered or 
 whorled, 1-nerved; stipules minute: spikes interrupted, 
 slender, often above 1 in. long ; fls. pale yellow. Apr. 
 N. 1 : 7. 
 
8 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 CC. Phyll. broader, leg* rigid, not pungent-pointed, 
 l%-6 in. long. 
 
 36. longifdlia, Willd. Sydney Golden Wattle. Fig. 
 9. Tall, handsome shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate; longitudinal veins several, promi- 
 nent: spikes 1 in. long, loose, axillary, mostly in diver- 
 gent pairs; tls. golden yellow. Mar. B.R. 362. B.M, 
 2166. R.H. 1896, p. 504. -Useful as a street tree in Calif. 
 
 9. Phyllodia and racemes of Acacia 
 loneifolia. 
 
 Var. Sophdrae, F.v. M. (.4. Sophdrce, R. Br.). Phyll. 
 2-3 in. long, 5-8 lines wide, broadly oblong, obtuse. 
 
 37. linearis, Sims. (.4. 7oM<7Js.siwa, Wendl. ). Shrub: 
 phyll. 4-6 in. long, linear, with 1 prominent longitudinal 
 nerve : spikes 1-2 in. long, loose and interrupted, slender: 
 fls. pale yellow or dirty white. B.M. 2156. B.R. 680.- 
 Valued as a street tree in Calif. 
 
 38. aneura, P. v. M. Muloa. Shrubby; often hoar>-. 
 with minute piibescence : phyll. lS-3 in. long, 1-1 Va 
 lines wide, narrowly linear, without prominent nerves but 
 minutely striate, rigid: spikes short and dense on short 
 peduncles: pods broad, flat, short. T. v. M. Icon. 10: 8. 
 
 39. glauc68cena, Willd. (.4.c<Mfrc'sc<'N.s, Sieb,', . Glau- 
 »'ous tree 50 ft. or more high: phyll. 4-6 in. long. .5-12 
 lines broad at the middle, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at 
 both ends, falcate, striate, and with .3-5 more prominent 
 nerves, all free from the lower margin: spikes in pairs, 
 1-2 in. long : pods narrow-linear, biconvex, irregularly 
 twisted. Mar. B.M. 3174. 
 
 40. holosericea, Cunn. (.4 . lencophyUa. Lindl. ) . Shrub 
 or small tree 10-20 ft., white, silky : phyll. 4-6 in. long, 
 1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with .'{ or 4 prominent 
 nerves confluent with the lower margin at the base: 
 spikes mostly in pairs, sessile, about 2 in. long. Mar. 
 
 AA. Ijvs. all bipinnate. 
 
 B. Fls. in globular heads. 
 
 c. Heads in terminal-axillarif panicles or racemes: 
 stipules small or 0. 
 
 D. Trees: pinmv in 8-15 pairs, fl. -heads panicled. 
 
 41. decurrens, Willd. Green* Wattle. Branohlets with 
 very prominent angles decurrent from the petioles ; 
 
 glabrous, or the young shoots slightly tomentose-pubes- 
 cent : leaflets 1-2 lines long, narrow, rather distant : 
 fls. whitish yellow: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, 
 flat, more or less contracted between the seeds. Mar.- 
 M«y. 
 
 Var. norxn&lis, Benth. Leaflets 3-4 lines long. 
 
 42. molllssima, Willd. (A. decurrens var. m6lli», 
 Lindl. ) . Black Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent an- 
 gles only slightly prominent: foliage and branchlets pu- 
 bescent, the young shoots of a yellowish or golden tinge; 
 leaflets 2-3 lines hmg, narrow, crowded: fls. fragrant: 
 pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less con- 
 tracted between the seeds. Dec-Mar. B.R. 371.— The 
 names of this and of the next species are often inter- 
 changed in gardens and even in herbaria. 
 
 43. dealb^ta, Link. Silver Wattle. Branchlets with 
 decurrent angles only slightly prominent : foliage and 
 branchlets very glaucous or hoar>', with a fine pubes- 
 cence, the young shoots whitish; leaflets 2-3 lines long, 
 narrow, crowded : pods mostly more than 4 lines wide, 
 flat, hardlv constricted between the seeds. Mar. A.F. 
 13:880. R.H. 1896, p. 502. 
 
 DD. Shrubs or small trees: pinncp mosthj in 3S pairs: 
 fl. heads racemed. 
 
 44. puMscena, R. Br. Hairy Wattle. Shrub 6-10 ft. : 
 branches and petioles hirsute: pinnae mostly 3-8 pairs; 
 leaflets 6-20 pairs, 1-2 lines long, crowded, linear, gla- 
 brous: racemes slender, longer than the Ivs. Mar. B.M. 
 1263. F.R. 1:733. 
 
 45. Bailey^na, F.v.M. Small.handsome tree: branches 
 and foliage glabrous and glaucous: pinnae 2-3 pairs; 
 leaflets about 13 pairs, lK-2)^ lines long, crowded, 
 linear: racemes 3-4 in. long. Jan. F. v. M. Icon. 12: 5. 
 G.C. III. 15:37. 
 
 CC. Heads on simple, solitary, or clustered peduncles: 
 stipules often spinescent. 
 
 46. ptilch611a, R. Br. Elegant shrub: branches slender, 
 glabrous or hirsute, usually armed with subulate axillary 
 spines : pinnae 1 pair ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 1-2 lines long, 
 obtuse: fl. heads solitary; fls. yellow. Apr. 
 
 Var. gT^ndis, Hort. (A.grdndix, Henfr.). Shrub 6ft., 
 glabrous: leaflets 8-10 pairs, longer: fls. yellow. Feb.- 
 May. J.H. III. 35: 369 (1897). 
 
 Var. hispidissima, Hort. {A. hispidlssima, DC). 
 Branches very hirsute, with long, spreading hairs : 
 leaflets narrow: fls. white. B.M. 4588. 
 
 47. 'Ea,Tnesiknei,\^i\ld.{A.leptophyUa,'DC.). Popinac. 
 Opopanax. Cassie. Huisache. Much branching shrub, 
 6-10 ft. : stipules straight, slender, sometimes minute 
 spines; pinnae 5-8 pairs; leaflets mostly 10-25 pairs, 1-2 
 lines long, narrow, linear, glabrous : peduncles 2 or 3 in 
 the older axils: fl. heads large, globular, deep yellow, 
 very fragrant: pods almost terete, indehiscent, at length 
 turgid and pulpy. Feb. -Mar. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr. 
 and Austral. Grown in S. France for perfumery. 
 
 48. Cav6nia, Bertero. Espino. Cavan. Height 20 ft.: 
 spines stout: leaflets scabrous, scabious-pubescent. Oth- 
 erwise near to A. Farnesiana, of which it is sometimes 
 considered a mere variety. Chile. — A good hedge plant. 
 
 49. Ar^bica, Willd. Gum Arabic Tree. Fig. 10. Small 
 tree, with spiny stipules: pinnae ^{-6 pairs, each with 40 
 or less very- narrow leaflets : fls. white, in globular, pe- 
 dunculate heads, which are usually in 3's. Arab, and Eu. 
 
 .50. filicina, Willd. Unarmed shrub : pinn» 2-15 pairs; 
 leaflets 20-.50 or more pairs (rarely 10-15), very small: 
 fl. heads globular: pods linear, straight, flat, not pulpy. 
 Tex. and Mex. 
 
 BB. Fls. in cylindrical spikes. ;"7 
 
 51. Qriggii, (tray. Small tree 10-20 ft., pubescent, 
 often with scattered, short, stout, hooked prickles : 
 pinnae 2— i pairs, %-! in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 2 or 3 
 lines long, oblong or oblong-obovate, thick, and with 2 or 
 3 straight nerves : peduncles J4-1 in. long. Apr. 
 Tex., S. Calif, and Mex. 
 
 52. Cdtechu, Willd. Tree : pinnae 8-10 pairs, each bear- 
 ing 100 or less linear, pubescent leaflets : fls. yellow ; 
 spikes solitary or in 2's or 3's. E. Ind. — Yields Catechu, 
 a valuable tannin. 
 
ACACIA 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 9 
 
 53. DrAmmondii. Benth. Bush or small tree: pinnsp 
 2-4 pairs, each with 4-10 linear, very obtuse glabrous 
 leaflets: fls. pale lemon-yellow, in dense, solitary-, droop- 
 ing spikes 1-1 J4 in. long. Austral. B.M. 5191. — Hand- 
 some, and popular for spring bloom, as at Easter. 
 
 In the following supplementary list, the heights given are 
 those attaine<l by the plants under glass in N. Euroi>e ; in the 
 open air in the southwest U. S. they often rrrow much taller, 
 and sometimes flower 2 months earlier. Except when other- 
 wise stated, the flowers are yellow. Those marked (*) are con- 
 sidered most desirable. Those marked " stove" need hothouse 
 treatment; the others can be grown in a coolhouse, or in the 
 open in California. A. abietina. Willd.=linifolia.— J., acan- 
 thocdrpa, Willd.=Mimosa acanthocarpa. — -4 . Acapuleemia, 
 Kunth.=Lysiloma Acapulcensis.— ^ . aciculdria, " Nee<11e-!cu-vcu 
 AciKla,"! ft.— -4.s/i;iis, Swt;et.=ueaibata.— .i.ff^dm, R.Br., 6 
 ft. May. B.R. 396.-4. amcena, Wendl.. 3 ft. May. Near to het- 
 erophyUa.- -4. angulata, Desv.=discolor.— .4. angustifblia, 
 Lodd.=longifolia, var. tloribunda.— A. argyrophylla, Hook.= 
 brachybotrya, var. argyrophylla.— J., dspera, Lindl. (A. Aus- 
 feldii, Kegel. A. densifolia, Benth.). 4 ft. ilay.—A.Ausfeldii, 
 Regel.=aspera..— J.. Bancroftidna, Bert.=CaPsalpinia bijuga.— 
 A. Bartheridna, Hort.=Berteriana?— A. Berland'Uri, Benth. 
 Fls.? 'Sle:aco.— A. Berteriana, Balb.=Pitliecolobium fragrans.— 
 il.6t/!dm, R. Br. 3 ft. May.— A. 6i/wrrd<a, DC. 8 ft. May.— .4. 
 Irachuacdntha, Humb. & Bonpl.— Mimosa aoanthocarpa.— j4. 
 brevifolia, Ijodd.=hiTi&ta.— A. brevipes, Cunn.=melanox5-lon.— 
 A. Burmannidna, DC. Fls.1 6 ft. Ceylon. Stove.— J^.frim/o- 
 /ia, Cunn. 4 ft. Apr. Hook. Icon. 164.— J.. <;<K»ia, Wight & Am. 
 (A. Intsia, Willd.). 20 ft. E. Indies. Stove.— .4. celastrifblia, 
 Benth. =myrtifolia, var. celastrifolia.—J^. centrophy Ha, DC. 20 
 ft.; white. Jamaica. Stove.— J^. Cera<^nwi,Willd. =MimosaCera- 
 tonia.— -4. chrysostachys, Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachy8.— J.. 
 cilidta, R. Br.=strigosa.— J., cinerdscens, Sicb.=glaucescens.— 
 A. cochledris, "Wendl. 4 ft. Apr. to May.— 4. conriuna, DC. 20 
 ft.; fls. white. E.Indies. Stove.— A. Concordtana, Loud. =Pithe- 
 colobium umbellatum.— 4. coH/erfa, Cimn. Apr.- J., corddia, a 
 trade name, probably belongs to some other 8i)eoies.— ^.cori- 
 deea, DC. 5 ft. May.— .4. cor7jfi7<'ra, Willd.=spadioigera. — .4. 
 coroniU(pfi:)Ua, Dest. 10 ft. N.Africa. Stove.— .4. crassiairpa, 
 Cunn. 6 ft. May.— A. eultrdta, Hort.=cultriformis.— .4. cune- 
 dta, Benth. Apr.— J., cuspiddta, Cunn.=diffusa, var. cuspidata. 
 —A.cycnbrum, Hook.=obscura.— .4. dflciV«iVp/t)Zia, Cunn. 6 ft. 
 June.— A. decipiens, var.prcemorsa, Hort.* 3 ft. May. B.M. 3244. 
 — A. deeurTen8,\ax. mollis, Benth.=mollissima.— j[. dmsifblia, 
 Benth.=aspera.— -4. dentifera, Benth. Apr. B.M. 4032.— .4. de- 
 pindens, Ciinn.=longifolia,var.mticronata.— 4. d^^ijie/j*, Burch. 
 3 ft. May. S. Afr.— -4. diptera, Willd.=Prosopis juliflora.- J.. 
 dlptera, Lindl. Shrub : fls. 1—A. diptera, var. erioptera, Gra- 
 ham. Sept. B.M. 3939.— J., discolor, Willd. (A. angulata, Desv.). 
 10 ft. May.— A. dtcaricd^a, Willd.=Lysiloma Schiedeana.— .1. 
 Dvnkeldarii is a trade narae.=Mimosa?— A. doratoxy/on,*" Cur- 
 rawang,"a beautiful small tree : fls. golden yellow.— ,4. ditinosa, 
 Wight& Am.=latronum.— J..€6tir7i«a, Willd. 5ft. E.Ind. Stove. 
 —A.echinula, DC.=juniperina.— J.. ^d?/h"jj, Humb. & Bonpl.= 
 Famesiana.— -4. elata, —*. "Pepper-tree Wattle.'"— A. elongdta, 
 Sieb.*6ft. May. B.M. 3337. Especially suitable for damp, sandy 
 land.- .4. emargindta, Wendl.=stricta.— J., eriocldda, Benth. 
 June.— J.. Esterhdzia, Mackay. 4 ft. May.— .4. faleiformis, 
 DC.=penninervis, var. falcifomis. — .4. ferruginea, DC. E. 
 Indies. Fls.? Stove. — J^. Jlexicaulis, Benth.=Pithecolobium 
 flexicaule, Coulter.— A. Jtoribunda, Wiild.=longifolia, var. flori- 
 bunda.— j4.rtori6u»da,Hort.=neriifolia.— A. formbsa, Kunth. 
 ^Calliandraformosa.— A. /rondo«a, Willd. ==Leuc»na glauca.— 
 A. fruticosa, Mart.=Piptadenia latifolia.— A. genistcefblia, 
 Link.==diffusa.— A. girdffce, Willd. "Camel-thorn." 40 ft. S. 
 Afr. Fls. ? Stove. — A.^^atiwra, Moench.=Leuc»ena glauca.— 4. 
 glauca, Hort.=A. glaucescens.— A.flrrdndw, Henfr.=pulchella, 
 var. grandis. — A. grata, Willd. =Piptadenia niacrocarpa.— 
 A. grareolens, Cunn.==vemiciflua.— A. OuayaqniUtisis, Desf. 
 =Mimosa Guaysiquilensis.— 4. Guianensis, Willd. =Stryph- 
 nmlendron Guianeuse. — A. gummifera, Willd. 30 ft. 
 Guinea. Fls. ? — A.Hoematoxyloji, WUld. 20 ft. Fls. yellow or 
 white. S. Afr. Stove.— A. hastuldta, Sm. 4 ft. May. B.M. 
 o^l.—A. heteracd)itha,B\iTcY\. l.")ft.: fls.? S. Afr.— A. ^e^^ro- 
 phylla, Willd. 5 ft. May. Mascarene Isls.— A. hispida, Hort. 
 =Robinia hispida.— J., hispidissima, DC.==A. pulchella, var. 
 hispidissima.— j4. homalophylla,* "Yarran."- A. homomdlla, 
 Wendl.=glaucescens.— J..If«^f/e?u, Benth.* Pale yellow. Feb.— 
 A. humifusa, Cunn. Austral.— A. hybrida, Lodd.=armata.— 
 A. intermedia, Cunn.=longifolia,var. floribunda. — A.intertijcta, 
 Sieb.=longifolia.— A. Intsia, Willd.=capsia.— A. Jnlibrissin, 
 Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. jw/iip«rjna. Willd.* (A.echi- 
 nula, DC). 6 ft.: near to verticillata.— -4. ^a/Adrrt,G. Don.= 
 Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. Koa, Grtiy. Fls. ? Hawaiian Isls. 
 Stove.— A. Lambertidna, D. Don.=Calliandra Lambertiana.— 
 A. lanlgera, Cunn. 6ft. Apr. B.M. 2922.— A. latisili(iua, Willd. = 
 Lysiloma latisiliqua.— A. Latrbbei, Meissn.=iicinacea.— A. la- 
 frdnum, Willd. (A. dumosa, Wight& Am.). 20 ft.; fls. ? E.In- 
 dies. Stove.— A.^CTMn/o/ia. Willd. 4 ft. May. Pacific Islands. 
 Stove.— A. Lebbeck, Willd.=A]bizzia Lebl)ek.— A. leiophylla, 
 Benth.=8aligna.— A. lentiscifblia, Desf. 20 ft. Fls. ? Mexico. 
 Stove.— A. leprbsa, Sieb.* May. B.R. 1441. "Graceful, linear 
 leaves, and habit of a willow."— .4 . ifpr65a,var. tenuifblia. Benth. 
 Stove.— A. f<7>^)cdrpa, Cunn. 6 ft, Apr.— A. i<7>^>n«'Mra. Benth. 
 6 ft, Apr. B.M. 43oO,-A. kPtopAi/«a, DC.=Farnesiana.— A. 
 
 leucophloea. Willd. 12 ft. : pale yellow. Tropical Asia. Stove.— 
 A.leucophylla, ColvilL—holoserieea.- A. liguldta, Cunn.=8ali- 
 cina.— A. longifblia, var. floribunda, F. v. M. (A. floribunda, 
 Willd. A. intermedia, Cunn.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 3203.— A. tonfir»- 
 folia, var. mucrondta, F. v. M. (A. dependens, Cunn. A. 
 mucronata, F. v. M.). Mar. B.M. 2747.— A. longissima, Wendl. 
 ""linearis.- A. lophdntha, Willd. =Albizzia lophantha.— A. 
 lophdntha, var. gigantda, Hort. = Albizzia lophantha, var. gigan- 
 tea. — A. liicida, Baill.=Albizzia lucida.— .4. Mdnyium, 
 Willd. 10 ft. Molucca Isls. Stove.— A. t/it<TojpAy»a, Willd.=- 
 Piptadeniaperegrina.— A. mdllis, Wall.=Albizzia Julibrissin.— 
 A.Nlmu, Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.- A. neuroedrpa, Cunn. 
 — holosericea — A. nigricans, R. Br. 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 2188.— A. 
 nudtyfdm, Willd. (A. Rohriana. DC). 30 ft.: white. W.Indies. 
 Stove.— A. o6«cura, A. DC. (A. cycnorum. Hook.). 2Kft- B M. 
 465?.— 4 ndornU'sirrtH, Wiiid.=AiDiz2ia odoratissima.— A. oif^- 
 ^ita, Cunn.=lunata.— A. oligophylla, Hotimgg. i it. Habitat? 
 Sto-.-e.— A . omdta is a name in the trade, probably of some well- 
 known species.- A. paradbxa, DC=armata.— A. pentadtnia, 
 Lindl. 10 ft. May. B.R. 1.VJ1.— A.pmi/oiia, Benth.=juncifolia. 
 —A. pinndta, Link.=t.amarindifolia.— A. plafyphylla. Sweet. 
 10 ft. Jnne.—A.pluinbsa, Lowe. 20 ft. Brazil. B.M. 3366. A 
 stove climber.— A. poda/^no/o^/a, Cunn.* Tall shrub. G.C. III. 
 Vi.l>.3Q.— A. polybbtrya, Benth.* A beautiful pinnate-leaved 8i)e- 
 cies.— A. Portoricensis, Willd. =Calliandra Portoricensis. — 
 A.pri«md<t>a, HofTmgg. 6 ft. Habitat? Stove.— A.promi7K^«, 
 Cunn.=linifolia, var. prominens.— A. Pseudacdcia, Hort.=Ro- 
 binia Pseudacacia.— A. puicAerrt ma, Willd =Stryphnodendron 
 florbundum.— A. '7M<idranflruZdm, Link.=Calliandra tetragona. 
 —A. retinbdes, Sohlecht.==neriifolia.— A. ripdria, HBK. (A. 
 sarmentosa, Griseb.). 10 ft. W. Indies. A stove climber.-A. 
 i?oAridna. DC.=nudiflora.— A.rdsfo, Hort.=Robinia hispida.— 
 A. nisci/blia, Cxinn.==verticillata. var. latifolia.— A. sarmentbsa, 
 Griseb.=riparia.— A. scdndens, Willd. =Entada scandens.— A. 
 Sfmicorddta, Roxb. 40 ft.: fls. ? E. Indies. Stove.— A. Senegal, 
 Willd. 30 ft.; fls. white. Tropical W. Afr. Stove.— A.««rtVdra, 
 Cuna. Apr.— A. Simsii, Cunn. Apr.— A. Sophbrce, R. Br.=» 
 longifolia, var. Sophora?.— A. spadicigera. Ch. & Schl. (A. cor- 
 nigera, Willd.). 15 ft.; pale yellow. Jamaica. B.M. 7395. 
 Stove.— A. specibsa, Willd.=Albizzia Lebbek.— A. speetdbilit, 
 Cunn.* .^pr. B.R. ia43:46. Remarkably beautiful.— A. Spini, 
 Balb. 1,") ft.; red and yellow. Guadeloupe Isl. Stove.— A.»7«a- 
 vidta, Lindl. Apr. Ho«jk. Icon.'Plant.'Ml .— A .stenophylla, Cxxnn. 
 Mar.— A. stipuldta. DC.=Albizzia stipulata.— A. «^ric<a, Willd. 
 (A. emarginata, Wendl.). 2 ft. Mar. B.M. 1121.— A. «m'0d«a. 
 Link. (.\. ciliata, R. Br.). 4 ft.— A. strombulifera, Willd.=- 
 Prosopis strombulifera.- A. subuldta, Bonpl. 4 ft. May.— A. 
 sulcata, R.Br. 2 ft. July. B.R. 928.— A. -Swma, Gurz. 10 ft.; 
 fls. ? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tamarind! fblia, Willd. (A. pinnata). 
 4 ft.; white. S. Amer. Stove.— A. (oxiydKa, Lodd.=Riceana.— 
 A. tomentbsa, Willd. 20 ft.; fls.? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tri- 
 chbdes, Willd. =LeucaBna trichodes.— A. trinervdta, Sieb. 6 ft. 
 Apr.— A. tristis, Graham=armata.— A. umbelldta. Cunn. Apr. 
 — A-uncindta, Lodd.==undul8Bfolia.— A. undulcsfblia (A. uici- 
 nata, Lodd). 4 ft. May. B.M. 3394.— A. uropAyZZa, Benth. Pale 
 
 10. Acacia Arabica. 
 
 yellow. Apr. B.M.4.'573.— A. wdflPrt, Willd. 40 ft.; white. Brazil. 
 Stove.— A. r*»ni>8?rt,Willd.=Calliandra Portoricensis.— A . r^a, 
 Willd.=AraVdca.— A vemidftua, Cunn. (A. graveolens, Cunn. 
 A.virgata.Lodd.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. ?r}m.'^2.~Q.—A.vertieilldta.\&r, 
 angusta, Hort. 10ft. Ai^r.-A.vertinlldta. var. latifbHa, Benth. 
 (.\. mscifolia. Conn. A.moesta, Lindl.). 10 ft. Apr. B.M 3195. 
 B.R.1846:67.— A.cf«rtm, Ker-Gawl.* 6ft. June. B.R.698.— A. 
 vimindlis. Ait. Adt.— A. virescens, DC. 20ft. S. Amer. Stove.— 
 A. virgdfa, Lodd. =vemiciflua.— A. rindirdwi*, Burch. »=Xero- 
 cladia Zeyheri. — A. viscidula, Cunn. 6 ft. Feb. Gt. 1109. 
 A. viscbsa, Schrad. = dodonjeifolia. — A. vomeriformis, Cunn. 
 Apr.— A, Wallichidna. DC=C)atechu. j^ BuBTT Davy. 
 
10 
 
 ACACIA, FALSE 
 
 ACANTHOMINTHA 
 
 ACACIA, FALSE. i>ee Bobinia Pseudacacia. 
 ACACIA, ROSE. See Bobinia hhpida. 
 
 ACSNA (from aknina, thorn). Bosilcece. Dwarf, 
 hardy perennial sub-shrubs with i iconspicuous green 
 flow^ers, cultivated in roekeries for their showy crimson 
 spines, which are borne on the calyx; 1-12 in. As ground- 
 work for dwarf , spring-fluwering bulls, as trilliunjs, they 
 are unsurpassed. Useful in protecting native orchids and 
 bog plants. Prop, by cuttings, cree-ping rootlets, divi- 
 sions and seeds. Monogr. by T. Citt rne, in Revue des 
 Sciences Xaturelle« de I'Ouest, ISTl, Nos. 1,2, ;{. 
 
 microphylla, Hcwk. f. Lvs. evergreen, pale, pinnate, 
 serrate : spines attrm-tive all summer and autumn. N. 
 Zeal. — Grows well in either wet or dry soils. 
 
 ovalifdlia, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. a little larger than the 
 latter; leaf ets oblong, subcuneate. Chile. Gn. 52, p. 46. 
 
 A. argentea, Hmz & Pav. Lvs. silvery. Chilean Andes.— J. 
 
 adacendena, Vsihl. Austral.— A. cunedta. Hook. & Am., is agood 
 
 species according to some, Imt may = A. serieea. Magellan. —.1 . 
 
 millefolia, Nicholson. Fmit not in globular heads. Hab. ? — 
 
 A. myriiiphylla, Lindl. Fern-like. Chile. Gn..'{7, p. 177.— J. 
 
 Novce-ZealdndUv, T. Kirk. Good species according to some, but 
 
 inay = A. niicrophylla.— A. ori/irt, A. Cann. Austral.— d. pin- 
 
 fiatifida, Ruiz & Pav. Chile.— .4. pulchella, Nicholson. Lvs. 
 
 \>T<inzy.—A. Santniiaorbiv, Vahl. N. Zeal.— A. sarmentoga, Car- 
 
 mich.=A. Sangtiisorbsp.— A. tericea, Jaeq. f. ilex.— A. splen- 
 
 dens, Hook. & Am. Chile. t r» y 
 
 J. B. Keller. 
 
 ACAL'^FHA (a name given by Hippocrates to a net- 
 tle). Eupho-rhidceip. Tender foliage plants much used 
 for greenhouse ornament, and especially for bedding- 
 out. For the latter purpose it is desirable to have strong, 
 well hardened plants in 5-in. pots, which should be set 
 out the last week in Slay, and grown in a rich soil with- 
 out check. Prop, by cuttings, chiefly in three ways: 
 (1) in fall from outdoor bedded plants ; (2) from plants 
 lifted in fall, cut back, and kept for spring stock ; 
 (3) from stock plants in pots reserved from the 
 previous season. The well ripened wood of these 
 last is a great advantage, and g^ves cuttings that may 
 
 %x^M{m 
 
 11. Acalypha Wilkesiana, var. Macafeana {X.%), 
 
 be taken with a heel. A mature stem will furnish sev- 
 eral beside the top one. This is the best method for gen- 
 eral purposes. Cuttings are taken below joints, and re- 
 quire mild bottom heat. For greenhouse ornament in fall 
 and winter, excellent specimens may be secured from 
 cuttings made in summer from such stock plants. 
 
 Cult, by RoBEKT Shore. 
 
 WilkesiAna, MUll. Arg. {A. tricolor, Hort. ex Seem.). 
 Lvs. ovate-acuminate, bronzy green, variously mottled 
 witli red: rts. inconspicuous. S. Sea Islands. Var. Mac- 
 ale&na, Hort. Fig. 11. Lvs. red, marked with crimson 
 and bronze. Perhaps the commonest variety. R.H. 
 1882:288. Var. margin&ta, Hort. Lvs. with a' crimson 
 margin. P.M. 1875: 156. Gn. 7, p. 521. Var. mus^ca, 
 Hort. Lvs green, with orange and red markings. Var. 
 obov&ta, Hoi-t. Lvs. obovate, green, edged white when 
 young, changing to bronzy green with n)sy pink margins. 
 Var. triamphans, Hort. (.1. triiimphans, Lind. & Rod.). 
 Lvs. Iarg»', spotted with crimson, green, and brown. 
 I.H. :J5:55 (1888). 
 
 Oodseffi&na, Ma«t. Lvs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,, 
 green, with creuniy margin : fls. unknown. G.C. III. 
 28: 242. Gng. 6: 278. F.E. 10: .5.54. A.F. VA: 1286. 
 
 hispida, Burm. f. (.1. Sdnderi, X. E. Brown). Fig. 
 12. Cult, chiefly for its long red, amarantus-like spike.s 
 of flowers : lvs. green. E. Ind. Burm. Fl. Ind., p. .'JO."?, 
 t. 61, f. 1. A.F. i:{:1285. A.G. 19: 45;{, 827. F.E. 10: 554. 
 G.C. III. 2:^: 248. <it. 47: 276. (in. 54:1180. Gng. 6: 279. 
 — The lejMling novelty of 1899. Called by various names^ 
 as Chenille Plant, Philippine Medusa, and others. 
 
 A. colordta, Spreng.=A. integrifoli.i.— A. Commersonidna ^ 
 BaiIl.=A. integrifolia.- A. inacrophylla, Hort., not HBK.=A. 
 Wilkesiana, var. raacrophylla.— A. margindta, Hort., not 
 Spreng.=A. Wilkesiana, var. marginata.- A.o6ord<rt, Hort., not 
 Benth.=A. Wilkesiana, v.ir. olKJvata.— A. integrifhlia, Willd. 
 4-7 ft. : lvs. thick, glabrous, oblong, green above, colored below. 
 Madagascar. Other trade names are A. Uamiltonidna (Int. 
 1893), A. JfiVfontdna, and A. torfa. ^^ ]yj 
 
 ACAMPE (name<l from the brittle nature of the flow- 
 ers). Orvhiddceif. Greenhouse epiphyte. 
 
 .1. longifolia, Lindl. (Viinda longifolia, Lindl.). E. Ind. A 
 species of little decorative value, said to be sold by its synonym. 
 
 ACANTHEFHlPPIUM (meaning unknown). Often 
 spelled Acanthophippium. Orchidiiceo'. Terrestrial 
 stove orchids. Fls. rather large, racemose, few ; sepal.n 
 combined to form a broad pitcher. They do best in a 
 compost of loam and leaf -mold. Being natives of the 
 hottest, moist, densely shaded jungles, they require much 
 heat and moisture during the growing period. Good 
 drainage is essential. Prop, by dividing the pseudobulbs 
 as soon as growth begins. Cult, by E. O. Orpet. 
 
 Jav&nicum, Blume. Fls. yellow and red, with dis- 
 tinct longitudinal stripes. Java. B. M. 4492. 
 
 A.bicolor, Lindl. Fls. purple and yellow.— A. Cwrfwii. Reichb. 
 f. Fls. many colored. Distinguished by the five keels between 
 the side lacinia*. Malay Arch. G.C.U.Z'i ■.leO.—A. Sylhetirue. 
 Liiidh Fls. white, much sjKJtted. Himahiyas. 
 
 ACANTHODIUM. See Blephari.i. 
 
 ACANTHOLlMON {akanthos, spine, and limon, sea 
 lavender). Syn. ,Armeriasfntm. Plumbagindcecg. Hardy 
 evergreen perennials; dwarf, tufted, with sharp-pointed, 
 rigid leaves; less common than Statice and Armeria. An 
 oriental genus of slow-growing and sun-loving plants for 
 rockeries. Prop, by seeds (which germinate slowly) sown 
 carefully on a warm but somewhat shaded border, and 
 transplanted when plants are large enough to handle; by 
 cuttings made in late summer and wintered in a frame ; 
 by very carefully made divisions. Boissier describes 74 
 species in the Flora Orientalis. See A. Bunge, Die Gat- 
 tung Acantholimon, St. Petersburg, 1872. 
 
 glum^ceum, Boiss. Height 6 in. : lvs. green : fls. 
 r.mall, rose, on one-sided, spicate racemes, 6-9 in each 
 short, dense spikelet. July-Sept. Armenia. F. S. 7:677- 
 Gn. 31: 592. R. H. 1891, p. 489. 
 
 venttstum, Boiss. { Armeria. ttnitn dianthifolium, O. 
 Kuntze). About 8 in.: lvs. grey-green, very stiff : fls. 
 larger than the last, rose, 12-20 in each long, loose spike- 
 let. July-Sept. AsiaMinor. R.H. 1866: 450. Gn. 13: 117. 
 
 B. M. 7506. Gn. 53, p. 405. tot." .. i tT- -^r 
 
 * J. B. Keller and W . M. 
 
 ACANTHOMtNTHA. Labidtce. Thorny Mint. Ten- 
 der annual, with the habit of Lamium. Its chief inter- 
 est is botanical, the nearest relative of the genus being 
 the Brazilian genus Glechon. Only two species known. 
 Prop, by seeds in spring under glass. 
 
ACANTHOMIXTHA 
 
 ACANTHUS 
 
 u 
 
 lUcUdlla, Gray. Height G in.: Ivs. petiolcd, ovate, 
 bluntly toothed:' fls. ;t-8 in a whorl, chiefly purple, with 
 yellow and white marks. Calif. B.M. 6750. Int. 1891. 
 — Less desirable than Laraium, which sec. 
 
 ACANTHOPANAX (a thorny Panax-like plant). Ara- 
 lidctip. Hardy ornamental trees and shmbs: Ivs. alter- 
 nate, long-pet'ioled, lobed or dit?itate, deciduous: fls. in- 
 
 12. Acalypha hispida (A. Sanderii. 
 
 conspicuous, in umbels ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a 
 black 2-5-seeded berry. Cent. Asia ami Himalayas. Prop, 
 by seeds or by root-cuttings; A.pentaplvjlluni also by 
 hardwood cuttings. 
 
 A. Lvs. simple, palmately lohed. 
 ricinifdlium, Seem.(ArAUa Maximdwiczii, Hort. Kalo- 
 pdnax ricinifdliitm, ^liq.). Tree, 80 ft.: branches with 
 numerous stout prickles: lvs. deeply 5-7-lobed, 9-14 in. 
 in diam.. downy beneath when young ; lobes oblong- 
 lanceolate, serrate : inflorescet.se terminal, large, com- 
 pound. Japan. F.S. 20: 2067.— A very ornamental tree 
 of striking subtropical effect. A new form from Japan 
 has the lvs. less downy beneath and with short, broad 
 
 lobes. y J- w J 
 
 AA. IfVS. digitate. 
 
 sessilifldrtun, Seem. { Panax sessilifldrum, Rupr. & 
 Max.). Shrub, 12 ft.: branches with only few prickles: 
 leaflets mostly ',\, obovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, cuneate, acuminate, 4-7 in. long, irregularly cre- 
 nate-serrate. nearly sm<x>th : fls. dull purplish, sessile, in 
 globular heads on stout, downy peduncles. Manchuria, 
 N.China. G.C. ni.22: 339. Gt. 11: 3G9.- The freely pro- 
 duced heads of black berries are decorative. 
 
 pentaph^Ilum, Marsh. (.1. spit'dsum, Hort., not Miq. 
 Ardlia pentaphylla,Thunh.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : branches 
 long and slender, with few compressed, straight prickles : 
 leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, cuneate, 
 acute, %-l>^in. long, crenate-serrate, smooth: fls. green, 
 in long and slender-peduncled umbels; styles 5, connate. 
 Japan.— A graceful shrub, with arching branches and 
 bright green, shininur foliage, excellent on rocky banks 
 and slopes. Var. varieg^tum, Hort. Lvs, edged white. 
 F.S. 20:2079. 
 
 A.aculedtum, Seem. Spiny shrub: leaflets .1-5. shortly peti- 
 oled, glabrous. Himalayas.— J., divaricdtum. Seem. Allied to 
 
 A. «e?silifloTnTn. Lt«, hairy beneath: fls. pedicelled. Japan.— 
 A. innovang, Franch. et Sav. L'narme*! small tree: lvs. fascicu- 
 late ; leaflets ;}-.'>, nearly sessile, glabrous. Japan.— A. seiado- 
 phulloXdet, Franch. et Sav. L'narmed tree, 40 ft. : leaflets .">, 
 long petiohilute, glabrous. Japan.— .4. Kcnticdtum, Harms. = 
 Eleutherococcus sentieosus.— .1. tpinosiim, Miq. Allied to A. 
 pentaphyllum. Lvs. often sparingly appressed-setose al>ove : 
 I>eduncles shorter than petioles ; styles 2, separate. China. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 ACANTHOPHIPPIUM. See Acanthephippium. 
 
 ACANTHOPHGENIX {akantha, thorn, and phanix, a 
 date palm ). Palmdreif, Xr'xhe Arece(r . Tall palms, spiny, 
 with the stout trunk ringed : lvs. terminal, equally pin- 
 natisect, more or less armed with long slender spines, the 
 narrow segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scaly be- 
 low, midrib and nerves prominent, the thickened margins 
 recurved at the base, rachis somewhat 3-sided, sheath 
 long, smooth or spiny: spadix twice branched, pendent, 
 with a short, thick peduncle, glabrous or tomentose, 
 smooth or spiny, the T>ranches slender or thick and 
 twisted : spathes 2, compressed, deciduous : fls. red or 
 orange: fr. black, scarcely longer than a grain of wheat. 
 Species 3 or 4. Madagascar. 
 
 They need a temperature of 70°-90° F. ; never less than 
 60*'. The rooting medium should be somewhat light, with 
 a quantity of crushed charcoal. Drainage should be very 
 carefully arranged, as they demand an abundance of 
 moisture. Prop, only by seeds, which muy remain two or 
 three years in the seed-pan before germinating. For gen- 
 eral cult., see Palms aud Areca. 
 
 crinlta, H.Wendl. {Areca crinlta, Bory). Trunk 50-60 
 ft.: lvs. 7-13 ft. long ; petiole densely tomentose, 4-8 in. 
 long ; leaf-sheath 2%-4yiit. long, thickly covered with 
 .short brown bristles and spines: segments silver\' white 
 beneath, Mauritius. F.S. 16: 1706. F.R. 2: 201. -Young 
 plants have pale, yellowish green lvs. 
 
 rtibra, H.Wendl. {Arha rubra, Bory). Trunk 60 ft.: 
 lvs. 6-12 ft. long ; petiole glabrous, 2-4 in. long ; leaf- 
 sheath 2M-A%tt. long, thickly covered with long browTi- 
 black spines; pinn» slightly glaucous beneath: fr. glo- 
 bose, %-%\'a. in diam., with a prominent ridge extending 
 from the stigma to the base. Mauritius and Isl. Bour- 
 bon. — Young plants have dark green lvs. with red veins. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 
 ACANTHOBHIZA (akantha, thorn, and rhiza, root). 
 Palmaceir, tribe Corypheie. Spineless palm, with a rather 
 robust caudex, densely clothed with the bases of the dead 
 sheaths; roots spinescent at the base : lvs. terminal, the 
 orbicular blade deeply cut into 3- to many-parted cunei- 
 form segments, glaucous below, without any rachis ; 
 petiole flattened or convex above, smooth on the margins ; 
 sheath short, fibrous : spadix compressed : the short 
 peduncle and spreading thickened branches whit« : bracts 
 and spathes elongated toward the base of the branches, 
 coriaceous, deciduous; bractlets bristly, deciduous. Spe- 
 cies 2 or 3. Cent. Amer. About one-fourth of the soil 
 given them should be vegetable mold. Prop, by seeds in 
 bottom heat. 
 
 acole^ta, H.Wendl. (Chamceropsstauracdntha, Hort.). 
 St. spiny at base : lvs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus 
 at the base, whitish beneath. Mex. LH. 26:367. B.M. 
 7.302.— Succeeds in an intermediate house. 
 
 Chilico, Drude {Tlirinax CftMco, Mart. ). St. smooth, 
 about 30 ft. high, 9-10 in. in diam., slender, flexuous : lvs. 
 orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base ; petioles slen- 
 der, 3-6 ft. long, smooth ; blade 6 ft. in diam., divided to 
 or beyond the middle; segments 15-20, lanceolate, acute, 
 1-2 in. wide, dark green above, paler and glandular be- 
 low. Braz. 
 
 The following species are rarely seen outside of botanic gar- 
 dens, aud need stove temperature: .1. Wdlli»i, H. Wendl. 
 Hab. ?— J.. Warscewiczii, H. Wendl. Panama. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 
 ACANTHUS (flrfcrt»^^05, thorn). Acanthdcece . Bear's 
 Breech. Mostly hardy herbaceous perennials of vigorous 
 growth and broad foliage, suitable for backgrounds of 
 borders and subtropical effects. The acanthus leaf is one 
 of the commonest of art forms. The ornamentation of 
 the Corinthian column is said to have been suggested 
 by A, spinosus. Height 3-4 ft.: spikes 1-lJ^ft, long; 
 
12 
 
 ACANTHUS 
 
 ACER 
 
 fls. dull white to rose or purplish. Mostly sonthera 
 Europe. A . mollis may have su^Kested the more conven- 
 tionalized acanthuH leaf of Koman architecture. Must be 
 deeply mulched N. in winter. They need a rich, light, 
 well-drained soil and much sunshine. Excessive moisture 
 is fatal, especially in winter and spring. Fall-planted 
 stock should always be protected for the winter by long 
 
 13. Acanthus sptnosissimus. 
 
 Acanthus muUis. 
 
 litter or evergreen boughs, even where established plants 
 are hardy. Prop, by division in spring or early autumn, 
 and by seeds. Cult. by J. B. Kelleb. 
 
 A. Li'n. spiny. 
 
 spinosissimaa, Desf. Fig. 13. Lvs. dark green, pin- 
 nately parted; spines glistening: tls.infrequent; autumn; 
 spikes loose, pilose or glabrescent : spines of the bracts 
 recurved. 
 
 spindsus, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, pubescent; 
 spines short, whitish: fls. smaller than in the last; sum- 
 mer ; spikes dense, slightly villous. B. M. 1808. Gn. 
 8 : 147. 
 
 AA. Jyt's. not spiny. 
 
 mdllis, Linn. Fig. 14. Lvs. 2x 1 ft., cordate, sinuately 
 pinnatifid, mostly iwiical: fls. summer: spikes loose, pu- 
 bescent. Gn. 52, p. 239. —Also recommended as a window 
 plant. Var. latildlius, Hort.(.cl. /(i/iYd/tMN, Hort. A.Lusi- 
 tdnictis, Hort. ) is larger and hardier. Gn. 1, p. 303. 
 
 longifdlius, Poir. Lvs. radical, longer and narrower 
 than in A. mollis, hright green: fls. June. — Though said 
 to be a stove species in Eu., it is the hardiest of all at 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 * . Cdroli-Alexdndri, Hausskn. 9-18 in. Lvs. few, radical, in 
 a,, xrosette, lanceolate, spiny; spikedense. Grewe.— .l.cnrdwt- 
 tblius, Linn.= Blepharis "arduifolia.— .4. ilieifblius (Dilivaria 
 ilicifolia, Juss.). Smooth greenhouse snb-shmb with leaves re- 
 sembling Ilex aquifolium, the Eu. Holly. Prop, by cuttings 
 under glass. E. Asi&.— A . montdnus . T. Anders. Lvs. pinnatifid 
 or sinuate-spinose. W. Afr. B.M. 5516. Stove species. 
 
 ACEB (classical Latin name). Sapinddcetr. Maple. 
 Trees, rarely shrubs: lvs. opposite, longpetioled, simple 
 and mostly palniately lobed, or 3-5-foliolate, deciduous. 
 fls. small, in racemes or corymbs; petals generally 5 ; 
 stamens 4-12, mostly 8 : fr. compound of two long- 
 winged nutlets called samaras. Asia, especially E. Asia, 
 N. Amer., Europe. Monograph bv Pax in Engler's Bot. 
 Jahrb., 6:287, and 8: 177 (188.5 and 188fi), suppl. in the 
 same, 10: 393 (1893), and Hook. Ic. Plant. 19, t. 1897 
 
 n880). The maples are among our most ornamental and 
 valuable trees for park and street planting. Nearly 
 all a.<«Hume a splendid color in autumn, especially the 
 species of N. \raer. and E. Asia, which surpass by far 
 the European maples. Many of them are valuable tim- 
 iM-r trees, and some American species, especially A, 
 mirt-harnm, pnniuce sugar. For purposes of shade, 
 the common sugar maple is b«'st and most popular. 
 The Norway maple makes a ver}' dense and round head, 
 and is excellent for lawns, but it is too low-headed for 
 the streets. The silver maple, A. saccharinum and its 
 vars., is aiso popular where quick-growing trees are de- 
 sired. The Japanese maples are among the most strik- 
 ing and showy exotic small trees, and are adapted for 
 flne grounds and for growing in pots. Prop, by seeds 
 sown in autumn, or stratified and sown in spring. The 
 early ripening species, like A. snccharinutn and A. rtt- 
 hrutn, must be sown soon after maturity ; the varieties 
 and rare species may be budded in summer on the 
 typical forms or allied common kinds; some shrubby 
 species, as A. palmatum, also A. cissifolium and A. 
 Itftum, var. nibrum, may be propagated by layers or 
 half-ripened greenwood cuttings in summer. Fancy 
 m:iples are readily winter-grafted by the veneer method, 
 the stocks l)eing grown in pots. The Japanese kinds 
 are usually worked on imported stocks of A. palmatvm. 
 Monograph of the garden forms and varieties by Graf 
 Schwerin in Gt., 1893; see, also, G.C. II. 10:75. About 
 100 species. 
 
 The following species of maple are cult, in this coun- 
 tn,': campestre, No. 8: carpinifoliura, 28; circinatuni, 
 ■>.■); cissifolium, 30; dasycarpum, 1; Floridanum, 5; 
 Ginnala, 24 ; glabrum, 14 ; grandidentatum, ; Hel- 
 dreichi, 20; insigne, 22; Italum, 7; Japonicum, 17; lae- 
 tum, 12: macrophyllum, 18; Monspessulanum, 9; Ne- 
 gundo, 31; nigrum, 4; Nikoense, 29; palmatum (poly- 
 mori)hum), 16; Pennsylv.jaicum, 27; pictum, 11; pla- 
 tanoides, 13; Pseudo-plantanus, 19; rubrum, ?• rufinene, 
 26; saccharinum, 1; saccharum, 3; spicatum, 25; Ta- 
 taricum, 23; Trautvetteri, 21; truncatum, 10. 
 
 A. Foliage of simple, mostly palmate Ifs. {occasionally 
 i-foliolate in ^'o. 14) ; fls. polygamous or monacious. 
 
 B. Bloom appearing long before the lvs. in dense lateral 
 cluste^rs: lvs. 5-lobed: fr. ripening in May or June. 
 
 1. sacchartnam, Linn. (A. dasycarpum, Erhr. A. 
 eriocdrpum, Michx.). SiLVEK Maple. Fig. 15. I.,arge 
 tree, 120 ft.: lvs. deeply 5-lobed to 5-cleft, 4-C in. long, 
 green above, silvery v.hite beneath; lobes deeply and 
 doubly serrate: fls. greenish yellow, apetalous: fr. pu- 
 bescent when young. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:93. G.C II. 
 1:137. Em. 556. — Ornamental tree, with wide-spread- 
 ing, slender branches, growing best in rich and moist 
 soil, but succeeds almost anywhere. Lvs. turn clear 
 yellow in fall. Many garden forms: Var. Wi^ri, Schwer. 
 ( rar. M'ieri laciniatum, Hort.). Branches pendulous: 
 lvs. deeply cleft, with dissected lobes. A graceful va- 
 riety, remarkable for its drooping branches and finely 
 divided foliage. Var. heteropb^llani, Hort. (var. hetero- 
 phyllnm laciniatum, Hort.). Upright: lvs. deeply cut 
 or lobed. Var. tripartitum, Hort. Upright : lvs. 3- 
 parted. Var. lut^scens, Hort. Lvs. yellow, bronze-col- 
 ored when unfolding. Var. albo-v»'^egiltum, Hort. 
 (var. J nil Ike i. Hort.). Lvs. spotted -vhite or rosy 
 pink. Var. crispum, Hort. Lvs. deepl> and crimped. 
 -Linnaeus evidently supposed this s^ :» to be the 
 sugar maple, and named it accordingly. He did not 
 know the true sugar maple. 
 
 2. rtibnun, Linn. Red or Scarlet Maple. Fig. 10. 
 Large tree, 120 ft. : lvs. 3-5-lobed, ^^-4 in. long, green 
 alx)ve, pale or glaucous beneath: lobes unequally and 
 crenately serrate: fls. red or scarlet, rarely yellowish; 
 petals 5: fr. glabrous. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:94. Em. 557. 
 G.t. II. 1:173. —Very valuable tree for street and park 
 planting; attractive at every season from its excellent 
 habit, earliness of the scarlet fls., bright red fruits in 
 late -spring, and the beautiful foliage, which turns brijrht 
 scarlet or orange in autumn. Var. Columndre, Rehd. 
 Of upright, columnar habit. Var. globosum, Hort. 
 Dwarf, compact: lvs. glaucous beneath : fls. bright scar- 
 let. Var. Orummondi, Sarg. (A. Drummondi, Hook. & 
 Am.). Lvs. large, mostly 3-lobed, tomentose beneath 
 fr. bright scarlet. S. states. S.S. 2:95. Var. toment<> 
 
ACER 
 
 ■unit Arb. Muse. {A. tomentdtum. Deaf. A. rufcrwm.var. 
 fiilqfnx, Hort.). Of mo<i(»ratt' trruwth : Ivs. 5-lobed, 
 pubf scent beneath: fls. bright red. 
 
 BB. Bloom appearing uith or after the Ivs., distinctly 
 
 stalked. 
 
 c. F.n. on tonff, pendulous, mostly hairy pedicels, in 
 almost xeHnile corymbs, appearing with the Ivs.f 
 apetaloun; sepals connate. 
 
 3. siccharnm, Marsh. {A. saccharlnum, W^jiffh., not 
 Linn. A. barhittum, Michx.). Si(jak or Rock Maplk. 
 Fi>?. 17- Lwge tree, 120 ft., with gray barb ; Iv.s. 3-5- 
 lob<'d, cordate, .'MJ in. long, with narrow and deep si- 
 nuses; U jea acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glau- 
 cous and glabrous beneath : fr. with little spreading 
 wings. E. N. Amer. S.S.'2:90. Em. 558. — An excellent 
 street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning 
 bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does w^U in 
 almost every s«.il. Var. Eug6li {A.Bng^li, Pax., .4. 
 sicrharum, var. barbdtum, Trel.). Lvs. iMobed, gener- 
 ally broader than long, 2-5 in. across, pale green or glau- 
 cous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous; 
 lobes nearly entire. Centr. states. S.S. 2:91, as var, 
 nigntm. 
 
 4. nlgnun, Michx. (^1. saccharlnum, var. nigrum, 
 Torr. & Gray. A. sdcchariim, var. nigrum, Britt.). 
 Black Maple. Fig. 18. Large tree, 120 ft., with black 
 bark: lvs. cordate, with the sinus mostly closed, gener- 
 ally .'Mobed, with broad sinuses, the sides of the blade 
 mostly drooping, green and pubescent beneath ; lol)es 
 acute, entire or obtusely toothed : fr. with diverging 
 wings. Centr. states. — Similar to A. xaccharum, but of 
 duller appearance and less dense habit. Var. monumen- 
 tAle (A. snechar\num var. monumentdle. Temple). Of 
 upright, columnar habit. 
 
 5. Floridinum, Chapm. (A. barbHtum, var. Floridd- 
 nnm, Sarg. ). Tree, rarely .50 ft. : lvs. mostly truncate at 
 the base, 3-lobe<l, 1 %-'i in. across, glaucous beneath and 
 mostly tomentose ; lobes obtuse, entire or slightly 3- 
 loh^d. Gulf states. S.S. 2:91. G.F. 4:148. 
 
 6. grandident^ttim, Nutt. Tree, 40 ft. : petioles com- 
 paratively short ; lvs. slightly cordate, .■i-5-lobed, with 
 broa<l sinuses, 2-3 in. across, pubescent beneath, coria- 
 ceous: lobes acute or obtuse, entire or slightly 3-lobed: 
 corymbs few-flowered, short-stalked. Rocky Mts. S.S. 
 3:92. 
 
 ACER 
 
 1'3 
 
 15. Acer saccharlnum (or A. dasycarpum). 
 
 « 
 
 FlK. in distinctly peduncled corymbs or short um- 
 bellate racemes, mostly erect, with petals and 
 distinct sepals. 
 
 Lvs. 3-5-lobed, with obtuse, entire or obtusely toothed 
 lobes: corymbs short-stalked : oviry pubescent : 
 winter-buds with several outer scales. 
 
 7. Itilum, Lauth. Small tree, 30 ft. : lvs. 5-Iobed, 3-5 
 in. long, glaucous beneath and at length glabrous; lobes 
 obtusely dentate, the middle ones often 3-lobed : corymbs 
 
 cc 
 
 D. 
 
 somewhat drooping : fr. with slightly spreading wingii. 
 S. Eu., Orient. — A variable species, similar to a smadl- 
 leaved sycamore maple. Var. HyTcinum, Pax. ( A . 
 Hyrednu'm,F.it[ M. A. Taiiri.'um, Hort. A.trilobdtum. 
 Hort., not Lam.). Petioles very slender, red, 2-4 in. 
 long; segments of the lvs. 3-lobed, with straight margins. 
 
 16. Red Maple.— Acer rubrum. 
 6, staniinate flowers; a, c, pistillate tlovsevs. 
 
 8. camp^stre, Linn. Shrub or t -ee, occasionally 50 ft , 
 with corky branches : lvs. .3-.5-lobed, 'i%-'3%in. long, 
 green and pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous; lobes 
 entire or the middle ones slightly 3-lobed : corj'mbs 
 erect, hairy : fr. with horizontally spreading wings. 
 Eu., W. Asia. — Shrub or tree of moderate, dense growth, 
 with dull green foliage, valuable for planting as under- 
 growth and on dr>- ground. Many varieties and garden 
 forms : Var. arg^nteo-variegittum, Hort. Lvs. with 
 large white blotches. Var. pulverul6ntum, Hort. Lvs. 
 sprinkled with white. Var. Austriacum, DC. Usually a 
 tree : lvs. 5-lobed, with acute, nearly entire lobes. Var. 
 Tatirictun, Booth. Shrub: lvs, 5-lobed; small, lobes 3- 
 lobed. Var. hebec4rpiun, DC. Fr. and generally the lvs. 
 beneath pubescent. 
 
 9. Monspessulilntun, Linn. {A. trilobdtum. Lam.). 
 Shrub or small tree, 25 ft.; lvs. 3-lobed, coriaceous, 1-3 
 in. across, shining above, glaucous and <?labrous be- 
 neath ; lobes entire or with few obtuse teeth : corymbs 
 erect : fr. with slightly spreading wings. S. Eu., N. 
 Afr., W. Asia. — Shrub or small tree of slow growth, with 
 a dense, rounded head and in temperate regions nearly 
 evergreen foliage, thriving well in dry situations. Var. 
 Ibdricum, Koch. (.1. Ibericum, Bieb. ). Lvs. larger, the 
 inner lobes usually slightly 3-lobed, obtuse. 
 
 DD. Lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, green on both sides; lobes pointed , 
 entire or with fete pointed teeth: ovary glabrous: 
 whtfer-huds with several outer scales. 
 
 10. trunc&tum, Bunge. Tree: lvs, deeply 5-lobed and 
 mostly truncate at the base, 2J^-4 in. across, glabrous; 
 lobes acuminate, setosely pointed, sometimes the middle 
 ones 3-lobed : fr. with short, diverging yellow wings. 
 N. China, — Hardy tree, with handsome, dense foliage. 
 
 11. pictum, Thunb. Tree, 60 ft. ; lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, 3-7 
 in. across, usually pubescent beneath when young ; 
 lobes entire, acuminate, sometimes very broad and shorty 
 fls. yellow: wings of the fr. upright, brown or browniso 
 yellow, hardly twice as long as the nutlets. Manchuria, 
 .Japan. Handsome tree, with bright green foliage. Var. 
 Mono, Maxim. Lvs. more cordate : wings of the fr, 
 reflexed. 
 
 12. IsBtum, C. A. Mey. Tree, 50 ft.: lvs. .5-7-lobed, 
 mostly cordate. 3-6 in. across, giabrous; lobes entire, 
 acuminate : Hs. greenish yellow : wings 2-3 times as 
 long as the nutlets. Orient, Himalayas. — Much resem- 
 bling A. pictum, but lvs. lighter green and of more 
 membraneous texture. Var, rtibrum, Hort. (A. Colchi- 
 cum, var. rubrum, Hort.). Lvs. dark blood-red when 
 
14 
 
 ACER 
 
 ACER 
 
 unfolding. Var. tricolor, Ilort. Lvs. dark blood-red, 
 sprinkled with rosy pink when young. These two beau- 
 tiful forms usually remain shrubby. 
 
 13. platanoides, Linn. Norway M^ple. Fig. 19. 
 Large tree, 100 ft.: lvs. 5-lobed, cordate, 4-7 in. across, 
 glabrous; lobes pointed, remotely serrate: fls. yellowish 
 green : fr. with horizontally spreading wings. Eu., 
 Caucasus. — Large, handsome tree, with round, spread- 
 ing head, resembling somewhat A. sacehnrum. The 
 lvs. turn pale yellow in autumn. Many garden forms, 
 some of which are here arranged in two groups : the 
 first being chiefly remarkable for the manner in which 
 the lvs. are c- ♦ ; the second being chiefly remarkable 
 for their coloriag. 
 
 (1) Var. cucull^tnin, Nichols. Lvs. irregularly and 
 shortly lobed, crimpled, light green. Var. diss6cttun, 
 Jacq. Similar to var. Lorbergi, but with darker foliage 
 and of slower jrrowlh. Var. globdsum, Hort. Forming 
 a globose head. ', ar. lacini^tum, Ait. Lvs. irregularly 
 divided, the rlivisions bending downwards : growth 
 upright. Vav. L6rbergi, Van Houtte. Lvs. divided 
 nearly to the base, divisions deeply lobed. 
 
 (2) Var. ^'bo-varieg^tum, Nichols. Lvs. with large 
 white blotch 's. Var. atireo- marginatum, Pax. Lvs. 
 with yellow margin, somewhat irregularly lobed. Var. 
 
 17. Common Sugar i>I'»ple.— Acer sacchanim (X K). 
 
 Beltenbachi, Nichols. Lvs. greenish red when unfold- 
 ing, turning dark blood-red in late summer. Var. 
 Schw^dleri, Koch. Lvs. bright red when young, 
 changing to dark green. 
 
 DDD. Jyrs. S-6-lobed or S-foliolate, doubly serrate: icin- 
 ter-buds small, with 2 valvate ccales. 
 
 14. glilbrum, Torr. {A. Doiiglasi, Hook.). Shrub or 
 small tree, 25 ft., quite glabrous : petioles bright red ; 
 lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed or 3-parted, 1-5 in. across, dark 
 green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath ; 
 lobes doubly serrate. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:80. — Hand- 
 some shrubby maple, with graceful, shining foliage, 
 contrasting well with the red petioles and branches : fr. 
 often rose-colored. Var. tripartitum, Pax. (A.tripart\- 
 tum, Nutt.). Lvs. small, usually 3-foliolate. 
 
 DDDD. Ta's. 5-ll-(obed. lobes serrate: corymbs long, pe- 
 dnncled: winter-buds tcith 2 vaUate scales. 
 
 15. circin§ltam, Pursh. Small tree, rarely 40 ft. : peti- 
 oles and peduncles gIa])rous ; lvs. 7-l>-lobe<l, 2-7 in. 
 across, glabrous ; lobes acute, doubly serrate : fls. in 
 drooping corymbs, with purple sepals. W. N. Amer. 
 S.S. 2 : 87. — Handsome, round-headed trc or shrub, l)eau- 
 tiful with its delicate light green foliage, red tls., rose- 
 colored fr., and its orange and scarlet fall coloring. 
 
 16. palmitum, Thunb. (.4. pohjmSrphum , S. & Z.). 
 Japan Maple. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. ; petioles and 
 peduncles glabrous ; lvs, .5-9-lobed or divided, 2-4 in. 
 across, glabrous, lobes oblong, acuminate, doubly ser- 
 rate or incised: corvmbs few-flowered, erect, with small 
 purple fls. Japan." S.Z. 1:145, 14G. A.F. 12: 11. -This 
 species and A. Japunicum are known as Japanese 
 
 maples. They are extremely handsome shrubs of dense 
 though graceful habit, and with elegant foliage, beauti- 
 ful especially in spring for its delicate shades of 
 green and red, and again in autumn, when the lvs. as- 
 sume the most striking tints. Some of the more vigor- 
 ous-growing varieties, like atropurp' renm, dissectum, 
 ornatum, and the typical iorms, are hardy even in New 
 England, while the most variegated forms are more ten- 
 der. They grow best in partly shaded situations and in 
 well drained, rich soil. There are many varieties, mostly 
 introduced from Japanese gardens, of which the follow- 
 ing are some of the best. They may be divided into .^ 
 groups, representi:3g various degrees of dissection of 
 the leaves : 
 
 (1) A. palm&tum, var. Thiinbergi, Pax. (.4. palmd- 
 tum, Thuub.). Lvs. deeply 5-'J-lubed or c' i»ft ; lobes ob- 
 long-lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised. 
 Var. atroptirpureum.Van Houi te. Fig. 20, c. Lvs. dark 
 purple, coarsely doubly serrute. F.S. 12:127:5. Var. 
 sanguineum, Hort., is brighter, i.nd var. nigrum, ITort., 
 darker red than var. atroptirpureum. Var. bicolor, 
 Koch. (var. atropurpitreum variegAlum, Hort.). Lvs. 
 dark purple, with large carmine blctches, the lobes 
 half purple and half carmine. Var. ai'^'eum, Nich jIs. 
 Lvs. yellow. Var. versicolor, Van Houct ■. Lvs. bright 
 green, with large wni<^e spots. P.S. 4:1498. Var. 
 r6seo-margini<^'m, Van Houtte. 
 Lvs. small, deeplv cut. with nar- 
 row pink margin. Var. eric '■nm, 
 Andr^. Fig. 20, e. Lvs. small, . th 
 involute margins; of distinctly up- 
 right growth. J.H. i:?: 43. 
 
 (2) Var. bbpl^m'obum, Koch 
 (A. sept^hilobum, Tl'unb.). Lvs. 
 •nostly 7-lobed; lobes l>rc>ad, equal- 
 ly doubly serrate. Var. rubrum, 
 Schwer. Lvs. large, deep rea when 
 young, becoming almost green la^er. 
 Var. reticnlatum, Andr6. Fig. 20, 
 a. Lvs. greenish yellow,with green 
 margin and dark green veins. I.H. 
 13: 18. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs. 
 with red, pink and white spots. 
 
 (3) Var. linearilobum, S. & Z. 
 (var. scolopendri folium, Hort.). 
 Lvs. divided nearly to the base ; 
 lobes linear, remotely serrate or 
 nearly entire. Var. atroline^re, 
 Schwer. (var. linearilobum atro- 
 purpitreum, Nichols., vnr. pinnati- 
 
 folium atropurpureum, Hort.). Lvs. dark red. 
 
 (4) Var. diiisdctum, Koch (.1. polt/mdrphtim, var. 
 decomp6situm,ii.& Z.). Fig. 20, /. Lvs. divided to the 
 base in 5-9 pinnatifid lobes. S.Z. 1 :14G. Var. omiitum, 
 Carr. ( ya.r. dissMu m atropurp « reu m , Hort. ) . Fig. 20, d. 
 Lvs. deeply cut, deep red. Var. Fiederici-Gtdl^lmi, 
 Carr. (var. pinnatifidum rdseo-pictum, Lem.). Lvs. 
 finely cut, green, with white and pink spots. I.H. 
 14:523. R.H. 1807:391. 
 
 (5) Var. sessilifdliimi, Maxim. Lvs. deeply cut, with 
 very short petioles. G.C. II. 16. Of little decorative 
 value. 
 
 17. Jut.5ilicum, Thu-)b. Fig. 20, &. Small tree or shrub: 
 petioles and peduncles downy when young; lvs. 7-11- 
 lobed, cordate, ;M> in. acioss, light green, with silky hairs 
 when unfolding; lobes ovate, doubly serrate : fls. large, 
 purple. Japan. S.Z. 1:144. Var. mpcrophyllum, Van 
 Tnutte. Lvs. large, light g.een. Var. aureum, Hort. Lvs. 
 yeh w. Var. Parsonsi, Veii:ch. (var. filicifolium, Hort.). 
 Lvs. large, divi<lt<l nearr *o the base in 9-11 pinnatisect 
 segments. 
 
 ccc. Fls. inn gated, distinctl;/ peduncled racemes or 
 
 panicle.i. 
 
 D. Lvs. distincflt/ 5-lohed, large. 
 
 18. macrophj'llum, Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Tree, 
 100 feet high: lvs. cordate, deeply ,'{-5-lobed or cleft, pu- 
 bescent when young, pale green beneath, 8-12 in. across, 
 middle lobe mostly 3-lobed : racemes pendulous: fr, with 
 yellow, bristly hairs, largely winged. W. N. Amer. S.S. 
 2: 8(), 87.— Handsome round-headet' ree. remarkable for 
 its large foliage, not hardy iu the l>orth. 
 
ACER 
 
 ACER 
 
 15 
 
 19, Psetido-plitanus, Linn. Sycamore Mapi.e. Tree, 
 
 70 ft. lii^'b: Iv.s, 5-lubed, coarsely cronate-strrate, '.i}4-l 
 in. across, deep green above, glaucous and mostly gla- 
 brous beneath : racemes pendulous : fr. t \} rous. Eu., 
 Caucasus. — Large tree of vigorous grrowth, vvith large, 
 spreading head; thrives well even in exposed situation?. 
 Many varieties and garden forms: 
 Var. villosum, Prsl. Lvs. charta- 
 ceous. i>ubescent beneath. Var. 
 pnrpurdscena, Pax. (vars. purpu- 
 rentu and atropurpuretim, Hort.). 
 Lvs. purplish red beneath : of ro- 
 bust growth. Var.Handjeryi,Spath. 
 { var. Prinz Ha ndjenj, Hort, ) . Lvs. 
 pur])Iish beneath, bright red when 
 unfolding. Var. W6rleei, Hort. (var. 
 lut^.^censi, Hort.). Lvs. ytllow, Var. 
 ilbo-variegituin, Hort, Lvs. witL 
 white blotches an*' spots. Var. tri- 
 color, Hort. Lvs. spotted vitb red, 
 changing to white. 
 
 20. Heldreichi, Orx»h. Tree: lvs. 
 5-lt»bed, the middle incisions reach- 
 ing nearly to, the outer half way to 
 the base, ^-5 in. across, glabrous 
 <lark green and shining above, 
 glaucous beneath ; lobes coarsely 
 and doubly serrate : paniv'le erect, 
 long-stalked, ovate. S. E. Eu. Gt. 
 •UillSr). G.C.n. 1G:14L 
 
 2L Trautvetteri, Medw. (A. vcJutinum, Hort., not 
 Boiss.). Lvs. slightly cordate, deeply 5-lobed, 5-7 in. 
 across, glaucous beneath and pubescent when young ; 
 lobes coarselv crenflte-serrate : panicle erect, ovate. Cau- 
 casus. Gt. 40, pp. 2G4-2GG. B.M. GG97.- Similar to A. 
 insiyne, but hardier and with smaller leaves. 
 
 22. inslgne, Boiss. & Buhse. Large tree: lvs. 5-lobed, 
 deeply cordate, 5-10 in. across, bright green above, glau- 
 cous beneath , lobes broad, coarsely crenate-serrate : 
 panicles large, erect. Caucasus, N. Persia. G.C. HL 
 10: 189.— Remarkable for its large, handsome foliage; 
 not hardy in the North. May be divided into two varie- 
 ties: Var, Van V6lyemi, Pax, (A. \'an VnJjfmi. Mast,). 
 Lvs. at length glabrous beneath. Var. veltltinum, BoisK. 
 Lvs. densely pubescent beneath. 
 
 DD. Lvs. mostlij S-lohed or without lobes, gr^en beneath. 
 
 23. Tataricum, Linn. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. 
 roundish oval or oblong, cordate, sometimes slightly 
 ' )bed, 2-4 in. long, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous: lis. 
 
 1 long peduncled panicles, white. S. E. Eu., Orient. 
 — Round-heav..^J small tree, growing best in somewhat 
 moist soil. 
 
 24. Ginniila, Max. (A. Tataricum, var. Ginnhla, 
 Hort. ). Fig, 21. Shrub or small tree. 20 ft. : lvs. 3-lobed. 
 V4-\\%\v. long glabroxis, the terminal lobe elongated, 
 doubly serrate : fls. in long peduncled panicles, yel- 
 lowish, fragrant. Manchuria. N. China. Japan. Gt. 
 1877: 308.— Graceful shrub, with handsome foliage, turn- 
 ing bright red in autumn; may be used as a substitute 
 for the Japanese maples where these are not hardy. 
 Var, Semenbvi, Pax. {A. Scmenbvi, Regel.). Shrub: 
 lvs, smaller, deeply 3- or nearly 5-lobed, Turkestan. 
 
 2."). spicJttiun, Lam. Mountain Maple. Shrub or 
 small tree, rarely 30 ft. : lvs. 3- or slightly 5-lobed, 
 coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, 'IK—ili in, long: 
 racemes rather dense, long, tipright: fr. with diverging 
 wings, bright red in summer. E.N.Am. S.S, 2:82, 83. 
 -Valuable as undergrowth; lvs. turn vellow and scarlet 
 in fall. 
 
 20. rufin§rve, S, & Z. Tree with striped bark : 
 branches glaucous whrn young : lvs, rounded at the 
 base, o-lobed, 3-5 in. long, doubly serrate, fcrrugine- 
 ously pubescent beneath when young : racemes ferm- 
 gineously pubescent. Japan. S,Z. 2:148. Var. Albo-lim- 
 Mttim, liook. Lvs. edged with white. B.M. 5793. 
 
 27. Penn8ylv6niciim,Linn.{J..s7r/()/i/>H.Dur). Striped 
 MaI'le, Moosewooi*. Tree, rarely 40 ft,: bark greenish, 
 striped with white lines: lvs. slightly cordate, roundish- 
 ohovate, 3-lobed at the apex. G-8 in. lojig. finely serrate, 
 ferrugineously pubescent beneath when youug : racemes 
 
 glabrous, drooping. E. N. Ainer. S.S. 2 :84, 85. Michx. 
 Hist. Arb. 2:17. Em. 56G.— Handsome medium-sized 
 tree of upright, dense habit, with bright green, large 
 foliage, turning clear yellow in autumn, and attractive 
 even in winter from it.s smooth, greenish bark, striped 
 with white. 
 
 18. Black Sugar Maple. — Acer nigrum. 
 
 DDP. Lvs. not Jobed, fenninerved, doubly serrate, 
 acuminate. 
 
 28. ';erpinifdliiun, S. & Z. Horxbeam Maple. Tree, 
 30 ft. : lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply aLd doubly 
 serrate, nearly glabrous, 3-C in. long: raceme few-fld. 
 S.Z. 2:142. G.C. II. 15:564.-Very distinct, hardy spe- 
 cies; the lvs. are almost exactly like those of Carpinus. 
 
 aa. Foliage of SS-foliolate lvs. {cf.No.l4): fls. 
 diacious. 
 
 B. Petioles and young branches with a rufous, villous 
 tomentum: fls. in terminal few- flowered racemes: 
 winter-buds ivith niayiy scales. 
 
 29. Niko^nse, Max. Tree, 40 ft. : leaflets ovate or ob- 
 ovate, acute, entire or coarsely serrate, 2-5 in. long, 
 villous-pubescent beneath : fr. hairy, with large wings. 
 Japan. G.F. 6: 185. — Very distinct; lvs. turning bril- 
 liant scarlet in autumn. 
 
 19, Acer platanoides. 
 
 BB. Petioles and branches smooth or velvety pnhescent: 
 fls. in long lateral racemes: winter-buds with S 
 or 4 outer scales. 
 
 30. cissifdlium, Koch. {Negiindo cissifoUum, S. & Z.). 
 Small tree: leaflets 3, long-stalked, ovate ,>r elliptic, 
 cuneate, coarsely serrate, ciiiate, 2>4-4 in. long: fls. in 
 
16 
 
 ACER 
 
 ACER 
 
 long, npright racemes, vith petals. Japan.— Handsome, 
 round-headed tree, witli slender, spreading branches and 
 graceful bright greea foliage, turning orange-yellow and 
 scarlet in autumn • hardy. 
 
 31. Hegnado, hiiu. {Negiindo fraxinifdlium,'Sntt. iV. 
 aceroldes , Monch. ) Ash-lkaved Maple. Box Elder. 
 Large tree, 70 ft.: ivs. 
 pinnate ; leaflets J-5, 
 ovate or oblong"-' r.aceo- I 
 
 late, coarsely serrate or * 
 
 ■^-lobed, mostly gla- 
 brous, 2-5 in. long: fls. 
 before the Ivs.; stami- 
 iiat« fls. in pendulous 
 corymbs, pistillate fls. 
 in pendulous racemes. 
 E. N. Amer. S. S. 2: 
 96. Michx. Hist. Arb. 
 
 Japanese Maples. 
 
 a. Acer paltnatum v.ir. re- 
 ticiilatum; 6. A. Japoni- 
 cum, type; c. A. palma- 
 turn var.atropurpureum ; 
 d. var. omatum; e. var. 
 Thiinbergi ; /. var. dis- 
 sectum. 
 
 2:18.— Large, rapid-growing tree of spreading habit, 
 thriving best in moist and rich soil. Much prized in the 
 W., where it withstands cold and dryness. Largely used 
 for shelter belts and for planting: timber-claims. See 
 picture, under Box Elder. Var. Galifdmicum, Sarg. (A. 
 CttlifdrnicHtn, Dietr. JVefjundo Califdrnicum, T<»rr. & 
 Gray). Branches pubescent when young: leaflets 'A, 
 densely pubescent beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:97^ 
 Nutt. N. Am. Sylv. 2:72. Var, violaceum, Arb. Muse. 
 (.1. Califdrnienm, Hort. ). A vigorously growing form; 
 branches purplish with >,'lauoous bloom or ttnely pubes- 
 cent when youne:. Var, arg^nteo- varieg^ttun, Hort. Lvs. 
 with broad white margin. Pro))ably the most effective 
 of all variegated hardy trees. F.S. 17:1781. Var. atireo- 
 macul^tum, Hurt. Lvs. spotted with yellow. Var, aureo- 
 margin^tum, Hort. Lvs. with yellow margin, Var. 
 aur^tum, Spiith. Lvs. yellow, Var. crisptun, G. Don. 
 Leaflets curled. These horticultural varieties may be 
 grafted on commcm Bv)x Elder seedlings. Box Elder 
 also grows from hardwood cuttings, like the grape. 
 
 A. acHmindtum, Wall. (A. candatum, Wall. A. laevigatum, 
 Hort.. not Wall.). Tree : lvs. 5-lobed, deeply doubly serrate. 
 Himalayas. G.C. II. 15:;W4.— ,1. argutum. Max. Small tree: 
 lvs. small, 5-7-lobed. doubly serrate, nearly glal)rous. Japan. 
 G.C. II. 15: 725. Hardy and grnoeful speejes.— -4. .4 HS^Hff (•?*»»», 
 Tratt.^A. camp«^stre, var. Austriacum— .i./*ar6«ff/m. Michx. ^ 
 A, sacci- arum,— ^.2>af&i>i^rve, Max. AliieU to A, arteutum. Lvs. 
 
 3-5-lobed, pnbescent when young. Japan.— A. B6tcii, Spach. 
 Probably hybrid, A. MonspessulanumXtataricum.— A. Cali- 
 fomicum, Dietr.=A. Negundo, var. Californicum.— A. Califdr- 
 nicum, Hort.=A. Negundo, var. vitA-Areyini.—A.capillipet, Max. 
 Allied to A. ruliner\'e. Lvs. 3-lobe<i, glabrous. Japan.— ^. cau- 
 ddtum, \Ya,l\.=A. acnminatxim.— A. einerascens, Boiss. Shrub 
 or small tree : lvs. 3-lobed, i^-2 in. long. Similar to A. Mon- 
 spessulanum. Persia. — A, coridceum, Tsch. (A. Creticum, 
 Tratt. A. polymorphum, Spach.). Probably A, CreticumX 
 Pseudo-platanus.— .1. cratepf/i7t>ii7<m, S. & Z. Tree: lvs. oblong- 
 ovate, often slightly 2-Iobed at the base, inequally serrate, gla- 
 brous. Japan. S.Z. 1: 117. Hardy.— .-1. Creticum, Linn.=A. 
 orientale.— -l.fVe^icHm, Tratt. =A.coriaeeum, Tsch.— A.diaW/i- 
 f um, Blume. Tree, 30 ft.: lvs. 5-lol>ed, 3-G in. across, coarsely 
 dentate, green l)eneath and pubescent when young: lis. greenish. 
 Japan. G.O. II. 15: 5:a.— A. Di^cki, Pax. Probably A. LobeliX 
 platanoides.— .4. dissectum, Tlninb.=A. palmatum, var. dissec- 
 tum.— J.. dMylum, S. & Z. Tree: lvs. ovate, 5-7 in. long, 
 coarsely creuate-serrate, glabrous. Jai>an. G.C. II. 15: 499. — A. 
 Doiiglasi, Hook.=A. glabrum. — .4. Drummondi, Hook.=A. 
 rubrum, var. Drummondi. — -I. Duretti, Pax. Probably A. 
 MonspessulanumXPseudo-platrnus. — ^l. eriocdrpum, Michx.= 
 A. dasycarpum. — .4. glaueum, 3Iarsh.=A. dasycarpum. — A. 
 heterophyllum, Willd.=A, orientale. — .4. Ilobkeri, Miq. Tree, 
 60 ft, : lvs. cordate-oblong, serrate, 4-6 in. long. Himalayas, 
 China. — A. Hyrcdnum, F. & M.=A. Italum, var. Hyrcanum. — 
 A, Ayfirtdum, Spach. Probably A. ItalumXPseudo-platanus. — 
 A. hybridum, Baudr.=A. Boscii. — .4. Iberieum, Bieb.=-A. 
 Monspessulanum, var. Iberieum. — A. hengdtuin. Wall, Small 
 tree: lvs. oblong, nearly entire, attenuate at the base, green be- 
 neath, Himalayas, — A. hrrigdtum, Hort.=A. acuminatum. — 
 A. laurifblium, Don.=A, oblongum. — A. lettcoderme. Small. (A. 
 Floridanum, var. acuminatum, Trel.). Allied to A, .saccharum. 
 Small bushy tree with white bark: lvs. mostly 3-lobed, 3-4 in. 
 across, greenish and finely puljescent beneath; lol)es acuminate, 
 nearly entire: corymbs glal)rous. N. C.,Ala. — A. Lobeli, Ten. 
 Allied to A. laetum. Branches glaucous : lvs. rounded at the 
 base; lobes mostly undulateti, abruptly pointed. Italy. — A. 
 Mexicdnuui, Pax, not Gray.— A. serratum. — .4. micrdntkum, 
 S. & Z. Shrub or small tree: lvs. .5-7-lobed; lobes inci-sed and 
 doubly serrate, gliibrous : fls. and fr. small, S.Z, 1:141. — A. 
 Miydbei, }>liix. Tree, 40 ft.: branches corky: lvs. 3-5-lobetl, pu- 
 bescent and pale green beneath, 4-6 in. long ; lobes slightly 
 lobed. Japan. (i.F. 3: 143. — .4. montdnum, Ait.=A. spicatum. 
 — A.yeapolitdnit>t),Teu.=A. obtu.satum. — A. neglectum, Lange. 
 Probably A. cauii>estreXL<)>)eli. — ^4. oblongum. Wall. Tree, 50 
 ft.: lvs, ovate-lanceolate, entire, quite glabrous, glaucous be- 
 neath, coriaceous, Himalayas, — ^l. oWu«<i<ww, Waldst. & Kit. 
 Allied to A. Italum. Small tree : lvs, tomentose beneathj; lobes 
 short, rounded: peihuu'les hairy, S, Eu,,N. Afr, — .4. Opahts, 
 Ait,=A. Italum, — A. opidifblinm, Vill.=A. ItJilum, — A. orien- 
 tdle, Linn. (A, Creticum, Linn, A, svmpervirens, Linn, A. 
 het«rophyllum, Willd.). Shrub, 4 ft.: lvs. nearly evergreen, 
 orbicular or oval, entire or 3-lobed, %-l}4 in. long, glabrous. 
 Orient. — A. palmifoliuui, Borkh. =A. s.-iccharum. — A. pectind- 
 turn. Wall. Tree : lvs, 3-lol)ed, coarsely serrate, the middle 
 lobe elongated, acuminate. Himalayas, G.C, II. 15:365. — A. 
 polyn^rphum, S. & Z,=A. palmatum. — .4 . i>o?i/>n«rp/ium, Spach 
 =A. coriaceum, — A.purpurdscens, Franch. Very similar to A. 
 diabolicum. Fls. piuple, Japan. — A.Jiiigeli, Pax ==A, saccha- 
 rum, var, Rtigeli. — A.gaccharinum, Linn.=A. dasycarpum. — A. 
 saccharinum, Wangh,=A,saccharum, — A.saccharinuin, var. 7U- 
 grum, Torr. & Gray=A. nigrum. — A. sdcrharum, var. col- 
 umndre. Temple. =A, nigrum var, monumentale. — A. sdecha- 
 mm, var. nigrum, Britt,=A, nigrum, — .4. Schwerini, Pax. 
 Tree: lvs, cordate-oblong, slightly 3-lobe<i or entire, glaucous 
 beneath, 5-7 in. long, Himalayas. — .4. Sernendci, Regel.=A. 
 Ginnala, var. Semenovi, — .4. sempervirens, Iiiun,=.V, orientale. 
 — A. septemlbbum, Thuub.=A. palmatum, var, septemlobum. — 
 A.aerrdtnm, Pax (A. Mexicanum, Pax, not A.Gray). Allied 
 to A. Negundo. Leaflets 3, pul>eseent, eqiuilly serrate. Mex. — 
 A. Sieboldidnum, Miq. Allied to A. Japonicum. Lvs. 9-11- 
 lobed, serrate : fls. small, yellowish. Japan. — .4. Sikhimense, 
 Miq. Tree : lvs. cordate-ovate, entire or serrate, quite gla- 
 brous, cori.tceous. Himalayas. — .4. striatum, Dur.=A. Penn- 
 .sylvanicum. — ^l. Tatdricum, v.ir. iUnndla, Hort.=A. Ginnala.— 
 A. rafrtricum, var. ^acj/i/a^um, Regel.=A. Ginnala. — A. Tauri- 
 cum, Hort.=.\. Italum, var, Hyrcanum or A. campestre, var. 
 Tauricum. — .4. teg mentvftu m. Max. Allied to A. Pennsylvani- 
 cum. Lvs. .3-4 in. long, glabrous beneath ; lobes short : fls. 
 small. Manchuria. G.C. II. 15: 75. — .4. thfidum. Hook. & Am. 
 Small tree: lvs. cuneate-obovate, 3-lol)ed, small, glabrous; lol)es 
 entire. China, Japan. S.Z. 2:14.3. — A. trilohdtuni, Lam.==A. 
 Monspessulanum. — .4. tn'lobdtum, Hort.=A. Italum. vnr. 
 Hyrcanum. — .4. tripartUum, Nutt.=.\. glabrum, var. triparti- 
 tum. — A. Tschonbukii, Max. Small tree: lvs. 5-7-lobed, cordate, 
 2-3 ^4in. long, glabrous: lobes incised-serrate. Japan. Graceful, 
 hardy, shrubby tree. — .1. Ikurunduense, F. & M. (A. spicatum, 
 var. Ukurunduense, Max.). AUietl to A. spicatum. Small tree: 
 lvs. .5-7lobed, puliescent beneath. 4-5 in. long; lobes elongate<l. 
 deeply serrate. Mandmria, Japan. (i.C. II. 15: 172.— <d. Van 
 Volxemi, Mast.^^A. irisigne, var. Vau Volxemi. — ,4. velxitinum, 
 Boiss. =A. insigne, v.ir. velutinum. — .4. r<'fH^inHm,Hort.=A. 
 Trautvetteri. — A. viUf)8Uin, Wall. Tall tree: lvs. 5-lobed, cor- 
 date. 6-?( in. acros*. tomentose l)elow, coarsely serrate. Hima- 
 layas. — .1. Viniinidtnnn. Mill. =A. dasycarpum. — .4. Zaeschense, 
 Pax.=A. neglectum, Lange. Alfred Rehueb. 
 
.\CEBANTHUS 
 
 ACEKANTHUS (a flower without horns). Berheri- 
 ddcece. Slender, hardy, herbaceous perennial. 
 
 A diphjillug, Morr. & Deone. (EpimMiuip Jipliyllum. Lodd.). 
 Pl-nt rhizomatous: leaflets obliquely cordate, green al>ove, 
 claucousbeneath: fls. small, bluish white. Japan. BM.3U8. 
 L.B.C.19:1858. 
 
 ACHANIA. See Malvaviifcus. 
 
 ACHILLEA ( its virtues said to have been discovered 
 bv Achilles). Comp6sit(e. Includes Ptamiica. Hardy 
 herbaceous border and alpine plants of easy culture. 
 Dwarf kinds make carpets in dry, sunny places. Large 
 kinds suitable for wild gardens. Lvs. simple, compound 
 or temate: fl. -heads small, corymbose.— Prop, in spring 
 jy division, cuttings and seeds ; chiefly by the first 
 method. 
 
 A. iPrt?/'' (i^**f ^» f^c*^pf t» double forms, half as long as 
 the ovate-oblong involucre; fls. white, red, or 
 
 ^^ ' B. Fls.icJiite or red. 
 
 Millefdlium, Linn. Milfoil. Yarrow. Height 1-3 ft. : 
 lvs. bi-piunately parted, segments linear, ^^."icleft.' fls. in 
 flat corj'mbs. June-Oct. Eu., Asia, Amer. Common in 
 pastures. D. 95.— Less commonly cult, than vars. rn- 
 brum and roseum, with red or purple fls. 
 
 BB. Fls. yellow. 
 
 Tournef6rtii, DC. (A. ^gi/pfioea, Linn.). Height 12- 
 18 in. : lvs. pinnatisect ; segments roundish, coarsely 
 toothed : fls. pale yellow. June-Oct. Greece. 
 
 HUpenAvUhia,, h&m. {A. Eh pat dr in m, Bieb.). Height 
 4-5 ft. : stem erect, furrowe<l, almost hairy: fls. in dense, 
 convex compound corymbs, often 5 in. across. June- 
 Sept. Orient.— Needs staking. 
 
 tomentdsa, Linn. A woolly, carpet-like plant for rock- 
 eries. Heiirht 8-10 in. Eu., Orient, N. Am. B.M. 498. 
 Gn. 52, p. 421. 
 
 AA. Bays 6-20, as long as or longer than the rotund 
 or campanulate involucre ; fls. white. 
 
 B. Lvs. not divided. 
 
 PtArmica, Linn. Sneezkwort. Height 1-2 ft. : lvs. 
 serrate : lis. in loose corymbs ; all summer. N. Temp. 
 
 ACHIMENES 
 
 17 
 
 21. Acer QinnaUu 
 
 Reg. -Its full-double var., the Pearl, Fig. 22, is much 
 used for cut-flowers and in cemeteries, and is one of 
 the most popular of all hardy herbaceous plants. There 
 are other varieties. 
 
 S 
 
 Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. Mongdlica, Pisch. A. ptarmi- 
 coXdes, Maxim. K Denser than the last, more erect and 
 rigid : height lH-2 ft. : fls. larger and in more com- 
 pact corymbs. July-Sept. 
 
 BB. 
 
 Lvs. deeply divided. 
 
 macroph^lla, Linn. Height .3 ft.: lvs. long, broad. 
 July. Alps. Gn. .52, p. 421.— Better suited to shrubbery 
 than herbaceous border. 
 
 22. Achillea Ptarmica, var. The Pearl. 
 
 Clav^nse, Linn. (Commonly spelled A. Clavennce. A. 
 argentea, Hort., not Lam.). Dwarf, tufted, hoary alpine 
 plant : height 10 in. : lvs. dentate at apex ; segments 
 obtuse: fls. spring and summer. Eu. B.M. 1287. Gn. 
 52, p. 421. — Thrives in sand. 
 
 A. Ageratum, Linn. Fls. yellow. Eu. — A. ageratifblia, Bentli. 
 & Hook. (Anthemis Aizooii). Tufted, woolly, silvery gray: fls. 
 white. May-June. Greece. — A. alphia, Linn. Lv8. piunatitid: 
 fls. white. May-June. Alps. — ^l. asplenifblia, Vent. Lvs. pin- 
 nate, smooth: fls. white. There is a r'ni-flowered form. Hab.f 
 — A. atrdta, Linn. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic: radical lvs. petio- 
 late; cauline lvs. pinnatisect: fls. white. Alps. — A. decolorant, 
 Schrad. Lvs. undi\-ided: fls. pale yellow. July. Eu. — A.Herba- 
 rd<a, All. Dwarf , tufted, aromatic, alpine : lvs. undivided, ser- 
 rate: fls. white. May-June. — A.Ligfutica,AU. Lvs.pinnatifid: 
 fls. white. Eu., Orient. — A.moschatnjJaeq. Lvs. smooth, pin- 
 nately parted, lobes uncut: fls. white. Eu. — A. nnna, Linn. 
 Dwarf, hairy, woolly, aromatic : lvs. pinnatisect : fls. white. 
 Spring. Eu. Used in making Chartreuse. — A. odorata, Linn. 
 Lvs. pinnatisect; lobes cut : fls. white. — A. pectin a ta, Willd. 
 Fls. pale yellow. — A. rtipestris, Huter. Lvs. J^ in. long, lineur- 
 spatulate, entire. S. Italy. B.M. 6905. — A. santulinoides. Lag. 
 1 ft.: lvs. pinnatisect, hairj'- woolly: fls. white. July. Spain. — 
 ^1. serrata, Retz. Lvs. pinnatitid, woolly: fls. white. Siberia? 
 — .1. umbeUiita, Sibth. Very wf)olly roek plant, 4-5 in.: lvs. piu- 
 natifid : lobes oblong, bluntish, entire or serrate : fls. white. 
 June. Greece.— ^l. l'ni^«iaca, Steiu. Lvs. pinnately parted: fls. 
 white. June-Aug. Eu. _.. _, 
 
 >\ . M. 
 
 ACHIH£:N£3 (Greek, cheimaino, to .suffer from cold ) . 
 Gesnerac('(t>. Greenhouse herbs, allied to gloxinias, na- 
 tive to tropical Amer. Fls. axillarj'; the 5 calyx lobes 
 narrow and short ; the corolla tube cylindrical and limb 
 spreatling; anthers 4, connivent in the corolla tube, and 
 a rudiment of a fifth stamen ; style long, usually ex- 
 serted, the stigma riiated or obscurely 2-lobed. 
 
 The rhizomes of Achimenes should be potted about 
 the first of April, it soil which has been made loose and 
 open by the addition of about one-third leaf -mold. Six 
 or seven of these in a o-inch pot, or nine or ten in a 
 f)-inch one, make specimens of the most convenient 
 size. The young growth appears in about eighteen days, 
 and from that time onward great pains should be taken 
 to keep the soil moist, for a single severe drying will 
 ruin the plants. Liquid manure should be K^ven twice 
 
18 
 
 ACHIMENES 
 
 ACHIMENES 
 
 a week after flowering begins, i.e., toward the end of 
 May. The plants are generally tied up to slender sup- 
 j)orts as growth advances, and, so treated, make surpris- 
 ingly effective specimens. They may also be allowed 
 to grow naturally, when they will droop over the sides 
 of the pots and flower profusely. Still another way is 
 to pinch off the tops of the growing plants when they 
 are 4 or 5 inches high. As this produces a branching 
 growth, a smaller number of rhizomes should be allowed 
 to each pot. The flowers of Achimenes are produced for 
 several months without cessation, i.e., until Oct., p.nd 
 sometimes still later if the small-flowered kinds are 
 used. As soon as blossoming comes to an end, the plants 
 should be cut off level with the tops of the pots, which 
 should then be stored away, putting a reversed pot on 
 the top of each one that stands on its base, for otherwise 
 mice may destroy all the roots. Achunenes are propa- 
 gated usually by means of the natural increase of the 
 rhizomes, but all kinds may be grown from cuttings. 
 Another way, which produces many though weak plants, 
 is to rub off the scales and sow them as if they were 
 seeds. The roots should be separated from the soil dur- 
 ing the winter, and care should be taken that they do 
 not decay from getting too wet in the moist air of green- 
 house or cellar. Some of the best species are A. longi- 
 flora, purplish blue; A. longi flora var. alba maxima, 
 the best white kind; A. patens var. tnajor, a large flower 
 of purplish rose ; A. peduncuhita, orange ; A. hetero- 
 phylla, tubular, a fiery orange at one end and blazing yel- 
 low at the other. Some of the best varieties are Am- 
 broise Verscheffelt. white, with a network of violet lines ; 
 Chirita, deep, intense violet-blue with white throat ; 
 Dazzle, small, vivid scarlet, and late-blooming ; Lar'y 
 Littleton, rich crimson; Masterpiece, rosy violet wi.a 
 white throat ; Mauve Queen, a very large and substantial 
 variety of A, Inngi flora, pale purple; Rose Queen, rich, 
 rosy lake; Nisida, lavender, shading to white; Trevi- 
 
 rana rosea, like Dazzle, ex- 
 cept in color.For other points 
 in the culture of Achimenes, 
 see G. F. 7: 456, 477, 506, 
 518; 8: 16. In the grandiflora 
 group the tubers or bulbs 
 are clustered ; in the longi- 
 flora group the tubers are 
 pear-shaped bodies, growing 
 on the ends of root-like rhi- 
 zomes. The coccinea and 
 hirsuta groups (Fig. 23) are 
 late bloomers. 
 
 Cult, by W. E. ExDicoTT. 
 
 The garden Achimenes are 
 much confused by hybridi- 
 zation, and it is doubtful if 
 any of the pure species are 
 in general cultivation in this 
 countrj'. Years ago,the small 
 red-flowered types (of the 
 coccinea section) were fre- 
 quent, but modern evolution 
 has proceeded from the 
 broad-flowered purple spe- 
 cies. The following first 
 six species seem to have 
 contributed most larjyely to 
 the present garden forms. 
 
 Fls. colored, the tube usually not more than twice 
 the length of the limb. 
 B. Blossoms small, red or scarlet. 
 
 ocell^ta, Hqok. Roots small and tuberou.^. : st. 1-2 
 ft.: Ivs. rich green above and purple beneath, ovate, 
 strongly serrate, with conspicuous purplish petioles : 
 fls. small, 1 in. long, broad-tubed, spotted with black and 
 yellow, the lobes short and obtuse and well separated, 
 dr<»oping on reddish peduncles. Panama. B.M. 4;{59. — 
 Fine for foliage. 
 
 ooccinea, Pers. Height, 1-2 ft. : st. reddish : Ivs. 3- 
 whorled or opposite, green, ovate-acuminate, serrate: 
 flfi. small, scarlet the corolla twice longer than the erect 
 lanceolate parted, calyx on short peduncles. Minute Ivs. 
 often borne in the axils. Blooms late. Jamaica. — One 
 of the older types. See Fig. 23. 
 
 23. Achimenes ; tubers of 
 the coccinea section. 
 
 A. 
 
 heterophj'lla, DC. {A. ignfscens, Lera. A. Ghiis' 
 brechtii, Hort. ). Root fibrous: st. 1 ft. or less, dark pur- 
 ple, somewhat hairy: Ivs. ovate -acuminate, stalked, ser- 
 rate, the two of each pair usually unequal in size: fls. 
 solitary, on peduncles somewhat longer than the leaf- 
 stalks, long-tubular and slightly curved, with a narrow, 
 nearly equal flaring limb, rich scarlet, yellow within. 
 Mex. B.M. 4871. — This species has tubers like those of 
 the gra^^Jiflora section. 
 
 pedunculita, Benth. St. lK-2 ft., hairy, reddish: Ivg. 
 opposite, small, ovate, sharply serrate, green, hairy, on 
 short reddish stalks: fls. medium size, drooping and di- 
 lated upwards, yellow-red with dark markings and a 
 yellow throat, the limb comparatively short ; on long 
 (4-5 in.) bracted stems. Guatemala. B.M. 4077.— Stem 
 produces tubers. 
 
 BB. Blossom large, with ti'ide limb, blue, violet 
 or purple. 
 
 longiUdra, DC. Fig. 24. The root -like rhizomes pro- 
 ducing pear-shaped tubers at their ends : st. 1-2 ft.. 
 
 24. Achimenes longiflora (X %). 
 
 hairy: Ivs. opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate-oblong, ser- 
 rate, hairy, sometimes colored beneath: fls. solitary, the 
 corolla salver-shaped, with a long and graceful tube; the 
 limb very large and widely spreading, violet-blue and 
 whitish beneath, the lowest segment sometimes divided. 
 Guatemala. B.M. 3980. P.M. 9: 151.- A popular type. 
 
 grandiildra, DC. Lvs. mostly larger than in last, 
 rusty below, often oblique at base: fls. very large, dis- 
 tinctly red-tinged. Mex. B.M. 4012.— Popular type. 
 
 p&tens, Benth. Height, 1-13^ ft. : lvs. unequal, ovate- 
 acuminate, hispid and serrate : fls. violet-blue, with 
 downy calyx, tube shorter than spreading crenate limb. 
 Mex. 
 
 AA. Fls. pure tvhite, the tube 3-4 times the length 
 of the limb. 
 
 tubifldra, Nicholson, Suppl. p. 483 (GloxlMa tu!>ifl6ra, 
 Hook. Dolichodeira tubifldra, 'Q.&n.Bt.). St. sL^rt, with 
 opposite oblong-acuminate, crenate, short-petioled lvs.: 
 fls. 4 in. long, curved, gibbous at the base, the tube 
 downy, the pedicels opposite and 2 in. long. Argentina. 
 B.M. '3971. — Tubers solid, much like a potato. 
 
 A.amabili*, Decne.=Xapgeli.i mn'.tiflora. — A. atrosavguinea, 
 Lindl.==A. fnliosa. — A. Candida, Lindl.=Dicyrta Candida. — A. 
 cupreata , Hook.=Episoeacupreata. — .1. folibsa. Morr. Lvs. cor- 
 date, uin<iual: fls. crimson, Mith saccate tube Ij^ in. long, with 
 narrow limb. Guatemala. — A.gloxitticFflora, Forkel.==Gloxinia 
 glabr.tta. — A. hirsuta, DC Loose grower : st. bulbiferous : fls. 
 rather large, with swollen tube and oblique limb, rose, with yel- 
 low ami spotted throat. Guatemala. B.M. 4U4. P.M. 12:7. 
 Ouce popular. — A. Jauregula,\yiir^vz.=A. longiflora. — A.KleH, 
 Fast. Dwarf: fls. pink-purple. P.M. 16: 289. Form of A. longi- 
 flora? — A.multiflora,(jSLTi\n. Hairy: lvs. broad-ovate: fls. blue, 
 fring-Ml. Brazil. B.M. H993.— .l./nrta. Benth.-^Tydjea picta.— 
 A. rosea, Lindl. Fls. pink or rose, the peduncles many-flowered. 
 Guatemala. — A. SHnneri, Gordon, =A. hirsuta. — Garden forms 
 and hyhrids are Escherii, floribunda, intermedia, Jayii, Mount- 
 fordii, ncegelioldes, nana, venmta (P.M. 15:121), VersehaffeUii. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
ACHLYS 
 
 ACONITUM 
 
 19 
 
 ACHLTS (the goddess of obscurity). Berberiddeece . 
 HaMy herbaceous perennial. Fls. minute, numerous, 
 spi( ate, on a slender scape. 
 
 triph^lla* DC. Root-stock terminated by a strong, 
 scaly winter-bud : Ivs. 1 or 2 ; leaflets 3, fan-shaped, 
 sinuate-dentate, 23^x5 in.: scape 1 ft. long: spike 1 in. 
 long. Spring. W. N. Amer.— An interesting and deli- 
 cate plant. Int. 1881. 
 
 ACHBAS. See SapoJillo. 
 ACHYEANTHES. See Iresine. 
 
 ACIDANTHfiBA ( pointed anthers ) . Iridhcece. Ten- 
 der herbaceous perennials, intermediate between Gladio- 
 lus and Ixia. Lvs. many, linear ensiform, 1-1 >^ ft. long: 
 spikes ;M)-flowered, simple, lax : tts, long-tubed, some- 
 what pendulous : corms roundish, flattened, covered with 
 a matted fiber. — Prop, by seed or by the numerous corms. 
 
 bicolor, Hochst. St. 15-18 in.: fls. creamy white, 
 blotched chocolate brown within, fragrant : corms %-\ 
 in. :n diam. Abyssinia. G.F. 1:486, 487. Gn. 47: 1014. 
 G.C. HI- 20:393. Mn. 8: 11.— Requires a somewhat 
 stiffer soil than the tender species of Gladiolus. May be 
 grown in a tub outdoors during summer, and flowered 
 within during Oct. Several corms in a large pot give 
 good results. Corms should be dried as soon as lifted, 
 to prevent rot. 
 
 A. cequinoctinlis. Baker. St. 3-4 ft., stout, stiffly erect: lvs. 
 strongly ribbeii: fls. white, blotched crimson or purple within: 
 conns large. Sierra Leone. B.M. 739:1 May be a stronger 
 growing and more tropical form of the above. 
 
 W. E. Endicott and W. M. 
 
 ACINl)TA ( immovable, the lip being jointless). Orc^i- 
 d()cece. Stout epiphytes with interesting pendent scapes. 
 Pseudobulbs conspicuously furrowed, slightly com- 
 pressed : I^af-blades smooth, conspicuously veined, 
 plaited and pliable : fls. globose. As a genus it is too 
 near to Peristeria and Stanhopea. The species are 
 rarely seen, as they are less conspicuous in their color- 
 ing than many orchids. They require a warm house and 
 plenty of moisture during the growing season, with a 
 decided rest, to make them flower. Use baskets, not pots, 
 as the flower-spikes are produced from the base of the 
 bulbs, as in Stanhopea, and should have free egress or 
 iney will be lost. Cult, by E. O. Orpet. 
 
 B&rkeri, Lindl. {Peristeria Bdrkeri, Batem.). Pseu- 
 dobulbs sub-conic, about 5 in.: leaf -blades longer than 
 in A. Uiimboldtii : fls. 12 or more, in pendent racemes, 
 golden vellow spotted with brown. Mex. B.M. 4203. I.H. 
 2:44. Gn. 54, p. 332. P.M. 14:145. 
 
 Humboldtii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, about 3 in.: 
 leaf -blades about 1 ft. long, lanceolate, acute: scapes 
 pendent, 2 ft. long ; fls. 6 or more, chocolate colored, 
 about 2 in. in diam. Ecuador, high elevations. Gn. 
 3:11. 
 
 A.chnisdntha,Liirn\\. Racemes pendent; fls. golden yellow, 
 with whitish labellum and crimson or purplish column; label- 
 Inm furnished with a long, blunt, papillose horn. Mex. — A. 
 denstt, Lindl. (A. Warseewiczii, Klotzseh). Fls. subglobose. fra- 
 griint. pale yellow, si)otted externally with reddish brown ; label- 
 lum yellow, spotted with reddish brown. Costa Rica. — A.Hni- 
 bfiana, Reichb. f . Fls. ivory white, in loose racemes ; lip spotted 
 purple.with erect side lobes. NewGrenada. — J..««icdfa, Reichb. f. 
 Similar to A. Humboldtii. Fls. yellow. Oakes Ames. 
 
 AC0EANTH£)RA (mucronate anthers). Apocyndcece. 
 Tender shrubs, cult, in greenhouses North, and outdoors 
 in Fla. and Calif. Fls. with the odor of jasmine, lasting. 
 
 spectibilis, G. Don. (Toxicophlcea spectdbiUs, Sond. 
 T. Thtiiibergii, Hort., not Harv.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long, 
 !-hort petiolate, leathery, elliptic, acute, shining above: 
 ris. numerous, in dense axillary, branched, short cymes, 
 pure white, very sweet scented. Natal. B.M, (»3o9. R.H. 
 ls7'J:270. G.F. 6:185. G.C. 1872 '-.3.- Poisonous. The 
 plants cult, under this name are s.ad by trade catalogues 
 to have pink or violet flowers. 
 
 venenata, G. Don. {Toxicophlaea cestroldes, DC. T. 
 77i«Hfcfrgr(t. Harv., not Hort. ). Fls. white or rose. Dif- 
 fers from the above in the well marked venation of the 
 leaves, its flowers athird smaller, its calyx not pubescent, 
 and its corolla-limb less widely spreading. 
 
 ACONITE, WINTER. See Em uf his. 
 
 ACONtTUM. Banunculdcea?. Aconite. Monkshood. 
 Wolfsbane. A genus of hardy ornamental, perennial 
 herbs, much used in borders, etc. Many species are 
 planted in European gardens, but only nine have been 
 much used in America. The number of species varies 
 from 18 to 80, with different botanists. Native in moun- 
 tain regions of Europe, temperate Asia, and five in N. 
 Amer. Root tuberous, turnip-shaped, or thick fibrous: 
 St. tall or long, erect, ascending or trailing : lvs. pal- 
 mately divided or cleft and cut-lobed: fls. large, irregr- 
 lar, showy; sepals 5, the large upper sepal in shape of a 
 hood or helmet; petals 2-5, small; stamens numerous; 
 carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles when 
 ripened. The following species do well in any garden 
 soil, but rich preferred; they thrive in open sun, but 
 flowers last longer in shaded places. Aconites should 
 never be planted in or too near the kitchen garden or 
 the children's garden, as the roots and some of the 
 flowers have a deadly poison. Prop, easily by division. 
 Reichenbach Monographia Generis Aconiti, Leipsic, 
 1820, 2 vols., folio. Reichenbach lUustratio Specierum 
 Aconiti, Leipsic, 1822-7, folio. 
 
 A. Boots globular-tuberous. 
 
 B. Zrvs. deeply cut, but not to the base. 
 
 Fischeri, Reichb. {A. Columbidnum, Nutt. A. Cali- 
 forniv urn, Hort.). Stems 4-6 ft.: lvs. large, smooth, 3- 
 parted, attractive; segments much cut and divided: fls. 
 numerous, pale blue, panicled, pedicels pubescent; hel- 
 mets hemispherico-conical. Autumn. N. Amer. and 
 Asia. Int. 1889. B.M. 7130. 
 
 Camm^rum, Linn. (A. decorum, Reichb.). St. .3-4 ft.: 
 lvs. with short, bluntish lobes: fls. purple or blue; pani- 
 cles or loose spikes few-flowered ; helmet hemispheri- 
 cal, closed. July-Sept. Hunjrarj-. Int. 1889. A. Storkid- 
 num, Reichb., is a dwarf form of this, with fewer flowers 
 and somewhat fibrous roots. 
 
 uncin^ttun, Linn. Wild Monkshood. St. slender, 
 3-5 ft., inclined to climb: lvs. thick, deeply cut into 3-5 
 cut-toothed lobes : fls. loosely panicled, but crowded at 
 the apex ; blue, pubescent, 1 inch broad ; helmet erect, 
 nearly as broad as long, obtusely conical : follicles 3. 
 June-Sept. Low grounds of Penn. S. and W., Japan. 
 Mn. 4: 81. — Much planted now. 
 
 BB. Lvs. divided to the base. 
 
 varieg&tiun, Linn. Erect, 1-6 ft.: lvs. variously di- 
 vided into usually broad lobes and cut divisions; lower 
 petioles long, others short or none: fls. in a loose pani- 
 cle or raceme, blue, varying to whitish, rather smooth; 
 helmet higher than wide, top curved forward ; visor 
 pointed, horizontal or ascending. July. Europe. A. 
 album, Ait., is a pure white-flowered form of this, with 
 rather fibrous roots. 
 
 AA. Boots long-tuberous. 
 B. Cai'pels usually 5. 
 
 Jap6nicum, Decne. St. erect, 3-4 ft., smooth : lvs. 
 dark j;reen, shining, petioled; lobes 2-3 times cut, the 
 parts blunt and deeply toothed : fls. large, deep blue or 
 violet, tinged with red, on loose panicles with ascending 
 branches ; helmet conical ; beak abruptly pointed : fol- 
 licles 5. July-Sept. Japan. Int. 1889. R.'H. 1851, p. 475. 
 Var. coertlleuB, Hort. Fls. very abundant ; panicles 
 shortened. 
 
 BB. Carpels S or 4. 
 
 Nap61ItlS, Linn.(J.. Taxiricum, Jacq. A. pyramiddle, 
 Mill. ) . Trce Monkshood. Officinal Aconite. Fig. 25. 
 The best known and most poisonous species, an«l used 
 in medicine. Sts. erect, 3-4 ft.: lvs. divided to the 
 base, and cleft 2-3 times into linear lobes: fls. blue, in a 
 raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and 
 low, gaping, smooth ish: fr. 3-4-celled. Jui^e-July. Gn. 
 12, p. 362. — Very many varieties, differing in sliade of 
 flowers, often mottled or lined with white. Var. dlbum 
 is nearly white. Var. bicolor and var. versicolor, much 
 used in gardens for the large blue and white flowers. 
 Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species. 
 
 AAA. Boots in the form of a scaly, elongated bulb, «r 
 
 someu'hat fibrous, 
 
 — — ----- B. Sepals deciduous. 
 
 autumnjlle, Reichb. Autitmn Aconite. Fig. 26. St. 
 ii-5 ft.: lvs. peaately 5-lobed: fls. in a simple spike, be- 
 
20 
 
 ACONITUM 
 
 ACROSTICHUM 
 
 35. Aconitum Napellus 
 
 coming a panicle ; blue, lilac or whitish; helmet closed. 
 
 Sept.-Nov. N. China. 
 
 Lyc6ctonam, Linn. {A. harbd.tum, Patr. A. squarrd- 
 
 aum,A. ochroleucum, Willd.). Pale Yellow Wolfs- 
 
 BA2iS. St. slender, simple, 3-6 ft. : Ivs. deeply cut into 
 
 5-9 lobes ; long petioles and un- 
 der ribs pubescent : fls. yellow or 
 whitish, in racemes ; helmet a 
 pinched elongated cone ; middle 
 sepals usually bearded : fr. usu- 
 ally 3-celled.' June^Sept. Eu., 
 Siberia. B.M. 2570. G.M, 34: 124. 
 
 BB. Sepals persistent. 
 
 Anthdra, Linn. ( ^1 . Pyrend icuni , 
 Pall.). St. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. parted al- 
 most to the base, parts deeply 
 ciit and lobed, more or less his- 
 pid beneath, smoothish above; 
 petioles long : fls. in lateral and 
 terminal racemes, pale yellow, 
 often large; racemes or panicles 
 generally pubescent ; spur bent 
 back or hooked ; helmet 
 arched, but cylindrical at 
 base: follicles 5. June-July. 
 S. Eu. B.M. 2654. -Several 
 varieties. 
 
 A . Chin^nse. Sieb. Deep bine 
 spike of fls. from the axil of 
 every leaf : foliage bold and 
 handsome. B.M. 3852. P.M. 
 5:3. — A. delphinifblium, DO. 
 Al'.led to A. Napellus.— Jl het- 
 erophylliim, Wall. Fls. yellow 
 and violet. Used as a tonie medicine in India. B.M. 6092.— .4. 
 Noteboracenae, Gray. Probably =A. panionlatum.— .4. panicu- 
 latum, Lam. (A. toxicum, Reichb.). Ha.s blue fls. L.B.C\ 9:810. 
 —A. pyramidale. Mill. Form of A. Napellus.- A. recUndtnm 
 Gray, of the AUeghanies, with white fls. and large Ivs., is worth 
 cult.— .4. septentrionale, var. Cnrpdtictim, Sims, is a beautiful 
 purple kind, closely relate<l to A. Lycoetomim. B.M. 2196.— A. 
 tortuotntm, Willd. Once listed in the trade; not now found. 
 
 K. C. DA^^s. 
 
 ACORUS (ancient name of unknown meaning). 
 Arouleif. Hardy, herbaceous water-loving plants. Lvs. 
 sword-shaped, erect; spadix appearing lateral, with no 
 true spathe: fls. inconspicuous. They thrive best in 
 moist soil, and may be grown in shallow water or on dry 
 land. Prop, easily in spring or autumn by division. 
 
 C^lamtis, Linn. Sweet Flag. Height 2 ft. : root- 
 stock horizontal, pungent, aromatic. Fls. early summer. 
 N. Amer., Eu. Var. varieg^tus, Hort. Lvs. striped deep 
 yellow when young, fading to a paler color later in sum- 
 mer. Eu. — Commoner in cult, than the type. 
 
 grazninetis, Soland. Height 8-12 in. Much smaller 
 than J.. Calamus, forming compact, grassy tufts. Japan. 
 Var. variegitus, Hort. Lvs. striped white. Used in hang- 
 ing basketSjVases, rockeries and for cutting. Often grown 
 indoors. j. B. Keller. 
 
 ACEOCLlNIUM. See Relipterum. 
 
 ACBOCdMIA (name means a tuft of leaver at the top). 
 Palmdcece, tribe Cocotnece. Spiny tropical American 
 palms: caudex erect, solitary, ringed and swollen at the 
 middle, densely spiny: lvs. terminal, pinnately cut; seg- 
 ments narrowly linear-lanceolate, long, obliquely acumi- 
 nate, the naked margins recui-ved at the base; midnerves, 
 rachis and petiole with long spines : fr. globose or ob- 
 long, glabrous or prickly; black or brown. Species 8, 
 mostly diflftcult to distinguish; allied to Cocos. They 
 need a rich, sandy loam. The chief danger with young 
 plants is overpotting, as few leaves are on a plant at a 
 time, and the roots are not abundant. 
 
 scleroc&rpa, Mart. (A. aculedta, Lodd.). Height .30- 
 45 ft.: trunk cylindrical, about 1 ft. thick, with black 
 spines 2-4 in. long: lvs. 12-15 ft. long; segments in ir- 
 regular groups of 2 or 3, 2-3 ft. long, %-l in. wide, 
 smooth and shining above, whitish, appressed-pilose be- 
 low, entirely free of spines, except along the midrib. 
 Braz. toW. Ind. I.H. 15:547.— Not hardy at On^co, Fla. 
 Cult, in Calif. "Gru-gru" and "corojo" are native names. 
 
 Havan^nsis, Hort. A slow-growing, thorny plant, of 
 which little is known. Trade name. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 ACB0P£BA. See Gongora. 
 
 ACBOFHtLLUM (Greek, top and leaf). Saiifragd- 
 eece. One Australian evergreen shrub, A. vendsum, 
 Benth. (A. verticUlAtum, Hook.), excellent for spring 
 flowering in the coolhouse. Prop, by cuttings in early 
 summer. Let the plant rest during summer. Do not 
 expose to frost. It produces many pinkish fls. in dense 
 spicate whorls near the top of the branches. Lvs. in 
 3's. sessile, dentate: fls. with 5 petals and 10 stamens. 
 4-6 ft. B.M. 4050. 
 
 ACBOSTICHTTH (derivation obscnre). Polypodi^ece. 
 Greenhouse ferns. Includes plants of great diversity of 
 foliage, which are often referred to many genera. Sori 
 spread in a layer over the entire under surface of tho 
 leaf or of certain of the upper pinnae, rarely over both 
 surfaces. Foliage rather coarse, the leaves simple or 
 pinnate, rarely forked. All the 140 species are plants of 
 tropical regions, two species growing in S. Fla. Some 
 kinds are adapted to covering walls, columns, trunks of 
 tree ferns, etc. The kinds with long fronds are excellent 
 for hanging baskets. As all kinds reqtiire an abundance 
 of water at the roots, the compost should be very porous. 
 
 r 
 
 26. Aconitum autumnale (X /^). 
 
 A mixture of two parts fibrous peat, one of chopped 
 sphagnum, and one of coarse silver sand is recom- 
 mended. For general culture, see Ferns. 
 
 The following species are cult, in Amer.: alienum. 
 No. 15; aureiun, 17; cervinum, 14; confonne, 7; crini- 
 
ACROSTICHUai 
 
 ACROSTICHUM 
 
 21 
 
 ttJTTi, 9; flaccidnm, 8; >?ori?onenm, 11; lomarioides, 18; 
 muscosum, 3; nicotianspfolium, 16; osniundaceum, 19; 
 peltatum, 20; pilosum, 5: reticulatum, 10; scandens, 12; 
 simplex, 6; sorbifoliuin, 13; squamosum, 2; villosum, 1; 
 viscosum, 4. 
 
 A. Lvs. timple, 7ex,<t than 2 in. wide; veins free. 
 
 ( Ehtphogloasum . ) 
 
 B. Surface of lvs. densely scaly throughout. 
 
 c. Texture thin, flaccid. 
 
 1. villdsam, Swz. Fig. 27. Sterile lvs. ft-9 in. long; 
 fertile lvs, scarcely more than half as large, both with 
 ahmnlant slender, dark-brown scales. Mex. and W. Ind. 
 -Dwarf, variable. 
 
 cc. Texture thick, leathery. 
 
 2. squarndsum, Swz. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, the fertile 
 narro\v»-r, <»n longer stems ; both surfaces matted with 
 bright reddish brown linear or lanceolate scales. Tropics 
 of both hemispheres. 
 
 3. muscdsum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, fertile 
 much shorter ; upper surface slightly scaly, the lower 
 densely matted with ovate, rusty scales. Tropics of 
 both hemispheres. S. 1 : 211.— Very distinct in habit. 
 
 BB. Surface of lvs. slightly scaly. 
 
 4. viscdsuin, Swz. Sterile lvs. ♦>-12 in. long, narrowed 
 gra<luaJIy ap4be base ; the fertile shorter, on longer 
 .stems ;Sei^fture leathery, the surfaces somewhat viscid. 
 Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 5. pildSTUn, HBK. Lvs. ftesuous, 6-8 in. long, ^in. 
 wide, with tufts of star-like scales beneath; texture her- 
 baceous. Mex. to Columbia. — Chiefly of botanical in- 
 terest. 
 
 BBB. Surface of lvs. not scaly; texture leathery. 
 
 D. Margins of lvs. thick, cartilaginous. 
 
 6. simplex, Swz. Sterile lvs. 4-12 in. long, with a very 
 acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed into a 
 short, somewhat margwigd stem. W. Ind. to Brazil. 
 
 7. confdrme, Swz. St^rrte lvs. 2-9 in. long, with a 
 bluntish point and wedge\shaped or spatulate base; fer- 
 tile lvs. narrower. Tropics of both hemispheres. 
 
 DD. Margins of leaves not thickened. 
 
 8. Hiccidam, F^e, Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, with very 
 acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed to the 
 short stem; fertile lvs. on astern 3-4 in. long. S. Amer. 
 — Of botanical interest only. 
 
 AA. Lvs. simple; veins uniting to fortn a network. 
 
 B. Surface of lvs. densely clothed with narrow scales. 
 
 ( Hymenodium . ) 
 
 9. crinitum, Linn. Elephant-ear Fern. Lvs. 10-18 in. 
 long, 4-8 in. wide, on densely scaly stems ; fertile lvs. 
 smaller, on shorter stems. W. Indies. F.S. 9:9.36, as 
 H. crinitum.— Oraxt sand in potting, and avoid over- 
 watering. 
 
 BB. Surface of lvs. mostly smooth, 6-15 in. long, 
 
 10. reticuliltum, Kaulf. Lvs. on distinct stems, with 
 wedge-shaped bases, 1% in. wide; veins forming copious 
 meshes. (Chrysodium.) Hawaiian Islands. — Of botani- 
 cal interest only. 
 
 11. gorgdneum, Kaulf. Lvs. tapering gradually down- 
 ward to the short stem, 2-3 in. wide ; veins forming 
 meshes only near the margin. (Aconiopteris.) Hawaiian 
 Isl. — Of little decorative value. 
 
 AAA. Z/vs. pinnate. 
 B. Ferns climbing with narrow, fertile pinnce. 
 
 12. scAndens, J. Smith. Rootstock widely climbing : 
 lvs. 1-3 ft. long, with pinnae 4-8 in. long ; fertile pinnaa 
 .slender, 6-12 in. long; texture leathery. ( Stenochlifna.) 
 India. S. 1: 224,— A vigorous grower and coarse feeder, 
 much used in cooler houses of large ferneries. 
 
 13. sorbifdliom, Linn. Rootstock climbing. often prick- 
 ly: lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide, with close veins; fer- 
 tile pinnae 2-4 in. long, narrow. (Lomariopsis.) E. and 
 W. Ind. to Braz. 
 
 BB. Ferns with creeping rootstocks and scattered lvs. 
 
 C. Feins united only near the margin ; fertile lvs. hi- 
 
 pinnate. 
 
 14. cervlnum, Swz. Fig. 28. Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, with 
 pimiac 4-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide ; fertile pinnae slender, 
 
 narrow, 4-8 in. long. (Olfersia.) Mex. and Cuba to 
 
 Braz. S. 1 : 192. 
 
 cc. Veins forming meshes everywhere. {Gymnopteris.) 
 
 1.'). alidnum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 1-2 ft. long, iriangular, 
 with the upper pinnae decurrent, and the lower at least 
 sinuate or even incised ; fertile lvs. smaller, with nar- 
 row pinnap, the upper decurrent. Cuba and Mex. to 
 Braz, 
 
 16, nicotian aefdliiun, Swz. Sterile lvs, with .3-7 pinn» 
 which are 6-12 in. l(mg and 2-3 in, wide, with nearly 
 entire edges: fertile lvs, smaller, with 3-7 pinnae 3-4 in. 
 long. 1 in. wide. W. Ind. to Hraz. 
 
 27. Acrostichum villosum 
 (X3^). See No. 1, 
 
 Acrostichum cervlnum 
 (XK). See No, 14. 
 
 BBB. Ferns of swampy places, growing in crowns from 
 
 erect rootstocks. 
 
 17. aiiireain, Linn. Lvs. fertile only in the upper pinnap, 
 3-6 ft. long, with pinnae 6-10 in. long, short stalked, 
 coriaceous. Fla. to Braz, and in the tropics of the old 
 world, S, 1: 187. — Strong-growing. One of the best. 
 Should be treated as an atiuatic. 
 
 18. lomarioides, Jenman. Sterile and fertile lvs. dis- 
 tinct, the sterile shorter and spreading, the fertile taller 
 and more erect in the center of the cluster; pinnae 9-14 
 in. long, almost sessile. Fla. to Braz. 
 
 AAAA. Lvs. bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; veins free. 
 (Polybotra.) 
 
 19. osmond^ceum, Hook. Rootstock wide, climbing, 
 with long, linear scales : sterile lvs. 2-3 ft. long, the 
 lower pinnae 8-10 in. long, with numerous slightly 
 stalked segments; fertile lvs. tripinnate, with the lower 
 pinnae 1-2 ft. long, 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindria 
 segments "%-% in. long. W, Ind. to Braz.- Probab?,y 
 the handsomest of the climbing kinds. 
 
 AAAAA. Lvs. palmate from creeping rootstocks: 
 plants small. 
 
 20. pelt&tum, Swz, Lvs, 1-2 in. each way on slender 
 stems, repeatedly forked into very narrow divisions; 
 fertile lvs, %-% in, wide, circular, or somewhat 2-lobed. 
 ( Hhipidopteris. ) Mex, and W. Ind. to Braz.— A delicate 
 and distinct plant, needing moisture all the year round. 
 
9*> 
 
 ACROSTICHUM 
 
 ACTINOMERIS 
 
 especially in the air. Avoid unnecessary disturbances 
 of roots.' Uh^ some partly decayed leaf -mold. 
 
 A. acuminatum , Hook., ^A: 182,^4.. canali4nilatum , &x\(\ A xau- 
 ddtum. Hook., all from S. Amer., relattnl to A. osmuntiaeeum. — 
 A.flagelliferum, Wall. Rooting at apex of terminal pinna. E.Ind. 
 S. l:*2tH. — -rl. fcenieulaceum. Hook. Allietl to A. peltatum. 
 Ecviador. — A. Hfrminieri, Bory. Lv8. simple. Allied to A. sim- 
 plex. W. Ind. to Braz. — A. heteromorphiim, Klotzsch, Lvs. 
 simple, 1/^-2 in. long. S. Amer. — A. latifblium, Swz. Lvs. sim- 
 ple. J>-18 in. Umg. Allie<l to A. conforme. Mex. to Braz. — A. lepi- 
 d^^u/n, Willd. Allietl to A. villosiim. Andes. — A.Quereifblium, 
 Retz. Allie<l to A. flagellifemm. Ind. — A. gerratifblium, Mert. 
 Pinnate, with lvs. 1-2 ft. long. Allied to A. aiirenm. Mex. to 
 Braz. — A.apicatum, Linn. Simple, with sori on long contracted 
 apex. (Hymenolepis.) E. Ind. — A . tacaefdlium , Hoo'k. Allied 
 to A. flagelliferum. Philippines. l_ -^i Underwood. 
 
 ^-^^^ 
 
 29. Actinidia arguta (X J^). <£i' 
 
 ACTS A (ancient name of the elder, transferred by 
 Linnteus). lianunculd.ce<v. Native hardy herbaceous 
 perennials, with showy spikes of small fls. and hand- 
 some clusters of berries in autumn. Leaflets of the 
 twice- or thrice-temate lvs. ovate, sharply cleft, and cut- 
 toothed. They like rich woods and shade. Useful for 
 rockery and wild garden. Prop, by seeds and by root- 
 division in spring. 
 
 Alba, Mill. (-1. rubra, Bigel.). White Baneberrv. 
 Height, 1-1>^ ft.; much like A. spicaia, but the leaflets 
 more cut, toeth and points sharper; plant smoother: fls. 
 white, in an oblong raceme, and a week or two later: 
 pedicels in fr. very thick, turning red : berries white, 
 ovate-oblong, often purplish at the end. N. states. D.53. 
 
 8pic4ta, Linn. Cohosh. Herb-Christopher. Plant 
 1-2 ft. : lvs. bi- or tritemate, serrated : fls. white or 
 bluish, in ovate racemes: berries purplish l)lack, oblong. 
 Apr.-Jiine. Eu. , Jap. — Less cult. than the red-fruited var. 
 
 Var. riibra, Ait. {A. rw^ra, Willd.). Red Baneberrv. 
 Rather taller than A. alba: lvs. bi- or tritemate, ser- 
 rated : fl. cluster white, larger than in A. spieata: ber- 
 ries bright red, very handsome. Apr.-June. Northern 
 states. K. C. Davis. 
 
 ACTlIftLLA {Greek, small-raijed). CompSsiftp. Har- 
 dy perennials from W. N. Amer., for cult, in alpine gar- 
 dens. Height ()-12 in.: fls. villow, .summer. Of easy 
 cult, in light soil. Prop, by division or by seeds. 
 
 grandifldra, Torr. & Gray. Plant densely woolly : lower 
 lvs. pinuately or bipinnately parted, with margined peti- 
 oles from broad, scarious bases; upper cauline lvs. sim- 
 ple or sparingly divided: fls. 2-3 in. wide, summer.— A 
 pretty alpine plant. 
 
 Bcapdsa, Nutt. Plant villous: lvs. radical, linear-spat- 
 ulate, 2-.'} in. long, punctate, entire: fls. lin. wide; scapes 
 single, leafless, 1-fld., ,3-9 in. long. 
 
 A. landta, PTirsh.=Eriophyllum cwspitosum. 
 
 J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 ACTINlDIA (aktin, ray ; referring to the rafliate 
 styles). Ternstrtemideece. Hardy climbing deciduous 
 shrubs, strong-growing and excellent for covering ar- 
 bors, screens, trellises, walls and low buildings. Re- 
 markably free from insects and fungi. Lvs. alternate, 
 long-petioled, serrate: fls. axillary, single or in corymbs, 
 polygamous, white, cup-8hai)ed, %-%m. in diam. ; sepals 
 and petals 5; stamens and stigmas numerous: berry 
 many-seeded, about 1 in. long, edible. E. Asia, Hima- 
 layas. Prop, by seeds, by greenwood cuttings in sum- 
 mer, or by hardwood cuttings; al«o by layers. Mono- 
 graph by Ma2umowicz in Diagn. Plant. As. Nov. 6: 422. 
 
 A. Lvs. dark green, shining, chartaceous. 
 
 argr^ta, Miq. {A. polygama, Hort., not Miq. A. volu- 
 bills, Hort., not Miq. ). Fig. 29. Petioles mostly setose: 
 lvs. 4-5 in. long, broad -elliptic, cuneate to subcordate at 
 the base, abruptly acuminate, smooth except the setose 
 midrib beneath, setulosely appressed serrate: fls. 3 or 
 more, greenish white; anthers dark purple: fr. green- 
 ish yellow, with flg-like flavor. June. Japan, Saghalin, 
 Manchuria. A. G. 1891:142. 
 
 AA. Zit'S. bright green, dull, membranaceous , sometimes 
 becoming in the summer handsomely variegated 
 above the middle: fls. fragrant: not climbing high. 
 
 polygama, Miq. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, broed-ovate or ovate- 
 oblong, cuneate to subcordate at the base, appressed- 
 serrate, mostly setose at the nerves on both sides: fls. 
 1-3, %in. in diam.; stigmas on a short, thick style; fr. 
 yellow. July. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. B.M. 7497. 
 —The plant attracts cats like valerian. 
 
 Kolomikta, Maxim. Petioles not setose ; lvs. downy 
 beneath when young, 4-6 in. long, ovate-oblong, rounded 
 or cordate at the base, unequally setulosely serrate, 
 sparsely setose beneath : fls. 1-3, }4m. in diam. ; stigmas 
 sessile. July. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. R.H.1898:.36. 
 
 A. callbsa, "Lindl. Allied to A. arguta. Lvs. mostly acute at 
 both ends. Himalayas. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 ACTINOLEPIS (Greek, a scale-like ray). CompdsitcF. 
 Hardy annuals from Calif.; freely branching, and 
 mostly yellow-flowered. 
 
 coron&ria, Gray (Shdrtia Califdrnica, Hort. Bceria 
 cnrondria. Gray). Figs. 30, 31. Lvs. opposite, except 
 
 the upper ones, 2 in, or more 
 long, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes 5-7, 
 distant, linear, entire. B.M. 3828, 
 as Hymendrys Califdrnica. — One 
 of the prettiest of annual flow- 
 ers, and deserving of greater pop- 
 ularity. Excellent for edging. An 
 everlasting. 
 
 30. Actinolepis coronaria. 
 Nearly natural size. 
 
 31. Actinolepis coronaria. 
 
 Known to the trade as 
 
 Shortia Califomica. 
 
 ACTIN6MEBIS (from Greek aktis, ray, and meris, 
 part, alluding to the irregularity of the rays). Com- 
 pdsifif. Native hardy herbaceous perennials suitable for 
 wild gardens and shrubbery. Tall, branching. Cult, 
 like Helianthus. Prop, by division. 
 
 squarrdsa, Nutt. Height 4-8 ft.: lvs. lance-oblong, 
 acmninate, subpetiolate, tapering to both ends: fls. nu- 
 merous, corymbed, yellow; rays 4-10, irregular. Autumn. 
 
 A.heUmithioide8,'S\xtt. Lvs. silky-villous underneath: rays 
 about 8, usually more than in A. squarrosa. Mn. 4: 129. — A. 
 prbcera, Steud., is only a taller form of A. squarrosa. 
 
 J. B. Keller. 
 
ACTINOPTERIS 
 
 ADENOCARPUS 
 
 23 
 
 ACTIN6PTEBIS {aktin, ray, and pterin; the fronds 
 radiately cut). Syn., Actiniopteritt. Polypodiacecf . 
 Greenhouse ferns from India, resembling miniature fan- 
 palms. The sori are linear-elonprate and su})marffinal, 
 and covered with indusia. A. radidta. Link, is the only 
 recognized species. l. m. Underwood. 
 
 ADA (a complimentary name). OrchidHcece : tribe 
 Vditdea. A genus of epiphytes containing two species. 
 Petals and sepals slightly spreading from half their 
 length; labellum parallel with the column and united to 
 its base. Found at high elevations on the Colombian 
 Aufles. Useful for the coolhouse, where they may be 
 grown together with Odontoglossums, blooming in no 
 definite season. 
 
 auranti4c8, Lindl. Fig. .^2. Pseudobulbs 2-3 in., 
 ovate to ovate-oblong, subcylindrical or slightly com- 
 pressed, tapering toward the summits, bearing 1-3 nar- 
 row leaf -blades 6-12 in. long: petals and sepals narrow, 
 pointed, channeled; labellum half as long as the petals: 
 scape drooping, bearing racemes of cinnabar-red fls. 
 
 L^hmanni, Rolfe. Leaves marbled with gray : label- 
 lum white.— Not much in cultivation. A recent species. 
 
 Oakes Ajies. 
 
 The Adas grow at the altitude of 8,500 ft. To grow 
 them successfully, a house that can be kept very cool in 
 summer is necessary, one having a northern exposure, 
 such as is construct -.d for Odontoglossums being best, as 
 the two plants are found growing together. Shading 
 will be found necessary' in summer during the hottest 
 weather, preferabiy by roller shades, that can be rolled 
 up in dull weather, as by this means a current of cool 
 air is constantly passing over the glass. The tempera- 
 ture inside the Vtructure can be kept below that outside 
 in hot weather by careful airing and spraying. A. au- 
 rantiaea is the best known, and is much valued for its 
 bright orange-colored spikes of bloom, which last a long 
 time. A. Lehmanni is very rare in cultivation, and is 
 distinguished, among other characteristics, by its white 
 lip and by being a summer-blooming plant, while its 
 companion species flowers early in spring. The usual 
 fern fiber and sphagnum moss compost will be found 
 best suited for their cultivation, taking care that the 
 plants are never dry at the roots, either in summer or 
 winter. E. O. Orpet. 
 
 ADAM-AND-EVE. See Sempervivum tectorum, and 
 
 Apltctrum hyttnale. 
 
 ADAMIA. See Dkhroa. 
 
 ADAH'S APPLE. See Citrus Limettn, Musa para- 
 disiac'i, and Taberncemontana coronaria. 
 
 ADAM'S NEEDLE. See Yucca. 
 
 ADANSONIA (named after M. Adanson, French bota- 
 nist). Malvdceoe. The Baobab is said to have the thick- 
 est trunk of any tree in the world. Adansonia has no 
 congeners familiar to the horticulturist : fls. large, pen- 
 dulous ; petals 5, white, obovate • stamens numerous ; 
 tivary ."i-lO-celled : fr. oblong, woody, indehiscent, filled 
 with a mealy pulp in which are numerous seeds. 
 
 digit^ta, Linn. Baobab Tree. Height not more than 
 ()0 ft.; diam. said to be sometimes 30 ft. or more : Ivs. 
 palmate, with 3 leaflets in young plants, and 5-7 in older 
 ones: fls. (] in. across, with purplish anthers on longax- 
 illarj', solitary peduncles. Africa. B.M. 2791. — Rarely 
 cultivated in extreme S. Fla., where fr. is 9-12 in. long, 
 and called "Monkey's Bread." 
 
 ADDEE'S-TONGUE. See Erythronittm. 
 
 ADDER'S- TONGUE FEEN. See Ophioglossum. 
 
 ADENANDEA (from the glandular anthers). But(lce(f. 
 Small summer-flowering, tender shrubs from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Lvs. alternate, small, leathery, subses- 
 sile, entire, glandular-dotted : fls. white or rosy ; petals 
 obovate. Prop, by cuttings from the ripened wood. 
 
 fr&grans, Roem. & Schult. (Didsma friigrans, Sims). 
 Breath op Heaven. Height 2-3 ft.: lvs. oblong, ob- 
 tuse, dark green above, whitish beneath, with a glandu- 
 lar, denticulate margin: fls. rosy. B.M. 1319.— A fa- 
 vorite in Calif. 
 
 ADENANTH£:BA (from the deciduous pedicillate 
 gland on each anther). Legumindsce. Tender, unarmed 
 evergreen tree, cult, in greenhouses only for its eco- 
 nomic interest, and also in Calif, in the open air. Prop, 
 by seeds, which should be softened in hot water previous 
 to sowing. 
 
 Fayonlna, Linn. Red Sandal-wood Tree. Leaflets 
 about 13: fls. in an axillary spike. Trop. Asia, where it 
 grows to a tree of great size.— The red lens-shaped 
 "Circassian Seeds" are curiosities with travelers, and 
 are used for necklaces, etc. 
 
 32. Ada aurantiaca. 
 a shows the lip and column. 
 
 ADENOCAL't^MNA {glandular covering; referring to 
 leaves, etc.). Bignonidcece. Tender climbing shrub, 
 closely allied to Bignonia. Grown in hothouses, requir- 
 ing considerable moisture. Prop, by cuttings in frames. 
 
 comdsum, DC. St. rough, punctate: lvs. opposite, tri- 
 foliolate; petioles thickened at junction with the blades: 
 racemes so densely clothed at first with large bracts as 
 to suggest the aments of the hop-vine ; fls. 2 in. across, 
 brilliant yellow, trumpet-shaped ; upper lip of 2, and 
 lower lip of 3 rounded, waved lobes. Braz. B.M. 4210. 
 
 ADENOCARPUS (from the glandular pod, which 
 easily distinguishes it from allied genera). LeguminoH(w. 
 Shrubs, rarely small trees, more or less pubescent: lvs. 
 alternate, trifoliolate, small: fls. papilionaceous, yellow, 
 in terminal racemes ; cal>'x 2-lipped : fr. a glandular pod, 
 oblong or linear, compressed. About 14 species in S. Eu., 
 Asia Minor, N. and W. Afr., Canary Isl. Low shrubs, 
 rarely more than 3 ft., of spreading habit, with handsome 
 fls. produced profusely in spring ; verj' attractive when 
 in full bloom. They require a sunny position and well 
 drained soil. They are especially a<lapted for temperate 
 regions, but do not })ear transplanting well, and should 
 be grown in pots until planted. They are also hand- 
 some greenhouse shrubs, and grow best in a sandy com- 
 post of peat and loam. Prop, by seeds and greenwood 
 cuttings in spring; sometimes also by layers and grafting. 
 
 frankenioldes, Choisy. (A. anagprus, Spreng. ). 
 Branches pubescent : lvs. persistent, crowded ; leaflets 
 linear-oblong, complicate: fls. crowded, in short racemes ; 
 calyx glandular, the lateral segments of the lower lip 
 longer than the middle one, exceeding the upper lip. 
 Teneriffe. 
 
 interm^dius, DC. Branches villous : lvs. deciduous, 
 grouped ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : fls. in 
 elongated racemes ; calyx glandular, middle segment of 
 
24 
 
 ADENOCARPUS 
 
 ADIANTUM 
 
 the lower lip longrer than the lateral oneH, much exceed- 
 ing the upper lip. Italy, Spain, Sicily. 
 
 decdrticans, Boiss. {A. Poissieri, Webb). Shrub or 
 small iH't', 15-1'.^ ft.: branches tomento.se : Ivs. crowded, 
 persistent ; leaflets linear, pubescent : racemes short, 
 compact : caljTC villous, sej^ments nearly equal. Spain. 
 R.H. 188:? : 154). G.C. II. 2.", : 725. Gn. MO : 572. - Resem- 
 bles English Gorse, but is thomless. Bark peels natu- 
 rally. Thrives in poor, sandy soil. 
 
 A.anaodms, Spreng.=A. frankenioides. — A.Boisiiiri, Webb 
 "=A. tiecorticans. — .1. eomplicatus. Gay. (A. p;ir%'ifolius, DC.). 
 Branches nearly glabrous : racemes elongate*! ; calyx glandu- 
 lar. S. W. France, Hpain. B.M. 1.JH7, as ('j-ti.sus divaricatus. — 
 A.commutatu*, Guss. (A. Telonensis, DC). Branches villous, 
 pubescent : racemes loose : calyx villous. Spain, Orient. — A.di- 
 raricatus, Boiss. =A. intennedius when held to include A. com- 
 mutatuH and eomplicatus. — ^1 . folioldsus, DO. Branches and Ivs . 
 crowded, ^^llous : racemes compact, many-flowered; calyx \-il- 
 lous. Canary Isl. — A. grandiflorus, Boiss. Branches and Ivs. 
 glabrous : racemes few-flowere<l ; caljTC pubescent. S. France, 
 Spain. — A. Higpdniaia, DC. Branches velvety-pubescent : Ivs. 
 tomentose l>eneath : racemes dense, many-flowered ; calyx glan- 
 dular. Spain. — -I. parvifoUiig, DC.==A. eomplicatus. Gay. — A. 
 Teloninsis, DC.=A. commutatus. — A. Telonensis, Nicholson= 
 A. grandiflorus. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AD£N6PH0BA iglatid-bearing; referring to the cy- 
 lindrical nectarj' which surrounds the ba.se of the style). 
 Campanuldcece. A genus of hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nials separated from Campanula only by minor charac- 
 ters, as the trilocular ovary and cylindrical nectary. 
 Fls. blue, nodding, on short pedicels, produced freely in 
 midsummer in slender but stiff, erect panicles or loose 
 racemes. For culture, see Campanula. Prop, by seeds 
 or cuttings in spring. The plants do not take kindly to 
 division or other disturbance of the roots. Many other 
 species than those in the trade are worthy. 
 
 commtinis, Fisch. (A. VUflbra, Schur. A.Flscheri, G. 
 Don. A . UUifdlia . Ledeb. ) . Radical Ivs. petiolate. ovate- 
 rotund, cordate, crenate-dentate ; cauline Ivs. sessile, 
 ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : fls. numerous, in a 
 pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the calyx triangular ; style 
 exserted. 
 
 Lamirckii, Fisch. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser- 
 rate, ciliate: fls. racemose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; 
 style not exserted. 
 
 PotaxL'.ni, Hort. Shrubby: spikes 2-3 ft. high: fls. 1% 
 in. across, light blue. July-Aug. Int. 1899. 
 
 J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 ADEN6ST0MA {aden, gland, stoma, mouth ; calyx 
 with 5 glands at the mouth). Moshceai. Shrubs, rarely 
 small trees : lvs. linear, small : fls. white, about 1-5 in. 
 broad, in terminal panicles; petals 5, stamens 10-15: fr. 
 a small akene. Two species in Calif. Heath-like ever- 
 green shrubs ; very handsome when in full bloom. 
 They may be cult, in temperate regions in a sunny posi- 
 tion and well drained soil. A. fasviculatum stands 
 many degrees of frost. Prop, by seeds and greenwood 
 cuttings in spring. 
 
 fasciculitum. Hook. & Am. Shrub, 2-20 ft. : lvs. fas- 
 ciculate, linear: panicles rather dense, 2-4 in. long: fls. 
 nearly sessile. May-June. Ranges northward to Sierra 
 Co. The characteristic shrub of the chaparral or 
 chamisal regions of the coast ranges of Calif. Int. 1891. 
 
 sparsifdlixun, Torr. Shrub or small tree, 6-12 ft., 
 rarely 30 ft., resinous : lvs. alternate : panicles loose ; 
 fls. pedicelled, larger, fragrant. S. and Lower Calif. 
 Int. 1891. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AD£SHIA {not hound; referring to the free stamens). 
 Jjegumifidsie. Tender shrubs from Chili. 
 
 A. baladmica, Bertero. Lvs. 1-1^ in. long ; leaflets 10-16 in 
 pairs : racemes 3-8 fld. ; fls. %m. across, golden yellow. B.M. 
 ^21.— Has the odor of balsam. Not in Amer. trade. 
 
 ADHATODA (native name). Acanthdcece. Tender 
 shrubs, distinguished from Justicia by the less spurred 
 anthers, and often by the habit and calyx. For culture, 
 see Justicia. 
 
 cydoniaefdlia, Nees. Lvs. opposite on short petioles, 
 ovate; lower lip broadly obovate, purple Brazil. B.M. 
 4962. F.S. 12: 1222. R.H. 1873: 110.- Cult, in Calif. 
 
 A Fd»ica, Nees. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white, 
 streaked red. Ceylon. B.M. 861 &a Justicia Adhatoda. 
 
 ADlkNTnU.{Greek,untretted). Polypodiiteefw. Maidex- 
 hair Pern. A large genus of widely distributed ferns 
 of tropical countries largely, with polished black or pur- 
 plish stems, mostly smooth ror..ge to which water will not 
 adhere, and marginal sori attached vmdemeath an inrolled 
 portion of the segment, which thus forms a protecting in- 
 dusium. The requirements of cultivation are plenty of 
 space, good drainage, and a compost of peat, loam and 
 sand. Of the one hundred or more species, Ave are na- 
 tives, of which A vedatum is the best known. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
 The genus Adiantum furnishes us some of the most 
 useful and popular species of commercial ferns. They 
 are easy of cultivation. They need a slightly shaded 
 position, mo<ierately moist atmosphere, and a temp, of 
 60-65° F. The soil should be composed of rich loam and 
 leaf-mold in equal parts, and should be kept moderately 
 moist. Some of the most useful ones for general pur- 
 poses (givenundertheir trade names) are: A.enmulum, 
 grows about 12-15 in. high, and has verj' graceful dark 
 green fronds; A. helium, a dwarf, very compact species 
 6-8 in.; A. cuneatum, A. cuneatum var. grandicepx, with 
 long, heavily-crested, drooping fronds ; A, cuneatum 
 var. variegattim makes a neat specimen; A. concin- 
 num, gracefully drooping dark green fronds 15 in. 
 long, with overlapping pinnae ; A. conrinnum var. la- 
 tum, of upright growth, is 24 in. high; A. decorum 
 is very useful, 12-15 in., and has young fronds of a 
 pleasing metallic tint; A. excisum var. multifidum ; 
 A. formosum ; A. Fergusonii ; A. fragrantissimum ; 
 A. pubescens ; A, tenerum and var. roseum ; A. Wie- 
 gandi ; A. LeGrandi, ver\' dwarf; A. mundulum, a 
 very neat, dwarf species ; A. rubellum, a dwarf spe- 
 cies with mature fronds light green, young fronds of 
 a deep ruby tint. The above may easily be grown from 
 spores, if sown on a compost consisting of half each of 
 finely screened, clean soil and leaf-mold or peat, and 
 placed in a moderately moist and shady place in the 
 greenhouse in a temp, of 60° F. To be grown most 
 economically, they should be transplanted in clumps 
 of 3 or 4 plants as soon as the first pinnae have appeared, 
 and, as soon as strong enough, potted off, either in 
 clumps or singly. 
 
 Some very desirable species to grow into large, tall 
 specimens are: A. ^Sthiopicum, A. Bnusei, A. Collisii, 
 A. Fergusoni, A. formosum, A. Lathomii, A. Peru- 
 vianum, A. princeps, A. rhomboideum, A. Sancton 
 Catharin(r, A. trapeziforme, and A. WilUatnsii. The 
 following are also recommended for special purposes: 
 for fern-dishes, .1 . fulvnm; for cutting, A . gracillim urn . 
 The following kinds are economically prop, by divi- 
 sion, temp. 65° F. : ^. Farleyense, the different varieties 
 of Capillus- Veneris , A. rhodophyllum, A. assimile, etc. 
 Some kinds, as A. dolabriforme, A. caudatum and A. 
 Fdgetcorthii, form small plants on the ends of fronds, 
 which may be detached and potted separately, and if 
 
 33. Fruiting pinnules of Adiantum pedatum. 
 
 kept in a close atmosphere will in a short time grow 
 into choice little plants. Temp. 65-70° F. The last three 
 kinds are adapted for hanging baskets. 
 
 NicHOL N. Bruckner. 
 
 The following species are in the American trade, the 
 names in italics being synonj-ms : {A. rdseum is an unde- 
 termined horticultural name, possibly referable to A. 
 
ADIANTUM 
 
 ADIANTUM 
 
 25 
 
 rubellum): (rmtihtm, No. 28 : iEthiopieum, 24 ; affine, 
 9- amabile, 29 ; amttmil*', 24 ; JtaHHei, 19 ; bellum. 27: 
 Capillus-Veneris, 26 ; oaudatnni, 2 ; Collisii, 22 ; con- 
 cinnum. 2M ; cuneatmn, 2H ; curvatum, 1(5 ; ctfclo-sortim, 
 30 • decorum, 30 ; diaphanmu, 8 ; digitutuiu, 35 ; dolabri- 
 
 34. Adiantum Farleyense 
 
 forme, 1; £ilgeu'orthii,2; el€gans,SO; emar- 
 ginatum, 20 ; excisum, 25 ; Farleyense, 18 ; 
 Fergusoni, 26 ; formosum, 11 ; fragrantissi- 
 mum, 28 ; gracillimum, 34 ; hispiduiura, 17 ; 
 intermedium, 10 ; Jordani, 20 ; Kaulfussii, 5 ; 
 Lathomi, VJ ; LeGrandi, 34; lunulatum, 1; 
 macrophyllum, 4; Mairisii, 26; monochlainys, 
 32; Moorei, 29; mtindulum, 28 ; Novje-Cale- 
 donise, 14 ; Oweni, 30 ; palmntum, 35 ; peda- 
 tum, 15 ; Peruviauura, 3; polyphyllum, 7; princeps, 19 ; 
 pubescens, 17; pulveruientum, 12; rhodophyllum, 19; 
 rhomboideum, 13 ; rubellum, 31 ; Sanctce Vatharince, 6 ; 
 HiebrechtU, 30 ; speciosum, 35 ; tenerum, 19 ; trapezi- 
 forme, 6 : variegatum, 28; venustum, 33; Versail- 
 lenae, 28; Victorire, 19; villosum, 13; Wagneri, 30; 
 Wiegandi, 30 ; Williamsii, 21. 
 
 A. Fronds with a single row of small leaflets on either 
 side, rooting at the aptx. 
 
 1. lunulatum, Burm. (.4. (7o7n6r»/'(5r»if, Hook.). Fronds 
 1 ft. long on blackish wiry polished stipes; lower leaflets 
 nearly semicircular, all on hair-like stalks. India, Trop. 
 Amer., Australia. 
 
 2. cauditum, Linn. {A. Edgeworthii,T{oo\i.). Fronds 
 6 in. to 1 ft, long on short brownish densely hairy stipes; 
 leaflets deeply cut into several spreading narrow lobes. 
 Old World. 
 
 AA. Fronds with ttsualhf a single row of large leaflets 
 on either side, not rooting at the apex. 
 
 3. Peruviinum, Klotzsch. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, on 
 polished stipes, with obliquely ovate pointed leaflets, 2 in. 
 long by 1 J^ in. wide, on slender stalks : sori 8-10 on either 
 side of the leaflet, twice as long as wide. Peru. 
 
 4. macrophi^lltim, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. long, on rather 
 stout polished stipes, with 4-6 pairs of wedge-shaped ses- 
 
 sile leafletH lK-2 in. long by %-l in. wide ; induRi'um 
 nearly continu(»us on either side of the leaflet. Trop. 
 Amer. 
 
 5. Kaulfussii, Kunze. Fronds 6-8 in. high, on slender 
 blai'k stalks; leaflets 5-11, 2 in. long, ^4-1 in. wide, with 
 unequal base; indusia very long and narrow, forming an 
 almost continuous marginal band on either side of the 
 leaflets. Mex., W. lud. 
 
 AAA. Fronds at least hipinnate, the segments dimidiate, 
 i. e. with the Vf inlets all springing from thr linrrr 
 side of the leaflet, whi'h is twice as lung as broad. 
 
 B. Leaflets 1}4~2 in. long. 
 
 6. trapezif6rme, Linn. Fronds 18 in. ormorehisrh. with 
 theterniinal leaflet longer than the lateral; leaflets trape- 
 zoidal, with parallel sides, H-/4in. wide, lol>ed, and with 
 numerous sori. A. Sdnrttp-Catharlncg is a form with 
 deeper lobes. Trop. Amer. 
 
 BB. Leaflets smaller, an inch or less long. 
 c. Stalks polished, smooth. 
 
 7. polyphyllum, Willd. Fronds often tripinnate, with 
 stout black stalks; pinu«p 6-8, long, with closely set leaf- 
 lets which are %-l in. long, the upper margin curved, 
 with 4-6 circular or oblong indusia. S. Amer. 
 
 8. diiphanum, Blume. Fronds simply pinnate or usu- 
 ally with 1 or 2 pinnae at the base ; leaflets 3-2in. long, 
 J4in. wide, with numerous sori placed in the sinuses of 
 the inner and outer edges. Asia to X. Zeal. 
 
 9. afiine, Willd. Fronds bipinnate, with a central pinna 
 and several lateral ones; leaflets not exceeding •^in. long, 
 34in. wide, the upper edge parallel with the lower, and 
 creuate, bearing numerous rounded sori on the upper 
 and outer margin. N. Zeal. 
 
 cc. Stalks polishvd but somewhat tomentose. 
 
 10. intermedium, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, 
 with a terminal pinna and 1-3 lateral ones on eju-h side; 
 leaflets 1 in. or more long, with interrupted sori on the 
 upper and two-thirds of the outer margins. Trop. Amer. 
 
 CCC. Stalks rough or hairy. 
 
 11. formdsum, R. Br. Fronds 1-2 ft. long, two-thirds 
 as broad, mostly tripinnate, with rough scabrous stalks 
 and rather small deeply lobed leaflets J-.-^'-tin. long, with 
 rounded and toothed outer margins. Austral. 
 
 12. pulyerul6ntum, Linn. Fronds often a foot long. with 
 a large terminal pinna and several lateral ones, l)ipin- 
 nate ; stalks purplish, hairy, as are also the rachises ; leaf- 
 lets %-l in. long, ^4in. wide, closely placed, the outer 
 edge rounded or truncate. W. Ind. 
 
 13. villd8um,lLinn. (^.r7io»j6o}(?fii»j, Swartz). Fronds 
 large, with a terminal and several lateral pinnse 6-12 in. 
 long, on stout villous-hairy stalks ; leaflets numerous, 
 nearly 1 in. long %m. wide, trapezoidal, with the inner 
 side parallel to the rachis ; indusia forming an almost 
 continuous line along the upper and outer margins. W. 
 Ind. and S. Amer. 
 
 14. Ndvse-Caleddniae, Keys. Fronds 6-8 in. long and 
 ■wide, somewhat pentagonal, once pinnate with one or two 
 secondary basal pinnae on the lower side at base; leaflets 
 attached "to the rachises by a broad base, nearly 1 in. long, 
 pointed, irregularly incised, bearing 1-4 rounded sori 
 next to the base. New Caledonia. 
 
 AAAA. Fronds forked, the two branches bearing pinnce 
 from the upper side. 
 
 B. Stalks j)olished, smooth. 
 
 15. ped&tum, Linn. Fig. 33. Common Maidenhair of 
 our northern states, with circular fronds on purplish 
 stalks 1 ft. or more high. — Sometimes transplanted into 
 gardens, requiring a shady, moist and protected place. 
 
 16. curvatum, Kaulf . Fronds forked and with the main 
 divisions once or twice forked; leaflets 1-1% in. long, 
 nearly J^in. wide, the upper margin rounded and lobed. 
 
 BB. Stalks scabrous (or rough). 
 
 17. hispidulum, Swartz {A. puhescens, Schk.). The 
 two divisions branching like a fan, with the largest pinnae 
 6-9 in. long, made up of numerous leaflets T^in. or more 
 long, two-thirds as broad, with numerous circular indusia 
 on the upper and rounded outer margin. Old World. 
 
26 
 
 ADIAXTUM 
 
 ADIANTUM 
 
 Fromls at lea^tt bipinnnte, often tripinnate or 
 quadri pinnate, with numeroun rather »mall 
 tan-nhaped or tredge-nhaped leaflet* K'ith vein$ 
 radiating from the Itane. 
 
 B. Leaflet* an inch or len» acronn. 
 C. Edgett deeply cut into a series of narrow lobe*. 
 
 18. FarleyAnse, Moore. Fig. 34. Fronds often reach- 
 ing 15-24 iu. in length, furmin^ a rich profusion of 
 
 closely overlappinjif pin- 
 n», light green; leaflets 
 more or less wedge- 
 shaped at base, with cur- 
 ved sides and the ou.er 
 margin rounded and 
 deeply cut into 10-15 
 narrow lol>es, which rare- 
 Iv bear sori. Barbadoes. 
 LH. 19: 92. -Said to be a 
 garden variety of A. te- 
 nentm, but apparently a 
 good species. 
 
 cc. Edges not lacin- 
 lately cut. 
 
 19. Unenun, Swartz. 
 Fronds deltoid, 12-15 in. 
 long, two-thirds as wide, 
 the terminal leaflets 
 equally, the lateral un- 
 equally wedge-shaped at 
 base, all of them rhombic 
 and deciduous when dry, 
 with 10 or less small sori 
 on the outer and inner 
 margins. A. Lathomi,A. 
 Victdrice, A. rhodophyl- 
 lum, A. prince ps, and ^4 . 
 Bausei are horticultural 
 forms. Fla. and Trop. 
 Amer. 
 
 20. J6rdani, C. Muell. 
 (A. emarginCttum, D. C. 
 Eaton, not Hook.). 
 Fronds 1 ft. or more long, 
 G in. wide, mostly twice 
 pinnate, with nearly 
 semicircular leaflets ; 
 
 sori elongate, the indusium almost continuous around the 
 margin of the leaflet. Calif, and Oreg. 
 
 21. Wllliamsii, Moore. Fronds triangular, nearly 1 ft. 
 high ; leaflets nearly semicircular, 3-4-lobed on the outer 
 margin, bearing 5-^ sori covered with oblong indusia. 
 Peru. — Similar in habit to the last, but smaller and with 
 more numerous sori. 
 
 BB. Leaflets mostly less than a half inch across. 
 
 C. Fronds at least quadripinnaie, broader than long. 
 
 22. C611isii, Moore. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, very 
 broad, the black rachises apparently repeatedly forking; 
 leaflets rhombic-ovate or cuneate, those towards the outer 
 portions longer and larger than those nearer the base.— 
 Of garden origin, possibly a hybrid. 
 
 CC. Fronds mostly triangular or oblong, longer 
 
 than broad. 
 
 D. Shape of leaflets rhombic, the indu- ia kidney -.shaped 
 
 or nearly circular. 
 
 23. concinnmn, HBK. Fig. 35. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 
 12-18 in. long. G-9 in. wide, on rather stout black stalks; 
 leaflets rhombic-oblong, slightly lobed; sori 4-8 on each 
 leaflet, usually set close together. Mex. to Braz. 
 
 DD. Shape of leaflets roundish tcith obtuse base, small 
 
 or medium size. 
 
 24. JEtMdpicTim, Linn. (.4. «s«j'»mj7<', Swartz). Fronds 
 1 ft. or more long on slen<ler stalks, 2-3 pinnate, rather 
 narrow; leaflets roundish or obscurely 3-lobed, the mar- 
 gin finely serrulate; sori 2-3 to a leal.et, with oblong or 
 kidney-shaped indusia. Afr. and Austral. 
 
 25. excistun, Kunze. Fronds 2-3-pinnate. r>-12 in. long, 
 3-4 in. wide; leaflets about J^in. wide, roundish, with the 
 margin cut into small rounded lobes ; sori large, 2-4 to 
 each leaflet, kidney-shaped or circular. Chile. 
 
 35. Pinna of Adiantum 
 concinnum. Natural size. 
 
 DDD. Shape of leaflets distinctly cuneate at the base. 
 K. Indusia oblong or indistinctly lunate. 
 
 26. CaplUuB -Veneris, Linn. {A. Fergusoni, A. Mai- 
 riaii, MiM>re) . Fig. 3t», Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 6-20 in. long, 
 3-8 in. wide; leaflets nearly %m. wide, more or less ir- 
 regularly lobe<l at the outer margin ; sori 1-3 to each 
 leaflet, with oblong or more or less elongate narrow 
 indusia. Native southward, and widely distribute<I 
 throughout the Old World.— Exists in many varieties, 
 some of them deeply lobed, like A. Farleyense ; a com- 
 pact imbricated form is ver>' effective. 
 
 27. bdllnin, Moore. Small, .3-8 in. high, bipinnate ; leaf- 
 lets with the outer margin erose and often divided into 
 2-:{ shallow lobes ; sori 2-3 to each leaflet, rather long 
 and broad or somewhat lunate. Bermuda. 
 
 EE. Indusia nearly circular, with a narrow sinus. 
 
 28. cime&ttun, Langs. & Fisch. (A. i^mulum, A. mtin- 
 dulutn, Moore. A. VersailUnse, A. fragrantissimum, 
 Hort. ) . Fronds 3-4-pinnate, deltoid, 6-15 in. long, 5-9 in. 
 wide ; leaflets numerous, obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped 
 at base, the margin rounded and more or less crenately 
 lobed ; sori .3-5 to each segment, with rather small rounded 
 indusia. Braz. — Runs into many forms, of which A . va- 
 riegiitum is one. 
 
 29. Modrei, Baker {A. amdbile, Moore, not Liebm.). 
 Fronds 2-3-pinnate on long slender stalks, 6-15 in. long; 
 leaflets li-^in. long, rhomboidal, with wedge-like base, 
 deeply lobed ; sori of medium size, 4-6 to each leaflet. 
 Peru. 
 
 30. W4gneri, Mett. (^4. dh-omm, A.Wi^gandi, A. He- 
 gans, A. Oweni, A.cyvlosd-rum, Moore). Fronds 2-3-pin- 
 nate, 6-9 in. long, 4-6 in. wide; lateral leaflets rhomboid, 
 the terminal cuneate, slightly lobed or incised ; sori 4-6 
 to each leaflet, with very large membranous circular in- 
 dusia. Peru. — J.. Siebrechtii, Hort., "supposed to be a 
 cross between A. decorum and A. Williamsii," has 
 strong, graceful fronds thickly set with round pinnules 
 of firm texture. 
 
 31. rub^Uum, Moore. Fronds 4-6 in. long, deltoid, bi- 
 pinnate ; texture membranous, bright green, reddish 
 when young ; leaflets >^in. wide, deltoid or the lower 
 rhomboid, the outer margin deeply lobed and the lobes 
 finely toothed ; sori round at the apices of the lobes. 
 Bolivia. 
 
 n 
 
 W: 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 *5 
 
 s 
 
 36. Pinna of Adiantum CapillusVeneris. Natural sizt . 
 
ADIANTT^l 
 
 £CHMEA 
 
 tl 
 
 ^ 
 
 32. monochlAmyi, D. C. Eaton. Fronds ovate-deltoid, 
 6-12 in. lonjf, tripinnate ; leartets '410. wide, cuneate at 
 the"baHe, the upper ed^e rounded, nliKlitly ttMithed, with 
 a single Horun or rarely two in a decided hollow at the 
 upper edi^e. Jap. 
 
 Xi. venufltum, Don. Fronds ovate-deltoid, tri-quadri- 
 pinnate, (»-12 in. lon^ ; leaflets '•uneate at the base, )^in, 
 wide, with the upper edjfe irrejrularly rounded or with 
 3 indistin«'t l<>l>es. flnely toothed, bearing 1-3 sori iu dis- 
 tinct hollows. Ind. 
 BBB. Lenflt'ts minute, innumerable; fronds 4-€-pinnnte. 
 
 'M. grracillimum, Hort. Fronds 1 ft. or more long", 
 nearly as wide, 4-6-pinnate, w^ innunienible ver\- small 
 leaflets, which are Yt-y^'m. wi<le and usually bear a single 
 t»orus or rarely two. — Dense, compact forms are in cult, 
 under the name of A. LeGrdndi. 
 
 AAAAAA. St. climbing, several ft. long,3-4-pinnate. 
 
 3,"). difiriti^ti^^t Presl. (A. specibsum. Hook, A. pal- 
 wdtiim, Mf>oret. Fronds 2-3 ft. long on a stalk IH in. or 
 more long, with palmately lobed leaflets 1 in. or more 
 vide. S. Amer. L. M. Underwood. 
 
 ADLUM, JOHN. Plate II. Grape experimenter, and 
 author of "Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine," 1823 
 and lb28, the first separately published American grape 
 book. Bom in York, Pa., Apr. 29, 1759. Died at George- 
 town, D. C, Mar. 1, 18;W. He was a soldier in the Revo- 
 lution, major in the provisional army in the administra- 
 tion of the elder Adams, and later a brigadier-general in 
 t4ie militia of Pennsylvania. He was also a .surveyor 
 and civil engmeer. He also held an associate judgeship 
 in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, having been ap- 
 pointed by Gov. Mifflin. He was a friend of Priestly, and 
 endeavored to apply the scientific knowledge of his time 
 to agriculture. He early became interested iu the ame- 
 lioration of the native grapes, and established an experi- 
 mental vineyard in the District of Columbia. He en- 
 deavored, but without success, to secure the use of cer- 
 tain public land in Washington for the purpose of "cul- 
 tivating an experimental farm." He brought the Ca- 
 tawba grape to public notice. He was a pioneer in the 
 awakening industrial activity of our new countrj*. The 
 botanist, Rafinesque, commemorated his name in the 
 pretty genus Adlumia ; but otherwise he has remained 
 practically unknown until very recently. For further 
 information, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native 
 Fruits." L. H. B. 
 
 ADL0MIA (from John Adlum). Fumarihcece. Ahardy 
 biennial vine, which climbs overhigh bushes in our moist 
 woods. Sow seed in spring in a damp, cool place. Trans- 
 plant in fall, if possible, if transplanted at all. It flowers 
 the first season. 
 
 cirrhdsa,Raf. CLiMBi>fa Fcmitory. Mountain' Fringe. 
 Allegheny Vine. Figs. 37, 38. Climbs by the slender 
 young leaf-stalks. Lvs. thrice pinnate ; leaflets cut- 
 lobed, delicate : fls. white or purplish, in ample panicles. 
 G.W.F. 13. 
 
 ADONIS (a favorite of Venus, after his death changed 
 into a ri<»wer). Ifaniincuhlcece. Hardy annual and per- 
 ennial herbs with showy flowers. Six well known 
 species, natives of temperate regions of Eu. and Asia. 
 Fls. solitary, terminal ; petals 5-16, yellow or red ; car- 
 pels many: st. about 1 foot high, very leafy: lvs. alter- 
 nate, cut into very narrow divisions: fr. an akene. Cul- 
 ture easy in any good soil, light, moist earth preferred. 
 They thrive in full sun or partial sha-le; the perennial 
 species well suited for rockwork, borders, etc. Annuals 
 prop, by the seeds, which are slow-genuinating, sown 
 in autumn or earliest spring ; perennials by seeds or 
 root divisions. 
 
 A. Annuals : fls. crimson or scarlet. 
 B. St. simple except at top: center of fl. yellow. 
 
 aestivitlis, Linn. Pheasant's Eye. Stems erect, often 
 branched at top : fls. crimson ; petals flat, obtuse, half 
 longer than cah-x. June. Var, citrlna, Hoflfm., is a 
 garden variety with citron-yellow fls. 
 
 BB. St, branched: center of fl. dark. 
 
 auttunnilis, Linn. Flos Adonis. Fig. 39. St. branched : 
 fls. small, crimson, with dark center, globose ; petals 
 
 6-8, concave, slightly larger than calyx. May-Joly Gu. 
 12, p. 131. — Sparingly naturalized. 
 
 AA . Pe re n n in Is : fh. yello w . 
 
 B. St. not branched. 
 
 ▼em&lis, Linn. {A. Apennlna, Jacq. A. Davxirica, 
 Reichb. ). Spring Adonis. St. simple: lower lvs. scale- 
 
 38. Flo^ver of Adlumia. 
 Natural size. 
 
 like, others Tdth lobes 
 numerous, entire: fls. 
 large; petals 10-15, lan- 
 ceo ate , slightly 
 toothed; sepals smooth. 
 Earlv spring. Gn. 5, p. 
 519; 39:797. A.dist&rta, 
 Tenore, from Italy ; a 
 form with later fls. 
 
 Apennlna, Linn. (A. 
 rernnlis, var. Sibirica, 
 DC. A. Sibirica,^a.t' 
 T\n.). This species is 
 much like A. vemalis f 
 fls. larger : lower lvs. 
 sheath-like. Apr. Si- 
 beria. 
 
 BB. ,S7. branched. 
 
 Pyreniica, DC. St. 
 branched: petals 8-10, 
 obtuse, smaller than in 
 A. I'ernalis: lower lvs. 
 with long branched pe- 
 tioles; upper ones ses- 
 sile.the numerous lobes 
 always entire. July.Gn- 
 39.p.'209. A.Ircut'idnaf 
 DC, a form with some 
 radical leaves ; lobes 
 dentate. 
 
 Vol§:6nsi8, Stev. {A. 
 
 Wolytnsis, Hort.). 
 
 Much like A. vertMlis, but st. branched: lvs. scale-liko 
 
 at base, petioled or sessile above : fls. like^. Pyrenaica, 
 
 but sepals pubescent on under side. Apr. Volga region. 
 
 A. Amurensis, Kegel & Radde, a beautiful species, with broad 
 yellow fis. : not much cult, iu An^er. : has many Japanese varie- 
 ties. B.M.7490. U.M.40: 169. Gn.o'J: lV2o.—A.mi^:rocdrpa, DO. .is 
 a pale-flowered variation of A. sestivalis. — A.parviflbra, Fisch. 
 Allied to A. aestivalis. xr n t\ 
 
 2!CHH£!A (from aichme, point; referring to the rigid 
 points ou the calyx), liromelidcece. The A^chmeas are 
 closely allied to the Billbergias, from which they are dis- 
 tinguished by smaller flowers, which are little exserted. 
 from the calyx and not widely expanding, short filaments 
 and small anthers, sharp-pointed sepals and conspicuous 
 sharp-pointed flower-bracts. They are epiphytic herbs, 
 of about 60 species, natives of Trop. S. Amer. Flower- 
 cluster arising from a cluster or rosette of long, hard 
 leaves, which are usually serrate ; petals 3, tongue- 
 shaped, obtuse or pointed, 2-3 times the length of the 
 spine-pointed cal>-x-lobes ; stamens 6, shorter than the 
 
 Adlumia cirrhosa. 
 
28 
 
 NOUMEA 
 
 petals : ovary inferior, 3-celled. The flowers are sub- 
 tended by (in the axils of ) flower-bracts; the entire head 
 or flower-cluster is often reinforced or subtended by 
 conspicuous leaf -bracts; in the compound-inflorescence 
 types, the individual branches are usually subtended by 
 branch-bracts. In some species, as A. lAtlindei and A. 
 Marice-Kfiiimf , the large colored leaf-bracts are the 
 most conspicuous part of the plant. In others, as yl. 
 Veitchii, the entire head is the showy part. Monograph 
 
 39. Adonis autumnalis. 
 
 by Baker, Joum. Bot. 1879: 129, IGl, 226. Includes Ca- 
 nisfrum, J^chinostachys, Hohenbergia, Hoplophytum, 
 Zrtimproeocctts, Pironneava, Pothiiava; and some of 
 the species have been referred to BiUbergiUy Cryptan- 
 thiis, Gnzmannia, Tillandsia, Chevaliera, etc. For cul- 
 ture, cee Billbergia. 
 
 A. FL^. S-ranked on the branchlets. 
 
 distichantlia, Lemaire. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with a di- 
 lated base 4-5 in. long and half as wide, the blade rigid 
 and channelled, edges prickly: scape 1-1)4 ft.: fls. in a 
 bipinnate panicle 4-7 in. long and half as wide, the 
 petals tongue-shaped and red-purple, longer than the 
 obtuse-cuspidate sepals: fl. -bract pocket-like, 3^ in. long. 
 Braz. B.M. 5447. 
 
 AA. Fls. multifarious, — in several or many rows on the 
 
 spi^'e or branchlets. 
 
 B. Inflorescence simple, 
 
 c. Ovary compressed or flattened. 
 
 Lalindei, Lind. & Rod. Large (3-4 ft.), with long and 
 broad spine-edged lvs. : spike very dense, greenish 
 white, from the color of the aggregated calices, the fls. 
 subtended by many deflesed, showy red, long-pointed, 
 entire bract-lvs.: corolla not exserted. New Granada. 
 I.F. 30: 481. -Striking. 
 
 Mariae-BeglnaB, "Wendl. Smaller than the last in all 
 its parts : petals blue-tipped when young, fading to 
 crimson like the bracts, half as long again as the mealy 
 cuspidate .sepals ; fl. -bracts entire, small, not showy : 
 bract-lvs. toothed. Costa Rica. B.M. 0441. — One of the 
 best species. 
 
 Veitchii, Baker. Lvs. spotted, serrate : i>etals pale, a 
 little longer than the sepals : fl. -bracts conspicuous, 
 toothed, scarlet: bract-lvs. greenish, erect, serrate, not 
 encompassing the inflorescence. S. Amer. B.M. 6329.— 
 Referred to Ananas by Bentham & Hooker. 
 
 cc. Ovary terete {cylindrical), 
 ""' D. Head oblong. " ' 
 
 Lfndeni, Koch (Hoplophytum Undent, Morr.). Lvs. 
 dilated and entire at base, the blade minutely toothed 
 and 2-3 ft. long, the' tip broad-ro«nded and »hort-cuspi- 
 da*e petals lemon-yellow, twice as long as sepals. Braz. 
 B.M. 6565. 
 
 -fflCHMEA 
 
 DD. Head globose. 
 
 cali 'i&ta, Baker ( Hoplophytum calycnlAtum, Morr.). 
 Lvs. about 1 ft. lontr, with an oblong, dilated base, the blade 
 minutely toothed and rounded at the tip, but terminated 
 with a minute cusp: scape shorter than the lvs., with 
 several deciduous lanceolate bract-lvs.: petals tongue- 
 shaped, not half an inch long, bright yellow: fl. -bracts 
 small, entire, reddish, S. Amer. 
 
 fasciilta, Baker (Billbergia fascidta, Lindl. B. rho- 
 docyuneu, Lemaire). Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, with an ol)l(mg 
 entire clasping base, the blade strongly toothed and the 
 back marbled with whitish cross-lines, the tip rounded 
 and mucronate : scape 1 ft. h'gh, floccose, the several 
 bract-lvs. pale red and erect ; petals ^in. long, pink. 
 Braz. B.M. 4883. B.R. 1130. F.S. 3: 207. -Inflorescence 
 sometimes forked. 
 
 BB. Inflorescence branched (or compound). 
 
 c. Calyx and ovary not longer than the fl.-bracf. 
 
 glomerata, Hook. Lvs. strongly toothed, \%-l ft. 
 long: fls. in dense, rounded spikes disposed in a narrow 
 panicle 1 ft. long ; petals blue or violet, longer than the 
 calyx : fl. -bracts long, pointed, scarlet (in one variety 
 whitish). Braz. B.M. 5668. 
 
 cc. Calyx prominently longer than the fl.-hracf. 
 D. Panicle large, 3-pinnate; petals bright red. 
 
 gpectdbilis, Brongn. Lvs. 2-2}.^' ft. long, minutely 
 serrate : fl. -bracts very small ; petals twice as long as 
 sepals, Guatemala. R.H. 1875: 310. 
 
 DD. Panicle 1- or S-pinnate ; petals blue or violet. 
 
 E. Fls. pedicellate. 
 
 cserol^scens, Hort. Lvs. 134-2 ft. long, with small 
 prickles: panicle 4-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, with lax few- 
 fld. crowded branches; petals bluish red, 3^in. long: fl.- 
 bracts none or minute. S. Amer. Gt. 1871:694. — Pro- 
 duces white berries. 
 
 EE. Fls. sessile. 
 
 coelSstis, Baker. Lvs. much as in the last : panicle 
 deltoid, 3-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, floccose, the lower 
 branches subtended by red branch-bracts 1 in. Jong ; 
 petals nearly half an inch long, blue. S. Amer. 
 
 folgens, Brongn. (^ii7. discolor, Hort. ) . Lvs. broad, with 
 small distant teeth, with a broa<l cuspidate end : panicle 
 large, simple above, branched below, glabrous, bearing 
 numerous fls, ; petals blue-tipped, exceeding the rich 
 red calvx; fl. -bracts minute or none: branch-bracts yel- 
 lowish." S. Amer. B.M. 4293. 
 
 Weilbachii, F. Didr. Lvs. rather short, overtopped by 
 the red-stemmed and red-bracted scape : panicle narrow, 
 1-pinnate, the fls. rather crowded, blue and red. S.Amer. 
 R.H. 1871:170. 
 
 Var. Leodi^nsis, Andr^. Lvs. violet and spotted : fls. 
 shorter. Braz. 
 
 ^.augiista, 'Baker. Allied to ^E.Mariae-ReginiB. Plant large: 
 fls. braall, rose; petals short -protruded; panicle 1 ft..high, del- 
 toid. Braz. R.H. 1881, p. 437 (as Hohonbergia femiginea).— J?. 
 a«ra/irtac«, Baker. PI. vigorous : lvs. expanded in the middle : 
 fls. yellow, 2 in. long. S. Amer. B.H. 1873:15 (as Canistnini au- 
 rantiftOum).—.^.iidri^«, Baker. Fls.2-ranked; corolla pale yel- 
 low. Honduras.— ^£. lirasiUen*is, Regel. Lvs. much dilated at 
 base, whitish l)elow, black-tootlied: petals light blue, calyx and 
 ra<'hisred: panicle hran<'hed. Braz. (jit.l88o:1202.— -.i-'-fcroweiwe- 
 /6/iVi, Baker. Dense spike : lvs. whitish below, 3-4 ft. long, ser- 
 rate or spines<*ent: fls. light yellow. S. Amer,-~^E.Cornui, Carr. 
 =^E. niKlicanlis.— ^./>railp«na,Ai\dre. Lvs.whitish, finely den- 
 tate : spike simple and lax ; lis. long-tubular, light blue ; bracts 
 and ovaries cond-red : berries rose, becoming 1>1ue. .S. Amer. 
 R.H. 1888, p. 401.— J?, exsudans, Morr. Lvs. whitish l)elow : 
 spike globular and dense, nunnlaginous ; petals yellow. Braz. 
 L.B.C. 9:801. B.H. ISlS-.'SOli.—Ai:. Fiirstenbergii, Morr.=Strepto- 
 oalyx Fiirstenbergii.- ^\ fernigUiea, €arr.=^lil. aiigusta.— ^. 
 Hustrix, Morr. Lvs. lepidote, whitish, crowJetl : spike oblong, 
 dense ; fls. purple, tomentose. Guaiana.— ..'?. macracaiitha, 
 Brongn. =^E. Schie<leana.— JE. Melindnii, Hw>k. Punicle ."pin- 
 nate, dense ; petals bright red : lvs. spiny, 1^4-2 ft. (luaiana. 
 B.M. '^'£io.—^E. Mexicdna, Baker. Lvs. long and large, flno- 
 toothed : panicle 3-pinnate, long and lax, the ixHliincles mealy; 
 petals crimson. Mex.— ^\ minidta, Hort.= Billl)ergia thyr- 
 soidea? — ^\ ntpriophylla, Morr. Allied to .^. distiehantha. 
 Lvs. narrow, 2-3 ft., spiny, silvery-soaly on the back : fls. red. ♦ ,e 
 petals fading blue. Trop. Amer. B.yi. Q9'.tQ.—Ji. nndicaulit, 
 Griseb. Lvs. long and straight, brown-toothed : bract-lva. sub- 
 tending: spike large, brilliant red; petals yellow. Tr«)p. Amer. 
 R.H. 188.5::{6 (as JE. Comiii, which is a form with shorter and 
 denser spike).— .f£,panicu/it/era, Griseb. Lvs. large and long: 
 
^CHMEA 
 
 AE RIDES 
 
 29 
 
 nanicle 1-2 ft. long, with few-flowered branches : scape tall, 
 rwldish dowuy : fls. purple. Trop. Amer. — ^\ Schiedeana, 
 SfhltM'h't. (.E.macriM'anthii, Brongn.). Lvs. large, rigid, strongly 
 armed • pauicle 3-pinnate, puljescent ; lis. pale yellow. Xlex. 
 Gt. im-.l'o.—^.zebrliM is Billbergia zebrina. ^ jj g 
 
 iEGLE (from ^Egle, one of the Hesperides). BttOceo', 
 tribe AHraHtie(r. Small, strongly spinose trees, with al- 
 ternate, trifoliolate leaves. Distinguished from the nearly 
 related genus Citrus ( f particularly C. frifoUata) by 
 the hard, gourd-like rind of its fruit and its viscous, 
 woolly seeds. 
 
 Mannelos, Correa. ELErnvN'T Apple. Maredoo. Ben- 
 gal (^i INCE. Bhel Fbcit. Small tree: fr. large. 2-4 in. 
 in diam.. round or pear-shaped. Trop. Asia. — Cult, 
 in S. Fla. and Calif., and in hothouses. The wood is 
 valued for its strength, and the sweet, aromatic pulp is 
 used medicinally in India for diarrhoea and dysentery, 
 and also as a lemonade and conser%'e. j^ j Webber. 
 
 iSGOFODIUM {air, goat, and podion, a little foot; 
 piobably from the shape of the leaflets). Umhrllifero'. 
 GoiTWEE ». Coarse, hsirdy herbaceous perennial, with 
 creeping rootstocks, biternate lvs., sharply toothed, 
 ovate leaflets, and white tts. in umbels. 
 
 Podograria, Linn., var. variegitmn, is a variegated 
 form of this European weed, which makes attnu!tive 
 mats of white-margined foliage. Common in yards. 
 
 AERANTHUS. Consult Amjrircum. 
 
 AERiDES(Greek,air-j9/aHt).Orc7i»rf(ic<'«',tribe fdnderp. 
 Epiphytes: stems erect, roundish : lvs. distichous, strap- 
 p^'uped and spreading, coriaceous, de*' jjy channeled at 
 the base, obtuse: peduncles from the axils of the lvs.; 
 fls. in loose or dense racemes; petals narrower thm the 
 sepals. A genus of remarkably beautiful plants, which 
 develop well under cultivation. Species contined to the 
 tropics of the Old World. The genus Aerides, though 
 not in general cultivation, has many sterling qualities 
 to recommend it. Some of the species produce dense 
 racemes of great beauty, which emit a pleasing fra- 
 grance, and for decorative purposes have few if any 
 rivals in the Or>-hid family. The genus offers no excep- 
 tional difficulties to the horticulturist, q vkes Ames. 
 
 All the species of Aerides are of easy culture in the 
 warmest greenhouse— one that has a minimum tempera- 
 ture of 6.")° F. in winter being best. They should be kept 
 constantly moist, well shaded, and warm, with fresh live 
 sphagnum round the roots at the base of the stems. A. 
 odoratum is perhaps the best known. Other favorites 
 are A. Lnwrencice and A. Fieldingii ; the latter often 
 has racemes 18 inches or more long, of a beautiful rose 
 
 <^«1"'"- Cult, by E. O. Orpet. 
 
 Following are in the American trade: A.iiffine,'So. 11; 
 Amesianum, 9 ; Augustianum, 8 ; Ballantineanum, 4 ; 
 Bermanicum, 1 ; crassifolium. 15 ; crispum, 14 ; cylin- 
 drirum, 18; Dayi num, 2 ; EUisii, 2; expaunum, 10; fal- 
 catuni, 10; Fieldingii, 13; Godefroyunum, 11 ; HouUeti- 
 aninti, 10; Japonicum, IG; LarperiUe, 10; Lawrencia?, 9; 
 Leeanum, G; Leonan, 10; Lindleyanum, 14 ; Lobbii, 11 ; 
 nijvculosum, 12: niajus, 1 : niaximum=?; mitratiim, 19; 
 multiflorum, 11; odoratum, 1; pallidum = I; purpu- 
 rascens, 1 ; quiiiquevulnerum, .5; radicosum, 17; Beichen- 
 bachii, 4 ; Ktebelenii, ^ ; Kohanianum, 4 ; ro.'H'iim, 11 ; 
 Sanderianum, 9 ; Savageanum, U ; suavissimum, 4 ; 
 Thibautianum, 7; vandarum, 18; virens,2; Wameri, 14. 
 
 A. Odoratum section : middle lobe of labellum 
 narroic -oblong. 
 
 1. odorittum, Lour. Lva. 6-8 in. long, l-l">^in. wide, 
 unequal at apices, d' ep green: peduncles not branched, 
 pendulous ; rts. numerous, crowded ; racemes cylin- 
 drical, as long as or longer than the lvs.; lateral sepals 
 ovate; petals obovate-lanceolate, white, with a carmine 
 apical spot ; labellum trilobed, mi<llobe magenta, side 
 lobes white, dotted with magenta; spur recurved, green- 
 ish or white. Cochin China. B.M.4i;?9. (in. 49, p. 158. 
 Gt. 8:273. B.R. 18:1485. Var. Benndnicum, Reichb. f. 
 Fls. sraallei' than in the type, the apices of the petals 
 with mauve lines and dashes instead of blotches. Var. 
 purpurascenB, Hort. Produces large racemes, sepals and 
 
 petals tipped with pale amethyst. Var. m&JTis, Hort. Fls. 
 larger ; racemes longer. 
 
 2. vlrens, Lindl. Peduncles 12-15 in long, 15-20 fld.; 
 spur dotted with magenta; petals and sepals tipped with 
 magenta. Java. P.M. 14:197. B.R. bO: 41. — This species 
 is very similar to A. odoratnm, of which it is considered 
 by some to be a geographical form. Var. Ellisii, Hort. 
 (A. Ellisii, Hort.). Sepals and petals white, suffused 
 with rose, tipped with amethyst-purple. Var. Day^num, 
 Hort. Racemes very long ; tis. bright, large. 
 
 3. Savage&ntim, Hort. Sepals white at base, dotted 
 with purple, otherwise crimson-purple; petals similar, 
 narrotver ; labellum crimson-purple, with a greenish, 
 straight spur ; midlobe denticulate on the margin. 
 
 4. BuavissimTUn, Lindl. (A. JHeichenbachii, Linden. 
 A. JioiHiniauKm, Reichb. f. ). Plant robust, niore lax in 
 habit than type: tls. 20-30, 114 in. across; petals and se- 
 pals white, suffused with carmine at apices ; labellum 
 trilobed, yellowish dotted and suffused with carmine ; 
 apex of spur white. Straits of Malacca. Var. Ballan- 
 tineanum. Racemes shorter; blooms earlier; sepals and 
 petals tipped with amethyst-purple. 
 
 5. guinquevulnerum, Lindl. Racemes 1 ft. long ; fls. 
 crowded; d<jrs<il sepal an<i petals equal, lateral sepals 
 orbicular, all tipped with magenta; midlobe of labellum 
 magenta. P.M. 8:241. Var. Roebelenii (A. Eoebelenii, 
 Reichb. f. ). Sepals and petals shading to green at 
 bases, petals denticulate ; lobes of the labellum lacer- 
 ated, midlobe rose-colored. Manila. 
 
 6. Leeinum, Reichb. f . Peduncles much longer than 
 the lvs.: pedicels rose-color ; sepals rose-purjtle, white 
 at base ; petals similarly colored; labellum small ; mid- 
 lobe deep purple ; spur green tipped. India. 
 
 7. Thibautiinum, Reichb. f. Racemes pendulous, 
 longer than the lvs.; sepals and petals rose-color; la- 
 bellum amethyst-purple ; midlobe narrow, acute. Ma- 
 laya. 
 
 8. Augustianum, Rolfe Petals and sepals shaded 
 with rose ; spur long, straight. Philinpine Isls. G.C. 
 III. 7: 233. 
 
 9. LiLwrenciae, Reichb. {A. LaivrenciUnum, Hort.). 
 Largest species of the section. Fls. 20-30, \%-2 in. in 
 diam.; sepals and petals flushed with amethyst-purple 
 at the apices ; labellum yellowish ; midlobe amethyst- 
 purple. Philippine Isls. Gn. 35: 702. Var. Amesi&num, 
 
 40. Aerides. 
 
 a. A. LawrencifB ; b. flower of miiltiflonim section; 
 
 c. flower of odoratum section. 
 
 Kranzl. More robust: fls. more intense in color. Var. 
 Sanderi&num, Hort. Lvs. narrow : fls. yellowish, with 
 amethyst on face of spur, otherwise like the species. 
 
 AA. Falcatum section : lateral lobes of 
 labellum falcate. 
 
 10. falc&tum, Lindl. & Pax. (A. Larphitrr, Hort. A. 
 erpdnsum, Reichb. f.). Lvs. loosely arranged, 0-8 in. 
 long, IVain, broad : fls. loosely arranged on racemes 1ft. 
 
30 
 
 AERIDES 
 
 long, 134 in. in diam.; sepals and petals white, tipped 
 with amethyst; side lobes of labellum falcate, pale ame- 
 thyst ; front lobe convex, denticulate, keeled above, 
 amethyst in center, margined with white and barred 
 with rose; spur short. Upper Burmah. Var. Houlleti^- 
 num {A.Uoulletidnum, Reichb. f.). Fls. large, IJ^in. in 
 diam.; petals and sepals pale buff, magenta apical 
 blotch ; labellum creamy white; side lobes penciled with 
 maerenta. front lobe keeled. Cochin China. R.B. 21 : 205. 
 R.H. 1891:.T24. Var. Lednaei (A. Leb>mi, Reichb. f.). 
 Side lobes blunt and retuse. 
 
 AAA. MnUiflnrum section: apical lobe of 
 
 labellum hastate, 
 
 B. Peduncles not ascending. 
 
 11. multilldrum, Roxb. {A.afrine, Wall. A. rdseum, 
 Lodd.). Plant compact, dwarf : Ivs. stout, leathery, 
 6-10 in. long, dotted with brown ( ? ) : scapes 15-20 in. 
 long, often branching : fls. small and crowded ; petals 
 and dorsal sepals ovato, equal in leijgth, rose-colored 
 shading to white at the base, dotted and spotted with 
 crimson, inferior sepals pale, less spotted ; labellum 
 cordate-rhomboid at right angles, with other segments 
 scarcely trilobed, deep rose ; spur compressed, very 
 short. 'India. B.M. 4049. Gt. 8:2C7. Var. L6bbi (.1. 
 Ldbbii, Hort.). Lvs. crowded: peduncles more branch- 
 ing : fls. more intensely colored ; very distinct. I. H. 
 15:559. Var. Godefroyanum, Hort. (.1. Godefroydnum, 
 Reichb. f. ). Fls. laiger than in type and more brilliant 
 in color. R.B. 17: 1C9. Tliis is the most widely distributed 
 of the East Indian species, if we except A . odorattim, 
 
 12. maculdstun, Lindl. Plant compact : lvs. dark 
 spotted : racemes pendent, sometimes branching ; se- 
 pals ard petals pale rose, dotted with purple; anterior 
 lobe rose-purrjle, white at base. India. 
 
 1j. Fi61dini?ii, Lodd. Fox-brush Orchid. Tall: lvs. 
 glossy, 7-10 i?K long : peduncles pendulous, branched 
 ne.tr the base, 18-24 in. long : fls. crowded, petals and 
 sepiils wlfite, suffused and dotted with rose ; labellum 
 scarcely trilobed, white sufl ised with rose. Sikkim, 
 Assam. 
 
 14. crlspum, Lindl. St. brownish : lvs. rigid, 5-8 in. 
 'ong : peduncle often branchv^d, pendulous ; fls. not 
 dense, large; petals and sepals white, flushed with rose- 
 crimson, deeper colored on dorsal surfaces; lip trilobed, 
 siae lobes small, midlobe rose-«niv^thvst. S. Ind. B.M. 
 4427. F.S. 5:438. Gn. 4, p. 85. B.R. 28:55. Var. Lind- 
 leyantun, Hort. Larger: fls. paler, racemes branching. 
 Var. W&meri, Hort. Dwarf: fls. smaller and paler than 
 in type. 
 
 15. crassifdlium, Par. & Reichb. f . Compact in growth : 
 lvs. (5-10 in. long : fls. l^ain. in diam. j petals and sepals 
 bright rose -magenta, shading off towards bases; label- 
 lum trilobed, side lobes subfalcate, rose-magenta, front 
 lobe ovate, deeper colored. Burma. 
 
 16. Jap6nicum, Reichb, f. Smallest species of the ge- 
 nus in cult. : lvs. 3-4 in. long, linear oblong : fls. few : 
 peduncles loosely racemose; sepals and smaller petals 
 greenish white, lateral sepals barred with araethyst- 
 purpie ; labellum creuate, ridged, dark violet, with 2 
 erect lobules. Japan. B.M. 5798. — This interesting spe- 
 cies marks the N. limit of the genus Aerides. Requires 
 cooler treatment than the other species. 
 
 BB. Peduncles ascending. 
 
 17. radicdsum, Reichb, Lvs. 8 in. long, 1 in. wide : 
 peduncles ascending, 8-10 in. long, sometimes branching 
 near the base : fls. ^^in. across, purplish ; sepals and 
 pt.rals pale rose, verging on crimson; column winged. 
 India. 
 
 AAAA. Vandanim section : lip various : lvs. terete. 
 
 18. vanddrum, Reichb. t. (vl. ri/?£Mfirj>um, Hook.). St. 
 slender: lvs. 4-4) in. long, channeled above, clasping at 
 bases, alternate: peduncles 2-3 fld.: fls. \%-2 in. in 
 dia.n.; segments undulate; sepals white, lanceolate; 
 pet. \ white, irregularly obovate; lip trilobed, nearly di- 
 videti in front, dentate, sides erect. Sikkim Himalava, 
 4,000-5,000 ft. B.M. 4982. J.H. III. .^4: 417.~Much like 
 
 Vanda teres in foliage. Subtropical species. 
 
 19. mitriltain, Reichb. f. Lvs. semi-terete : racemes 
 manv-rtd.; sepals and petals white ; labellum rose-pur- 
 pie. Burma. B.M, 5728. Oakes Ames. 
 
 ^SCHYNANTHUS 
 
 MRYK (name of no signification). Amaranthcece. 
 Tender herbs or shrubs, allied to Achyranthes. Lanate 
 plants of Trop. Asia and Afr., with perfect or imperfect 
 fls., the perianth segments short and hyaline: stamens 
 5 or 4, sterile filaments intervening : fls. very small, 
 usually in clusters, white or rusty. 
 
 8anguinol6nta, Blume (.1. sanguinea, Hort.). Lvs. 
 lVa-2J2in. long, opposite or alternate, ovate, acuminate, 
 soft, pubescent, pale beneath. Java.— Cult, for its dark 
 red leaves. 
 
 JESCHTNANTHUS {aischnno, ashamed, ugly, and 
 anthos, flower; probably referring to the wide-mouthed 
 gaping of the tls.). Gesnerdre(e. About 40 species of 
 tropical Asian twining or rambling parasitic small 
 shrubs, bearing very showy, more or less fieshy tubular 
 fls., and cult, in warm houses (stoves) : lvs. opposite or 
 verticillate, thick, or even fleshy: perfect stamens 4, 
 ascending under the upper p^rt of the imperfectly 2- 
 lobed corolla ; stigma entire : capsule 2-valved. 
 
 Nearly all the species of this exceedingly interesting 
 genus are from the hot, tropical forests of Java and 
 Borneo, where they grow in company with orchids and 
 other plants on the trunks of trees. The fls., which are 
 produced in the axils of the lvs. and at the ends of the 
 shoots, last a long time in perfection. Being epiphytal 
 under natural conditions, they should be put in a root- 
 ing medium which will require renewal not oftener than 
 once in two years. They must have perfect drainage, as 
 they suffer from stagnant moisture, but during the 
 period of growth they must have copious supplies of 
 water. Prop, by seeds, cuttings, and division. Cut- 
 tings are the most satisfactorj' in building up a flower- 
 ing plant from the beginning. Seeds are slow, and di- 
 vided pieces, unless th^ir TO">ts «rp in a g:ood condition 
 previous to the operation, do not make as good plants as 
 cuttings. Cuttings should be taken early in the spring, 
 and kept close until they are rooted and established in 
 small pots. During the first year they should not be 
 allowed to bloom, but encouraged to make growth by 
 pinching out the ends of the shoots and shifting into 
 larger pot-s as they require it. Most of the kinds look 
 their best when grown as basket plants suspended from 
 the roof of the stove. Wire baskets are best. In pre- 
 paring them, first put in a lining of moss, next a goodly 
 quantity of rough cinders, and the rooting material may 
 consist of chopped fibrous peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and 
 small pieces - ' pots or bricks, with a little coarse- 
 grained sand or a basket 12 ki. across, several small 
 plants out of ii-iuch pots may be used, and in a hot, hu- 
 mid atmosphere the growth 
 is encouraged until the 
 sides of the receptacle are 
 covered. During winter 
 they should be rested by 
 withholding water to a cer- 
 tain extent, and decreasing 
 the temperature consider- 
 ably. A good method of 
 growing the scandent 
 kinds, where facilities are 
 at hand, is to start the 
 small plants on blocks of 
 wood, attach these to damp 
 but warm walls, to which 
 they will cling by means 
 of the roots thrown out 
 from every leaf joint. 
 
 Cult, by G.W Oliver. 
 
 A. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute. 
 
 grandifldra, Spreng. St. creeping, mostly herbaceous, 
 4-5 ft.: lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, repand- 
 serrate, fleshy: fls. aggregated; calyx fleshy and short; 
 corolla arched-tubular, 2-3 in. long, downy, orange-scar- 
 let. E.Ind. B.M.3843. P.M. 5: 241. -Will succeed in an 
 intermediate house. 
 
 AA. Calyx tubular, entire or shortly 5-toothed. ' 
 
 pulchra, Don {JE.ptilcher,DC.). Figs. 41, 42. Trail- 
 ing : lvs. broadly ovate, distantly small-toothed : ct)rolIa 
 glabrous, brilliant scarlet, 3 times longer than the gla- 
 l)rous greenish cah-x. Java. B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:13. 
 K.H. 1883: 204. P.M. 16:161. 
 
 41. JEschynanthus pulchra 
 
 (X>^). 
 
iESCHYNANTHUS 
 
 Lobbiina, Hook. The commonest species in cult, in 
 this countr>' : differs from ^. piilchra in narrower and 
 nearlv entire lvs„ corolla downy and projecting only 
 twice' or less the length of the purple downy calyx. 
 Java. B.M. 4260, 4261. 
 
 £ Boschidna, De Vr.= ^. L.amponga. — J?, ftilgens, "Wail. 
 Lvs lanceolate: calyx tubular, short-toothed, glabrous: corolla 
 al)OUt 2 in. long, orauge-red, pul)escent. E. Ind. B.M. 4i«l.— 
 ^ Javdnica, Hook. Allied to ^. pulchra: differs in pubescent 
 
 ^SCULUS 
 
 31 
 
 42. JBschynanthus pulchra. 
 
 calrx and corolla. B.M. 4503. F.S. 6:558.— ^.ionij)<5nflra, Miq. 
 Lvs. ovate or elliptic-, obtusisli. entire : Ci.lj-x cylindrical, gla- 
 brous: corollatwiceas)ong(2in.), pubescent, scarlet. Sumatra. 
 P.M. 13:175.— -J?, longiflora, Blume. Vigorous: lvs. 3-5 in. long: 
 calyx deeply cut, the divisions linear-subulate: corolla tubular, 
 scarlet, very long: fls. fascicled. Java. B.M. 4328. P.M. 15:25. 
 —^. minidta, Lindl. Fls. vermilion, in 3's in the axils of the 
 oval or elliptic entire lvs.: corolla pul)escent. Java, Borneo. 
 P.M. 16:65.— -^E. specibsa. Hook. Branches knotty: lvs. large, 
 oval-lanceolate, nearly sessile, the upper ones verticillate or in 
 3's : lis. fascicled, numerous ; cab'x with linear-suVnilate divi- 
 sions: corolla large, orange- red, curved. Java. B.M.4.'{20. P.M. 
 14:199. Gn. 51 : 1109.— ^. spleudens, Lindl. & Paxt.=^. speciosa. 
 — jE. splendida, garden hybrid, with scarlet-spotted black fls., 
 in terminal fascicles.—.^, tricolor. Hook. Lvs. small, oval or 
 lanceolate, hairy at the base: ca^x obconic, pul>escent : corolla 
 small, pul)escent, blood-red, throat orange, upper lobes striped 
 black or purple: fls. mostly twin. Borneo. B.3I. 5031. R.B.IO: 7. 
 LH. 5:169. F.S. 13:1384, J.H. HL 35:57L t tt r, 
 
 Li. U. H. 
 
 SSCTTLUB (ancient name of some oak, or mast-bear- 
 ing tree). Sapinddcefp. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye. 
 Deciduous trees and shrubs: lvs. opposite, long-petioled, 
 digitate ; leaflets 5-7, large, serrate : fls. sjTumetrical in 
 terminal, showy panicles; petals 4-5, stamens 5-9: fr. 
 a large trilocular capsule with 1-6 seeds. N. Amer., E. 
 Asia, Himal., N. Greece. Ornamental trees and shrubs 
 with handsome fls,; hardy except the Califomian and 
 Himalayan species, growing best in moist and loamy 
 soil. The larger-growing species are excellent shade 
 trees, and the fls. are show>' and interesting. The fr. is 
 not edible. Prop, by seeds, to be sown in the fall or 
 stratified, or by grafting and budding on common species, 
 and the shrubby forms also by layers. ^. parviflora 
 prop, also by root-cuttings. 
 
 A. Winter-btfds resinous: claws of (he petals not longer 
 
 than the calyx; stamens exserfed. 
 
 B. Petals 4-5 ; calyx can'panulate, 3-lobed ; stamens 
 
 5-8: fr. globular. (Hippocastanum.) 
 
 Hippoc&stantim, Linn. Common Horse-chestnit. 
 Fig. 415. Large tree, 60-80 ft. ; leaflets 5-7, sessile, cune- 
 ate-ohovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, nearly gla- 
 brous : panicles 8-12 in. long, very showy : fls. white, 
 tinged with red: fr. echinate. May. From Himalayas to 
 N. Greece.— Many garden forms, as var. fldre pl^no, with 
 double fls.; bears no fr. LH. 2: 50. Var. pdmila, Dipp. 
 Dwarf form. Var. umbraculifera, Hort., with compact, 
 roundish top. Var. lacinijlta, Dipp. (var disserfa. Hort., 
 var. heterophylla, Hort.), leaflets laciuiate. Var. M^m- 
 
 mingeri, ITort., leaflets dorted with white. Some other 
 varirgated forms. The horse-chestnut is one of the most 
 popular of shade trees on the continent of Europe, and 
 is also much planted along roads and in parks and private 
 grounds in this countr}-. It is particularly a<iaptHble for 
 bowers and places where seats are destrti, as the top 
 stands heading-in and makes a vniy dor ^e shade. Hardy 
 in the N. states. 
 
 turbin&ta, Blume ( JE". Sinensis, Hort., not Bunge.). 
 Tree, 30 ft. : petioles pubescent; leaflets 5-7, nearly ses- 
 sile, cuneate-obovate, crenatc-serrate, pubescent be- 
 neath when young : panicles 6-10 in. long, deitse and 
 rather narrow ; fls. yellowish while, smaller than those 
 of A. Hippocastanum: fr. rugose. June. N. Chiua, 
 Japan. G.C. ni.5:717. 
 
 Cimea, Hayne (-jF. Ilipp^cdstanunixPdvia. A. rubi- 
 CTinda, Loisel. ). Tree, 20—40 ft. : leaflets mostly 5, nearly 
 sessile, cuneate-obovate, crenate-serrate, nearly gla- 
 brous : panicles 5-8 in. long ; fls. varv'ing frum flesh- 
 color to scarlet : fr. with small prickles. B.R. 1056. 
 L.B.C. l.{ : 1242. F.S. 2229-.30. - Many garden forms, ac- 
 cording to the different shades in coloring, and one with 
 double fls. Commonly planted in parks and on road- 
 sides. Handsome and desirable. 
 
 BB. Petals 4, white or pale rose-colored ; calyx S-lipped; 
 stamens 7-0: fr. pear-shaped, smooth. { Calothyrsus.) 
 
 Califbmica, Nutt. Tree with broad top, 30-40 ft.: 
 leaflets 5-7, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate or ob- 
 tuse at the base, sharply serrate, smooth: panicles .'i-8 
 in. long, rather dense. Calif. B.M. 5077. R.H. 18.55, p. 
 150. Gn. 49, pp. 490, 492. S.S. 2:71,72. F.S. 13:1312. 
 
 AA. Winter-buds not resinous: claws mostly longer 
 than the 5-toothed calyx. 
 
 B. Petals 4, yellow to scarlet; stamens included or 
 somewhat exserted : leaflets petioled. (Pavia.) 
 
 glabra, Willd. (^. Ohioensis, Michx. Pdvia glabra, 
 Spach. P. ;)rt??i<fa, Spach.). Small tree 15-30 ft.: leaf- 
 lets 5, oval or cuneate-obovate, flnely serrate, smooth: 
 panicles 5-6 in. long ; fls. greenish yellow ; claws as 
 long as the caljTc; stamens exserted: fr. echinate. May. 
 N.Amer. B.R.24:51. S.S.2:67,68. Var. argtlta, Robins. 
 {A. argftta, Buckl.) Shrub: leaflets 6-7, obovate-lanceo- 
 late, unequally serrate. 
 
 43. Opening foliaee of .Ssculus Hippocastanum. 
 
 ocUndra, Marsh. (^. fldva, Ait. ^. littea, Wangh. 
 Pdvia lutea, Poir.). Large tree, 40-90 ft.: leaflets 5, 
 oblong-obovate or elliptical, cuneate, equally serrate, 
 smooth or pubescent beneath : p.inicles 4-6 in. long ; 
 petals yellow, very dissimilar; stamens 7, shorter than 
 the petals : fr. smooth. Mav-Juno. N. Anu'r. L.B.C. 
 13:1280. S.S. 2:69. 70. Var. discolor (var. /i.vfcr/V/rt, 
 Sarg. A. fldra, var. piirpurdscenn, iiray. A. discolor, 
 Pursh. .1. Mirhnuji, Hort.), Lv.**. tomentose beneath: 
 fls. red or purple. B.R. .'{10. An intermediate form is 
 A. negl4cta, Lindl. B.R. 1009. 
 
32 
 
 ^SCCLUS 
 
 AGAPANTHUS 
 
 versicolor, Dipp.(^. Of /fi>K7rrtxP()r/«. Pdria hybrida, 
 Spach. ^. or P. Lyoni, Hort,). Intermediate between 
 A. octandra and A. Pavia. Lvs. pubescent beneath: fls. 
 yellow, tinged with red or nearly red. 
 
 Pivia, Linn. (Pdvia rubra, Poir. P. Michauii, 
 Spach.). Shrub or small tree, 4-20 ft.: leaflets oblong 
 or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, smooth 
 or pubescent beneath : panicles 4-7 in. long, loose ; fls. 
 purplish to dark red ; petals very dissimilar ; stamens 
 mostly 8, nearly as long as the petals : fr. smooth. 
 May-June. N. Amer. B.R. 993. L.B.C. 13:1257. Var. 
 htimilis (A. humilis, Lmid.). Low shrub, 2-4 ft.: 
 leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate, tomentose be- 
 neath : fls. red, tinged with yellow ; calyx dark red. 
 B.R. 1018.— Many garden forms, as var. cdmea, Hort. 
 Fls. flesh-colored. Var. atrosanguinea, Hort. Fls. very 
 dark red. Var. Whitleyi, Hort. Fls. brilliant red. Var. 
 p^ndula, Hort. {P.pumUn, var. pendula, Hort.). Dwarf 
 form, with pendulous branches : lvs. smooth. Some 
 forms with variegated lvs. 
 
 BB. Fls. pure white, small; petals 4-5 ; stamens more 
 than twice as long as the petals. ( Macrothy rsus .) 
 parvilldra, Walt. {uE. macrostdchya, Michx. P(\via 
 dlba, Poir.). Shrub, 3-10 ft.: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or 
 oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, finely serrate, pubescent 
 beneath : panicles 8-16 in. long, narrow ; fr. smooth. 
 July-Aug. S. states. B.M.2118. Gng. 7:81. — One of 
 the handsomest plants for a lawn clump. 
 
 £. Chinengis, Bunge. Allied to A. turbinata. Leaflets dis- 
 tinctly i)etioled. rounded at the base. China. — AC. Indica, 
 Colebr. Fls. similar to JE. Hippocastaniira: lvs. obovate-laneeo- 
 late. distinctly petioleil, smooth. Himal. B.M. 5117. — Al.Pdrryi, 
 Gi-ay. Similar to A. Califomica. Leaflets small, olMivate. ca- 
 nescent-tomentose beneath : calyx 5-lobed. Calif. G.F. 3: 35C. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 £THI0N£MA (aitho, scorch, and nema, filament; 
 probably referring to appearance of stamens). Crucif- 
 ercp. Dwarf shrubs for the hardy herbaceous border or 
 rockerj-. Less common than Iberis. The genus differs 
 from Iberis in having all its petals equal, and from Le- 
 pidium in having its four stamens longer, winged and 
 toothed. Fls. various shades of pink and purple. "W. B. 
 Hemsley, in On. 9, pp. 108, 109. 
 
 They dislike a moist or stiff soil or shatly places ; but 
 in light, sandy loam, on drj- and sunny slopes, they are 
 compact and branchy, and when once fairly established 
 will last for many successive years without replanting or 
 renewal, while under the opposite conditions the plants 
 grow feeble and lanky, and may die after a year or two. 
 They keep fully as well as the C'andvtufts in water, and 
 can "be cue with longer and straighter stems. Prop, by 
 seeds in spring or by cuttings in summer ; annual and 
 biennial kinds by seeds. j. b. Keller. 
 
 coridifdlium, DC. (Iberis jucunda, Schott & Kotschy). 
 Branches numerous, thick, 4-6 in high : lvs, crowded, 
 short, neryeless, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse: 
 fls. smaller and later than in the next, in dense, short, 
 rounde«l racemes. Chalky summits of Lebanon and 
 Taurus. B.M. .5952. — Good for edging. A. pulchtllum 
 was sold under this name for many years. 
 
 grandifldrum, Boiss. & Hohen. Branches 1-1 J-^ ft.: 
 lvs. usually longer than in A. coridifolitiui . more linear 
 and more acute: fls. as large as those of A i ibis alpiuttf 
 in slender, elongated raceme;--; petals 4 times as long a^i 
 the sepals. Persia. Gn. 9:5. 
 
 F^rsicum, Hort. Stout, erect, shm y, dwarf. Fls. 
 deep rose. Best of dwarfs. Int. 1892, by J.W. Manning. 
 
 pulchtllum, Boiss. & Huet. Similar to .d. coridi folium, 
 but more diffuse and trailing. Fls. smaller and brighter- 
 colored; petals 2% times as long as the sepals. Persia. 
 Gn. 25:436. ^. j^l, 
 
 AOALM^LA (agalma, ornament, and hule, wood; an 
 ornaiuent to the woods in which they grow wild). 6'?»- 
 neriiceif. Tender climbers from Java, which may be 
 grown in a basket like J:Ischynanthus. 
 
 A. loi}(jistyln,QxrT., is considered a synonym of the next. R.H. 
 187:{: 270. — A. staminen. Blume. St. rooting from the lower sur- 
 face: lvs. alternate, with an aV)ortive one opposite the base of 
 each ; petioles 4-8 in. long : ]»la«le as long, ovate, serrate : fls. in 
 large axillary sessile fasoifjes of 12-14; utameus exserted. B, M. 
 6747. P.M. 15:73. F.S.4:358. 
 
 AOANlSIA (Greek aganos, desirable). A small genus 
 of tropical American epiphytal orchids, little cult, in N. 
 Amer. Botanically allied to Warrea and Zygopetaluni. 
 Need a humid atmosphere. Grown on blocks in high 
 temp. Prop, by dividing pseudobulbs. 
 
 tricolor, N. E. Brown. Fls. in a raceme; sepals whit- 
 ish; petals light blue; lip in the form of a saddle, marked 
 with orange-brown. S. Amer. 
 
 pulcWlla, Lindl. Fls. white, blotched yellow on the 
 lip, in a racemose spike from the base of the bulb. 
 S. Amer. 
 
 The above species are the only ones known to have been offered 
 in the Amer. trade. ThereareSorCothers. A.ccenllea.Keivhh.f. 
 Fls. in axillary peduncles, blue-blotched, the lip bristled. Braz. 
 —A. cydnea, Benth. & Hook, (not Reich]>., which = Aeacaulis 
 cyanea). Much like A. tricolor, the lip blue and undulate at the 
 tip. B.R. 1845:28, as Warrea cinerea, Liudl.; also, W. cyanea, 
 Lindl. (see Rolfe., (i.C. III. 6. p. 492). 
 
 AOAFANTHUS («sra/)^, love, and an/ftos, flower). Lil- 
 idcae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, 
 tall simple scape, and 2-bracted umbel of handsome fls.: 
 perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regu- 
 lar: pod many-seeded ; seeds flat, winged above : foliage 
 evergreen. 
 
 In this countr}', Agapanthuses are usually grown in 
 tubs (the roots are apt to burst pots), and are flowered 
 in late spring or early summer in the conservatory, win- 
 dow garden, or living room. The plant is kept dormant 
 during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough 
 life being maintained to prevent the lvs. from falling ( the 
 xar.albidns usually loses its leaves). When in bloom, 
 give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years 
 if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become over- 
 crowded in the tub, and supplied with manure water, 
 sending up many clusters each year. Good results can 
 also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept 
 dormant until spring, they may be bedded in the open, 
 or massed in vases, for summer bloom. Prop, by divid- 
 ing the roots ( and rarely by seeds ) . Old roots break up 
 more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dor- 
 mant, the plant will stand a few degrees— usually 10° or 
 less — of frost. 
 
 tunbell^tus, L'Her. Afripax Lily. Lilt op the Nile. 
 Fig. 44. Lvs. 2 ft. long and numerous, thick, narrow: 
 
 44. Affapanthus umbellatus. 
 
 scape rising 2-3 ft. from the leaf -rosette, bearing an um- 
 bel of 20-.50 handsome blue fls. ; perianth funnel-shaped, 
 with a short tube. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 500.— One 
 of the best known of half-hardy liliaceous plants. There 
 are white-flowered varieties (the best known is var. 41- 
 bidtts); dwarfs, as var. minor and var. MooreftruB, both 
 with blue fls.; giant forms, as var. m4zimu8 (both blue 
 
i i 
 
 AGAPAXTHUS 
 
 aga\t: 
 
 33 
 
 ; 
 
 : 
 
 ,' 
 
 ;J 
 
 1 ; 
 
 antl white-fld.) ,with scape 4 ft. high ; double-fld. variety ; 
 Yiirit'sated-lvd. varieties, as var. aureus and var. varie- 
 ir^tas^; var. Leichtlinii, a compact-trussed blue form ; 
 and others, L. H. B. 
 
 AGABICUS. a genus of fleshy fungi, considered under 
 
 Jltishroom. 
 
 AGATH^ffiA. See Felicia. 
 
 Ji.GA.T'HISiagathis, glome; thefts, in clusters). Tender 
 Australian conifers, allied to Araucaria, yielding Dam- 
 mar resiu. Cones axillary, globular or short. 
 
 robiista, Hook. {Ddmmara robusta, C. Moore). 
 Branches somewhat verticillate, horizontal : Ivs. broad, 
 oval-lanceolate, obtuse : tree reatrhing 130 feet in Austral. 
 -Cult, in Calif. 
 
 45. Aeave Americana, as commonly cTfown in ereenhousei. 
 
 AGAVE (Greek, agauas, admirable). Am,aryllidd,ce(B. 
 Important decorative and economic plants from hot 
 American deserts, the most familiar of which is A. 
 Americana, the American Century Plant. St. short 
 or wauting : Ivs. mostly in a close rosette, mostly stiff 
 and more or less fleshy, persisting from year to year, the 
 margins mostly armed with teeth and the apex tipped 
 with a more or less pungent spine : fls. in spikes or 
 panicles; perianth 6-parted, moreor less funnel-shaped; 
 stamens 6, mostly long-exserted ; style 1 ; ovary infe- 
 rior, 3-celled ; seeds numerous, flat, thin, triangular, 
 black. Some species flower but once and die, others oc- 
 casionally, while others flower from year to year. The 
 number of species is about 150, although more than 32.5 
 have been described. One of the largest collections is 
 at Kew, where there are 85 named species. The largest 
 collecti<>ns in the United States are at the Botanical 
 Garden of Washington and the Missouri Botanical Gar- 
 den, where there are about 75 species each. Amateurs 
 often cultivate a greater number of species than are de- 
 scribed in this account. Agaves are essentially fanciers' 
 or amateurs' plants. This noble group of plants has 
 never received the attention it deserves, and yet no ge- 
 nus of plants in America furnishes so many suitable 
 decorative plants. Sir Joseph Hooker places It next to 
 the palm and aloe, but the former is a great family of 
 1,100 species. While in the United States we think of 
 the Agaves only as decorative plants, yet in Mexico, 
 their native home, they are the most useful of plants. 
 Many species furnish fiber, others soap, while still 
 others produce the two great Mexican drinks. Pulque 
 and MeHcal. Pulque, which is a fermented drink, is ob- 
 tained from several species, especially A. atrovirens. 
 Mescal, which is a distilled drink, is usually not ob- 
 tained from the same species as Pulque, although there 
 is a general belief to the contrary. The species from 
 which is made most of the Mescal used in Jlexico is 
 unknown. The species vary so much in size and form 
 tliat they can be used in a great many ways. Some of 
 the smaller species are suitable for the house, and even 
 some of the larger species are so used. The larger spe- 
 cies are well adapt«'d for vases in large gardens and 
 ^rrounds, along walks, terraces, etc. These plants, com- 
 ing, as they do, from arid or even desert regions, where 
 
 they have a hard struggle to exist, can be grown with 
 little or no care, but they respond very quickly to good 
 treatment. The species are propagated in various ways; 
 some produce suckers at the base or even underground 
 shoots ; others give oflf buds from the stem, which fall 
 off and take root, or may be detached and planted ; 
 while not a few produce bulblets in the flower-clusters, 
 and sometimes in great abundance, while all may be 
 produced from seed. But as most of the species flower 
 only after a long interval, and many have not yet been 
 known to flower in cultivation, this latter means of 
 propagation can not be relied upon. In cultivation, 
 fruit is set very sparingly or not at all without artificial 
 pollination, although this can be accomplished with 
 very little trouble. Monograph by J. G. Baker, Ama- 
 rj'lfidete, 1888. j. n. Rose. 
 
 None of the Agaves are at all difficult to grow. The 
 soil should be principally loam and sand, and if any vege- 
 table soil be given it should be in small quantities. Good 
 drainage and firm potting are necessarj'. To grow small 
 plants of the large-leaved kinds into good-sized specimens 
 quickly, they should be plunged out in a sunny spot in 
 spring, taking care that the pots are large enough so that 
 they will not require repotting in the fall. Nearly all of 
 the large-growing kinds are easily increased from suck- 
 ers, which, when the plants are grown in a pot -bound con- 
 dition, are produced very remlily. They should only be 
 taken off from the parent plant when furnished with suf- 
 ficient roots to give them a start. Some kinds are raised 
 only from seeds, which, when freshly gathered, germinate 
 in a few weeks. Cult.' by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 The classification of the Agaves is a very difficult one. 
 This is partially owing to the great number of species, 
 to the difliculty of preserving study material, and to the 
 inf requency of fiowering in many spe- 
 cies. In fact, many species have never 
 been known to flower. The most 
 usable characters for classification 
 are to be found in the leaves, and, 
 although such an arrangement is 
 more or less artificial, it is certainly 
 the most satisfactory in naming a 
 collection. From a botanical point 
 of view, however, the inflorescence 
 shows the true relationship of the 
 species. In this way the genus is 
 usually divided into three groups or 
 subgenera. These are : First, the 
 Euagave, having a paniculate in- 
 florescence, with candelabra - like 
 branches. Second, the Littcea, hav- 
 ing a dense spike of flowers. (The 
 section Littcea has been considered 
 by some a good genus, but it seems 
 to ct)nnect with the first section 
 through certain species.) The third 
 section, Manfreda, is very different 
 from the above, and is considered by 
 the writer as a distinct generic type, 
 although treated here in accordance 
 with general usage. Manfredas are 
 all herbaceous, appearing each year 
 from a bulbous base, the Ivs. 
 are soft and weak, dying down 
 annually, while the inflores- 
 cence is a slender open spike, 
 with solitary' fls. from the axils 
 of bracts. 
 
 The f(dlowing Agaves are 
 here described : albicans. No. 
 30 ; Americana. 1 ; Amuren- 
 sift, 27 ; angustifolia, 3 ; ap- 
 planata, 7 ; atrovirens, 5; at- 
 tenuata, 19 ; Beaucamei, 28 ; 
 Botteri, 29; brachystachys, 
 40; Cnndelabrum, 'i ', Celsii, 
 
 31 ; coarctafa, 5; cochlearis, 6; dasvlirioides, .3G ; densi- 
 flora, 32; Deserti, 10; echinoides, 34 ; Elemeetiana, 20 ; 
 ensiformis,M; filifera, 13; geminiflora, 10; Gilbevi, 
 20; glaucescens, 19; heteracantha, 22 ; horrida, 20; 
 ixtlioides, 3 ; Kerchovei, 28 ; Kochii, 27 ; latissima, 5 ; 
 Lecheguilla, 23; Lehmanni,5 ; macracantha, 8 ; macu- 
 
 Agave Americana In 
 flow^er. 
 
34 
 
 AGAVE 
 
 AGAVE 
 
 lata, 39 ; maculosa, 38 ; Mexicana. 2 ; micracantha, 33 ; 
 mitis, 33; mitrifformis, 5; Nissoni, 25; potatorum, 11; 
 Potosina, 41; Pringlei, 4; recurva, 34; liichardsii, 'M; 
 rigida, 3; rigidis.fima, 28; Salmiana, 5; schidigera, 14; 
 Scolymus, 11; Schottii, 18; 8hawii, 9; Sisalana, 3; stri- 
 ata, 34 ; stricta, 34 ; Taylori, 17 ; Thnaeanensis, 5 ; uni- 
 vittata,21; Utahensis, 12; vestita, 15; Victoriap-Reginse, 
 24; Virginica, 37; xylonacantha, 27; yucctpfolia, 35. 
 
 A. Foliage persisting from year to year: inflorescence 
 
 dense, many-fid.: plants flowering after a more 
 or less long interval, often but once, in others 
 occasionally. 
 
 B. Infloresence a compact panicle; fls. borne in clusters 
 near the ends of horizontal branches. (Euagave.) 
 
 1. Americana, Linn. Common Centcrv Plant. Figs. 
 45, 46. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 40-50, either 
 straight or the tips recurved; the margin scalloped be- 
 tween the sharp teeth: fl. 3 in. long, yellow. The most 
 common species in cult. A.F. 7:503. Gn. 12, p. 397. 
 G.C. III. 19:17. Gn.47,p.59. F.E.10:595. Trop.Amer.* 
 Several varieties, of which var. picta, var. varieg&ta (B. 
 M. 3654) and var. recurv^ta are the best known. — Some 
 forms have Ivs. striped, and others bordered with yellow. 
 This species is the one which is commonly grown as a tub 
 I)Iant by florists, being used out-of-doors in the summer 
 for lawn and porch decoration. 
 
 2. Mexicana, Lam. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 
 20-30 ; similar to A. Americana. Common in Eu. Int. 
 about 1S17, from Mex. G.C. II. 19:149. 
 
 3. rfgida. Miller. St. wanting or sometimes 4 ft. long: 
 Ivs. thin, narrow, elongated; the margin either smooth 
 or toothed. S. Mex. Perhaps more than one species in- 
 cluded under this name. Jl. «Hgns/j7o?irt, Haw., seems 
 to belong here. B.M. 5893, as A. ixtlio\des. Gng. 5: 89. 
 
 Var. elnng&ta, Baker {A. Candelabrum, Todaro). St. 
 much elongated. 
 
 Var. Sisalana, Engelm. Sisal Hemp. Margin of the 
 Ivs. entire. Yucatan. Naturalized on Fla. keys. — Rec- 
 ommended for cult, on a large scale in certain cheap 
 lands of Fla. Largeh* grown in Yucatan as a fiber plant, 
 the tiber being exported to U. S. and used in making 
 cheap cordage. 
 
 4. Pringlei, Engelm. Lvs. sword-like, very stiff, 18 
 in. or less long, narrowed from near the base to the 
 sharp tip, the margin with small, hooked, brown prick- 
 les: fl. \%\n. long, yellow. Lower Calif. 
 
 5. atrdvirens, Karw.( .4. T/jHrtcauf'HSJs, Karw. A. Sal' 
 midmt, Otto). Often attaining a great size: lvs. few, 
 10-30, becoming 9 in. broad and 7-9 ft. long, very thick 
 at base and glaucous throughout, tipped with a stout 
 spine; the upper part of the margin homy: fl. 4 in. 
 long Mex. G.C. II. 8:177. —Several species have passed 
 under this name. 
 
 Var. latissima {A. latissima, coarctUta, Lehmanni, 
 and mitrceformis, Jacobi). Lvs. broader, oblong-spatu- 
 late (8-9 in. l)road above the middle). 
 
 6. cochle^ris, Jacobi, Pulque Plant of W. Mex. 
 Very similar to the above, but lvs. longer and a foot 
 wide, not glaucous. Int. about 1867, but rare in col- 
 lections. 
 
 7. applan^ta, Lera. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 150, 
 B-'i%'\i\. broad, stitf and glaucous, with long, pungent 
 end spine: fl. 3 in. h>ng, greenish yellow. —A beautiful 
 species from Mex. Int. about 1862. 
 
 8. macrac&ntha, Zucc. Small, stemless, compact: lvs. 
 about 50. a foot long, very stiff and pungent, glaucous: 
 fls. in a lax raceme. Int. about 1830, from central Mex. 
 G.C. II. 8:137. 
 
 9. Sh&wii, Engelm. Stemless : lvs, .50-€0 or even 
 more, oblong-spatulate, 8-10 in, long, dull green and 
 slightly glaucous, with a brown tip-spine an inch long, 
 the edge with upturned brown teeth ^in. or less long: 
 fls. 3-3J-^in. long, greenish yellow. S. Cal. Int. about 
 1875. 
 
 10 Des^rti, Engelm. Stemless: Ivs. few, in a rosette, 
 oblanceolate, a foot or less long, deep concave above, 
 very glaucous, tip-spined, the lower half of the blade 
 with hooked prickles : fl. yellow, 2 in, or less long. S. 
 Cal. Int. about 1875. 
 
 11. Scdlymus, Karw. Lvs. 20-40. 9-18 in. long. 3-^ in. 
 wide, glaucous; the margin indented between the teeth: 
 fl. 2-3 in. long, yellowish. Mex. Gn. 12, p. 397. Int. 
 about 1880. — Said" to be common, with several varieties. 
 A. potatdrum, Zucc, may be only a form of the above. 
 
 12. Utahensis, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. .sword-like, 1 
 ft. or less long, thick and rigid, the sharp tip-spine an 
 inch long, the margin with triangular teeth, glaucous: 
 fl. an inch long. Utah and Ariz. 
 
 BB. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical spike; fls. usu- 
 ally borne in twos. (Littcta.) 
 c. Margins of lvs. not toothed. 
 
 D. Lvs. linear, stiff, smooth, with the margins splitting 
 off into fine threads. 
 
 13. filifera, Salm-Dyck. Plant small, compact, about 
 
 1 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 100, linear, stiff, 9 or 10 in. in 
 diam., light green in color, with a verv pungent tip: fl. 
 
 2 in. long, brownish: stalk 5-8 ft. long. Mex. G.C. III. 
 
 21: 167. I.H. 7: 243.- 
 
 
 Several species are often 
 found in collections un- 
 der this name. 
 
 14. Bchidigera, Lera. 
 Very similar to the 
 above, but with some- 
 what broader Ivs. and 
 the margin splitting off 
 into white ribbons. Mex. 
 B.M. 5641. -Frequently 
 flowers in cult. 
 
 47. Affave 
 
 attenuate. 
 
 15. vestita, Watson, also of the type otA. filifera, is a 
 very recently described and introduced species. Lvs. 
 more bronzy than that species. Mex. table lands. A.G. 
 1892:609. — It deserves a place in any large Agave col- 
 lection. 
 
 16. geminifldra, Ker-Gawl. (Bonapdrtea jiincea, 
 Haw.). Lvs. often 200-300, narrowly linear, somewhat 
 recurved, lH-2 ft. long, somewhat convex on both 
 sides: flower stalk sometimes 25 ft. long. Mexico, where 
 it grows commonly along streams. B.R. 1145, F.S. 7, 
 p. 6, — Very common. 
 
 17. Tiylori, Hort. A garden hybrid of A.geminiflora 
 and A. densiflora is often seen in cult. Mn. 7:111. 
 G.C. II. 8:621. 
 
 18. Schdttii, Engelm. {A. gemnifldra var. Sondne, 
 Torr.). Stemless : lvs. linear, 1 ft, or less long and only 
 Jain, broad, flat or concave, very rigid, sharp-tipped, 
 the margin usuallv with white threads: fls. IJ^in. long 
 S. Ariz. B.M. 7567'. 
 
 £.•' 
 
AGAVE 
 
 AGAVE 
 
 35 
 
 DD- Lvs. broad and fleshy. 
 19 attenuftta, Salm-Dyck (A. glaucSseens, Hook.). 
 Fies 4'-*9- St. 4-5 ft,, crowned by a great mass of lvs., 
 sometimes 6 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 20, 2-3 ft. long, 6-8 
 in broad at the widest point, very glaucous on both 
 fiidp^i- fl.-spike5 ft. long; fl. 2 in. long, greenish yellow. 
 0^10:95: G.C.II, 2:218, 223. G.C. III. 17:4.-^,457. 
 B M. 5'SXi. Gn. 51,p. 407.— This is one of the most ma- 
 jestic of the Agaves. It has flowered only twice in the 
 United States, — in the Washington Botanical Garden, in 
 1897 and 1898. 
 
 20. Elemeetiina, Koch. Very near the above, but 
 stemless: lvs. about 25, l>^-2 ft. long, 4^-6 in. wide ; 
 pale. B.M. 7027. G.C. II. 8:749.— A var. subdentita is 
 sometimes sold. 
 
 cc. Margins of h'S. more or less toothed. 
 D. Border of lvs. horny throughout. ; 
 
 21. tmivittita, Haw. Stemless: lvs. about 50, rigid, 
 
 2-2 ^^ ft. long, dark green 
 except a pale band down 
 the center: fls, yellowish. 
 Mex. B. 31. (W55. — Int. 
 about 1830. 
 
 22. heteracAntha, Zucc. 
 Verycoiumou. Forms seen 
 in collections show a very 
 polymorphous species. 
 Stemless : lvs. about 20, 
 with a pale band down the 
 center; teeth widely sepa- 
 rated, never banded, 12 in. 
 long, 2 in. broad. Mex.— 
 Numerous varieties. Int. 
 1862. 
 
 23. Lechegrtillla, Torr. 
 Rather coinniun in collec- 
 tions, but usually passing 
 as A.heteracantha. Seem- 
 ingly a gt od species, 
 though referred l)y Baker 
 to ^4. heteracantha. Lvs. 
 not banded, and spine verv 
 long. W. Tex. and X. Mcx". 
 
 48. 
 
 Flowers of Agave 
 attenuata. 
 
 24. Victdriae - Reginae, 
 Moore. Stemless : lvs. 
 sometimes 200, very compact, rigid, 6-8 in. long, VA in. 
 broatl, the margin and bands on the back white, obtuse 
 at apex, tipped with a small spine. Mex. Gn. 8, p. 351. 
 G.C.II.4:485; 11.18:841. I.H.23:413. -A very remarkable 
 species. Int. in 1872, but now seen i^. all collections. Prob- 
 ably more cult, than any ot'ier kind except J.. Americana. 
 
 25. Nfssoni, Baker. A small species usually growing 
 in clumps ; especially desirable for large vases. Lvs. .5-6 
 in. long, with a pale band down the center. Mex. — Not 
 knowTi to have flowered. 
 
 20. h6rrida, Lem. Stemless : lvs. about 40, compact, 
 rigid, with a very stout end spine, not striped: fls. nearly 
 2 in. long, yellowish. Mex. B.M. 6511. — Many forms. 
 
 Var. Gilbejri, Baker. Lvs. with a pale stripe down the 
 center. G.C. I. 33:1305. Gt. 1874, p. 84. 
 
 27. xylonac4ntlia, Salm-Dyck. Stout-stemmed: lvs. 20 
 or less, sword-like, 3 ft. or less long, with a sharp brown 
 point, slightly glaucous green, with a few darker green 
 lines on the back, the margin with a few large teeth : fls. 
 I'^in. or less long, greenish yellow. Mex. B.M. 5660. 
 G.C. II. 7:523.— .4. Amtirinsis and A. Koehii, Jacobi, 
 are forms of this species. 
 
 28. Eerclxdvei, Lem. (A. Beaucdrnei, Lem. A.rigid- 
 u.sima, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 20-30, sword -like, a foot 
 ur less long, rigid, dull green with a pale central band 
 alwve, not dark-lined below, with lanceolate curved 
 teeth: fls. V4m. long. Mex. G. C. IT. 7: 523.- Many 
 forms, as diplac&ntha, macroddnta, pectin^ta. 
 
 DD. Border of lvs. not homy. 
 E. Lvs. oblong, with small teeth. 
 
 29. B6tteri, Baker. Stemless : lvs. ,50, 2 ft. long, broad, 
 pale green; triangular teeth on margin, crowded and 
 black. Mex. B.M. 6248.— A very beautiful species. 
 
 30. Albicans, Jacobi. Stemless: lvs. about 30, in a dense 
 cluster, 15 in. or so long, 3-3>^in. wide, tapering to a 
 weak spine, glaucous on both sides, the margin lined 
 with small black teeth: spike of fls. about 15 in. long; 
 fls. yellowish. Mex. B.M. 7207. G.C. II. 8:717.-Thi8 is 
 one of the smaller Agaves. It does not die down after 
 flowering. A form with variegated lvs. 
 
 31. C6l8ii, Hook. (4. Cf/sifina, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 
 20-30, oblong-spatulate, 2 ft. or less long, not strongly 
 spine-tipped, the marginal lanceolate spines unequal, 
 glaucous : fls. 2 in. or less long, purplish green, the tube 
 very short. Mex. B.M. 4934. 
 
 32. densindra, Hook. Stemless: lvs. .30-40, oblanceo- 
 late-spatulate, 3 ft. or less long, glaucous when young 
 but becoming green, the end-spine 3^in. long, the mar- 
 ginal deltoid prickles 1 line or less long : fls. 2 in. or 
 less long, greenish brown. Mex. B.M. 5006. 
 
 33. mitis, Salm-Dyck. Short-stemmed: lvs. 30, oblan- 
 ceolate, 15 in. or less long, 3 in. at broadest part, tip- 
 spine weak, the teeth very small and green or only ob- 
 scurely brown-tipped, green : fls. 2 in. long. Mex. — JL. 
 mjcracaH/^a, Salm-Dyck, is very similar. 
 
 EE. Lvs. very narrow, weak, the surface mostly ribbed: 
 the margin minutely serrulate 
 
 .34. striata, Zucc. Stemless or nearly so: lvs. 1.50-200, 
 linear from a wide base, 2%tt. or less long, scabrous on 
 the edge, sharp-tipped, glaucous-green, and ribbed on 
 both surfaces: fl. IJ^in. long, brown-green. Mex. B.M. 
 49.50. Cult, under several forms, as var. reciirva, Baker, 
 Lvs. larger and more falcate, not sharp-tipped. Var. 
 stricta, Baker {A. strict a, Salm-Dyck). Dwarf: lvs. 
 very stiff, 1 ft. long. Var. echinuides. Baker {A. echi- 
 noVdes , Jaeohi. A. ensifdrmis and .4. Richardsii, Hort.). 
 Dwarf and stiff: lvs. only J^ft. long. 
 
 35. ynccaefdlia, DC. St. short: lvs. 20-40, much nerved, 
 linear and recurved, with a pale center, entire or nearly 
 so. Mex. B.M. 5213. -Int. about 1800. 
 
 36. dksylirioldes, Jacobi. Stemless : lvs. about 100, 
 linear, stitf. very glaucous, serrulate, finely striate ver- 
 ticallv on both faces: fl. nearlv 2 in. long, yellow. Mex. 
 B.M. "5716. 
 
 AA. Foliage weak and soft, dying dotcn annually : in- 
 florescence a slender open raceme or spike : st. 
 arising from true bulbs. {Jtfanfrtda.) 
 
 37. Virginica, Linn. Lvs. few, green, 6-20 in. long, 
 spreading, lanceolate; pale green or brown mottled, with 
 a narrow white and nearly entire margin: stalk 3-6 ft. 
 high: fls. greenish. S. states. B.M. 1157. 
 
 Var. tigrlna, Engelm. , a form from South Carolina and 
 Mi-jsouri, has spotted lvs. 
 
 38. maculdsa, Hook. Fig. 50. Basal lvs. 6-10, blotched 
 with brown or green, soft and fleshy, somewhat recurved, 
 the margin serrulate: st. 15-25 in. high, bearing a few 
 scattered lvs. or leaf -like bracts: fls. 10-25, nearly ses- 
 sile. 2 in. long, purplish; stamens a little longer than the 
 segments of the fl. S. Tex. B.M. 5122.- Generally la- 
 belled A. maculata. 
 
 49. Cross-sections of leaf of Affave attenuata. 
 
 39. macnlita, R«gel. A name commonly used for the 
 above, but a very uncertain species. It is probably A. 
 protuberans, Engelm. 
 
 40. brach^stachys, Cav. Lvs. lanceolate, green with a 
 pale nearly entire edge: fls. reddish. B.R. 25:.55. — Rare 
 in collections, but a very important plant in Mexico, fur- 
 nishing much of the "amole " of the natives. 
 
 -J 
 
36 
 
 AGAVE 
 
 AGRIMOXIA 
 
 41, Potoslna, Rob. & Greenm. An odd little species, 
 rest-nibling very much ^1. I'irginica. Sometimes met 
 with under the name of Delpinoa gracillima. 
 
 The gartlener may find the following names (those market! * 
 are or have been offered by American dealers) : A. KonnetiCtna, 
 PeacjH'k, is considered by J. It. Baker to be a form of A. ferox. — 
 *A. lioiKhei, JiU'obi. Fls. in spikes : Ivs. oblance<ilate. glawous 
 when young, brown-toothed. Int. lAU. G.C. III. 'JlrlW), 1«7. 
 B.M. 7558.— *.l. Can'fcaw, Baker. Fls. in spikes: Ivs. lanceolate, 
 with very minute and close teeth. Isle of Martinique.—*.! . cat- 
 eidna, Hort.— *J^. chloracdntha, Salm-Dyck. Fls. in spikes: 
 Ivs. oblanceolate, bright green, weak-spine<l. Int. alnmt 1860. — 
 A. eoceinea, Koezl. Has never Hd. Apparently common in 
 Europe, with at least one variety. Lvs. spatulate, dark green, 
 repand-prickly.- A.c^rH/eAf*'««.Salm-Pyck, is a glaucous -leaved 
 variety of A. lophantha.— *J^. Curderoyi, Baker. Has never fld. 
 in cult. : lvs. sword-like, rigid and spreading, channelled, spine- 
 edgetl.— *.I. rffn'/JjV/j*. "Tall-growing: lvs. dark green. Fla." — 
 A. EngeluMtini, Trelease. A.F. 8:109.— *J^. embescens, Hort. — 
 *A. ferox, Koch. 8;iid to l>e not uncommon in cult., but it has 
 never rtd.: lvs. slightly glaucous, the brown teeth Hin. lonjf. 
 G.C. III. 20: 525.— *.!. Fratuogini. " Large-growing, of peculiar 
 bluecolor." — *A. GaiiUniana, Hort. — *J.. GhXeshreghtii, Koch. 
 Int. about 1862. Several varieties. Lvs. glossy green, minute- 
 toothed. It has never tld. Some plants circulatetl un<ler this 
 name are A. pruinosa.— .1. ^ra/itiirf^i/dia, Jiicobi, is a var. of A. 
 horrida.- J^. Oustariana, Hort. Oonsidere*! by Baker as belong- 
 ing to .\. Maximiliana. Lvs. slightly glaucous, with brown 
 prickles.— *.l. Henriqni'si, Baker. Fls. in spikes: lvs. lanceo- 
 late-oblong, rigid, bro>vn-eilged and prickly. — *J.. UouUetii, 
 Jacobi. Has never fld. in cult. Lvs. oblanceolate, not spiny.— 
 A.Jaciitiiniana, Schult. Now considered a variety of A. luri<Ia. 
 Lvs. oblanceolate, ver>- glaucous, with bhu-k prickles. B.M. .5097. 
 — *A. Margarita. " Dwarf, very compact and prickly. Lower 
 Calif.**— *A. w^rword^rt, Roezl. Fls. in panicles: lvs. glaucous, 
 repand-priekly.- *A. Jf<'«o^i7io. " Pale stripe down the center of 
 the leaf : similar to A. I.ie<'heguilla, but of larger and stouter 
 growth."—*.! . viicracdntha. 8alm-I)yck. A small-spin?d form of 
 A. horrida. — *A.Miradoretisis, Jacobi. Fls. in panicles: lvs. ob- 
 lanceolate, the prickles very 9ms>\\.—*A. Nickelsii. "Similar in 
 appearance to .\. Victoria} -Reginje, except that it is of much 
 more robust gro^vth, the lvs. being thicker and the white mark- 
 ings on same being broader and more distinct." F.E.7:618. — 
 A.<>M«««'/f;*«'MJtdHa,Jacobi=A. albicans.— *J^.Fdi»Jcrt, Engelm. 
 A l)eautiful species from Ariz, and Mex. Stemless: lvs. oblanceo- 
 late, glaucous, repand-prickly.- A. Pdrryi, Engelm. Now con- 
 sidered as a variety of A. applanata.— *J.. polyacdntha. Haw. 
 Fls. in spikes : lvs. oblanceolate, green when grown, bni^^ni- 
 toothed. Int. about 18*20.— A.pn/jnosa, Lem., see Ghiesbreghtii. 
 — *.l. pitlcherrima, Hort.— .1. liegelidna, Jacobi = A. horrida.— 
 *A. Iiobini,tlort.—*A. ritpicola.Regel. Fls. in spikes : lvs. ob- 
 lanceolate, bright green, jagged.— *J.. »S'i»ioroH. "Resembling 
 A. .\mericana, but ashy gray in color, and of smaller growth: 
 thorns on points of lvs. much longer." Calif.- A. Simorri. Hort. 
 Same as above?— *.!. spectdbil is. Todaro. Lvs. nearly 2tH), lan- 
 ceolate, very glaucous, brown-toot he<l.— J.. »ubuldta, Hort.— *.!. 
 gylrestris, Hort.— *.!. ToUinensis. Hort.- *J^. Yandenrinneni, 
 Jacobi. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, dull green, brown-edged and 
 toothed —J.. Yerschaffi'ltii. Lem. Is ustially considered a form 
 of A. Scolymus. I.H. 15: oW.— *.t . Wildingii. Todaro. Lvs. few, 
 oblong, bright green, with small brown teeth. j_ \;^ RoSE. 
 
 AGD£STIS (a mythical hermaphrodite monster, the 
 genus being an anomalous one in its order). Phytolac- 
 cdce(f. Amonotypicgenus. Tender climbing shrub from 
 Mes. Cult, in Calif. 
 
 clematidea, Mo^. & Sesse. Lvs. alternate, petiolate, 
 cordate: d.s, a.\illary or in terminal, branched, racemose 
 cymes, white, star-shaped; sepals 4; petals 0. 
 
 AGERATUM (Greek for not growing old, probably 
 applied tirst to some other plant), Compdsifif. About 
 40 species of trop. Amer. herbs, with opposite staliied 
 lvs. and blue or white fls. in small terminal cymes or 
 panicles. 
 
 conyzoldes, Linn. (.1. Mexichnum, Sims, and Hort.). 
 Fig. h\. Annual and pubescent: lvs. ovate-deltoid, 
 crenate-serrate : fls. blue or white, or varying to rose. 
 Ordinarily a rather loose-growing plant a foot or two 
 high, but there are dwarf and compact forms ; al.so va- 
 riegated forms. Trop. Amer, B.M. 2524. — This is the 
 common ageratum of gardeners and florists. It is easily 
 grown from seeds, sown in the border where the plants 
 are to stand, or started in the house or hotbed. If the 
 plants are to be used for bedding, they should be placed 
 a foot or less apart. They thrive in any garden soil and 
 exposure. They bloom all summer : and if sown in 
 late summer or fall, they give winter bloom under glass. 
 
 The plant sold as A. eonspicuum is an Eupatorium ; 
 and that sold as A. Lasseduxii is a ConocUnium. 
 
 L.H, B. 
 
 AOLAIA (Greek, splendor; from the order and gen- 
 eral appearance). Melidcece. Tender tree from China, 
 with minute, yellow, fragrant fls., said to be used in per- 
 fuming certain teas. Prop, by cuttings. 
 
 odor&ta, Lour. Lvs. alternate, .>-7 pinnate : fls. in axil- 
 lary, branching panicles. Cult, sparingly in Calif. 
 
 KQUiOIftUA {Greek, bright thread). AroXdeo'. About 
 15 species, of trop. Asia and Africa, allied to Arum, 
 Alocasia and Dieffenbachia, and requiring essentially 
 the same treatment as those genera. Evergreen, often 
 beautifully variegated. Aglao- 
 nema may be divided, or cut- 
 tings may be taken from 
 plants that become too tall 
 and weak. In either case the 
 cuttings and divisions should 
 be put into the sand-bed pre- 
 vious to potting, to develop 
 new roots. All of the kinds 
 will succeed in fibrous loam 
 enriched with rotted ma- 
 nure, with the addition of 
 a moderate quantity of 
 leaf -mold, sand, and some 
 crushed charcoal. 
 
 Cult, by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 picttun, Kunth. Dwarf : 
 lvs. somewhat unequilateral, ob- 
 long or elliptic, ovate (4-7 in. 
 long and 2-.'{ in. wide), very dark 
 green, blotched with white, the 
 central markings usually ex- 
 tending the whole length of the 
 midrib : spathe white or whit- 
 ish, 1-1 Vain. long. Sumatra. 
 I.H. 29: 445. 
 
 nebulosum, N. E. Brown. 
 Somewhat larger: lvs. narrower 
 (5-8 in. long, iHin. or less 
 wideS more acuminate, the 
 markings rather more broken 
 and not so continuous along the 
 midrib. I.H. 1887:24. A.G. 16: 
 361, and F.E. 7: 961, as A. pic- 
 tum. — This and A. pictn)» are 
 confused in the trade. Both 
 species deserve more attention 
 than they have received in this 
 country. 
 
 C08t4tum, Veitcb. Very dwarf 
 and compact: lvs. heart-shaped, 
 thick, 3 in. 
 wide, one- 
 third longer 
 than wide, 
 seldom ex- 
 ceeding 5 in. 
 long. dark. 
 
 shining green, with midrib 
 ivory-white and scattering 
 blotches of white. Holds its 
 tufted lvs. through the win- 
 ter. Moluccas. 
 
 A. commutdtum, Schott.=Scindapsus Cuscuaria. — A. Ra- 
 hlinii. Hort.. is"a fine de<*orative plant, with thick, leatherj- fo- 
 liage" (Manda). — A. versicolor, Hort., is probably a form of 
 
 either A. pietum or A, nebulosum. ^ tr « 
 
 Lt. U, B. 
 
 AGBIMONIA (old name of obscure meaning). Rash- 
 c€<r. Agrimony. Hardy native herbs, with interruptedly 
 pinnate lvs. and small, numerous, yellow fls., produced 
 through summer. Lvs. aromatic, astringent. Sometimes 
 cult, in shrubbery and wild gardens. 
 
 Eupatdria, Linn. (A. officinalis. Lam.). Common Afi- 
 RIMONV. Fig. .")2. Petals twice as long as calyx, latter 
 making a small, lightly adhering bur. Cult, in herli 
 gardens to make a tonic tea, also in wild borders. Com- 
 mon in woods; also native to Eu. Grows 2-3 ft. high, in 
 little clumps, from a short rootstock. 
 
 SO. Agave maculosa. 
 
AGRIMONIA 
 
 AILANTHUS 
 
 37 
 
 odorita, Mill. Lfts. narrower than in A.Eupatoria; 
 leaflets pubescent ; lobes more deeply crenate-dentate : 
 petals more than twice as long as the calyx. Italy. Oc- 
 casionally cult, in Am. j. r. Kellek and W. M. 
 
 51. Ageratum conyzoides. 
 
 AGROFtRTTM (Greek for fjVW and tr^ectf). Graminece. 
 Perennials or annuals, with leaf-blafles tiat or convo- 
 lute : spike terminal, usually stiff ; spikelets large, 3-8- 
 fld., compressed, sessile at each joint of the simple 
 spike, the side of the spikelet placed nest the axis. 
 Species about 30. Temperate regions of Amer. and Eu. 
 
 ripens, Beauv. Quack Grass. Couch Grass. 
 QikkGrass. QuitchGrass. A smooth, pale green 
 or glaucous perennial, very variable, with the in- 
 ternodes of the rootstock long. In many places it 
 Las become one of the worst weeds, spreading in- 
 veterately by its underground stems. Fig. 53. It 
 may be destroyed by constant and thorough tillage. 
 Often valuable to hold loose lauds. Considered by 
 some stock raisers as a valuable hay grass. 
 
 AGKOSTllMMA. See Lychnis. 
 
 AGEOSTIS (agroH, field ; the place of growth). 
 Gramiueif. Bent Grass. A genus containing many 
 u<eful grasses for lawns, pastures and bouquets. Pani- 
 cles variable, usually spreading : 
 spikelets very small, awnless or oc- 
 casionally a short awn present. 
 Species about 100, distributed over 
 the entire globe ; abotit 9 useful in 
 cult. Some species are much con- 
 fused with Aira. In Agrostis the 
 spikelets are 1-fld.; in Aira 2- to 
 several-fld. 
 
 A. Spikelets ahouf 1 line long : panicle-branches short. 
 Perennial latrn and pasture grasses. 
 
 B. A irnleKS spikelets. 
 
 41ba, Linn. Creepino Bent Grass. A well known per- 
 ennial, creeping or stoloniferous, 1-3 ft. : sheaths 
 smooth : leaf-blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 in. 
 long, scabrous : panicle open, 4-10 in. long, the branches 
 sometimes widely spreading : spikelets about 1 line 
 long: ligula 1-4 lines long, — Suitable for meadows, pas- 
 ture mixtures, or exclusively for lawn-making. 
 
 Var, vulgr^s, Thurb, {A.i'ulg(iris, With,), Red-top. 
 Fine Bent Grass, Distinguished from the type by 
 the smaller ligule, which is truncate, and less than 1 
 line long. — Commoner in cult, than the type. 
 
 Var. Btolonifera, Linn. (A , stolonifem, Linn,). Panicle 
 contracted linear; culms extensively creeping or stolo- 
 niferous : ligule 1-4 lines long. 
 
 BB. Au-ned spikelets. 
 
 canlna, Linn. Brown or Dog's Bent Grass. Rhoi>e 
 Isi.AN^i Bent Grass. Slender, creeping, 1-2 ft. : panicle 
 pyramidal. 4-<j in, long : spikelets near the ends of the 
 branches, very small. 1-9 of an in. long: small bent awn 
 on back of flowering glume. Int. from Eu, — Makes a 
 close sod. 
 
 AA, Spikelets about % line long; panicle-branches long 
 and hair-like. Annual ornamental grasses. 
 
 B. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches smooth. 
 
 neboldsa, Boiss & Reut. {A.capilh\ris, Hort. ), Cloud 
 
 Grass, Fig. 54, A low grass, with extremely delicate, 
 
 feathery-like panicle and small spikelets: Ivs, few and 
 
 very small, Spain. — Very useful for vases and bouquets. 
 
 minutifldra, Hort. Very similar to^. nebulosa, bnt 
 smaller, with fewer Ivs. and shorter panicles. — Useful 
 for vases and bouquets. 
 
 BE. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches .^scabrous. 
 
 8c4bra, Willd. Rough-bent, Tickle Grass, Flt- 
 AWAY Grass, Hair Grass. Silk Grass, Hair-like, deli- 
 cate, with widely spreading, capillary panicles, which 
 at maturity break away from the culm and fly about in 
 the wind: spikelets very small, clustered at the ends of 
 
 the branches. — Before panicle expands it is often sold in 
 the vicinity of large towns for dry bouquets. 
 
 ^4. elepans, Hort., not Thore, and A. pulchella, Hnrt. These 
 names are applied by florists to Aira elegans and Aira caryo- 
 
 phyllea, which see. 
 
 P, B, Kennedy. 
 
 52. Agrimonia Eupatoria (X 3) . Flower and bur. 
 
 AGUACATE, ALLIGATOR PEAR, AVOCADO. See 
 
 Persia. 
 
 AILANTHUS (from its native name Ailanto, me&ning 
 Tree of Heaven). Simarubdcees. Large trees : Ivs. al- 
 ternate, large, pinnate, deciduous : fls. small, in large 
 terminal panicles, polygamous ; petals 5 : stamens 10 ; 
 fr. consisting of 1-5 distinct samaras. Five species in 
 Cent, and S. Asia and N. Austral. — Large, ornamental 
 trees of loose and somewhat spreading habit, with ele- 
 gant, feathery foliage. Very rapid growers. Good for 
 smoky cities. Suckers from the roots. Prop, by seeds 
 and root cuttings. 
 
 glanduldsa, Desf. (.4, Jap6nica, Hort.). Tree of 
 Heaven. Tree, 00 ft. : Ivs. odd-pinnate. l>^-2 ft. long ; 
 leaflets 13-25, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, nearly gla- 
 brous near the base, with 2-4 coarse teeth, each with a 
 large gland beneath: fls. greenish: samaras 1 Kin, long. 
 June. China, cult, in Japan. — Valuable tree for street 
 planting, much used in the temperate regions and nat- 
 uralized in some localities ; somewhat tender north in 
 
38 
 
 AILANTHUS 
 
 AKEBIA 
 
 a young state. For street planting, the fertile plant 
 only should be used, because the male exhales a disa- 
 greeable odor when flowering, and the pollen is said to 
 cause catarrhal troubles. It grows in almost any soil, 
 
 but best in a light and some- 
 what moist one, and stands dust 
 and smoke w"ll. Var. erythro- 
 c&rpa {A. ertffhrocdrpa, Carr. 
 ^1. rubra, Hort.). Lvs. darker 
 green above and more glaucous 
 beneath : fr. bright red, very 
 effective in late summer and 
 autumn. Var. penduli!dlia,Carr. 
 Lvs. very large, drooping. — The 
 Ailanthus foliage gives a tropi- 
 cal effect when the growth is 
 very strong. If plants are cut 
 back to the ground after they 
 have become established ( in two 
 or three years after planting), 
 they will throw up very strong 
 shoots and make an excellent 
 screen, as shown in Fig. 55. 
 This practice may be repeated 
 year after year. Sumacs, pau- 
 lownias.basswooiis, mulberries, 
 and other fast-growing things 
 may be treated in this way. 
 The Ailanthus foliage is very 
 like that of the Cedrela (which 
 see for illustration of differ- 
 ences). 
 
 A.excelsa, Roxbg. Tall tree: lvs. 
 3 ft. long, abruptly pinnate; leaflets 
 20-28. teeth without glands. India. 
 Can be grown only in tropical re- 
 gions or in tlip hothouse. — ^4. rta- 
 rescens, Carr. = Cedrela Sinensis. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AIBA (an ancient Greek name for Darnel). Gramin- 
 ece. Haih Grass. A genus containing delicate annual 
 grasses, with slender, loose panicle-branches: spikelets 
 very small, of two perfect contiguous flowers: flowering 
 glume acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearing a slender 
 twisted awn below the middle. Eu., N. Afr. — This genus 
 is much confused with Agrostis by florists. Nat. from 
 Eu. and cult, for dry bouquets. 
 
 caryophyll^a, Linn. {Agrt^stis ^legans, Hort., not 
 Guss. I. A slender and elegant tufted annual. 10-20 in. 
 high, bearing a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at 
 length silvery scarious spikelets. 
 
 61egans, Gaud. (AgrSstis ilegans, Hort., not Guss.), 
 A slender, erect and very pretty annual, from a few 
 inches to a foot high, with widely spreading capillary 
 panicles of many small spikelets. 
 
 -1. erespitosa, Linn.== Deschampsia capspitosa.— .4. erprfilea, 
 Linn.= Molinia eoerulea. Munch. — J., flexuosa. Linn.= Des- 
 ehampsia tiexuosa. p^ g^ Kexnedv. 
 
 Agrostis nebulosa. 
 
 AIB- PLANT. In common speech, any plant which 
 grows on tin- trunk or in the top of another plant is 
 called an air-plant. The proper term is epiphyte (that is, 
 growing on a plant). In horticulture, the term air-plant 
 is usually applied to epiphytal orchids, tillandsias, and 
 the like. Most of these grow upon <dd bark, perhaps de- 
 riving some of their nourishment from the bar'i, but nw.xt 
 of it from the air and rain. They are not parasites,— do 
 not derive their support from the juices of the host. 
 
 AjtJQA{not yoked; thecalyxnot bilabiate). Labiatip. 
 Bugle Weed. Hardy herbaceous European perennials, 
 creeping by stolons. Height ft-12 in.: fls. numerous, in 
 whorls, normally blue or purple, with rosy or white 
 varieties. Prop, by division or seeds. 
 
 Genev^nsis, Linn.(.4.rM^d.<»rt,Hort. ^. a ?pina, Hort.). 
 St. erect : cauline lvs. oblong-elliptic or obovate, nar- 
 rowed at the base ; lower ones petiolate ; floral lvs. ovate 
 or wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy : upper 
 fl. -whorls spicate ; lower whorls distant. 
 
 
 55. Ailanthus shoots ; with a f e v sunflower plants. 
 
 56. Akebia quinata. 
 The expanded flowers are pistillate; the others are staminate. 
 
 pyramid^lis, Linn. St. erect : cauline lvs. obovate, 
 hardly petiolate, in a 4-sided pyramid ; floral lvs. broadly 
 ovate, the highest often colored; all lvs. entire: fl. whorLs 
 usually all spicate. 
 
 T^ptans, Linn. St. prostrate : lvs. ovate or obovate. 
 entire or sinuate, shiny.— A low, dense, fast-spreadin? 
 creeper, excellent for covering shady slopes. The typical 
 and white-fld. forms are less cult, than the following : 
 Var. rtlbra, Hort. More value<l for its dark purple lvs. 
 than its blue fls. Var. varieg&ta, Hort. Lvs. splashed 
 and edged creamy yellow. 
 
 met&IIica var. erf spa, Hort., int. by 
 Henderson, 1899, is described as dwarf 
 (4-5 in.), with curled, metallic glossy and 
 blue fls. in a pyramidal spike. A bed- 
 ding plant, int. from Germany. 
 
 J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 AK£;BIA (from Akehi, its Japanese 
 name). Jierberiddc€(p. Twining glabrous 
 shrubs: lvs. long-petioled, digitate, coria- 
 ceous: fls. monoecious in axillary racemes, 
 pistillate at the base, staminate at the end 
 of the raceme ; sepals 3 : fr. consisting of 
 one or more very large, oblong berries 
 with numerous seeds. Two species in 
 Japan and China. Very ornamental, hardy 
 climbing shrubs of graceful appearance, 
 especially adapted for places in which 
 very dense shade is not wanted. They 
 require a sunny position and well drained 
 soil; also valuable in the cool greenhouse 
 for covering pillars and walls, growini? 
 best ia a sandy compost of loam, leaf soil 
 
 
 gji 
 
AKilfelA 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 39 
 
 
 and peat. In Japan the fr., which is very showy, but 
 with us rarely produced, is eaten, and the stems are 
 much used for wicker-worls. Prop, by seeds, by green- 
 wood or hardwood cuttings, and 
 also by root division and layers. 
 
 quinita, Decaisne. Figs. 56, 
 57. Climbing 12 ft. orniore: leaf- 
 lets 5, oval or oblong-obovate, 
 entire, emarginate, 1-2 in. 16ng: 
 rts. fragrant, the pistillate pur- 
 plish brown, about 1 in. broad, the 
 staminate smaller, rosy purple, 
 in early spring: berry oblong, 3-5 
 in. long, dark purple with glau- 
 cous bloom, seeds black. -Hardy, 
 handsome, not attacked by insects 
 or fungi. Very graceful and de- 
 sirable. China, Japan. B.R. .33 : 
 28. B.M. 48G4. U.F. 4:137. A.G. 
 March. 1891. Figs. 5, 7, and plate. 
 R.H. 1853:141. S.Z. 77. 
 
 lob&ta, Decaisne. Leaflets 3, 
 broadly ovate, 
 coarsely crenate : 
 fls. in long racemes, 
 smaller than those 
 of A. quinata. Ja- 
 pan, China. B.M. 
 7485. A.G. March, 
 1891, p. 140. S.Z. 1: 
 1^. — A .clematifblia 
 and A. quercifolia, 
 Sieb. & Zucc, are 
 probably only va- 
 rieties of this spe- 
 cies. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 ALABAMA, HOETICUL- 
 TUBE IN. Fig. 58. Commer- 
 cial horticulture has not as- 
 sumed the proportions in Ala- 
 bama that it has in the neigh- 
 boring southern states. This 
 must be largely due to acci- 
 dental causes, since in soils, 
 climate and transportation 
 facilities the state presents 
 conditions fully equal to any 
 of the others. At present the 
 most important horticultural 
 centers are at the extreme 
 northern and southern ends 
 
 of the state. Mobile has long been known as one of the 
 chief sources of supply for early vegetables for the 
 northern and western markets, and the truck business is 
 gradually extending from Mobile county to the adjoin- 
 ing counties of Baldwin and Washington. Early cab- 
 bage and Irish potatoes are the most important crops, 
 though snap beans, peas, radishes, an«l many other vege- 
 tables are grown in considerable quantities. The tomato, 
 so important a market crop in many southern localities, 
 is very little grown here, owing largely to the preva- 
 lence of bacteriosis, often called southern tomato blight. 
 
 Huntsviile, in northern Alabama, has a large and flour- 
 ishing nursery business. Several large wholesale es- 
 tablishments are located there, and the fertile Tennes- 
 see River Valley lands prove to be admirably adapted to 
 the growth of a good quality of nursery stock. Over 
 1,300 acres are now devoted to this business in this 
 neighborhood, the annual shipments fill 150 cars, inchid- 
 ing 1,500,000 fruit trees, besides roses and other orna- 
 mentals; and the sum of $40,000 is paid out annually for 
 labor. 
 
 Beginnings have been made in fruit and vegetable 
 growing at various other points in the state, particularly 
 at Cullman, Montgomery, and Evergreen, on the Louis- 
 ville and Nashville railroad, and at Fruithurst, in north- 
 eastern Alabama, on the Southern railway. No data have 
 been secured as to the total shipment from these various 
 points, but the combined amount is very small, as com- 
 pared with those from the Mobile regioia. One road, the 
 
 Akebia vine. 
 
 Mobile and Ohio, forwarded 343 cars of home-grown 
 fruits and vegetables from the Mobile depot during 1897. 
 These figures do not include the shipments from other 
 stations on this line, nor those carrie»l by the Louisville 
 and Nashville. 
 
 Such, in brief, is the present status of commercial 
 horticulture in Alabama. In attempting to outline the 
 possibilities of its future development, it will be neces- 
 sary to glance at some of the more prominent topograph- 
 ical features of the state. For our purpose, it may be 
 roughly divided into four regions. First, at the north is 
 the Tennessee River region, or, as it is often called, the 
 grain belt (Fig. 58, A). Its strong clay soils produce 
 abundant crops of corn, wheat, clover and timothy, and 
 were originally covered by a heavy growth of hardwood 
 timber. Next comes the mineral belt (B), including the 
 mountain region of northeast Alabama, and extending 
 in an irregular way nearly across the state to its western 
 border. This is a large region, containing a great variety 
 of soils, rantrintr from rich creek and river bottoms, and 
 the fertile red soils characteristic of the Piedmont region 
 of Georgia, to barren sands and sterile, rocky hillsides. 
 The surface is very much broken, and great areas are 
 still covered with the original forests of mixed pine and 
 hard woods. Below the mountain country, and forming 
 an irregularbeltor girdle across the middle of the state, 
 is the prairie region (Fig. 58, C). This is narrow at the 
 east, where the mountains press farthest southward, but 
 broadens out toward the western border. The soil varies, 
 in some places being light and sandy, but for the most 
 part it is a dark, retentive loam, resembling that of the 
 northern prairies. While cotton is a staple crop in all 
 parts of the state, this is preeminently the cotton belt. 
 Below the prairie comes the timber belt (D ) . covering the 
 southern third of the state, and extending to the Gulf- 
 Before the advent of the lumberman this extensive re- 
 
 Horticultural 
 
 regions oi Alabama. 
 
 glon was an unbroken forest of long-leaf yellow pine, 
 with magnolias and other broad-leaved evergreens bor- 
 dering the water courses. The surface is rolling, or in 
 
40 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 gome parts vpry hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam, 
 usually underlaid with red or yellow clay. It is naturally 
 poor, beini? deflcient in potash and phosphoric acid, and 
 yields only scanty crops without fertilizers. It can, 
 however, be made very productive by judicious manur- 
 ing, and it builds up rapidly under intelligent intensive 
 t'arn.ing. This region is well adapted, both by soil and 
 climate, to the production of early vegetables, and it 
 seems probable that the business of truck-farming will 
 ultimately spread widely from its present center at 
 Mobile. Among fruits most promising for this region 
 are grapes, oriental pears, tigs, Japanese persimmons 
 and strawberries. Satsuma oranges on hardy trifoliata 
 stocks can be safely planted at the extreme south, and 
 peaches and Japanese plums in the more northerly por- 
 tion. Pecans thrive admirably, and the better kinds 
 should be widely planted. 
 
 The soils of the prairie region, being mostly rather 
 cold and wet in tiie spring, are not well adapted to early 
 vegetables. Their fruit-growing capacitj' has not been 
 fully tested, cotton claiming almost universal attention. 
 Peaches and plums will thrive on some of the lighter 
 soils, though the trees are usually short-lived. Apple 
 trees grow well on the heavier prairie soils, and it seems 
 probable that with a proper selection of varieties and 
 due attention to spraying, their cultivation would prove 
 profitable. 
 
 The mineral or mountain region presents so great a 
 varietj- of soils and conditions that it is hard to charac- 
 terize it as a whole. Some portions present almost ideal 
 conditions for peaches, plums and grapes, and in the 
 moister, heavier lands apples thrive and j'ield abun- 
 dantly. If the people of Alabamaever interestthemselves 
 in fruit-growing as their neighbors in Georgia do at the 
 present day. then these choice mountain locations will 
 certainly be covered with orchards and vineyards, and 
 this mountain region will advance to the first place in 
 the magnitude of its horticultural interests. 
 
 The northern region already has its well established 
 nursery business, which seems destined to increase. 
 Owing to late spring frosts, peach and plum crops are 
 too uncertain here to make commercial plantings advis- 
 able. It is, however, a promising apple country, and 
 strawberries, raspberries and blackberries succeed well. 
 An undeveloped but promising industry for this region 
 wouhi seem to be the growing of late crops of cabbage 
 and Irish potatoes for the southern market. The allu- 
 vial soils found here seem well adapted for this purpose, 
 and all the southern towns and cities offer a near and 
 ready market. F. S. Eable. 
 
 ALANQIUM (from the Malabar name). ComUcere. A 
 few species of shrubs or small trees of the Old World 
 tropics, with alternate en<-ire evergreen Ivs, and small, 
 perfect purple fis. in axillary clusters. Rarely cult, in 
 Old World stoves, but probably not in the Amer. trade. 
 
 ALASKA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. .')9. When con- 
 sidered from uliorticulturul or agricultural point of view, 
 Alaska may be very conveniently divided into two divis- 
 ions, the southern coast region and the interior. These 
 two regions differ very materially in their cliniite, and 
 may be ultimately found as unlike in their possibilities. 
 The climate of the coast region, whicli extends from 
 Dixon's Entrance on the southeast to Unalaska on the 
 southwest, is characterized by a heavy rainfall, a great 
 preponderance of cloudy weather, and a rather low sum- 
 mer temperature, with little or no diurnal variation in the 
 readings of the thermometer. The winter temperature is 
 not excessively cold, zero weather being seldom experi- 
 enced, while in the summer it is seldom high. The average 
 rainfall, as shown by data from the Government Weather 
 Service, varies from 55.9 inches at Killisnoo to 92.1 at 
 Unalaska, about one-third of the precipitation fallitig 
 during the growing period, from May to September. The 
 data concernins: the interior portion of the country are 
 mainly from along the Yukon R'ver, that being the great 
 thoroughfare of the region. He. . the rainfall is sljjjht, 
 and during summer clear skies are the rule. The intense 
 cold of winter is followed by comparatively warm tem- 
 perature in the summer, with a growing period of about 
 four months, although occasional frosts have been re- 
 ported from the upper part of tho valley during the 
 summer months. 
 
 The soils of the two regions are very similar, being 
 largely of vegetable origin overlying rock or glacial de- 
 posits. In the coast region arable areas are confined to 
 rather narrow valleys and the slopes along the sea. In 
 the interior are rei»orted more extensive areas of cnni- 
 paratively level land. Of the coast region, the most t x- 
 tensive area of land adapted to cultivation is that on tlie 
 Kenai Peninsula, and, extending across Cook Inlet, is 
 continued up the Sushitna River. This region, on -c- 
 countof its position relative to ocean currents, partakes 
 more of the climatic characteristics of the interior, al- 
 though still somewhat modified. 
 
 The accompanying map shows regions where some 
 attempts have been made in gardening, from which d<ti- 
 nite reports have been secured. From the data at hand 
 
 59. Sketch map of Alaskiu 
 
 it seems probable that the local supplies of hardy vege- 
 tables might be produced nearer at hand than the Puget 
 Sound. This is undoubtedly true of the southeastern 
 portion of the country, where the production need be 
 limited only by the demand for such supplies and the 
 ability to secure arable lands at a cost that will permit 
 the producer to compete with the Sound country. For 
 some time certain economic features will enter into the 
 subject of extensive horticulture. Among these are the 
 high price of labor, the standard being at present deter- 
 mined by the wages paid for gold mining, the question 
 of transportation, and the rather limited markets. 
 
 As it exists at the present time, horticulture in Alaska 
 is of a very primitive type. A few gardens here and 
 there, with perhaps a row of berries along the side and 
 an occasional fruit tree, represents nearly all that is done 
 along this line. Near Juneau and at Killisnoo are mar- 
 ket-gardens of considerable importance, but elsewhere 
 only small areas are cultivated. 
 
 It has been said that during the Russian occupancy 
 of the country many attempts were made to cultivate 
 gardens and fields, but the data are often so meager and 
 contradictory as to throw doubt upon the sincerity of 
 the endeavor. In the accompanying account, it is de- 
 sired to place on record some of the horticultural achieve- 
 ments as gathered from reports from gardeners in many 
 places, as well as the personal observations of the writer 
 during two seasons in the country 
 
 Fruits. — The great abundance both in kind and quan- 
 tity of native fruits, especially berries, has doubtless 
 contributed to the delay in the attempted introduction 
 and cultivation of other sorts. Some effort has been made 
 in this line, as is shown by the presence at Sitka of a 
 number of old apple trees, remnants of the Russian days, 
 which bear a very inferior fruit. A few young bearing 
 trees of unknown variety are grown at the same place. 
 At Wrangell there are apple trees of what are thought to 
 be the Red June variety in bearing, and young thriving 
 trees are known to be at Juneau and Metlakahtla. Plum 
 and cherry trees have been recently planted in several 
 places, but so far have not fruited. The mountain ash 
 ( Sorbns sfimbuci folia ) is grown as an ornamental tree in 
 a number of places. Currants flourish wherever planted, 
 and gooseberries have been seen, but they were usually 
 
ALASKA 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 41 
 
 * 
 
 badly mildewed. Cuthbert raspberries do exceedingly 
 wellat WrantfHJl and Sitka, the fruit bf ini? of tine size 
 and iiuality. Tlie same is true of strawberries at the sev- 
 eral places where they are cultivated. Attempts have 
 b»«'n made at a number of places to cultivate some of the 
 in<li»renous fruits, and the dewberry or "kneshent-ka" 
 (Kubua steUatus),'v.'\\iX currants (HihfH riihrum an<l Ji. 
 braetfostim), and the strawberry {Fragaria Chihim- 
 aisf) have all been domesticated, and their fruit is 
 fullv equal, if not superior, to the wild produc*. 
 
 Veuetables. — More attempts have been ma<le to grow 
 vegetables than fruits, and some definite data have been 
 obtained, showinsrwhat varieties are known to be adapted 
 to Alaskan conditions. Most of these data have been se- 
 cured from Sitka and Wrangell. in the southeastern part 
 of the country, and from the Holy Cross Mission, near 
 Koserefski, on the lower Yukon. A recent report from 
 the latter place states that potatoes of tine quality, weigh- 
 ing \% pounds, and turnips weighing 0% pounds, were 
 grown during the summer of l<i98. In atldition, notes 
 were given of some of the varieties of vegetables adapted 
 to the region, as follow .< : Cabbage— Early Jersey Wake- 
 field, Flat Dutch, ard Drumhead ; cauliflower— Early 
 Snowball, Early Dwarf Erfurt ; turnips — Early Flat 
 Dutch, Yellow Globe, and Extra Early Milan ; ruta- 
 bagas— Improved American; radish — French Breakfast 
 and Chartier ; onions — Extra Early Red and Yellow 
 I>'\nvers; letttice — Golden Heart; peas — American Won- 
 der and Early Alaska; beets — Eclipse and Edmand's 
 Blood Turnip ; carrot— Oxheart ; parsley— Extra Early 
 Double Curled; celery— White Plume, Giant Pascal; 
 rhubarb- Victoria, 
 
 The same varieties, with numerous a<lditions, have suc- 
 ceeded in the coast region. Snap beans. Challenge Black 
 Wax and Golden Wax, have done fairly well at Sitka, 
 where some experiments were conducted by the United 
 States Department of Agriculture during 1898, and the 
 Kiiglish Windsor is quite in its element. At this place 
 the Philadelphia Butter and San Francisco Market let- 
 tuce made fine heads of a most superior quality. Par- 
 snips and carrots grow well, and salsify and spinach 
 were successfully grown at Sitka for perhaps the first 
 time. Peas were found to grow and yield well, and in 
 addition to the varieties above given, some of the dwarfs 
 and the Norwegian Sugar peas continued to produce 
 their crop until cat off by the frost. The blood beets, 
 Extra Blood Turnip and Extra Early Egyptian, grew 
 well at Sitka, but in many places beets are a failure on 
 account of their tendency to run to seed. This unde- 
 sirable trait on the part of biennial plants is shared by 
 other vegetables, principally turnips, although cabbage 
 and caulirtower have bi en reported as doing likewise. 
 It is believed by some growers that the flat type of tur- 
 nip is more su>»,iect to run to seed than the globe type. 
 Celery of exceedingly fine quality has been grown at a 
 number of places, although at Kadiak specimens were 
 seen in which the central axis was greatly elongated. 
 The leafstalks were also lengthened in about the same 
 proportion, and this trait was not considered undesirable. 
 
 Potatoes are more extensively grown than any other 
 crop, and the quality varies with the variety, locality, 
 season, and culture. Usually little choice is exercised in 
 the matter of varieties, but Polaris, Beauty of Hebron, 
 and Early Rose appear well adapted to the conditions 
 existing in this region. The two last are the most ex- 
 tensively known varieties, and very favorable reports 
 iiare been received from a few trials of the Polaris, 
 Season and method of planting undoubtedly exert a 
 strong influence on the crop. If the soil, which usually 
 contains a high proportion of organic matter and mois- 
 ture, is well drained or thrown up into beds, as is the 
 custom in many places, good potatoes can be grown in 
 the average season. In some parts of the country, espe- 
 cially from Cook Inlet westward, the natives cultivate a 
 small round potato, called the Russian, that seems to be 
 well suited to the country. It is said to have been brought 
 from Siberia fifty or more years ago. Close planting of 
 potatoes, as well as almost every other vegetable, is the 
 rule, and often to this fact alone may be attributed many 
 failures. The object seems to be to grow a large crop 
 by planting an abundance of seed. The result is a large 
 growth of tops that completely shade the ground, thin- 
 ning being seldom or never pract'.ced. Along the coast, 
 
 where cloudy weather is the rule, it is safe to say mat 
 the sun's rays never strike the ground after the grow- 
 ing season has become well a<lvanced. Under such con- 
 ditions it is not an uncommon sight to see a crop of small 
 potatoes borne in the axils of the leaves above ground, 
 no tubers being formed below the surface. 
 
 In general, considerable judgment is shown in the 
 choice of garden sites. A southwestern siope is always 
 preferred, and if well drained the garden is usually a 
 thrifty one. In many places the earth is thrown up into 
 beds 4 or 5 feet wi<le and the crop planted crosswise the 
 beds. Where it can be easily obtained, sand is added to 
 warm and to lighten the soil. Kelp is extensively em- 
 ployed as a fertilizer in some places, but its value when 
 ad<led to a soil already largely composed of vegetable 
 debris is questionable. Gardens have been successfully 
 maintained at Dawson, Circle City, and other of the great 
 raining centers of the upper Yukon, and the dirt roof of 
 the miner's cabin is frequently utilized for early gar- 
 dens, the heat from within supplying the necessary 
 warmth required for growing early radishes, onions, 
 lettuce, turnips, etc. 
 
 Wild Berries.— The abundance of native fruits, espe- 
 cially of berries, has already been mentioned, and an 
 enumeration of some of them would seem not out of place. 
 Of widest distribution are the salraonberries (liubus 
 speetabilis. Fig. 60), two so-called cranberries ( i'ibur- 
 num pattciflorum and Vaccinitim yitis-Id(pa), currautH 
 {Kibes rubnnn , li.brarteosum, and Ji. laxiflorum) .crow- 
 berries (Empetntm wij/rMm ), huckleberries ( Vuccinium 
 nligitwaum and its var. mucronatum), blueberries ( 1^. 
 ot'alifolittm), red huckleberries ( V. pan'iflontm), the 
 molka or baked-apple berry {Rubus Chnm<pmoriis) im- 
 properly called salraonberry in the interior, and rasp- 
 berries {Bubus strigosus). Ot less gen- 
 eral distribution, yet very abunuant in 
 places, may be mentioned strawberries 
 {Fragaria Chiloensis), dewberries i Bu- 
 bus stellattis), thim- 
 ble berries {B. par" 
 viflnrus ) . salal ( Gan l- 
 theria Shallon), bog 
 cranberries ( I'accin- 
 itim Oxy coccus ),he&T- 
 berries (Arctostaph- 
 ylos alpina), etc. 
 
 60. Salmonberry. one of the wild fruits of Alaska. 
 
 Floriculture.— This branch of horticulture is not 
 wholly neglected in Alaska, although but few data are 
 available. Many of the hardier plants of the old-fash- 
 ioned flower garden are to be seen. Pansies of great size 
 and brilliant color are common, and they remain in 
 flow'jr all summer. In some parts of the country sweet 
 peas Jo well, and poppies, nasturtiums, mignonette, 
 
12 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 sweet alyssura, chrysanthemums, stock, candytuft, ver- 
 benas, and marigolds are not uncommon where any at- 
 tempt is made to grow flowers. Window gardens and 
 boxes add many sorts to the list already given. 
 
 A single season's experimentation at Sitka, under the 
 direction of the Office of Experiment Stations. United 
 States Department oi Agriculture, has shown that nmch 
 can be accomplished in horticulture if rational methods 
 of culture and a proper selection of varieties and seed 
 be followed. Walter H. Evans. 
 
 For further information, consult Yearbook of Dept. of 
 Agric. for 1897, and Bulletin 48, Office Exp. Sta., Dept. 
 Agric. L. H. B. 
 
 ALB£RTA (from Albertus Grotus, commonly known 
 as Albertus Magnus). Bubidcie. Tender evergreen 
 shrub from Natal, suitable for greenhouse. Little 
 known in commerce in this country. 
 
 m&gnBL, E. Mey. Bark pale : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, obovate- 
 oblong. obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short, stout pet- 
 iole ; midrib stout : panicle terminal, erect, 6 in. high 
 and nearly as broad at the base ; corolla tube 1 in. long, 
 slightly swelling in upper part ; lobes 5, small, triangu- 
 lar, recurved. B.M. 7454. G.C. IIL 22: 416. Gn. 53:1171. 
 
 ALBtZZIA (after Albizzi, an Italian naturalist). Le- 
 gumivdsip. Trees or shrubs, unarmed : Ivs. alternate, 
 bipinnate ; leaflets small, oblique : fls. in axillary, pe- 
 duncled spikes or globular heads ; calyx and corolla 
 tubular and 5-lobed ; stamens 'ong, exserted : fr. a 
 large strap-shaped pod. Twenty-flve species in trop. 
 and subtrop. region^j of Asia, Afr. and Austral. Orna- 
 mental trees and shrubs with graceful, feathery foliage 
 and yellowish, white or red fls. in summer. For cult., 
 see Acacia. 
 
 A. Fls. in cylindrical axillary spikes : Ivs. 
 persistent. 
 
 loph^ntha, Benth. {Acdcia l^phdntha,'W\Ud.). Shrub 
 or small tree, 0-20 ft. : Ivs. with 14-24 pinnae, each with 
 40-60 leaflets, about 5 lines long, linear, obtuse : spikes 
 mostlv 2, about 2 in. long, yellowish. S. W. Australia. 
 B.M. 2108. B.R. 5:361. L.B.C. 8:716.-Sometimes cult, 
 as greenhouse shrub and flowering in spring, and in the 
 open in the S. Often known as Acacia speciosa. There 
 is a var. gigant^a in the trade. 
 
 AA. Fls. in globular heads : Ivs. deciduous. 
 
 B. Stamens united only at the base. 
 
 C. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse. 
 
 L6bbek, Benth. {Accicia L^hbek, Willd. A. sped- 
 bsa, Willd.). Tall tree : Ivs. with 4-8 pinnae, each with 
 10-18 leaflets, obliquely oblong or oval, 1-lJ^in. lone, 
 nearly sessile: fls. greenish yellow, in short-peduncled, 
 axillary heads, 3—4 together. Trop. Asia, N. Austral. 
 
 occidentjtlis, Brandeg. Small tree, 15-25 ft. : Ivs. with 
 8 pinnae, each with 6-10 leaflets, oblique-oval, %-\'%m. 
 long, glabrous: fls. ye"'>wi.sh, in axillary heads. Juue- 
 July. Mex., Lew. Calif. — Perhaps only a variety of A. 
 Lebbek, and not indigenous. 
 
 odoratissima, Benth. {Acacia odoratissima, Willd.). 
 Tall tree: Ivs. v.ith downy rachis; pinnae 6-14, each with 
 16-50 leaflets, oblique-oblong, %-\ in. long, glaucous 
 beneath : heads few-fld., numerous, greenislx white, 
 forming large, terminal panicles. E. Ind. 
 
 prdcera, Benth. {Acdcia prdcera, Willd.). Tall tree: 
 Ivs. with nearly glabrous rachis; pinnae 6-10, each with 
 12-16 leaflet.-*, oblifjue-oblong, 1-1 Hin. long, glabrous: 
 heads few-fld., greenish white, forming large, terminal 
 panicles. Trop. Asia, Austral. 
 
 Mclucc^na, Mi(j. Tree : rachis of the Ivs. with man> 
 glands; pinnae 14, each with 12-40 leaflets, obliquely el- 
 liptic-oblong.glaucous and pubescent beneath. Moluccas. 
 
 cc. Leaflets falcate, with the midrib close to the upper 
 
 edge, acute. 
 
 Julibrissin, Durazz. (AcAcia t/M^iferfssiH, Willd. A. 
 iV^^mM, Willd. Alblzzia rdsea, Crtt.). Tree, 30-40 ft.: 
 rachis of the Ivs. with a small gland at the base; pinnae 
 8-24, with numerous leaflets, falcate-oblong, Hin. long: 
 heads pink, crowded on the unper end of the branches. 
 
 ALEURITES 
 
 Trop. and subtrop. Asia md Afr. R.H. 1870: 490. FS. 
 21: 2199. — This plant is the hardiest species, and will 
 .stand many degrees of frost. Hardy as far north us 
 Washington. 
 
 Var. mdllis, Benth. {A. mdllitt, Boiss. Acdeia mdllis. 
 Wall.). Leaflets broader, densely pubescent. 
 
 bapul&ta, 3oiss. (AcHcia stipuldfa, DC). Tall tree : 
 young br*- -hes with large, persistent stipules: rachis 
 of the Ivs ..ith many glands, pubescent; pinnae 12-40, 
 with numerous leaflets, oblong-linear, 34-Xin. long, \>n- 
 bescent beneath: heads in axillary simple or terminal 
 compound racemes. Trop. Asia. 
 
 BB. Stamens connate into a long, narrow tube. 
 fastigi&ta, Oliv. (Zygia fastigidta, E.Mey.). Tree : 
 branches and petioles rusty-pubescent ; pinnae 8-14. 
 each with 16-30 leaflets, trapezoid-oblong, >^-J^in. lontr. 
 pubescent beneath : heads in terminal corymbs on tlie 
 end of the branches. Trop. Afr. Alfred Rehder, 
 
 ALBt^CA {whitish ; the color of the first-described 
 species). Liliclcece. Tender bulbs from the Cape of 
 Good Hope allied to Omithogalum, and treated, in the 
 same way. Prop, by offsets or seeds. 
 
 atirea, Jacq. Bracts yellow : fls. 10-30, pale yellow, 
 upright. 
 
 m^jor, Linn. Bracts red : fls. 6-15, greenish yellow, 
 nodding. B.M. 804. L.B.C. 12: 1191. 
 
 ALCHEMILLA (from an Arabic name). Roshceo'. 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials with corymbose, incon- 
 spicuous fls., suitable for rockeries and front rows of 
 borders. Of easiest culture. Height 6-8 in. Prop, by 
 division or seeds. Native in Eu., and A. arv^.nsis is 
 sparingly naturalized in this countrj. There are also 
 tropical species. 
 
 alplna, Bieb. Lvs. digitate, 5-7 cut : leaflets usually 
 7, lanceolate cuneate, obtuse, serrate a. apex, silky hairy 
 beneath, shiny. Eu. 
 
 serlcea, Willd. Lvs. larger than in A. alpina, 5-7 
 nerved, digitate; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, deeply ser- 
 rate from the middle to apex, downy beneath. Cau- 
 casus. 
 
 vulgilris, Linn. {A. monfdna, Schmidt). Lady's Man- 
 tle. Lvs. 7-9 nerved, 7-9 cut ; reniform, plicate-con- 
 cave. N. Temp. Zone. j 3 kbller. 
 
 ALDEH. See Alnus. 
 
 ALETBIS (Greek word for female slave who ground 
 corn; alludingto apparent mealiness of the fls.). Eif- 
 madordcece. Hardy perennial, smooth, stemless, bitter 
 herbs. Lvs. thin, flat, lanceolate, grass-like, in a spread- 
 ing cluster: fls. small, in a spiked raceme, terminating 
 a slender scape 2-3 ft. high; perianth not woolly, but 
 wrinkled and roughened with thick set points which give 
 a mealy appearance July-Aug. They like a moist but 
 sunny situation. Prop, slowly by division or seeds. 
 
 atirea, Walt. Fls. bell-shaped, fewer and shorter than 
 in A. fa rinosa, yellow ; lobes short, ovate. Eastern N. 
 Amer. B.M. 1418, erroneously as A. farinosa. 
 
 farindsa, Linn. Fls. longer and more tubular than in 
 A. aureit, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong. N. Amer. 
 L.B.C. 12:1161. 
 
 Japdnica, Hort. Fls. reddish or deep purple, in long 
 spikes. J, B. Keller. 
 
 ALEUBlTES (Greek: farinose or floury). Euph. 
 bi<)ce<t\ Half dozen or less tropical species of evergreii. 
 trees, with small monoecious white fls. in terminal, lax 
 cymes and alternate, entire or3-lobed lvs. '"ith 2 glatid.s 
 at the top of the petiole. 
 
 triloba, Forst. Candlenut, or Candleberrv Tree. 
 Small tree, with 3-5-lobed pubescent lvs., originally from 
 the eastern tropics, but now widely distributed : cult. 
 for its edible nut, which is spheroidal, n' arly 2 in. in 
 diani., 2-locuIed, each compartment contaiuiiig a walnut- 
 like seed. The dried kernels are burned for illumina- 
 tion by natives. The nuts yield oil which is used in 
 food or as a dryer m paint. The oil is variously known 
 as Indian Walnut Oil, Kekune Oil, Kukui Oil. Spar- 
 ingly cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Fruits in S. Calif. 
 
ALEURITES 
 
 ALLAMAXDA 
 
 43 
 
 cord4ta, Steud. Lvs. broadly ovate, aruminatp, deeply 
 cordate, i^") cuspidate or lobed. S. China. — Yields au 
 excellent lac varnish. L. H. B. 
 
 ALFALFA, LUCfiENE {MedicAgo saf)va, Linn.). A 
 deep-rooted perennial forape plant of the Leyumindafe. 
 The plant grows a foot or two high, bears pinnate lvs. 
 with .{ ovate-oblong toothed leaflets, and sraall head-like 
 racemes of purple clover-shaped fls. It is native to Eu. 
 In the arid parts of the U. S. it is the staple bay and 
 fora^'e plant, and it is also grown to a considerable ex- 
 tentln the E. Two to six mowings may be made each 
 year from established meadows. Fifteen to 20 lbs. of 
 seed are sown to the acre; and the seed is preferably 
 sown alone, without another crop. Alfalfa should not be 
 pastured the first year. In two or three years it be- 
 comes thoroughly established and productive, and it 
 should continue for manjr years. June grass often runs 
 it out in a cool, moist climate. Alfalfa often becomes 
 a weed in waste places. 
 
 ALFIL£BIA. The West American or Spanish name 
 for Erbdinm cicutdrium, L'Her. Geranidcecp. A hairy 
 annual which is used for pasture in dry regions. 
 
 ALGA, plural ALGiE. A general name for chloro- 
 phyll-bearing thallophytes. They are flowerless plants, 
 allied to the fungi, and generally inhabit water. Those 
 occurring in salt water are known as seaweeds. None 
 are cultivated. The green "moss" on flower-pots is made 
 up of algae. 
 
 ALGABOBA is the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua 
 
 ALHAGI (its Mauritanian name). Legu4ninbsa>. Low, 
 ^iuy, much branched shrubs: lvs. oblong, small, ob- 
 tuse, entire, alternate : fls. papilionaceousj in few-fld. 
 racemes. Summer. Three closely aided species from 
 Greece and Egypt to Himalayas, prot.acing the Persian 
 or Alhagi Manna. They may be cult, in temperate re- 
 gions in dry and sunny positions and prop, by seeds and 
 greenwood cuttings under glass with u little bottom 
 heat. 
 
 A. catnelbrum, Fisch. Camel's Thokn. Glabrous at length: 
 ovarj' glabrous. Cau. to Himal. — A. manroruiti, DC Pubes- 
 cent: ovao" pubescent. £851)1 to Persia. — A. ffra-ronnn, Boiss. 
 Very spiny and more densely pubescent : ovary pubescent. 
 Greece.^ ALFRED Rehder. 
 
 ALISMA (derivation doubtful). AUsnu\ce(v. Hardy 
 aquatics, with small white or pale rose fls. on scapes 
 with whorled, panided branches. Perennial by a stout 
 pro'.iierous corm. Useful in ponds. Prop, by division 
 or seeds. 
 
 Plantigo, Linn. Water Plantain, Lvs. variable, 
 but usually broadly cordate-ovate : thinner and nar- 
 rower when growing under water. Panicle 1-2 ft. long. 
 Common in swales and still waters in U. S.; also inEu. 
 
 dt 8, Linn., is now referred to the nionotypic genus 
 fcilsiTu (> natans, Buch.). It is native to Eu., and is offered in 
 ■loifues. Fl. white, single, on a long i)eduncle: float- 
 'le \ ' -•! 'c and obtuse. 
 
 ."^^ ;A, ALKANET. SeeJwf*f<.«o. 
 
 iii.K£K£NGI. See Physalis. 
 
 ALLAMANDA (Dr. Allamand,Leyden). Apocynfieeoe, 
 Greenhouse shrubs, nu)stly climbers. Lvs. entire, 
 whorled: fls. terminal, large and funnel-shaped, with a 
 jaat-spreading or reflexed limb, the tube inflated below 
 the throat: ovary 1-loculed: stamens 5, the filaments 
 very short. 
 
 Allaniandas are of easy culture. They are usually 
 grown in tlie ground or in large tubs, and trained on the 
 rafters. For best results, they should have plenty of 
 sun. The bushy kinds, as^. neriiMhi, A. graadl flora 
 and A. Williamsi, may be grown as specimen plant.n 
 in pots. The strong kinds, as A. Schoftii, are some- 
 times used as stocks upon which to graft the weaker 
 ones, particularly if root plants are desired. Prop, by 
 puttings of growing wood in a bottom heat of 75°; also 
 by layers. The species are much confused. 
 
 A. Flu. purple. 
 Blanch6til, DC. {A. violdcea, Ctardn.). Lvs. in 4's, 
 hairy on both sides: fls. in terminal clusters, H in. across, 
 
 salmon-purple: habit of -4. mthartica. Brazil. B.M. 
 7122. Int. into U. S. in Ih'J^. 
 
 AA. Fls. yellow or orange. 
 B. Corolla with a swollen or bulb-like base. 
 
 neriifdlia, Hook. A stocky, bushy grower, useful for 
 pots, although it usually needs to be staked or grown 
 against a support if allowed to take its full course: lvs. 
 in 3's-5's, glabrous, oblong or elliptic, acuminate : co- 
 rolla smaller than A. Schottii or ^-1. Hendersoni, deeper 
 yellow, streaked with orange. S. Amer. B.M. 4594. 
 — Early and profuse bloomer. 
 
 BB. Corolla tube long, slender and stem-like. 
 C. Lvs. and calyx more or less hairy. 
 
 n6bilis, Moore. A strong, tall climber, with purple 
 twigs: lvs. in 3's or 4's, large, acuminate, very short- 
 stalked: fls. very large (4-5 in. across), nearly circular 
 in outline of limb, bright, cle:ir yellow, with magnolia- 
 like odor. Finest fls. in the genus. Braz. B.M. 57G4. 
 
 cc. Irvs. and calyx glabrous {except perhape ix A. 
 
 Williamsi). 
 D. Plant tall-climbing. 
 
 cathdrtica, Linn. Lvs. rather small, obovate, usually 
 in 4's, and more or less wavy-margined, thin, acuminate : 
 fls. golden yellow, white-marked in the throat, the lobes 
 acuminate on one angle, 3 in. or less across, the tube 
 gibbous or curved. S. Amer. B.M. 338. P.M. 8:77. 
 —The species first described, but now rarely seen in 
 cultivation. 
 
 Schdttii, Pohl. Strong-growing, suitable for rafters: 
 young shoots and petioles slightly pubescent, the older 
 stems warty: lvs. in 3's or -i's, broadly lanceolate and 
 acuminate: corolla large, rich yellow, the throat darker 
 and beautifully striped. Braz, B.M. 4351, but this por- 
 trait is considered by Index Kewensis to belong to .4 . 
 cathartica. A. magnifica, introduced into the U. S. in 
 1893, is probably a form ot this species. 
 
 H6nder80ni, Bull. (,1. ^Vardleytina, LeV Fig. 61. 
 
 Tall and vigorous, free-flowering, excel. or roofs: 
 
 61. Allamanda Hendersoni (X K)- 
 
 glabrous: lvs. large, elliptic-ovate, thick and leathery, 
 in 4'&: fls. large, yellow-orange, with 5 liglit spots in the 
 throat, the corolla of thick substance, purplish on the 
 exterior when in bud. (in. 29:542. I.H. 12:452. — The 
 conunonest Allamanda in this country. By some authori- 
 ties considered to be a variety of A. cathartica; by oth- 
 ers referred to A. Schottii. Int. from Guiana by Hender- 
 son * Co., St. John's Wood, England, and distributed 
 by Bull about 1865. 
 
44 
 
 ALL AMANDA 
 
 ALLIUM 
 
 DD. Plant erect-bushy. 
 
 Sn^ndifldra, Lam. St. thin and wiry: Ivs. thin, ovate- 
 lanceolate, pointed, usually in 3's: lis. somewhat smaller 
 than those of A. Htndersoni but larger than A. cathar- 
 tica, lemon- or primrose-yellow. Braz. Gn. 39 : 794. 
 P. M. 12: 79. — Thrives well when grafted on stronger 
 kinds. 
 
 Williamsi, Hort. Very dwarf : Ivs. and young growth 
 generally somewhat pubescent, the Ivs. long and narrow, 
 vcuminate usually in 4"s : tis. in continuous clusters, 
 i.-ather smaller than those of A . Hendersoni and of better 
 substance, fragrant. Gn. 40: 832. — Certificated in Eng. 
 in 1891 by B. S.Williams & Son, and int. in U. S. in 1893. 
 Supposed to be a hybrid. Promising for pots. 
 
 L. U. B. 
 
 ALL-HEAL. See Bninella vulgaris. 
 
 ALLIOATOB FEAB, AGUACATE, AVOCADO. See 
 
 Per sea. 
 
 Allium (ancient Latin name). Lilihcece. Bulbous 
 plants, mostly cult, in the open ; but a few, of which A. 
 jVeapolitanum is an example, are of tener grown indoors. 
 Fls. in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lvd. usually scarious 
 spathe; stamens and perianth segments 6; style slender, 
 the stigma either entire or parted. 
 
 Alliums are of the easiest cult., for which consult 
 '^ITLBS. For the vegetable-garden members of the genus, 
 see Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot. Allium 
 I'inedle, a bad weed in parts of the northeastern states, 
 has a slender scape sheathed below with hollow thread- 
 shaped Ivs., and greenish rose-colored fls. (or bulblets 
 in the place of fls.). 
 
 The following species are known to be in the Amer. 
 trade : acuminatum, No. 4 ; anceps, 26 ; attenuifolium, 
 21; Bidwelliap, 23; Bolanderi, 17; cernuum, 9; Cusickii, 
 16; falcifolium, 25; fimbriatum, 24; Geyeri, 13; hsema- 
 tochiton, 11; ffermettii,3; madidum, 15; Moly, 1; Nea- 
 
 63. Allium Neapolitanum. 
 
 politanum, 3; platycaule,27; reticulatum, 12; roseum,5; 
 Sanbornii, 20; scaposum, 14; Schoenoprasum, 8; senes- 
 cens, 6; serratum. 22: stellatum, 19; tricoccura, 7; uni- 
 folium, 18: validum, 10; Victorialis, 2. 
 
 A. Camptchdtirum, catalogued by Meehan, is perhaps 
 a form of some other species. It is described as "dull 
 pink. July. 1>^ ft." 
 
 I. Exotic garden Alliums. 
 
 A. Fls. yellow. 
 
 1. Mdly, Linn. Lvs. flat, broad : fls. numerous, in a 
 dense umbol, in early spring. S. Eu. B.M. 499.— Well 
 known, and a favorite for massing. Hardy in the N. 
 
 AA. Fls. white or whitish. 
 B. Lvs. very broad, obtuse. 
 
 2. Victori&lis, Linn. Tall : lvs. ovate or broad-oblong, 
 short : fls. greenish white, in large heads. Spring. Si- 
 beria. B.M. 1222.- Hardy. 
 
 BB. Lvs, narrow, acute or tapering. 
 
 3. Neapolit&nom, Cyr. Fig. 62. Lvs. long and rather 
 narrow, loose-spreading, shorter than the scape : tis. 
 large, pure white, with colored stamens on long pedicels. 
 Eu.— Needs protection if grown outdoors. Much used 
 for cui-Uowers in winter and spring. The most popular 
 species, A. Herm4ttii jrandiflbrutn, recently intro- 
 duced from Holland, is a clear white odorous variety, 
 well adapted to forcing. 
 
 AAA. Fls, pink, rose, or lilac. 
 B. Segments ivith recurved tips. 
 
 4. acuminiLtum, Hook. Scape 4-10 in.: lvs. 2-4, not 
 longer than the scape, very narrow : umbel many-fld. : 
 perianth segments a third longer than the stamens, the 
 inner ones serrulate. W. Amer. 
 
 BB. Segments not recurved. 
 
 5. rdseom, Linn. Scape 12-18 in.: lvs. narrow, with in- 
 rolled tips: fls. few (10-12), on long pedicels in an open 
 umbel. S. Eu. B.M. 978. 
 
 6. sen^scens, Linn. Scape 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow, erect, 
 often twisted: fls. rather small, numerous, in a rather 
 dense head. Eu. B.M. 1150, 
 
 II. The above species comprise those which are in gen- 
 eral cultivation in this country. Aside from these there 
 are v^arious native species, mostly from western Amer- 
 ica, which are offered by dealers in American plants. 
 These are recorded below. Monograph of American Alli- 
 ums by Sereno Watson,in Proc.Amer.Acad. Sci. 14: 226. 
 
 A. Bulbs clustered, narrowly oblong; scape terete, 
 B. Lf'S. elliptic-lanceolate, 2 or 3. 
 
 7. tric6ccum,Ait. Common Wild Leek. Fls. greenish 
 white on scape 4-12 in. high ii early spring. Grows in 
 clumps. N. Eng. to Wis. and N. C. 
 
 BB. Lvs. terete and hollow, several. 
 
 8. Schoendprasum, Linn. Cives or Chives. Fls. rose- 
 color, in dense little heads: lvs. short, in dense mats. 
 N. U. S. and Eu. 
 
 BBB. Lvs. linear, flat or channelled. 
 
 9. c6maum, Roth. Fls. rose-colored or white, in open, 
 nodding umbels. Alleghanies W. 
 
 10. v&lidum, Wats. Fls. rose-colored or nearly white, 
 in dense erectish umbels : scape l-iHft., very stout. 
 Nev.,Cal.,Or. 
 
 11. haematochlton, Wats. Fls. deep rose, in a small, 
 erect umbel : bulb-coats deep red : scape 1 ft. or less 
 high. Cal. 
 
 AA. Bulbs usually solitary, globose to ovate: 
 scape terete or nearly so. 
 
 B. Coats of bulbs fibrous. 
 
 12. reticuliitum, Eraser. Scape 3-8 in. : fls. white to 
 rose, with thin segments. W. Amer. B.M. 1840, as A, 
 stellatum. 
 
 13. Geyeri, Wats. A foot high : fls. rose, with broad 
 acute segments. W. Amer. 
 
 BB. Coats of bulbs not fibrous. 
 
 c, Lvs. 2 or several, 
 
 D. Ovary ivifh only 3 crests, or none at all, 
 
 14. Bcapdsum, Benth. Fls. white, red-veined, in a 
 loose, few-fld. umbel : bulbs dark : scape 1 ft. or more. 
 W. Amer. 
 
 15. mAdidum, Wats. Fls. white or nearly so, in a many- 
 fld. umbel: bulbs white: scape less than 1 ft., angled. Or. 
 
 16. Ctlsickii.Wats. Fls. rathernumerous, nearly white: 
 lvs. 2, ^in. wide: scape 3-4 in. Or. 
 
 
ALLIT 
 
 ALMOND 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 17 BoUnderi, Wats. Fls. rose, few, the segments ser- 
 rulate: scape 4-10 in. Calif. 
 
 18 unifolium. Kellogg. Lvs. several, narrow and flat: 
 .scape stout. 1-i ft. : fls. rose, 10-30, the segments ovate- 
 lanceolate, exceeding stamens and style. Calif. 
 
 DO. Ovary distinctly G-cresied; fls. usually rose-colored. 
 
 E. Scape usually more than 6 in. high (in the tcild). 
 
 19. Btellattun, Fraser. Bulb-coats reddish: scape 6-18 
 in • pedicels 14-%'m. long; stamens and styles exserted. 
 W.AnKr. B.M. 1576. 
 
 oQ, Sinbomii, Wood. Bulb-scales white: scape 12-24 
 in?' pedicels shorter; umbel densely many-fld. ; stamens 
 ami styles exserted. Calif. 
 
 'I. attenuifdlium, Kellogg. Lvs. channelled : scape 
 su'niler, 6-15 in., leafy below; umbel dense ; fls. nearly 
 white. W. Amer. 
 
 EE. S'-ape usually less than 6 in. high (in the wild). 
 
 2'1. serratum, Wats. Lvs. very narrow : filaments 
 broadened at the base. W. Araer. 
 
 2;{. Bidwelliae, Wats. Scape 2-3 in.: umbel few-fld., 
 the pedicels Kin. long : filaments filiform. Calif. 
 
 cc. Lf. solitary, linear or filiforw: scape 2-5 in. high: 
 cnjisule 6-crested. 
 
 24. fimbriitxun, Wats. Lf. filiform and revolute : 
 scape 3 in. : fls. deep rose , stigma 3-cleft. S. Calif. 
 
 AA. Bulbs mostly solitary : scape stout, 2-winged : 
 lvs. 2, broad. 
 
 B. Stamens not exserted. 
 
 25. falcifdlium, Hook. & Am. Fls. rose, the segments 
 minutely glandular-serrate and twice longer than sta- 
 mens : scape 2-3 in. W. Amer. 
 
 2i). anceps, Kellogg. Fls. white, with purplish veins, 
 the segments little longer than stamens. Calif., Or. 
 BB. Stamens exserted. 
 27. platycaMe, Wats. Fls. rose, the segments long- 
 acuminate: scape3-5in. Calif. B.yi.(j22~,&s A. anceps. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ALLOPLfiCTUS (diversely plaited ; referring to ap- 
 pearance of the calyx). Gesnerdce(e. Tender tropical 
 evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary 
 fls., borne singly, to w-. grown in hothouses and given 
 the treatment required by Gesneras. 
 
 A. repens, Hook. Trailing by means of roots thrown out be- 
 tween the pairs of lvs.: lvs. ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy or 
 smooth: calyx pale green, blotched with purple; coroUayellow, 
 tinged red, gaping; tube swollen at the base ; limb of four spre.id- 
 tiig segments, the uppermost being twice cut. E. Ind. B.M. 4250. 
 —A. sparsiflonts. Mart. Erect : lvs. ovate-oblong, jicute entire; 
 petiole and nerves beneath often red : calyx of a cordate or tri- 
 angular dark blood or purple sepals, fi)rming a striking contrast 
 to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy corolla; limb of corolla 
 of 5 equal segments. Braz. B. M. 4'JIP, erroneously as A. 
 dichrous. 
 
 Allspice. The dry berry of the Pimento (Pimenta 
 •ifficindlia, Lindl.), an evergreen tree of the Myrtitcece. 
 The tree grows in the W. Indies. Jamaica yields much 
 of the product. The fresh berry is about the size of a 
 pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice is also 
 applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as 
 Calycanthus. 
 
 AXMOND. A name given to the tree and fruit of Pru- 
 iif(«' Aiuifijddlus, Baill. (Amygdalus communis, Linn.), 
 of the lf<>s<)ce(p. It is also applied to certain -hvarf orna- 
 mental trees or bushes, a.s Flowering Alnioiul (see Pni- 
 iiHx). The Almond has been cultivate*! from time im- 
 memorial. It is thought to be native to the Med iterranean 
 basin. Some enquirers have stipposed it to be the original 
 of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The 
 flowers are peach-like and handsome (Fig. 6!{)- The 
 Almond nut of commerce is the pit or stone of a pearli- 
 like fruit (Fig. 64). The fleshy part, which is so thick 
 and edible in the peach, is thin and hard, and it splits at 
 maturity. There are two general tribes or races of 
 .\lnionds,— the bitter and the sweet. The former has a 
 I'irter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavor- 
 in? extnicts an«l pnissic acid. It is grown niostly in 
 Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible Al- 
 
 63. 
 
 Flower of common 
 Almond [X %). 
 
 mends, there are two classes,— the hard-shell and the 
 soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown 
 to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible 
 Almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled 
 forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought 
 that almond-growing could be successfully practiced in 
 the peach-growing sections of 
 the East, but vagaries of late 
 spring frosts, and other difiicul- 
 ties, have caused the effort to be 
 abandoned commercially. Indi- 
 vidual Almond trees are occa- 
 sionally seen, and they fre- 
 quently bear profusely. They 
 are nearly as hardy as the peach. 
 The commercial cultivation of 
 the Almond is confined to west- 
 ern America, and the remainder 
 of this account is, therefore, 
 written from the Californian 
 standpoint. L. H. B. 
 
 Almond-growing in California 
 has received the attention of 
 horticulturists for nearly half a 
 century, and during the whole 
 of its course the industry has 
 been marked by vicissitudes 
 which, it must be admitted, are 
 
 not yet ended. Two chief sources of difficulty are now 
 clearly discerned to have attended the effort from its be- 
 ginning, and present knowledge may enable planters to 
 avoid, in the future, errors which have led to much dis- 
 appointment and loss — the vestiges of which still encum- 
 ber the ground, I'^ough clearing is proceeding rapidly. 
 Thus far the Almond tree has yielded more firewood than 
 any other single fruit tree which has been largely planted 
 in California, and yet planting has continued, in the hope 
 of better results, until in 1897 there were about 1,500,000 
 trees included in the reports of the county assessors, of 
 which number about two-thirds had attained bearing age 
 at that datte. The product of 1897 was 218 carloads, and 
 the competition in the eastern markets with imported 
 Almonds was so grievous that prices fell below what is 
 considered a profitable return. In 1898, because of un- 
 timely frosts, the product fell to 25 carloads, which is 
 counted about equal to the local consumption of the Pa- 
 cific coast. At the present time, 1899, planting has prac- 
 tically ceased, and a considerable acreage of thrifty trees 
 of bearing age is being cleared for other purposes, be- 
 cause growers in certain places are out of patience with 
 the Almond. In spite of these facts, the Almond will re- 
 main an important California product, through the satis- 
 factoi-y performance of trees enjoying favorable envi- 
 ronment. 
 
 The two chief sources of failure with the Almond are 
 the sterility of many varieties without cross-pollination, 
 and the extreme propensity of the tree for e»rly bloom- 
 ing, with the consequent destruction of the bloom or the 
 young fruit by temperature very little below the freezing 
 point. These two evils have been singularly associated 
 historically, and only lately have they been shown to be 
 independent factors and both of them demanding the 
 closest attention from planters. At first it was thought 
 that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by them- 
 selves was the cause of disappointment, because, after 
 years of chopping-out or grafting-over oM, unproductive 
 trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent 
 stock, it was observed, by chance, that the Languedoc va- 
 riety adjacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was 
 heavily laden with nuts when it was sterile without such 
 association. Attention was then directed to the growth 
 of seedlings, and a large lot of seedlings of the bitter 
 Almond, grown by A. T. Hatch, exhibited such satis- 
 factory bearing habit and such striking variation toward 
 new types of the soft-shell sweet Almond that the growth 
 of new, selected California seedlings was seized upon as 
 a paTu\cea for the previously experienced troubles with 
 the Almond. Those now varieties were conceived to be 
 not only self-fertile but hardy, and large plantations were 
 made withotit due regard to the frosty character of the 
 locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some ex- 
 tent of high plateaux, were planted. Fine, large trees 
 grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts 
 
46 
 
 ALMOND 
 
 ALMOND 
 
 from February to April, until the growers cast the trees 
 upon the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of 
 several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to 
 be the proper conception of the situation of the Almond 
 in California, which is, that the most prolific varieties 
 must be chosen, must be associated for purposes of cross- 
 pollination, and must be planted in places of least lia- 
 bility to frost. There is a factor of some moment in the 
 late-blooming habit of some varieties, which will be con- 
 sidered presently. 
 
 The soil best suited to the Almond is a light, well- 
 drained loam. The tree makes a strong and rapid root- 
 growth, and is more tolerant of drought man any other 
 of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason, as 
 well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the 
 Almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley — 
 providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of sur- 
 plus water in the rainy season. The root is most intol- 
 erant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed 
 to it. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils the Almond 
 root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune 
 d'Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry 
 valleys. 
 
 Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings 
 grown from either the sweet or the bitter hard-shell 
 Almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's 
 growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a 
 dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one 
 season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree 
 grows so rapidly, both in root and top, that only yearling 
 trees are used. 
 
 At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to 
 form a low head with only about a foot of clear trunk. 
 They are allowed to make free growth during the follow- 
 ing summer, and in the following winter are cut back so 
 as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a 
 foot of tlieir attachment to the trunk. At the same time 
 the branches are reduced to 4 or 5 in number, symmet- 
 rically arransred around the stem and at good distance 
 from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd 
 each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during 
 the following summer and another cutting back the fol- 
 lowing winter give the trees the vase-form on the out- 
 side, with enough interior branches to fill the inside of 
 the tree without crowding. Thus the tree is systemati- 
 cally pruned after each of its first two years' growth in 
 the orchard. After that, shortening-in of the branches 
 usually ceases, and the third summer's growth is allowed 
 to stand for fruit-bearing, with only thinning-out of 
 growth to prevent crowding. This thinning-out has to 
 be done from time to time in later years, otherwise the 
 tree becomes too thick, and interior branches dwindle for 
 lack of light. The amount of thinning varies in the dif- 
 ferent climates of the state : the greater the heat, the 
 denser the tree for its own protection. With the proper 
 adjustment of heat and light, fresh bearing wood may be 
 encouraged in the lower part of the tree, otherwise it 
 becomes umbrella-shaped, with the fruit wood at the top 
 and bare poles below. 
 
 The Almond is the earliest bloomer of our common 
 fruits. It puts forth ^lowers sometimes as early as Janu- 
 
 64. Almond nuts (X % 
 
 ftry, but the usual date is about February 10 for the ear- 
 liest bloomers in the warmer parts of the state, with 
 the later bloomers at intervals thereafter until April 1. 
 Records of full bloom of a number of varieties wi«lely 
 grow^n in California, which have been kept at the Uni- 
 versity of California sub-station, situated in the Sierra 
 foot-hill region, show the following succession : Commer- 
 cial, February 27 ; Sultana and Paper-shell, March 10 ; 
 
 King and Marie Duprey, March 11 ; IXL, March 12; 
 Languedoc, March 19 ; Nonpareil, March 20 ; Routier 
 Twin, March 24; Pistache, March 25; Drake Seedling, 
 April 2. Obviously the late bloomers have greater 
 chance of escaping frost, and there is at present some 
 disposition to make this a consideration in selecting 
 varieties for planting. The dates just given show an 
 extreme variation in time of blooming. Some years the 
 intervals are much shorter, but the relation seems to be 
 constant. The crop ripens from August 15 to October 1, 
 according to locality. Early maturity does not follow 
 early blooming— that is, as with other fruits, the first to 
 bloom are not necessarily the first to ripen. 
 
 Not less than 25 varieties of Almonds have been grown 
 to a greater or less extent in California. Varieties of 
 foreign origin have almost wholly given place to selected 
 seedlings of local origin, and of these a very few consti- 
 tute the main crop at present. These are named in the 
 order of their acreage, as follows : IXL, Nonpareil, 
 Ne Plus Ultra, Drake, Paper-shell, Languedoc. Of these, 
 the IXL and Nonpareil occupy not less than three- 
 fourths ot the acreage. 
 
 In handling the crop the local climate modifies methods 
 somewhat, and the growth-habit is also involved. In 
 regions very free from atmospheric humidity in the 
 summer, the hull opens readily and discloses a clean, 
 bright nut, which can be marketed without treatment. 
 Where this is not the case, and the nut is more or less 
 discolored, bleaching in the fumes of sulfur has to be 
 practiced. The nut must be dry before sulfuring, or the 
 fumes will penetrate and injure the flavor of the kernel. 
 Sulfured nuts also lose largely in power of germina- 
 tion. The practice is to gather the nuts, dry for a few- 
 days in the sun, then spray with water very lightly, so 
 that only the sui^'ace of the shell is moistened, and 
 then use the sulfur. In this way a light color can 
 be secured w'ithout penetration of the fumes. The nuts 
 can usually be gathered from the ground as they nat- 
 urally fall, or can be brought down by shaking or the use 
 of light poles. Some varieties are more easily harvested 
 than others, and the same variety falls more readily in 
 some localities than in others. A greater or less per- 
 centage, according also to variety and locality, will have 
 adhering hulls, and for clearing them locally-invented 
 machines, called almond hullers, are used. Early rains in 
 •ome localities are apt to stain the nuts. Such stains 
 cannot be removed by sulfuring, and the nuts have to 
 be crushed and the product marketed as kernels for the 
 use of confectioners. Machinery is also used for this 
 operation, and a considerable fraction of the product 
 reachet* the market in this form. 
 
 The standard of excellence in the Almond, from a 
 commercial point of view, as learned by the experience 
 of California producers, is that the kernel must be as 
 smooth, symmetrical and plump as possible. The twin- 
 ning of kernels, welcome as it may be to searchers for 
 philopenas, results in misshapen kernels, which are 
 very objectionable to the confectioners, who are very 
 large users of Almonds. Constancy to single kernels is 
 thert'fore a good point in a variety. 
 
 Large proportion of kernel to shell by weight is also, 
 obviously, an important point to almond buyers. At the 
 same time, the shell may be so reduced in strength as 
 to break badly in shipping in sacks and in subsequent 
 handling. Incomplete covering also exposes the kernel 
 to the sulfur and to loss of flavor. The ideal is such 
 degree of thinness of shell as can be had with complete 
 covering of the kernel and durability in handling. 
 
 Careful comparison of the proportion of kernel weight 
 to gross weight of the popular California varieties, as 
 compared with a leadin, ; imported variety, was made by 
 a committee of the California Horticultural Society, with 
 the following result: From one pound of each of the 
 following varieties the net weight of kernels in ounces 
 was: Imported Tarragona, 6 2-5; California Languedoc, 
 7H; El Supremo, 7H; Drake, 8% ; IXL, 9 ; Commer- 
 cial, 9^; La Prima, 93^; Princess, 9>^: Ne Plus Ultra, 
 10; King, 10; Paper-shell, 11; Nonpareil, 11 to 13. 
 
 Edward J. Wickson. 
 
 ALMOND, DEHERABA. See Terminalia Catappa. 
 ALMOND, FLOWERING. See P/unu». 
 
ALNUS 
 
 ALNUS 
 
 47 
 
 ALNUS (the ancient Latin name). CupuUfercf, sub- 
 Umily Betuldce<B. Alder. Trees or shrubs: Ivs. alter- 
 uivte shortly petioled, deciduous: fls. apetalous, nionoe- 
 ciou:s in catkins, staminate ones elongated and pendu- 
 lous pistillate ones erect, short, developing into an 
 ovoid ligneous cone with persistent scales : fr. a 
 small' nutlet. Twenty species in the northern hemi- 
 sphere, in America south to Peru. Hardy ornamental 
 trees and shrubs, suitable for planting on damp soil, 
 -where they grow very rapidly, but A. cordata, firma, 
 jjjpojjjV,,^ and also A.tinctoria prefer somewhat drier 
 soil. The profuse male catkins are pleasing in early 
 spring. The wood is valuable for its durability in water. 
 Usuallv prop, by seeds gathered in the fall and «-ell 
 dried: sown in spring with but slight covering, and 
 kept moist and shady, they germinate soon ; a slight 
 covering with moss, taken off when the seedlings appear, 
 •will be useful. At the end of the same year or the fol- 
 lowing' springthe seedlings are transplanted, usually into 
 rows 1-- ft. apart and 6 in. from ea h other. After two 
 vears they can be planted where they are to stand. The 
 shrubby species, also A . gliitinosa, grow from hanlwood 
 cutting's placed in moist and sandy soil, also from layers, 
 and A. incana from suckers. Rarer kinds are grafted 
 on common potted stock in early spring in the propa- 
 gatintr house ; grafting out-of-doors is rarely successful. 
 
 Index: aurea, No. 10; cordata, 5; conlifoUa,'i\ denticu- 
 lata. 10: firma, Sieb. «fe Zucc, 2 and 4; glauca, C; t^'luti- 
 nosa, 10; imperialis, 10; incana, 0; incisa, 10; Japonica, 
 4; laciniata, 6 and 10; maritima, 3; multinervis, 2 : oft- 
 i.iM^fi/*!. 3 and 10 ; Oregana,^ ; pf/rifoHa, 5 ; rubra, 8 ; 
 ru5>rinerva, 10; rugosa, 9; serruJata,9 ; Sibirica, 1; 
 tiliacea, 5 ; tilicefolia, 5 ; tinctoria, 7 ; viridis, 1, 
 
 A. FU. opening in the spring with the Ivs.; pistillate 
 ones en ^losed in buds during the winter: fr. tvith 
 broad tnembraneoits wings. Alnobetiiln. 
 
 1. viridis, DC. Green Alder. Shrub, .3-6 ft. : Ivs. usu- 
 ally rounded at the base, round-ovate or oval, sharply 
 serrate, 1/^-4 in. long, pale green and pubescent on the 
 veins beneath: cones 3-4, oblong, slender peduncled. 
 Northern hemisphere, in the mountains, in different 
 varieties.— Hardy low shrub with handsome foliage, of 
 very pleasant effect on rocky streamlets, with its long, 
 male catkins in spring. Var. Sibirica, Regel. {A. Si- 
 birica, Hort.). Sometimes tree, 25 ft.: Ivs. larger, cor- 
 date-ovate. 
 
 2. firma, Sieb - Zucc. Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong- 
 lanceolate or 0"» . -lanceolate, sharply and doubly ser- 
 rate, with 10-15 pairs of veins, 2-4 in. long, often nearly 
 glabrous beneath : cones 2-4, peduncled. Japan. 
 
 Var. multin6rvis, Regel. Lvs. with 14-2^ pairs of 
 veins, thicker. — Handsome tree with dark K^een lvs., 
 growing on dry and rocky soil; quite hardy. 
 
 AA. Fls. opening in the fall from catkins of the same 
 year: lvs. not pi icately folded in the bud. 
 
 3. maritima, Nutt. (.4. oblongata, Regel., not Ait. nor 
 Wilkl.). Tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, 
 shining above, pale green beneath, glabrous, remotely 
 and crenatelj' serrate, 2—4 in. long: cones 2-4, large, on 
 short, stout peduncles. Del., Md. S.S. 9:458. O.F. 
 4:209. Nutt. N. Am. S. 1: 10.— Ornamental shrub or 
 small tree with handsome shining foliage, attractive in 
 autumn with its male catkins. 
 
 AAA. Fls. opening in early spring before the lvs., from 
 catkins formed the previous year and remaining 
 naked during the tvinter. 
 
 B. Lvs. not plicate in the bud, green beneath, veit * 
 arcuate, ending mostly in the incisions: female 
 catkins usually solitary in the ajrils. 
 
 4. Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. ftrma, Hort., not S. & 
 Z.). Tree, 50-80 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, sharply and irregularly serrulate, glabrous at 
 lenirth, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-6 
 in. long : cones 3-6, peduncled. Japan. G. P. 6:345. 
 —Tall, pyramidal tree with dark green foliage ; the 
 largest and perhaps the most beautiful of all Alders. 
 
 5. cordata, Desf. (A. cordifdlia, Ten. A. tiii<}cea, 
 Hort.). Small tree, 20-50 ft. : lvs. cordate, ovate or round- 
 ish, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, bearded in the axils beneath, 
 
 glandular when j'oung : cones 1-3, peduncled. Italy, 
 Caucasus. L.B.C. 13:1231. G.C. H. 19: 285.— Round- 
 headed tree with handsome, distinct foliage, changing 
 orange yellow in autumn, resembling that of a linden or 
 pear, therefore sometimes as A. tiliafdlia, or A. py- 
 rifdlia, in gardens. Not quite hardy North. 
 
 BB. Lvs. plicate in the bud, the veins going straight to 
 the points of the larger teeth: female catkins 3-6 
 in every axil. 
 
 C. Under side of lvs. glaucous ; not bearded. 
 
 6. incana, "Willd. Shrub or tree, to 60 ft. : branches pu- 
 bescent: lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, acute, 154-4 in. long. 
 
 65. Alnus elutinosa (X H)- 
 
 doubly serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath : 
 cones 4-8. mostly sessile, ^ain. long. Northern hemi- 
 sphere, in different varieties. 
 
 Var. glauca, Ait. (A.gla iica , Michx. ) . Shrub, to 12 ft. : 
 lvs. often nearlv glabrous beneath. N. Amer., Eu. 
 Em. 251. 
 
 Var. vulgaris, Spach. Tree, to 50 ft. : lvs. usually 
 densely pubescent beneath: cones 1 in. long. Eu., Asia. 
 
 Var. pinnatifida, Spach. (var. laciniUfa, Hort.). Lvs. 
 pinnately lobed or cleft, with dentate lobes. 
 
 7. tinctdria, Sargent (J.. tHC()na, var. finrfdria, Hort.). 
 Tree, to 00 ft. ; lvs. broadly ovate, 4-6 in. long, membra- 
 naceous; coarsely doubly serrate, slightly lobed, glau- 
 cous and rufously pubescent on the veins beneath. Ja- 
 pan. G.F. 10:4(3. — Handsome ornamental tree of very 
 vigorous growth, with large foliage. 
 
 8. rtbra, Bong. (.4. Oreguna, Nutt.). Tree, 40-50 ft.: 
 Ivs. oblonsr-ovate, 3-5 in. long, crenate-serrate, slightly 
 lobed, revolute on the margin, nearly glabrous beneath; 
 petioles and veins orange colored: cones 6-8, oblong. 
 W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 454. Nutt. N. Amer. S. 1 : 9. 
 
 CC. Under side of lvs. green or brownish green; usually 
 
 bearded. 
 
 9. rugdsa, Spreng. (A. serrtiliita, V^iUd.). Shrub, to 25 
 ft.: lvs. usually cuneate, obovate or elliptic, acute or 
 rounded at the apex, 2-5 in. long, finely serrate, usually 
 pubescent on the veins beneath: cones short-stalked. 
 E. N. Amer., from Mass. south. Em. 248. 
 
 10. glutindsa, Gff tn. Black Alder. Fig. 65. Tree, to 
 70 ft. : lvs. orbicular or obovate, rounded or emargiiiate 
 at the apex, 2-5 in. long, irregularly obtusely serrate, 
 with .5-7 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath, glu- 
 tinous when unfolding: cones distinctly peduncled. 
 Eu., N. Afr., Asia, naturalized in some localities in N. 
 Amer.— A vigorously growing tree with dark green, 
 dull foliage, valuable for planting in damp situations. 
 Commonly planted in many forms : Var. atirea, Versch. 
 Lvs. yellow. I. H. 13:490. Var. denticulita, Ledeb. 
 {A. oblongata, Willd.). Lvs. usually cuneate, serrulate. 
 
48 
 
 ALNUS 
 
 ALOCASIA 
 
 S, Eu. Var. imperils, Desf . Fig. 66. Lvs. deeply pin- 
 nately lobed with lanceolate or nearly linear lobes. Var. 
 incisa, Willd. ( var. oxy acanthi fdlia, Spach.). Lvs. small, 
 deeply incised, like those of Crattegus oxyacantha . Var. 
 laciiiiiLta, Willd. Lvs. pinnately lobed ; lobes oblong. 
 
 66. Alnus elutinosa. var. imperialis {X %.) 
 
 Var. rubrin6rva, Dipp. Lvs. large and shining, with red 
 nerves and petioles ; pyramitlal tree of vigorous growth, 
 very handsome. 
 
 A.acutmndta,li'BK. Tree: lvs. usually ovate and pubescent 
 beneath, doublj' serrate. €. Amer., north to Ariz.— A. AUiobet- 
 ula, Hort.=A. viridis.— J., barbdta, C. A. Mey. Allied to A. 
 glutinosa. Lvs. pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate. Cauca- 
 sus. Perhaps hybrid of A. glutinosaXsubcordata.— J.. Cana- 
 densis, Hort.=A. rugosa.— J., commiinis, Desf.=A. glutinosa. — 
 A.cordifdlia,Tei\.=A. cordata.— .1. crispa, Pursh=A. viridis. 
 — A. firma, Hort.=A. Japonifa or A. subcordata.— A. glaiica, 
 Michx.=A. incana.— A. JorM/i^njM«, HBK. Allied to A. acumi- 
 nata : lvs. oblong-lanceoUite, coarsely dentate. C. Amer.— A. 
 macrocdrpa, Lodd., not Regel.=A. glutinosa var.— A. macro- 
 phylla, Hort.=A. subcordata.— A. oblongata, Willd. = A. gluti- 
 nosa, var. denticulata.— A. oblongata, Regel.=A. maritima.— A. 
 oblongifblia, Torr. Tree, 20-"0 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, cunoate, 
 doubly serrate, 2-3 in. long: strobiles K~l in. long, peduncled. 
 N. Mex. and Ariz. S.S. 9:4o7.— A. Oregana, Nutt.=A. rubra.— 
 A. on'entalis, Decaisne=A. subcordata.— A.j?ufce«cen«, Tsch. (A. 
 glutinosaXincana) . Lvs. roundish-ovate or obovate, irregularly 
 serrate. i)ul)escent beneath. Natural hyhrid.— A. rhombifolia, 
 Nutt. Troe. 60-80 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oval or ovate, 2-334in. long, 
 finely serrate, yellowish green and pubenilous beneath: stro- 
 biles ol)long, pe<luncletl. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 4r>6.— A. serntldta, 
 Willd. =A. rugosa.— A. Sibirica, Hort., not Fisch.=A. viridis 
 Sibirica.— A. smwa^a, Rydb. Allied to A. viridis. Shrub, 3-16 
 ft.: lvs. slightly lobed, semlate, glabrous, thin. W.N. Amer. 
 — A.subconlata, C. A. Mey. (A. orientalis, Decaisne. A. firma, 
 Hort.. not S. & Z. A. m.acrophylla, Hort.). Tree, 30-50 ft.: lvs. 
 rr.unded at the base, ovate or oblong, 2-6 in. long, crenately ser- 
 rate, often pubescent beneath. Allied to A. cordata. Caucasus, 
 Asia Minor.— A. subrotunda, Hort.==A. glutinosa var. denticu- 
 lata.— .1. tpnuifolia, Nutt. (A. incana, var. \'irescens. Wats. A. 
 o'-cidentalis. Dipp.). Small tree, occasionally 30 ft.: lvs. ovate, 
 2-t in. long, slightly lolled and doubly serrate, green and nearly 
 glabrous beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9:455.—A.unduldta, 
 
 Willd. =A. viridis. . „ 
 
 Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 ALOGASIA (name made irom Colocasia). Arotdece. 
 Stove foliage plants, of .30 or more original species, 
 from trop. Asia and the Malayan Isls. Closely allied to 
 Caladium and particularly to Colocasia, which see. 
 These three genera differ chiefly in characters of fniit. 
 Monogr. by Engler in DeCandoUe's Monographiae Pha- 
 nerogamarum, Vol. 2. In 1890, 52 species and speciftc- 
 
 allv named hybrids were in cult. (Bergman, Jour. See 
 Nat. Hort. France. LH. .'{7:80). 
 
 Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings o( 
 the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture 
 of light, fibrous peat and sand in equal proportions, and 
 plunged in a cIo.se frame or propagating box with bot- 
 tom heat. They may also be grown from seeds sown in 
 4-inch pots, in a light, peaty soil in a temperature of 
 75° F. The month of March is the best time for propa- 
 gating. The evergreen species (as A.cuprea, lonf/iloba, 
 Lowii, Regina) thrive best in a compost of two parts 
 fibrous peat and sphagnum moss and one part lumps of 
 fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of 
 silver sand and a few nodules of charcoal to keep the 
 whole.sweet. The herbaceous species (as ^. wacror A ua) 
 do best in good fibrous loam to which % of well-rotted 
 cow-manure or pulverized sheep-manure has been added. 
 Perfect drainage of the pots is ab.solutely nece.ssary, 
 and in potting, the evergreen species should be coned 
 up two or three inches above the rim of the pot, and 
 finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss. 
 The season of active growth commences about the first 
 of Jlarch,. when they should be given a temperature of 
 70° at night, with a rise of 15° by day, and the atmos- 
 phere must be kept in a humid condition. They should 
 be given a position free from draughts and direct sun- 
 light. They require an abundance of water at the roots 
 as the leaves uevelop, and are greatly benefited by an 
 occasional watering of clear liquid sheep or cow-manure 
 wat^r. To obtain the best development of the leaves, 
 heavy syringing should be avoided, but frequent spray- 
 ing on all fine days with an atomizer sprayer is veiy 
 beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of the atmos- 
 phere and the supply of water to the roots should be 
 reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually with- 
 held altogether as the leaves mature with the herba- 
 ceous species. The temperature during winter should 
 not fall below 60°. Cult. by E. J. Caknixc;. 
 
 The propagation of most of the Alocasias consists of 
 cutting up the stems, so that each piece will have at 
 least one dormant bud. The pieces should be placed 
 amongst moss, in a hot propagating frame, where they 
 vegetate quickly. Such kinds as A. Sanderiana. A. 
 macrorhisa,Y&T.variegata, and A.Jenningsii (Colocasia) 
 have creeping rhizomes, at the ends of which small 
 resting tubers are formed. These should be carefully 
 collected, and the two first named started in a propa- 
 gating frame in a pan of moss and sand. A. Jenningm 
 roots readily in ordinarj* soil. Most of the kinds require 
 a soil which is very fibrous, with a little moss added. The 
 pots should be half filled with potsherds as drainage. 
 
 Cult, by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 A. Lvs. distinctly notched or undulate on the margin. 
 
 princeps, Nicholson. Lvs. sagittate, the basal lobes 
 narrow and spreading, the margins deep-sinuate; upper 
 surface olive-green, with darker veins, the under lighter 
 colored, with brown veins and margin; petioles brown- 
 spotted, slender. E. Ind. 
 
 Sanderi&na, Bull. Fig. 67. Lvs. long-sagittate, with 
 deeply notched margin, the basal lobes wide-spreading; 
 deep glossy green with metallic reflection, with promi- 
 nent white margins and veins; petioles brownish and 
 striped. Philippines. Gng. 1897: 84.— One of the best of 
 recent introductions. Runs into various forms, and has 
 entered largely into cultivated hybrids. 
 
 AA. Lvs. plane and entire on the margin. 
 
 B. Markings chiefly on the petioles, the blades green. 
 
 zebrina, Koch & Veitch. Lvs. triangular-sagittate ; 
 petioles beautifully marked with large zigzag bands of 
 green. Philippines. F.S. 15:1541-2. 
 
 Villeneuvei, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. sagittate-ovate, the 
 veins of lighter green and prominent, basal lobes very 
 unequal; petioles spotted with chocolate-brown. Large. 
 Borneo. I.H..34:21. — Named for deVilleneuve, Brazilian 
 ambassador to Belgium. 
 
 BB. Markings or coloration chiefly on the leaf-blades. 
 
 c. Veins and midrib light yellow. 
 
 Lindeni, Rod. Lvs. cordate -ovat«, long-pointed. 8-12 
 in. long, bright green, with yellowish veins curving off 
 
 
ALOCASIA 
 
 ALOE 
 
 49 
 
 Much like A. longiloba : Ivs. 
 dark nu-tallic j?reen, promi- 
 
 f roni the midrib and vanishing near the margin ; petioles 
 nearly white. New Guinea. l.H. .W: G(i;{.- Bruised Ivs. 
 emit a strong odor. 
 
 cc. Veins and midrib white or silvern . 
 
 longiloba, Miq. {A. giganfki, Hort.). Petioles 2 ft., 
 ereeiii-'h white, mottled purple ; blade saifittate, 18 in. 
 lone the basal lobes ver>- long and erect, the upper sur- 
 face "Teen, with silvery or gray bamls along veins and 
 mi.lrib. the under surface light purple. Java- 
 
 Putz^ysi.N. E.Brown. 
 broader (oval-sagittate), 
 nentlv veined and bordered white, the petioles pale red- 
 purple, under surface dark purple. Sumatra. I.H. 
 2j. 4:];)]_More brilliant than A. longiloba, and has wider 
 space.^ between the veins. 
 
 Tliibautiina, Mast. Petioles 3 ft., greenish ; blade 
 " ft. 1"U>? '-^^^^ iH-liO in. broad, ovate-cordate, the basal 
 Im'> bnuwl and rounded, olive-green, with broad silvery 
 veins an<l rib, the under surface deep purple. Borneo. 
 0.0.111.17:485. I.H. 28: 419. 
 
 L5wii, Hook. Petioles 2-3 ft., rose-color ; blade nar- 
 row-ovate, 18 in. long and a third as wide, long-pointed, 
 the basal lobes long-acute, upper surface olive-green, 
 with very distinct silvery bands, under surface rich 
 puri'le. Borneo. B. M. '}'.>'(). A. F. 1895; 5.59 as var. 
 gnnidls. Var. picta, Hook. (B.M. 5497), has surface 
 covered with small white reticulations. This var. is 
 A. re<7</i/«, Schott. (var. retYc/tu", Engler). 
 
 ( re. Veins icJiite and leaf blotched and mottled. 
 macrorhiza, Schott. Large, reaching 10 or 15 ft. : leaf- 
 blades 3 ft. long, long-sagittate and pointed, the lobes 
 short and obtuse, margin often somewhat wavy, the 
 midrib very broad and conspicuous, the blotches or 
 patches of green and white (in the var. variegdta, which 
 is the common form) very striking. Ceylon. I, H. 
 (;.;{().-,, — One of the commonest species. Lvs. sometimes 
 almost white. 
 
 cccc. Veins dark or purple, or the leaf darh-eolored. 
 ctiprea, Koch {A. metdllica, Schctl. ). Petioles 2ft. or 
 less long, green ; blade ovate and peltate, 18 by 12 in., 
 nou-hed at the base and cuspidate at the point, dark 
 metallic green with darker ri1> and veins, the under 
 side rich purple. Pomeo. B. M. 5190. L H. 8: 283. 
 Lowe. 60. Gn. 50: .336. — One of the best, and common. 
 
 67. Alocasia Sanderiana. 
 
 Eegina, X. E. Brown. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, ob- 
 tuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or 
 quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent, 
 -oinewhat tieshy, dark green above with darker veins 
 ami lirown-purple beneath; peti(»les terete, pubescent, 
 spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32: 544. 
 
 ."Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in 
 thiscouutry: A.argyrea, hybrid of longiloba xPucciana; 
 /)<!^;r/V'H.'<i.>«, petiole dark purple; lf.-bla<le dark green; 
 I'h-tnfrieri {raised by Chantrier Bros.. Mortefontaine, 
 France), hyb. of cupreax Sanderiana. with long wavy 
 1^«.. purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H. 
 ■":W. R.H. 1887, p. 405); Chelsoni, cupreax longil(d)a, 
 with lvs, purple below and green above ; g\gas, much 
 
 like Villeneuvei ; intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years 
 ago; La ISallidna; Iritcidna, ThibautianaxPutzeysi, 
 with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and mar- 
 gins, purple beneath (I.H. 44:27); Mortefontainensis, 
 Lowii X Sanderiana ; Pticcitina, PutzeysixThibautiana; 
 tSedeni, cupreax Lowii, with ovate-pellate lvs. purple be- 
 neath and white veined above (I.H. 24:292); Van 
 Houttei. 
 
 The following names are also in our trade: A. illiis- 
 ^W«=Colocasia Antiquorum; */e'»»«>u/.>}«/=('<docasia af- 
 finis; Jo/jn.s^on//=Cyrtosperma .Tohnstvonii; Marchdllii 
 = Colocasia Marchallii ; violdcea = CVlocasia Anti- 
 quorum ? 
 
 The following may be expected to appear in the American 
 trade: A. Auyimtinidiia, hind. He Rod. Lvs. peltate and wavy, 
 green above and below, with pale nerves, the i>etioles brown- 
 spotte«i : allied to A. zebriua. I.H. 33: 593. New Guiuea? — 4. 
 Viirtisi. N. E. Brown. Petioles 3 ft. or les.s, purple-barred : If.- 
 blade 20 in. or less, and half as wide, shining green and gn^ey- 
 ribbed above, deep purple l>eneath. Penang.— A. ennnens, N. E. 
 Brown. Lvs. i)eltate, the blade 2 ft. or less long and nearly half 
 as broad, purple beneath, green and light-veined a1)ove; neti- 
 oles 5 ft. or less, barred. E. Ind.— .1. grdndis, N. E. Bro^vn. 
 Larsje : lvs. 2 ft. or less long, ovate-sagittate, half as broad, 
 blaek-green below, bright green alwve ; petioles 4 ft. or less, 
 blackish. E. Ind. — .1. guttata, N. E. Brown, var. iniperinlis, 
 N.E.Brown. Lvs. sagittate, acute, li^ ft. or less long and half 
 as broad, purple l>eneath, brown-greon and dark-blotched above. 
 Borneo. I.H. 31: S41.— A.I ndica, Schott. St. G ft. or more, stout 
 and fleshy: lvs. very large (often 3 ft. across), ovate-cordate, 
 bright green on both sides. E. Ind. F. S. 21: 2206.— .1. Jldr- 
 garit'V. Lind. & Rod. Lvs. slightly peltate, wa\-5', shining, green 
 with blackish midrib, the veins and brownish petioles pubes- 
 cent. New Guinea. I.H. 33: Gil.— A. war^ma^a. .Said to have 
 come from Braz. Lv.^. 2 ft. or less long and very broad, slightly 
 wavy, rounded and short-pointed, pale green, striped and mot- 
 tled with purple; petioles bro\vn-niarked.— A. />/»/»»)!/<'«, Hort. 
 =grandis?— .1. reversa, N. E. Brown. Dwarf and compact, the 
 petioles 6 in. long, blade less than 1 ft. long, bright green, Avith 
 rib and nerves olive-green. B.M. 7498. Philippines.— A. Hodi- 
 gasidaa, Andre. ThibautianaXRegina.— A. Sanderiana, var. 
 Oandarensis, Rod. Lvs. wa\'j-margined, piirple and blotched 
 l)eneath. I.H. 43:56.— .1. seabrimcula, N. E. Brown. Lvs. 
 f preading, not dettexed, sagittate and not peltate, shining green 
 aV)ve and paler beneath. Borneo.— A. sinudta, N. E. Brown. 
 Lv.T. sagittate and sinuate, dark green above with lighter areas, 
 and whitish green l>elow. Philippines.— A. Watsonidna, Hort. 
 =Putzeysi.— .1. Warri)iid7ia, Masters. Lvs. ere<'t, toothed, not 
 sagittate, lanceolate and long-i>ointed. dark green; pet. des 
 purple-spotted, winged. G.C. III. 23:243. F.E. 10:886. Gn. 
 55: 183. Celebes. L. H. B. 
 
 ALOE (Arabic name). £filidcew,trihe Aloinetv. Acau- 
 lescent or variously caulescent succulents : lvs. often 
 large, usually crowded in rosettes or along end of st. : 
 lis. red or yellow, often paler-striped, straight, tubular, 
 with short, straight limb, equaled or surpassed by the 
 stamens. Afr., especially in the Cape region, one species 
 about the Mediterranean and extensively naturalized in 
 all warmer parts of the world, and one in China. Plants 
 of thecoolhouse, best planted out in a well-drained place 
 in summer, when they flower prettily. Prop, by seed, 
 which usually is not true to name, and by suckers or 
 cuttings weJ dried-ofF. Branching for this purpose may 
 be induced by searing the crown of old plants. Hy- 
 brids are said to occur with Gasteria (A. liedinghan-sii 
 =A. ari.'itataxG. nigricantf : A. Beguini=A.arisfatax 
 G. verrurond ; ^1. Lapaixii=A. aristata xG. mncnlata; 
 A. L}/nrhii=A .stria tax G. vemicosa , an«l A. Nnwotnyi 
 =A . aristata x ), and with Lomatophylhnn {A . Ho\ieri= 
 A. serrntaxL. sp.). J. G. Baker, in Jour. Linn. Soc. 
 Dot. 18, pp. 1.52-182. William Tkelease. 
 
 Old plants of Aloe will keep healthy for several years 
 in the same pots without a renewal of soil, and flower 
 freely at the same time. The soil most suited to their 
 needs is sandy loam three parts, lime rubble and broken 
 brick one part, with a little decayed manure to strengthen 
 the mixture. Very firm potting is necessary. Drainage 
 is a more important item than soil, and must be per- 
 fectly arranged to enable the surplus water to run freely 
 fnmi the soil. Broken bricks are preferable to pieces of 
 pots, larsre pieces for the bottom of the pot or tub, and 
 smaller pieces above, till the last layer is quite fine. 
 Some of the species need freer rooting conditions than 
 others. A. ciliaris will grow from .5-7 ft. in a season. 
 A. Abyssinica is of robust growth, and differs from 
 most others in the color of the flowers, which are pure 
 
50 
 
 ALOE 
 
 ALOE 
 
 yellow, most of the others y)eing orange and orange- 
 scarlet. A. plicatilis makes an ornamental tub plant 
 when i or 5 ft. high. Except during the period in which 
 the spe<'ies are in active growth, they need very little 
 water, the principal idea beiug to keep the soil sweet 
 and porous even when in growth. At all times the 
 air of the house should be as dry as possible, full 
 sunshine not hurting them. Prop, by seeds, suck- 
 ers and cuttings. The arborescent kinds should be 
 rooted after they have completed growth. Dust over 
 the cut part cf the cutting with powdered charcoal and 
 <lry in sunshine before putting it in to root. Insert 
 singly in as small pots as they will go into, and ]>lunge 
 in a sand bed. Very little moisture is necessary while 
 rooting. G. W. Oliver. 
 
 The erenerie or scientific name Aloe is a Latinized 
 fonn of an Arabic name. As an English word it is pro- 
 nounced in two syllables, thus, A'-loe. Popularly this 
 wonl is loosely used, the common American Aloe being 
 Ai/ai'e Americana, the common-st "Century Plant." 
 The "bitter aloes" of commerce is a resinous juice much 
 used as a laxative. The best quality is called " Socotrine 
 or Zanzibar Aloes," a product of ^1. Perry i, which was 
 known by the Greeks of the Fourth century B.C. to 
 come from the island of Socotra. The " Barbadoes Aloes " 
 is the product of A. veni, a species much planted in 
 the West Indies. Genera allied to Aloe are Apicra, Gas- 
 teria, Haworthia, Pachi«lendron, and Phylloma. The 
 group is an extremely difficult one for the botanist, there 
 l>ein<; few authentic specimens in the herbaria, because 
 of the large size of the plants, the infrequent flowering, 
 and tlie difficulty of suitably drying them. 
 
 Aloes are much cultivated as decorative plants, being 
 amongst the most popular of desert and succxilent plants 
 for their stiff, harsh and nigged habit. They are often 
 grouped about larsre public Tmildings, where they em- 
 l>hasize certain architectural features. Larjye collections 
 are to be seen only in botanic gardens and in the col- 
 lections of a few fanciers. The largest dealer has nearly 
 a hundred kinds, ))ut grows only five or six kinds in 
 4:[uantity. For inclex to the following species, see sup- 
 plementary list, p. 51. TX. M. 
 
 A. Arrangement of Ivs. spiral (except in seedlings) . 
 
 B. Form of Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute : size of Ivs. 
 
 moderately large. 
 
 C. Border of Ivs. thin, horny : margin entire or 
 
 denticulate. 
 
 D. Color of Us. grayish : shape of h-s. flattened. 
 
 1. stTikt&,'Ha-<x. (A. paniculdfa, Jacq. A. dlbo-cincta. 
 
 Hort.j. Caulescent 
 
 Ivs. at length large, finely dark- 
 line«l, scarcely mottled, 
 with entire white border : 
 inflorescence compound, 
 broadly cjTnose : fls. red, 
 constricted above the 
 ovary. Cape. B. M. 5210. 
 Hybrids with A. semilaia 
 and .1. grar'Vi ntata oc- 
 cur, having ^u.-'i'-d Ivs. 
 
 Var. ri -('ociiscta (^1 . 
 rhodocinci Ilort. A. 
 
 Hanburidha ,S&nd.) . Lvs. 
 pur lish, very glaucous, 
 with entire reddish bor- 
 <l('r. 
 
 2. serrulita, Haw. Fig. 
 68. Lvs. less striate, ob- 
 scurely mottled, the white 
 border denticulate : inflo- 
 rescence less cymose. 
 Cape. B.M. 1415. 
 
 Color of lvs. clearer green : shape of lvs. more con- 
 cave : teeth small and cut nearly through the 
 borde r. 
 
 3. macroc&rpa, Tod, Lvs. interruptedly green-lined, 
 more evidently mottled: inflorescence branched with 
 elongated racemes. Abyssinia. 
 
 4. Schlmperi, Tod. Lvs. coarsely green-lined, scarcely 
 mottled : racemes short and cymose. Abyssinia, Chinaf 
 
 Aloe serrulata. 
 
 DD. 
 
 CC. Border of lvs. usually only near the apex: 
 mottling present. 
 
 5. sapon&ria. Haw. {A. disticha. Mill., not Linn, nor 
 Thunb. A. umbelldta, DC). Shortly caulescent: lvs. 
 somewhat gray-green or purplish, the small teeth re» 
 mote : racemes short and compact. 
 Cape. B.M. 400. — Varies into many ||j 
 
 forms. 
 
 Var. Iflteo- Striata, Haw. Lvs. 
 concave, coarsely pale-lined. 
 
 69. Aloe heterarantha. 
 
 fi. latifdlia, Haw. (A. sapontLria, var. latifblia, Hort.). 
 Lvs. apple-green, thick aad broad, concave, the con- 
 spicuous pale blotches irrej^ularly transversely confluent; 
 teeth larfje. mostly curved, rather remote : racemes 
 short and dense. Cape. B.M. 1346. 
 
 7. commut^ta, Tod. Lvs. rather thinner : racemes 
 several, somewhat elongated. Abys. 
 
 8. obscflra, Mill. {A.picta, Thunb.). Lvs. rather nar- 
 rower and thinner : racemes elongated. Cape. B. M. 
 1323. 
 
 9. grandident^ta, Salm. Lvs. and racemes still more 
 elongated. Cape. 
 
 ccc. Border of lvs. nearly absent : mottling scarcely 
 present : lvs. involute at tip. 
 
 10. gl&ixca,,^UU. {A. rhodacantha, DC). Caulescent: 
 lvs. not mottled, very glaucous, the irregular red or brown 
 teeth subconfluent : inflor. simple, densely racemose; 
 
 ^ fls. red, scarcely constricted above the ovary. Cape. 
 'B.M. 1278. A hybrid with A. humilis, var. inctirva, is 
 A. cyanea. 
 
 Var. mnricilta, Sch. Lvs. jjlaucous. with large teeth, 
 those on the keel or apex more developed. 
 
 11. heteracintha, Bak. (.4. iw«''rmts, Hort,.notForsk.). 
 Fig. 69. Nearly stemless, often densely cespitose : lvs. 
 dark green, sometimes with a few obscure yellowish 
 green spots, slightly striate at base, entire or with a few 
 remote small teeth. Cape? B.M. 6863. 
 
 BB. Form of lvs. ovate-lanceolate , acute, thick, mostly 
 tnberculate on the back : size of lvs. large. 
 
 12. ferox, Mill. {A. muricdta, Schult. A. h6rrida. 
 Haw. Pachidendron ferox. Haw.). Caulescent, un- 
 branched : lvs. crowded at summit, glaucous, the margin 
 and both surfaces remotely coarsely punerently toothed: 
 inflor. branched, with elongated very dense racemes; 
 fls. reddish, with stamens twice as long as the perianth. 
 Cape. B.M. 1975. G.C. II. 3: 243. -Varies into several 
 less muricate forms. 
 
 13. mitrifdrmis, Mill. (.4. m itra>f6rmis ,^11111. , not DC. 
 nor Haw. A. Comm^lyni, Willd. A. spinuidsa, Salin. 
 A. pachyphy lla, Hort. A.xanthacdntha,\yilUi.). Fig. 70. 
 Somewhat branching: lvs. spaced along the stem above, 
 dark green, with strong, separated marginal teeth, both 
 faces usually muricate: inflor. sometimes branched, with 
 short, compact racemes: stamens not exserted. Cape. 
 B.M. 1270. — Varies into numerous forms. 
 
ALOE 
 
 ALOE 
 
 51 
 
 BBB. Form of Iva. elongated, grodudlhj tapering: size 
 of h'S, large : border absent : terth nsnalhj coarse. 
 
 14. B^tlnesii. Dyer. (A . Bdrbenp, Dyer.). A very large 
 forking tree, in cultivation becominif tall, thuiigh at tirst 
 slender : Ivs. very concave, dark green, remotely den- 
 tate, spaced along the stem above, with white-marsrined 
 sbeathing base : inflor. short and compact, the rf*ddi!*h 
 "ti^ tumid. S.Afr. G.F. 3:115. G.C. II, 19, pp. 500-571, 
 ff. 117, 119, 120, 122. B.M.0848. 
 
 15. v^ra, Linn. (--1. vulgaris. Lam. A. Barbadensis, 
 Mill-)' Low or small, slender tree : Ivs. broader, less 
 olianueled, pale gray-green, coarsely dentate, not sheath- 
 ing: tls, yellow. Suckers, freely produced in cultivation, 
 bare clear apple-green mottled linear Ivs. Me<literra- 
 iiean region, and naturalized through the warmer parts 
 of the world.— The ohlest known and probably the com- 
 monest species. 
 
 Var. officinalis, Forsk. (A . rtto^scens, DC. A . Indica, 
 Royle). Lvs. purplish: tts. red-orange. Orient. 
 
 16. Succotrina, h&m. (A. si nniita, Thunb., not Willd. ). 
 Related to the last : Ivs. relatively narrower, <liirk green, 
 coarsely serrate : fls. red, variously tipped and striped. 
 Cape. B.M. 472. Gn. 45, p. 303. -A hybrid with A.cili- 
 ai-is is A.de Laetii. 
 
 Var. purpurdscens, Gawl. (A. piirpurdacens, Haw. -4 . 
 ramostt. Haw.). Lvs. purplish. B.M. 1474. 
 
 17. arbortscens. Mill. (A. fruticosa. Lam.). Low, slen- 
 der tree: St. roughened by old leaf bases: lvs. dark green, 
 glaucesceut, coarsely green-dentate to hooked serrate 
 when separated, with whitish sheathing bases : fls. red. 
 Cape. B.M. 1300. 
 
 Var. frutSscens, Salm.i .4. frntesrens, Salm.). Smaller, 
 suckering freely : lvs. blue-glaucous, the sheathing bases 
 coarsely green-striate. 
 
 BBBB. Form of lvs. lanceolate, acute, flat : size of lvs. 
 small: border absent : teeth ciliate: mottling 
 absent : lvs. sheathing, %vith perfoliate margin. 
 
 18. cili^ris.Haw. St.elongated.very slender.branched: 
 lvs. dark green, the slender white teeth longer about the 
 base: intlor. axillary, somewhat elongated, loosely few- 
 M. : fls. red. Cape. 
 
 BBBBB. Form of h'S. various, thick, plano-convex : size 
 of lvs. small : border absent : mostly toothed 
 on the back: mottling absent: lvs. crowded. 
 
 19. brevifolia, Mill. (A. prolifera, Haw.). Short- 
 stemmed : lvs. spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute, 
 shortly and pungently white-toothed ; a few similar teeth 
 occasionally on both surfaces. Cape. B.R. 990. 
 
 20. htunilis, Mill. (.4. pc/t/na^a, Willd. .4. suberMa, 
 Haw A. subtubercutat(t,llaw.). Acaulescent : lvs. as- 
 cending, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, loosely soft- 
 serrate, both surfaces coarsely tuberculate or eehinate: 
 raceme somewhat elongated, loosely fld: fls. red. Cape. 
 -An extremely variable species, of the habit of certain 
 Haworthias. 
 
 Var. Canddllei, Bak. L.B.C. 15:1481. Var. incurva, 
 Haw. B.M. 828. Var. acuminllta. B.M. 757. L.B.C. 
 1G:1504. Var. minor, Hort., is iu cult. 
 
 21. aristita, Haw.(.4. ?OHfirjar«sM/a,Schult.). Lvs. as- 
 cending, attenuate into a long bristle. Cape. 
 
 AA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. rather small. 
 
 22. varieg&ta, Linn. Short - stemmed : lvs. erect, 
 V-shaped, acute, with finely warty horny white margin 
 and keel, mottled, the pale blotches variously trans- 
 versely confluent: raceme short, rather loose: fls. red- 
 dish. Cape. B.M. 513. F.E. 8: 98.-Common. 
 
 AAA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. elongated. 
 
 2.3. Codperi, Bak. (.4. Schmidti()na,Reg:el.). Acaules- 
 cent: lvs. suberect, linear-oblong, sharply-grooved and 
 keeled, mottled, faintly striate, the small white teeth 
 subcoiifluent: inflor. subcyraose: fls. reddish or brown- 
 ish, tumid below. Cape. B.M. 0377. Gt. 970. 
 
 24. plicdtilis, Mill. (Rhipidodhidron plicdtile. Haw.). 
 Becoming tall and stout, branching : lvs. glaucous, flat, 
 lingulate, obtuse, serrulate and bordered at least near 
 
 theapex: inflor. shortly racemose: fls. reddish, the petals 
 nearly free within the tube. Cape. B.M. 457. 
 
 William Trelease. 
 
 In the following alphabetic list are included (1) the more im- 
 portant spe<*ies (which are numljered, and have been fnlly 
 desi-rilHMl previously), (2) synonyms of the alxive (which are 
 followed by the sijfn of equality and a number), {'A) the less im- 
 portant sptfies (which are briefly doscrilted in the present list, 
 tiut not previously). Those marke«l with an asterisk (*; are 
 advertised ill the catalogues: A.Ahyasinica, \^:\m.,\s\T Peacockii, 
 Bak. Lvs. 20-,'M) in a dense sessile rosette, 1' 2ft. long, 5-Q in. 
 broad at base, glaucous green, not mottled, the margins with 
 close, spreading, deltoid spines, with homy reddish brown tips: 
 in tlor. as long as the lvs., aG-8-branched panicle. B.M.Cti20. — 
 *A.Africana, Mill. St. stout, marked with scars of fallen lvs.: 
 lvs. alternate, st.-embraci'i;;. concave ; teeth conical, re<ldish 
 orange at tip: scipe l>earing a dense many-Hd. spike of long cy- 
 lindrical fls. B.M.2o'7.— A ajanvfulia, Tod. Allied to A. tri- 
 color. St. short: lvs. dense, copiously white siwtted, lanceolate; 
 teeth large: fls. racemose, red. Tro-p. Atr.—* A. a Ibo-ci acta =1.-— 
 A. arboreseens, 17.— .4. aristata, 21.— A. Jiarbadcngis = 15.— A. 
 Bdinesii, 14.— A. Iidrber(e=li.—A. brnchystachus, Bak. Allied 
 to A. Al»ys8inica. St. long, slender: lvs. ensiform, in a dense 
 rosette at the top of the St., all drooping, except the youngest, 
 13^-2 ft. long, 2 in. broad al>ove the dilated base, bright green, 
 not mottled; margin:il prickles deltoid, not brown: peduncle 
 flexuose; raceme dense; I)racts with rr-1 distinct Virown stripes. 
 Zanzibar. B.M. T.vm.—A.brcvifblin, 10 — 4 . ('hincnsis. Bak. Al- 
 lie<l to A. Abj-ss'.pica. Lvs. 1.V20 in a sessile rosette, %-l ft. long, 
 lK-2 in. wide at base, deeply channelled in upper part, pale 
 green: scape sim >le, Ij^^ft. long: bracts few, distant, small, del- 
 toid. B.M. KWl. ilab.f— *A. eiliaris, IS.— A. Coiiunelyni=\'3.— 
 A.comititttata, 7.— .1. Cobperi, 23. — A.eydnea = 10. — A.dich6t- 
 o//m, Linn.f. Allied to A. Bainesii. ArlKirescent: st. tall, much 
 branched: lvs. in dense rosettes at the tops of branches, lanceo- 
 late, 8-12 in. long. Namaqua-land. (t.(M873:713. f. i:t71. 1H74: 
 567, 571, f. 118, 121.— A. distang. Haw. (A. mitrjpfonnis. var brevi- 
 folia). St. 3 or more ft. liigh: lvs. ovjite-acumin.ite, concave, 
 scattered along the st.,with a few white spots on the back; 
 teeth short, distant: fls. red, tipped green. S.Afr. B.M. 1.362. 
 —A. disticha=5.—A. echindta = 2i).— A. elrgana, Tod. Little 
 
 ^ 70, Aloe mitriformis. 
 
 known. Not mentioned by Baker. Hab.?— A. f^rox, 12.— *A. 
 frntescens. Salin.= 17.— *J.. fniticusa = ll.—A. glaiica, 10.—^. 
 gracilis. Haw. Allied to A. ari)orescens. St. long : lvs. loosely 
 arranged. 6-10 in. long, 1 in. wide at the base, ensiform, .icumi- 
 nate, not lined or st)otted; prickles minute, spreading, tipped 
 brown : fls. yellow, tube with long lanceolate segments.— *4. 
 grandidentdta, 9. — A. Grehiei, Bak., in the Pictap group, is 
 readily distinguished by the elongated racemes and the strong 
 
52 
 
 ALOE 
 
 ALPIXIA 
 
 constriction of the perianth below the middle. Lvs. 12-15, in 
 dense rosette, lanceolate, channelled, bright green ; prickles con- 
 ne<*tetl by a narrow homy line : tls. pale salmon ; bra<"t8 awl- 
 shajHHl. purplish, (."ape ' B.M. Qo'M.—*A.IIanburidHa = l.—A. 
 hvttracantha, W.—A.Uildehrdndtii, Bak. St. l^j-^ ft.: inter- 
 mnles spotteil white : lvs. loosely arrange*!, 6-10 in. long, glau- 
 cous green ; teeth small, ascending : inflor. a Ijus: panicle, l/ift. 
 long, with 10-12 branches : remarkably prolific of tls. 11. M. 6981. 
 —.1 . h'Jrrida=^\2.—*A.humili8,'l().—A . Indiat^V^.—A . inermis, 
 \\,—A.iiigignis, Brown. A hybrid of A. drepanophyllaX A. e<'hi- 
 nata. G.(,'. 11.24: 41.— .l.A'«>ilu, Bak. St. vcr>- short: lvs.30-K>. 
 in a dense rosette, green, not spotted ; teeth large : intlor. 2 ft. 
 loiig, 3-branched : tls. red. Zanzibar. B.M. 7386.— J. A-/i»Mo- 
 /(oit/f*. Bak. Acaulescent: Ivs.linear, rigid, serrulate: intlor. an 
 elongated raceme. Hook. Icon. 19;{9.— J . de L<rtii=\Q.—*A . lati- 
 fblin=G.—A.lonaiaristdta='l\.— A. Liintii, Bak. A very distinct 
 species with no marginal prickles: st. short: lvs. 7-8, in a dense 
 rosette, 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide at base, pale green, not spotted: 
 l>eduncle much longer than lvs: panicle of A-'y long, hix racemes; 
 a marked character. B.M. 744iS.— J. inacracdntha, Bak. St. 2-3 
 ft.: lvs. 20-30, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, bright green, 
 much lined ; prickles large, brown and horny in upper half : 
 inrtor. a dense corjTiib; tls. yellow, tinged red; tul>e constricted 
 above the globose base. B.M. 6580. Said to \ye the finest of all 
 spotted Aloes.— *A. macracdrpa, 3.— .1. medica, Hort. Alver.st)n 
 = ? —A. inicracdntha, H;iw. I..vs. linear, l3'2ft. long, l\>in. wide 
 at base, deeply channelled, mottled; spines very minute, white: 
 fls. greenish nnl, in a hix umbel-like raceme ; brjwts large, ovate- 
 acuminate, striate. S. .Vfr. B.M. 2272.— .1. MiUMHirt, Bak. Hook. 
 Icon. 242:j. A recent and little known species.—*.! . initrcefdrinis 
 =^13.— *J.. mitrifi'irinis, 13.— .4. //(MrJcrt<a=12.— .1. tujbilig. Haw. 
 Allied to A. distans and A. mitriformis. Sts. long : lvs. loosely 
 dispose<l, not spotted, ovate-lanceolate : fls. red. S. Af r.— J . ob- 
 sn'ira, 8. — A. pacfii/pliylla =VA. — *A. paniculdta=\. — A. per- 
 cdssa, Tod.= A. Abyssinica.— A. Pprr,i/i. Bak. St. 1 ft. long: lvs. 
 12-20, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 1 ft. long, 3 in. wide at base, 
 dull green, tinged red ne ir the base, channelled : prickles y4in. 
 apart : pe<hmcle puri'lish : racemes oblong-cj'lindrical, 3-6 in. 
 lon<i; lis. red. Socotra. li.'Sl.G:}96.—*A.picta=S.—A.plicdtilis, 
 24.— A. praten8is,Bn\i. AlliedtoA.humilis. St. none: lvs. 60-80, 
 not spotte*! : spines large, re«l-V»rown, homy: peduncle 1 ft. long, 
 stout : bracts numy. B.yi.GlOTy.—A.prolifera^ld.—A.purpu- 
 rdscens—lG.—A. rambsa=lG.—*A. rfiodacdtitha=10.—*A. rho- 
 docincta =1.— *A. rbsea-cincta , Hort. Blanc = ■'— .4 . rfibegcens = 
 1.}.— *A . sapondria, 5. — A . Schittiperi, 4. — A . Sch m idtidiia = 2^i.— 
 A. Srillid ris, Hort. Alverson. Typographical error for A. cili- 
 aris ', —*A . scopeldnia, Hort. T. B. Shepherd = I —A . Si'rra, DC 
 Allied to A.brerifolia and A. glauca.— A. «»'rni/«^a, 2.— A. «/«»- 
 dta =IG.—*A . ISocritrdiia =16.— .1 . spinnlosn =13.— .4 . striata. 1. 
 —A. sitberecta='20.—A. subtiiberculdta =2{).—A. Succotrtna, 16. 
 —A. tricolor, Bak. Differs from A. saponaria by its nicemose 
 (not capitate) inflorescence, and tul)e constricte<i in the middle: 
 white spots very numero\'S, oldong, in single or double lateral 
 rows : fl. tube spotted whi e at ba.se. B.M. 6324.— A. uutbelldta 
 = .■).— *.4. variegdtn ,22. —*A . r?ra,la.—A. rj r<»n«. Haw. AUieil to 
 A. humilis. Stemless: lvs. .k.'-^O. lanceolate, white spotted, chan- 
 nelled. notline<l: prickles green: raceme lax. 1.V18, in. long; fls. 
 red. B.M. 1355.— *A. rulgdris. 15.— A. xanthacdntha=12. 
 
 ALONSO A ( Alonzo Zanoni, Spanish botanist) . Scroph - 
 nlaridceif. Trop. AnuT. plants, cult, as annuals in the 
 open, or rai'ely grown in pots. They are tender, and need 
 protection from frost. Seeds are u.sually started under 
 glass in the N.. although plants bloom well from seed.s 
 sown tlirectlyin the open. Use only finely prepared soil. 
 Fls. showy; plant of good liabit. The corolla is very 
 irregular and turned upside down by the twisting of the 
 pedicel, bringing the larger lobe uppermost: stamens 4: 
 lvs. (at lejist below) opposite or in 3's. Cult, species 
 mostly from Peru and Mex. 
 
 incisifolia, Ruiz & Pav. (A. urtictefdUa, Hort. Cihia 
 urtiaefdlia, Sims, B.M. 417). About 2 ft. high, erect: 
 lvs. ovate to oval-lanceolate, long-stalked, deeply cut- 
 toothed: fls. nearly Kin. across, very irregular (some- 
 what hood-shaped), scarlet, witli protruding organs, on 
 slender axillary peduncles. Also a white-fld. var.— An- 
 nual; but perennial in warm countries or under glass. 
 
 Var. Warscewiczii, Boiss. (.1. WcfrsceHlcsii, Kegel. 
 A. grandUlbrit, Hort.). Fls. larger (often 1 in. across), 
 rose-red, the plant more herbaceous and more perfectly 
 annual. Also white-fld. — The commonest form in our 
 gardens. 
 
 myrtifdlia, Roezl. Plant 2-.3 ft. : lvs. broad-lanceolafe, 
 carmliculate, prominently serrate: fls. large, scarlet (a 
 white var. ) . — Perennial under glass. Useful ^or winter- 
 growing in pots. 
 
 linifdlia, Roezl. Plant l?-2 ft. or less high: lvs. lanceo- 
 late or narrower, entire: fls. bright scarlet. 
 
 A.acutifolia, Ruiz 8c Pav. Lvs. le.sscut than in .\. incisifolia: 
 scarlet.- A. caulialdta, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in incisi- 
 
 folia : fls. smaller : st. 4-anglwi. — ^4 . linearis, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs, 
 linear, entire or ver>- nearly so, often fas<-icled : fls. scarlet. 
 (ireenhmist^. — A. ilatheir»ii, Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed: 
 fls. scarlet, in terminal racemes. Greenhouse. 
 
 ALOtSIA. See Lippia. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ALPINE GABDENS. In the successftil culture of 
 alpine plants, the iiiu>t important point is to give them 
 as near their natural alpine conditions as possible. So 
 far as .soil is concerned this is not difficult, but when it 
 comes to moisture with good drainage and surroundinjf 
 atmospheric conditions, especially in the dryer atmos- 
 phere of some of our western states, we have a more 
 difficult task. In their natural homes, many of the al- 
 pines are found growing under very similar conditions 
 to our bog plants, an«l the two classes, for the most part, 
 may be brought together in cultivation. Of course, the 
 mountain Primula might never withstand the stagnation 
 to which the roots of the water Arum (Peltandra I'ir- 
 ijinica I penetrate in the wet bog, nor should we expect 
 the Peltandra to surviv.^ the wintry blasts to which the 
 i'rimula is exposed, but the two may be grown together 
 with very good results in a moist, springy situation, in 
 the same bed and soil. Any light, sandy soil, well 
 drained, but through which water is constantly passing 
 in and out, so that there is no stagnation and always a 
 little moisture on the surface (which makes it cooler 
 fnmi the evaporation), will answer for most of the bog 
 jjlants and the niajt)rity of the alpines also. There 
 should be a imtural slope to the surface of the ground 
 for such conditions, and if the surface is undulating, so 
 as to make .some parts drier than others, those plants 
 which require the most moisture can go into the wettest 
 {)laces. Alpines like a deep soil, into which their roots 
 can penetrate. Leaf-mold should be used in place of 
 any manure, and if the soil is a ver>' fine one a mixture 
 of gravel should be introduced. Shade and sun are 
 rather necessary, as some of the alpin«'S wcmld hardly 
 stand the full scorching sun of our hottest days in sum- 
 mer, even though the surface of the soil were moist, 
 while others require full sun. Alpines have been suc- 
 cessfully grown in sphay'num moss. This is done with 
 best results in the rockery, where the various pockets 
 are filled with the fresh moss and the plants set in it. 
 Water should be supplied often enough to keep the 
 moss always moist. The evaporation from the wet moss 
 creates a cool atmosphere an>und the plants, thus giving 
 them a condition somewhat like that which they have in 
 alpine regions, surrounded by mountain fogs, or in the 
 moist bog. Many alpine-garden plants are not confined to 
 alpine situations. They grow in moist places in much 
 lower altitudes as well. Such species as ffou.sto}iia 
 cifrulea, Pamassia CaroUniana, and Sniilaeina steUata 
 may be mentioned among these. Most of the alpines, 
 when set in the fresh, damp sphagnum, do nicely in full 
 sun. but for the alpine ferns shade should be given. 
 Those which grow in drier places, like the little }Vood.iia 
 glabella or 11'. Jii/perborea, need less shade and moisture, 
 while A,*tph'n ill m viride and ^4. Trichomanea want more 
 moisture about their roots, and deep shade. 
 
 F. H. HORSFORD. 
 
 ALFtNIA (Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist). 
 Scitamindceie. Stove herbs, cult, both for lvs. and the 
 racemes or panicles of fls. The fl. has 3 exterior parts 
 and 4 interior parts. The lowermost part is lobed or 
 tubular. Stamens with petal-like filament. They need 
 high temperature, much water, light soil, and abundance 
 of room. After t!owering, al'ow them to rest in heat, 
 but do not dry them off. Prop, by dividing the ginger- 
 like roots. 
 
 Alpinia contains many handsome species, but only a 
 few are common in cultivation. They are tropical plants, 
 and require a moist air and a temp, of 55° to G0° F. A 
 mixture of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf-mold, and 1 part 
 dried cow-manure forms an excellent compost. While 
 growing, they need an abundance of water, and the large- 
 growing kinds require large pots or tubs. The plants are 
 prop, by division in the spring. A. iiHfaus is grown for 
 its handsome fls., and attains a height of 12 or 13 ft. A . 
 viitata is popular on account of its variegated foliage. 
 A . hiiitira has very showy fls., but is probably not in the 
 American trade. Cult. b- Robert Cameron. 
 
ALPINIA 
 
 ALSTRfEMERIA 
 
 53 
 
 ntitans, Roscoe. Shell-flowek. Striking plant, reach- 
 ing 10-1- ft., with long, lanceolate glabrous long-veined 
 Ivs.: rts.orchid-like, yellow with pink, sweet-scented, in 
 « lontr drooping, terminal, spike-like raceme. E. Ind. 
 GC.III. 19:.'i01. I.H. 43:2.j9. B.M. 194)3. P.M. 1.3:1 2.^. 
 R.H. 1J561, 51. — Fine for foliage masses, and an old 
 favorite. 
 
 vitUta, Hook. (-i»i<^/«MW vittHtuni, Hort.). Lower: 
 Ivs. in tufts, lanceolate, with whitish bars or strip«'s be- 
 tween the nerves : is. red, in uxillary spikes. South 
 Sea Islands. A.F. F: 787. Gn. 4. p. 2.'). 
 
 dlbo-line^ta.Hort. A plant 
 3-4 ft. high. with broad bands 
 of white an«l pale green on 
 the elliptic - huiceolate Ivs. 
 Probably a form of some 
 other species. 
 
 Other species are .1 .Alhiuhas, 
 Ros<'oe,t1s. in terminal pjuiicles, 
 whit€ and rose; .4. iiidi/nifica, 
 Ros<'oe = Amomuni ; A. J upon- 
 idx. Miq., oiiee int. into U. i^. by 
 Pitcher & Manda ; .1. inutiea, 
 Roxbg., tls. white and yellow, 
 with crimson veins, in spicate 
 racemes. £, H. B. 
 
 ALS£U6SMIA {alsos, 
 grove, and enosme, fra- 
 grance). Capri foli<ice(F . 
 Tender greenhouse shrub 
 from New Zealand. 
 
 A. inacrophylla, A. Cunn. 
 Lvs. .'J-6 in. long, elliptic or ob- 
 lanceoliite, acute, serrate: lis. in 
 small axillarj' clusters, droop- 
 ing, 1^'oin. long, creamy with 
 dull red streaks : corolla lolies 
 fimbriate. B.M. 6951. 
 
 71. Pinna of 
 Alsophila australis. 
 
 ALSIKE. 
 
 Trifoliuin. 
 
 See Clover and 
 
 ALSdPHILA (Greek, grove-loving). Ct/athedceo'. A 
 genus of tropical tree ferns, with simple or forked free 
 veins, round sori, and no indusia. Nunierous species are 
 found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. 
 
 Of the diflFerent species of Alsophila, only one is in 
 general commercial use. A. a list nt lis is a very graceful 
 ami rapidly growing tree fern, with finely divided fronds 
 of !i pleasing shade of light green, with the stipes thickly 
 covered with light brown, hairy scales. It is irrown from 
 spores, which can only be obtained from old and large 
 specimens, and which, like the spores of m<>st commer- 
 cial terns, will germinate very freely if sown on a com- 
 post consisting of finely screened soil, leaf-mold and sand 
 in equal parts. To develop a good crown of fronds in 
 old specimen {dants which may look starved, the stem 
 may be covered to any thickness consistent with good 
 appearance with green moss, which may be attached 
 with thin copper wire, and which, if kept continually 
 ui«>i«;t, will soon be thickly coverecl with fine roots. Al- 
 sonhilas should be grown in a temperature of 60° F., 
 and the soil should never be allowed to become very dry. 
 
 Cult, by NicHOL. X. Bruckner. 
 
 A. Lvs.hipinnate; rarhisiS merthj fibrillose, 
 
 Eeb6ccaB, F, Muell. Lvs. ample, from a caudex 8 in. or 
 so high; pimup 12-15 in. long, with 20-.30 pinnules on 
 each side, which are 2-3 in. long and serrate or crenate 
 throughout. Australia. 
 
 AA. Lvs.tripinnatifld or tripinnate ; rachises armed 
 
 with spines. 
 B. Segments long, strong I {/ curved ; pinnules tapering 
 to a slender point. 
 exc^lsa, R. Br. Lvs. coriaceous, with more or less 
 woolly rachises; pinna> (>-10 in. wide, with crowded pin- 
 nules, which are provided with about 20 pairs of seg- 
 ments, which are strongly curved ami more or less 
 enlarged at the ends. Norfolk Is. — Said to have a trunk 
 6M-H0 ft. high. 
 
 Co6peri, Hook. Smaller than the last: rachises with 
 pale brown scales : pinna? spear-shaped, with linear 
 pinnules 4-5 in. long. Queensland. 
 
 Ianal4ta, R. Br. Lvs. rather thick herbaceous, from 
 smo«fth riodiise-*; pinnules cl<»se. 5-0 in. long, with 20-30 
 pairs of stginents, which are finely serrate throughout. 
 
 BB. Segments JaJM. or /<?«« long. 
 
 australis, R. Br. Fig. 71. Rachises straw-colored ; 
 lvs. ample, with primary pinnfp 18 in. long, G-10 in. wide; 
 jdnnules deeply pinnatitid, with segments broadest at 
 the base, ovate-oblong and sharply serrate. Tasmania 
 and Australia. 
 
 fdrox, Presl. iA. aculedta, J. Sm.). Rachises brown- 
 ish; I innie 12-18 in. long: pinnules narrow. 3-4 in. long, 
 'a-Sm. wide, with 1.5-18 pairs of segments, which are 
 narrow and slightly serrate. Trop. Amer. 
 
 AAA. Lvs. quadripinnatifid. 
 
 oligocdrpa, Fee. Yxxx. 72. Raidiises smooth, grayi.sh 
 
 straw-colored ; pinnules l,?2-2 ft. long, the segments 
 
 ligulate. ileeplypinnatifid.with blunt lobes; sori median, 
 
 4-6 on the lower lobes. Columbia. , ,, ■,, 
 
 L. M. L nderw(k:>d. 
 
 ALSTONIA (Dr. Alston, once professor of botany at 
 Edinburgh). ApocyndreiF. Between 30 and 40 species 
 of trees or shrubs of E. Ind. and Australia, with small 
 white fls. in terminal cymes, and simple entire lvs. in 
 whorls or opposite. ^4. scltolaris, R. Br., is the Devil- 
 tree or Pali-mara of India, the bark of which is medici- 
 nal. Trees yield caoutchouc. 
 
 macroph^lla, Wall. A tall tree, with milky juice, spar- 
 ingly cult, in S. Fla., and perhaps in S. Calif. 
 
 ALSTBQEMfiBIA (Baron Alstroemer. friend of Lin- 
 n^us). AmaryllidHcevp. Coolhouse and stove plants, 
 with tuberous roots, treated as bulbs. Fls. small (2 in. 
 or less long), comparatively narrow, with 6 segments, 
 parted nearly or quite to the ovary, often irregular; 
 stamens mostly declined ; stigma 3-cleft ; sts. slender 
 and leafy, weak, or even disposed to climb. Monogr. by 
 Baker. Handbook of the Amaryllidea*. 
 
 Some of the Alstra'inerias have survived the winters 
 in Washington of late years only when a heavy mulch 
 has been given, as A . aurantiaca and its form A. atirea. 
 
 
 -~ 72. Alsophila oligocarpa. 
 
 A . Chilensis and its forms. Evidently among the hardi- 
 est are .4. Jirasiliensis and A. pulche'lla, although some 
 of the others have not been tried. For outdoor planting, 
 Alstroemerias are at their best in a partly shaded posi- 
 
54 
 
 ALSTRCEMERIA 
 
 ALUM -ROOT 
 
 tion, and at all times durintc their growth the roots must 
 have an abundance of water. In fact, there is little use 
 in attempting their cultivation out-of-doors where these 
 conditions cannot be given. In colder climates, the Al- 
 stroemerias can be grown very successfully by planting- 
 out in spring, and, as soon as they die down, lift, and 
 keep over winter in a place from which frost is excluded. 
 An annual lifting, or, when grown in pots, an annual 
 shaking-out, should be given, because they increase to 
 such an extert that the younger and smaller crowns are 
 apt to take ttie nourishment from the large, flowering 
 crowns. The largest ones ought to be separated from 
 the smaller ones, and either grown in pots or planted 
 outside when the proper time arrives. In this way the 
 genus will become much more popular than it now is, 
 either for cutting or for the decoration of the border. 
 The soil best suited to their requirements is largely com- 
 posed of vegetable humus; when this is not to be had, 
 old, well-decayed cow or stable manure should be incor- 
 porated with the soil. When they 
 are planted outside, the tubers 
 should be put deep in the ground, 
 and the soil shouhl be well worked 
 for at least 15 inches. The tubers 
 are slightly egg-shaped, attached 
 to a common stem ; the roots are 
 made from the ends of the tubers, 
 and also from near the growing 
 points of the crowns. 
 
 One of the best for greenhouse 
 work is A. Pehgrina, var. alba. 
 Other kinds which may be con- 
 sidered tender north of Washing- 
 ton are A. hrptnantha, A. versicolor (or 
 Peruviana) and its forms, A. Hookerii 
 and A . violacea. Some of the Van Houtte 
 hybrids, raised from Hookerii and hieman- 
 tlia. are extremely pretty, but, with the 
 others, they are rather unsuitable for pot- 
 culture, owing to the peculiar formation 
 of the roots. 
 
 The species are easily raised from seeds, 
 which should be sown ratiier thinly in 
 deep pans, and allowed to remain without 
 pricking off or shifting for the first season. 
 
 Cult, by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 A. Lvs.nf fl. stem (or scape) broad, ob' 
 long or oblong -spat ulate . 
 
 ptilch^lla, Linn. f. {A. psittaeina, 
 Lehm.). Sterile st. a foot or less long, 
 with aggregated petioled Ivs.: flowering 
 St, 2-.'J ft., with scattered Ivs,: fis, in a 
 simple umbel, on pedicels 1-134 in. long, 
 long-funnel-sha{)ed,the segments unequal, 
 dark red and tipped with green and spotted 
 inside with brown: stamens nearly as long 
 as limb. Brazil, Fij. 7'A is a copy of tlie 
 A. psittaeina, B,M. 3033.— An old garden 73. Alstroem 
 plant. (X 
 
 Chil^nsis, Cree. Stout, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. scat- 
 tered, obovate or spatulate, or the upper becoming lan- 
 ceolate, twisted at the base, fringed, somewhat glaucous : 
 fls. large, rose or red (or varying to whitish), the two 
 lower segments longer and straighter : umuel with 5 
 or 6 2-fld. peduncles. Chile. 
 
 AA. Lvs. of fl. St. lanceolate (at least the lower ones). 
 
 B. Fls. purplish or red. 
 
 Felegrrina, Linn. Fl, st. stout, a foot or less high : lvs, 
 about 30, thin, ascending, 2 in. or less long and I4m. or 
 less wide: fl, 2 in. or less long, lilac, the outer segments 
 broad and cuspidate, the inner ones spotted red-purple: 
 umbel few-rayed, normally simple, but becoming com- 
 pound in cult. Also a pure white var. Chile. B,M. 139. 
 Gn. 40, p. 472, L,B.C. 13: 1295. 
 
 haem&ntha, Ruiz & Pav. (A. Simsii, Spreng.). Fl. st, 
 2-3 ft. : lvs. crowded and thin, somewhat stalked, 3-4 in. 
 long and %in. or less long, the upper becoming linear, 
 glaucous beneath : fls. 2 in. or less long, bright red 
 tipped green, the inner ones with red-purple spots on a 
 red-yellow ground : umbel very compound, the branches 
 
 i-"' in. long. A white-fld. variety is cult. Chile. B..M. 
 23o3, aa A. pulchella. 
 
 BB. Fls, yellow or yellowish. 
 
 aoranti&ca, Don. Fl. st. 2-4 ft. high : lvs. nearly .50, 
 thin, somewhat petiolate, slightly glaucous below, ;i-4 ft, 
 long and !iin. wide : fls. 10-30, in a compound unjbel, 
 the perianth bright yellow, outer segments tipped green 
 and inner ones spotted brown. There is a form with 
 pale, unspotted fls. Chile. B.M. 3350, as ^.aurea. Gn. 
 26:472. 
 
 Brasilifensis, Spreng. St. 3-4 ft. : lvs. remote, thickish. 
 obloug-lauceolate, 2 in. long: fl. \}^ in. long, in a 5-rayed 
 umbel (each ray bearing 1-3 fls.), the segments oblo'ng- 
 spatulate and reddish yellow, the inner ones spotted 
 brown; stamens shorter than segments. Brazil. 
 
 AAA. Lvs. of flower stem linear. 
 
 versicolor, Ruiz & Pav. (.1. Peruviana, Van Houtte. 
 
 A. sulphurea and A. tigr'inu. 
 Hort.). Fl. St. short (1 ft, or les* 
 high ) ; lvs. many, the lower ones 
 about 1 in. long : fls. 1 in. long, in 
 a nearly simple umbel, yellow 
 spotted purple, the segments all 
 obhmceolate and acute. A mar- 
 ginate var. Chile. 
 
 Ugta, Linn, Fl. st. lK-2 ft.: 
 
 lvs. 20-30, thin, the lowermost 
 
 becoming lanceolate, 2-3 in. long: 
 
 fls. 134 in. long, in a nearly or 
 
 quite simple umbel, whitish, lilac 
 
 or pale red, streaked purple, the 
 
 inner segments often obtuse. Var. pulchra, 
 
 Baker {A. pulchra, Sims, B.M. 2421. A. 
 
 Flds-Mdrtini, Ker.), has narrower and 
 
 longer lvs., and all the segments acute or 
 
 cuspidate. Chile. Common and variable 
 
 in cult. A. Hodkeri, Lodd., is a form of 
 
 A. Ligtti. 
 
 The A. Ligtu of B.M. 125 is A. caryo- 
 phyllea, Jacq,, with long-clawed, very un- 
 equal segments in two sets or lips, red and 
 red-striped. Brazil. 
 
 -p. violilcea, Phill. St. 1-2 ft, : lvs. scattered 
 
 l]iP^ and spreading, 1 in. or less long, those on 
 
 sterile shoots larger, ovate-oblong and 5- 
 nerved : fls, on forked pedicels in a 5-rayf d 
 umbel, 13^-2 in. long, bright lilac, the 
 outer segments obovate, truncate and with 
 a short cusp, the inner oblong-acute, 
 spotted. Chile. l. H, B. 
 
 ALTERNANTHtRA. See Telanthera. 
 
 ALTH£A (Greek, to cure). Malvhceoe. 
 
 Tall biennial or perennial herbs, of the 
 
 warm-temperate regions of the Old World, 
 
 sria pulchella of about a dozen species. Fls. axillary, 
 
 34). solitary, or racemose in the axils or at 
 
 the summit of the stem, with 6-9 bracts 
 
 below the calyx. A. fritter and A. ccelestis, Hort., are 
 
 Ilibiscus Syriacus. 
 
 officinalis, Linn. Marsh Mallow. Downy: lvs. ovate, 
 often heart-shaped or 3-lobed, frequently undivided, 
 tomentose : fls. 1 in. across, blush or rose, clustered in the 
 axils of the lvs. Perennial. E. Eu. — Root used for mu- 
 cilage and for other purposes ; also medicinal. The 
 root of commerce has its brown outer covering removed. 
 Rarely cult., but occasionally escaped in marshes near 
 the coast. 
 
 rdsea, Cav. Hollyhock, which see for culture. St. 
 strict and spire - like, hairy: lvs. large and rough, 
 rounded-heart-shaped, wavy-angled or lobed: fls. lar^'e 
 and nearly sessile, in a long wand-like raceme or spike, 
 in many forms and colors. Biennial. China. B.M. 3198. 
 
 ficifblia, Cav. Biennial, 5-8 ft.: lvs. 7-lobed, toothed: 
 fl. yellow or orauire, large, in terminal spikes, showy. 
 Eu, Int. by Franceschi, Cal., as A. sidaifblia. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ALUM-ROOT. See Heuchera. 
 
ALYSSUM 
 
 AMARANTUS 
 
 55 
 
 
 r '' 
 
 74. Sweet alyssum (X K). 
 
 ALtSSUM (clasgiral name). Cntclfenr. Low plants, 
 mostly perennials and used for rock work. The Sweet 
 Alvsfium ii* one of the commonest annuals, jjrovvu l»uth 
 
 in the open and forced 
 in benches, beds or 
 [I >i. It is of the easi- 
 est, culture, either in- 
 doors or out. The com- 
 /^i>^'*"*Sy*^ i ' JttL. P**' vars. are most 
 
 i /: '*'"'^^*'"*>.^_ V^^y prized for pot-culture. 
 
 *« ■ ' * i ^ -^a^-L^ Under glass, requires 
 
 temperature of a car- 
 nation house. It will 
 8tand considerable 
 frost in the open, and 
 may be sown early ; it blooms all summer, and until 
 killed by winter. Useful for window pardens and bas- 
 kets. For winter bloom, sow seeds late in Aujj. or in 
 Sept. When blooms begin to fail, cut back the plant, and 
 it will bloom again. The perennial species are usually 
 prop, by dividing the roots ; also by cuttings and seeds. 
 
 A. Fls. white. 
 
 maritimum, h&m. { A . odoriit u m , Hort.). Sweet Alys- 
 srM. Fig. 74. A low, spreading, light green annual, with 
 lanceolate or linear entire Ivs., tapering to the base, and 
 small honey-scented tls. in terminal clusters, which be- 
 come long racemes. Eu. Many cult, vars.: B6iithami 
 or comp^ctom, a dwarf and compact form, not over in. 
 hitrh ; variegitum, with pale white-edged Ivs.; gigan- 
 tdum. robust, broad-lvd.; procumbens, of spreading 
 habit : and various horticultural forms with trade names. 
 
 spindsum, Linn. A woody-stemmed little perennial, 
 with lanceol.Hte acute silvery Ivs., spiny 11. branches, 
 and very small numerous fls. Eu. Rockwork ; 3-6 in. 
 
 AA. Fls. yellow : perennials. 
 
 B. Lvs. K in. or less long. 
 
 serpyllifdliam, Desf. (.1. alpesfre, Linn.?). Dwarf 
 i:!-4 in. high), somewhat woody at the base, vith rough- 
 hoary ivs., and pale yellow Hs. in racemes Eu. Int. 1892. 
 
 BB. Lvs. 1 in. or more long. 
 
 Baz&tile, Linn. Golden-tcft. A foot high, woody at 
 base : lvs. oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
 wavy, hoary-tomentose : fls. golden yellow, numerous, 
 in little compact clusters. Eu. B.M. 159. A. F. 5:37. 
 -Common in rockwork, making a spreading mat, bloom- 
 ing in early spring. There is a dwarf var. (cotnprictum , 
 ami a pretty variegated variety sold as.l. variegAfiim. 
 
 Gemon6nse, Linn. Less hardy than the last: lvs. lan- 
 ceolate, velvety : fls. lemon-yellow : st. usually more 
 woody at base. Eu. 
 
 rostr^tum, Stev. {A. Wierzbiekii, Heuflf.). About 20 
 in.: lvs. 2 in. long, broad-oblong, pointed, hairy: fls. 
 deep yellow, in dense heails, in summer. Asia Minor. 
 
 arg6nteum, Vitra. Dwarf and dense grower, 15 in. or 
 
 less: lvs. oblong-spatulate, silvery beneath: fls. yellow 
 
 in clustered heads, all summer. Eu. t tt r> 
 
 1j. il. rs. 
 
 AMANITA. See Mushroom. 
 
 AMARABOYA (native name). Melasfomdceo'. A ge- 
 nus of only three species of tender shrubs from New 
 Grenada, which are showy both in foliage and flower. 
 Lvs. large, opposite, sessile, with three prominent 
 nerves, brownish red beneath: fls. large, cymose; petals 
 usually 6; stamens 12-15. For cult., see P/eror««. Not 
 known to be in American trade. 
 
 A.amdfnlis. Linden. Fls. white, margined carmine: stamens 
 white; style re*!, exserte<l. l.H. 'M:9. — A. princess, hmden. 
 Fls. carmine : stamens white : styles white. I.H. .'54: 4. — A. 
 splendidn. Linden. Fls. 6^ in. across ; petals narrower at the 
 base than in the other species; stamens yellow; style red, ex- 
 serted. I.H. 'M-.M. 
 
 AMABANTUS (Greek, unfading). Amarantdcece. 
 Amaranth Coarse annual plants, grown for foliage and 
 the showy fl. -clusters. Related to the Cockscomb. The 
 Amaranths are usually treated as open-air annuals. 
 They thrive best in a hot and sunny situation. In very 
 rich soil the lvs. become very large but usually lack in 
 
 bright coloring. Seeds may be sown in the open or in 
 frames. The dwarf and compact vars., which often have 
 beautifully variegated foliage, may be grown in pots or 
 used for bedding. Give plenty of room. 
 
 A. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, long and drooping. 
 
 lalicifdlini, Veitch. Graceful pyramidal habit, 3ft,: 
 lvs. 5-8 in. long and Hin. wide, wavy, bronze-green, 
 changing to orange-red. Philippines. (I.C.I. 1871:1550. 
 F.S. 19:1929. 
 
 AA. Lvs. broad, mostly orate. 
 
 B. Spikes drooping. 
 
 caud&tnfl, L'nn. Love-lies-bleedino. Fig. 75. Tall 
 au«l diffuse (3-5 ft.): lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, stalked, 
 green : spikes red, long and sh-nder, naked, in a long 
 and droo[>ing panicle, the terminal one forming a long, 
 conl-like tail. Also vars. with yellowish and whitish 
 panicles. India. G.W. 6:709. — Common, and an old 
 favorite. 
 
 atropurpilreus, Hiirt. Foliage blood-red. Probably a 
 form of A. candatus. Perhaps the same as Roxburgh'* 
 A. atropurpureus from India. 
 
 BB. Spikes erect. 
 
 hypochondrlacus, Linn. Prince's Feather. Tall and 
 glabrous : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute: spikes blunt, 
 aggregated into a thick, lumpy terminal panicle, of which 
 the central part is elongated: bracts long-awned. — An 
 old garden plant, with the heavy heads variously col- 
 ored, but mostly purple. Lvs. mostly purple or purple- 
 green. Probably Asian. Cult, also as A . cru^ntus and 
 .1. atropurpureus. Sometimes a weed in cult, grounds. 
 
 panicul&tus, Linn. St. usually pubescent : lvs. usu- 
 ally broader than in the last, and spikes acute or acutish, 
 and in an open, more graceful terminal panicle: bracts 
 awn-pointed. — Common, and sometimes a weed. Lvs. 
 usually green, but often blotched or bright purple. A 
 showy form is A. specidsus, Sims, B.M. 2227. Cult, 
 also as .^1. sanguineus. Probably originally Asian. 
 
 Gang^ticos, Linn. (.fl. melanchSlicus, Linn.). Usually 
 a lower plant, 3 ft-, or less and often only 1 ft., with thin, 
 ovate-pointed lvs., and fls, in short, glomerate, inter- 
 rupted spikes, both terminal and axillary. — Very varia- 
 ble. Cult, by Anier. Chinese (Fig. 76) as a pot-herb 
 under the name of Hon-toi-moi, with green lvs. (Bailey, 
 Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.). A form used for bedding, 
 with foliage red. yellow and green, is Joseph's Coat, or 
 A. tricolor (G.W. 6: 709). A form with fiery red lvs. is 
 known as A. hicolor. Various dwarf and compact bed- 
 ding forms. Used more for foliage than for fl. panicles. 
 Asian. 
 
 Other garden Amaranthuses are A. Abyssinicus, 
 dark red ; A . gifihosus, Hort., a form of A . paniculatus; 
 A. H^nderi, probably a hybrid with ^-1. salicifolius, or a 
 
 Amarantus 
 caudatus (X M)- 
 
 var. of it, with long-drooping, orown lvs., and tall, pyra- 
 midal stature ; A. 66rdoni, or Sunrise, with bronzy 
 banded lvs. aud brilliant scarlet lvs. on top; A.superbuSf 
 int. 1893. Other Amaranthuses are common weeds: A. 
 
5C 
 
 A3IARANTUS 
 
 AMARYLLIS 
 
 retron^rns, Linn., A. chlordstachifn, Willd., A. (flhus, 
 Linn., A. blitoWes, Wats., ^1. spinosus, Linn. The two 
 lirst are known as pigweeds and bee* -oots; the third is 
 a common tumbleweed. f^_ fj. B. 
 
 7C. Amarantus Ganeeticus {K}^). 
 
 AMAB'^LLIS (classical name). AmaiyllUhlcecf. 
 BiiU>ous plants from Cape of Good Hope, dowering in 
 late suninuT or in fall, the Ivs. appearing later. Perianth 
 with a short ribbed tube, the divisions oblong or lanceo- 
 late, the filaments distinct and no scales between them, 
 fls. 5-12, in an iin)l)el. on a tall scape. Monogr. by Her- 
 bert, Amaryllidacese, 1837 : and by Baker, Handbook of 
 the Amaryilidea*. 
 
 In dealing with the culture of Amaryllis, it is cus- 
 tomary to speak of the genus in its horticultural sense, 
 — to include Hippeastrum and related things. Such is 
 the understanding in the following cu' ral directions. 
 There are two widely differing methods of cultivating 
 the Amaryllis to produce showy tiowers in the spring 
 months.— the liordt-r method and the pot method. Any 
 one trying both of these methods will soon come 
 to the conclusion that they differ not only in method, 
 but in tlower-producing results. The first method 
 is to plant the bulbs out in a prepared border after 
 they are done flowering, say about the middle of May. 
 The border selected should have perfect drainage, and, 
 if convenient, be situated on the south side of a house or 
 wall, fully exposed to the sun during the greater part 
 of the day. The bulbs are set out in rows, necessarily 
 with as little disturbance of the roots as possible, because 
 if they are bulbs which have undergone simihir treat- 
 ment the previous year, by the middle of May they have 
 made a considerable number of new roots: besides, the 
 foliage also has gained some headway, and may be cou- 
 sidered in the midst of actual growth. In planting, care- 
 fully firm the soil around the old balls, give one water- 
 ing, and on the succeeding day, after the surface of the 
 soil has been raked over, cover to the depth of 2 inches 
 
 with half-decayed cow- 
 manure. With frequent 
 watei'ings during the 
 summer and the re- 
 moval of weeds, they 
 will need no more at- 
 tention until the ap- 
 proach of cool weather, 
 when they should be 
 lifted, sized, and pot- 
 ted ; Iiowever, at this 
 season, if wet weather 
 has predominated, 
 some of ti.e bulbs will 
 be in a semi-dormant 
 state, while the ma- 
 jority will yet be in 
 active growth. Here 
 is the drawback to this 
 method : the roots are 
 large and fieshy, they 
 take ,'n considerable 
 room iii a 6- or 7-inch 
 pot, and the soi can- 
 not be evenly distrib- 
 uted amongst them, 
 neither can it be made 
 as firm as it should be. 
 The result is the par- 
 tial decay of the roots 
 a. id leaves, and in the 
 spriiiir.when tlie Mower 
 scapes appejAr, they are developed at tlie expense of the 
 bulb, through having insufficient roots ) take up nour- 
 ishment from the soil. The Mowers which are pro<lu<'ed 
 are small, few in number, and do not show what the 
 
 Amaryllis Belladonna. 
 
 Amaryllis is capable of. To partly ameliorate these con. 
 ditions, the bulbs in active growth at lifting time may 
 be heeled-in on a greenhouse bench until they gradu- 
 ally ripen, taking care that some of the soil is retained 
 on the roots ; otherw 'r^ the ripening process is altogether 
 too rapid, so that ♦he -. ots and leaves sud«lenly lose their 
 robu'^t r <ture, become tiHbl)y, and eventually die. For 
 this method, it can be said that a larger number of bulbs 
 can b'i gre.vn with less trouble than by the pot method, 
 but neither bulbs nor flowers compare in size with those 
 kept i.i pots the year round. For the purpose of simply 
 increasing stock, the outdoor method is to be preferred. 
 Most o." the kinds are naturally evergreen ; potting under 
 those conditions is best done either after the plants have 
 made tLeir growth in the fall or after they have flnisinnl 
 flowering in April. When done in the full, they are al- 
 lowed to remain rather dry during the wnnter; this will 
 keep the soil of the original ball in a sweet condition 
 until the time arrives to start them into growth, which 
 may be anywhere after the 1st of January, or even 
 earlier if necessary. They will winder all right, and keep 
 their foliage, in a l>rick frame in which the temperature 
 is not allowed to fall below 45° F. By the beginning of 
 February, in a structure of this sort, they will be showing 
 flower-scapes, and should then be taken to a position 
 where more heat and light can be given, A weak solu- 
 tion of cow-manure will much help the development 
 of the flowers. When in bloom, a greenhouse tempera- 
 ture, with slight shade, will prolong the flowering period. 
 After flower ng, the greatest care should be taken of the 
 plants, as it is from that period till the oud of summer 
 that the principal growth is made. A heavj' loam, en- 
 riched with bone-dust and rotted cow-manure, suits them 
 well. The seeds of Hippeastrums should be sown as soon 
 as ripe, covered very lightly with finely sifted leaf -mold, 
 and if this shows a tendency to dry too quickly, cover 
 with panes of glass until germination takes place. As 
 soon as the flrst leaves are de\eloped, they should be 
 potted in the smallest sized p.^ts and kept growing. In 
 the propagation of varieties, it will be found that the 
 large bulbs make two or more offsets each season: these 
 should not be detached until it is certain that they have 
 enough roots of their o»vn to start with af*er being 
 separated from the parent. If a well-flowered specimen 
 clump is desired, the off* 3ts may be allowed to remain 
 attached to the ptir*^ it; iT ?y will, in most cases, flower 
 the second year ' .er gt •'^"s treatment. AtnartjlUs 
 Belladonna and j plant Kuown as A. longiflora (really 
 a Crinum ) are I .rdy in the District of Columbia ; A . 
 lonr/iflora thrives even in damp, heavy soils, with no 
 protection, and flowers abundantly each year. The seeds 
 are about the s^ize of a chestnut, and if not gathered as 
 soon as ripe, they are apt to gerHkinate on the surface of 
 the ground during the next rainy spell succeeding the 
 ripening. A . Belladonna needs a warm, sheltered spot, 
 with deep planting, Cult. by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 Bellad6nna, Lii.n. Bel.ladonna Lily. Fig. 77. Scape 
 2-4 ft., with a 2-lvd. dry spathe or involucre just under- 
 neath the umbel: fls. lily-like, short-tubed, and flaring, 
 with pointed segments and style, and 6 stamens detiexed, 
 on short pedicels, fragrant, normally rose-color; scape 
 solid : Ivs. strap-shaped, canaliculate and acute. B.M. 
 7X\. Gn. ;«: G41, 47. p. 40, 4'.). p. 27(5. 54: 414. G.C. Ill, 
 24:. 315. An old favorite. There are varieties ranging 
 from white to red, and varying in shape and size of fls. 
 A. biiinda, (Jawl (B.M= 1450), is a large form, with wliite 
 fls., fading to blush. A. IFdllii, Ho.-t., from N, Chiiuj, 
 but probal>ly not native there, is evidently only a form 
 of the Belladonna Lily. For var. rdsea perf^cta, see Gt. 
 45, p.44:{: gpectabilis tricolor, 45, p. .T)8. See Brinm- 
 viffia for A. fjhjantt'ti urMlorienfalis: Crinum for ^./i'*(;,'i- 
 folia a,xu\ ornat(t ; Hippeastrum for A. aulira, «>'/(»»'.'<- 
 triH, fulffida , J ohnxoni , Leopohlii, j)ardina,procera. Jit- 
 ghup, reticulata, vittata ; hycons fot A. an rea ; Nerine 
 for A. Nerine; Sprekella for A, fofniosis.'<ihia ; Stern- 
 berjiTia for A. Intea ; Vnllota for A. purpurea ; Zephy- 
 ranthes for A. AtamaKco and Candida. The following 
 tra<le names probably belong tootiier genera, most likely 
 to Hippeastrum : A. crdcea, (rrove<)na, tnacnhitha, re- 
 fnlijina. A . enih^.sn un, of Horsfo-d's Cat., 1S!>!) (by 
 mistake print<'d crubey 'en)> , is Zephyranthes erubes- 
 
 cens, Wats, It is not l /.v otfered. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
AMASOXIA 
 
 AMES 
 
 m 
 
 AMASONIA (afrer Thomas Amason, early American 
 traveler). I'frbi'mlcecp. Greenhouse shrub from Trini- 
 dafi. with lonK, tubular, hairy yellow fls. and bright red 
 bracts, which remain attractive two or three mouths at 
 a time. 
 
 calyciaa. Hook. f. ( A . punicea, Hort. not Vahl.). Lvs. 
 (;-l2 in. Ion??, elliptic, acuminate, coarsely irregularly 
 tooriied or sinuate, glabrous, except the floral ones : fls. 
 1 1^-2 in. long, drooping; calvx nearly 1 in. long, red. 
 B.M. 6915. Ga. 27: 479. R.B. 20: 13. 
 
 AMBROSlNIA (Giacinti Ambrosini, an Italian). 
 Aro'idi'ut. A dwarf, perennial, tuberous herb of Italy and 
 Alfferia. Half-hardy; planted in the open or in pots, 
 ami blooms in the fall. A single species. 
 
 78. Amelanchier 
 
 alnifolia(X34) 
 
 Basdii, Linn. Three or 4 Inches : lvs. 2 or 3, over- 
 topping the spathe, the leaf-blade ovate or ovate-ellip- 
 tic, obtuse, often retuse: spathe % in. long, tippe<l witii 
 a hruwn tail, divided lengthwise, the anthers being in 
 one corapaitmeut (which has a hole to admit insects), 
 pnd the solitary ovary in the other, thus preventing au- 
 tmuatic close poL'ina'tion. B.M. (kJGO. — Prop, by seeds 
 -tarfed inside or ia frames, or by division in spring. 
 There is a narrow-leaved form ( var. a nffusfifdliti , G tiss. ) , 
 a spotted-leaved form (var. vuicuh)tn, Kngler), and a 
 f'Tiii with pule green reticulations (var. rrtu-iilatu, 
 ^'"^'M. L. H. B. 
 
 AMELANCHIEI (Savoy name). Bosdcea . Shriibs 
 or small trees of Eu.,Asia and Amer. : lvs. altern.it 
 siiiiple. Usually serrate : tls. white, in racemes, rarely 
 solitary; calyx tube campanulate, .'i-lcibed, lobes narrow, 
 ri'tiexed, persistent ; petals 5 ; ovar 2-5-colled, each 
 sulxlivided and containing 2 ovules : rry round or ob- 
 loiL', with prouiinent cavity, red or : purple, sweet, 
 juicy. Temperate regions around . globe. Species 
 nd closely related. De.-iirable ...r ornament, the 
 
 .>arf varieties also valuable as fruit-bearirg plants. 
 
 Bloom very early in spring, often before lvs. appear. 
 They thrive upon a variety of soils and overa wide range, 
 succeeding well in dry climates. Prop, by seeds or 
 suckers. A. ofdlis and A. aliAua of horticulturists, 
 sometimes purporting to come from Eu.. are our native 
 Pyrus nigra, which see. See Jnmbtrry. 
 
 A. IfVS. acute or acumhuite, finely serrate. 
 B. Petals ,.a. . tw, lanceolate, ohlanceolate or spatulate. 
 Canadensis, Medic. Common SnAD-Bt-sH. Tree. i!.')-40 
 ft., upright, narrow, oblong, roun<l-topped : trunk tall, 
 straight: branches small, spreading: lvs. oval or ovate, 
 acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, sharply 
 anil tinely serrate, soon becoming glabrous : fruit glo- 
 bose. Early sunim«>r. Newfoundland to Fla., west to 
 Ark. and Minn. S.S. 4: 11)4. 
 
 Botry^pium, DC, (.1, Canadensis, var. ohlongifolia, 
 Torr, & Gray), Common Dwakf .Jinebekky. Bush or 
 small tree : lvs. and tlower-stalks whitish woolly when 
 
 Jf^oung, often nearly or quite glabrotis when old; lvs. ob- 
 ong, broadly elliptical, seldom cordate, often pointed at 
 base : racemes dense, shorter than in A. Catiadensis; 
 fls, smaller: fr. juicy, of good flavor. New Brunswick 
 to Fla., west to Mo. and Minn. B.M, 701!), G.C. III. 
 21: 333, S.S. 4:195, as A. Canadensis var. obot'illis, Sarg. 
 Asiitica, Endl, (A. Canadensis, var. Ja pon i ra. ^liq. 
 A. f/aj)uniea. Hurt.). Small tree with slender branches: 
 lvs. ovate-elliptical, acute, densely w(M)Ily when young: 
 racemes dense, compound. China and Jap. 
 
 BB, Petals broad, obovate. 
 
 OligOC&rpa, Roem, Low shrub 2-9 ft,, nearly glabrous 
 throughout: lvs, thin, narrowly ovate or oblong, pointed 
 at each end, finely and sharply serrate : ra<'emes few- 
 flowered ; petals broa<l, obovate : fr. dark blue-purple, 
 pear-shaped, with heavy bloom, sweet, of pronounced 
 flavor. Swamps, Lab. to N. Y, G,F, 1: 247. 
 
 AA. Lrvs. broader, obtitse or rounded at apex, coarsely 
 serrate or dentate. 
 alnifdlia, Nutt. Fig. 78. Shrub : lvs, thick, broad, 
 oval or nearly circular, coarsely toothed toward the 
 apex: petals narrowly obovate or ohlanceolate, "uneate: 
 fr, dark purple or blue, with blocmi, large, sweet, juicy. 
 W Out. to Mich., New Mex, and westward, G.F. 1:185; 
 5: 41."). S,S, 4: 11M>. — A valuable species for fruit or or- 
 nununt. Anniia alnifolia of some lists. 
 
 rotundifolia, Roem. {A. Canadensis, var. rotundifdlia, 
 Torr. & Gray). Low, stragglish bush: lvs. rounded, 
 coarsely serrate : fr. ripening after A. 
 Canadensis. N. Brunswick to Minn. 
 
 spicita, Dec. Small bush l-.1ft,: lvs. 
 elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends or 
 somewhat conlate at base : fls in numer- 
 ous 4-10-fld, racemes : plant woolly on 
 ytmng gn)wths, but becoming glabrous. 
 Dry, rocky places. Pa, and N. J. 
 
 vulgS.ri8,Mr)nch, Sekvick-berry. Dwarf 
 shrult : lvs. roundish, coarsely serrate, 
 woolly beneath when young : racemes short; petals long- 
 narrowly ohlanceolate : fr. blue-black. Cent. Eu. — Cult, 
 for ornament ; also for fr. under the name of European 
 Juneberry. pj^j-o W. Card. 
 
 AMES, FREDERICK LOTHROP (.June 8, 18.15-Sept. 
 13, lMt3), of the fourth generati«>n of a family distiil- 
 guishe<l in the history of Massachusettts enterprise, was 
 born in North Eastoi in thnt state. He was graduated 
 from Harvard Coll ^e in the class of 18.14, an I devoted 
 his life to the nianagenu'ut of great connnercial and in- 
 •liiHtrial int«'rests. Business did notoccui)y all his atten- 
 tion: )u' was a Felh»w of Harvard College, a trustee of 
 the Mas.ijwhusetts Society for Promoting Agrioilture, 
 mill of the Miiseum of Fine Arts; and an active ami 
 faithful director of i irritable and benev.olent institu- 
 tions. A numitlcent patron of arts and sciences, he was 
 sui'cessftil in stimulating the increase of knowletlge iu 
 mail'- M.'lils of humtin research. Devoted tarough his 
 w V iivo to horticulture, he gained distinction for hi.s 
 wi ■ il accurate ..nowledge of tro]ucal orchids and 
 
 thi « altivation, and his collection of these plants at his 
 country place In his native town was the most complete 
 
58 
 
 AMES 
 
 AMORPHOPHALLrS 
 
 in the New World. His important services to botany and 
 horticulture are commemorated in Liflia Ameniana, 
 JUflia anceps var. AmeaiaMa, Phaltenopsis F. L. Ames, 
 Cypripedium AmesianHm, Cypripedium inaitftie var. 
 Amesianum, Vanda Amesiana, Stanhopea Amesinna, 
 Miltonia vexillaria var. Amesiana, Odontocflosxum 
 Jio.ssifp var. Amesiana, and Cattleya Hardynnn var. 
 Ames'ana. C. S. Sargent. 
 
 AMHfiESTIA (Countess Amherst and her daughter, 
 Lady Amherst, promoters of botany in India). legu- 
 minosiB. One of the noblest of flowering trees, native 
 to India, where it reaches a height of 40 ft. and more. 
 Gaudy red fls. 8 in. long, with wide-spreading petals, the 
 upper ones gold-tipped, and colored petal-like bracts, in 
 long, hanging racemes : Ivs. pinnate, nearly 3 ft. long. 
 The tree first flowered in Eng. in 1849. It requires hot- 
 house treatment. The fls. last only 2 or 3 days. Demands 
 rich, loamy soil, and abundant moisture during the grow- 
 ing season, after which the wood must be ripened firm. 
 B.M.4453. F.S. 5: 513-516. - 
 
 AMiANTHIUai. i^ee Zygadenus. 
 
 AMMOBIUM (Greek, living in sand). Compdsitce. 
 Hardy herb, cult, as an everlasting or immortelle. Florets 
 Perfect, yellow, surrounded by a dry, silvery white invo- 
 lucre, and subtended by chaffy scales; pappus of 2 bris- 
 tles and 2 teeth. Commonly treated as an annual, but 
 seeds are sometimes sown in Sept., and the plant treated 
 as a biennial. Of easiest culture, the seeds being sown 
 where the plants are to grow. In the N., sow seeds in 
 spring. Cut the fls. before they are fully expanded, and 
 hang in a dry, shady place. They will then remain white. 
 
 aUttun, R. Br. Three ft. or less high, erect and 
 branchy, white-cottony, the brunches broadly winged : 
 early root-Ivs. ovate at the ends and long-tapering be- 
 low (javelin shap»^'d) ; st.- Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, 
 entire or nearly so : lieads 1-2 in. across, the involucre 
 becoming pearly white. Australia. A large-headed form 
 is var. grandifldrun. L, Ij, B_ 
 
 AMMOCHABIS (rtmjrto.s-, sand: cAort's, beauty). Ama- 
 ryUidiiittr. Greenhouse bulb from Cape of Good Hope. 
 J. G. Baker, Amaryllideee, p. 9G. For cult., see Bulbs. 
 
 falcata, Herb. Bulb ovoid, sometimes 6-9 in. in diam., 
 with brown tunics : Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide, strap- 
 shaped, spreading, produced before the Ivs.: fls. 20-40, 
 in an umbel, bright red, fragrant. Winter. Probably 
 the fruit figured in B.M. 144:5 is that of a Brunsvigia, 
 mismatched with the flowers. 
 
 Ammocharis falcata requires rich, loamy soil. It 
 starts to grow in the spring. Give plenty of water during 
 growing season in summer. It can be cultivated out-of- 
 do rs. When perfected and finished in autumn, the bulb 
 can be put under the greenhouse bench : keep moder- 
 ately dry in sand or earth ; can be potted in January, 
 after wliich it will soon throw out its fine, fragrant 
 blooms. Cult, bv H. A. Siebrecht. 
 
 AMMONIACAL CARBONATE OF COPPER. 
 
 JFumjtcidi . 
 
 See 
 
 AHMOPHILA (Greek, sand-loving). GraminffP. A 
 coarse perennial. wit>i long, hard rootstocks. Spikelets 
 1-fld., in large, spike-like panicles, jointed above the 
 empty glumes: flowering glume surrounded at the base 
 by a tuft of hairs : axis of spikelet terminating in a small 
 bristle-like rudiment. Species one. Eu.andN.Amer 
 
 aren&ria, Link. [A. arundimXcea, Host.). B^eoh 
 Grass. Marram Grass. Abundant plong the sandy 
 coasts of the Atlantic, and the great lakes. Adapted for 
 binding drifting sands of coasts. i> r> f . 
 
 X . r>. IVENNEUY. 
 
 AMOMUM (Greek-made name). Scitaminiicecf. Hot- 
 house ginger-like herbs, with narrow entire Ivs., and fls. 
 in dense cone-like spikes, which are usually near the base 
 of the plant or on a scape. Closely allied to Alpinia 
 (which see for culture). 
 
 C4rdamon, Linn. Cardaman. Thick, spicy, lanceolate 
 Ivs.: plant 4-8 ft.: fls. brownish, in a r»-funibent com- 
 pouud tipikfi. E. lud. Produces the Cardomoa seeds of 
 
 commerce. Not to be confounded with Elettaria Carda- 
 mom um (which see). 
 
 Other species tire A.angustifblium, Sonner.with linear-lanceo- 
 late Ivs. and yellow fls., Mada<;. ; A. Ddnielli, Hook., Ivs. laiif*. 
 oblong and fl. large, r?d and yellow, Afr. ; A. Granum-Parad'iH, 
 Linn. (A. grandiriorum, Smith), •with colored stems and white^ 
 tinted tls , Afr. ; A. magntficum, Benth. & Hook. (Alpinia m,%g- 
 nifica, Roscoe), 1()-12 ft., fls. very numerous, in a gaudy braeted 
 head, large, red, Mauritius, B.M. .3192; A. vittdtttni, Hort.=Al- 
 pinia \ittata ; A. vitellinum, Lindl., with oval Ivs. and yellow 
 fls.,E.Ind. L. H. B. 
 
 AMORPHA (Greek amorphos, deformed; the fls. are 
 destitute of wings and keel). Legumir.dsce. Shrubs: 
 Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, deciduous, with entire leaf- 
 lets : fls. in dense, terminal spikes, small, papilionaceous, 
 but without wings and keel ; stamens exserted : pod 
 short, slightly curved, with 1-2 seeds. Eight species, 
 6 in N. Amer. Hardy flowering shrubs, with graceful fo- 
 liage, well adapted for small shruV)beries, especially in 
 somewhat dry and sunny situations. Prop, usually by 
 seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under glass in early 
 summer, or by hardwood cuttings, placed in sheltered 
 situations early in fall and left undisturbed till the fol- 
 lowing autumn. They may be grown, also, from layers 
 and suckers. 
 
 can^scens, Nutt. Lead Plant. Low shrub, 1-3 ft., 
 densely white-canescent : Ivs. sessile, 2-4 in. long, leaf- 
 lets 21-49, nearly sessile, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 
 lines long : fls, blue, the spikes crowded into terminal 
 panicles. June. S. states. Mn. 5:707. B.JI.6618. R.H. 
 1896:280. — Handsome free-flowering shrub of den^e 
 habit, well adapted for rockeries and borders of shrub- 
 oeries in sunny and well-drained situations. 
 
 fruticdsa, Linn. Bastard Indigo. Shrub, 5-20 ft.: 
 Ivs. petioled, (i-16 in. long, leaflets 11-21, oval or elliptic, 
 mostly obtuse and mucronulate : spikes dense, 3-6 in. 
 long, usually in panicles ; fls. dark purple. From Wis. 
 and Pa. south. B.R. 5 : 427. — Interesting ornamental 
 shrub of spreading habit, with fine, feathery foliage ; 
 remarkab'e for the unusual color of its dark violet- 
 purplish ris. A very variable species; slightly diflfering 
 forms have been described, and are cult, under many dif- 
 ferent names, as. e. g. : A. Caroliniana, Croom ; croceo- 
 lanata,Vi'ats.; dealhata, Hort.; elata,Ilort.; fragrans, 
 Sweet; glabra, Desf.; hevigata, 'Sntt.; Le w is i, hodd.; 
 Ladoviciana, Hort. ; mimosifolia ,'H.0rt.; orna/a, Wend.; 
 panici'lata, Torr. & Gr. ; Tennesseensis, Shuttlew. ; 
 Texana, Buckl. 
 
 A.Califvrnica.'Sntt. Allied to A. fruticosa. Pubescent: sts. 
 and leaf-stalks furnished >vith prickly glands : spikes usually 
 single. Calif.— .1. fierbdcea, Walt. (A. pubescens,Willd.),2-l ft: 
 Ivs. nearly sessile, puT)escent or glabrous ; leaflets with blaek 
 glands l>eneath : spikes mostly panicled ; fls. blue or white. S. 
 states. L.B.C 7: 685) - A. microphylla, Pursh. (A. nana, Nutt.'. 
 One ft. high : leatlois small. J'oin. long, crowded, glandidar \>e- 
 ne;ith : spikes usually sint'^ From Minn, and Iowa west to 
 Rof'ky Mts.— A. rirgata, yniiil. Allied to A. fruticosa. Peren- 
 nial, 2-6 ft., sparingly branched: leaflets bror.d, coriaceous": 
 spikes single or few. S. states. Alfred Rehdek. 
 
 AMORPHOPHALLUS (Greek-made name). Aro\de<f. 
 Giant aroids, from the eastern tropics, grown as curiosi- 
 ties in hothouses. Spathe (or "flower") springing from 
 the great bulb-like tuber in advance of the Ivs., the latter 
 usually pedately compound : differs from Arum and re- 
 lated genera by technical characters. Monogr. by Engler 
 in De Candolle's Monographiee Phanerogamarum, vol.2. 
 1879. 
 
 Amorphophalluses are i)ropagated by offsets of the 
 tubers. Towards the end of March the plaiits should be 
 taken from their winter quarters and placed on the 
 stages of a moderately warm greenhouse and kept moist, 
 where, .f the tubers are :-itrong enough, tliey will soon 
 flower. The leaves l>egin to grow immediately after the 
 floweri.;g season. Towards the end of May they should 
 be planted out in the open ground, or they may be used 
 in subtropical bedding. Plants should be lifted in the 
 fall, before frost, and potted in any good, rich soil, and 
 placed in a warm greenhouse to ripen oflf the leaves, after 
 which fhey may bo st^)red away under the greenhouse 
 stages, or any convenient pla<'e where the temperatun- 
 does not fall lielow 5(t°, giving just sufficient moisture tn 
 keep the tubers from shriveling. 
 
 Cult, by Edward J. Canning. 
 
A3IORPHOPHALLUS 
 
 AMPELOPSIS 
 
 59 
 
 79. Inflorescence and 
 
 bit cf leaf of 
 
 Amorphophallus Rivieri. 
 
 Kivi^ri, Dur. Devils Tongue. Snake Palm. Fig. 79. 
 Scape ( sent up in early spring) preceding the Ivs., :i-i ft., 
 dark colored and speckled with light red: If. often 4 ft. 
 across, pedately decompound, the petiole mottled, stand- 
 ing on a stalk like an umbrella: spathe 
 rosy, calla-like, with a long-project- 
 ing and slender dark red slightly 
 curved spadix, the whole "flower" 
 often measuring 3 ft. long. Cochin 
 China. R.H. 1871, p. 573. — The best 
 known species in Amer. gardens. 
 Has a strong and disagreeable odor. 
 
 campanul^tus, Blume. Stanley's 
 Wash Tub. Scape lower {2 ft. or 
 less): spathe nearly or quite 2 ft. 
 broad and 15 in. high, with a hori- 
 zontal, spreading fluted bor- 
 der (not calla-like), red-purple 
 on the margin and grayish, 
 spotte<i white lower down', and 
 becom.ng purple in the cen- 
 ter : spadix 10-12 in. high, 
 the purple top enlarged and 
 convoluted: If. much as in A. 
 Rivieri: tuber weighing 8-10 
 lbs., shape of a flat cheese. An 
 old garf'en plant from E. Ind. 
 B.M. 2812. F.S. 1.^k1G02-:J. G.C. 
 72:1720, 1721; III. 5:755. 
 
 gigrantdus, Blanc. «F1. larger 
 than A. campamtlafus (often 2 
 ft. across) and much more pleas- 
 ing in color, shading from deep 
 red to cream color towards the 
 center. The club-shaped spadix 
 is dark maroon, with yellow and 
 red base. After* flowering, the 
 foliage -stem aj)pears,— a stout 
 stem of deep green color, mottled 
 with gray. After growing at the 
 rate of several inches a day, it ex- 
 pands into a large palm-like leaf, 
 of a rich, dark green color, often measuring 5 ft. across." 
 Blanc, 1892, received "under this name from India." A. 
 cainpiunlatus t Probably not the J., giganfens of Blume. 
 
 Simlense, Blanc. "Fl. 15 in. long, the inside of peculiar 
 polden color, .-^potted purple; the Sack is metallic brown. 
 Fine palm-like foliage." The cut in Blanc's catalogue 
 shows a spathe produced into a long foliaceous summit, 
 and a long, slender, recurved spadix. Probably of some 
 other genus : very likely an Arisjema. 
 
 .1. Afz^Ui, Hovt. (Corynopliallus Azelii, Schott)==Hydrosine 
 Leonemis.— A. Eichleri, Hook. f. iSpatlie'J in. across, purple and 
 white : spadix 5 or 6 in. high, thick, brown : If. single, much di- 
 vided. W. Afr. B.M. TOUl — .4. Lacimrii, Linden. (Pseudodra- 
 contium Lacourii, N.E.Br. ) . Petioles l)arred with yellow ; l)lades 
 mucii cut, green, spotted white. Cochin China. I.H. 'i.^: 316.— 
 A.LeopoJdianiiH, Nicholson (Hydrosme Ijeoiw)ldiana, Masters). 
 Spatlie reddish, long acuminate on one side, with undulate mar- 
 gins: spadix 2-3 ft., terete, recurved : If. 2-3 ft. across. Congo. 
 I.H. ^i :23 : 42, f. 49.-A. nirosus, Lem., I.H. 12: 424 = Dracon- 
 tium aspemm.— A. Titanum, Beccari. One of the most rem .rk- 
 able plants known. Tul)er .5 ft. in circ. : If.- stalk 10 ft. : if .- blade 
 45 ft. in circ. : spathe 3 ft. in diain. : spadix 6 ft. high. Bloomed 
 at Kew in IXSM), the tuber dying thereafter. Sumatra. B.M. 
 7153-5. G.C. III. .5:748. L. H. B. 
 
 AMF£L6PSIS (Greek ampelos, vine, and opsis,\ik.e- 
 ness). Vitdcecf. Shrubs, climbing by tendrils opposite 
 the Ivs.: Ivs. alternate, petioled, digitate, bipinnate or 
 .«iinple : corymbs opposite the Ivs. or terniinnl : fls. per- 
 fect, greenish and small ; petals and stanu ir^ usually 5 : 
 fr. a 1— 4-seeded berry. Allied to Vitis, but easy to dis- 
 tiuiTuish, even in the winter state, by its bark bearing 
 lenticels and the white pith of the branches, while Vitis 
 has a shredding bark and brownish pith. About 20 spe- 
 cies in N. Amer., E. Asia and Himal. Haniy and <»rna- 
 niental climbing vines, thriving in almost any soil. 
 Prop, by seeds and by hardwood or greenwood ctittings. 
 A. (luinquefolia is usually increased by hardwood cut- 
 tings, while A. fricuspiilatd grows best from seeds 
 planted un<ler glass or out-of-doors : also from green- 
 W(»od cuttings in spring or early summer, under glass. 
 Layers also root readily. Ail species may be prop, by 
 
 cuttings with a good eye placed in sandy soil under bell- 
 glasses in Sept. Monogr. by Planchon' in De T'andoUe, 
 aionographice Phanerogamafum, 5:447-463. Cf. Cissus. 
 
 \. Tendrils mostlu disk-hearing : berries dark purple 
 with blue bloom, pea-sized. {Partheno issus.) 
 
 qtdnquefdlia, Michx. {A.hederdcea^DQ. Tl^j's qtiinque- 
 f dl id, L&ni,). VikginiaCreepek. Fig.80. High-climbing: 
 Ivs. digitate ; Ifts. usually 5, elliptic or oblong-obovate, 
 coarsely s'-rrate. N..Amer. Em. 2: ,")35. Var. radicantis- 
 sima, Rehdcr. Young branches and Ifts. beneath pubes- 
 cent : tendrils with many ramifications and well devel- 
 oped disks. Var. murdrcun, Rehder. {A. hederdcea, var. 
 murdrum, Fofke. A. murdrum a^" \ mur<)l is, Uort.). In- 
 florescence and tendrils like the fomier ; Ifts. glaucous 
 and glabrous b'*neath. Var. flngelmanni, H<>rt. Similar 
 to the last, with smaller and more dense foliage. Var. 
 latifdlia, Dipp, {A Boi/lei. Hort. ) . Of visrorous growth : 
 Ivs. very large, shining. Var. Grsebneri, Reh<ler. Pubes- 
 cent, intense vscarlet in full. Gt. 48: 14G2. Var. vitacea, 
 Knerr. Aerial roots none, and the tendrils scarcely disc- 
 bearing : berries large and early. ]Mich. to Kans. Does 
 not cling to walls.— A very valuable climber of vigorous 
 growth, coloring bright scarlet in autumn ; the varieties 
 radicantissiria and nurorum well adapted for covering 
 walls, clinging firmly, growing more straight upward 
 than the following species. 
 
 tricuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc. (A. Viitchi, Hort. A. 
 Rui/lt-i, kiuvt. Vitis iucdustans, Miq.). Japanese Ivy. 
 Boston Ivv. Figs. 81, 82. High-cJimbing, with short 
 and di.sciferous tendrils : Ivs. iMobed or 3-foliolate, 
 coarsely and remotely dentate, shining and glabrous on 
 both sides: racemes short-stalked. China. -Jap. R B. 
 1877: 11. Gng. 4: 353, 1; 373.— A hardy and very useful 
 climber, clinging firmly and covcing walls densely ; 
 the glossy foliage stands dust and smoke well, and turns 
 to a brilliant orange and scarlet in fall. Probably the 
 favorite of all hardy vines in cities. 
 
 AA. Tendrils without disks : not climbing very high. 
 
 B. Lvs. not lobed or rarely tricnspidate. 
 
 COrd&ta, Michx. ( Tl/ts tn(?ti'}sa, Willd. Cissus Am- 
 peldpsis. Peru.). Nearly glabrous : lvs. cordate, round- 
 ish-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate : berries bluish or 
 greenish. From 111. and Ohio south. 
 
 BB. Lvs. S-o-lobed or divided. 
 
 heterophi^Ua, Sieb. & Zucc, Lvs. cordate, slightly 3- 
 or deeply ;i-5-lobea, nearly glabrous and shining be- 
 neath, lobes serrate or incised : berries light blue, punc- 
 
 0. Leaves and fruit 
 
 of Virginia Creeper (Xi^) 
 
 tate. E. A»ia. B.M. 5(JS2. Gt. 1873: 7rc>.- Well adapted 
 for covering rocks and low trellis work ; handsome in 
 autumn, with its freely produced light blue berries. 
 
 Var. ileg&ns, Koch (A. tricolor. Hort,). Lvs. 
 blotched and striped with white, flushed pink when 
 young : slow-growing and tender. Gn. 54, p. 5. 
 
€0 
 
 AMPELOPSIS 
 
 ANACARDIUM 
 
 aconitifdlia, Bnnge. {A. quinque folia, x&r, aconitifblia, 
 Hort. ). Lvs, ."{- or 5-cleft, the middle lobe often pin- 
 nately lobed, shining: and nearly glabrous beneath: ber- 
 ries small, yellow. N.China. Var. di886cta, Koehne ( ^ . 
 dissecia, Carr. A. afflni^f, var. dissecta, Hort.). Lvs. 
 5-parted, the middle or the three inner lobes pinnatitid. 
 R.H. 188;i. p. 318. Gn. 5, p. 52.3. -Graceful climber for 
 trellis work. 
 
 Ampelopsis 
 
 tricuspidata. 
 
 Showijjg a yoiniK leaf and the disks on \\u- tendrils by which 
 the plant is attached to walls. 
 
 serjamaefolia, Bunge. Roots tuberous : lvs. .3-5-parted 
 or digitate, chartaceous, shining and dark green above, 
 the divisions pinnate, with winged rachis. the pinna^ 
 separate from the wings : bem* small, blue, punctate. 
 Jap., N. China. Gt. 16:531. R.H. 1870, p. 17. 
 
 BBB. Li's. hipinnate, leaflets distinctly stalked. 
 
 arbdrea, Koehne ( litis liipinniita, Terr. «fc Gr. Cissus 
 stdii.'i, Pers.). St. erect or somewhat climbing: pinnte 
 and leaflets usually 5 ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, 
 coarsely toothed, %-\%iii. long: berries dark purple. 
 S. .states, Mes. 
 
 A. bipinnata, Mifhx.=A. arborea. — A. brerippdunculdta, 
 Koehne=A. heterophylla. var. — A. citruUo'ides riort.==hetero- 
 phylla. — A. Dnridiann. Mottet=Vitis Pa»:rtucci. — ^4. dissecta, 
 Hort.=A. aconitifolia. var. dissecta. — .i. hederacea, DC.=A. 
 Qiiinqiiefolia— .1. hederucea, Hort.=A. quinqiiefolia. var. mnro- 
 nini.— A.H(>.w/,H.ort.=A.tricnspidata. — A .hu niri Ufblia.Bwnge. 
 ==A. heterophylla var. — A.iua'mstans, MiQ.=.t. tricuspidata. — 
 A. Japi')nica,Y{ort.=A. t'^icuspidata. — A. lucida,Viirr'=^A. aeo- 
 nitifolia. — 4 .napifi'r, mif , ('arr.=A.seriani»'folia. — A.orientalis, 
 Planch. Allied to A. arborea. Petioles longer: lvs. ovate-ellip- 
 tic, quite glabrous: p'.tals and stamens 4. Orient. — A. Hit y lei, 
 Hort.=A. quinquefoha. var. latifoliaor A. tricuspidata. — .4. nt- 
 bricnuli8,i^&TT.=A. wonitifolia.— J . sempprvireHS. Hort.=Cis- 
 sus striata. — A.Sieholdi, Hort.==- A. heterophylla. var. elegans. — 
 *4. tripartita, Carr.^A. aconitifolia.— A. trilnbata, C»rr.=A. 
 aconitifolia. — A.tiiberttsa, ('arr.-=A. serjani«»folia. — .4. Veitchi. 
 Hort.^A, tricuspidata,— A. Virainidtia, Hort.=.\.qiiinquefoliH. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AMPELOVlTIS. See I'it 
 
 ts. 
 
 AMPHICARFJEA (Greek, alluding to the two kinds 
 of fruits). Ltiinmiuoxir. A half-dozen little herbaceous 
 vines of E. Amer. and Himalayas, bearing subterranean 
 cleistogamous tls. : lvs. pinnate, of 3 leaflets: fls. small, 
 purplish. Two common species ure^l. ntonoica. Nutt., 
 anu .-1. Pitcheri. Torr. & Gray ( ilso known as Falcata 
 comosa and F. Pitcheri). Not kuown to be in cult. 
 
 AMFHICCME (itniphi, both, and kome, hair ; the seeds 
 having a tuft of hair at both ends). liiif»oni(ice(r. (ireen- 
 house herbaceous rockery plants from the Himalayas, 
 with lartre. rosy, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed H.s. 
 
 .4. arijiita, Hoyl»>. Height ;{ ft.: leaflets in :!-4 pairs, sessile, 
 lanceolate. ;MMiniinate, deeply serrate : fls. in terminal racemes, 
 fewer than in the next : corolla tube not orange-colored : calyx 
 lobes long, awl-shai)ed. P. M.6:7».— A. Emodi. Koyle. Height 
 ly-i-'i ft. : leatlets in .'»-7 jiairs, cordate-ovate, obtnse, shortly 
 petiolulate. margin crenat. lobate : Hs. at first corj-nihnse : co- 
 rolla tul»e and throat orange: calyx lobes short, t luck, fleshy. 
 B.M. 4890. Un. », p. 25. tin. M. p. 4'}t<. F.8. IMlOS*. 
 
 AMSONIA (named for Charles Amson). Called also 
 Ansonia. ApocunacefP. Tough-barked perennial lierbs 
 of eastern N. Amer. and .Jap., with terminal panicles of 
 blue or bluish nhrrow-limbed small fls. in May and .June, 
 the inside of the corolla tul)e bearing reflexed hairs. 
 Grown in the hardy border, mostly with shrubbery. 
 Prop, mostly by lividing the clumps; also by seeds 
 and by cuttings iu summer. 
 
 Tabemaemont^na, Walter ( .1 . lati folia, Michx. A.sa- 
 Ueifdlia, Pursh. Tabertup.nonicina Amsonia, Linn.). 
 Glabrous or nearly so. 2-3 ft. ; lvs. willow-like, ovate to 
 lanceolate, acuminate, altern.^te, short-petioled : ris. 
 many, with lanceolate spreading lobes, succeeded by 
 slender, milkweed-like follicles or pods 2-3 in. long. 
 Holds its foliage late. N. C. to Tex. B.M. 1873. L.B.C. 
 592. B.R. 151. G.W.F. 48. 
 
 aninistifolia, Michx. {A.cilidta, Walt.). Villous when 
 young, the stem 1-3 ft. : lvs. linear to lance-linear, an 
 inch or two long, much crowded, 'nargins becoming revo- 
 lute : corolla lobes ovate-obloug to linear-oblong. S. 
 states. Int. 1883. l, jj, b. 
 
 AMYGDALOPSIS. See Prunus. 
 
 Alf^GDALXJS (Greek-n.ade name, referring to the 
 furrowed pit). Jiosaceit. A name given to the peaches, 
 apricots and their kin, I'ut here treate<l as a section of 
 the genus Prunus, whicli see. 
 
 AN ACAMPSEROS (Greek-made nyrae). Portulacucece. 
 Succulent herbs, of ;t dozen species, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, but not j^rown in this country except in bo- 
 tanic gardens. The} are irreenhouse plants, with ovate 
 fleshy lvs., fls. expanding in the sun ; prop, by seeds or 
 by cuttings of stem > or leaves. 
 
 ANACABDIUM ( name refers to the heart-shaped cliar- 
 acter of the nut). Anacardidcece. Eight or ten species 
 native to tlio Amer. tropics, of which one is .videly cult.: 
 
 occidentale, Linn. Cashew. 
 A large, spreading tree, very 
 impatient of frost, and there- 
 fore adaptable only to extreme 
 southern Fla. in the U. S. : 
 lvs. oval, rounded, or even 
 emarginate at the top ; fls. 
 rosy tinted, fragrant, in pani- 
 cles terminating the young 
 branches : nut kidney-shaped 
 or heart-shaped, the size of a 
 large bean, the kernel edible. 
 This nut is borne on a fleshv 
 
 82. Ampelopsis tricuspidata. 
 
 receptacle (the cashew apple) which varies from the size 
 of a cherry to that ».'f a pear, from white to yellow and 
 red, and is acid and edible, (in. 11, j). 211. — A vinous 
 liijuor is mad(» from the apple. The kernel of the nut 
 yields oil, antl is e«lible wIk'II roasted ; the shell of the 
 nut is exceedingly acrid, even the fumes from the 
 
ANACARDIUM 
 
 roasting beinff highly irritant. The tree yields a gum 
 which is the basis of a varnish, being used to protect 
 books and woodwork from the ravages of white ants and 
 other insects. The tree grows 20-40 ft. high. l. H. B. 
 
 ANAGALLIS (Greek, meaning delightful). Primuld- 
 ctit. i'lMPEKNEL. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs 
 cult, in the open. In Amer. only the annual species are 
 peneraliy known. Fls. axillary : Ivs. in pairs or 3's. 
 These aie easily grown in a warm soil, the seed usually 
 being sown where the plants are to grow. The perennials 
 are prop, by division and are grown in glass houses, or 
 well protected if grown in the open. 
 
 arv^nsis, Linn. PoorMan'sWea her-glass. Spread- 
 ing and low : Ivs. ovate, pale, shorter than peduncles : 
 ri . small, red to white, the petals fringed with glandular 
 teeth. Annual. Eu. — Often runs wild. Fls. said to 
 close on the approach of ruin. 
 
 Var. caerulea, Neilr. (.1. cceriilea. Lam,). Blue tls. 
 Supposed to be more tender, 
 
 linifdlia, Linn. More upright, a foot high : Ivs. linear 
 or lanceolate : fls. J4in. in diam., blue. Many named 
 varieties, in various colors and habits. Biennial or per- 
 ennial, but most of the annual Anagallises of gardens 
 are supposed to be forms of it, as ^. grand (flora. An- 
 drews (blue annual); A. coIDna, Schousb. (vermilion, 
 greenhouse); A. Morelli, Linn, (blue, greenhouse); 
 A. WiJmoreaua, Hoo!i (purple). S. Eu. and N. Afr. 
 H.M. 319, 8'M (as A. frutieo.sa), 3.380. -The biennial 
 forms often cult, in cool greenhouses. l_ u_ 3^ 
 
 ANANAS (modified from aboriginal S. Amer. name). 
 Written also x4H(nK/.sjs«. Uromelidceie. Stove herbs, al- 
 lied to the Billbergias. and demanding the same general 
 treatment. As ornamental subjects, grown mostly for 
 the rosette of rigid Ivs. and the strange often colored 
 head of tleshy fls., which are G-cleft, with C stamens and 
 one style. The ripe head is composed of the thickened 
 rachis, in which the fleshy berry is imbedded, and the 
 fleshy persistent bracts ; in the pineapple, the fls. are 
 altortive. Prop, by the leafy crown or topknot, by 
 5trong suckers, or by small offsets from the base : these 
 are treated as cuttings, being rooted in sand with bottom 
 heat, or in the S. set directly in the field. Monogr. by 
 Mez, DC, M'^nogr. Phaner. 9. 
 
 sativus, Scu 't. f , Pineapple, which see for field cul- 
 ture. Fig. 83. Plant producing a single shaft 2-4 ft. 
 hiirn, and when 12-20 mos. old bearing r head or pine- 
 apple, on the top of which is a rosette of stiff Ivs.: Ivs. 
 long and sword-shape !, stiff, more or less rough-edged. 
 The same stalk does not bear a second time, but a new 
 shoot may arise from the same root and bear another. 
 Berter results are usually secured l)y severing the 
 sucker or crown, and growing a new plant. Amer. 
 tropics. B.M. 15.")4. B.R. 1081. — There is a common 
 cult, form ( var. variegata or strati folia ) , with striped Ivs. 
 (ill. ')l, p. '}'. A . Portednus. Koch, is a form of A . sativns, 
 with olive-green, sharj.-spined Ivs. with a yellow central 
 band. A. Corhinrhlnnisis, Hort., is another form (in- 
 trodaced by Pitcher & Manda, 1891). 
 
 A.braetcatus, SohuU. t., is a showy si)eoie5 with red heads, 
 al! the bracts being clongatetl, spiny and prominent. Bniz. 
 H.M. .')()2.">. Rcgiirded }>y Meza.s a form of A. sativus. — .4 . tnac- 
 roih'mtes, E. Morr..like a Bromelia, has large toothed braots. 
 liraz.— .1. Mordilonvs. Hort., a form of A. sativus probably, 
 has variegated spineless Ivs. L H B 
 
 ANAPHALIS (Greek name of a plant). Compositir. 
 EvKKLASTiNo. Much like Antennaria, but differs in the 
 I'appus-bristles of the staminate fls. not being thickened 
 (these are thickened upwards in that genus) and the 
 St. leafy. Hardy border plant ; useful for immortelles. 
 
 margaritAcea, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high, 
 with many corymbose heads, white : Ivs. sessile, linear- 
 lanceolate, long-pointed : involucre pearly whit* , hence 
 the value of the plant as an everlasting. "X. sta.js. 
 
 ANARRHINUM isnouflesK). ScrophuIariAce<r. A 
 dozen biennials and perennials of S. Eu. and N. Afr. 
 Allied to Antirrhinum, but not cult, in this country. 
 Fls. small, in spike-like racemes, white or blue. 
 
 ANASTATICA. See Sesurrection Plant. 
 
 ANDROMEDA 
 
 ei 
 
 AKCHtrSA {anehousa. a. paint for the skin). Bora- 
 giniicfif. Alkanet. Hardy plants, with fls. blue or pur- 
 ple, in panicled scorpioid racemes, the corolla trunipet- 
 shaped and the throat clo.sed by scales. Of easy cult, in 
 sunny position. Prop, by seed generally. 
 
 83. Ananas sativus (pineapple). 
 
 A. Fls. smill, like forget-me-nots. 
 
 Barreli^ri, Vilm. Perennial : height 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate- 
 lanceolate, smaller and shorter than in A. Italica : fls. 
 with a white tube and j>ink throat. May. Eu. and Asia 
 Minor. B.M. 2:{49. — Valued for its earliness, and for cut 
 fls. The least common of the three species. 
 
 Cap6nsis, Thunb. Biennial : height 114 ft. : Ivs. nar- 
 rowly lanceolate and less hispid than in A. Italica : fls. 
 red-margined, with a white throat : biuls red ; calyx in- 
 flated after the fl. bar. withered ; divisions .short, obtuse. 
 June-Sept. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1822. -Fine for 
 cut fls. Often winter-killed, but seeds itself freely. 
 
 aa. Fls. large. 
 
 Italica, Retz. Perennial : height .3-5 ft,: Ivs. largest 
 of the three species here contrasted, ovate-lanceolate, 
 rough, shining ; radical ones sonietimes 2 ft. long. 
 Mediterranean. B.M. 2197. L.B.C. 14: i:{8:{.-lf not al- 
 lowed to goto seed, will bloom continuously from June 
 to Sept. Commonest and perhaps best species. 
 
 A. Agdrdhii, l^i'hm. Lvs. linear. Siberia. Rare— A. mj/osoh'- 
 
 diflora, Lehni. Lvs. large : radical ones long-petiolate. cordate- 
 
 reinform ; eaidine oties sessile, oval. Siberia, Caucasus.— .4. 
 
 officindlisA^nn. Lvs. lanceolate ; radical ones clustered : fls. 
 
 opening in pairs. June-Oct. Eti. B.M. 1897 is A . officinalis var. 
 
 angustifolia. — .4. s«'mp«5rr»r#'H<s, Linn. Lvs. broadly ovate; 
 
 lower ones petiolate : racemes short, generally bracted at the 
 
 base. Eu. Esteemed in France, t d t-^, , „„ , -rv -\c 
 
 J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 ANDIKA (Brazilian nanu'i. Legnmino)«r. Nearly 30 
 spfcits of tropical Amer. trees, with conspicuous fls. in 
 racemes. Tw<» or three species are sometimes cult, in 
 hothouses in the Old World. 
 
 ANDR6MEDA (Greek mythological name). Erich- 
 cea . Low slirub, quite glabrous: lvs. small, evergreen, 
 entire, short-petioled : fls. pedicelled, in terminal umbels ; 
 corolla trhdx.se-urceolate, with 10 included stamens : 
 capsule splitting into 5 carpels, with numerous very snmll 
 sefd<. One species through the northern hemisphere; 
 iu America from Penu. northward, and Alaska. Low, 
 
62 
 
 ANDROMEDA 
 
 ANEMIA 
 
 evergreen shrub, with delicate fls.. errowing best in peaty 
 or sandy soil. Prop, by seeds, sown thinly soon after 
 maturity, in pots or pans of sandy peat soil, placed in a 
 coolframe. Thej- germinate easily if sown in cut sphag- 
 num, but must be pricked into boxes as soon as they can 
 be handled. Cuttings from mature wood, placed in sand 
 under glass in fall, and kept in a cool greenhouse during 
 the winter, will root easily ; also increased by layers. 
 See, also. Lencothoe, Chamiedaphne, Pieris and Zenobia. 
 
 polifdlia, Linn. (.1. rosntarinifdlia, I*ursh;. One-half 
 to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblontf-lanceolate or linear, %-iyiin, long, 
 whitish-glaucous beneath, with strongly revoiute mar- 
 gins: fls. nodding, white or pink. June. L.B.C. 0:546, 
 ir» : 1591 , 18 : 1714. — There are a mimber of fonns, differing 
 in the color and size of the fls. and shape of the Ivs. 
 
 JL.ac7/m("«rtfa, Ait.=Leucothoepopulifoli:i.— -LarWrffl, Linn. 
 = Oxydendrum arboreum. — ^. axHiitris, Miclix.-= Leufotho« 
 I'atesba'i. — J. nxUlaris, Lain.= L. sixillaris. — A. calyndata, 
 Linn.= (-'hamjedaphiie calyi-ulata. — .4. canipanufata, Miq.= 
 Enkiantluis canipanulatus.— .1. cnndidn. Hort.= Zono)):a piil- 
 venilpnta.— .1. fa.*?.*//* fa'/o/ta,Vent.= Z. pulvenilenta.— .4 . Cates- 
 <>ipi,Walt.=Leucothoe Catesbaei.— J. ivniwa, Miq.=-Enkianthus 
 cernxmH.— A. (lealhata, Lindl.= Zenoltia pulvenilenta.— .1. fas- 
 tigidtn, W;>.ll.= Cassiopc fastigiata. — J., ferruginea, Walt.= 
 Lyonia femiginea.— ^1 . floribiinda, Piirsh = Pieris riorilmnda.— 
 A. ^or/^insff, Walt. = Pieris formosa.— J../7/'x?><'rt,Hort.= Zen(>bia 
 pidvenileiita.— JL.i^rty«'<;(/>rt,Thtinl).=Pieris.Iap<>nica. — -l./»V/"*- 
 /^i/Ja, Muhllig.= Lyonia ligiistrina.— .1. J/arta/('/, Linn. = Pieris 
 Mariana.— .1 . iiitida. Hartr.= Pieris nitida.— .4 . iinilifolia,'\YHU. 
 = Pieris ovalifolia.— .4. pantcitlata. Ait. = Lyonia ligustrina.— 
 A. parabolica. I)iih.~ L. ligu.strina.— -4.po^?(//m^//«. Lam.= Leu- 
 ■cothoe populifolia.— .4. ;'7//rfr?</^/i/^. Partr.= Z»^nobia pulveru- ' 
 lenta.— .4. rncembsa. Linn.= I^etifothoe racemosa.— .4. si>ecidsa, 
 Mi('hx.= Zenobia pulvendenta. — A.tftrdijona, Linn. ^^Cassioin^ 
 tetragona. — .4. toiiifntdsa, Hort., not Ihim.-Cours.--- Lyonia 
 
 ligustrina pul>escen3. . „ 
 
 Alfred Rehdek. 
 
 ANDROFOGON (Greek-made name, referring to the 
 bearded flowers). Gramineiv. A p<»lyni(>rphous genus, 
 .spread over all parts of the world in the tropical and 
 temperate zones. The species prefer dry places, .^ipe- 
 cially plains. Lvs. usually long and narrow: spil vS ter- 
 minal and axillary; spikelets in pairs at each node of the 
 jiunted hairy branches, one sessile and perfect; the other 
 with a pedicel and either staminate, empty, or reduced to 
 a single scale: a strai>;ht or twisted awn present. Spe- 
 cies, about 180. Includes many species of useful pasture 
 grasses. Two or three sp cies are prown occasionally for 
 ornament. They are of easiest culture, eitluT from seeds 
 or division of cfumps. 
 
 arg6nteu8, DC. Silver Beard-G^jass. A stout, tall 
 grass, 2—1 ft. high, with a distinct ring of white hairs at 
 the nodes : panicles narrow, silver-bearded : If.- blades 
 long : spikelets covered with loujr white hairs at the 
 base : awn 1 in. long. —A handsome ornamental grass. 
 Probably a form of ^1. saccharotdes, Swartz, of Trop. 
 Amer. 
 
 Halep^nsia, Brot. Johnson Grass. A stout perennial, 
 with smooth, erect culms, '3-6 ft, high, and strong, 
 creeping ro' '' - : panicles variable, more or less 
 drooping, e <ys mostly in whorls of 4, rarely 2-(> ; 
 sessile .' able ; pe«licellate spikelets stami- 
 nate « narrower than the sessi!e ones. 
 S. E\ alia. Gn. i;{, p. 305. —Abundantly 
 grov 1 states f<ir hay, where it makes a 
 ver J hen once it has become established 
 it is ult to eradicate, and hence it has 
 becom. l ome weed in some parts. Miich 
 «dmirt >mamental grass, and sometimes 
 <'ult. in t . purpo.se. 
 
 SchcBP ( .4 . form ds u .s' . A.c ifrd / f« ,s , Hort . ) . 
 Lemon G .• v '^■•indsome tropical trrass. growing 
 in tine cli , li; eflfective for borders and as 
 single law. , .. S. Asia, Japan, and Trop. Africa. 
 On. 10. p. t p. 405.— Cult, in Imlia and Ceyion. 
 Yields a, fra^ Lealled l>oth .m1 of verl)eini and lemon- 
 grass oil. Us -timulant a;i;! antispasmodic for neu- 
 ralgia and rh sm, and also in the adulteration of 
 attar of roses. 
 
 A. Sdrdris, lAm 
 theeitronellaoil.w 
 Forty thousand pou 
 S. Asia and N. Au.s 
 (Sorghnni \iilgare, I. 
 vated Sortjhuui ; of 4 
 
 ONEi.LA Grass. Ttdt. in Ceylon. Yields 
 
 used for scenting soap and perfumery. 
 
 f oil distilled annually from this grass. 
 
 (Jn. 12, p. 4'.t.'>. — J. Si'iriihuin. Brot. 
 
 . Includes all the varieties «>f culti- 
 
 ecouomiu valuo for su£;ar, brooms, 
 
 brushes, fodder, alcoholic drinks. Seed prized for poultry 
 E. Ind.— A. «qu«rro«u*, Linn. Rhizomes fragrant. L^seil in India 
 for thatching, weaxing into mats, fan.s, brushes. Roots said to 
 keep garments free from insects. Sold by druggists in Europe 
 under the name of R. Mx anatheri. Introduced into Louisiana. 
 India, W. Ind. Is., ;^nG '^razil. P. B. Kennedy 
 
 ANDROSACE (Greek-made name). Primuf.)r,(f. 
 Ro<-K Jasmine. Small tufted plants cult, in the aljiiue 
 garden, those known in Amer. being perennials. Fl.s. 
 con.stricted at the throat, primtila-like, in umbels, ori 
 short leafless scapes. Fl. in very early spring. Many 
 species are known in European gardens, but alpine-gur- 
 dening is little known in this countn-, and only those 
 species which have been found to succeed, and' are ia 
 the tradi>, need to be mentioned. 
 
 A wel'drained .soil, partial shade, free circulation rf 
 air, frequent waterings during our dry simuuer months, 
 and protection from heavy fall and spring rains, will 
 lead to success with these channing alpines. A heavy 
 shading of eversrreen boutrhs in winter will be found of 
 great benefit. Close covering is not to be recommended, 
 because it smothers the plants. A great many species 
 have been tried in this countrj', with variable' and not 
 very encouraging results, but in a few instances, with 
 extra cure, plants have done well. The northern aspect 
 of a steep rockery seems to be the most favorable ;>osi- 
 tion for them. Prop, by division, seeds or cuttings. 
 Plants sliould be kept in pots until thonmghlv es- 
 
 ^'»'*^''^^>«^'^- Cult, by J. B. Keller. 
 
 lanuginosa. Wall. Lvs. scattered, oblong-obovate, 
 acute, I in. lone, silky-hairy : fls. rose-purple with yel- 
 low eye, the niouth contracted with a crenated ring, in a 
 dense umbel : plant 0-10 in. high, with many trailing 
 shoots, makin.,* a good drapery for rocks. Hiraal. B.M. 
 4005. Gn. 41), 287.^ 
 
 sarmentosa, Wall. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate. 
 silky-hairy on the edges, in rosettes : plant pro<lucin2 
 many pink runners, which root freelv : fls. in umbels of 
 10-20, pink with white eve. Himal. 'B.M. G210. Gn. 54, 
 p. 128. 
 
 camea, Linn. Lvs. very narrow and pointed : fls. a 
 half dozen, flesh-color, with yellow eye. Switz. 
 
 Var. ezimea, Hook. Lvs. less rigid, strongly recur\-ed: 
 fls. larger (3^<i in. across). Switz. B.M. 590<i. L.H.B. 
 
 ANDROSTfiPHIUM (Greek made name, referrin- to 
 thec<'rona). JAlicLceije. Small ^i-nus of S. W. United 
 States, with funnel-shaped, spreading-limbed, 6-Iobtd 
 perianth, G stamens, and .'{-anjrled ovary, and a corona 
 or crown at the mouth : lvs. linear, radical : scape 
 simple, leafless. Plant in a sunny plsu*e in sandy soil. 
 placing the bulbs 4-G ft. deep : ])rotect in winter. Prop. 
 by division of the bulbs ami by seeds. 
 
 violaceum, Torr. Slender. r>-10 in. : fl, blue, 1 in. long, 
 3-(J in loose umbel. Blooms in spring ; pretty. 
 
 AN£IL£)MA (Greek : mo involucre). Commelinocea. 
 Sixty tropical perennials, of which ^4. biflbrtttn, R. Br.. 
 an<l A. Suiicum, Liiidl., are sometimes cult, in Old 
 World hothouses. These species are blue-fld., diffuse or 
 trailing plants. 
 
 AN£MIA (OJreek, naked; the panicles devoid of 
 sporaniiia). Schizifdre(p. A genus of tropical ferns. 
 with the lower pair of pinna> elongate and bearing the 
 sporangia in panicles at their extremities. Of tlie 40 
 species, twn. are f(»und in the southern states, and a few 
 are occasi dly in cult. l. ji. Underwood. 
 
 Anemias ...e dwurf. co-npact ferns, suited for shelves, 
 or for growing n«'ar the j^lass in warm pits or low 
 houses. They prefer being grown in small pots to being 
 planted out in the fernery. Their growth is too slow to 
 make them })oi>ular decorative ferns for general pur- 
 poses. Prop, by spores, which germinate freely ; tufted 
 kinds by division between Mar. 15 and Apr. IJO. — Schnei- 
 der, Book of Choice Ferns. 
 
 A. Leaf 2-ti-pinnate, tvitJi narroH' divisionK. 
 
 adiantifdlia, Swz. Leaf (V-O in. hmg on a stalk often 
 twice :is ionij. the ultimate divisions oblong or linear- 
 cuneate, with the outer margin toothed. S. F'la. and 
 tropics. 
 
ANEMIA 
 
 ANEMONE 
 
 63 
 
 Li 
 
 AA. Leaf only ones pinnate with broad pinntf. 
 B. Veitis free. 
 Mexic^na, Klotzsch. Leaf <>-9in. loner, with 4-(i pinnra 
 irlrr<i<le. which are distinctly stalked, ovate-lanceo- 
 f"re ami roundtd on both sides at the base : panicles 
 V4 in. Ion?, dense. Tex. and Mex. 
 
 collina. Raddi. Plants a foot high, on hair>- stalks ; 
 I !i with about 10 leaflets on each side, which are 
 rouiuU<l at tlie outer ends and truncate at the upper side 
 at the base : panicles about l}4 in. long, dense. Braz. 
 
 BB. Veins anastomosing (rttnning together). 
 
 Pbyllitidis, Swz. (A. hinceolafa, Lodd. .1. Inm/ifnlia, 
 ink A>mnidicfi/o}i Phi/Uitidis, Willd ). Leaf 4-12 in. 
 ktntf with 4-1- pairs of sessile pinna*, with a crenulato 
 'iVirt'in and a roun<le«l or unequal base ; veins form- 
 in'^ lonjr, narrow are<d8e : panicle .'J-'J in. long, denize. 
 Cuba and Mex. to Braz. S. 1 : ^90. l, m. Underwood. 
 
 ANEMIDlCTYON. i<ve Anemia. 
 
 ANEMONE (Greek, uind). Anemone, or Anemony. 
 WiNi'FLOWEK. liatuniealiueir. A genus of about 8.") spe- 
 cie-, with many handsome garden forms; all hardy per- 
 ennials : chieliy native of the north temperate and 
 Dioiintainous regions. Stems usually erect, with great 
 variation in height. Basal leaves l<»bed, divided or dis- 
 (.(■i-ti'd, those of the stem forming an involucre near to, 
 or remote from, the flower. Sepals few or many, ])etal- 
 likf: notrue petals. Stamens many, shorter than sepals. 
 (.■arpel>= niiineriais : fruit a 1 -seeded akene. 
 
 The plants thrive best in a fresh, rather rich, sandy 
 loana. well drained; but most «)f the species will do well 
 in an'v srood garden soil. The tuberous species are suit- 
 able for hardy borders, while most of the others i>refer 
 a place in a rocker>', and some are partial to shady ]daces. 
 A.hortensls. coro;-'-' fuhjms and others will well 
 repay the littie indoor or greenhouse care they require 
 for producing winter blossoms. They require esst-ntially 
 the same handling as tulips and hyacinths, and are usu- 
 allv classed with bulbous plants. Tubers placed in pots 
 in Sept. or Oct. bring forth a beautiful show of Idoom by 
 Jan. or March. For this purpose they should be well 
 
 drained, and not kept very 
 wet or too wann before the 
 growth is well started ; 
 they prefer more moisture 
 at flowering tii.ie. Nearly 
 all the species can l»e read- 
 ily propagated by both root 
 division and seed. The 
 season for both out and 
 indoor planting will di- 
 rectly influence the flower- 
 ing season. Good seasons 
 for outdo'.r planting are 
 Sept., Oct.. Nov., Dec, 
 Feb. and March. As a 
 rule, the tuberous Anem- 
 ones will blossom at any 
 time desired, being influ- 
 <-nced 1>y the time they are 
 kept out of tlie ground. 
 Tlie bulbs may be ripened 
 after flowering time liy be- 
 ing taken from the ground 
 to dry, or by coverintr the 
 bed to keep out rains. A . 
 Jnponica is one of the fin- 
 est of all falI-l>!ooming 
 herbs. Pritz«l. Revision 
 of Anemone, in I^inna>a 
 l.TilIM (1841). Britton. >'. 
 i\mer. Anemone, in Ann. 
 N. V. Acad. Sci. 0: 217 
 (1H'.)1-9lM. 
 
 Alphabptiral list of species described below (syno- 
 nyms in italics) : A. acutipetala. Hort., (J ; acutipetitfa, 
 Sell!.. 4 ; alpina, Linn., (i ; alpina, Hort., o ; npennina, 
 I'i; l»landa. 14; Canadensis, 211; Caroliniana. 11 ; coro- 
 iiari!', 7; decapetala, 11; deltojdea. 17; dichotomti . 2'A; 
 tulgeus, b ; Grayi, iU j Halleri, 2 ; horteuais, Liuu., 9 ; 
 
 hortenifis. There., 8; Japonica, 21 ; multifida, 22 ; nar- 
 cissiflora, 24 ; nemorosa, lH ; nemoro.sa, var. quinque- 
 folia, \i\ ; occidentalis, ft ; Oregana, 19 ; palniata. 10 ; 
 patens, ;j ; Pavoniana, 8; Pennxylvanicn. 2'A ; Pulsa- 
 tilla, 4 ; quinquefolia, 16 ; ranunculoides, 18 ; rubra, 4 ; 
 sfellata, 9; sulphurea, 1; sylvestris, 12; umbellata, 
 24 ; vernalis, 1 ; Virginiana, 20. See supplementary 
 li.,t. 
 
 84. Anemone patens, var. 
 
 Nuttalliana (X }'»). 
 
 85. Tubers of Anemone coronarla. 
 
 A. Akfnes ivith long styles, which may htcome feather 
 
 like OH ripening; fls. solitary .— Pnlsntilla sec 
 tion. 
 
 B. Involucre bell-.shaped, dissected into numerous lineai 
 
 equal lobes. 
 
 1. vernalis, Linn. {Pulsatilla vernalis, Mill. A. sul- 
 phurta. All. ). Very shaggy, (J in. high or less: Ivs. pin- 
 nately parted, segnients tritid: fls. purple without, whit- 
 ish within, and smoothish ; erect, on very short pedun- 
 cles ; sepals C>, rarelv spreading. Apr. Cool, moisl 
 places. Eu. 1890. .J.H. HI. .'52: 22.?. Gn.25:436. 
 
 2. Halleri, All. Villous, G in. or less in h< 'ght ; 
 simple: Ivs. pinnately divided with segments .'J-4 parted: 
 the lesser divisions lanceolate-linear ; involucre of lona 
 narrow segments, sessile : fls. large, erect, whitish 
 ])urple ; sepals ('» ; anthers vellow. Apr. Sunnv places. 
 Switzerland. 1889. L.B.C. 10: 940. 
 
 .'{. patens, Linn. Miich like the first variety below, 
 which is more common in Anier., l»ut differs in it? 
 broader and shorter leaf-segments and smaller fls. Eu. 
 
 Var. Nuttalliana, Gray {Pulsatilla hirsutissima, 
 Brit.), Wild Patens. Ameri''an Pasi^ie Floweh. Fig. 
 84. ^'illous, with hmg, silky hairs, 4-9 in. high : radical 
 Ivs. petioled, others sessile, all nnich divided into narrow, 
 linear, acute Iol>es : fls. appearing before the root-lvs., 
 bluish purple or whitish, erect, sehlom nodding ; akenes 
 silky : styles plumose, becoming 2 in. long ; peduncle 
 elongates several inches after flowering. Apr. Low 
 ground. N. central states and Siberia. 
 
 Var. ochroleuca, Sims. Fls. creamy white, appearing 
 at .-anie time as basal Ivs. Mar.- Apr. J. H. III. 30: 343. 
 B. M. 1994. 
 
 4. Pulsatilla, Linn. (Pulsatilla vulgaris, mil. A. 
 acutipe'laht, Schl.). Pa^.^ie Flower of Europe. Villous, 
 hairy, rising %-\ ft. : basal Ivs. finely thrice-pinnately 
 divided, on slender petioles ; involucre sessile, deeply 
 cut into long narrow lobes : fls. blue to reddish purple, 
 l}4-2% in. across. Apr. Well-drained soil or stony 
 Vdaces. Eu. Gn. .32: (523. i . B. C. 18: 1704. Var. rubra, 
 Hort. (.1. rubra. Lam.). l>warfer : fls. always erect. 
 Var. vanegata, Hort. Fls. pale, appearing in May. 
 
 BB. Involucral leaves S, on short petioles, sheathing 
 
 the strm. 
 
 ."). occidentalis, Wf^ts. (J. a //))«<?, Hook., not Linn.). 
 Silky-hairy, >.2-lM ft. high, simple : Ivs. 2-parted, the 
 divisions deejdy pinnatifid into usually incised linear, 
 acute lobes ; involucre sbort-petioled ; basal Ivs. long- 
 p«'tioled : fls, solitary, white or purple, varying. 1-2 in. 
 across ; recepta* 'e conic, sometimes much elongated : 
 akenes pubescent : plumose styles reflexed ; peduncle 
 becominir much elongated after sepals fall. May. Calif, 
 to Brit. Columbia, lut, 1892. 
 
64 
 
 ANEMONE 
 
 ANEMONE 
 
 AA. 
 
 B. 
 
 6. alplna, Linn. (A. acutipetala, "Rort.). Closely al- 
 lied to the alH)ve. Stem %-\%{t. hi^h, from thick, strong 
 roots : Ivs. large, finely divided, cut and serrated, smooth 
 or hairy ; Ivs. of involucre similar : tls. .'"ew, in an umbel 
 or solitary, 2-3 in. in diam., creamy white inside, purple 
 outside, but varving much ; anthers vellow. Mountain 
 sides. Eu. May-.June. L.BAWl.mi. B.M. 2007 {var. 
 major). Var. sulphfirea, Hort. Fls. a delicate sulfur 
 yellow, larger, dovvnv beneath : Ivs. larger. Moist, rich 
 soil. 1382. Gn. 35:G82. 
 
 Akenes tvoollif or smoofliish. with short sfylea. 
 (Antmone proper. ) 
 Peduncle 1 {rarely 2); involucre mostly 3-leaved. 
 
 c. Head of fr.cylimlric ; akenes tvooUy. 
 D. Soots tuberous ; involucre usually sessile. 
 
 P(IPPY-FLOWEKEI) A. Figs. 85, 
 1 ft. high, from tuberous roots : 
 Ivs. cut iut<» many fine lobes 
 and lobules; involucral Ivs. ses- 
 sile. :{-4-parted, deeply cut : fls. 
 1 ^4-'2}i in. across, poppy-like, of 
 many colors and mixtures of 
 red, blue, white, etc.; stamens 
 blue. Early in spring to June. 
 Meadows Mediterranean region. 
 Vick's Mag. 11:257. B.M. 841. 
 Gn. 50: 1073 ; ll>, p. 111. R.H. 
 
 86, 
 
 . coron&ria, Linn. 
 87. One-half to 
 
 86. Anemone coronaria, 
 single-fid. form (Xy'a). 
 
 87. Anemone coronaria, double- 
 fid, form (XJ4). 
 
 1S93: 2.T2. Caen, Scarlet, The Bride, St. Brigid, Victoria 
 Giant, etc., are some of the trade names given to the 
 single forms. Var. Qdre-pldno, Hort. Fls. double, as 
 shown in Fig. 87, by the pistils becoming petal-like, the 
 stann'Hs mostly remaining perfect ; many colors, scarlet 
 being the most common at present. F.S. IG: 1G78. Var. 
 chrysanthemifldra, Hort. A seedling variety produced in 
 Islfi. and introduced many years later. Fls. more com- 
 pletely doubled than the above variety, by the stamens 
 all becoming petal-like. A dozen forms, beautiful, self- 
 colorr>d, as deep red, skj'-blue and even pure white, 
 have been fixed and named. Useful a^ cut fls. Gn. 30: 564. 
 R.H. 1887:36; 1897, pp. 418-19. R.B. 21:260-1. 
 
 8. fulgens, Gay (J. Pavovidna, var. fulgens, DC. 
 A.hortensiUjlihorG.). F"ig. 88. One ft. high, simple: 
 basal Ivs. ;i-5-lobed, with rounded outline, followed later 
 by <leeply cut Ivs. ; sessil(> involucre several inches be- 
 low the solitary fl.: fls. vivid scarlet, 2 in. across : sta- 
 »nens black. May and June. France. Sometimes c-dled 
 a variety of A. hortensis, Linn., from which it may have 
 descended. Several garden forms, as annuata-grandi- 
 fl.>ra, raultipetala. and Southern Star. Gn. 11:65. Gt. 
 37:66. R.B. 21:262-3. R.H. 1877: 270. 
 
 9. hort^nsis, Linn. (.1. stelldfa, Lam.). Broad- 
 L.EAVEi> Gakden A. Fig. 89. St. simple, erect, 10 in. 
 
 high : basal Ivs. lobed and cut irregularly : involucre 
 small, .'t-5-lobed, usually 3 or more in. below the ri.; fls 
 red, rosy purple, or whitish, single, IJ-ij in. across ; sta- 
 mens brownish violet. Rich, light soil. S. Eu. May.- 
 This differs from A. coronaria in its coarse, broad Ivs. 
 and its elongated, rather narrow-pointed sepals. (Jar- 
 deu names are given to the forms with different colora- 
 tion. B.M. 123, from which Fig. 89 is taken. 
 
 10. palmiLta, Linn. St. 6-9 in. high from tuberous 
 root: basal Ivs. leathery, .'i-5-lobed, cordate, toothed; 
 involucral Ivs. 3-parted : fls. golden yellow, solitary or 
 in 2's ; sepals 10 or more. May-»Tune. Deep, fight 
 soil, Mediterranean region. B.R. 200. — Three good va- 
 rieties in the trade. Var. fldre-pl6no, Hort., with <loubIc 
 yellow or white fls. Var. ilbida, Sims (var. «//^(r, Hort.) 
 Fls. white ; basal Ivs. lobed, B.M. 207y. L.B.C. 2: m, 
 Gn. 22:364. Var. lutea, Lodd., like the last, but with 
 yellow fls. L.B.C. 17: 1660. 
 
 11. Carolini^na, Walt. (.1. decap4tala. Amer. authors. 
 not Ard.). St. simple, slender, %-\ ft. high, arisin? 
 from a large tuber: Ivs. of involucre sessile, with 3 wedge- 
 shaped clefts ; basal Ivs. thrice divided, and much lobed 
 and parted, slender-petioled : solitary fl. erect, 1-134 in. 
 broad, creamy white or purple ; sepals often numerous : 
 akenes densely woolly. April-May. Open places. C S. 
 
 DD. Ronfutock creeping : Ivs. of involucre petiohd. 
 
 12. sylv^stris, Linn. St. 1-13^ ft., simple, or branched 
 
 88. Anemone fulgens 
 
 (XM). 
 
 89. Anemone hortensis. 
 
 Reduced from an old cut, to sho- 
 
 a little-improved form. 
 
 once at involucre, from a creeping rootstock : Ivs. 3-4 
 parted, deeply cut at top, hairy beneath : involucr- 
 petioled ; fls. solitary or in 2'.s, pure white, IK in. 
 across, nodding, sweet-scented ; sepals 6. May-July. 
 Wooded places, Eu. and Liberia. B.^I. 54. Gn. 18, p. ."jiil ; 
 30, p. 173. L.B.C. 18:17.39. Var.flore-pleno.Hort. Double 
 Snowdrop A. Has large, white, double fls. G.C. III. 
 19:739. 
 
 cc. Head of fruit hemispherical ; akenes 
 
 silky-pubescent. 
 
 D. Hoots tuberous. 
 
 13. Apennlna, Linn. St. simple, slender, 4-9 in.: 
 Ivs. twice-divided and lobed, much toothed : fls. sky- 
 blue, m in. across; sepals 10-12. elongated, obtuse; 
 anthers white. Mar.-Apr. Wood-, Italy. Gn. 46:975. 
 — This ami a form with whitish fls., both well suited 
 for shady nooks in clumps of shrubberj', etc. 
 
 14. bldnda, Schott & Kotschy. St. 4^ in. high, from 
 a cylindrical rootstock: Ivs. like A. apennina, but 
 harder and smoother, and principal divisions ses.sile : 
 fls. intense sky-blue, differing from above species iu 
 being larger, more finely rayed, styles black-pointwl, 
 and sepals smooth on the outside ; opens in earliest 
 spring or mild winter weather. From Taurus Mts. and 
 Greece, Rocky places. Inc. 1898. Gn. 14 : 143 ; 46, p. 152. 
 
ANEMONE 
 
 ANEMOXOPSIS 
 
 DD. Boofstock shnfhr, creeping, cylindrical. 
 
 r, nemordsa, Linn. Wood A. St. simple, .1-8 in., 
 arlv siuootli : rootstock horizontal, 3-4 times the st. 
 fn diameter : Ivs. of involucre petinled, 3-5-parte<i ; ba- 
 sal Ivs appearing after the fl. St., u-parted. divisions 
 wedge-shaped, toothed : fls. white or purplish, solitary, 
 1 in across : akenes pubescent ; styles hooked, Apr.- 
 Mav Eu. and Siberia. Three or more horticultural va- 
 rieties, Var, dlba, Hort, (var, ^/o»r-p/<'«o, Hort,), Fls. 
 larirer pure white, and abun«laut. Int. 1883. Gn. 32: (ilS. 
 n ''5. Var. Bobinaomina, Hort, (var. ccenUen, Hort.). 
 A robust form. r)-12 in., with broader and thicker Ivs., 
 and large tls.. becoming blue. Sometimes given as a 
 separate species. Mar.-Apr. Gn. 4(;. p. 153; .32:018: 
 34.'). Var. rdsea, Hort. {\&r. rubra flore-pleno, Hort.). 
 Fl^. a reddish purple ; now much used. 
 
 16. quinquef61ia. Linn. {A. nemordsa, var. qulnqnefh- 
 lia. Gray), This American species differs from A , netuo- 
 ro^a in having smaller fls., Involucral Ivs. less lobed. fo- 
 liaee paler, and much more slender st. and petioles. The 
 common Winddower or Spring Anemone, formerly called 
 
 A. nemorosa. 
 
 17. deltoidea, Dougl. St. simple, si- er, G-12 in. 
 hiffh, fruui a slender rootstock : Ivs. irifoliate, basal 
 ones' petioled, others nearly sessile, coarsely crenated, 
 often incised : fls. solitary, whitf. rather large: akenes 
 several, densely pubescent ; style very short. Spring. 
 IPacific slope. 
 
 DDD. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy or somewhat tuberous. 
 
 18. ranunculoides, Linn. Yellow Wood A. St. "^-S 
 in., from elongated, somewhat tuberous rootstock : Ivs. 
 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut and serrated : fls. gol- 
 den yellow, usually solitary, single or semi-double. 
 Mar. and Apr. Rich, light soil in open places and woods. 
 Eu, and Siberia. Gn. 35: 099. L.B.C. 0: 550. 
 
 19. Griyi, Behr. ( A . Oregdna, Gray ) . St. slender, .'M2 
 in. high, from a fleshy, brittle rootstock: basal Ivs. slen- 
 der-petioled. 3-parted, coarsely serrate ; involucral Ivs 
 petioled, trifoliate, the parts 2-3-lobed, much toothed . 
 sepals blue or purplish: akenes pubescent, in a globose 
 head. Moist, shady slopes. Oreg. and Wash. In gardens 
 west of the Rockies. Int. 1892. 
 
 BB. Peduncles S-5 (mostly S). 
 
 C. Fruits (akenes) woolly or rery silky ; secondary 
 involucre present. 
 
 20. Virginiana, Linn. Plant hairy, 2-3 ft. high, stout, 
 branching at the involucre: the petioled involucral Ivs. 
 3-parted, the leaflets cleft and lobed; basal Ivs. similar, 
 broader tnan long, on long petioles: fl. peduncles naked 
 (or the lateral ones 2-lvd. ) : fls. greenish or white, 1-1 Kin. 
 across: akenes woolly, in an oblong head ; styles short, 
 awl-shaped. June-Aug. Woods and meadows. L^.S. and 
 Canada. G.M. 33:703. 
 
 21. Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 90. Stately, branch- 
 ing St., 2-3 ft. hitfh : plant soft and downy, with short 
 liaii.s : Ivs. ternate, much lobed and toothed : fls. rosy 
 purple or carmine; 1-3 whorls of sepals, 2-3 in. in diani., 
 on long peduncles from leafy inv<»lucre ; stamens yel- 
 low : akenes silky. A very useful species for mixed 
 borders or for pot culture. Hardy in N, states. Sept. to 
 late frosts. Rich soil, Chinaavd Japan. 1844. Gn. .30;,5.")8. 
 
 B. M. 4:M1. p. M. U: 25. A. G. 19: 305. Gng. 1 : 221 ; 
 3:131. G.C.III. 10:001. A.F.r2:29. F.S.2:74. Var. ilba, 
 
 Hort. HONORINE JOBERT. The BrIDE. WHIRLWIND, etc. 
 
 Two or three whorls of large, white sepals : fls. 2-3 
 in. across, lasting until hard frosts. Vick's Mag. 
 14:47. Gng. 5:117. R.H. 1807:11. Var. hybrida, Hort. 
 (vars. rosea and elegans, Hort.). Radical Ivs. 5-lobed, 
 often cordate; lobes twice s*^ rate: fls. somewhat paler, 
 earlier; sepals rather brot.dei-. Said to be a hybrid oi A. 
 Jnponica and A. vilifolia; produced in Royal Gardens, 
 1848. G.M. B. 1:17. Var. nibra, Hort. Ladv Ardilaun. 
 Probably the same as the type, but having Ivs. and fls. 
 with s. waxy gloss: plant 4-5 ft. high. 
 
 22. multifida, Poir. Plant si»ky- hairy, somewhat 
 branched, J^-lKft. high, from a branched, upright root- 
 stock : main involucre 2-3-lvd., others 2-lvd. or naked, 
 short petioles, similar to the root Ivs., 2-3 times 3-parted 
 
 and cleft, divisions linear: fls. y^~l in. across, red, vary- 
 ing to white or yellow: akenes very woolly. Early sum- 
 mer. Rocks and uplands. Middle states to Hudson Bay. 
 
 cc. Fruits (akenes) glabrous at first; fls. white, 
 somewhat umbellate. 
 
 23. Canadensis, Linn. (.4. PeMw.sy/fanica, Linn. A.di- 
 chotoma, Am. Auth. & Michx.,not Linn.). Hairy, stout, 
 1-2 ft. hitrh, branching at or above the involucre : the 3 
 Ivs. of main involucre sessile, .3-cleft; upper invrducres 
 each 2-lvd. ; basal Ivs, broader than long, much divided, 
 cleft and toothed; petioles long: fls. white, 1-2 in, across: 
 akenes wing-mar>rined, naked, becoming pubescent, 
 grouped into a spherical head. Summer, In shaded 
 woods and open meadows, N. Amer. Gng. 2:21. 
 
 24. narcissifldra, Linn, (^.«m6«/?d^a. Lam.). St. erect, 
 rather stout, >ij-lKft. high : Ivs. of involucre sessile; 
 basal Ivs, petioled, 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut: fls. 
 white, }4-l in. across, several in an umbel ; anther* 
 yellow : akenes smooth, with short style. May-July. 
 Mountainous regions. Northern hemisphere. Gn.30, p. 
 173. B.M. 1120. 
 
 i*> 
 
 90. Anemone Japonica. 
 
 A . dlba, JnsR. Allied to A. i?ylvpstris, if not the same. L.B.C. 
 
 4:322. B.yi.^lG'.— A. cyliHdrica,iirny. A tall native specie's, 
 
 used for beauty of foliage and fruit. — A. decapetala, Ard. 
 
 (A. trilobata, .luss. A. heterophylla, Nutt.). Native and eulti- 
 
 vate<l in S. states. 18!U.— A. Fd«Hini, Haw. Fls. pure white, 2-3 
 
 in, across: 5 ft. high: Ivs. 1 ft, across. B.M. 6958. Gn. 34: 664.— 
 
 A.parvifldra, Michx. Pretty white Hs. Native of N. states and 
 
 Vanadn.— A. poli/diUfius, Don. Allied to A. narcissitlora. B.M. 
 
 6*^0. J.H. III. 32: 259.— A. pratensis, Linn. Allied to A. Pnlsa- 
 
 tilla." L.B.C. 9: 900.— A. pratensis, v&r.obsoldfa, Sims. Fls. pale: 
 
 leaflets terminated with a sort of bristle. B.ii. 1863.— A . spheno- 
 
 phylla, Poepp. Fls. blue. .S. W. U. S.— A. trifdha, Linn Lvs. 
 
 beautifully reffid.ir: tls. white, 1 in. across. Two V>!ue vars. B.M. 
 
 6846.— A. vitifolia. Ham. Allied to A. Japonica. Has cordate, 
 
 5-7-Darted lvs. B.M. 3376. v ^ r\ 
 
 K. C. Davis. 
 
 ANEMONllLLA. Sea Syndesmon. 
 
 ANEM0N6FSIS (Anemone-like). Fanuncuh}ee(r. A 
 moMotypic genus from Japan, now much planted in 
 American gardens. A beautiful hardy plant for border 
 purposes. Perennial herb, with erect stem.^ ; radical 
 and stem lvs. rcther large, ternately compound and 
 
66 
 
 AXEMOXOPSIS 
 
 AXC^R.KCrM 
 
 much incised, similar to Actapa : sepals many (often 
 only 9), repTixlar, petal-like, deciduous ; petals many 
 (often 12), hhort, sessile, with nectariferous impression 
 at the base ; carpels few (iJ—t), fomiinj? many-seeded 
 follicles. In general appearance similar to the Japanese 
 Anemones, but smaller in all its parts, and with numer- 
 ous droopiiijr tls.. about 1 ,S in. across, of pale purple ccdor. 
 Thrives well in rich, deep loam, in well-drained situations 
 in partial shade. Prop, by division or seed, in late fall 
 or early spring. 
 
 macrophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. CaUfS^rnira, Hort.). 
 The only known species. The petals, instead «)f spread- 
 ing, form a half-closed bud-like cone within the sepals. 
 
 K. C. Davis. 
 ANEM0F2GMA. Consult Bignonia. 
 
 ANllTHUM. See Dill and Peucedanum ; also Fennel. 
 
 ANGELICA (supposed to have angelic healing vir- 
 tues). L'mhellifenr. A large genus in temperate re- 
 gions, widel}' distributed. A number of them are native 
 to X. Amer. See also Archangelica. 
 
 Cartisii, Buckley. Stout perennial, 2-5 ft., glabrous : 
 Ivs. 2-ternate, with quinate divisions, the leaflets thin, 
 ovate lanceolate, irregularly sharp-toothed. Pa. to X. C. 
 — Grown for the subtropical effect of its finely cut, ample 
 foliage. Int. by H. P. Kelsey, 1891. 
 
 hirsuta, Muhl. (Archangelica h i rsuta, Torr. & Gray). 
 Pubescent above : Ivs, twice pinnately or ternately 
 divided, the leaflets thickish and serrate. E. states. 
 Int. 1892 by H. P. Kelsey. 
 
 AJSTGELONIA (South American name). Scrophula- 
 ridceie. Perennial herbs or sub-shrubs, with pretty, 
 irregular 2-lipp'>d axillary tts., in a long, leafy terminal 
 raceme: Ivs. opposite, long: branches 4-sided. Grown as 
 pot plants in warm glass-houses, and prop, by seeds or 
 softwood cuttings. 
 
 salicariaefdlia, Humb. & Bonpl. Three ft. or less: Ivs. 
 lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, toothed, closely 
 pubescent : fls. deep blue. S. Amer. B.M. 2478. P.M. 
 5:7.1. B.R. 415. 
 
 GArdneri, Hook. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, more strongly 
 toothed throughout their length : fl. purple, white-cen- 
 tered, handsome : plant pubescent-glandular and aro- 
 matic. S. Amer. B.M. .3754. — The plant sold in this 
 country as A. grand i flora probably belongs here. The 
 A. grandi flora introduced by Benary in 1897 (a good 
 annual), however, is represented as an entire-lvd. pot 
 plant : see the picture in Gt. 46, p. fil2 ; G.C. III. 22 : .307 ; 
 Gn. 52, p. 401 ; R.B. 23: 272. l^ h. B. 
 
 ANGIdPTEEIS (Greek, vessel-fern). Marattii\cece. 
 An Old World genus of coarse greenhouse ferns, with 
 twice- or thrice-pinnate lvs., and the sporangia arranged 
 in boat-shaped marginal onceptacles. In cultivation, 
 requires plenty of room and abundant drainage. The 
 only recognized species is 
 
 ev^cta, Hoffm. Growing from an erect caudex, 2-G ft. 
 high : lvs. G-15 ft. long, mostly bipinnate, with swollen 
 rachises ; leaflets 4-12 in. long, 3^-lKin.wide, the margin 
 entire or slightly toothed. India and Jap. to Madagas- 
 car and Queensland. S. 1:399. — Known under various 
 names in cultivation, as A. longi folia, etc. The trade 
 names, which appear to indicate species, may be re- 
 garded as varieties. l. M. Underwood. 
 
 Angiopteris grows wild in swampy places, and is of 
 robust habit. If grown in pots, the poL^ may stand in 
 2 or 3 in. of water. Although spores are freely produced, 
 no seedlings are on record. Easily prop, by the fleshy 
 scales at the base of each frond. Each scale contains "t 
 least two dormant buds, and should not be divided. 
 They may be laid in sand, covered with sphagnum, and 
 kept in a close case for .3-5 months. They start quicker 
 in early spring. — Schneider, Book of Choice Ferns. 
 
 ANG^PHORA (vessel-bearing : Gre^'k, in allusion to 
 shape of fruit). Jfj/rfdcefe. Five or six Australian 
 trees or shrubs, sometimes cult, in glass houses in the 
 Old World, but not known to the trade in this countrv. 
 
 ANGB^CUM (Malayan name). Orchiddctce, tribe 
 Vdndeip. Epiphytes. Lvs. variably distichous, coria- 
 ceous : racemes few- to many-flowered, produced trom 
 the axils of the lvs. : labellum exserted into a conspicu- 
 ous spur, sometimes many inches long. Trop. and S. 
 Afr., Madagascar and Jap. With exception of A. fnlca- 
 turn, the species of this genus require high tempera- 
 tures in order to develop satisfactorily. For culture, 
 see Orchids. Prop, by removing upper portion and 
 planting separately. It should include a few roots. 
 
 Angrapcums are valued for their winter-flowerim: and 
 lasting qualities. The compost found most suitahjf is 
 fresh-growing sphagnum moss, no earthy matter Ixing 
 desirable, as most of the r(K)ts are seen striking out into 
 the atmosphere for their needs, and do not take kindly 
 to couflnement in pots. Moisture is essential at a!l 
 times, as Angra?cums do not have bulbs to fall l)a<k <.n 
 for their sustenance during rest or bloimiing, in wliioli 
 respect they resemble the Aeritles, Vandas and Sacco- 
 labiuras. The moss must not be allowed to become de- 
 cayed, but kept living by renewal when seen to be 
 necessary, usually in springtime. Some of the fav(»rite 
 species are A. Ellisii, siiperbnm, sesquipedak, 
 Uumblotii and falcatum. Cult, bv E. O. Orpet. 
 
 Alphabetical list of American favorites : A. articula- 
 tum, 6; citratum, 9; distichum, 4; eburneuw. IJ; 
 Ellisii, 7; falcatum, 3; Humblotii, 1 ; ..1. Leonis, l; 
 modestum, 8 ; pertusum, 11 ; Sanderianum, 8 ; Scotti- 
 anum,5; sesquipedale, 2 ; superbum, 12 ; virens, 12. 
 
 A. Pedicels ivinged. 
 
 1. Humbldtii, Reichb. f. (.1. Leonis, Hort. Aerdhthm 
 Leonis. Reichb. f. ). Lvs. sword-shaped, equitant, about 
 8 in. long : fls. few, white : spur longer than win>jed 
 pedicel ; petals and sepals lanceolate ; labellum rotund. 
 Comoro Isls. 
 
 AA. Pedicels not winged. 
 B. Fls. rarely more than 6. 
 
 2. sesquipedale, Thouars (Aerdnthes sesqiiipeddli^, 
 Lindl.). Lvs. coriaceous, oblong, about 1 ft. in length, 
 2 in. wide, bluntly bilobed at the summits, dark green: 
 fls. fleshy, 7 in. across, ivory-white ; petals and sepals 
 similar ; labellum ovate, serrate in part, acuminate ; 
 spur nearlv 1 ft. long. Madagascar, in low, hot districts. 
 A.G. 1892:'217. A.F. 7: 831. Gn. 2, p. 5. F.S. 14: 1413. 
 B.M. 5113. — Xoblest of Angroecums. 
 
 3. falc&tum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, about 2 in. 
 long : fls. whitish, about % in. across ; sepals and petals 
 linear, acute or nearly so ; labellum trilobed ; spur as 
 long as pedicel. China. — One of the first brought into 
 cultivation. 
 
 4. distichum, Lindl. Plants rarely exceeding 5 in. in 
 height : lvs. short, those below clasping those above at 
 base : fls. inconspicuous, white, borne singly. Sierra 
 Leone. — Xot worth cultivating. 
 
 5. Scottianum, Reichb. f. Lvs. terete : peduncles 
 slender ; fls. inverted, pale yellow. Comoro Isls. 
 
 BB. Fls. numerous. 
 c. Color white or yellowish. 
 
 6. articul^tum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: lvs. oblong-cuneate, 
 4—5 in. long, unevenly bilobed : fls. white, in pendent 
 racemes. Madagascar. R. 55.— A pretty species, diflicult 
 to grow. 
 
 7. fillisii, Reichb. f. St. stout: lvs. oblong: peduncles 
 pendulous ; fls. white. Madagascar. Often confused 
 with A. articulatum, but distinguished from it by its 
 orange-colored spurs. L. 92. 
 
 8. modestum. Hook. f. (A. Sanderidnttm, Reichb. f.). 
 Dwarf : Ivs. elliptical, coriaceous : fls. whitish, in pen- 
 dent racemes. Madagascar. R.H. 1888: 516. R.B. ir):217. 
 
 9. citr&ttun, Thouars. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-") in. 
 long, 1 in. wide: racemes of vellowish fls. Madagascar, 
 in vicinity of swamps. B.M.'5624. L. 238. I.H. 33: 592. 
 
 10. pertiisum, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate : peduncles about 
 6 in. long ; fls. small, white. Bourbon. B.M. 4782. 
 
 cc. Color of fls. green. 
 
 12. superbum, Thouars (A. ebumeum, Lindl.). Lvs. 
 coriaceous, striated, 2 in. wide, over 1 ft. long, strap- 
 shaped, light green, unequal at the summits : peduncle 
 
ANGR.ECUM 
 
 ANISE 
 
 67 
 
 from nearthe base of the st. ; fls. large, preen and white, 
 plaoe<l alternately baok to baek ; sepah an<l petals 
 spreaflinjr, green : labellum whitish, round, thickish ; 
 snnr irreen. Valuable ; grows to enormous proportions. 
 MadaL'ascar. B.M. 4701. B.R. 1522. L. 2.%. Var. vlrens, 
 Hort. [A. vlretti, Lindl.). Fls. smaller ; labellum tinge<l 
 with jrreen. B.M. 5170. Oakes Ames. 
 
 AUGULOA (tledicated to Don Francisco de Angulo). 
 OrcA»/*)r«-<F, tribe \'du(lf(f. Pseudobulbs rathertall ( when 
 <»l(li, spiuose at the summits with the remnants of leaf 
 veins : leaf-blades 1-2 ft. long, prominently nerved, as 
 in A<-in» ta. Stanhopea and Lycaste : fls. large, sub- 
 gldbtilar. <»n en'ct scapes : habit similar to Lycaste, 
 which is a member of the same sub-tribe. The Anguloas 
 pri)\v uinler shade of trees in leaf -mold. Some growers 
 riud that they do well when placed under vines. They 
 are coolhouse orchids, but reqxiire a moderate rise in 
 temperature during the growing season. Qakes Ames. 
 
 Anpuloa is a very interesting genus of cool orchids 
 that thrive well in an ordinary' greenhouse t^^mperatiire, 
 in which a minimum of 50° can be maintained. They are 
 natives of the Andes of Colombia and Peru, The popular 
 name of "Boat Orchid" somewhat suggests their 
 .«hape and gencal appearance, the lip, being delicately 
 hintred at its base, allowing this organ to oscillate when 
 sliaken. A. Clou-esii is the best known as well as 
 the most decorative species, its color being clear yel- 
 low. A. Backeri is similar in stnicture, but the fls 
 are chocolate-brown, with a decided aromatic fragranci , 
 resembling Anise. There is also a white variety of A . 
 Cloiresii, but it is very rare in cultivation, as are all of 
 the white foVms of well known orchids, this making 
 them ver\' valuable commercially. A.nniflora is also a 
 pretty plant, with white flowers, spotted with pink. Pot 
 culture is best, as they require similar treatment to 
 L'jcaste Skinneri. E. O. Orpet. 
 
 unifldra, Ruiz & Pavon. {A. virginAU.'i, Hort.). Pseu- 
 dobulbs about Gin.high( sometimes considerably higher) : 
 leaf -blades 1}4-- ft. long, lanceolate : fls. whitish, some- 
 times spotted within, or the labellum streaked with rose. 
 Colombia. G. C. III. 19:423. 
 A. F. r.: 607. -There is a 
 white-fld. var. 
 
 C16wesii, Lindl. Larger 
 in every way than the above : 
 tis. lemon-yellow, labellum 
 tending toward white, mar- 
 bled with orange. Colombia. 
 
 Euckeri, Lindl. Smaller 
 than A. Clowesii: fls. yel- 
 low, spotted with crimson. 
 A variety has been figured 
 with the crimson or red ccdor 
 predominant (var. sanguiu- 
 ta, A.F. 6: (i07). Colombia. 
 
 ebiimea. Nicholson. Simi- 
 l:trto.l. (7o«r('.s//.but sepals 
 and petals pure white and 
 lip spotted pink. New Gra- 
 nada. Oakes Ames. 
 
 ANHALONITJM (name of 
 
 no siyrniticance). Cactdcece. 
 Top-shaped succulent des- 
 ert plants, mostly buried in 
 the ground, the 'flat aerial 
 portion covered with angular 
 tubercles bearing no spines. A genus of 4 or 5 species, 
 strictly Mexican, except that a single species {A. Engel- 
 nutmii) crosses the Rio Grande into Texas. It is referred 
 to Mamillaria by some. For A. Williamaii and A. 
 Lewinii, see under Ucfiinoi-actus, section Lophophora. 
 For culture, see Cactus. 
 
 A. Upper surfaoe offnhercle with a broad and deep wool- 
 bearing longitudinal groove, which widens below. 
 Engelmanni, Lem. (A . fisHuriitinn. Engelm.). Living 
 Rock. The flat tubercle-cf-vered top 2-5 in. across, taper- 
 ing below into a thick root : tubercles imbricated and 
 oppressed, triangular in outline, }i-l in. long and about 
 
 as wide at base, the upper surface variously fissured, 
 even to the edges, presenting an irregular warty aj>pear- 
 ance : fls. central, about 1 in. long and broad, shading 
 from whitish to rose. On limestone hills in the "Great 
 Bend " region of the Rio Grande in Texas, and extending 
 into Mexico. I.H. 10, p. 7:{, and fig. 
 
 Kotchiibeyi, Lem. (A. sulcatum, Salm-Dyck). This 
 appears as a tra<le name, but the form is very uncertain, 
 as no type seems to be in existence. According to the 
 description, it is very much like the preceding species, 
 except that the upper surface of the tubercle is not ir- 
 regularly fissured, but is smooth, at least at the edges, 
 except for the central furrow. 
 
 B. Upper surface of tubercle not grooved. 
 
 prism^ticum, Lem. The flat top .3-8 in. across: tuber- 
 cles iiiibrieate, but s<|uarrose-spreading, sharply triangu- 
 lar-pyramidal and very acute, with a sharp, cartilaginous 
 tip, which usually disappears with age and leaves the 
 older tubercles blunt or retuse, -'^-l in. long and about 
 as wide at base, the upper surfa<*e almost plane and 
 smooth, except that it is more or less pulverulent, and 
 often bears a small tomentose tuft just behind the clav.- 
 like tip : fls. rose color. Mts.of Mex. — Resembles an Aloe. 
 
 John M. Coulter. 
 
 ANIGOZANTHUS {Greek, expanded-flower). Hifmo- 
 dordcetp. Eight or 10 species of Australian greenhouse 
 or half-hardy perennials, with greenish, yellow or purple 
 fls. and sword-like Ivs., cult, in Europe, but unknown 
 to the Amer. trade. 
 
 ANISACANTHUS {Greek, unequal acanthxis). Acan- 
 th&cem. A genus of six species of Mexican and Ameri- 
 can shrubs, with mostly lanceolate, entire, petioled Ivs., 
 and loosely spicate or scattered red fls. an inch or more 
 long ; corolla lobes 4 ; stamens 2, equaling or exceed- 
 ing the corolla lobes. 
 
 Wrightii, Gray. Height, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. 1-2 in. long, ob- 
 long- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. S. and W. 
 Tex. — Once sold by John Saul, Washington, DC. 
 
 91. Informal disposition of annuals,— a mass ^i|e> 
 
 asainst a backeround. (See Annuals, p. 6S.) 
 
 Anise. UmbelUfera. An aromatic condimental and 
 medicinal herb {Pimpin^Ua Amsum, Linn.) of the Ori- 
 ent. It is an annual, and is easily grown from seeds in 
 any warm and mellow soil. The seeds are commonly 
 sown where the plants are to stand. The seeds are used 
 in medicine and in cookerj-, and for flavoring liquors. 
 They yield a highly perfumed essential oil. They are 
 mostly grown in Mediterranean countries. The leaves are 
 also used as seasoning and garnishing. The plant reaches 
 a height of 2 ft,, bears twice-pinnate Ivs, and small yel- 
 lowish white fls. in large, loose umbels. The seeds are 
 oblong lad curved, ribbed on the convex side, grayish, 
 
m 
 
 ANISE 
 
 ANNUALS 
 
 the size of caraway seed. In common with all umbel- 
 liferous seed. Anise seed does not retain its viability long, 
 the normal longevity being 1 to 3 years. 
 
 Annuals. Plants which, in cultivation, are prefer- 
 ably grown from seeds each year are commonly classed 
 as Annuals. More strictly, Annuals are plants which 
 normally live but a single season. Among Annuals are 
 found a number of the most showy flowers. As a rule, 
 they are easily grown, producing quick results and af- 
 fording a variety of brilliant colors. The class is, there- 
 fore, one of the greatest value. Some of the Annuals last 
 only a few weeks in bloom, others continue throughout 
 the summer. There are trailers and climbers, dwarfs and 
 tall growers. By a judicious selection and arrangement 
 of kinds, the handsomest effects may be produced. Many 
 of the showy kinds are adapted to mass etfects, while the 
 dwarf-growing sorts make tine floweringedgings for beds 
 or walks. With the latter, handsome ribbon-beds are pos- 
 sible, but this requires care in the selection of kinds, and 
 as the use of the trimming shears is almost precluded it 
 is best to limit oneself to simple designs. Annuals are 
 well adapted to the covering of bare spots of ground in 
 the border. Annuals, like other flowers, show off best 
 when seen against a background of foliage. See Figs. 
 91, 92. The tall and leafy kinds make excellent covers 
 for unsightly objects ; see Screens. For climbing and 
 twining kinds, see Vines. See, also. Everlastings and 
 Grasses. 
 
 In the case of others than the continuous bloomers, a 
 succession of sowings or plantings is desirable to pro- 
 vide for a continuous display ; then as a kind begins to 
 fail its place may be filled with young plants of the same 
 or other species. The usual method of securing suc- 
 cession is to sow the seeds in flats, or beds, and trans- 
 plant the seedlings first to pots. The potted plants may 
 be set out at any time, with but little check to growth. 
 
 Most Annuals prefer an open, sunny situation, but 
 pansies, forget-me-nots, and some others, thrive where 
 they get the full sunshine for only half the day. In all 
 cases the best results are obtained only when the soil is 
 well enriched and thoroughly prepared previous to sow- 
 ir.<j: or planting ; and it is far better to make this prepa- 
 ration a fortnight or more in advance. A considerable 
 proportion of humus in the soil is desirable, rendering it 
 less subject to baking and drying out. Cow -manure, 
 stable-manure or leaf-mold, worked in liberally, will sup- 
 ply this. Beds should be spaded thoroughly and at least 
 a foot deep. If the surface is then again worked over to 
 half this depth, better results will be obtainable. The 
 soil shouM not be disturbed, however, unless it pulver- 
 izes readily. For the reception of seeds, the surface 
 should be mellow and smooth. The seeds are sown in 
 drills or concentric circles, according to the method of 
 planting decided upon. Taller growing kinds are sown 
 
 jR. Alttiuals fiilinff the formal space between • ' 
 
 tcvard the center or back of the bed. Only the best 
 seeds should be purchased, and it is generally best to 
 get the colors in separate packets. In the open ground, 
 seeds may be covered to a depth of four or five times 
 their own th'ckness, but when sown indoors in trays or 
 pots, the rule is to cover them to about their own thick- 
 ness. The position of each row or kind should be marked, 
 so that when weeds and flowers spring up there will be 
 no trouble In separating the sheep from the goats. After 
 covering, the soil should be pressed firmly over the see<l 
 with a board or hoe, or the feet. In soils which are in- 
 clined to bake, a sprinkling of sand or fine litter over 
 the surface after sowing will remedy this evil. E'-^r- 
 freen boughs placed over the beds until the seedilngs 
 L-ve appeared will afford useful shelter from beatmg 
 rains. It is desirable to sow the seeds thicklj^. When 
 up, the plants may be thinned to their prop ^r distances. 
 Particular care should be given to this matter, and to 
 keeping down weeds, or the plants may become weak, 
 spindling and valueless. No seed pods ?! ould be allowed 
 to form, else the vitality of the plants will be exhausted. 
 The flowers may be freely gathered with advantage to 
 the flowering. 
 
 It is customary to divide Annuals into three classes: 
 (1) Hardy Annuals are those which are sown directly in 
 the open yrround where they are to grow. They are vitally 
 strong, developing without artificial heat, and may be 
 sown from February to May, according to the season and 
 latitude. Some of them, as sweet peas, may be sown 
 even in the fall. For this class, a well prepared border 
 on the south side of a fence or wall, or other sheltered 
 place, is usually preferred for early sowings. From here 
 the seedlings are transplanted later whero they are to 
 grow. Some sorts, however, do not bear transplanting^ 
 well, consequently must be sown in the places they are to 
 occupy. Among such are poppies, eschscholtzia, barto- 
 nia, Venus' looking-glass, lupine, malope, and the dwarf 
 convolvulus. (2) Half-hardy Annuals are usually sown 
 in February or March in the window or a warm frame. 
 The season is usually rot long enough to enable them to 
 reach full development in the open. In the early stages 
 of growth, they need protection and warmth.' Such 
 kinds are sometimes sown in the fall and wintered over 
 in a coldframe. When once established, they are hardy 
 with slight protection. Pansies and some other kinds 
 are grown to their greatest perfection only in this way. 
 (3) Tender Annuals require still more warmth, and are 
 started from January to May in the greenhouse or other 
 suitable place. They commonly need a temperature of 
 from G0° to 70°. The danger with early grown seedlings, 
 especially those started in the window, is crowding and 
 want of light. As soon as crowding begins, the plants 
 should be thinned out or transplanted to other trays, or 
 into pots, TTid reset from time to time, as they need ; 
 frequent transplanting is usually an advantage. The 
 last transplanting is preferably into small 
 pots, as then the seedlings may be readily 
 set out in the open ground at the proper 
 time, with little or no check to growth. 
 
 Some of the staple or general-purpose 
 types of Annuals in the North are the fol- 
 lowing : Petunias, phloxes, pinks or dian- 
 thuses, larkspurs or delphiniums, calliupsis 
 or coreopsis, pot marigolds or calendula, 
 bachelor's buttons or Centaurea Cyanus, 
 clarkias, zinnias, marigolds or tagetes, col- 
 linsias, gilias, California poppies or esch- 
 scholtzias, verbenas, poppies, China asters, 
 sweet peas, nemopliilas,portulacas, silenes, 
 candyiufts or iberis. alyssum, stocks or 
 matthiolas, morning-glories, nasturtiums or 
 tropapolums. Other species are mostly of 
 special or particular use, not generul-use 
 types. In the South, andoccasionallj at the 
 North, some of the Annuals come up volun- 
 tarily year after year from sjelf-sown seeds. 
 Petunias, phloxes and morning-glories r.re 
 examples. 
 
 For further suggestions, see Seedage. 
 For an annotated list of Annuals suited for 
 northern climates, see Bull. 161, Cornell 
 Exp, Sta. Ernest Walkeb. 
 
 .nd a tree-group 
 
ANCECTOCHILUS 
 
 AXONA 
 
 69 
 
 A5(ECT0CH1LUS (Greek, open lip). Orchidhce<w, 
 tribe yeottUa. A ^enus cultivated for the beautifully 
 reticulated Ivs., which are oval or ovate, membranaceous 
 and diversely colored. Fla. small, not ornamental. The 
 known species belong to India and the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. Although many methods have been adopted for 
 the successful cultivation of the best species and varie- 
 ties failure has been the general rule, so that at the 
 present time few Amer. collections contain even a single 
 specimen. "For a time— it may be two, or even five 
 years— they will grow and remain in health, and then 
 suddenly they go wrong, the plants perishing one after 
 the other, in spite of all one can do."— W. Watson. 
 
 Balleni, Low. Lvs. about 2 in. long, bronze-green, 
 with 3 longitudinal bands of copper-red. Borneo. 
 
 regilis, Blume. One of the most attractive species of 
 the group : lvs. oval, large, bronze-green netted, veined 
 with gold, the surface of the lvs. like velvet. Java. 
 B.M. 412.3. F.S. 2: 79 as J.. sefdceu«. — Several good va- 
 rieties exist. 
 
 B6xburghii, Lindl. Lvs. ovate, median line of pale 
 green, reticulated and veined with gold. Java and Ind. 
 
 Many si>ecies are described and figured in foreign publica- 
 tions, but they pre all fancifrs' plants. Other names which ap- 
 pear in the Amer. trade are: ^1. Dayana=^]—A. Ddicsoni 
 {])aicsonianus)=}item&ria. — A. Lincii, Hort.=Dossima.— A. 
 Petbla, Hort.=Maeodes.— A. Veitchidnus, Hort.=Macodes. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 AN0MATH£CA. See Lapeirousia. 
 
 ANONA (aboriginal name). Anondcecp. Custaed- 
 Apple. Tropical trees and shrubs, cult, for their large, 
 fleshy fruits, and for ornament. Fls. perfect, solitary, 
 terminal or opposite the lvs. : petals typically C, but half 
 of them sometimes reduced to small scales or even want- 
 ing: pistils many, each with one erect ovule, united into 
 a fleshy fruit-like body or syncarpium. Small trees or 
 shrubs, over 50 in number, of Tropical America, and a 
 few in Africa and Asia. Some of the species have been 
 introduced into southern Florida, but they are generally 
 imperfectly known, both to horticulturists and botanists. 
 Aside from the species described below, various other 
 Aconas have beeen introduced into southern Florida, but 
 their botanical status is unknown and some of them 
 are probably forms of old species. Amongst these 
 names are A. Mexicana, which was a catalogue name 
 used by Loddiges, the species never having been fully 
 described; A. Africana, a very obscure species founded 
 by Linna?us upon an American specimen, with lanceolate 
 pubescent lvs. ; A.trilobata is undoubtedly ^.si»«inrt tri- 
 loba ; A. auranliaca, A. macrocarpa, A. maritima, A. 
 reniformis, and A. suavissima are either horticultural 
 names, or belong to other genera ; the Beriba, introduced 
 by Reasoner Bros., from Brazil, is evidently a Rollinia, 
 possibly a. orthopetala. For A . longi folia, see Duguetia , 
 and for A . muscosa , see Rollinia. Some of the species 
 are imperfectly evergreen. See Artabotrys. 
 
 Anonas are of easy culture, requiring no special treat- 
 ment in frostless countries. They propagate readily by 
 seeds, and are usually thus grown ; also, by ripened "cut- 
 tings under glass. In the U. S. they are sometimes 
 grown under glass as ornamental subjects. They should 
 then be kept fairly dry in winter, for at that time they 
 assume a semi-dorraant condition. They thrive best in 
 heavy loam. 
 
 A. Petals cordate-ovate or obovate, the inner ones 
 conspicuous. 
 
 B. Exterior petals plainly acute, inner ones obtuse. 
 
 c. Fruit bearing weak spines. 
 
 muriciita, Linn. {A. Astdtica, Linn.). Soub-Sop. 
 
 GUANABENA. CORKESOL. SUIRSAAK. SUSAKKA. Small 
 
 tree, the sizo of a peach tree, evergreen, the young 
 growth scurfy-pubescent : exterior petals scarcely exceed- 
 ing the interior ones, 1-2 in. long, and y^lowishor green- 
 ish, the inner ones yellow or red: lvs. elliptic and pointed, 
 varnished above and rusty beneath, but becoming gla- 
 brous: fr. very large (6-8 in. long and weighing from 1-5 
 lbs.), oblong or conical and blunt, dark green, the skin 
 rough and spiny; pulp sof*, white and juicy, subacid, with 
 aturpentin'" like flavor, vVest Indies, where it is apopa- 
 
 lar fruit.— It is grown with especial excellen in Porto 
 Rico, and is common in the markets of Key West, whither 
 it is shipped from the islands to the southward. A 
 favorite drink is made from the juice. It is one of the 
 tenderest trees of the genus, and thrives only in extreme 
 southern Florida and California. Introduced in the Old 
 World. 
 
 cc. Fruit nearly or quite smooth (or in A.pyriformis 
 
 undescribed) . 
 
 glabra, Linn. {A. laurifdlia, Dunal). Pond-Apple. 
 Mamox. Fig. 93. Small nearly evergreen tree, with 
 smooth growth: exterior petals somewhat exceeding the 
 
 93. Anona glabra. Nearly 14 natural size. 
 
 iiiterior ones, greenish: lvs. oblong-ovate or long-ovate, 
 pointed, green on both sides and glossy above : fr. the 
 size and shape of a Bellflower apple or an ox's heart, yel- 
 low or brownish yellow, smooth, the stem pulling out 
 of the fruit at maturity and leaving a very deep cavity; 
 pulp cream-colored and very fragrant, fair in quality. 
 Native in swamps, both salt and fresh, in southern 
 Florida, and on the Indian River; also, in the West Indies. 
 B.R. 1328. SS. 1:17, 18. -The fruit, although acceptable 
 to many people, is not generally prized. 
 
 pyrifdrmis, Bojer. Climbing, glabrous : petals of the 
 two series nearly equal, oblong-spatulate or obovate 
 (about 2 in. long) , flat, the outer ones hooded or cucullate 
 at the top ; sepals joined half their length : lvs. nearly 
 oblong (3-6 in. long), obtuse or acutish, thick and rigid, 
 somewhat shining and glaucous. Mauritius.— Said to 
 have been introduced into southern Florida recently, but 
 it is imperfectly known. 
 
 BB. Exterior petals obtuse or nearly so. 
 
 paltlstris, Linn. Alligator - Apple. Cork -Wood. 
 Monkev-Apple. Bltjya. Tree, 10-15 ft. high, the young 
 growth smooth: exterior petals ovate, exceeding the ob- 
 long inner ones, a half -inch or more long, and yellow, with 
 a red spot at the base within, the interior red inside: lvs. 
 ovate-elliptic or obbmg, with a short, narrow point (or 
 occasionally bluntish), smooth on • both sides, rather 
 thick, and more or less evergreen: fr. 2 in. in diam., yel- 
 low, and somewhat roughened or scaly. Cuba to Rio 
 Janeiro; also, in Africa. B.M. 4226. — Introduced in 
 southern Florida, bitt imperfectly known in cultivation. 
 Unless improved by cultivation, the fruit is probably 
 unworthy of cultivation. 
 
 BBB. Exterior and interior petals all acute. 
 
 paluddsa, Aubl, Shrub, with rusty-villous tranches -. 
 outer petals acute, twice longer than the canescent innei • 
 ones : lvs. oblong-acute, rounded at the base, sparsely 
 pubescent above and tomentose beneath : fr. ovate and 
 tuberculat i, pubescent when young. Guiana.— Intro 
 duced into southern Florida, where it is yet very littU 
 known. 
 
70 
 
 ANONA 
 
 ANTENNARIA 
 
 Cherimover, 
 li>-20 ft. hi:!jh, 
 lis. opposite 
 
 AA. Petals {exterior) linear or ohlong, the inner ones 
 minute {or conspicuous in A. muscosa). 
 
 B. Fruit smooth or very nearly so (in A.atnplexicaulis 
 
 undescribed). 
 
 C. Lvs. velvety beneath. 
 
 Cherimdlia, Miller { A . tripHa la , Alton ) 
 or Cherimoya. Jamaica-Apple. Tree, 
 with young growth scurfy-pubescent 
 the lvs . greenish, and fragrant, the exterior petals ob- 
 long-linear and keeled on the inner side, velvety ; lvs. 
 ovate or oblong (about 3 in. long), obtuse or scarcely 
 acute, dark green, and sparsely hairy above and velvety 
 beneath : fr. very large (from tlie size of a large apple 
 to 8 in, or more in diani. ), spherical or slightly flattened 
 at the ends, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, sometimes 
 with a red cheek, the flesh soft and rich. Peru and ad- 
 jacent regions northward, but naturalized in Central 
 America and Mexico, thu West Indies and parts of the 
 Old World. B.M. 2011.- It is a well-known fruit of the 
 tropics, and it thrives upon the Florida keys and the 
 adjacent coasts. It is also grown to a limited extent in 
 southern California. Fruit will stand transportation if 
 picked green. Possibly the plants sold as A . macrocdrpa 
 and A. suavissima are forms of the Cherimoyer. See 
 Cherimoyer. 
 
 cc. Lvs. not velvety. 
 
 reticuliita, Linn. Ccstaru-Apple. Bcllock's-Heart. 
 Frita 1)E Conde. a tree, 15-25 ft. high, with growth 
 smooth or nearly so: fls. with the exterior petals oblong- 
 linear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish, with 
 purple spots at the base : lvs. lanceolate or oblong and 
 pointed, glabrous above and rough beneath, but becoming 
 smooth: fr. 3— i in. in diam., smooth, with small depre.?- 
 sions, in nous shades of yellow or even russet, with 
 a soft yei cream-like pulp next the skin, and a white 
 pulp at thf middle, swe?t and excellent. West Indies, 
 where it is a very popular fruit. It thrives in southern 
 Florida, where it has lately been introduced. B.M. 2911, 
 2912. 
 
 94. Anona squaniosa, firo^vn in Bermuda (X /^). 
 
 amplexicaillis, Lam. Erect shrub, glabrous : outer 
 petals oblong and obtuse (iVain. long), the inner very 
 much shorter and lanceolate and pointed : lvs. oblong or 
 ovate, obtuse or acute [4-4} in. long), thick and rigid, 
 glaucous and somewhat shining, deeply cordate-clasping 
 at the base. Mauritius and Madagascar. — 8aid to have 
 been lately introduced into southern Florida. Little 
 
 BB. Fruit tuberculate. 
 
 squarndsa, Linn. {A. cinerea, Dunal). Sweet- Sop. 
 SiiJAR-ApPLE. Fig. 94. Diffuse small tree, or a shrub, 
 10-20 ft. high; fls. with the out«r petals oblong -linear and 
 
 blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish: Irs. thin, ob- 
 long-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but cfton 
 becoming smooth, glaucous : fr. egg-shaped, or of the 
 form of a short pine cone, 3-4 in. in diam., yellowish 
 green, and tuberculate (each carpel forming a protulter- 
 ance); the pulp creamy yellow and custard-like, very 
 sweet. West Indies to Brazil. B.M. 3095. — Much prizt-d 
 in the tropics, and considerably grown on the Florida 
 keys, and extending north, with some protection, nearly 
 to the middle of the state; also cultivated in California. 
 Introduced in the Old World. Lvs., green frs., and seeds 
 said to be used for destroying vermin. l^ jj. B. 
 
 ANS£LLIA (John Ansell, African explorer). Or- 
 chiddeeie, tribe Vdndea?. Inflorescence terminal : stems 
 tutted, jointed, nodes conspicuous : lvs. lanceolate, alter- 
 nate toward the summit of the stems, visibly nerved, 
 about G in. long. The species require high temperatures 
 for successful development. Epiphytes. For further 
 culture, see Orchids. 
 
 AfricJtna, Lindl. Plants 2 ft. or more high : stems 
 cylindrical : fls. numerous (40-80), yellowish, verging on 
 green, marked with curiously oblong, brown -purple 
 spots ; labellura yellow, 3-lobed. Sierra Leone. B.M. 
 49<)5. — This is undoubtedly the type, all other forms so 
 far known being departures from it of horticultural 
 merit only. 
 
 gigant^a, Reichb. f. (Cymbidium Sdndersoni, Harv.). 
 Habit as abo\e. Sepals and petals sparinglv, if at all, 
 spotted. Natal? Oakes Ames. 
 
 ANSONIA. See Amsonia. 
 
 ANTENNAEIA (pappus likened to antenna). Com- 
 pd.situ-. Everlasting. Cat's-Ear. Small, white-woolly 
 perennial herbs, with spatulate or obovate root-lvs.. and 
 mostly leafless scapes, bearing small gray or white 
 hea Is which remain stiff and dry. They are interesting 
 for rock work and the edges of borders, and for this pur- 
 pose have been sparingly introduced in the last few 
 years. They are perfectly hardy, and thrive in poor 
 soil. The fls. are often cut before fully mature and 
 dried (and often dyed) as everlastings. Several spe- 
 cies grow wild. Prop, mostlx by division of the mats ; 
 also by seeds. Allied to Anaphalis and Gnaphaliuni. 
 Dioecious. See Everlastings. 
 
 A. Pappus of sterile fls. not thickened at the tip, 
 minutely rou(jhened. 
 
 dim6rplia, Torr. & Gray. Tufted with spatulate lvs. 
 and a sparsely-leaved fl.-st. an inch or less high, from a 
 stout, much-branched cau«iex. Neb. west. 
 
 AA. Pappus of sterile fls. thickened at the top. 
 
 B. yot spreading by stolons. 
 
 Qefeti, Gray. Stout, thick-woolly, from a woody base: 
 fl.-st. 3 in. or more high, very leafy to the top : pistil- 
 late heafls narrow : involucre with rose-purple or ivory- 
 white tips to the inner scales. Cal. N. 
 
 BB. Spreading by stolons. 
 
 c. Heads solitary or in a cymose cluster. 
 
 diolca, Linn. Basal lvs. 1% in. or less long, 1-nerved 
 or only indistinctly 3-nerved : st. 2-12 in. : involucral 
 bracts" all light green or light brown, with white or 
 pinkish tips. N. states and Eu. — The plant in the trade 
 aii A. tomentdsum is probal)ly a form of this species. 
 Also in cult, under the proper name. A. dioica. 
 
 alpina, Ga?rtn. Plant 1-4 in,: involucral bracts infer- 
 tile heads, dark brownish green, acute. Canada, Rocky 
 Mts.. Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 plantaginildlia, Rich. Basal lvs. l}4 in. or more long, 
 distinctly 3-nerved : st. 6-18 in. high. Stoloniferous, 
 making broad patches. Common in fields and old pas- 
 tures. Perhaps not in cult. 
 
 cc. Heads loosely pa nicled. 
 
 ' racamdsa, Hook. Light-woolly. 6-20 ia. high, the sts. 
 sparsely hafy, the heads mostly on slender peduncles : 
 involucre bro\^ni8h. Rocky Mts, l, jj, p. 
 
ANTHEMIS 
 
 ANTHURIUM 
 
 71 
 
 ilVTSEMIS (Greek name of the chamomile). Com- 
 mJ chamomile. Pyrethrum-like heavy-scented 
 Slants annual, biennial or perennial, members of a 
 Hr?e Old World temperate-region genus. Heads many- 
 Sered, the disk yellow, the rays white and yellow and 
 fhitbe common cult, species) pistillate, the receptacle 
 ionicd and chaflfv, the akenes terete or ribbed, and 
 Pither naked or bearing a minute crown : Ivs. pmna^ely 
 (lics-cteu Two or three of the species are weeds. 
 Others are excellent border plants. The true chamo- 
 mile is a medicinal plant. The hardy perennial species, 
 whi-h alone are grown in this country, are easily 
 handled in the border, where they bloom from midsum 
 mer till frost. They thrive in almost any soil, but need 
 full jxposure to sun. Prop, by seeds or division of the 
 clumps, usually the latter. 
 
 A. Bays normally yellotc. 
 
 tinetdria, Linn. Golden Marguerite. Of bushy 
 habii, 2-3 ft., with angular st. and pinnately divided, 
 audagaiu pinnatifid or cut-toothed Ivs., and large, daisy- 
 like, golden yellow lis. (1-2 in. across). A. Keluayi, 
 Hort (or var. Keluayi, Hort. ), has finer-cut foliage and 
 deepor yellow fls. There is also a pale-rayed var. Gu. 
 52: r 49.— An excellent hardy border plant, and useful at 
 the same time for cut fls. 
 
 AA. Bays white. 
 
 B. Perennial ; ctdtivated. 
 
 nbtilis, Linn. Chamomile. Half-spreading and much- 
 brant bed, downy, the Ivs. very finely dissected : pappus 
 wanting, chaflf of the receptacle blunt.— A pleasant- 
 scent?d herb, sometimes escaped from cult. It yields the 
 nieditinal chamomile fis. of commerce. For medicinal 
 purposes, the heads (the single preferred) are cut as 
 soon as fully expanded, and dried. Cult, also as a hardy 
 border plant ; often double. 
 
 BB. Biennial or annual ; weeds. 
 
 arv^nsis, Linn. Pubescent, not ill-scented : Ivs. rather 
 coarsely 1-2 pinnately parted : pappus a minute border: 
 heads Tin. or more across : rays pistillate. — Not common. 
 
 Cotula, DC. May-weed. A common weed along road- 
 sides, ill-scented, growing a foot or two high, with finely 
 dissected Ivs., neutral rays, and many aster-like fls. 1 in. 
 
 across. 
 
 A. A i20on,Griseb.= Achillea ageratifolia.- A. Ardbiea, Linn. 
 =Cladanthus.— A. corondria, Hort.=Chrysanthemum coro- 
 narium. L H B 
 
 ANTHEB. See Flower. 
 
 ANTHflBICUM ( Greek, flower hedge ) . Includes Pha- 
 langium. Lilidcerr. Herbs, with tuber-like rhizomes, 
 and racemes of rather small, white, deep-cut fls. : peri- 
 anth rotate ; anthers attached between their basal lobes, 
 and the locules many-ovuled— in these characters differ- 
 ing from Paradisea. Grown in borders, where the roots 
 should have a cover of leaves or litter in winter ; also 
 in pots and under benches in coolhouses. L^seful for 
 lawn vases. Prop, naturally by stolons ; increased also 
 by division and seeds. Of easiest culture. Give plenty 
 of water when in bloom. A. Liliastrum, St. Bruno's 
 Lily, will be found under Paradisea. A . picturafum , va- 
 ritgatum and vitf<ttum will be found under Chlorophy- 
 tum. A. CaUfornicum of some catalogues perhaps be- 
 longs to Chlorophrtum. 
 
 Lili&go, Linn. St. Bernard's Lily. F".g. 95. Stem 
 simple, 2-3 ft. high, bearing an open raceme of open- 
 spreading fls. 1 in. or less across, the segments linear- 
 oblong : Ivs. long and narrow. S. Eu. and N. Afr. B.M. 
 914. Var. mAjor, Sims, is larger in all its parts. B.M. 1635. 
 
 ramdsum, Linn. {A. graminifdlium, Hort.). Stem 
 branched : fls. somewhat smaller. £u. B.M. 1055. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ANTHOL'tZA (name from the Greek, of no particu- 
 lar application/. Iriddceif. About 20 Cape and Trop. 
 African cormous plants, with linear or sword-shaped 
 Ivs. and bright fls. in 2-sided spikes. Perianth long- 
 tubular, curved, dilated above, the uppermost segments 
 largest: stamens 3 : style branched: ovary 3-loculed. 
 Cult, the same as glatlioli, being taken up in the fall. 
 The tubers are often started in a frame or in the house 
 before planting in the open. See Baker, Irideae. 
 
 a. Perianth red, segments very unequal. 
 
 Ctmdnia, Linn. Corm small: st. simple, 1-1 H ft.: 
 Ivs. about 4, linear, 1 ft. or less long : fls. 4-6, In a 
 lax spike, bright red, an inch long, the stamens reaching 
 to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. L.B.C.20: 1971. 
 
 95. Stolon of Anthericum Liliaso. 
 
 C&ffra, Banks. Corm large : st. 2 ft. or less : Ivs. nar- 
 row-linear, 1 ft. : fls.12-20, in a lax spike, bright red, 1-1)4 
 in. long, stamens not quite reaching tip of upper segment. 
 Cape. — Has been hybridized with gladiolus. 
 AA. Perianth red and yellow, segments less unequal. 
 
 JEthidpica, Linn. Corm large : st. branched, 3-4 ft.: 
 Ivs. several, sword-shaped, 1 in. broad and 1-lK ft. long: 
 spike 6-9 in. long, rathe.* dense : fls. l>^-2 in. long, red 
 and yellow ; stamens reaching to the tip of the upper 
 segment. Cape. B.M. 561. 
 
 Var. minor, Lindl. {A.hlcolor, Gasp.). Dwarf: Ivs. 
 narrow : fls. red at top, pale yellow below. 
 
 Var. vittlgera, Baker (var. ringens, Nichols.). Tall 
 as the type : fls. bright yellow, striped red. B.M. 1172. 
 
 Var. immarginitta, Baker. Fls. red, with dull yellow. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ANTHOXANTHDM (yellow-floicer, "rom the Greek). 
 Graminecp. A. odordtum, Linn., of the temperate parts 
 of the Old World, is the 
 Sweet Vernal Grass. It is 
 a perennial, of low growth, 
 very early bloom, and 
 sweet odor when mown. 
 It is used in mixtures of 
 pasture grasses, and is also 
 spontaneous in the E. 
 states in pastures, mead- 
 ows, and along roads. A . 
 P'tiliif Lee. & Lamotte. 
 is an annual species, of 
 smaller size, sometimes 
 used in forage mixtures. 
 
 ANTHtKIUM (Greek, 
 tail - flower). Aro)d e (f. 
 Tropical herbs, of 200 or 
 more species, cult, mostly 
 in stoves, grown for the 
 showy spathes and spadi- 
 ces or for foliage. Spathe 
 usually spreading or even 
 reflexed, only rarely par- 
 tially enclosing the spadix. 
 DiflFers from Alocasia and 
 allied genera in technical 
 characters. Monogr. by 
 Engler in DeCandolle's 
 Monographic Phanero- 
 gamarum. Vol. 2 (1879). 
 
 Propagation is effected by suckers or cuttings of the 
 rhizome inserted in small pots containing a mixture of 
 peat fiber, chopped sphagnum mosts and silver sand in 
 
 96. Anthurium Scherzerianum. 
 
72 
 
 ANTHURIUM 
 
 ANTHUPJUM 
 
 equal proportions, and plunged in a propagating box in 
 a temperature of 75^ to 80°, with bottom heat. About 
 the end of January is the most suitable time to take the 
 cuttings. Anthuriuras may also be propagated by seeds 
 sown in a mixture of very fine fibrous peat and chopped 
 sphagnum nios-s in 4-inch nots. The seeds should be 
 lightly covered with sphagnum and the pots placed 
 either in a propagating case or under bell glasses, where 
 a temperature of 80° can be maintained. A coustant hu- 
 mid atmosphere is very necessary to induce the seeds to 
 germinate. The compost in which Anthuriuras thrive 
 bgst is a mixture of one-third fern root, or the fiber of 
 peat with the dust shaken out, one-third sphagnum 
 moss and one-third broken crocks and charcoal. The 
 pots must be well drained, and the plants should be 
 coned up 2 or 3 inches above the rim of the pots, and 
 finished oflf with a surfacing of Jive sphagnum moss. 
 
 Established plants will only need repotting once in 2 
 or 3 years, but should have a fresh top-dressing every 
 year ; the best time to overhaul them is about the end 
 of January, or before active growth commences. They 
 should be given a shaded position, free from draughts 
 of cold Hir, and ordinary stove temperature. 
 
 Like most evergreen aroids, they require a copious 
 supply of water at the roots and a humid atmosphere 
 during the spring and summer months, and at no season 
 of the year must the plants be allowed to become dry. 
 Care must also be taken not to nar the 'eaves by hard 
 spraying. The temperature during winter should not 
 fall below 55°. Cult. by Edward J. Canning. 
 
 Anthuriums such as A. Andneaniim, A. oniattim, 
 and their numerous hybrid progeny, require at all times 
 a high and humid atmosphere. Under those conditions 
 and in a good rooting medium, they ought to be contin- 
 ually in flower. A bloom is produced from the axil of 
 each leaf, and immediately beneath this leaf a new root 
 is produced, thick and succulent at first, becoming tough 
 with age, and, if not allowed to bur}* itself among the 
 compost in which the plant grows, it eventually hardens 
 and is of no help in the sustenance of the plant. There- 
 fore, the growing point of the specimens should not be 
 allowed to get too high, or the flowers will be few and 
 poor. When the plant forms stems above the pot, the 
 compost should either be built up around the stem, to 
 catch the roots,or the plant may be cut over.rooted afresh 
 in sand, and given a new start in a pot. The two cvna- 
 mental-leaved species, A. Veitchii and A. Warocque- 
 anum, should be treated in the same manner. When cut 
 down, we may look for the old stocks to send out small 
 growths, which in course of time may be taken oflf and 
 put in small pots. All of the above are such free-rooting 
 kinds that they may, with the addition of some rotted 
 manure, be grown in sphagnum moss. A good mixture 
 is as follows : Sphagnum, chopped not too fine, one part ; 
 fern or kalmia roots, chopped up and the fine substance 
 removed, one part ; another part to be made up equally 
 of sand and rotted manure. With well-drained pots, this 
 forms an admirable rooting substance. Most of the other 
 
 charcoal and sand. Good drainage, and less water than 
 is needed for the Andreanum section, will be necessarv. 
 A. Svherzerianiim, although thriving well in the hottest 
 house, will succeed in an interme- 
 diate house. Seeds are obtained by 
 pollinating the flowers, the stig- 
 mas of which become mature long 
 before the anthers. The seeds 
 
 97. Anthurium Andraeanum 
 
 species and their forms, including A. Scherzerianum 
 and A. crystallinum, will thrive better in material 
 mainly composed of rough, fibrous loam and peat with the 
 fine material sifted froju it. This rough, fibrous material 
 i aould be mixed with a small quantity each of oph&gnum, 
 
 98. Anthurium Veitchii. 
 Young leaf, not yet showing the 
 arched depressions. 
 
 should be sown on the surface of a pan of chopped moss 
 and sand covered with glass; they sometimes show signs 
 of germinating almost before being gathered, so that it 
 is dangerous to keep them any length of time before sow- 
 ing. To prevent damping.the seedlings should be pricked 
 off round the edge of a 3-inch pot as soon as the first leaf 
 is large enough to handle. Seeds of such kinds as crys- 
 tallinum and regale will germinate well on the moss of 
 nepenthes baskets. q^]^^ ^y q ^ Oliver. 
 
 A. Lv8. plain green: grown mostly for the shoivy 
 
 ^flotvers." 
 
 Schorzeri&num, Schott. Fig. 96. A foot or two high, 
 evergreen : Ivs. long-lanceolate (the blade 1 ft. or more 
 long and petiole of nearly equal length), thick, usually 
 somewhat revoiute, with a strong vein parallel with each 
 edge and close to it, and many cros?-veins : scape long 
 and slender (1-2 ft.), red : spathe ovate-oblong, 3-4 in. 
 long, spreading or deflexed, intense red (sometimes 
 double, I.H. 37: 67): spadix slender, often curled, vel- 
 low. Central Amer. B.M.5319. R.B. 22:121. A.F=6:'569 
 (in variety).— An old favorite. Runs into many forms : 
 Spathe white, vars. album, album magnificum, Idcteum, 
 rndximnm album, Williamsii, Vervaneum ; spathe par- 
 ti-colored, vars. Andegavinsis (scarlet on the back, 
 white and scarlet spotted eiboxe^, mutdlile (white-bor- 
 dered), neliilosum (double, white spotttd rose), Soth- 
 schildidnum (scarlet mottled "^hite, Gn 30:570), Wa- 
 rocquednnm (not A. Warocqxiednum) white spotted 
 red); spathe very large, vars. gigantetim, mdximum, 
 Wdrdii, Woddbridgti. Very dwarf is var. pygma>um ; 
 rose-salmon spathe and orange spadix is var. Parisi- 
 ^n$e ; sharp-pointed Ivs. and spathes is var. Binnettii, 
 
ANTHURIUM 
 
 ANTHYLLIS 
 
 73 
 
 SpathipMniiM, N. E. Brown. Two ft. or less, stem- 
 less or ut^arlv so: leaf-blade 2 ft. or less, jiarrow-lan- 
 ceolate, attenuate in & straight line from the middle to 
 the base, acuminate, bright preen above and grayish 
 beneath, with prominent midrib : spathe 2 in. or less 
 long and a half or more as wide, erect, boat-shaped, pule 
 greener whitish : spadix 1 in. long and very blunt, pale 
 yellow. Trop.Araer. 
 
 Andrsiinum, Lind. Fig. 97. Low species, with leaf- 
 blades drutJi'ing like an Alocasia and cordate ovate-lan- 
 ceolate : spathe cordate-ovate, thick in texture, 6-10 in. 
 long, orange-red, widely open-spreading : spadix 3-4 in. 
 long! yellowish, with white band marking the zone in 
 which the stigmas are receptive. Colombia. B.M. 6616. 
 A.F.6:569; 10:1065. Gt. 38:129.3. I.H.24:271; 37:105. 
 — Beautiful and popular. Runs into many varieties, some 
 with very large spathes and others with white ones. 
 Also hybridized with other species. 
 
 AA. Lvs. prominently marked wi h white or colors, or 
 with deep hands of green: cult. mostJij for foliage. 
 
 B. Markings green or greenish. 
 V^itchii, Mast. Fig. 98. Tall and robust species ( st. 
 2-3 ft.): If.-blades pendent, like a fine Alocasia, often 
 'i-\ ft. long, cordate or eared at base, metallic green, but 
 marked by deep-sunk nerves, which arch oflf the mid- 
 rib : spathe 1 ft. long, horizontal, green : spadix 6-8 in. 
 long, straw-color. Colombia. G.C. II. 6: 773. B.M. 6968. 
 3In. 8: 187. -Striking. 
 
 BB. Markings white or essentially so. 
 Warocque^num, Moore. Fig. 99. Very vigorous: lvs. 
 obloug-lanceolate, long-i£ipering, hanging, 2-4 ft. long, 
 deep velvety green, with rib and principal veins of a 
 prominently lighter shade, making handsome contrasts. 
 Colombia.— A handsome and striking foliage plant. 
 
 magnificum, Lind. Leaf-blaie deep cordate, oval, 
 2 ft. long, upper surface olive-green with white nerves : 
 petiole 4-angled : spathe small, oblong, green : spadix 
 green, cylindrical. Colombia. 
 
 crystallinum, Lind. & Andr^. Like A. magnificum : 
 differs in petiole terete or only very imperfectly ang)ed, 
 sinus of blade smaller, veins wide-banded and whiter 
 and very regular : leaf -blade ovate-cordate, short, deep, 
 velvety green, with the midrib and two consecutive 
 bands crvstal white : spathe linear-oblong, acuminate, 
 green. Peru. I.H.20: 128. G.C.III.24: 417(var. z/^Ms/re). 
 
 regllle, Lind. Leaf-blade cordate-oblong, long-cuspi- 
 date. 3 ft. or less, at first tinged rose, but becoming dull 
 green and marked with white veins ; petiole nearly 
 terete : spathe broad -lanceolate, greenish. Peru. 
 
 Various horticultural forms and hybrids are in cult, 
 in this country : A. amdhite. Lvs. soft rose : crystalli- 
 num X magnificum.— .4. cdrneum is a hybrid of Andrse- 
 anum and ornatum. — -4. Chantrieri. Lvs. triangular, 
 with wide-spreading basal lobes : spathe ivory-white, 
 erect: nymphffifoliumxsubsignatum. — J^. Clarkidnum. 
 Lvs. large and broad : spathe resembling that of An- 
 dr»anum but salmon-rose. -A . FerrierSnse. Lvs. large, 
 cordate: spathe cordate, brilliant red: omatumxAn- 
 <lr8eanum. — ^ . florihtindum , Linden and Andp6=Spathi- 
 phylium floribundum.— ^. Fnebelii. Lvs. large and cor- 
 date : spathe deep carmine : Andraeanura x ornatum.— 
 A. gfrflnt7e = magnificum.- ,4. hijhridum. Lvs. large, 
 lobed at base, obtuse, green.— J.. miishicum.—A. oi-nh- 
 turn. Lvs, oval or oblong, cordate : spathe linear-oblong, 
 white, purple-tinted.— J.. ^f»/no7dsj«)M?«m, various forms: 
 Ferrierensex Andrapamim? — 4. Siebrechfidnum. Lvs. 
 much as in magnificum, rich, velvety green, with thick 
 margins : spathe light g^een shading to cream : spadix 
 large, crimson. — J.. rWit»!jo^fln». Lvs. long-heart-shaped, 
 bright green with lighter veins : spathe narrow, green: 
 spadix greenish white. 
 
 A. adltum, N.E.Brown. Lvs, 8-10 in.loTig, triangnlar and 
 longacumiiiate, green : spathe reflexed, green : spadLx deep 
 grpea. Braz. — A. A llendorfii : Andreanvuu X Grusoni. — A . 
 Baki ri. Hook. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or linear, Rreen : spathe 
 small, reflexed. green : spadix 3 in. long, yellowish green, be- 
 coming lonpfer and red and drooping in fmit,— the chief merit 
 of the plant. Costa Rioa. B.M. 6261.— A. Jiogotense, Schott. 
 Lvs. with a very broad halberd-shaped base and a long-acumi- 
 Mte middle lobe, dark green. Gt. 46, p. 52.'i.— .4 . brevilobnm, 
 N. 15. Brown. Lvs r/val-acuminate, cordate, 8-10 in., pape'-'like, 
 ««sen : spathe lanceolate, purplish : spadix purplish brown.— 
 
 A. Chdmberlaini, Masters. Lvs. 4 ft. long, broadly cordate-ovate 
 and narrowly long-pointe<l, green : spathe erect, lK)at-shaped, 
 8-4) in. long, purplish ontside, crimson inside, partially inclosing 
 the purplish spadLx. Venezuela. G.C. III. :J: 46.5. I. H. 35: 62. 
 B.M. 721)7. — A. Glaziovii, Hook. Leaf-blatle obovate-oblong, not 
 hanging, tapering to petiole, green and strongly light-veined : 
 spathe linear-oblong, often twisted, purple (as is also the 
 spadix). Braz. B.M. C8.-„3.— .l.i/i#/fliH<', Ma.sters. G.C. 11.6:365 
 ==^Philodendron tripartitnm. — -1. Kalbrc'ieri, Hort. Climbing : 
 lvs.9-pr',rted. XewGranaila. G.CII.16:117. — A.nymphcefdlitnn, 
 Koi-h. Spathe white: spadix purple. Venezuela. — A.purpxireitm, 
 N. E. Brown. Lvs. oblong-l.-inceolate, thick, green : spathe and 
 spadix purple. Braz. — A. signatum, Kooh. Lvs. 3-lobed, deep 
 green. Venezuela. — A. splendidum. Bull. Lvs. ovate-cordate, 
 short-jwinted or blunt, the basal sinus narrow, bullate and Jiot- 
 tled green, 1 ft. or less long : spathe lanceolate, white : spadix 
 green, becoming yellow and briok red : peduncles winged. S. 
 Amer. G.C. 1883, 1:381. B.M. 6878. Gt. 33: 145, 146. I.H.31:510. 
 — A. trifidum, Oliver. B.M,6339=signatum. L. H. B. 
 
 99. Anthurium Warocqueanum. 
 
 AKTHTfLLIS (Greek, meaning downy flowers). Kid- 
 ney Vetch. Leguminhs(e. Perennial herbs, or some- 
 what shrubby, prized for their spikes or heads of yel- 
 low, purple or white fls. and usually silky pinnate foli- 
 age ; also for forage. In the Old World, prized mostly 
 for rockwork. The cult, is the easiest, as the plants 
 thrive even in p'lor soil. Prop, by seeds or division, or, 
 rarely, by soft cuttings. Not generally known in U. S. 
 
 Vulner&ria, Linn. Sa>'d CL<o^^:B. Wottndwort. A 
 foot bi^h : Ifts. 5 or more : fls. normally yellow, but 
 there are red and white varieties. Eu.— A deep-rof)ted, 
 clover-like, hardy plant, excellent for sandy and li^ht 
 lands. Useful for forage, and, for that purpose, occa- 
 sionally grown in thi.j countr5\ Requires 20 lbs. of seed 
 to the acre. 
 
74 
 
 ANTHYLLIS 
 
 APHANANTHE 
 
 mont&na, Linn. A foot or less hi p:h, silky-hoary : Ifts. 
 numerous: fls. purple. Herbaceous. Eu. L,B.C6:578. 
 
 B&rba-Jdvib, Linn. Jupiter's Beard. Glasshouse 
 silky evergreen, 3-8, or even 12 ft, hijrh, with severHl 
 to many pairs of narrow, pointed Ifts. : tis. straw-colored 
 or whitish, in clover-like heads. S. Eu. B.M. 1927. — In 
 frostle3s countries, endures sea-winds and salt spray. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ANTIABIS tozic^ria, Lesch. Urticdcece. Upas Tree 
 of JavH. The juice and gum are virulently poisonous, and 
 it was once supposed that no life could exist in the neigh- 
 borhood of the tree, but this is false. The tree has been 
 grrown in botanic gardens. See Hooker, in Companion 
 to Botanical Magazine, (in. 12, p. 407. 
 
 ANTID£SMA( Greek, for and band, the bark of A . Bu- 
 nius being used for cordage). EuphorbiAceir. Tropical 
 trees or shrubs.with simple, entire Ivs. and inconspicuous 
 unisexual fls., in spikes : fr. a 1-seeded little drupe. 
 
 Btmius, Spreng. A tree with dark green foliage and 
 small, round berries of a subacid taste, much used for 
 preserves : the V)ark yields a fiber. Adapted to S. Calif, 
 and S. Fla. Malay. — Cult, in S. Calif. 
 
 ANTlGONON (name from the Greek). Polygnndcecr. 
 Tropical tendril-climbers : sepals 5. colored and petal- 
 like, the 2 interior ones narrower ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, 
 and ovary 3-angled : Ivs. alternate and entire : fls. in 
 racemes, which end in branching tendrils. 
 
 16ptopas, Hook. & Am. Mountain Rose. Rosa de 
 Montana. San Miquelito. Probably the only species 
 cult, in thii countrj*. Stem slender and tall, glabrous, 
 or nearly so : Ivs. cordate and acuminate, or hastate- 
 ovate, 3-5 in. long : fls. 6-15 
 in the raceme, handsome rose- 
 pink. Mex. B.M. 581G. G.O. 
 in. 17 : 797. - One of the hand- 
 somest summer - blooming 
 greenhouse climbers, requir- 
 ing abundance of light ; usu- 
 ally grown from seeds, bu' also 
 from cuttings. In the S. 'fc 
 blooms freely in the '-pen, pre- 
 ferring sunny and hot places ; 
 protect the root well in win- 
 ter, or plant deep. It is tu- 
 berous-rooted. Give plenty of 
 water when in fl., but keep 
 dry when at rest. 
 
 Guatemal^nse.Meissn. 
 (A. insigne. Mast.). 
 Pubescent: Ivs. broad- 
 er: fls.nore numerous, 
 the sepals nearlj* twice 
 longer ( 1 in. long) than 
 in the last. Guatemala. 
 G.C. II. 7:789. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ANTIBBHlNUM 
 
 (Greek, snout-flower). 
 Sc rop hnl a r i (> cecp. 
 Snapdragon. Over 60 
 species of herbs, na- 
 tives to the Old and 
 New World, in warm 
 temperate regions. 
 Lvs. usually opposite 
 below and generally 
 entire, never com- 
 pound : corolla saccate 
 or gibbous at base, but 
 not spurred, personate 
 or closed at the throat : 
 stamens 4. Closely al- 
 lied to Linaria, from 
 which it differs in the 
 spurless fls. 
 Snapdragons are flowered either in the open or under 
 glasi^. The common varieties are forms of A . ma jus, and 
 Me perennial, although the first crop of bloom is usually 
 
 the only one which is desired. Most of the varieties of 
 this species are hardy in the N. if well covered durinij 
 winter. Seeds sown very early in the spring, especially 
 under frames, and transplanted. produce blooming plant's 
 the same season. It is usual, however, if early bloom is 
 desired, to sow the seeds in Aug. or Sept., and cover 
 
 100. Y0U44S s .ike of a dwarf form 
 of Antirrhinum majus (X 3^). 
 
 101. Antirrhinum maurandioides. in bud iX}4). 
 
 the plants with a mulch on the approach of cold wc her. 
 These fall-sown plants may be transplanted into pots (or 
 grown in them from the first) and flowered in the house. 
 For forcing in this way. Snapdragons are very satisfac- 
 tory. The temperature and treatment required for gera- 
 niums and carnations suit them well. Dwarf vars. are 
 used for edgiLgs. 
 
 A. Common Snapdragons, st'^\ctly erect. 
 
 m&jos, Linn. Common or Large Snapdragon. Fig. 
 100. Perennial, or practically a biennial under culr.: 
 1-3 ft., not downy except in the fl. -cluster : lvs. oblong 
 or lanceolate, entire, sometimes variegated : fls. larjje, 
 long-tubular, with spreading, very irregular lobes, in an 
 elongated terminal spike or raceme. In many colors and 
 varieties (ranging from red and purple to white), in 
 forms both tall and dwarf. Mediterranean region ; 
 sometimes running wild about gardens. A.F. 9:lH)y; 
 13:949. I. H. 41:22. A.G. 17:379. F.E. 7: 711.-There 
 are double forms. Someof thevarietal names used by hor- 
 ticulturists aredlbnm, bicolor, coccinemn, variegdtnw. 
 
 Ordntium, Linn. Small Snapdragon. A low, slender 
 annual, with linear lvs. and small fls. purple or white 
 (J'2 in. long) in the axils. An occasional weed in cult, 
 grounds, 6 in. or less high ; not cult. 
 
 AA. Native species, producing tendril-like branches in 
 the i» florescence. 
 
 Orcutti^num, Gray. Slender, 2-4 ft., glabrous: corolla 
 % in. long, white or violet, lower lip not much larger 
 than the upper : lower lvs. spatulate-lanceolate, the up- 
 per linear. Annual. Lower and S. Calif. Int. by Orcutt 
 in 1891. 
 
 AAA. Climbing vine. 
 
 maurandioides. Gray {Maurandia ant irrhini flora, 
 Willd.). Fig. 101. Climbing 2-S ft. by means of the 
 coiling petioles and peduncles : lvs. 3-lobed, halberd- 
 shapo : fls. axillary, 1 in. or more long, violet or purple, 
 handsome. Tex. to Calif . B.M. 1G43.— Attractive plant 
 for the window, cool greenhouse or conservatory. 
 Suitable for baskets. l_ jj yk. 
 
 ANTBOPHYUM (Greek, srroMtn^ in caverns). Poly- 
 podid.ce(f. A grenus of inconspicuous, simple-leaved 
 ferns rarely found in cultivation. Require high temp. 
 
 AF£BA (Greek, undivided ). Gramine<r>. One or two 
 European and Asian grasses of the tribe Agrostide<r. A. 
 arundinacea, Hook., is a tender grass from New Zea- 
 land, of erect habit and exceedingly long, pendulous 
 panicles, grown under glass ; but it really belongs to the 
 genus Stipa. G.C. III. 22 : 283. Likely to come iato 
 American trade. 
 
 AFHANANTHE (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous, 
 an«l anthe. flower). Urticdcece. Trees or shrubs : lvs. 
 alternate petiolate, serrate : fls. monoecious, inconspic- 
 uous ; staminate iu corymbs; pistillate single, axillary: 
 
aphananthe 
 
 APIOS 
 
 75 
 
 fr a drnpe. Three species in Jap. and Austral. Prop, 
 bv seeds or perhaps in the same way as Ce.tis, and also 
 bv grafting on Celtis. 
 
 'iaoera Planch. Small tree : Ivs. ovate, oblique, acu- 
 minate, serrate, 2>^-t in. long, rough to the touch : ds. 
 Ireeni^h, with the Ivs.: drupe globular, biack, sleader- 
 stalked Jap. -Hardy tree, with slender branches, not 
 much different in appearance from Celtis orridentalis. 
 Little known in this country. Alfred Rehoer. 
 
 APHELANDEA (Greek-made name). AcanthUcea. 
 \eariv 7U species of evergreen trcpical Anieric^an shrubs, 
 trown in hothouses for the tine foliage and sh.wy 4-sided 
 terminal spikes of red or yellow gaudy-bracU;d fls. Of 
 ea.sv culture, if given plenty of diffused light in the grow- 
 ine'season, and plants are not allowed to become tall and 
 leegv. It i« well to grow new plants frequently. Prop, 
 bv s'eed:? when obtainable, or by cuttings of partially 
 ripened wood at any season. They bloom in autumn, 
 but can readily be brought into flower at other seasons. 
 When done blooming, the plants should be rested in an 
 intermediate temperature, kept rather dry, but not al- 
 lowed to wilt or shrivel. Require treatment of Justicias, 
 aud thrive along with Allamandas and Poinsettias. 
 
 L. tl. B. 
 
 All Aphelandras like t »«fovehon8e temperature and a 
 light leaf -mold, with a lil -ral proportion of sand. They 
 should not be kept very vet in winder. They propagate 
 readily from cuttings and seeds. The leatimg trade 
 names axe A. atirantiacafChry sops, Fascinator.. Hv^lii. 
 A. ehrysops is one of the handsomest of the group. 
 
 H. A. SlEBRECHT. 
 
 A. JFls. in shades of yellow. 
 
 Chamissoniina, Nees. (A. punctdta, Bull). Lvs. ob- 
 long-lanceolate or elliptic -lanceolate, acuminate, the 
 center banded with white, and white dots running off 
 towanls the margin, the midrib green : fls. and spiny 
 bracts bright yellow. S.Amer. I. H. 29:457. B.M. 6027. 
 
 squarrdsa, Nees. (J.. LeopoUli, Hort. A. ehrysops, 
 Hort. ). Lvs. large, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate, 
 dark green above (pale below), with white rib and main 
 veins : fls. bright yellow and much exserted beyond the 
 vellow crenate-dentate bracts. Braz. A . squarrdsa itself 
 is probably not in cult., the showy plant in the trade 
 (and described above) being called A. squarrdsa var. 
 Leopold i by Van Houtte (F.S. 9: 889). -One of the most 
 showy. 
 
 Blanchetiina, Hook. f. {A. amana, Bull). St. thick 
 and >tuut : lvs. ovate-aciiminate, with many pairs of con- 
 spicuous nerves, green, the midrib, and often the main 
 veins, white: fls. dark yellow, exceeding the long, entire, 
 cusp-pointed red scales : spike sessile. Braz. B.M. 
 7179. — Known in the trade as A. amoena, having been 
 described under that name before it had flowered in 
 cult. 
 
 AA. Fls. orange, verging to scarlet. 
 
 aorantiaca, Lindl. Lvs. ov- te-elliptic, deep green 
 above, light green below, strongiy veined, but not parti- 
 colored, slightly wavy edged • fls. orange, with a tinge of 
 scarlet, the sp»^ading limb overhanging the greenish 
 sharp-toothed scales. Mex. B.M. 4224. B.R.31: 12. 
 
 Var. Boezlii, Nicholson {A. Raeslei, Carr. ). Fls. with 
 more scarlet: lvs. twisted, with silvery^ hue between the 
 veins. Mex. — Showy and good. Not so tall as A. au- 
 rantiaca. 
 
 AAA. Fls. red. 
 
 Fascinator, Lind. & Andr^. Lvs. ovate to ovate-ellip- 
 tic, the rib and veins widely margined with interlocking 
 bands of white, the under surface purple : fls. large, 
 brilliant vermilion, obscuring the inconspicuous bracts. 
 New Granada. LH. 21:164. — Very showy and desirable. 
 
 A. atrbrirens, N. E. Brown. Dwarf : lvs. very dark green 
 above and purplish beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in. long. Braz. I.H. 
 31:527. — A.cri^tdta.R.BT. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, green: fls. dark 
 red, very lo!.g and curving, 2-3 in. Long known. W. Ind. B.M. 
 lIilS.—A. Liboniana, Linden. Dwarf: lvs. ovate and long-acu- 
 minate, with a white rib, green below : fls. deep yellow, small, 
 scarcely exserted beyond the red bracts. Braz.? B.M. 5463.— 
 A.Macedcidna, Lind. & Rod. Said to be a form of A. atrovi- 
 rens. Lvs. with white rib and main veins. Braz. I.H. 33:583. 
 —.1. Margarita, Hort. Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, barred with 
 white, purple below ; fls. yellow, the bracts stronx-toothcd. 
 
 Once cataVg-ied by Tohn Saul. Braz. G.C. ITT. 2:585.— A. nlteni. 
 Hook. ' \>mi>act : lvs. ovate, thick, shining green above, dark 
 purple i^neath : fls. vermilion-scarlet, large, the bracts rot 
 s.howj-. jN'ew (iranada. B.M.574L Gn. 48:1027. — A. orientdlis, 
 offered in Ameiica, is iwssibly a form of some well knowa 
 species. L H. B. 
 
 APiCBA [not bitter, from the Greek). LiliAcea;, tribe 
 Alointce. Shortly caulescent small succulents : hs. 
 spirally arranged or crowded along the stem : fls. green- 
 ish, often striped with white, straight, tubular or pris- 
 matic, with short, flat or spreading white limb surpass- 
 ing the .stamens. Cape region. Agave house or cactus 
 house ; suitable for rockeries during the summer. 
 Prop, like Aloe. Monogr. by Baker. G.C. II. 11:717 
 (1879) ; Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 216. 
 
 A. I^vs. as broad as long, acuminate, horizontal. 
 
 folioIdBa,Willd. {Aide foliolbsa. Haw. Hawdrthia folio- 
 Idsa , Haw. ) . Lvs. densely crowded, thin-margined, very- 
 acuminate, smooth, serrulate : fls. smooth. Cape. B.M. 
 13.>2. 
 
 AA. Lvs. more elongated, thick, acute, erect or ascending, 
 
 except in age. 
 
 B. Fls. smooth. 
 
 Aapera.Willd. (^4 loe dspera , Haw. Ha tcSrthia dspera. 
 Haw.). Lvs. small, crowded, finely tuberculate, rough- 
 ened on the back and margin, only the uppermost erect. 
 Cape. 
 
 pent&gona, Willd. {Aide penti'gona. Haw., not Jacq. 
 Haudrthia pentdgona, Haw.). Fig. 102. Ivs. larger, 
 from slightly concave and 
 angled becoming biconvex ; 
 5-ranked ; finely pale-tuber- 
 culat« on back and margin. 
 Cape. B.M. 1338. -Includes 
 several forms : Var. Wil- 
 dendvii, Baker ; var. bullu- 
 lita, Willd. {Aide hulluldta, 
 Jacq.); var. spirilla, Baker 
 {Aloe spirilla, Salra. Ua- 
 wMhia gpirella, Haw.). 
 
 BB. Fls, rough-tuberculafe. 
 spiralis, Bak. {A. t,. bri- 
 cdta, Willd. Aide spiralis, 
 Linn., not Haw. Hawor- 
 thia imbricdta,Ha.vr.). Lvs. 
 small, irregularly dispersed, 
 smooth, the margin and keel 
 denticulate. Cape. B. 31. 
 1455. 
 
 Other species are : .1. hicari- 
 ndta Haw. (Aloe bicarin.-ita, 
 Sp^eng.) ; J. . con^esfa, Bak. (Aloo 
 congesta, Salm.) ; A. deltoldea, 
 Bak. (Aloe deltoidea, Hook. f.). 
 B.M. 6071. 
 
 WlLLI.^M TrELEASE. 
 
 102. Apin-a pentagona. 
 
 AFIOS {pear, from th*» Greek, alluding to the shape of i 
 the tubers). Legumindsce. Perhaps half t dozen species 
 in N. Amer. and Asia, of twining, tubero is-rooced pin- 
 nate-leaved herbs. Fls. in dense, short .ticemes : pod 
 linear and flat, several-seeded. A light st il and sunny 
 place are essential to free growth. Under these con- 
 ditions, the plant covers a trellis or other support in a 
 comparatively short time. 
 
 tuberdsa, Miinch. Groundnut. Wild j5ea.n. Four 
 to 8 ft., climbing over bushes : root bearing strings of 
 edible tubers, 1-2 in. long: leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate: 
 fls. fragrant, chocolate-brown, the standard very broad 
 and turned back, the keel long, incurved an 1 of scj'the- 
 shape. July-Aug. G.W.F. 44. — Common in l>w grounds. 
 The fruit often fails to mature. Prop, by the tubers, 
 
 2 to 4 of which should be planted together a : a depth of 
 
 3 or 4 inches ; also, by seeds. Grows well in the wild 
 border, in any loose, rich soil. Likely to bec' )me a weed 
 in rockeries. 
 
 A. Fortune!, Maxim., is occasionally cult, in Japan for its 
 small, ovate, edible tubers. A.G. 1892:77.— J.. Pricidna, Robin- 
 son, native to Kentucky, may be expected to appear in the trade. 
 The root is a single large tuber, becoming 6 or 7 n. in diam.: 
 fls. greenish white, tinged with roue-purple or mag« nta. A vig- 
 orous climber, first described ,.in 1^8 (^ot. Gaz. i'^: 451, rritl. 
 illustration). j. p. Keller and /.. H. B. 
 
76 
 
 APIUM 
 
 APPLE 
 
 APIUM. See Ctlfry. 
 
 APLfiCTRUM (Greek, MjVZt MO /?;)Mr). OrrhidHretr. A 
 email orchid, with smallish dull-colored lis. in a raceme, 
 on a leaHess scape, which springs from a larjfe corm-like 
 tuber. Single species, ia woods in the N. states. 
 
 hyem^le, Xutt. Putty Root. Adam and-Eve. Fig. 
 
 10;{. Sentls up a pointed green If. 2-0 in. long, wliich 
 
 lasts through the vinter, and in spring a stalk about a 
 
 foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish 
 
 brown tls., which are succeeded by 
 
 hanging, oblong-pointed pods ( Fig. 
 
 103). Hardy. May be grown in rich, 
 
 loamy borders. Interesting, but not 
 
 showy. 
 
 APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simple 
 pappus). Syn., Haplupappua. Com- 
 poaitif. About 11.5 species, mostly 
 from California and Chili. Fls. yel- 
 low, in summer and autumn. The 
 only species known to be in Ameri- 
 can trade is 
 
 lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine 
 herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep- 
 ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, nurn»wly 
 spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in. 
 long : rays l.")-2(t. Mts. of Wash. 
 and Mont. Int. 1889, bv F H. Hors- 
 ford. 
 
 A. ericoidfs. Hook. & Am. Shnib, 2-.") 
 ft. high : Ivs. verj- numerous, filiform, 
 those of the dense fascicles 2 or 'A lines 
 long: tls.very numerous. O.C. III. 20: 301. 
 
 APCCYNUM (Greek for dog-bane). 
 Apo<:y}ti)ie(e. Doo-bane. Inhan 
 Hemp. Tough perennial herbs, chiefly 
 of N. Temp, zone, with oblong or 
 ovate opposite Ivs., milkw. d-likefls. 
 in small cymes, and slender follicles 
 or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 native 
 to N. Amer. 
 
 androssBinifdlium, Linn. Three ft. 
 or less high, usually glabrous, the 
 branches spreading : lobes of corolla 
 revolute and tube of corolla longer 
 than the calyx : Ivs. oval or ovate, 
 short'petioled: cjTnes loose: fls. bell- 
 like, white or pink. N. states : com- 
 mon. B.M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by 
 dealers in native plants. Useful for 
 the hardy border. 
 
 cacn&binum, Linn. Branches erect 
 or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly 
 erect, the tube not longer than calyx: 
 Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short- 
 petioled : cymes dense: Hs. greenish 
 white. N. states: common.— Not 
 known to be in the trade, but apt to 
 be confounded with the above. 
 
 APONOGfiTON (Greek uame, re- 
 ferring to its habitat in the water). 
 Naiaudcece. About 20 tropical or sub- 
 tropical water plants. Fls. in twin 
 terminal spikes, wholly naked, but 
 subtended by a double row of petal- 
 like bracts. 
 
 dist&chyum, Thunb. Cape Pond-weed. Water Haw- 
 THOKN (from the fragrance i. Forked spikes 4-8 in. long, 
 ■with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the 
 emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with 
 purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade 
 floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined, 
 3-G in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. F.R. 
 1:463, P.G. 4: lOH. — A charming ai.d interesting plant. 
 In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in 
 winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all 
 summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly 
 all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or 
 deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of ■^ater, 
 
 103. Fniit of Aplec- 
 
 trum hyemale. 
 Nearly natural size. 
 
 or ont-of -doors It may have twice that depth. Prop, 
 chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept 
 above water at least 24 hours afterwards, an<l set-ds not 
 be allowed to become dry. Var. La^^ngei, Hort. i j. 
 Lagriitvjfi, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with 
 violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowlv 
 R.H. 189.'):. 380. l H. b'' 
 
 APPLE. RosiieefP. The apple is native to .«!0uth\ve>tern 
 Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from 
 time immemorial. Charred remains of the fniit are found 
 in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now 
 widely cultivated and immensely variable, it is grown 
 in every temperate climate, and is the most important 
 commerci;il pomological fruit. 
 
 The apple has come from two original stems. All the 
 common apples are modiflcations of Ptp-im Jfahin (r<e" 
 Pyrus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy, 
 irregularly dentate, short-stemme Heaves and fairly com- 
 pact clusters of woollystemme(i flowers. The crab- 
 apples nre derived from Pyrus baccata, commonly known 
 as the Siberian crab. This species is probably- of more 
 northern oreasternorigiiithantheother. It is of smoother 
 and more wiry growth, with narrower atul tliinner es- 
 sentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open 
 clusters • f glabrous->tenmied flowers. The fruit i s small 
 and hard, and tbecalyxlobes fall at maturity, leavingthe 
 ey" or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids be- 
 tween these species have given the race of large-fruited 
 
 104. A ten -year-old Nebraska apple orchard. 
 The trunks are protected from the sun by board jackets. 
 
 crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are 
 examples. This race is known to botanists as Pyrus 
 prunifolia. Certain apples are native to North America. 
 Two species, pyrus Joaisis and P. corona ria, are of in- 
 terest to the pomologist. Tbe former is the prairie- 
 states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of 
 growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resem- 
 blance to forms of Pyrus Mnlus. The fruit is spherical 
 or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re- 
 mains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-stn * 
 crab, Pyrus coronaria, is distinctly flattened endwise, 
 and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often 
 three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this 
 eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and 
 the common apples. The fruit is sometimes used by set- 
 tlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus lofusis 
 has produced a number of promising hybrids with the 
 common apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus 
 Souhtrdi. The Soulard crab is the best known of these. 
 Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pomo- 
 logical value of the u.itive crabs is prospective. For a 
 completer pcccunt of the native apples, see Bailey, Evo- 
 lution of our Native Fruits. 
 
 The most perfect apple region of this country—consid- 
 ering nroductiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes, 
 longevity of tree — is that whicb begins with Nova Scotia 
 and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan. 
 Other important regions are the Piedmont country of 
 Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, ihe Plains 
 regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific 
 
-•X-^r- 
 
APPLE 
 
 APPLE 
 
 77 
 
 reeion the last comprising the foothills in California and 
 the country to the northward. All parts of the United 
 Statt'H north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and exclud- 
 ing tlie warra-teraperate parts of the Southwest and the 
 Paoinc coast, are adapted to the apple in greater or lesser 
 decree. North America is the leading apple-^rowinff 
 country of the world. A full crop for the United States 
 and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not less 
 than 100,000,000 barrels. The apple is a cosmopolitan 
 fruit ; and since it thrives almost anywhere, it is com- 
 monlv neglected. The plants which are most difficult to 
 cultivate are tne ones which are best cultivate<l. 
 
 The apple was early introduced into this country. In 
 the early days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an 
 anrient and common notion that any apple is good enough 
 for citler ; and this is one reason for the neglect in which 
 the api'Ie plantation is commonly allowed to stand. The 
 best results in apple-growinjr are to be expected when 
 the land i-t tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are 
 those which apply to other crops,— to make plant-food 
 availalde, to extend the area in which the roots can grow, 
 to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our 
 hot an<l sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough 
 to escape the disastrous effects of drou.lit. The ideal 
 treatment of orchard land is to fit the groi id deep before 
 the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or 
 three in order to force the roots down and to thoroughly 
 ameliorate the soil , and to practice shallow tillage in order 
 to conserve moisture. (See Tillage.) Since trees make 
 
 105. A eood New York apple orchard at 23 years. 
 
 most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should 
 be l)eguu as soou as the land is fit in spring; and it may be 
 discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation 
 of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover crop 
 or catch crop (see Cover Crops) late in the peason, in 
 order to secure humus and to improve the physical tex- 
 ture of the soil. If the land is v.'ell handled in the first 
 few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the 
 orchard thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in 
 the spring with a spading harrow, spring-tooth harrow, 
 or other tool, in order to reestablish the surface mulch. 
 The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when 
 the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow 
 the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green- 
 manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such con- 
 dition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they 
 may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard 
 comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has 
 two legitimate objects : tc mellow and ameliorate the 
 lan<l to aconsiderable depth, so that the roots may forage 
 deep ; to turn under a cover crop. The former purpose 
 should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An 
 incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making 
 of the annual surface mulch ; and this mulch is to save 
 the moisture. 
 
 The apple thrives in a variety of soils, but it is most 
 productive and longest-lived on land which has a con- 
 siderable original admixture of clay : that is, in a clay 
 loam. Lands which yield good crops of wheat and corn 
 may be expected to be good apple lands, if other condi- 
 tions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated 
 lands are generally considered to be most desirable. 
 
 Apple badly attacked by 
 the scab. 
 
 Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air. 
 
 The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet 
 
 apart each way is the 8tan<lurd distance for apple trees ; 
 
 but some varieties, as the Wag- 
 
 ener and the crabs, may be set 
 
 closer. In the South and on the 
 
 Plains, trees may be set closer, 
 
 as they do not attain such great 
 
 size as in the northeastern 
 
 states. In general, it is best to 
 
 devote the land to apples alone; 
 
 but persons who are willing to 
 
 give the plantation the best of 
 
 care may plant other trees _ 
 
 between the apples, as fill- " 
 
 ers. The more diverse the 
 
 kinds of trees which are 
 
 planted together, the more 
 
 diffi'nik it is to give the 
 
 proper care to each. Some 
 
 of the shorter-lived varieties of apples make excellent 
 
 fillers in the apple orchard ; and in special cases dwarf 
 
 apples may be used. 
 
 It should be the general purpose to till the apple 
 orchard throughout its life ; but whenever the trees seem 
 to be arrowing too ra{»idly, the plantation may be seeded 
 down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice; 
 seeding-down is the special practice. For the first few 
 years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard; 
 it)ut every year a more generous open space should be 
 left about "the trees. Till as often as the land becomes 
 crusted or baked. On strong soils which are well han- 
 dled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertil- 
 izers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fer- 
 tilizers are then needed, and bow much to apply, are to 
 be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees 
 ure making insufficient growt-h, and the foliage lacks 
 color, one or all of three things may be the trouble : the 
 trees may need water ; they may be suffering ^rom in- 
 sects or disease ; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought 
 that they lack nitrogen, tliis material may be supplied in 
 the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the 
 unl>urned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two 
 to three hundred pounds to the acre of th ^ nitrate of soda 
 or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well- 
 tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous grow^th, 
 the probability is that ihey are not in need of more nitro- 
 gen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied. 
 Three hundred pounds of muriate cf potash, or other 
 concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre, 
 under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards tn 
 full bearing should have a liberal annual application of 
 fertilizing materials. In the East, apple trees should be 
 in profitable bearing at 10 years from planting, and 
 should continue in that condition for 30 years. 
 
 The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple- 
 worm (the larva of the codlin-moth ) , and the apple-scab 
 (Fig. 10(5). These are readily held in check by spraying, 
 — with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with Bor- 
 deaux mixture for the scab. (See Spraying,) Spraying 
 for the worm should be performed as soon as the last 
 
 107. Ready for the first seneral spraying. 
 
 petals fall ; for the scab as soon as the buds are well 
 burst (Fig. 107). In badly infected regions and on very 
 susceptible varieties, it may be necessary tc spray first 
 for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects 
 ( as canker- worms, case-bearers, oud-moch) which appear 
 
78 
 
 APPLE 
 
 APPLESEED 
 
 before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Paris jrreen 
 or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture jit the 
 early spraying. The number of times to spray depends 
 
 108. Spur and fruit- 
 bud of apple. 
 
 109. One apple t. 
 a cluster. 
 
 upon the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be com- 
 batted, and the season ; but it is a good rule to expect 
 to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green 
 mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals 
 have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may 
 be necessary for the fungous diseases. 
 
 The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is 
 distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat 
 thicker than its branch), its jjreater width in proportion 
 to its length, a»-d more conspicuous pubescence. It is 
 also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown 
 in Fig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the 
 branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch 
 grew in 1899, from a bud which came into existence in 
 1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can 
 be made plain. A cluster of tlowers appeared. One 
 flower set a fruit (Fig. 109). This apple is at the end of 
 the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in 
 length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on 
 the side (Fig. 110). The fruit absorbs the energies of 
 the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud. 
 The bud awaits Its opportunity ; the following year it 
 grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end 
 ( Fig. 108) ; and thereby there arises an alternation in 
 fruit-bearing. 
 
 The apple is budded or root-gratted upon common 
 apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from 
 
 110. ShoiArine the side bud wrhich is to continue 
 the spur the following year. 
 
 seeds obtained from cider mills. In the East, budded 
 trees are preferred. In the West, root-grafted trees are 
 preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known 
 
 hardiness can be secured. (See Graftage.) In Russia, 
 seedlings of °ynis baccafa are used as stocks. They 
 prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap- 
 pies are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of 
 Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely 
 naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which. 
 in some remote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf 
 apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cul- 
 tivation and wall-training are common, but they are lit- 
 tle known in America. Apple trees are i^sually planted 
 when two or three years old. 
 
 The varieties of apple trees actually ou sale in North 
 America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each 
 great geographical area has varieties which are particu- 
 larly adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi valley, 
 there are few of the eastern-states apples which thrive. 
 Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the 
 expectation that they will be adapted to the region ; but 
 more is to be expected of their progeny than of them- 
 selves. Varieties of local origin, coming from various 
 stem types, are now providing that country with satis- 
 factory apples. In the selection of varieties, one should 
 be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur- 
 pose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Con- 
 sult the recom- 
 mended lists of 
 the state horti- 
 cultural socie- 
 ties ; ask per- 
 sons who have 
 had experience 
 in the given re- 
 gion ; write to 
 the experiment 
 station; enquire 
 at the markets. 
 The leading 
 commercial va- 
 rieties in North 
 America are Al- 
 bemarle Pippin, 
 American Gol- 
 den Russet, As- 
 traehan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearniain, Duchess 
 of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gilliflower, Gravenstein, Janet, 
 King, Lawver. Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New- 
 town Pipp'-i, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock, 
 Rhode Island Greening, Rome 
 Beauty, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce, 
 Wealthy,Willow Twier. Wolf River, 
 York Imperial. See Plate I. Bald- 
 win and Ben Davis, the former of 
 inferior quality and the latter of 
 worse, hold the supremacy in 
 American market apples. The 
 apples of the eastern and central 
 country tend towards flattened or 
 oblate shapes (Fig. 111). The typi- 
 cal form of the sc-called long or 
 conical American apple may be 
 seen in Fig. 110. The apples of 
 Europe are often distinctly attenuated and ribbed at the 
 apex (Fig. 112); and this form is also accented in the 
 regions beyond the Rockies. 
 
 Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap- 
 peared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1807 (the 
 best) ; Todd, Apple Culturist, 1871 ; Bailey, Field Notes 
 on Apple Culture, 1886. Consult, also, Vol. 25, Nebraska 
 State Horticultural Society, 1894 ; The Apole, a report 
 of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly 
 all the fruit manuals devote space to the apple. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 AFFL£SE£D, JCZNNY. An interesting and eccen- 
 tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of 
 Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name 
 was Jonathan Chapman. He was bom in Boston in 
 177.5, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare- 
 foot through the wilderness, and was never harmed by 
 snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in 
 a coflfee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and 
 legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered 
 pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the 
 
 111. The flat or oblate American apple. 
 
 112, An Irish apple. 
 
APPLESEFD 
 
 APRICOT 
 
 79 
 
 113. Apricot leaves. 
 
 P. Mume on left , 
 P. Armeniaca on rifeht. 
 
 New Testament he read aloud in many frontier log 
 cabins He had many peculiarities, but was always 
 welcomed and re; pected everywhere. In the war of 
 1812 he saved maiy lives by warning the settlers of 
 HuH's surrender &nd the approach of the Indians. He 
 lived to see trees bearing fruit over a territory of 
 100 000 acres. The story of this self-sacrificing: and 
 useful man is told by W. D. Haley in Harper's, 
 4;'}: 830-836 (1871). W. M. 
 
 APRICOT. Roshceoe. The apricot is a fruit some- 
 what intermediate between the peach and the plum. 
 The tree is a round-headed, spreading grower, with 
 dark, somewhat peach-like bark, and ver> broad or al- 
 most circular leaves. The fruit, which generally ripens 
 in advance of ix)th the peach and plum, is peach-like in 
 shape and color, with a smoother skin, rich, yellow flesh 
 and large, flat, .mooth stone. The 
 flesh is commonly less juicy than 
 that of the peach, and, as a rule, 
 perhaps, of higher quality. The 
 apricots are of three species, all 
 probably native of China or Japan. 
 The common apricot of Europe 
 and America is Prunus Armeni- 
 aca: fr. variable, but smooti at 
 maturity, red or yellow, the sveet 
 and Ann flesh free, or very ne.irly 
 so, from the large, smooth, flat 
 stone : tree with a round, spread- 
 ing top, and a reddish, cherry-like 
 orpeaca-likebark: lvs.{Fig. 113, 
 right ) ovate or round -ovate, with 
 a short point and, sometimes a 
 heart-shaped base, thin and bright green, smooth, or 
 very nearly so below, as are the gland-bearing stalks, the 
 margins rather obtusely and mostly finely serrate : fls. 
 pink-white and borne singly , sessile or very nearly so, 
 preceding the leaves (Fig. IIG). The Russian apricot 
 is a hardy but smaller-fruited race of this species. The 
 Japanese apricot, in Japan grovvr for flowers rather 
 than for fruit, is Pntnus Mume : fr. small, yellowish or 
 greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry, and adhering 
 tightly to the pitted stone : Lree like the common apricot, 
 but with a ^&yKCOT greener bark and duller f'^liage : 
 Ivs. grayish green, generasly narrower (Fig. 113, left) 
 and long-pointed, more or k-ss hairj' along the veins be- 
 low and on the shorter mostly glandless stalk, thick in 
 texture and prominently netted beneath : fls. fragrant, 
 borne singly or in 2's, and sessile (without stalks). 
 Only recently introduced into this country, chiefly under 
 the iiame of Bungoume plum. The third species is the 
 purple or black apricot, Prunus dasycarpa, which is 
 little cultivated : fr. globular and somewhat plum-like, 
 with a distinct stem, pubescent or fuzzy even at ma- 
 turity, dul] dark purple, the sourish, soft flesh clinging 
 to the plum-like fuzzy stone : tree round-headed, with 
 much the habil of the common apricot, with Ivs. ovate 
 and more or less tapering at both ends, thin, dull green, 
 on slender and pubescent mostly glandless stalks, finely 
 apf)ressed-serrate, and hairy on the veins below : fls. 
 large and plum-like, blush, solitary or in 2's, on pubes- 
 cent stalks a half inch or more long, and appearing in 
 advance of the leaves. See Prunus for related species. 
 The apricot-plum, Prunus Simonii, is discussed under 
 Plum, 
 
 The apricot is as hardy as the peach, and it thrives in 
 the same localities and under the same general cultiv-a- 
 tion and treatment, but demands rather strong soil. It 
 is grown commercially in New York and other eastern 
 states. There are three chief reasons why the apricot 
 has remained in comparative obscurity in the East : 
 Ignorance of the fruit ; loss of crop by spring frosts, 
 because of the very early season of blooming of the 
 apricot ; the fondness of the curculio for the fruit. To 
 these may be added the fact that we have not yet ar- 
 rived at an understanding of the best stocks upon which 
 to bud the apricot ; but this difliculty may be expected to 
 disappear as soon as greater attention is given to the 
 fruit and our nurserjnnen begin to propagate it exten- 
 sively. Aside from the above difficulties, there are prob- 
 ably no reas(ms why apricots should not be grown in the 
 East as easily »« plums or peaches. The varieties of 
 
 apricots which are chiefly prized in the eastern states 
 are Harris, Early Moorpark, and St. Ambroise for early ; 
 Turkish or Roman (Fig. 114), Montgamet, Royal and 
 Moorpark for mid-season and late. Of the Russian race, 
 the best known are Alexander, Gibb, Budd, Alexis, 
 Nicholas, and Catherine. 
 
 The ideal soil for the apricot seems to be one which 
 is deep and dry, and of a loamy or gravelly character. 
 The rolling loamy lands which are well adapted to apples 
 seem to be well suited to the apricot, if the eicposure 
 and location are right. The apricot seems to be particu- 
 larly impatient of wet feet, and many of the failures are 
 due to retentive subsoils. Particular attention should 
 be given to the location and exposure of the apricot 
 orchard. In the East, the best results are obtained if 
 the plantation stands upon elevated land near a large 
 body of water, for there the spring frosts are not so 
 serious as elsewhere. Generally, a somewhat backward 
 exposure, if it can be obtained, is desirable, in order to 
 retard blooming. Apricots will be sure to fail in frosty 
 localities. The apricot should always be given clean 
 culture. For the first two or three years some hued 
 crop may be grown between the trees, but after that 
 the trees should be allowed the entire land, particu- 
 larly if set less than 20 feet apart. Cultivation should 
 be stopped late in summer or early in the fall, in order 
 to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. The trees are 
 pruned in essentially the same way as plums. The fruit- 
 buds are borne both upon spurs (two ax-e shown in Fig. 
 115), and also on the wood of the last season's grrowth, 
 on either side of the leaf -bud, as shown in the twin and 
 triplet buds above a in Fig. 115. Each bud contains a 
 single naked flower (Fig. IIG). As the fruit b( gins to 
 swell, the calyx-ring is forced off over the top (Fig. 117) ; 
 and the injury from curculio may then be expected. 
 
 When grown under the best conditions, the anricot 
 may be considered to be nearly or quite as prodr.cti'/e 
 as the peach. Like other fruit trees, it bears in alter- 
 nate years, unless the crops are very heavily thinred; 
 but it can never be recommended for general or indis- 
 criminate planting. Only the best fruit-gr(>wers can 
 succeed with it. Apricots are to be considered as a 
 dessert or fancy fruit, and, therefore, should be neatly 
 packed in small and tasty packages. The most serious 
 enemy of the apricot is the curculio, the same insect 
 which attacks the plum and peach. It seems to have a 
 particular fondness ^or the apricot, and as the fruit sets 
 very early the crop may be expected to be destroyed un- 
 less the most vigilant means are employed of fighting 
 the insect. Spraying with arsenical poisons is uncertain. 
 The insect must be caught by jarring the t-ees, in the 
 
 114. Apricot, the Roman (X 3^). 
 
 same manner as on plums and peaches, but the work 
 must be even more thoroughly done than upon those 
 fruits. The jarring should begin as soon as the blos- 
 soms fall, and continue as long as the insects are nu- 
 merous enough to do serious damage. It will usually be 
 
80 
 
 APRICOT 
 
 APRICOT 
 
 necessary to catch the insects for three to six weeks, two 
 or thr?e times a week, or, perhaps, even every day. The 
 work must be done early in the morning:, while the cur- 
 culio is indisposed to fly. The operation consists in 
 knocking? the insects from the tree by a 
 quick jar or shake, catching? them upon a 
 white sheet or in a canvas hopper. The 
 catcher most commonly used in western New 
 York is a stront? cloth hopper mounted upon 
 a wheelbarrow-iike frame, and running upon 
 two wheels. The hopper converges into a tin 
 box, into which the curculios roll as they fall 
 upon the sheet. One man wheels the device, 
 by barrow-like handles, under the tree, then 
 drops the handles and jars the tree ; or some- 
 times two men go with a machine, one wheel- 
 ing it and the other jarring the trees. This 
 device ia us d extensively by practical fruit- 
 growers for catching the curculio on the vari- 
 ous stone fruits. 
 
 It is not yet certain what are the best stocks 
 for apricots in the East, in commercial or- 
 chards. It is proV>able that no one stock is 
 best under all circumstances. The apricot 
 root itself seems to be impatient of our cold 
 and wet soils, which are drenched by the drain- 
 age of winter. It needs a very deep and rich 
 soil, but it is doubtful if it is safe for the 
 East. The con mon plum (not myrobalan) is 
 an excellent stc •■ for plum soils, and the apri- 
 cot does well either nursery-budded or top- 
 worked upon it. Peach is probably the com- 
 monest stock, and, for peach soils, it is prob- 
 ably the best that can be used. If the apricot 
 thrives upon various stocks, it is thereby 
 adapted to many soils. 
 
 The apricot is often trained on walls, where 
 the fruit reaches the highest perfection. Care 
 should be taken that the wall 
 does not face to the west or the 
 south, or the early-forced flowers 
 may be caught by frost. An over- 
 hanging cornice will aid greatly 
 in protecting from frost. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 The Apricot in California. 
 — The apricot is one of the lead- 
 ing commercial fruits of Cali- 
 fornia. It was introduced by the 
 Mission Fathers, for Vancouver 
 found it at the Santa Clara Mis- 
 sion in 1792. However, there is 
 no relation between this early 
 introduction and the expansion 
 which quickly followed the Amer- 
 ican occupation, because the Mis- 
 sion Fathers had only seedling fruits, while the early 
 American planters, shortly before the gold discovery, 
 introduced the best French and English varieties, and 
 were delighted to And that these sorts, usually given 
 some protection in the Old World, grew with surpris- 
 ing thrift of tree and size of fruit in valley situations 
 in California in the open air. Upon these facts the apri- 
 cot rose to wide popularity. The acreage has steadily 
 increased during the last fifty years, and with particu- 
 larly swift rate during the last twenty years, until the 
 number of trees at the present date (1899) is about three 
 millions, occupying upwards of forty thousand acres of 
 land. This notable increase, and the present prospect of 
 much greater extension, is based upon the demand which 
 has arisen for the fruit in its fresh, canned, dried and 
 crystallized forms, in all the regions of the United States, 
 in England and on the Continent, where, by reason of 
 its superior size and acceptable manner of curing, it has 
 achieved notable popularity. The year 1897 was the 
 greatest thus far in amount of dried product realized, 
 viz.: 80,000,000 pounds. The year 189.T was greatest in 
 amount of canned product, which reached upwards of 
 360,000 cases, each containing two dozen 2/^-pound cans. 
 The shipment of fresh apricots out of California during 
 the summor of 1897 was 177 carloads. 
 
 The chief part of the apricot crop of California is 
 grown in the interior valleys. In the low places in 
 
 115. Fruit- buds of the 
 apricot. 
 
 Borne beside the leaf- 
 bud, as on the peach, 
 and also on spurs. 
 
 these valleys, however, the fruit is apt to be injured and 
 sometimes almost wholly destroyed by spring frosts, al- 
 though the trees make excellent growth. In foothill 
 situations adjacent to these valleys, there ^s also serious 
 danger of frost above an elevation of about fifteen hun- 
 dred feet above sea level, and the tree is rarely planted 
 for commercial purposes. In southern California the 
 apricot succeeds both in the coast and interior valleys. 
 But along the coast northward, excepting the very im- 
 portant producing regions of the Alameda and Santa 
 Clara valleys, eastward and southward from the Bay of 
 San Francisco, the apricot is but little grown, owin^ to 
 frost troubles. In respect to these, the apricot is some- 
 what less subject to harm than the almond, but it is 
 less hardy than the peach, and has, therefore, a much 
 narrower range of adaptation. The average date of the 
 blooming of apricot varieties is about two weeks later 
 than that of the almonds. The apricot is adapted to a 
 wide range of soils, because to the rather heavy, moist 
 loams which its own root tolerates, it adds the lighter 
 tastes of the peach root, upon which it is very largely 
 propagated. However, attempts to carry the apricot 
 upon heavier, moister soils by working it upon the plum 
 root have not been very successful, owing to the dwarf- 
 ing of the tree; and the movement toward the light, dry 
 loams, by working upon the almond root, has failed be- 
 cause the attachment is insecure, and the trees are very 
 apt to be snapped off at the joining, even though they 
 may attain bearing age before the mishap occurs. The 
 apricot root itself is a favorite morsel with rodents, and 
 is for that reason not largely used. Our mainstay for the 
 apricot, then, is the peach root, and the soils which this 
 root enjoys in localities sufficiently frost-free are, there- 
 fore, to a great extent the measure of our apricot area. 
 Apricot trees are produced by budding on peach or 
 apricot seedlings during their first summer's growth in 
 the nursery row, from pits planted when the ground is 
 moist and warm, at any time during the preceding win- 
 ter. When there is a great demand for trees, planting 
 in orchard is sometimes done with dormant buds, but 
 ordinarily the trees are allowed to make one summer's 
 growth in the nursery. The trees branch during the first 
 year's growth from the bud, and usually come to the 
 planter with a good choice of low-starting branches, from 
 which to shape the 1' w-headed tree which is universally 
 preferred. The method of securing such a tree is iden- 
 tical with that already described for the almond, but the 
 t'-eatment of the tree after reaching bearing age, in its 
 third year, is very different from the after treatment of 
 the almond. The apricot is a ram- 
 pant grower and most profuse 
 bearer. Unless kept continually in 
 check it will quickly rush out of 
 reach, and will destroy its low shoots 
 and spurs by the dense shade of its 
 thick, beautiful foliage. There is 
 continually necessary, then, a cer- 
 tain flegree of thinning of the sur- 
 plus shoots and shortening of the 
 new growth to continue the system 
 of low branching, to relieve the 
 tree from an excess of bearing 
 wood, and to avoid small fruit and 
 exhaustion of the tree, risulting in 
 alternate years of bearing. In the 
 coast regions, where the tree makes 
 moderate wood growth, it can be 
 kept in good form and bearing by 
 regular winter pruning. In warmer 
 regions, where the tendency is to 
 exuberant wood growth, the main 
 pruning is done in the summer, 
 immediately after the fruit is 
 gathered. This has a tendency to 
 check wood growth and promote 
 fruit bearing, and where the main 
 cutting is done in the summer, win- 
 ter pruning is reduced to thinning 
 out shoots, to prevent the tree from becoming too dense 
 and to lessen the work of hand-thinning of the fruit later 
 on. In addition, however, to the most intelligent prun- 
 ing, much fruit must be removed by hand when there 
 is a heavy st ot it, io order to bring the fruit to a size 
 
 116, 
 
 Flowers of 
 apricot. 
 
 the 
 
APRICOT 
 
 .QUARIUM 
 
 81 
 
 117. Young apricots 
 sheddine the rine. 
 
 satisfactory to shippers or canners, and to reach he 
 highest grades, if drying is practiced. California apri- 
 cot orchards are al". trrown with clean tillage, for the 
 main purpose of moisture conservation. In regions of 
 
 good rainfall and sufficiently 
 retentive loams no irrigation is 
 required ; good tillage will suf- 
 fice for the production of large 
 fruit and perfection of <'ruit-bud8 
 for the following year. As the 
 trees are becoming older and 
 bearing larger crops the demand 
 for moisture increases, and the 
 use of irriL'ition water is grow- 
 ing. In i! -t places, however, 
 one irrigatmn is sufficient, and 
 that is given after fruit gather- 
 ing, to carry the tree through the 
 last half of its season's work. In 
 the regularly irrigated regions of 
 the state, water i; periodically 
 applied through the growing sea- 
 son, in such amount and at such intervals as the local 
 climate and soils require. 
 
 Though probably all the good varieties of the apricot 
 in the world have been introduced into California during 
 the last half century, and scores of sele ted seedlings 
 of local origin have been widely tested, the varieties 
 which have survived the tests and are now widely grown 
 are comparatively few in number. Most of the rejected 
 varieties met this fate because of shy bearing, and those 
 which now constitute the bulk of the crop are very regu- 
 lar and full bearers under rational treatment. A local 
 seedling, the Pringle, was for many years chiefly grown 
 for the earliest ripening, but this has recently been 
 largely superseded by another local seedling, the New- 
 castle, which is of superior size and about as early. 
 The European varieties. Large Early and Early Golden, 
 are fine in a few localities where they bear well, and do 
 better in southern California than elsewhere. The uni- 
 versal favorite is the Royal ; probably three-fourths of 
 all the trees in the state are of this variety, though re- 
 cently the area of the Blenheim has been increasing 
 largely. The Hemskirk stands next to the Blenheim in 
 popularity. The Peach is largelv grown in the Sacra- 
 mento valley. The best apricot grown in California is 
 the Moorpark ; in size and lusciousness, when well ri- 
 pened, it heads the list. It is. however, rather shy in 
 bearing, and is forsaken for this fault in most regions. 
 It shows the best behavior in the Santa Clara valley, and 
 is there retained, in spite of frequent lapses, because of 
 the high prices which it commands at the canneries. 
 About a dozen other varieties are carried in small num- 
 ber by the nurserymen to meet limited looal demand*. 
 
 Apricots for canning and drying are graded according 
 to size : Extra, not less than 2% inches in diameter ; 
 Xo. 1. 2 inches ; No, 2, 1% inches ; No. 3, I inch. The 
 first tiiiee g-ades must be sound, clean and free from 
 blemish, anc. No. 3 must be of good merchantable quality. 
 The shippers and canners require well- colored but only 
 finu-ripe fruit, beeause both the long rail transportation 
 and the canning process require it ; soft-ripe fruit will 
 neither can nor carry. For drying, riper fruit is used, 
 and yet over-ripeness has to be guarded asainstto avoid 
 tea dark color. For canning, the fruit must be carefully 
 hand-picked ; for drying, much is shaken from the 
 trees. The drying process consists in cutting the fruit 
 in halves longitudinally, dropping out the pits and plac- 
 ing the halves cavi>^y uppermost upon light wooden 
 trays. Breaking or tearing the fruit open ^ill not do ; 
 it must show clean-cut edges. When the trays are cov- 
 ered they are placed in a tight compartment, usually 
 called a "sulfur box," though it may be of considerable 
 size, and the fruit is exposed to the fumes of slowly 
 burning sulfur, to ensure its drying to the light golden 
 color which is most acceptable to the trade. The pro- 
 duction of the right color is the end in view, and differ- 
 ent dryers regulate the amount of sulfur and the length 
 of exposure accordinir to the condition of their fruit and 
 their judgment of what it needs. The exposure varies 
 from half an hour to two or three hours, according to 
 circumstances. After sulfuring, the trays are taken to 
 open ground, and the fruit is cured in the sun. Only a 
 
 very small fraction of the California product of evapo- 
 rated apricots is cured in an evaporator. It requires about 
 sis pounds of fresh apricot." to make one pound of cured 
 fruit. 
 
 118. A museum-iar aquarium. 
 More animal life would make a better equilibriuii.. 
 
 A moderate estimate of the yield of apricots might be 
 placed at seven and one-half tons to the acre : extreme 
 yields are far away from this both ways. 
 
 The apricot is, as a rule, a very healthy tree in Cali- 
 fornia. It is, however, subject to injury by scale insects 
 of the lecanium group in some parts of the state. Dur- 
 ing recent years there has been increasing injury by a 
 shot-hole fungus, which perforates the leaves and niakes 
 ugly pustules upon the fruit. Such fruit is unfit for 
 canning except the fruit be peeled, which is little done 
 as yet. It also makes low-grade dried prodi ct. This 
 fungus can be repressed by fungicides of the copper 
 
 *^^*^^' EdwAKD J. WiCKSOK. 
 
 AQUABIUM. An aquarium, to be in a healthy condi- 
 tion, should contain living plants — oxyj^enators — which 
 are as necessary as food, as fish cannot live on food only. 
 The aquarium must be kept clean. The sediment should 
 be removed from the bottom with a dip tube twice a 
 week, and the inner side of the glass cleaned with a 
 wiper once a week. Encourage the growth of the plants 
 at all seasons ; admit plenty of light, but no direct sun- 
 shine. There should also be a few tadpoles and snails 
 in the aquarium. These are very essential, as they are 
 scavengers, and devour the confervoid growth that fre- 
 quently accumulates on the plants. In fall, give a thor- 
 ough cleaning and rearrangenient of the aqimrium, so 
 that all are in the best condition possible before winter 
 sets in. In March 
 it should be care- 
 fully looked over, 
 and undesirable 
 plants removed or 
 transplanted. Ad- 
 ditions may be 
 made,or any change 
 if necessary. Fol- 
 lowing are some of 
 the best p4ants to 
 place in the aqua- 
 rium, all of which 
 can be easily and 
 cheaply procured 
 from dealers who 119. A rectangular glass aquarium, 
 make a specialty of 
 
 aquatics : Cnbomha viridifoJia {C. Carnliniana), the 
 Fanwort (sometimes called Washington Fish (trass, 
 being found in quantities in D.C. and southward), is 
 
82 
 
 AQUARIUM 
 
 AQUATI. 
 
 IVt. Permanent aquariurn tnad« 
 of MTood and 2lass. 
 
 a most beautiful and interesting plant of a light green 
 color. The leaf is fan-shaped, composed of tilameut.s 
 or ribs, much like a skeletonized leaf. Ludwigia Mu- 
 lerttii is also a beautiful plant, aa well as a valuable 
 oxygenator, having dark green, glossy foliage, the 
 under side of the leaf bright red. Vallisneria gpiralis 
 
 is the well known 
 eel grass : Lvs. strap- 
 like : root creeping 
 and spreading: tit^. 
 strictly dicBcious : 
 a very interesting 
 plant in large aqua- 
 riums. Sagittnria 
 nufans somewhat re- 
 sembles Vallisaeria, 
 but tiie lvs. are wider 
 and x\ot so long, of a 
 bright green color, 
 and it makes better 
 growth in winter, 
 wL'^h is ve"y desirable. Myriophyllut.i verticillafum : 
 lvs. pinnately parted into capillary divisions ; foliage 
 and stem of a bronzy green color. This, with M. hete- 
 rophyllitm, as well as Cabomba, are sold by dealers in 
 bunches, buc establislied plants are preferablo for stock- 
 ing the aquarium. The above plants are wholly sub- 
 merged, growing under the surface of the water, and 
 are of the most importance in the aquarium. Another 
 submerged plant that does not require planting, and 
 is sometimes used, is Strntiotes aloides, the water 
 soldier or water aloe. The young plants are very 
 pretty, but the large plants are stiff and the edges of 
 the lvs. are dangerous, being armed with spines. Nu- 
 merous floating plants are adapted to the aquarium, 
 but too many must not be in evidence, or tht; fish may 
 become suffocated. The Azollas are very pretty, and the 
 flsh will occasionally eat the plants. Tne Salvinia is 
 another small plant often seen in the aquarium, but 
 under favorable conditions it grows very rapidly, and 
 forms a complete mat, wliich must be avoided. The Eu- 
 ropean and American frog's-bits (Limnobium Spnngia, 
 Hydrochuris Morsns-rancp) are very attractire plants, 
 tlieir long, silky roots reaching down in the water. The 
 water hyacinth, Eichhornia erassipes, var. major, in a 
 small state is a curious and pretty plant, but does not 
 continue long in a good condition, generally resulting 
 from too much shade and unnat 
 ural conditions of atmosphere. 
 This plant is of benefit to the 
 aquarium in the breeding sea- 
 son, as the roots are receptacles 
 for fish spawn. The water 
 lettuce (Pistio Stratiotes) is 
 another very attractive plant, 
 but it should be avoided except 
 where the water is kept warm. 
 
 William Tkicker. 
 
 Aquariums are rapidly in- 
 creasing in popularity for home 
 use, and are of great service in 
 nature study. The following 
 points, together with the illus- 
 trations, aie taken from Life 
 in an Aquarium, Teachers' 
 Leaflet No. 11, published by the 
 College of Agriculture, Cornell 
 University, Ithaca, N. Y.: A 
 permanent aquarium need not 
 be an expensive affair. The rec- 
 tangiilar ones are best if large 
 fishes are to be kept, but they 
 are not essential. A simple 
 home-made aquarium of glass 
 and wood is described in Jack- 
 man's Nature Study, as follows 
 (the dimensions being slightly 
 altered): "Use an inch board 
 IVA inches wide and 12 inches 
 long for the bottom^ and two 
 boards of the same thickness 
 and length, 10^ inches high, 
 
 for the ends. Three-eighths of an ir\o]i from the edge 
 on either side, with a saw, make a groov.> J^^inch deep 
 and wide enough to receive loosely double-strength 
 glass. Groove the end boards and fasten them to the 
 bottom with screws, so that the grooves will exat-tiy 
 match. Partially fill the grooves with soft puity. or, 
 better, aquarium cement, and presa into each side a 
 pane of glass. By making the bottom board 1 1 % inches 
 long, an ordinary 10 x 12 window pane will be the proper 
 size. Whenl'.ie glass is pressed to the bottom of the 
 groove, draw the two ends in at the top until the glass 
 is held firmly and then fasten them in place by narrow 
 strips of wood, one on each side of the tank, placed on 
 top of the glass and screwed to the end pieces. These 
 strips also protect the hands from injury while working 
 with the snecimens in the aquarium. Before filling with 
 water, the inner surface of the bottom and ends sliould 
 be well rubbed with oil or parafline and the grooves 
 inside Ihe glass well packed with putty." After the liox 
 is nade it would be well to let it stand in water for a 
 day or two. The woo<len sides will swell and tijjhten 
 the joints, and leakage will be less probable. 
 
 AQUATICS. America is the most highly favored coun- 
 try in the world for the cultivation of A<iuatic plants. 
 Collections can easily be Liade t > furnish a disphiy of 
 flowers from April to October in the open without arti- 
 ficial heat. 
 
 All Aquatics require a rich soil, and this without limit, 
 a depth of water from 1 to .3 feet, and ample space to 
 spread their succulent leaves. In a natural pond, where 
 there is an accumulation of humus overlaying a clayey 
 subsoil, nothing more is wanted, but on a sandy or 
 gravelly bottom it is necessary to place a layer of rich soil 
 12 to IP inches deep. In artificial pon<ls, built of masonry 
 (Fig. 122), a layer of rich soil is necessary if the plants 
 are to be planted out, as is best for Nelumbiums. The 
 soil best suited for Aquatics is a turfy loam, inclining 
 to heavy, and thoroughly rotted cow-manure, two parts 
 of the former to one of the latter, and, where possible, 
 it should be composted some time before using, and 
 turned over two or three times to thoroughly incorporate 
 the manure. When cow-manure can not be obtained, 
 other thoroughly rotte<l manure may be used. The next 
 best fertilizer is pulverized sheep manure, but, this being 
 less bulky and stronger in proportion, sho ild not be used 
 as freely as other manures ; one part sheep manure to 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 I ,o^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^" 
 
 :r> 
 
 «« 
 
 c^^ 
 
 T>- 
 
 SCCTJON ON UNE A-B 
 
 121. W^orkins drawines for making: box shown in Fig. 120. 
 
AQUATICS 
 
 AQUATICS 
 
 83 
 
 nine of soil is sufficient. Chemical manures, pround 
 bone, horn shavings, etc., .should not be used unless in 
 extrt^iie ca.«ies. and then verj- cautiously. 
 
 Depth of Water.— In natural ponds, water-lilies are 
 f("in(l frrowinjr in water from a few inches to 4 and 6 
 feei deep, hut in artificial ponds a depth of 12 to 18 inches 
 will be found sufficient for most Nymphieas, and 18 to 24 
 inches is a good depth for Victorias. In const.'ucting an 
 artificial pond, a depth of 2 to 2^ feet is ample. Water 
 ti» the depth >f 12 iuches abovo the crowns oi: the plants 
 is sufficient, and a box containing the soil may >^e 12 inches 
 tleep. Thus a pond 2 feet in depth is deep enough, an'l 
 will allow a man, with hip V)Oots on, to walk betv,-een the 
 plants with ease. For a small pond, less than 12 feet 
 over, a plank laid across will suffice for all operatious. 
 
 Pkotection.— Wtiere severe frosts are prevalent 'n 
 winter, and ice 12 to 18 inches in thickness is found, 
 there will be danger of the roots freezing. In such cases, 
 an additional depth of 6 inches will be a great advantage, 
 and a protecti<m of bracken, salt hay, green manure, 
 leavt's. or any other non-conducting materials should be 
 used to protect the masonry, in severe weather, against 
 expansion and breakage. 
 
 Planting. — All hardy Nympha^as may be planted any 
 time between the 1st of April and the 1st of September. 
 Those planted early, other things being equal, will give 
 good results the same season, while those planted late 
 will get well established before winter, and will be in 
 excellent condition to start at nature's summons early 
 the following spring. The hardy Nymphteas diflFer con- 
 siderably as to rootstocks. Those of the native varie*'"s 
 are long and of a spong}-, soft texture, and ramblin n 
 growth, while the European species have a muc' ' u ..er 
 and very firm rootstock, and grow more com^ . In 
 planting, all that is necessarj- is to press the r stock 
 tirmly into the soil, and if there is any dangi r of the 
 ri)Ot rising to the surface, place a brick or any weight 
 upon it, to keep it in position until anchored by its own 
 roots. Tender Nymphaeas shoul-^ rot be planted until 
 the hitter end cf May or beginning of June, a<*cording to 
 location. They should not be plant -d out before Coleus, 
 Alternanthera, and other tender beiiding plants. They 
 reijuire to be start<'d indoors, and will be grown in 
 pots, which are much handier to plant than roots of the 
 hardy varieties, and can be j)lanted under the water with 
 ease and facility. Nelumbiums should not be planted 
 until about the 1st of May. Southward the season is 
 earlier. The existing conditions should be such that 
 tubers shall start at once into active growth. They should 
 be alrea<ly "started" before setting out. The" tubers 
 should be laid horizontally in a slightly excavated trench 
 aud covered with 2 or .'} inches of soil, using a weight, 
 if necessary, to keep the tubers in position. Plants, 
 established in pots or pans, are very convenient for 
 planting, and may be purchased when tubers can no 
 lousier be procured, and can be planted a month later in 
 the season with good results. 
 
 The Victoria Jiegia has always been an aristocrat 
 among water-lilies, and few cultivators could indulge in 
 such a horticultural luxury. To grow it satisfactorily, 
 a large surfa<'e space with a greater depth of water is 
 necessary than for other aquatics, and a higher tempera- 
 ture is needed at the early stages. It can be cultivated in 
 the open air, but artificial heat must usually be applied 
 and protection afforded, so as to maintain a temperature 
 of 8.")=* F. This applies more particularly to the varieties 
 I'. Beifia and F. Randi. In 1898 the introducer of >'. 
 
 
 Trickeri brought the Victoria within easy reach and cui' 
 ture of all lovers of aquatic plants. V. Trickeri is en- 
 tirely distinc* from other known varieties, and can be 
 grown in the open alongside of Nymphcea Zamibnrensia 
 and y. DevonieHHix, and under precisely the same con- 
 
 < .'• ■ 
 
 *"" ^ 
 
 123. Tub of water-hUes. 
 
 m. Lawn pond of aquatics, with mason-work marKin. 
 
 ditions. When planted out about the middle of June, 
 the plants grow rapidly, aud will develop their gigantic 
 leafage and magnificent flowers in August, and continue 
 to do so until destroyed by frost. 
 
 Enemies.— Aquatics, like other plants, have their ene- 
 mies in the line of insect pests, though in a less degree 
 than most plants. Aphides are sometimes troublesome, 
 or at least very unsightly. These, however, have their 
 eneniie.1, especially the coccinella (lady-bird), insectiv- 
 orous birds, etc. Where these do not keep them down, 
 a weak application of kerosene emulsion will make a 
 clearance. Another method of getting rid of these pests, 
 especially in a small artificial pond, where an overflow is 
 (or should be) provided, is to take the hose with a spray, 
 using a little force, and drive the i»»^eets off the plants, 
 and, as they readily float on the water, the action with 
 tlie hose will drive them out at the overflow pipe. Re- 
 cently an insect pest that has its iiome in Florida has 
 migrated northward, causing some annoyance. The larva 
 of the moth (Hydrocampa proprialis) eats the leaf, and 
 also cuts out pieces of the same, which it uses for protec- 
 tion, thereby greatly disfiguring the plant, and at the 
 same time making it difficult to get at the enemy. The 
 best remedy for this and the Nelumbium moth, which is 
 very much like it, is a lamp trap. Any ordinary lamp 
 placed near the plants at night, and standing in a shal- 
 low vesessl containing kerosene, will attract the insects, 
 which, on striking the lamp, fall into the kerosene and 
 are no further trouble. Muskrats are more or less 
 troublesome, especially where Nelumbiums are grown. 
 They will eat the tubers in winter and early spring, and 
 will make sad havoc with banks. They will also eat the 
 roots of some Nymphieas. The best remedy for these is 
 the steel trap. A sporadic disease has also made its ap- 
 pearance. The leaves are affected with spots, which, 
 under a damp, warm atmosphere, sprea<l rapidly. Such 
 climatic conditions, followed by bright sunshine, cause 
 the affected leaves to shrivel up. This greatly weakens 
 and chec'ks the plants. This disease yields readily to a 
 weak s»)lution of Bordeaux mixture. The same remedy 
 is also very valuable in ridding the pond of all con- 
 fervoid growth. 
 
 Tib Cri.TrKE should be resorted to only from lack of 
 space, or when no other method can be adopted ( Fig. 12:5 ) . 
 For this system of culture, N'ymphwas should be selected 
 that are moderate growers, yet free-flowering, and other 
 miscellaneous a4}uatic plants. The tubs should hold 
 from 4 to 12 cubic feet of soil for Nymphceas, according 
 
84 
 
 AQUATICS 
 
 AQUILEGIA 
 
 to the variety, some being moderate growers, others vig- 
 orous and robust. „, _, 
 
 W iLLiAM Thicker. 
 
 [The best book on the American culture of Aquatics is 
 The Water Garden, by Wm. Tricker, N. Y. 1897, pp. 120, 
 to which the reader is referred for extensive cultural 
 directions and for lists of Aquatic plants. For l>otanical 
 descriptiors of the various kinds of Aquatics, with brief, 
 special cultural directions, the reader may consult the 
 Cyclopedi V OP American Hoktktltur'e, under the 
 variotis genera, as yy mphcca , JVelumbium, and Victoria. 
 -L. H. B.J 
 
 AQIJIL£6IA (from aqnih-gus, •watfcr-<irawer, not from 
 a^ (//('«. eagle). Raniinculticea>. Columbine. Hardy per- 
 ennial herbs of the northern hemisphere ; mostly with 
 paniculate branches, terminated by showy flowers, and 
 l-'i ternately-compourd leaves, commonly glaucous; the 
 
 
 it'' 
 
 ■ill* 
 
 124. Aquileeia 
 
 Canadensis. 
 
 le'\flets roundish and obtusely lobed : fls. large, showy, 
 usually in spring or early summer ; sepals 5, regular, 
 petaloid ; petals concave, produced backward between 
 the sepals, forming a hollow spur ; stamens numerous: 
 fr. of about 5 many-seeded follicles. About 30 distinct 
 species. The Columbines are among the most beautiful 
 and popular of all hardy plants. Seeds sown in pans, in 
 coldframes in March, or open air in April, occasionally 
 bloom the first season, but generally the second. The 
 different species should be some distance apart, if pos- 
 sible, if pure seed is desired, as the most diverse species 
 hybridize directly. They may be propatfatod by division, 
 but better by seeds. Absolutely pure seed is hard to ob- 
 
 tain, except from the plants in the wild state; and some 
 of the mixed forms are quite inferior to the true species 
 from which they have come. A, ctrrulea, glandulom 
 and vulgaris are likely to flower only two or three years] 
 and should be'treated as biennials; but -4. t-ulgari's mav 
 be kept active for a longer period by transplantimr. A 
 Gray, Syn. Flora of N. A.,Vol. 1, Part 1, Fasc. 1, pp. 4LM5! 
 J. G. Baker, A Synopsis of the Aquilegia, in Gard. ("hron 
 II. 10:19, 7G, 111, 203 (1878). k. C. Davis 
 
 A light, sandy soil, moist, with good drainage, <ih<l- 
 tered, but exposed to sun, is what they prefer. Some vi 
 the stronger specie*?, when of nearly full-flowering size. 
 may be transplanted into heavier garden soil, even tieavy 
 clay, and made to succeed ; but for the rearing of vounlr 
 seedlings, a light, sandy loam is essential. The seed of 
 most Columbines is rather .dow in germinating, and it h 
 necessary to keep the soil moist on top of the ground 
 until the young plants are up. A coldframe, with medium 
 heavy cotton covering, is a good place to grow the plants. 
 The cotton retains sufficient moisture to keep the soil 
 moist on top, and still a<lmits sufficient circulation of air 
 to prevent damping-off of the young seedlings. When 
 large enough, the seedlings may be pricked out into 
 another frame for a time, or, by shading for a few days 
 until they get a start, they may be set into the permanent 
 border, or wherever they are to be placed. 
 
 F. H. HORSFORD. 
 
 The following is an alphabetical list of the species de- 
 scribed below : A. alpina, 16 ; atrata, 9 ; atropurpurea, 
 31iq.,6; «/ro/)«r«rea, Willd., 4; bicolor, 10; blan(la,9; 
 Buergeriana, 6; ca?rulea, 15; c(Frt<?efl, var. flavescens.a; 
 Californica, 11; Canadensis, 5; Canadensis, vht. aurea, 
 
 13 ; Canadensis, var. fomiosa, 11 ; caryophylloides, 19; 
 chrysantha. 13; tlabellata, 7; flavescens,o; flavi flora,')-, 
 fomiosa, 11 Gameriann,10; glandulosa, 17; Jonesii.l; 
 lactiflora, 3 ; leptoceras, Fisch. & Mey., 8 ; leptoceras, 
 Nutt., 1.5 ; leptoceras, var. chrysantha, 13 ; longissima, 
 
 14 ; macrantha, 15 ; Olympica, 9 ; oxysepala, 2 ; Sibir- 
 ica, 10 ; Skinneri, 12; jS)t/M n^ri, var. hybrida, 13 ; sped- 
 osa, 10 ; stellata, 9; Stuarti.18; truncata, 11; viridiflora, 
 4; vulgaris, 9; Wittmanniana,9. 
 
 A. Sepals not more than l^ or %in. long : expanded 
 fls.l or l%in. in diam. 
 
 B. Limb of petal shorter than the sepal. 
 
 1. Jdnesii, Perry. True st. very short or almost want- 
 ing, soft pubescent : tufted root-lvs. 1-2 in. high from 
 the stout, ascending branches of the rootstock, biter- 
 uately divided; partial-petioles very short or none; leaf- 
 lets very crowded: fls. blue; sepals oblong-obtuse, equal- 
 ing the spurs and twice the length of the petal-limbs 
 and head of stamens : follicles glabrous, large, nearly 
 1 in. hmg. ; styles half as long ; peduncles lengthening to 
 about 3 in. in fr. July. Wyom. and Mont. G.F. 9: 3(J5. 
 
 2. oxysepala, Traut. & Mey. Plant 2}4 ft., slightly 
 pubescent above : radical Ivs. long-petioled, secondary 
 divisions sessile : sepals blue, ovate-lanceolate, much 
 exceeding in length the petal limbs, which are 6 lines 
 long, white, rounded-truncate ; stamens not protruding: 
 beyond the petal limb : spur knobbed, bent inward, 
 shorter than petal -limb : follicles pubescent, with styles 
 their own length. June. Siberia. — In 1898 F. H.Horsford 
 said : "The flrst to bloom with me, and one of the most 
 attractive in the list. It is one of the most dwarfed ; 
 fls. large, blue, yellow and white : it comes so much be- 
 fore the others that its capsules, as a rule, all fertilize 
 before any of the other species come into flower." Only 
 recently introduced. 
 
 3. lactifldra, Kar. & Kir. St. IJ^ft. high, glabrous in 
 the lower part : partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 J-2-2 in. long; 
 Ifts. sessile or short-stalked, 1 in. long, many lobes reach- 
 ing half way down; st.-lvs. petioled and compound: fls. 
 about 3 to a st. : sepals nearly white or tinged with blue, 
 over Kin. long, narrow; petal-limb half as long as sepal; 
 spur ?';iin., slender, nearly straight, not knobbed at tip; 
 stamens equal in length to the limb. June. Altai Mts., 
 Siberia.— A desirable species, but not much used. 
 
 BB. Limb of petal about equal to sepal. 
 
 4. viridifldra, Pallas. St. 1-lKft. high, finely pubes- 
 cent throughout, several-fld. : thepartial-petiolesof root- 
 lvs. 1-2 in. long ; Ifts. sessile or the end one shortly stalked, 
 
AQUILEGIA 
 
 AQUILEGIA 
 
 85 
 
 lobes rather narrow and deep ; lower at.-lvs. petioled, 
 biternatf : s^^-pals oblong, obtuse, ascenditiK. greenish, 
 equaliugthe broad, greenish petal-linih. but not rea<-hing 
 the hea4l of stamens ; spur straight, slender, ^ain. long, 
 not knobbed: pubescent follicles as short as their styles. 
 Summer. E. Siberia.— Not so much used as the follow- 
 ing variety : 
 
 Var. atropurptirea, Vilm. {A. atropurpurea , Willd.). 
 Limbs of ^l.e petals dee] ^'ue or lilae-puritlt-, and the 
 sepals an<l spur somewhat tinged with the same hue. 
 B.R. 922. 
 
 '.. Canadensis, Linn. Connox CoLrMBiKE of America. 
 Fi". 1-^- height 1-2 r't. : primary divisions v* .)eti«des 
 cfl'out-ivs. 1-2 in., having 3 divisions ; 2 or 2 of the st.- 
 jvs. pt-ioled, bitemate : tls. several to a st. ; sepals yel- 
 lowish or tintr<< < n the biu-k with red, about ^'ain. long, 
 not reflexmg ; limb of petals a little shorter, yellowish, 
 truncate ; spur -^^in. long, nearly straight, knobbv-d at 
 the end, bright red throughout; stamens much protrud- 
 ing : follicles ?4in. long, with styles half as long. May- 
 Julv Stonv banks, etc., east of Rockv Mts. Int. 1890. 
 B.M. 246. L.B.C. 9: 888. Mn. ,5:21. R.H. 189t>, p. 109. 
 G W.F. 1. '""icre are some beautiful hybrids of this 
 and the blue species. Var. nJUia, Hort. Plant 1 ft. high 
 or less: tls. like the type. 
 
 Var. flav^scens, Hook. A pale-lvd. yellow-fld. variety. 
 Very pretty. Int. 1889. This has often been called A. 
 fhive.scens^ Wats.; A. e(erulea,\&r. flarescena, Lawson; 
 and A. flnviflora, Tenney ; A. Canadensis, var. flavi- 
 flora, Brit. B.M. 6552 B. 
 
 6. Buergeriana, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. atropurpurea , 
 Jliq.). More slender than A. vulgaris; 1 ft. high, 
 finely pubescent toward the top ; branched to form sev- 
 eral heads, bearing 2-3-petioled, biternate Ivs. ; partial- 
 petioles of basal Ivs. K-1 in. long, with :5 sessile divis- 
 ions : fls. yellow, tinted with purple, 1-1 % in. in diam. ; 
 sepals 54in. long, acute, spreading ; spurs erect, nearly 
 straight, as long as the limb of petals, and about equal- 
 ling the sepal ; head of stamens equal to limb in length : 
 follicles pubescent, ^in. long, style half as long. Early. 
 Japan. — Brought from St. Petersburg, 1892. 
 
 AA. Sepals about 1 in. Jong : expanded fJ. about 2 in. 
 in diameter. 
 
 B. Spurs shorter than the petal-timb. and incurved. 
 
 7. flabell^ta, Sieb. & Zucc. Stem 1-lK ft., few-fld. : 
 partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 in. or more, lft«. nearly 
 sessile ; st.-lvs. large and petioled : fls. bright lilac, or 
 pale purple or white ; sepals 1 in. long, obtuse ; limb of 
 petal half as long, often white in the lilac-fld. form: spur 
 shorter than the limb, slender toward the end, much 
 incurved ; stamens not protruding beyond the petal- 
 limbs : follicles glabrous. Summer. Japan. R.H. 1890, 
 p. 109. Var. n4na-&lba, Hort. (var. f lore -alba, Hort.). 
 Fls. pure white : pluat dwarfish. R.B. 15: 157. 
 
 BB. Spur at least as long as petal-limb. 
 
 c. Stamens short, not much protruding. 
 
 8. leptocdras, Fisch. & Mey. Stem several-fld., about 
 1 ft. high : partial -petioles of root-lvs. over 1 in., Ifts. 
 sessile ; st.-lvs. petioled, biternate . fls. violet, with the 
 tips of the sepals greenish, and tips of the short petal- 
 limb yellow ; spur slender, slightly curved, Kin. long, 
 not knobbed ; stamens protruding a little beyond the 
 limbs of petals : follicles slender, glabrous, nearlv 1 in. 
 long. Summer. E.Siberia. B.R. 33:04. F.S. 3:290.- 
 Little used in America. 
 
 9. vtagiris, Linn. (A. stelliita, Hort. A. atrdta, 
 Koch). Common C. of Europe. Stems 1^^2-2 ft. high, 
 many-rtd., finely pubescent throughout : root-lvs. with 
 3 partial -petioles l}4-2 in. long, secondary branches 
 certain, ultimate leaf-lobes shallow and roundish, tex- 
 ture firm ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : fls. 
 violet, furnished with a claw, acute, 1 in. long, half as 
 wide ; petal-limb ^4in. h)ng, equ^ing the head of sta- 
 mens : spur about same length, stout, much incurved, 
 knobbed : follicles densely pubescent, 1 in. long, style 
 lialf aslong. Summer. Eu., Sib., and naturalized in Am. 
 Gn. 12, p. 288. Var. fldre-pl^no, Hort. Fls. much dou- 
 bled, ranging from pure white to deep blue. Here be- 
 long many horticultural varieties with personal names. 
 
 Var. Vervaene^na, Hort. (var. foliia-aureis, Hort. Var. 
 afroi-ii.lactii. Hort.). Lvs. with yellow variegated lines. 
 
 Var. nivea, Baumg. (var. dlba, Hort.). Mijnstead's 
 White r. Often 2-3 ft. high : a great prof usion of large, 
 pure white fls. for several weeks in early spring. 
 
 Var. Ol^mpica, Baker (A. Olftmpica, Boiss. A.Witt- 
 manniiina, Hort. A. bldhda. Lem.). A fine variety, 
 with several large flowers ; sepals light lila(! or bright 
 purple, 1 in. or more in length ; petal-limb white. I.H. 
 4:146. R.H. 1890. p. 108. 
 
 Var. h^brida, Sims. Mu»*h like the last variety, but 
 wnth stojt. lilac-p' rple spurs as long as the sepals, only 
 flight. . incurved. Probablv a hvbrid of A. vulgaris and 
 A. Canade, sis. P.. M. 1221." 
 
 10. Sibirica, Lam. {A. bivolnr. Ehrh. A. Gaiineridna, 
 Sweet. A. speciosn, iX'.i. Stem \}i-2 ft. high, many- 
 fld.; often nearly glaI»rous throughout : jiartial-petioles 
 of root-lvs. 1-2' in., sometimes showing 3 distinct 
 branches; terminal Ifts. 1 in. or more l)roaU, lobes rather 
 shallow and rounded ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biter- 
 nate : fls. pale or bright lilac-blue ; obloi g sepals fully 
 1 in. long, sprea<ling or reflexed a little ; petal-limb half 
 as long, equaling the hea<l of stamens, and often white ; 
 spur rather stout, ^oin. or more, very much incurved, 
 Jr even coiled : follicles glabrous, 1 in. lontr. stvle ^8in. 
 Summer. E. Siberia. S.B.F.U. 11. 1 : 90. Var. fldre-pleno, 
 Hort. (^-1. birolor, var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. much 
 doubled by the multiplication of both the limbs and the 
 spurs. 
 
 Var. 8pect4bili8, Baker {A. spectdbilis, Lem.). A 
 large, bright lilac-fld. var.; petal-limbs tipped yellow. 
 Amurland. I.H. 11:403, 
 
 CO. Stamens long, protruding far beyond the petal-limb. 
 
 11. formdsa, Tesch. (A. Canadensis, var. formdsa, 
 Wats.). Habit as in A. Canadensis ; root-lvs. and st.- 
 lvs. like that species, but fls. brick red and yellow, or 
 wholly yellow, and sepals larger, quite twice as long as 
 petal-limb ; spurs more spreading, somewhat more slen- 
 der, and often shorter. Mav-Aug. Sitka to Calif, and 
 E. to the Rockies. Int. 188*1. B.M. 0.')52. F.S. 8:795. 
 Gt. .12 : 372. R.H. 1896, p. 108. G.C. 18.")4 : 836. Var. h^- 
 brida, Hort. (A. Californica,x&T. hybrida, Hort.). Fls. 
 large, with scarlet sepals and yellow petals ; spurs 
 sprea<ling, long and slender. A supposed hvbrid with 
 A. chrifsantha. F.M. 1877: 278. Vick's 1: 33 f. 2. Var. 
 itibra pl^no, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. as in 
 var. hybrida, but several whorls of petal-limbs. Var. 
 nana 41ba, Hort. Fls. pale, often nearly white ; plant 
 not exceeding 1 ft. 
 
 Var. tnmciLta, Baker (.4. tmncdfa, Fisch. A. Cali- 
 fdrnica, Lindl.). Fls. with short, thick spurs and very 
 small sepals and a small petal-limb. Int. 1881. F. S. 
 12: 1188 (as A.eximia, Hort.). 
 
 12. Skinneri, Hook. Stem 1-2 ft. high, many-fld., gla- 
 brous : root-lvs. long-petioled, with both primary and 
 secondarj' divisions long ; Ifts. cordate, 3-parted ; sev- 
 eral st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : sepals green, keeled, 
 lanceolate, acute, never much spreading, %-l in. long ; 
 petal-limb greenish orange, half as long as sepal; spur 
 brigt red, tapering rapidly, over 1 in. long ; stamens 
 protruding far beyond the limb : styles 3 : fr., at least 
 when yoiing, oearing broad, membranous, curled v, ings. 
 After flowering, the peduncles become erect. Julv-Sept. 
 Mts. of Nor. Mex. B.M. 3919. P.M.10:lf»0. B.H.4;1. 
 F.S. 1: 17. Vick's 1:33 f. 5 (poor). -A hun« 'ome plant, 
 reqxnring a light soil in a sunny border. " flore- 
 pleno, Hort. Fls. double. Gt. 34:57. Very fine. 
 
 BBB. Spurs very long, several times the length of 
 petal-limb, 
 
 13. cbrysantba, Gray '.1. leptoceras, var. chrysdntha, 
 Hook.). Fig. 125. Height 3-4 ft.: root-lvs. with twice 
 3-branched petioles, Ifts. biternate ; st.-lvs. several, 
 petioled : fls. many on the plant. 2-3 in. across ; sepals 
 pale yellow, tinted claret, spreading horizontally ; petal- 
 limb deep yellow, shorter than the sepals, an<l nearly as 
 long as the head of stamens ; spur rather straight, very 
 slender, divergent, about 2 in. long, descending when 
 fl. is mature : follicles glabrous. 1 in. long ; style half 
 aslong. May- Aug. N. Mex. and Ariz. Gn. 10: 198. B.M. 
 
S"-'» 
 
 86 
 
 AQUILEGIA 
 
 AQUILEOIA 
 
 6073. Gn.51, p. 385. R.H. 1896: 108. F.R.2:169. Pft. 
 33:84. G.C. 1873- 1501. F.M.1873:88. Vick's 1 : .{.J f . .{. 
 F.S. 20: 2108. Var. flav^scens, Hort. ( A . aurea . Junk. 
 A. Canad^nnix, var. ahrea, Koezl.). Fls. yellow, tinned 
 with red ; spurs incurved, and shorter than in the type. 
 Gt. 21:7.34. Var. &lba-pldLa, Hort. (var. gmndiflbra 
 dlba, Hort. ). Fls. very pale yellow or nearly white, with 
 two or more whorls of petal-limbs. Int. iwwy. Vick's 
 12:311. Var. n^na, Hort. (A. leptoceran, var. littsa, 
 Hort.). Like the type, out plant nlways small, not ex- 
 ceedJng 134 ft. Var, Jaeschkai^i, Hort. About the same 
 height as last . fls. lar^., yellow, with red spurs. Thought 
 to be a hybrid of A. cI.ryseHt.'aX^^kinnrri. hence some- 
 times called -1. okinneri, "^tt. hybrida, Hort. 
 
 14. longlssima, Gray, lall, somewhat pubescent with 
 silky hairs, or smt thish : . >ot-lvs. biteruatt even in 
 the petioles ; Ifts. u, "ply lobed and cut, green above, 
 glaucous beneath ; st.-lvs. similar, petioled : fls. pale 
 yellow, sepals lanceolate, broadly spreading, 1 in. or 
 
 white 
 
 ctr 
 
 A 
 
 lite or yellow. The true form of this is probably A, 
 ruleaXA.ehrymntha. On. 51, p. .'{8.5. R.H. 189<;- itin' 
 G. 15: US. Gn. Ifi:iy8. I.H.43: 01 (189G). Var. flore- 
 
 pldno, H- ft. Fls. longer and very showy, more or less 
 
 doubled t "ward the center. 
 
 BB. Spur.i 'neurved and hardly hngf than petallimba. 
 
 16. alplna. 'Jnn. (incl. var. .suplrba, Hort.). Fig. 120. 
 Stem nearly i 't. high, finely pubescent upwards, 2-5- 
 fld., bearing peti 'ed, biternate Ivs.; partial-petioles of 
 basal-lvs. 1-2 in. lon^. with 3 nearly sessile division;*, 
 deeply lobed : expanded fl. \%-2 in. a<-ross, blue, rarely 
 pale or white ; sepals 1% in. long, half as broad, acute ; 
 petal-limb 1 alf i... long as sepals, often white; spur 
 stout, incurved, same length as the limb ; head cf sta- 
 mens not protruding : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ; 
 style much shorter. Mav-June. Switzerland. L.B.t". 
 7:657. Gn.9: 17. 
 
 17. glanduldta, Fisch. Fig. 127. Stem 1-1 V^ ft. high, 
 
 125. Aquileeia chrysantha (X /4)- 
 
 125. Aauilegia alpina (X ^). 
 
 127. Aauilegia elandulosa(X ^4)- 
 
 more, the spatulate petals a little shorter, about equal- 
 ing the head of stamens ; spur with a narrow orifice, 4 
 in. long or more, always hanging. Distinguished from 
 A. chrysantha by its longer spur with contracted orifice, 
 by the narrow petals, and by the late season of flower- 
 ing. Late July to Oct. 1. Ravines S.W.Texas into Mex. 
 G.F. 1 : 31.- The seed must be obtained from wild plants, 
 as those cult, usually fail to produce seed ; hence not 
 much used. 
 
 AAA. Sepals 1'^4-iy^ or even 2 in. long : expanded fls. 
 2%~S in. in diam.; stamens not protruding. 
 
 B. Spurs long and not incurved. 
 
 15. caenilea, James (^1. leptoceras, Nutt. A. ma- 
 crdntha. Hook. & Am.). Stem 1-1 >4 ft., finely pubescent 
 above, bearing several fls.; lower st.-lvs. large and bi- 
 ternate ; basal-lvs. with long 3-branched petioles ; Ifts. 
 3-lobed on secondary stalks : fls. 2 in. across, whitish, but 
 variously tinted with light blue and yellow; sepals often 
 blue, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the petal-limb ; 
 spurs long, slender, knobbed at the end, rather straight, 
 but curving outward ; head of stamens equaling the 
 petals : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ; style % in. Apr. 
 -Julv. Lower mt. regions, Montana to N. Mex. B.M. 
 4407. Gn. 16:198. Mn.6:61. Vick's 1: 33 f. 4. B.M. 
 5477. F.S. 5: 531. Var. &lba, Hort. Fls. of same size but 
 entirely white. Int. 1883. Var. htbrida, Hort. Sepals 
 some shade of blue or pink, or mixed, and petals nearly 
 
 glandular pubescent in the upper half^ 1-3 fld. : partial- 
 petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in. long, each with 3 distinct 
 divisions; 1ft. -segments narrow and deep ; st.-lvs. few, 
 bract-like : fls. large, nodding ; sepals bright lilac-bhie, 
 ovate, acute, about 1 J4 in. long and half as broad; petal- 
 limb same color, but tipped and bordered with creamy 
 white, less than half the length of the sepals, very broad ; 
 spur very short, J^in., stout, much incurved ; stamens 
 not protruding : follicles 1 in. long, fe-10 in number, 
 densely hair>', with short, falcate style. Allied to A. al- 
 pina, but a taller plant, with shorter spurs, larger fls., 
 and a greater numl>er of follicles. May-June. Altai 
 Mts. of Siberia. B. 5: 219. F.W. 1871 : .3.-)3. (in. 15: 174 ; 
 45, p. 193. Gt. 289 f. l.-One of the handsomest. 
 
 Var. JQC^nda, Fisch. & Lall. Fls. rather smaller than 
 in the type ; petal-limb white, more truncate at the tip ; 
 stamens as long as limb. B.R.3.'{:19. F.S. 5: 535.— A 
 fine variety, with some tendency to double. 
 
 18. Sttiarti, Hort. A recorded hybrid of A.glandu- 
 losa X -1- vulgaris, var. Olympiea. Fls. verj' large acd 
 beautiful. It very much resembles the latter in form of 
 sepals and petals, and the former in shape of spurs and 
 coloration. May-June. Int. 1891. Gn. 34:670. 
 
 19. caryophylloldes is a garden name given to some 
 very mixed forms, with a great variety of colors. Spe- 
 cial characters seem not to be well fixed. 
 
 K. C. Davis. 
 
ARABIS 
 
 iSiABlB (Arabia). Cmclf»r(P. Rock-cress. Snmll 
 mreuuial or annual herls, with white or purple Hs., 
 f'T' ,*n mostlv in rockwork. Fls. inoHtly in terminal 
 [ ;i"9 o*" raceiiu'S, small, but often many, or appearing 
 for a con-^idcrable per-od of tim*» : siliques lon^, linear, 
 »lat : stigma 2-1 jbed. In tempe.^ 4tc ..,, -ions, several .la- 
 tive to this couiitry. ITfinHii/ •. by division; also 
 
 by seeds and cuttings, ilardy, r» iring plenty of nuii, 
 and thriving even in poor soil. '''*ie following four 
 gpecies are perennials: 
 
 A. Fl». purple or roi*e. 
 
 morilis, Bertol. {A. rdsea, DC), a foot hlfrh, with a 
 ratbt-r (l»-nse raceme of pretty tin.: Ivs. oblong, sessile 
 (the radical ones with a long, narrow base), promineu'ly 
 and distantly blunt-toothed, sparsely pubescent. Sprin,r 
 and summer. Italy. B.M. 3240. 
 
 AA. Fls. white. 
 
 serpyllifdlia, Vill. (A. tii veil is, Guaa.). Tufted, 2-6 in.: 
 radical ivs. entire or few-toothed, the st. Ivs. small and 
 gejisile, not clasping : fls. in a short cluster, the calyx as 
 long as the peduncle, the limb of the petals linear- 
 oblong and erect. Eu. 
 
 tilbida, Stev. (A. Cawcrfsico, Willd.). A few inches 
 hi>?b, pubescent : lower Ivs. narrow at the base, the up- 
 per auriculate-claspiug, all angle-toothed near the top : 
 fls. in a loose raceme, the calyx shorter than the pedicel, 
 the petal-limb oval and obtuse. Eu. B.M. 204(5. Also a 
 variegated var. (Gt. 45: 108). — Blooms early, is fragrant, 
 and is well adapted for rockwork an<l edgings, and for 
 covering steep banksj. 
 
 alplns, Linn. Fls. smaller than in the last, plant only 
 slightly pubescent and hairy : Ivs. somewhat clasping but 
 not auriculate, small-toothed nearly or quite the entire 
 length, thecauline ones pointed. Eu. B.M. 226. — Blooms 
 very early, and is one of the best rock plants. There is 
 a dwarf form (nana compacta, Gt. 44:203); also a va- 
 riegated variety. 
 
 A. arenbsa. Scop. Fls. rose varying to white : Ivs. pinnatifid, 
 those on the st. (leep-toothetl. Eu.— .1. blcpharophi^lla, HiHtk. 
 & Arn. Fls. lart^e, rose-puri>le : Ivs. sharp-toothe«l, sessile or 
 Hasping, the niargins hairj'. Calif. B.Sl. 6087.— -4. lurida, 
 Linn. f. Fls. white : Ivs. shining, olwvate, clasping. There is a 
 variegated form. En.— .4. t/joWm, Stev. Fls. white : Ivs. pubes- 
 cent, large-toothed, the lower ones rounded and long-stalketl, 
 Ea.— ^. petroea. Lam. Fls. white : Ivs. toothe«i, the radical 
 ones often parted, the st. Ivs. oblong-linear. E\i.— A . pr7ecoT , 
 Wald. <& Kit.=A. procurrens.— vl. prodirretig, Wald. & Kit. 
 Fls. white : Ivs. oiliate, those on the st. entire and sessile, the 
 others sta!ke<l : stoloniferous. A variegated var. Eu.— .4. 
 rer/ii, R. lir. Annual, hairy: fls. large, purple: Ivs. oblong- 
 oviite to round-oblong, the upper ones clasping, rather coarse- 
 toothed. Eu. B.M. 3331. L H B 
 
 ABACE.S. See Aroidete. 
 
 ABAGHIS (<Treek, tcifhouf n rachis). Legumindste. 
 Peanit. (iOobek. Sometimes grown in the economic 
 house of botanical gardens. The genus has seven spe- 
 lics, of which six are Brazilian. Fls. 5-7, yellow, in 
 a dense, axillary, sessile spike. As a hothouse annual, 
 the seeds of the Goober may be sown in heat, and the 
 plants potted in sandy loam. For outdoor culture, see 
 Pfitutif, by which name the plant is commonly known. 
 
 hypogoea, Linn. One ft. or less high : Ivs. abruptly 
 pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets and no tendril. Mn. 
 7:105. Procumbent. 
 
 ARALIA, including Dimorphdnthus (derivation ob- 
 scure). A r<ili(ice<r. Perennial herbs or shrubs : Ivs. al- 
 ternate, <leciduous, large, decompound : fls. small, 
 whitish, in umbels, usually forming large panicles ; 
 petals and stamens 5: berry, or rather drupe, 2-5-seeded, 
 black or dark purple, globular, small. Some of the 
 Aralias are hardy outdoor deciduous herbs and bushes; 
 others are fine stove plants, botanically unlike the true 
 ^ralias as defined above. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 There are about 35 kinds of tender Aralias in cult. 
 Some of them are of robust growth, and make handsome 
 specimens for greenhouse and hothouse decoration when 
 grown to a heitrht of 10 or 12 ft.; others of more deli- 
 cate and slender growth, such as A. Chahrieri (really 
 
 ARALIA 
 
 87 
 
 an EliBodendron), A. coneinna (see D»Iarbrea), A. ele- 
 gant is si ma and A. Veitehii, var. gracillima, are most 
 beautiful as smaller plants, say from 1-3 ft. in height. 
 These small plants are very beautiful as table pieces, 
 and are not surpassed in delicate grace and symmetry 
 by any plants; A. yeitchii,var. gracillima, is one of the 
 very finest of the dwarfer-growing kinds. The more 
 robust sorts are usually prop, by cuttings, in the usual 
 manner, or by ioot cuttings, as Bouvurdias are. The 
 more delicate varieties, as A. Chahrieri, elegantissinm, 
 etc., do best when grafted on stronger-growing varie- 
 t»*»* "ke A. Gullfoylei, A. reticulata (which is an Oreo- 
 ^anax), etc. The slender-growing sorts require light, 
 rich Si)il, made of equal parts of sandy loam and peat or 
 leaf-m >1<1. They re<iuire plenty of water and a moist 
 atmosphere. They are much subject to attacks of scale, 
 Which may be removed or prevented by frequent care- 
 ful sponging with a weak solution of seal-oil soap, flr- 
 ♦ree oil, or other like insecticide. 
 
 Cult, by Robert Craio. 
 
 The glasshouse species are much confused, largely 
 because some kinds receive trade and provisional 
 names before the fls. and frs. are known. See Acantho- 
 pauax for A. Alaximowiczii, pentaphylla, and ricinifo- 
 lia ; Defarbrea for A. coneinna and A. spectabilis ; 
 Ehfodendron for A. Chabrierii ; Fatsia for A. Ja- 
 pnnica, papyrifera, and Sieboldii ; Oreopanax for .-i . 
 reticulata ; Polyscias for A. latifolia ; Sriadophi/llum 
 for A. Amboinense. Other related genera are Hepta- 
 pleurum, Monopanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Pseudopanax. 
 
 A. Tender evergreen Aralias, grown only under glass. 
 (By some regarded as belonging to other genera.) 
 
 B. Lvs. digitate. 
 
 KerchoveiLiia, Hort. Lvs. the shape of a Ricinus, the 
 7-1 1 leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with 
 undulate and serrate margins and a pale midrib. S. 
 Sea Islands. Certificated in Eng. in 1881 ((in. 19, p. 
 457). R.H. 1891, p. 225.-Slender-8temuied, of beautiful 
 habit. 
 
 Veitehii, Hort. Leaflets 9-11, very narrow or almost 
 filiform, undulate, shining green above and red beneath. 
 New Caledonia. — One of the best and handsomest spe- 
 cies. Var. grracillima, Hort. (A.graciDna, Linden, R.H. 
 1807, p. 38). Leaflets 
 still narrower, with a 
 white rib. R.H. 1891, 
 p. 22G. Gn. 39, p. .565. 
 Very dfc.sirahle. Origi- 
 nally described as A. 
 gracilina ( thin -lined ) , 
 which name has been 
 mistaken for gracil- 
 lima (very graceful). 
 
 eleganti88iina,Veitch. 
 Peti des mottled with 
 white: leaflets 7-11, fil- 
 iform and pendulous. 
 New Hebrides.— Ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 leptoph^Ua, Hort. 
 Slender plant : leaflets ijs. Aralla GuiUoyleL 
 
 filiform and drooping, 
 broadened at the extremities, deep green. Australasia. 
 
 Regrina, Hort. Graceful : petioles olive, pink and 
 brown : Ifts. drooping, roundish. New Hebrides. 
 
 BB. Lvs. pinnate. 
 
 QullfoyIei,Cogn.& March. Fig.128. Leaflets .V7( digi- 
 tate-like), ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges 
 or obscurely lobed, white-margined and sometimes gray- 
 splashed ; St. spotted, erect. New Hebrides. — Rapid 
 grower, showy, and good for pots. 
 
 monstrdsa, Hort. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-acute, deeply and 
 often oddlv cut, broadlv white-margined, also gray- 
 spotted : lvs. drooping. 'S. Sea Isl. R.H. 1891, p. 225. 
 Gn. 39, p. 505. 
 
 filicildlia, Moore. Stem erect, purplish, white-spotted: 
 lvs. fern-like (whence the name); leaflets .3-7 piirs, 
 lance-oblong and acuminate, long, deeply notch-tootued. 
 
88 
 
 ARALIA 
 
 AKAUCARIA 
 
 deep green and purple ribbed. Polynesia. l.H.23:240. 
 R.H. IH91. p. 224. On. 39, p. 5»;5.' A.«. 19:;^74.-One 
 of the best. 
 
 I. Ohabri^ri. Hort,; s**p ElaNxJendmn.— /*. eragni folia. So- 
 lan J ; see Pseudopaimx.— J. longipfa, Hort. Lvs. digitate, the 
 Itt*. oblong-lanreolate. a<*uminate, wavy. X. Austral.— .1. no- 
 bilia, Hort. "A theophrastalike plant, with closely packed, bold 
 foliage, the lvs. oblong ol)ovate-acuminate, undalate at the 
 margins." Once oflfere<l by Saul.— .1. Oayana, Hort. Like A. 
 leptophylla. but leaHcts d»»eply bitid, and nenes and veins 
 brown. S. S. Isl. — .1. quercUuUa, Hort. Leatlet.s ;j, sinuate ; lvs. 
 opposite. New Britain.— J. rotunda, Hort. Ix'af of a single 
 orbicular-conlate leaflet or sometimes 3-foliolate, white-toothed. 
 Polynesia.— A. apectnbiUg, Hort.-=A. filicifolia.— .1. «;>/<^nrfiV/<j- 
 «t/Mi, Hort. Lvs. pinnate, the leaflets shiny green. NVw (.'ale- 
 donia. — .4. terndta, Hort. Lvs. opposite, temate or ;Mol)e<l, 
 the leaflets oblong-lanceolate and sinuate.— .1. Victdrice, Hort. 
 See Panax. Some of the above probably belong to Ore<.panax 
 
 and other genera. r rr o 
 
 L. il. r>. 
 
 AA. Ilardy or true Aralin.'*. 
 
 B. Prickhf ^ihrubs or rarely low tree.'< : lvs. bipinnate, 
 j?-.> ft. long : utnbel,H M»iwi»roM.s, in a large, broad, 
 compound panicle : styles diKti>irt. 
 
 spindsa, Linn Angelica Tkee. Hercules' Club. 
 Devils Walking-stick. Stems very prickly, 40 ft. 
 high : lv8. 1S-2H ft. long, usually prickly above ; Ifts. 
 ovate, serrate, 2-3 '-a in. long, glaucous and nearly 
 glabrou.s beneath, mostly distinctly petioled : veins curv- 
 ing upward before the margin. Aug. J<. .states north to 
 Tenn. S.S. 5:211. Gn. .'lO. p. 12»J.-The stout, armed 
 stems, the large lvs., and the enormous clusters of Hs. 
 give this species a very distinct subtropical appearance. 
 Not quite hardy north. 
 
 Chin^nsis, Linn. {A. Japdnica, Hort. .4. Mand- 
 ghiirica, Hort.). Chinese Angelica Tkee. Stems less 
 prickly, 40 ft. : lvs. 2—1 ft. long, usually without prickles : 
 Ifts. ovate or broad ovate, coarsely serrate or den- 
 tate, usually pubescent beneath, nearly sessile, 3Vii-<i in. 
 long ; veins divitiiug before the margin and ending in 
 the points of the teeth. Aug., Sept. China, Japan. — In 
 genaral appearance very much like the former species, 
 but hardier. Nearly hardy north. Grows w^U also in 
 somewhat dry, rocky or clayey soil. Var. elata. Dipp. 
 {DimorphdnthHn elatus, Miq.). St. with few prickles : 
 Ifts. pubescent beneath. The hardiest and most com- 
 mon form in cult. Var. can^scens, Dipp. (.4. caa^scens, 
 Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. often prickly above; Ifts. gla- 
 brous beneath, except on the veins, dark green above. 
 More tender. Var. Mandshdrica, Rehder \Dimorphdn- 
 
 ■j^ ' ■(} 
 
 129. Unsymmetrical Araucaria grown from a side shoot. 
 
 thus Mandshurieua, Maxim.). St. prickly : Ifts. pu. 
 bescent only on the veins beneath, more sharply and 
 densely serrate than the foregoing var., aufl hardier. 
 There is also a form with variegated lvs. (LH. 33: »i()9), 
 
 SB. Cnarmed herbs: styles united at the base, 
 
 c. Umbels numerous, in elongated puberulous pani- 
 cles : 3-10 ft. high. 
 
 racemdsa, Linn. Spikenard. Height 3-ti ft.: glabrous, 
 or slightly pubescent : lvs. (juinatelj- or ternately de- 
 compound : leaflets cordate, routidish ovate, doubly and 
 sharply st-rrate, acuminate, usually glabrous beneath. 
 2-0 in. long : Hs. greenish white. July, Aug. E. X. 
 Amer. west to Minn, and Mo. B.B. 2: 500. 
 
 Califdmica, Wats. Height 8-10 ft.: resembles the 
 preceding : Ifts. cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
 shortly acuminate, simply or <loubly serrate : panicle 
 loose ; umbels fewer, larger, and with more immerous 
 rays. Calif 
 
 cord^ta, Thunb. (A.^dulis. Sieb. & Zucc). Height 
 4-8 ft.: lvs. ternately or quinately tlecompound, pinnsi 
 sometimes with 7 Ifts.; Ifts. cordate or rounded at the 
 base, ovate or oblontr-ovate, abruptly acuminate, un- 
 equally serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 4-8 
 in. long. Japan. Gt. 13:432 as A.racetnosa,var. ISacha- 
 lin^n.ii.s. R.H. 1890. p. 55. A.G. 1892, pp. 0. 7. 
 
 Cachemirica, Decne. (.1. Cash.neriana, Hort. Saul 
 1891. A macrophylla, Lindl.). Height 5-8 ft. : lvs, 
 quinately compound, pinnsp often with 5-9 leaflets ; leaf- 
 lets usually rounded at the base, oblong-ovate, doubly 
 serrate, glabrous or bristly on the veins beneath, 4-8 in. 
 long. Himalayas. 
 
 cc. Umbels several or few on slender peduncles ; 
 pedicels glabrous: 1-3 ft. high. 
 
 Llspida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. 
 Height 1-3 ft., usually with short, woody stem, bristly: 
 lvs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate or oval, rounded or nar- 
 rowed at the base, acute, sharply and irregularly ser- 
 rate, 1-3 in. long : umbels 3 or more in a loose corymb; 
 fls. white. June, Julv. From Newfoundland to N. Caro- 
 lina, west to Minu. and Ind. B.M. 1085. L. B.C. 14:1300. 
 
 nudicaolis, Linn. Wild Sarsaparilla. Small 
 Spikenard, Stemless or nearly so : usually 1 leaf, 1 ft. 
 high, with 3 quinately pinnate divisions ; Ifts. oval or 
 ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, actiminate, 
 finely serrate, 2-5 in. long : umbels 2 or 3 ; fls. greenish. 
 
 May, June, Newfoundland 
 to N. Carolina, west to Mo. 
 B.B. 2:506. 
 
 A. quin'fUefdlia, Decne. & 
 Planch. =Panax quinquefolium. 
 —.4. trifdlia. Decne. & Planch. 
 = Panax trifolium. (See also 
 Ginseng.) 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 ABAUCABIA (Chilian 
 name). Couifene, tribe 
 Arauciirieoe. About 15 spe- 
 cies of S. Amer. and the 
 Australian region, grown for 
 their striking symmetrical 
 habit and interesting ever- 
 green foliage. In the S. some 
 species will thrive in the 
 open, where the climate is not too dry, but in the N. all 
 are grown under glass only. Lvs. stiflF, sharp-pointed, 
 crowded: cones globular or oblong, terminal, hard and 
 woody, of some species several inches in diameter. 
 Most of the species become gigantic forest trees in their 
 native haunts. As here treated, the genus includes Co- 
 lumbea and Entarta. l. H. B. 
 
 There are some 15 Araucarias in cultivation. Most of 
 these, however, are grown in limited numbers in private 
 and botanical collections. The kinds most popular in 
 this country are A. txeelsn and its varieties glauca and 
 robusta compacta. Of A, ercelsa, probably 2.50.000 
 pliwits in 5-inch and 6-inch pots are annually sold in the 
 U. S. These nre nearly all imported in a young state 
 from Ghent, Belgium, where the propagation and grow- 
 ing of them is made the leading specialty at many nur- 
 
AKArCARlA 
 
 ARAlT.iRIA 
 
 89 
 
 (M.ries of which there are over TOO in that one city. The 
 ' le of the world has been supplied for many years 
 fri.m r.hent. Some of the large EnRlish growers have 
 
 130. Good specimen of Araucaria excelsa. 
 
 bejnin to srrow them in " .derable quantities in the 
 past five years, but it is i-kely that Ghent will be the 
 main source of supply frr .nany years to come. A few 
 are now propagatt d in chis country, and as they grow 
 easily here, it is likely that the number will be largely 
 increased in the near future, the high price of labor 
 being the greatest drawback. The Arati'iiria is the 
 most elegant and symmetrical evergreen in cultivation, 
 and for this reason is very popular as an ornamental 
 plant for home decoration. It is particularly popular at 
 Ohristnias time, and is then sold in great quantities. 
 Araucarias are propagated from seed and from cuttings ; 
 the latter make the most compact and handsome speci- 
 mens. To make symmetrical specimens, take cut- 
 tingrs from The leading shoots (see Fig. 129). If used 
 as bouse jdants, they thrive l>est in a cool room, where 
 the temperature is not over 60° at night, and they 
 should be placed near the light. In summer they 
 grow best if protected by a shading of light laths, 
 placed about an inch apart, which will admit air and 
 at the same time break the force of the sun's rays. 
 They do well in any good potting compost, and should 
 be shifted about once a year (in the spring) into larger 
 pots. The cuttings should be planted in light 
 compost or sand in the fall or during the winter 
 in a coo! greenhouse, with moderate bottom 
 h»-at, and will root in about 8 or 10 weeks, after 
 which they may be potted into small pots. In 
 addition to A. ercelsa and its variations, the 
 following attractive species are grown in small quanti- 
 ties : A. BidwiUii, which, being of a tough and hardy 
 nature, does remarkably well as a room plant, and it is 
 hardv in Florida and many of the most southern states; 
 A. Gohlieana, a very distinct and handsome form, and 
 rather scarce at present; A . eleijana (a form of A. 
 Bni-iliuna), an elegant form of dwarf and exceedingly 
 graceful habit, and a most beautiful table plant. 
 
 Cult, by Robert Craig. 
 
 A. Li's. {or most of them) airl-like. 
 
 excelsa, R. Br. Norfolk Island Pine. Figs. lao. 
 131,132. Plant light green : branches frondose, the Ivs. 
 curved and sharp-pointed, rather soft, and densely 
 placed on the horizontal or drooping branchlets. Nor- 
 folk Isl. F.R. 2:411. — The commonest species in this 
 country, being much grown as small pot specimens. A 
 blue-green form is cult, as A. gUtuca. There is also a 
 Strong-growing, large variety, with very deep green fo- 
 
 liage (A. rohuAta). In its native wilds the tree reaches 
 a height of over 200 ft. and a diamtter of even 9 or 10 
 ft. The solid, globular cones are 4 or .'> in. in diam. 
 F.S. 22: 2:M)4-.'). — An excellent house plant, and keeps 
 well in » cool room near a window. In summer it may 
 be used on the veranda, but must be shaded. 
 
 Canninghami. Sweet. Plants less formal and sym- 
 metrical than A.fxeflxa.xXn'^ upper branches ascending 
 and the lower horizontal : Ivs. stiflf and very sharp- 
 pointed, straight or nearly so. There is also a glaucous 
 form {A. glduca); also a weeping form. Austral., 
 where it reaches a height of 200 ft., yieldinj; vuiuable 
 timber and resin. Locally known as Hoop Pine, More- 
 ton Bay Pine, Colonial Pine, Coorong, Cumburtu, 
 Coonam. 
 
 Codkii, R. Br. (.1. eotnmntiris. Hook.). Branches dis- 
 posed as in ^1. ejrceUa,hut tree tending to shed the lower 
 ones : young Ivs. alternate and rather distant, broad 
 and slightly decurrent at base, slightly curved, mu- 
 cronate ; adult Ivs. densely imbricated, short and 
 ovate, obtuse : cones 3-4 in. in diam. and somewhat 
 longer. New Caledonia, where it reaches a height of 200 
 ft., making verv straight and imposing shafts. B.M. 
 4635. A.F. 12: 559. -Named for Captain Cook. 
 
 AA. Lvs. broader, usnttUy plane and imbrirated. 
 
 BMei, Muell. Leafy branchlets very long : Ivs. oval- 
 elli{)tic. imbricated, plane or lightly concave, arched to- 
 wards the branch, nearly or quite obtuse, with a promi- 
 nent dorsal nerve. Variable at different ages. When 
 young, the branches are often drooping and the Ivs. 
 compressed and obscurely i-angled and nearly or quite 
 subulate (var. pulymnrpha, R.H. 1866. p. 350. There is 
 a var. com/Jtic^j ). New Caledonia. Reaching 50 ft. in 
 height. R.H. 1866, p.. M92. and plate. I.H.22:204. The 
 figure in G.C. 1861 : 868. is .4. Mitelleri, Brongn. &Gris., 
 a broader-leaved species. 
 
 Goldie^na, Hort. Like A . Rulei, and perhaps a form 
 of it : Ivs. in whorls, dark green, variable : branches 
 drooping. 
 
 Bidwillii, Hook. Fig. 1.13. Rather narrow in growth, 
 especially with age, the branches simple : Ivs. in two 
 rows, lance-ovate and very sharp-pointed, thick, firm 
 and shining. Austral., where it attains a height of 
 
 131. Araucaria excelsa. 
 A ragged plant, grown with insufficient room and attention. 
 
90 
 
 ARAITARIA 
 
 ARCHONTOPHa:NIX 
 
 133. Araucaria excelsa (X )^). 
 
 rM^ 
 
 133. Araucaria BidwillU (X >i). 
 
 150 ft., and is known as Bungn t»un>ra. R.H. 1897. p. 
 500. U.C III. 15: 4«>.'). Hhowinjf the piueapple-like cont*. 
 — One of the best and handsomest specie** for pot cul- 
 ture. 
 
 Braziiiilna, A. Rich. Branches verticillate, somewhat 
 inclined, raised at the end$<, tendin^if to disappear below 
 
 as the plant jfrows : 
 Ivs. alternate. (>l)l()nK- 
 lanceolate, somewhat 
 decurrent, much atten- 
 uated and very j* * p- 
 pointed, deep Kr^"*". 
 loosely imbricated : 
 coue large and nearly 
 globular. S. Hraz.. 
 reaching a heigitt of 
 100 ft. F.S. 2\: '2-202 . 
 A. flagana. Hurt., is 
 a form with very 
 numerous branches 
 and more crowded 
 and often glaucous 
 lv8. Var. BidoUiiinn, 
 Gord., is a more robust 
 form, with larger and 
 longer Ivs. 
 
 imbricjtta, Pav. 
 Monkey Puzzle. 
 Branches generally in 
 5'8, at first horizontal, 
 with upward-curving 
 (sometimes downward- 
 curving) tips, but fi- 
 nally becoming much 
 deflexed, the If. -shin- 
 gled branchlets in opposite pairs : Ivs. imbricated and 
 persisting, even on the trunk, ovate-lanceolate, very 
 stiff and leathery and sharp-pointed, an inch long and 
 half as wide, bright green on both sides : cone 6-8 
 in. in diam. Western slope of the Andes in Chile, 
 reaching a height of 100 ft. F.S. 15: 1577-80. R.H. 
 1893, p. 153; 1897, pp.271, 319. Gt. 44:115. G.C. III. 
 21: 238 ; 24: 154. — Hardy in the S. This is the species 
 which is grown in the open in England and Ireland. 
 When 25 or 30 ft. high it begins to get ragged. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 Arboriculture. The culture of trees, it is a 
 
 generic ttrm, covering the whole subject of the plant- 
 ing and care of trees. More specific terms are xylvicul- 
 ture, the planting of woods : orchard-ctiltttre, the plant- 
 ing of orchards or fruit trees. 
 
 Arbutus (ancient Latin name). Erichcefp. Trees or 
 shrubs : branches smooth and usually red : Ivs. ever- 
 green, alternate, petiolate : fls. monopetalous, ovate or 
 globular, white to red, about J'ain. long, in terminal 
 panicles : fr. a globose, many-seeded berry, granulose 
 outside, mostly edible. About 10 species in W. N. Amer., 
 Mediterranean reg., W. Eu., Canary Isl. Ornamental 
 trees, with usually smooth red bark and lustrous ever- 
 green foliage, of great decorative value for parks and 
 gardens in warm-temperate regions ; especially beautiful 
 when adorned with the clusters of white fis, or bright 
 red berries. They grow best in well-drained soil in some- 
 what sheltered positions not exposed to dry winds. Very 
 handsome greenhouse shrubs, thriving well in a sandy 
 compost of peat and leaf soil or light loam. Prop, by 
 seeds sown in early spring or in fall, or by cuttings from 
 mature wood in fall, placed in sandy peat soil under 
 glass; they root but slowly. Increased also by budding 
 or grafting, usually veneer-grafting, if seedlings of one 
 of the species can be had for stock. Layers usually 
 take two years to root. 
 
 A. Panicles short, nodding : Ivs. usually serrate. 
 
 Unddo, Linn. Strawberry Tree. From 8-15 ft.: 
 Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, 
 glabrous, green beneath : fls. white or red, ovate : fr. 
 scarlet, warty, %in. broad. Sept. -Dec. S. Eu., Ireland. 
 L.B.C. 2:123. Var. integr^rrima, Sims. Lvs. entire. 
 B.M. 2319. Var. rtibra, Ait., and var. Crodmi, Hort. 
 
 (On. .1.1. p. .120), have red fls, — Very beautiful 'nauturnn. 
 when the tree bears its large, scarlet fruits aud at the 
 same time its white or rosy fls. 
 
 AA. Panicles erect: Ivg. usually entire. 
 
 Minzieii, Pursh. Maphona. Occasionally 100 ft. high: 
 trunk with dark reddish brown bark : lvs. rounded or 
 slightly cordate at tlie base, oval or oblong, 3-4 in. lonu. 
 glabrous, glaucous beneath : fls. white, in 5-0 in. loni; 
 panicles : fr. bright orange-red, J'sin. long. Sprinir. 
 W. li. Amer. B.R. 21:17.53, as A. prdrera, Doijjfi. 
 S.S. 5:2.1. P.M. 2:147. G.F. 3:515 ; 5. 151. Mn.:{:h5. 
 — The hardiest and probably the handsomest specie* 
 of the genus ; it stands many degrees of frost. 
 
 Ariz6nica, Sarg. (A. Xalap^nsis, var. Ariz/mira, 
 Gray). Tree, 40-50 ft. : trunk w^ith light gray or nearly 
 white bark : lvs. usually cuneate at the base, oblong- 
 lanceolate, IJ3-3 in. lonj,, glabrous, pale beneath : tls. 
 white, in loose, broad panicles 2-3 in. long : fr. globo!*e 
 or oblong, dark orange-red. Spring. Ariz. G.F. 4: 318. 
 S.S. 5: 233. — The contrast between the white bark of the 
 trunk, the red branches, and the pale green foliage 
 makes a very pleasant effect*: fr. and fls. are also very 
 decorative. 
 
 A. Andrdchiif, Linn. From 10-30 ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, usu- 
 ally entire, yellowiali (jreen beneath : fls. yellowish white : fr. 
 bright reil. (ireece. Orient. B.M. 2024, B.R. 2:li:j.— ^.a/jdrafA- 
 noideg. Link (A. Andrat'hne X Unedo. A. hybrida. Ker. A. 
 serratifolia, Ixxld.). Lvs. serrate: panicles drooping; fls. 
 white. B.R.8:611). L.B.C.6:.'>80.— .1. Ca;janVn*««, Limil. Height 
 10-30 ft. : lvs. oblong-laneeolate, serrate, gl.-iucous Vteneath : 
 panicles erect ; fls. greenish white. Canary Isl, B.M. 157T.— 
 .4. densiflora, HBK, Height 20 ft,: lvs. oblong or ovate, ser- 
 rate, downy beneath : fls, whit'*. Mex.— A, hybrida, Ker. =.\. 
 arachnoides.— J. laurifblia. Hi. jk,= A. Menziesi.— .4. laurith- 
 lia, Lindl.= A. Xalapensis.- A. indlUs, HBK. Shrub or small 
 tree : lvs. oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath : fls. white, often 
 tingetl greenish red. Mex. B.M. 4o95.— A. pt7d«a, Grah.= Per- 
 nettya pilosa.- .4. procera, Dongl.= A. Menziesi.— .4. serratHh- 
 lia, Lodd., not Sj.lisb.='A. andrachnoides.— -1. Texana, Buckl. 
 ^.A.. Xalapensis.— .t. tomentbsa, Pursh.= Arctostaphylos to- 
 mentosa.— .4. Ura-l'rsi, Linn.= An'tostaphylos I va-Vrsi.— J. 
 A'rt/a/»r/i»M.HBK. (A.laurifolia, Lindl.). Height IKJOft.: lvs. 
 oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire or crenntely 8err.ite, glahrons 
 or downy heneath : fls. r?<l(lish ; corolla abruptly contracted 
 above the middle. Mex., Tex. S.S, 5:232. B.R. 2.-.. 67. 
 
 Alfred Rehder, 
 ARBUTUS, TRAILING. See Epigcea. 
 
 ABCHANG£LICA (Greek, chief angel, from fancied 
 medicinal virtues I. L'mbfllifene. A few strong-smell- 
 ing coarse herbs closely allied to Angelica, but diflferin? 
 in technical characters associated with the oil-tubes in 
 the fruit. 
 
 officinalis, HofTm, A European and Asian biennial or 
 perenui:*], known also as Angelica Archangelica. Stout 
 herb, with ternately decompound lvs. and large unihels 
 of small fls. The stems and ribs of the lvs. were once 
 blanched and eaten, after the manner of celery, and 
 they are still used in the making of sweetmeats. Little 
 known in this country, although it is offered by Ameri- 
 can dealers. Its chief value to us is its large foliaee. 
 Seeds may be sown in the fall as soon as ripe, or the 
 following spring, 
 
 ARCHONTOPH(ENIX (Greek, majestic phcenir). Pal- 
 mAcetr, trihe .1 reci'p. Tall, spineless palms, w ith stout, 
 solitary, ringed caudices : lvs. terminal, equally piti- 
 natisect ; se;rments linear-lanceolate, acuminate or bi- 
 dentate at the apex, the margins recurved at the base, 
 sparsely scaly beneath, the midnerves rather promi- 
 nent, nervcM .slender ; rachis convex on the back, the 
 upper surface strongly keeled ; petiole channelled 
 above, sparsely tomentose ; sheath long, cylindrical, 
 deeply fissured ; spadices short-peduncled, with slen- 
 der, flexuose, glabrous, pendent branches and branch- 
 lets : spathes 2, entire, lonsr, compressed, deciduous : 
 bract.<? crescent-shaped, a<lnate to the spadix ; bractlets 
 persistent ; fls. rather large : fr. small, globose-ellip- 
 soidal. Species, 2. Austral. They are beautiful palms, 
 requiring a temperate house. Prop, by seeds. The 
 Seaforihia elegans of gardeners belongs here (see 
 Ptychosperma tor picture of it). For cult., see Pabnx. 
 
AKCHONTOPHCENIX 
 
 ARDISIA 
 
 91 
 
 A. Le<if tfg*nf»t9 trhitinh underneath. 
 
 AlexAndreai, H. Wendl. & Drude i Ptyehosp4rma Alex- 
 diuinr. K. Muell.). Truti' 7(V-80 ft.: Ivs. several ft, 
 [oog: rachis very broad arn' thick, K^ttbruus or aiiehtly 
 «curfy : sejriufnts nuniero- h, the longer ones I'^i ft. 
 lone. '»-! '"• b"""**!' afural»jate .".nd entire or Rlitrbtly 
 notcbeti. u'ree" above, asby ((laacoun beneath. Queens- 
 land. F.S. 18:iyi6. 
 
 AA. Lt'df segmtnta green on both aidet. 
 
 C^nnitlgliamii, H. Wendl. & Drude {Ptyrho^prrma 
 (7„,, nijlfimii. H. Wetidl.). Trunk and jjeneral habit 
 like ae preceding, but the segments acuminate and 
 entire or scarcely notched. Queensland and N. d. W. 
 B M. mi as Seaforthia elegans. j^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ 
 
 ABCTIUH (frona Greek word for bear, probably al- 
 iuditijf to the shaggy bur). Compdsitir. Bi'kdock. A 
 few coarse perennials or bienniuls of temperat" Eu. and 
 Asia, some of them widely distributed as weeus. Invo- 
 lucre ijlobulur and large, with hooked scales, becoming 
 a bur : receptacle densely setose : pappus deciduous, of 
 bristles : Ivs. large and soft, whitish beneath: plant not 
 prickly : Hs. pinkish, in summer. 
 
 Lappa, Linn. (Ldppa miijor, G»rtn,), Common Bik- 
 IKX'K. The Burdock is a common and despised weed in 
 this country, although it is capable of making an excel- 
 lent folia;;e mass and screen. In Japan it is much cult. 
 for its root, which has been greatly thickened and ame- 
 liorated, affording a popular vegetable. It is there 
 known as Gobo (see Georgeson, A.G. 13, p. 210). 
 
 ABCTOSTAFHTLOS (Greek, bear&nd grape j. £ricd- 
 c^^r. Manzamta. Shrubs or small trees: Ivs. alternate, 
 evergreen, usually entire, rarely deciduous : lis. small, 
 urceolate, mostly white, tinged retl, in terminal, often 
 panicled racemes, in spring : fr. usually smtjoth, a red 
 berry or rather drupe, with 1-10 l-see«led, separate or co- 
 herent cells, Al)out .30 species in N. and Cent. Amer., 
 2 species al>o in N. Eu. and N.Asia, Handsome ever- 
 green shrubs, though generally with less conspicuous fls. 
 and frs. than those of the allied genus Arbutus, Some 
 Cent. Amer, ppecies however, as A.nrhutoideH, arguia 
 and polifolia are beautiful in flower, and well worth a 
 place in the greenhouse or in the garden in temperate 
 redons ; of the American species, A. Prhiglei, riscida 
 and bicolor are some of the handsomest. Only the trail- 
 in£: species are hardy north. For culture, see Arbutus. 
 Includes Cotnarostaphy i is . 
 
 A. Trailing or creeping : Ivs. }^-l}4in. long : fls.in 
 short and rather few-fid. clusters. 
 
 tva-t^rsi, Spreng, Bearberry, Lvg, obovate-ob- 
 ''>ng, tapering into the petiole, retuse or obtuse at the 
 
 ex: lis. small, about Min, long, white tinged with 
 red. Northern hemi'^phere, in N. Amer. south to Mex. 
 Em. 2:431.— Hanly trailing evergreen shrub, like the 
 following valuable for covering rocky slopes and sandy 
 banks. Cuttings from mature wood taken late in sum- 
 mer root readily under glass. 
 
 Nevad^nsis, Gray, Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate. 
 ahruptly petioled, acute or nnicronate at the apex : fls. 
 in short-stalked clusters, white or tinged with led. 
 Calif., in the higher mountains. 
 
 AA. Erect shrubs : lvs. usually 1-2 in. long : fls. in 
 mostly nniny-fld, panicled racemes. 
 
 B. Lvs. gl'tbrous, rarely minutely pubescent. 
 
 C. Pedicels glabrous. 
 
 pungens, HBK. From 3-10 ft.; glabrous or minutely 
 pubescent : lvs. slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate or 
 oblotig-elliptic, acute, entire, green or glaucescent : fls. 
 in short, umbel-like clusters : fr. glabrous, about J^in. 
 broad. Mex., Low. Calif, B.R. 30:17. B.M. 3927. 
 
 Manzanita, Parry (.1. pmhstcms. Authors). Fig. 134. 
 Shruti or small tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. ovate, usually obtuse 
 and nmcronulate at the apex, glabrous, dull green : fls. 
 in prolonged panicled racemes : fr. glabrous, H-H in. 
 broad. W. N. Amer., from Ore, south. G.F. 4: 571. 
 
 CC. Pedicfls glandular. 
 
 gUdea, Lindl. From 8-25 ft. : lvs. oblong or orbicular, 
 obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, glaucescent or pale 
 green : fls, in prolonged panicled racemes ; p(>dicels 
 glandular : -fr. minutely glandular. Calif. Int. 18!H, 
 
 ▼iscida, Parry. From 5-15 ft.: lvs. broad ovate or el- 
 liptic, abruptly mucronulate, acute or rounded at the 
 base, glaucous : fls. in slender and spreading, panicled 
 racemes ; pedicels v'scid : corolla light pink : fr. de- 
 pressed, about Hin. ttroad. stnootli. Or»-. to Calif. 
 
 134. Manzanita.— Arctoataphylos Manzanita. 
 
 BE. Lvs. more or less pubescent ; branchlets moitly 
 bristly-hairy. 
 
 tomentbsa, Dougl. From 2-6 ft,- lvs, oblong-lanceo- 
 late or ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, pubescent be- 
 neath, pale green : fls, in rather dense and short, usu- 
 ally panicled racemes ; pedicels short : fr. puberulous, 
 glabnms at length. W. N. Amer. B.R. 21:1791. B.M. 
 3320. — The hardiest of the erect species. 
 
 Pringlei, Parry. Shrub : lvs. broad-ovate or elliptic, 
 usually abruptly mucronulate, pubescent, sometimes 
 glabrous at length, glaucous : panicled racemes pedun- 
 cled, usually leafy at the base, many-fld.; slender pedi- 
 cels and calyx glandular-pubescent : fr. glandular his- 
 pid. Calif., Ariz. 
 
 bicolor. Gray, From 3-4 ft. : lvs, oblong-oval, acute at 
 both ends, revolute at the margin, glabrous and bright 
 green alH)'-e, white-tomentose beneath : fls, in nodding, 
 rather dense racemes ; pe<licels atid calyx tonirutose ; 
 corolla .'a in, long, rose-colored : fr. smooth. Calif, 
 
 A.alplna.Svreng. Prostrate shrub : lvs. decid'oas. obovate, 
 serrate : racemes few-rtd.: fr. black. Arctic regir^i ■; and moun- 
 tains of northern hemisphere.— -t. arhuto'ides, Honisl. Five to 
 6 ft.: lvs. lanceolate-oblong, femigineously pubescent lieneath: 
 panicles erect, loose. Guatem. B.R. 29:150.-^. anjiita, Zuec. 
 (A. nitida, Benth.). Five to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lam-eolate. ser- 
 rate, gl.incous and glabrous : panicles loose, erect. S. Mex. 
 B.R. ai: ;«. B.M. :KHU as A. nitida.—-!. Califurnica. Hort.=A. 
 Nevadensis.— A. duvr»i7d?io. Parry- Six tol.*)ft.: lvs. ovate or 
 narro«r-ol»long. acute, usually serrate, tomentose l)eneath : ra- 
 cemes elongate<l. Calif. Mn. .t:2:U.— .4. »n7irfa, Benth.--A. ar- 
 giita— .4.;>«)h'M//a.HBK. Heijfht l-3ft.: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 
 glaucous and puberulous beneath: Us. red, in Uwse, erect ra- 
 cemes. Mex. Alfred Rehder, 
 
 ABCTOTIS (Greek for bear's ear, alluding to the 
 akene), t'ompositie. Herbs with long-peduncled heads 
 and more or less white-woolly herbage, of 30 or more 
 African species : akenes grooved, with scale-like pappus : 
 involucre with numerous imbricated scales : receptacle 
 bri.stly. One species, treated as an annual, is sold in 
 this country. 
 
 brevisc&pa, Thunb, (A. leptorhXza, var. breviscdpa, 
 DC. ). Steraless or nearly so (6 in. high) , half-hardy, read- 
 ily prop, from seeds, and to be grown in a wirm, sunny 
 place. Lvs. usually longer than the scape, iL ised-den- 
 tate : scape hirsute, bearing one large fl. with dark cen- 
 ter and orange rays. 
 
 ABDISIA ( pointed, alluding to the stamens or corolla 
 lobes). Myrsinctceae. Large genus of tropical trees and 
 shrulis, with 5-parted (sometimes 4- or 6-parted) rotate 
 corolla, 5 stamens attached to the throat of the corolla, 
 with very large anthers and a 1 -seeded drupe the size of 
 
92 
 
 ARDISIA 
 
 ARECA 
 
 a pea. Lvs. entire, dentate or crenate, thick and ever- 
 green : fls. white or rose, usually in cymes. Ardisias 
 are grown in hothouses or conservatories, and bloom 
 most of the year. 
 
 There are about a dozen Ardisias in cultivation ; only 
 two, however, are grown in quantity in America, — .4. 
 crenulata (red-berried) and A. Japnnica (white-ber- 
 ried). The former is the more beautiful and valuable. 
 It ia one of the haudsomest berrv-bearinp plants, and is 
 very popular, particularly at Christmas time. The A. 
 Japotiica is not nearly so showy nor handsome as A. 
 creintlntn, and for this reas*)n is not so generally grown. 
 Ardisias are readily grown from seed, which should be 
 sown in the spring ; the seedlings will bloom the fol- 
 lowing spring, and the berries will be well colored by the 
 next ('hristmas. They will tlirive in almost any good 
 potting compost and in a winter night temperature of 
 about .^0°. They are most beautiful when about 2 feet 
 high, after which they generally lose their bottom fo- 
 liage, and present a naked or " leggy'' appearance. When 
 they get in thi? staie it is well to root the tops over 
 again, which raa> best be done without removing them 
 from the plant, by making an incision in the stem and 
 covering the wounded part with moss, which should be 
 tightly wrapped with string and kept damp ; the moss 
 will be filled with roots in about a month, when the tops 
 may be cut oflf and potted, thus obtaining most beautiful 
 young plants, covered with foliage to the bottom. This 
 process will not interrupt the blooming at all; they fre- 
 quently set an abundance of buds while undergoing this 
 operation. The crop of berries on an Ardisia will re- 
 main on the plant for more than a year, if the plant be 
 grown in a cool temperature, say not jxceeding r>0° at 
 night in winter. Two full crops of ripe berries at one 
 time are not unusual. Ardisias may be propagated also 
 from cuttings of half-ripened wood ; early spring is the 
 best time to strike them. The greatest insect enemy of 
 the Ardisia is the large brown scal*^ ; frequent spongir.g 
 of the stems and lvs. with strong tobacco water is the 
 best preventive. Cult. by Robert Craig. 
 
 A. J^ls. rvd or rose-colored. 
 
 cremilata, Lodd. {A.cren(Ha,'^\m9.. A.cri)spa,'RoTt.). 
 Fig. VSd. As cult., a compact and neat shrub, with lance- 
 oblong, wavy-n)argined, alternate lvs. and drooping 
 clusters of small coral-red frs. Sweet-scented. Prob- 
 
 135. Ardisia crenulata (X /^). 
 
 ably native to E. Ind. or China. B.M. 1950. L.B.C. 1 : 2. 
 Mn'. 1 : .'iS. A.F. l.'J: 558. — The commonest species. It 
 thrives in a conservatory temperature (not lower than 
 4.")°). Best plants are obtained from seeds. The young 
 plants should be given bottom heat and kept growing 
 rapidly. If they become stunted, it is very difficult to 
 
 make them into satisfactory plants. Well-grown plants 
 should bear fruit in a year from the seed. The seed 
 may be sown whenever ripe. The fruits often hang on 
 for a year and more. Hardy in the South. 
 
 hflmilis, Vahl. Lvs. lance-oblong, shining : frs. shhi- 
 ing black. India. 
 
 Oliveri, Mast. Lvs. nearly sessile, recurved, oblanceo- 
 
 late and acuminate, 6-8 in. long, entire : tls. pink, in 
 
 large, dense heads, like an Ixora, the limb rotate, ^ain. 
 
 across. CostaRica. G.C. 11.8: G81. — Elegant8tove plant. 
 
 AA. Fls. v'hite. 
 
 J&p6nica, Blume. Lvs. short-oblong or somewhat cu- 
 neate, whorled, serrate : tis. on red f>edicels in drooping 
 racemes : berries white. Dwarf. Jap. Probably hardy 
 in the North. 
 
 polyc^phala, Wall. Lvs. bright green, red or wine- 
 colored when young, opposite : fr. ])iack. E. Ind. 
 
 AAA. Fh. black-dotted. 
 Pickerlngia, Torr. & ' "• Glabrous, 5-9 f*.: lvs. 
 ovate to lance-oblong", e. narrowed to a petiole : 
 
 panicle many-fid.; corolla lo. , oval and becoming re- 
 flexed: fr. as large as peas. E. Fla. Int. 1891. 
 
 A. umhellata is offered in this country as coming from India. 
 The A. umbellata. Baker (of the l>otanists), is u MadaKascar 
 plant, and it is doubtful if it is in cult, in this countrj-. Si>e<'ies 
 with white Hs. are^l. acuminata, WilKl., B.M. 1678; capitata. 
 Gray: t)wmillatn,'iiance : punctata, Roxbg. ; ni7/d»a, Wall. 
 8pe<'ies with red or reildish fls. are A. macrornrpa. Wall., 
 B.M. 6.S.57 ; paniculdta, Roxbg.. B.M. 2364 ; rfcrrw/afn, Swartz; 
 Fd'/«VAi», DC. j^ ^j j^ 
 
 AB£1CA (from a native name in Malabar). Palmarcip. 
 tribe Arece(t>. Spineless palms, with trunks solitary or 
 cespitose in a ring: lvs. terminal, equally pinnatisect, 
 the segments lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with the 
 margins recurvin^^ at the base, the u{>per oue.s conflu- 
 ent and bifid or truncate and myny-parted : rachis ;(• 
 sided, convex on the back, the upper face acute, the 
 base and petiole concave : sheath elongated ; spadix 
 broad or narrow, the spreading branches at length pen- 
 dent : spathes 3 or nniny, papery, the lowest coini)lete, 
 the upper ones bract-like ; lis, white : fr. medintii or 
 large, red or orange. Species, 24. Trop. Asia, .Malay 
 Arch., Trop. Austral, and New (iuinea. The name 
 Areca is one of the most familiar of all palm genera, 
 but most of the well-known species are now referred to 
 other genera. A. lutescens, the most popular kind, is 
 Chry.salidocarpus lutescens. A. Catechu m\(\ A.frian- 
 (Ira are both very quick in germinating. They form very 
 ornamental plants for a moderate sized greenhou.>>e. 
 For A.aurea, see Dictyospertna. For ..1. Madagitsrm- 
 insis, see Di/psis. 
 
 Alicese, W. Hill. Sts. several from the same rhizome. 
 9 ft. or more high, slender: lvs. ;{-(J ft. long ; segiuenis 
 acute, several confluent, especially at apex. (Queensland. 
 
 Catechu, Linn. Betel Nut. St. solitary, 40-100 ft.: 
 lvs. 4-Gft.; leaflets nunierous, 1-2 ft., tipper confluent, 
 quite glabrous : fr. H.i-2 in., ovoid, smooth, orange or 
 scarlet. Asia and Malayan Islands. 
 
 llsemanni, Hort. Resembles a red-stemmed Chrysa- 
 lidooarpus : young lvs. very <lark red, beciniiinir green; 
 fronds slender, arching, with curving pinnae. Oceanica. 
 A.G. 20:223 (1899). 
 
 triandra, Roxb. Trunk 40-50 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, cy- 
 lindrical : fronds 8 ft. long ; segments with G primary 
 nerves about 1 line apart; petiole about 1 ft, long. India. 
 
 A. alba, Bory.=Dictyospenna a,\ha.— A. liatieri. Hook. f.= 
 Rhopalostylis Baueri.— A. elegatitissi ma, HoTt. Trade name? 
 —.4 . turfurdcea, Hort.=Dictyospernia furfuracea. — .4 . gigautea, 
 Hort.=^ Pinaiiga Ceniatensis.— .4 . gracilis, R«)xb.=Pinanga gra- 
 cilis.— .1. grdcilfs, Thou.=Dj-psis pinnatifrons.- .4. grdrilig, 
 Gi8eke=Dryniophloeus appendiculatus.— .1. lutescens, Bor>.= 
 Olirysalidocaiims lutescens.— -4 .mono8tdcnya,Miki >.. -Bm'ularia 
 monostachya.— .1. inontdna, Hort. Trade nanie?—.4. iV'i7j)/;ij;, 
 Griff.-^Oncosperma filamentosum.— 4. olerdcea, Jacq.= <>reo- 
 doxa oleracea.— .4. pii/HiVa, BIume.=Nenga Wendljindiana.— 1. 
 rubra, Hort.=Dictyospemm rubra— ..4 . rubra, Borj'.= Acantho- 
 phopnix rubra.— .4 . Sanderidnn , Hort. Trade name ? — .4 . sapida, 
 Soland.= Rhopalostylis s.-ipida. — J. speciosa, Hort. Trade 
 name f — .4. tijiiUdria, .Taclc.--= Oncosi)erma filanieutosa. — ii. 
 Ver$€haffeltii, Hort.=Hyophorbe Versehaflfeltii. 
 
 Jaked G. Smith. 
 
ARENAR^ \ 
 
 ARGEMONE 
 
 93 
 
 ^;^5ARIA {areun, sand, where many of the species 
 ffjow). Caryriphyllhceai. Low herbs, mostly with white 
 Is^. usually forming mats, and suitable for rockwork or 
 alpine jrartlens. Only the perennial species are com- 
 monlv cult. Of easiest culture in almost any soil. Prop. 
 by division ; also by seeds, and rare species sometimes 
 by cuttings. The species inhabit temperate and cold 
 regions. The stamens are usually 10 ; styles :} or 4 ; 
 petalH ') as a rule, entire or emargjinate. Nearly 200 rec- 
 ^ized species. Monogr. by F. N. Williams, Joum. 
 Linn. Soc. 33:326(1897-8). 
 
 A. I/v 8. ovate or lanceolate. 
 
 Baledrica, Linn. Wry low (3 in. high), with small 
 ovate glossy Ivs. Balearic Is., Corsica. — Not hardy in 
 latitude of *New York City. 
 
 macroph^lla, Hook. Sts. decumbent and angle<l. pu- 
 bescent : ivs. lanceolate or elliptic, mostly acute : pe- 
 duncles slender, 1-5-fld. Lake Superior to the Pacific. 
 Int. 1881. 
 
 AA. Lvs. linear or awl-like. 
 
 B. Sepals obtuse. 
 
 GroenlAndica, Spreng. Annual : very low, forming 
 raat<«, the decumbent or erectish sts. bearing 1-5 fls. : 
 Irs. linear and obtuse, J^in. or less long : sepals and 
 petals blunt, the latter sometimes notched. High alti- 
 tudes and latitudes, but coming to the sea coast in part:* 
 of N. Eng., and ranging down the mountains to N. Car. 
 Int. 1884. — A neat little alpine. 
 
 graminifdlia, Schrad. A foot or less high : lvs. long 
 and tilifi'rni, rough-margined : fls. in 3-forked loose pu- 
 bescent panicles. Eu. 
 
 BB. Sepals pointed m' even aicned. 
 
 g^ndifldra, Linn. Varial V; : 6 in. or less high : lvs. 
 flat-awl-shapt'd, 3-nerved and ciliate : fls. solitary or in 
 2's or ;rs, long-stalked. Eu. 
 
 mont^na, Linn. Smaller: lvs. linear or nearly so: fls. 
 hTii*', solitary, very long-stalked. S. \V. En. 
 
 v^ma, Linn. {Alslne vfrna, Bartl.). Dwarf: 1-3 in. 
 high: lvs. linear-subulate, flat strongly 3-nerved, erect: 
 fls. on tilifonn peduncles, witti strongly 3-nerved sepals. 
 Eu. and Rocky Mts. — Excellent little rock plant. Var. 
 caespitbsa, Hort.. is a compact, leafy form. 
 
 aculeita, Wats. Sts. 4-6 in. high : lvs. stiflf and sharp, 
 plaucuus, fascicled, white, but often purple. W Amer. 
 
 Int. 1889. 
 
 Frinklinii, Dougl. Sts. .^-.5 in. high, nearly or quite 
 glabrtius : lvs. in ,3-C i>airs, narrow-subulate, sharp- 
 pointed : fls. in dense cymes at the top of the st. W. 
 Amer. Int. 1881. t ti o 
 
 Li. xl. 15. 
 
 AEI)NGA (derivation doubtful). Palmdcece, tribe 
 Arkfif. Spineless palms, with the thick caudex clothed 
 above with dead, fibrous leaf-sheaths, at length bearing 
 vigorous shoots. Lvs. terminal, elongated, unequally 
 pinnatisect, the linear or cuneate somewhat petiolate seg- 
 ments prfemorse or obliquely divided at the apex ; mid- 
 veins prominent ; nerves parallel ; margins irregularly 
 toothed above the middle, recurved at the base and one or 
 the other of them auricled, pale below: petiole plano-con- 
 vex, with the margin spiny : sheaths short, reticulate- 
 fibrous, the margin crenate : spadix hvrge, with short 
 retit'xed peduncle and elongated, slender, pendulous 
 branches ; spathes numerous, attached to the peduncle, 
 membranaceous, deciduous : bracts and bractlets broad: 
 fls. brown or brownish green or purplish: fr. yellow, 
 fleshy. Species 5. Trop. Asia, Malay Archipelago. New 
 Guinea, and Trop. Austral. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 Arenga saccharifera , in a young state, is surpassed in 
 beauty by most palms. Specimens eight to ten years 
 old, however, show their characteristics well, and from 
 that period till they begin to flower (which they do from 
 the top of the stem downwards in the axils of the leaves ) , 
 they are among the most striking subjects for high and 
 roomy conservatories. The temperature shotild not be 
 allowed to fall below 55° F. during the colde>t wtatlicr. 
 
 G. W. Oliveh. 
 
 obtusildlia, Mart. Trunk 20-30 ft. high, 1-1 Hft. thick: 
 fronJs 9-13, 12-16 ft. long : petiole thickly spiny : seg- 
 ments IHin. apart, 2-3 ft. long, lV^-2 in. wide, alternate, 
 lanceolate-linear, unequally acutely dentate, attenuate, 
 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the larger, 
 glaucous beneath ; branches of the spadix short, lax, 
 nodding. Java. 
 
 saccharifera, Labill. Trunk 40 ft. high : petioles 
 smooth : segments fasciculate, in 4's or 5's, linear-ensi- 
 form, 1-or 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the 
 longer, 2-lobed or variously dentate at the apex, white 
 or silvery beneath ; branches of the spadix long, fas- 
 tigiate, pendulous. Malaya. j^^j.^ ^ g^j^^^ 
 
 ABETH0SA (the nymph Arethusa). Orchiddceat. 
 A few species of handsome terrestrial orchids. Fl. gap- 
 ing, the sepals and petals lanceolate and nearly alike^ 
 arching over the column. 
 
 bulbdsa, Linn. A very pretty hardy orchid, 8-10 in., 
 with one linear, nerved If. and a bright rose-pink fl. on 
 an erect scape, the lip recurve<l and bearde«l. Bogs, N. 
 Car., N. and W.; not common. May, June. Mn. 5:141. 
 G.W.P. 17. — Requires a moist and shady, cool situation 
 and open, porous soil. A shady nook on north slope of 
 rockery, where it can be watered in dry weather, is an 
 id( I place. Prap. by the solid bulbs. 
 
 J. B. Keller. 
 
 AB£TIA. See Doufjlasia. 
 
 AEGEMONE (fanciful name). Papaverdcecp. Argb- 
 MONY. A few American plants, mostly herbs, with prickly 
 sepals and pods, .'Mi-lobed stigma, coarse often white- 
 spotted foliage, and yellow juice. Annuals, or cult, as 
 annur.ls. Easy to manage from seeds sown where the 
 plants are to stand, or transplanted from pots. They 
 nead a light soil and full sunny exposure. Monogr. by 
 Prain, Joum. Bot. 33: 207 et seq. 
 
 A. Fls. yelloic or yellowish. 
 
 Mexic&na, Linn. (.1 . speridsa , Hort. ) . Prickly Poppy. 
 Fig. 136, A moderately prickly-stemmed herb, 1-2 ft. 
 high, sprawling, glaucous : lvs. coarsely sinuate-pin- 
 
 136. Areemone Mexicana ( X ^^) . 
 
 natifid : fls. sessile or nearly so, the petals obovate and 
 an inch or less long, orange or lemon-colored. Trop. 
 Amer., but naturalized in E. and S. states and in the 
 Old World. B.M.243. 
 
 Var. ochroleilca, Lindl. Petals yellowish white, and 
 style longer. Tex, B.R, 1343. 
 
!?^'-j*i 
 
 ^ 
 
 ARGEMONE 
 
 ARISARUM 
 
 AA. Fls. white {rarely purple). 
 ^andifldra, Sweet. Glabrous and glaucous, 1-3 ft. 
 high, almost destitute of prickles : Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, 
 the lobes only weakly spinescent: bracts scattered along 
 the fl. branches: capsule valves scarcely crested. S. W. 
 Mex. B.R. r2W. L.B.CMG:1546. B.M. 3073. 
 
 platyc^ras. Link & Otto. Robust. VA-4 ft., very spiny, 
 the Ivs. glaucous ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifld, spiny : fl.- 
 bracts aggregated below the fls.: petals large (rarely 
 purple) : capsule valves crested or spiny. Mex. to Colo. 
 
 V'ar. hispida, Prain. {A. hispida, Gray). Petals 
 rounded : sepals and capsule densely prickly : plant 
 hispid. Wyo. and Ark., W. and S. l. H. B. 
 
 AB6YR£IA (ailvery, referring to the under side of 
 the Ivs.). Conrolriil(icf<p. Temler climbers from the 
 orient, allied to Iponioea. Lvs. usually large, silvery, 
 tomentose or villous beneath : cymes usually few-fld. 
 They require too much room before flowering to be popu- 
 lar here. A.cuneata is one of the dwarf est and most florif- 
 •erous kinds. Light, rich soil. Prop, by cuttings or seeds. 
 
 tilisefdlia. Wight. Lvs. heart-shaped : fls. white and 
 violet. Prop, from seeds. E. Ind.-lnt. 1890 by Peter 
 Henderson & Co. 
 
 AEIA. See Sorb us. 
 
 ARXS.SMA (Greek-made name, of no particular sig- 
 nificance). ArdidftP. About ()0 widely distributed herbs, 
 with tuberous roots, and a spathe roiled in or convolute 
 about the spadix below, and often arched over it : fls. 
 unisexual, the pistillate on the lower part of the spadix, 
 and each consisting of a 1-loculed ovary, and generally 
 ripening into a showy l)erry. Some species are native, 
 and several of them are hardy in the open ; others are 
 cult, undercover, as recommended for Arum (which see). 
 Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographiae Pha- 
 nerogamarum, Vol. 2. 
 
 A. Leaflets 7-11. 
 
 Drac6ntiam, Schott. Dra(.on-root. Sending up a 
 solitary leaf 1-2 ft. high, pedately divided into oblong- 
 
 AA. Leaflets S. 
 triph^IItun, Torr. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian Tcr 
 NIP. Fig. 137. Usually dioecious : lvs. usually 2. with 
 ovate or elliptic-ovate Ifts.: spadix club-shaped and 
 
 137. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (X %). 
 
 lanceolate pointed Ifts.: spadix long-pointed and pro- 
 j«^fting beyond the greenish spathe : scape much shorter 
 taan the leaf. Low grounds in E. Amer. — Occasionally 
 giown in borders and rockwork. 
 
 138. Aristolochia macrophylla. 
 
 covered by the arching purplish spathe. Common in 
 woods. G.W.F. 28. D. 281. -Tuber or conn flattish and 
 large, very acrid, often employed as a domestic remedv. 
 Berries red and showy, ripening in early summer. 
 Planted in a moist, shady place, the lvs. remain until 
 fall ; but in expo.sed places they die down early in sum- 
 mer. This and the last are very Interesting native 
 plants of easy culture, propagated by tubers and by 
 seeds. 
 
 fimbri^tum, Masters. Fringed Calla. Leaf solitary, 
 the petiole a ft. or less high, sheathed below ; Ifts. broad- 
 ovate and acuminate, short-stalked : scape as long as 
 the petiole, bearing a large, purple-limbed, white- 
 streaked, long-pointed spathe : spadix ending in a long 
 and gracefully drooping, feather-like appendage. E. 
 Ind. G.C. 11.22:689; III. 15:763. B.M. 7150. Mn.8:59. 
 —A handsome and striking pot-plant, blooming in sum- 
 mer. Grow in rich soil. Dry oflP the tuber when th<' ks. 
 turn yellow after flowering, and keep dry in sand or 
 earth until spring. 
 
 Other species are: A. andmaZum, Hemsl. Lfts. 3, broad-ovate, 
 acuminate: spathe small, purplish and streaked, arching over 
 the short spadix : suggests A. triphyllum. Malacca. B.M. 7211. 
 — A. concinnum, Schott. Leaf solitary, with 10 or more lfts.: 
 spathe colored, tailed. India. B.M.5914.— J.. curt'd^w w, Hoot. 
 =A. tortuosum.— .1. galeatum, N. E. Br. Leaf solitary, with U 
 lfts.: spathe purple inside. India. B.M. 6457.— A. Griffithii. 
 Sehott. Lvs. 2, lfts. 3, nearlj' orbicular : spathe very large, with 
 a spreading and wrinkled limb several inches broad, and rich 
 purple with green veins. India. B.M.&l!)!. One of the hand- 
 somest of all Arisa^mas.— J . ncpentfioidrs, Mort. Leaf pedate, 
 of 5 narrow lfts.: spathe auricled. India. B.M.C446.— A.ri/ij;«i^, 
 Sehott. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminate : spathe piurle, arched. Japan. 
 Perhaps hardy in the open. Gn. 37, x>. 577.— A. Sieboldii. Pe 
 Vriese.=A. ringens.- A . speeidsutn , Mort. Lfts. 3 : spathe large 
 and very dark purple ; spadix with a very long, string-like tip. 
 India. Gn. 37:758. B.M. 59t>4.- -A.^irfwosHm, Sohott. Lvs. usu- 
 ally 2. with several or many lfts.: spathe purple outside: spa- 
 dix long-tailed but erectish, greenish. India. B.M. 5931 (as A. 
 eurvatnm).- A. t<^7<', Hook. Lvs. 2, with3crenate lfts.: spathe 
 redilish, green-ribbed : spadix purple : tubers eaten by natives 
 in India. B.M. 6474. — J. Ifrd.i/i. Hemsl. Leaf solitary, pedate, 
 the lfts. lanceolate : spathe green or whitish : spadix slender, 
 recurve<l. India. B.M. 7105.— Except A. ringens, probably all 
 the above species require pot cult, in the N. l_ jj_ 3^ 
 
 ARISARUM (old Greek name). Aroidece. Three or 
 four variable species of Arum-like plants of the Medi- 
 terranean region. Differs from Arisaema, its nearest 
 ally, in having the margins of the spathe connate rather 
 than convolute, and in other techuical characters. For 
 culture, see ArisoBma and Arum, 
 
ARISARUM 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA 
 
 95 
 
 rolg'^T^' Targ. (Arum Arisdrum, Linn.). A foot 
 ' cordate or somewhat hastate, long-stalk ,'d : 
 
 high 
 
 snathe purple, incurved at the top. — Has many forms 
 JLa mnnv names. Can be grown in the open with pro- 
 
 open 
 
 pro- 
 
 and many names 
 tei'tion. 
 
 ^BISTOLOCHIA (named for supposed medicinal vir- 
 tues). Aristolochidceve. Birthwort. Many species of 
 tropical and temperate regions, 
 reniarkal)le for the very odd- 
 shaped tls. The corolla is want- 
 injr, but the calyx is corolla like, 
 tubular, variously btnt, ami com- 
 ,i,only tumid above the ovary : 
 stamens commonly G, short and 
 aduate to the style (Fig. 140). 
 Mostlv woody twiners, the great- 
 er part of them known to cult, 
 only in warm glass-houses. Many 
 species are evergreen. The ten- 
 der species are cult, for the strik- 
 ingly irregular and grotesque fls. 
 Jlon'oirr. by Duchartre in De- 
 ('andolle's 'Prodromus, Vol. 15, 
 Partl(ia64). L. H. B. 
 
 139. Flower of Dutchman's Pipe. Aristolochia macrjphylla. 
 
 Showing the ovarj' jtt a, 
 
 and the swelling of the calyx-tube at b. Natural size. 
 
 The best known representative of this genus is Aris- 
 t<\lochia maoqphylla (or A. Sipho), the "Dutchman's 
 Pipe," than which there is no better hardy climbing vine 
 for shade or screen purposes. No insects or other trou- 
 iiles seem to mar its deep green foliage, for which it is 
 most valued, as the fls. are small, siphon-shaped, and 
 iueonspicuous, in early spring soon after the Ivs. are 
 formed. There are many tropical Aristolochias, the fls. 
 of some of them being of extraordinary size, structure, 
 and t J!or, but they are rarely seen on account of the last 
 characteristic, the odor being so suggestive of putridity 
 as to make its proximity apparent to all, and even to 
 <ie''eive the flies as to its origin. One of the most gi- 
 irint'C varieties is A trandiflora, var. Sturtevauiii. 
 Another fine species : A. Goldieana ; but the best of 
 thetropical kinds for general culture in glass structures 
 i- .4. elegans, as it is very easily raised from home- 
 L'lDwn seeds, flowers the first year, is very decorative 
 •Hs a climber, and has no odor. We find it very easy of 
 culture in rich soil, and it is evergreen, as, indeed, are 
 nirtst of thetropical kinds. The Aristolochias are of easy 
 culture, requiring only good loam and careful attention 
 to keep them thrifty and free of insects. They can be 
 trained on trellises, pillars, or rafters. Most of them 
 r»^i|uire a rather warm temperature, but if in pots they 
 may be flowered in the conservatory. The large- growing 
 species require much room, and do not bloom, as a rule, 
 until they are several feet high. Prop, readily by cut- 
 tings in a frame. Except as oddities, most of the Aristo- 
 lochias are of little value. ^ i^ i 17 r\ <-» 
 
 Cult, by E. O. Orpkt. 
 
 A. Herbs, not climbing. 
 
 Serpent&ria, Linn. Virginia Snakeroot. Height 3 
 ft. or less : pubescent, with short rootstocks and aro- 
 uiatic roots : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, cordate, acuminate 
 
 at the top : fls. terminal, solitary, S-shaped, much en- 
 larged above the ovary, greenish. E. states. — Occasion- 
 ally cult. Roots used in medicine. Reputed remedy for 
 snake bites. 
 
 Clematltis, Linn. Two ft. or less tall, glabrous : Ivs. 
 reniform-pointed, ciliate on the margins : fls. axillary 
 and clustered, straight, greenish. Eu. — Rarely cult.', 
 and occasionally escaped. 
 
 A A. Woody, twining. 
 
 B. Cultivated in the open. 
 
 macrophylla, Lam. (A. S'lpho, L'Her). Dutchman's 
 Pipe. Figs. \:i8, 139, 140. Very tall, twining, glabrous : 
 Ivs. very large, broadly reniform or rounded, becoming 
 glabrous : fls. solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, 
 U-shaped, enlarged above the ovary, with a 3-lobed, 
 spreading limb, purplish. E. states. B.M. 534. G.W.F. 
 43. Gng. 1:.53. G.F. 5:509 (habit). — An excellent vine 
 for porches, the great Ivs. affording a dense shade. 
 
 tomentdsa, Sims. Much like the last, but very tomen- 
 tose : Ivs. less rounded : fl. yellow, with reflexed lobes. 
 N. Car. to Mo. and S. B.M. 1369. 
 
 Calif6niica, Torr. Silky pubescent, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. ovate- 
 cordate, 2-4 in. long, oVjtuse or acutish, short-petioled: 
 fls. U-shaped, little contracted at the throat, the limb 
 2-lobed, with the upper lip of 2 broad, obtuse lobes and 
 a thickening on the inner side. Calif. 
 
 BB. Greenhouse or warm house. 
 
 c. Flower-limb of 2 narrow lobes. 
 
 ridicula, X. E. Br. Very slender, stiff-hairy through- 
 out : Ivs. round-reniform, cordate : fls. axillary and 
 solitary, 2 in. long aside from the limb, with a long sac 
 at the base of the tube, pale yellow with dull purple 
 veining ; limb of two spreading, dellexed, narrow lobes, 
 glandular, reminding one of donkeys' ears. Brazil. 
 B.M. 6934. G.C. II. 20:361. 
 
 re. Flower-limb ample and flowing. 
 cjnnbifera, Mart. & Zucc. (A. labidsa, Sims). 
 
 Gla- 
 
 brous : St. striate : Ivs. reniform, obtuse and deeply cut 
 at the base, pedately 7-9-nerved, long stalked : fls. iong- 
 stalked, 8-10 iu. long, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
 short and lanceolate, acute or acuminate : the lower lip 
 (which, by position of fl. may seem to be the upper) very 
 large, dilated at base, and produced into a long, boat- 
 
 140. Longitudinal section of (lower of 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe. 
 
 Showing the ovary, and short column of stauieus at q. 
 
96 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 shaped (whence the name, from cymba, a boat) usually 
 2-lobed projection : H, creamy white, marked and 
 blotched with maroon. Brazil. B.M. 2545. P.M. 6:53 
 as A. hi/perborea, Paxt. 
 
 BrasiU^nsis, Mart. & Zucc.{ A . omifhoc^phala , Hook.). 
 Glabrous : Ivs. cordate-reniform, obtuse, with deep sinus 
 at base : peduncle 8-10 in. long, l-Pd.: fl. very large, 
 dingy yellow, with marks and reticulations of purple, 
 the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 5 in. long, lan- 
 ceolate-acuminate, projecting from the inflated head- 
 like tube like the long beak of a bird, hairy within ; 
 lower lip on a stalk 2 in. long, then expanding into a 
 Hattened, wavv, beautifullv marked limb 4-6 in. across. 
 Brazil. B.M. 4120. Gn. 
 45, p. 289.— A most odd 
 and interesting species, 
 not infrequent in fine 
 establishments. 
 
 grandifldra, S w a r t z 
 ( A. g'lga >s, Liudl.). Pel- 
 ican - FLowEK. Goose- 
 flower Fig.141. Downy 
 climbing shrub : Ivs. 
 cordate- acuminate ; pe- 
 duncles opposite a leaf, stri- 
 ate, exceeding the petiole, 1-fld. ; 
 the fl.-bud is " bent like a siphon 
 in the tube, so as to resemble 
 the body and neck of a bird, 
 while the limb, in that state, 
 resembles the head and beak 
 thrown back upon the body, as 
 a pelican when that hird is at 
 rest, whence the name" (Hook, 
 in B.M. vol. 74) : the great ex- 
 panded cordate-ovat« limb sev- 
 eral inches across, wavy-mar- 
 gined, purple - blotched and 
 veined, terminating in a long 
 and slender ciliated tail : strong- 
 scented. W. Ind., Cent, and S. 
 Amer. B.M. 4:{i;h-9. B.R. 28:00. 
 F. S, 4:3.')l-2. G. F. 3:597-9. 
 A.F. 10:157. G.C. III. 19: 73. 
 Gng. 3: 23. Gn. 50: 378. Var. Stiirtevantii, W. Wat- 
 son, is the form chiefly known in cult., being very 
 large-fld., and with a tail 3 ft. long. Var. Hodkeri, 
 Duchartre (A. gignntea, Hook.), is glabrous, in- 
 odorous, with a short-tailed fl. B.M. 4221. 
 
 Goldieina, Hook. Glabrous : Ivs. ovate-cordate or 
 triangular-cordate, acuminate, the base deeply cut: 
 fls. very large, greenish outside but brown-veined 
 and blotched inside, the lower part of the tube 
 straightish and 8 in. long, the upper part sharply 
 bent over and a foot long, with a funnel-shaped, 
 spreading limb a foot or more across, and indis- 
 tinctly 3-lobed, each lobe terminated by a short tail : 
 stamens 24. W. Afr. B.M. 5672. G.C. III. 7:521 ; 
 21:337. G.M. 1890:286. 
 
 elegans. Masters. Slender, glabrous, the fls. borne on 
 the pendulous young wood: Ivs. long-stalked, reniform- 
 cordate, 2-3 in. across, with wide sinus and rounded ba- 
 sal lobes, the tip obtuse : fls. solitary, long-stalked, the 
 tube yellow-green, 1^ in. long, the limb cordate-circu- 
 lar, 3 in. across, purple and white blotched, white on the 
 exterior, the eye vellow : not strong-smelling. Braz. 
 (i.e. II. 21:301; 111.22:123. B.M. 6909.-A small-fld. 
 and graceful, free-blooming species. 
 
 .4. aftfsttima. Dent. Fls. 2i". or less long, brownish. Sicily 
 and Algeria. Would probab!> be hardy with protection in the 
 Middle states. B.M.6.t86.— A. an^Mfcida, Jacq. Lvs. long-cor- 
 date : fls. small, 1-2 in. long, with a long-pointed limb. New 
 (}rana<la. B.M. 4361. F.S. 4: .344.— /I. barfcd^a, Jacq. Lvs. ob- 
 long .ind cordate : fls. 2V2 in., purple. Venezuela. B.M. 5869. — 
 .,1. caudata, Booth=A. marroiira.— .4. cilidta. Hook., and A. 
 cilidsa, Benth.=A. fimbriata. — ^4. clupeata. Lindl. & Andr^. 
 Lvs. triangnlar-ovate, pointed : fls. with a large, oval, purple- 
 spotted. taille.s.s limb. S. .4raer. I.H.17r40. B.M. 7.=)12.— A. 
 Diiclidrtrei, Andre=A. Rixiziana.— A. fimbriata, Cham. Lvs. 
 small. cordate-orTiicidar : fls. small, the little limb glandular- 
 vlliate. Braz. B.M. 37.56 (as A. ciliala).— A. Alnn«, Willd. Lvs. 
 round-cordate : fls. bronze-green, with lolxni limb and a hairy 
 l)eak. Veneztiela. B.M. 7i!7.'J. Allied to A. Brasiliensis.— .^1. 
 Kdmpferi, Willd. Tali-climbing : lvs. ovate-cordate or hastate. 
 
 variable : fls. solitary, tomentose, with narrow rim, yellow out- 
 side, purple inside. Jap. Probably hardy in the "S.—A.lnngi. 
 eaudata. Masters Lvs. ovate and cordate : fls. cream-colored 
 with purple markings, with a large sac-like tube, hairy at the 
 throat, with no exi>anded limb but a very long tail. S. Amer 
 G.C. III. 8: 493.— A. longifdlia, Cbamp. Branches climbing, 
 from a woody rootstock : lvs. thick, linear-lanceolate : fls! 
 U-shaped, with a 2-lobed purple limb 2l4 in. across. Hong 
 Kong. B.M.6884.— A. macrotira, Gomez. Lvs. reniform, lobed; 
 fl. dark, 6-spurred, the Up with a twisted cusp. Braz. B.M. 
 3769 (as A. caudata).— A. odoratigsinia, Linn. Lvs. cordate- 
 ovate : fl. solitary, purple, s-.veet. Jamaica.— A. rtna^J», Vahl. 
 Lvs. round-reniform : fl. 7-10 in. long, green marked with darlc 
 purple, hairy inside, with 2 longJips, one of which has a much- 
 exi>anded limb. Braz. B.M. 5700.— A. Ruizidna, Duchartre. 
 
 Lvs. reniform - cordate : fls. with 
 tube 1 in. or less long, the cordate- 
 ovate limb 3 in. across, and brown- 
 spotted. Braz. B.M. 5880 and G C 
 1868:516 (as A. Duchartrei).-i. 
 sa4;cdta. Wall. Lvs. long-ovate : 3s. 
 small, U-shaped, with a very narrow 
 rim (suggesting ".e Dutchman's 
 Pipe), red. India. B.M. 3640.-i, 
 Sdlpinx, Mt.sters. Lvs. ovate-lan- 
 ceolate : fls. small, with a trumpet- 
 shaped, somewhat 2-lipped mouth, 
 purplish. Paraguay. G.C. II. 26: 
 457.— A. tricauddta, Lem. Lvs. ob- 
 long - acuminate, rugose, ciliate : 
 fls. pturple, with 3 long tails. Mex. 
 LH. 14:522. KB. 20:37. B.M. 6067. 
 —A. unyulifblia. Masters. Lvs, 
 3-lobed : fls. small, brownish and 
 reddish, ^,^th a ciliate, tongue-like 
 lip. Borneo. G.C. II. 14: 117. B.M. 
 7424.— Ji . WesUandii, Hemsley. Lvs. 
 oblong - lanceolate : fl. pendulous, 
 with a spreading purple - marked 
 limb 5 or 6 in. across. China. B.M. 
 
 7011- L. H. B. 
 
 AIIIST0T£LIA (after the Greek philosopher 
 Aristotle). Tilidcece. Trees and shruls from 
 the southern hemisphere, allied to Elceucarpus. 
 Lvs. nearly opposite, entire or toothed : fls. 
 polygamous; sepals 4-.', valvate: petals of the 
 same number : berries small, edible. 
 
 racemdsa. Hook. f. 
 fls. white. New Zeal, 
 em California. 
 
 Small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. glossy: 
 Cultivated somewhat in sout'h- 
 
 ABIZONA. In no part of Arizona, with the ex- 
 ception of occasional areas of a few acres in extent 
 ou the high mountains, is there sufiifcient raint i to 
 grow horticultural plants without irrigation. The 
 rivers of Arizona available for irrigation on an ex- 
 tended scale are confined to the southern half of the 
 territory. All of northern Arizona is drained by the 
 Colorado River and its tributaries, but here the river 
 lies at the bottom of a deep canon, and is practically 
 valueless in its application to horticulture. All of 
 this region has very limited possibilities from a 
 horticultural standpoint, the flow of the few avail- 
 able streams being small and very uncertain. On 
 the many mountain ranges of Arizona, at an ele- 
 vation varying from five thousand to eight thousand 
 feet, are isolated areas of limited extent where crops of 
 great variety are grown without irrigation. Althouph 
 these areas are utilizei' largely for growing hay, grain 
 and hardy vegetables, ?ome of the best flavored and 
 choicest apples, peaches and small fruit grown in the 
 territory are from these mountain "garden patches." 
 The mountains at every side temper the climate, offer 
 protection from winds, and make them almost ideal 
 localities for the growing of a great varietj of deciduous 
 and small fruits, as well as many sorts of vegetables. 
 Although these isolated, restricted areas are worthy of 
 consideration, it is only in the valleys of southern Ari- 
 zona having rivers of considerable size and regularity 
 in their flow that large areas of land are available for 
 cultivation. The shaded areas on the map (Fig. 142) 
 show the leading horticultural areas thus far developed. 
 One cannot get an adequate conception of the prob- 
 lems confronting the horticulturist in this region with- 
 out first carefully considering the meteorological condi- 
 tiotis of this, the most arid, the most desert-like part 
 of the United States. At Phoenix and Yuma, two repre- 
 
ARIZONA 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 97 
 
 sentatlve localities of southern Arizona, having the 
 greatest horticultural possibilities, the average year'y 
 rainfall is only 7 inches for the former and 3 for the 
 latter. In general, the precipitation is during two dis- 
 tinct seasons. The heaviest, or summer rains, begin 
 about the first of July and increase in frequency until 
 August, the month of greatest precipitation during the 
 rear. The winter rains are at their maximum in Decem- 
 ber, With the exception of infrequent intervals during 
 the rainy season, dews are unknown and fogs are of rare 
 occurrence. On the other hand, from experiments con- 
 ducted at Tucson, the evaporation is about 78 inches per 
 vear, reaching the maximum of 11 to nearly 13 inches 
 during the month of June. 
 
 At Phoenix the mean temperature may range from 32.2° 
 toBtiT. inJan. Itsteadily increases till July, when it may 
 ranee from 72° to 107°. It then steadily declines until 
 the next Jan. The corresponding ranges at Yuma are 
 42^-65° for Jan., and 77° to 100° for July. The variation 
 
 The shaded parts show horticultural sections. 
 There is also a horticultural section about Yuma. 
 
 in temperature from day to night is frequently, in sum- 
 mer, from 25° to 40°F., while in winter it is even greater. 
 Tbe annual range, however, is not so great as it is in the 
 northern states. 
 
 The intense heat and dryness of the atmosphere, with 
 continuous sunshine and frequent scorching winds, not 
 only draw the moisture in wonderful rapidity from irri- 
 trated fields, but the foliaere of cultivated plants, save 
 those with firm leaves, protected by thick epidermis, are 
 ivertaxed at times, and not infrequently the leaves 
 wither and bum, even when the roots of the plants are 
 weil supplied with water. In some instances the differ- 
 ence of a few days in time of irrigating makes or loses 
 the crop. At times, flooding at midday is disastrous, 
 destroying the plants as effectually as if swept by fire. 
 The temperature of water in irrigating ditches in mid- 
 summer often ranges from 8.5° to 92°F. 
 
 The rivers of Arizona draw their moisture from the 
 wooded moxmlains, but as these mountains are snow- 
 covered only during winter and early spring, as the sum- 
 mer advances their supply gradually becomes less and 
 less until the beginning of the rainy season. Conse- 
 quently the cultivation of all crops must lead toward 
 srreat economy in the use of water during the months of 
 May and June. All crops sown broadcast or in narrow 
 irills are irrigated by flooding, while orchards,vineyards 
 
 and crops grown in rows are usually irrigated by running 
 the water through furrows. In either system it is impera- 
 tive that the land be graded and thoroughly worked, in 
 order to attain the best results in the distribution of water. 
 The desert lands of Arizona, in their virgin state, are 
 seldom suited for orchards, vineyards, gardening, etc. 
 It is expedient to grow alfalfa for a few years before at- 
 tempting to produce horticultural crops. Usually the 
 virgin soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen, constitu- 
 ents which are most economically supplied by growing 
 alfalfa. Many orchards and vineyards have failed in 
 Arizona on account of being planted on virgin soil. 
 
 Market-gardening in Arizona is largely in the hands 
 of the Chinese, who practice high culture, and keep their 
 lands in a continual succession of crops. Cabbage and 
 cauliflower must be grown as winter crops. For years 
 it was thought that corn could not be successfully grown 
 in southern Arizona. When planted in the spring, the 
 excessive heat and dryness of June renders the pollen 
 impotent, and a well-developed cob bearing a few scat- 
 tered kernels of corn is the result. Experience has re- 
 cently taught that most excellent, well filled corn may be 
 grown, if planted in July and pollenized at the end of 
 the rainy season. 
 
 Artificial fertilizers are seldom used in Arizona. In 
 preparing the soil for nearly all vegetables, both in ama- 
 teur and commercial methods of culture, it is thrown 
 into high ridges and the seed sown in hills or drills on 
 either side of the ridge a few inches below the summit. 
 In irrigating, the water is run between the ridges, so that 
 it reaches the hills or drills without covering them, and 
 is allowed to run foi a greater or less length of time, de- 
 pending upon the ability of the soil to take water. In 
 many of the heavier adobe soils it is necessary, when 
 planting melon and many other seeds, to cover them with 
 sand. If the adobe soil of the field is used as a cover, it 
 bakes so hard that the germinating seeds are unable to 
 make their way to the surface. Beets, and occasionally 
 other vegetables, when planted on an extended scale, are 
 sown in drills without ridging the soil. After planting, 
 furrows are made between the rows in which to run the 
 water, it being imperative that the water be not allowed 
 to break through the furrows and flood the crop. 
 
 In fruit-culture, the important principle is practically 
 the same for all fruit, it being essential to fill the ground 
 with water during the winter season, when the ditches 
 are running full, and by thorough tillage during spring 
 and early summer to retain the moisture, to fortify the 
 plants against the lack of water in ^lay and June. 
 Orchards and vineyards may be flooded several times 
 during the winter, or the same or better results m»y be 
 obtained by making furrows at a distance of every 4 to 
 6 feet throughout the orchard, and running a subsoil plow 
 in the furrows to loosen and break up the soil to consider- 
 able depth. When so prepared, the soil will take water 
 with great avidity, and if the process be repeated two or 
 three times during the winter, water required for subse- 
 quent culture will be much lessened. 
 
 In orchards and vineyards, frequent irrigation with 
 little water is expensive and results are unsatisfac- 
 tory. The ground should be thoroughly wet through- 
 out, even between *^'" *ows, and as soon as practicable 
 after irrij^'inir and later leveled by using a 
 
 flne-tootbcd _ ~ ' i T^rocess will leave a mulch of 
 
 loose earth at '" chickness over the moist soil, 
 
 and assist g. ,tti. ^1»^ - ^'-a of moisture. Whenneces- 
 sary to impi ove the cojd. non of the soil by adding plant 
 food, it is most economically and satisfactorily accom- 
 plished by green-manuring, growing the crop during the 
 fall and winter and turning it under in the spring. 
 
 Great variation in temperature during February and 
 March is very disa:;trous to successful fruit and nut cul- 
 ture in southern Arizona. Almonds begin to bloom in 
 February, and are followed in succession b\' apricots and 
 peaches, all of which are likely to be injured by spring 
 frosts. 
 
 In humid regions, methods of pruning tend toward 
 thinning out the center of the tree, so that the sun may 
 reach the fruit spurs within. In Arizona fruit trees are 
 usually headed low, in order that the trunk be shaded. 
 Deciduous trees are usually cut back annually, throwing 
 the fruit spurs toward the center of the tree, that as 
 much as possible of the developing fruit be shaded by 
 
98 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 the foliage. Citrous, olive and fig trees are rarely if ever 
 pruned, and grapes are usually cut back to two or three 
 buds, Among small fruits, strawberries, although pro- 
 ducing the larger part of their crop during April or 
 May, ripen fruit every month of the year. 
 
 The following: is a brief list of the best and most prof- 
 itable commercial varieties of the more important fruits 
 and nuts grown in the irrigated regions. The list is 
 compiled from the answers to a circular letter sent to 
 60 of the largest fruit-growers in southern Arizona : 
 
 Almondi.—'Se Plus Ultra, IXL. 
 
 Apples, early.— Early HarN-est, Early Strawberry, Red Astra- 
 
 chan. 
 Apples, late. — White Pearmain, Ben Davis. 
 Apricots, early.— Benuefs Early. New Castle. Peach. Pringle. 
 Apricots, late.— Moo rpark, Royal, Smith's Triumph, St. Am- 
 
 broise. 
 Blackberries.— Lavrton's Early, Crandall's Early, Early Har- 
 vest. 
 Dewberries.— "Hay's. 
 Graphs.- Thompson's Seedless, Sultana Seedless, Rose of Peru, 
 
 Salem, Muscat, Rogers' No. 9. 
 Orape Frwif.- Triumph, Walter, Bowiu. 
 Lemons.— VUIr Franca, Sicily. 
 Mtilberries.-Downmg, Russian. 
 Olives.— yi&nzaniWo, Nevadillo Blanco, Mission. 
 Oranges.— Raby Blood, Jaflfa, Parson's Brown, Mediterranean 
 
 Sweet, Bahia (Washington Navel). 
 Peaches, early.— Early Crawford, Parson's Early, Triumph. 
 
 Sneed, Strawberry. 
 Peaches, late.— Globe, Salway, Oldmixon, Heath's Freestone, 
 
 Muir, December Cling. 
 Pears, early.— Wilder, Brandywine, Bartlett. 
 Pears, late. — Winter NelLs, Pia Beri-y. 
 PJum«.— Wickson, Kelsey, Botan White, Royale Hative. 
 Pomegranates.— Rwhy, Sweet, Red PapershelK?), Golden. 
 Quinces. — Champion. Portugal. Orange. 
 Strawberries.— AiizonsL Everbearing. 
 
 J. W. TOCMEY. 
 
 ARKANSAS. The horticultural products of Arkansas 
 are varied, owing to the great differences of climate, 
 elevation and soil. The seasons in the southern part of 
 the state are about three weeks earlier than in the north- 
 ern. There is much variation between nearby points. 
 In the western part of the state, owing to the differ- 
 ence in altitude, within a distance of 60 miles there is 
 from a week to 10 days difference in the seasons. This 
 admits of a great diversity of fruit and vegetable pro- 
 duction within the limits of the state. 
 
 The northwestern section of the state is noted for its 
 fine apples, and they are grown extensively for market. 
 This section has also produced a number of seedling ap- 
 ples that are being largely planted there as well as else- 
 where. There are several of these new apples, and 
 others of value are constantly coming into notice. A 
 few of those of special value are Arkansas, Oliver, Col- 
 lins, and Oivens. It is probable that some of these new 
 apples will become standard varieties, for in addition to 
 being productive they are good keepers. Winter apples 
 are not grown so extensively in other sections of the 
 state, but summer and fall varieties are grown to some 
 extent in all sections. 
 
 Peaches are grown for market along the lines of rail- 
 road in the western section of the state, and the acreage 
 is being largely increased each year. For marketable 
 purposes the Elberta is grown almost exclusively, and 
 is shipped in car lots to the northern markets. The 
 earlier varieties have not proved profitable for ship- 
 ping purposes. Peaches are grown for home market 
 throughout the state. Strawberry-growing is an impor- 
 tant industry in western Arkansas, and is carried on to 
 some extent in manj' localities in the eastern and south- 
 em parts, where they are grown in small quantities for 
 shipment. The acreage around some of the shipping 
 points in the western part is large, reaching about three 
 thousand acres at one point. The varieties grown most 
 extensively are Michel and Crescent. Owing to the 
 strict laws against the selliiigof wine in the state, grape- 
 growing is not carried on to any great extent. On the 
 elevated sections the table and wine grapes succeed 
 well, and in some localities table grapes are grown for 
 shipment. The Scuppernong succeeds in south Arkan- 
 sas. Pears are grown in some sections for market, but 
 not to any great extent, owing to the prevalence of pear 
 blight, while blackberries and raspberries are grown for 
 the home market in most sections. Cherries are grown 
 
 only for the home market, the Morello type alone being 
 successful. 
 
 In order to describe more accurately the horticultural 
 condition of the state, we have divided it into four sec- 
 tions, in the order of their present development and their 
 natural adaptability to horticultural productions (Fjg. 
 143). Section 1, located in the northwestern part of the 
 
 143. The horticultural zones of Arkansas. 
 
 state, is a mountainous country, fairly well developed, 
 and is adapted to all classes of horticulture. Section 2, 
 located south of section 1, is partly mountainous and 
 partly low land and, from a horticultural standpoint, is 
 not so well developed as section 1, while in sections 3 
 and 4, located in the extreme southern and eastern parts 
 of the state, horticulture has received little attention. 
 
 Section 1.— The elevation of this section ranges from 
 800 to 2,000 feet, the greater portion being about 1,200 
 feet. The country is mostly uneven, and parts of it are 
 somewhat mountainous. The Ozark Mountain system 
 enters the state from the northwest, while the Boston 
 Mountains, a range of this system, extend across the 
 section just north of and parallel with its southern 
 boundary. Fruit and vegetables are grown for shipping 
 along the lines of railroad in the western part. The re- 
 mainder of this section, although remote from railroads, 
 is well adapted to fruit-growing, and with transportation 
 facilities it promises to be equally productive. The apple 
 leads as a fruit product. In 1897, there were shipped 
 from the western part, principally from two counties, 
 over 2,000 cars of apples. 
 
 Section 2. — The elevation of this section ranges from 
 300 to 2,820 feet, the greater part of it, however, ranging 
 from 300 to 800 feet. Most of this section consists of 
 rough land. Strawberries are grown for shipment, prin- 
 cipally in the western part. The berries ripen early in 
 this locality, and the growers nsually begin shippin:; 
 the latter part of April. At a few points, peaches are 
 extensively grown for shipment. Plums, blackberries, 
 raspberries and summer apples are grown to some 
 extent in all localities, while winter apples are success- 
 fully grown on the higher land. Here, vegetable-grow- 
 ing for the northern markets is receiving much atten- 
 tion. Such crops as beans, peas, tomatoes and canta- 
 loupes are extensively grown in some localities along 
 the railroads. The area in cantaloupes reaches nearly 
 1,000 acres at some of the shipping points. Thesa crop? 
 can be gr -n early enough to bring good prices in the 
 markets o. he north, and are shipped in car lots. 
 
 Section iJ.— This section is mostly low, but the land 
 is uneven, and much of it is adapted to fruits and vepe 
 tables. It ranges in elevation from 140 to 3G0 feet. 
 Peaches and summer apples succeed on the higher land, 
 and are grown to some extent in all localities. Vege- 
 tables can also be successfully grown, but little atten- 
 tion has been given to these lines of farming here. 
 Strawberries are grown only for home market. 
 
ARKANSAS 
 
 AR01DE.E 
 
 99 
 
 Section 4. — This section comprises the low lands of 
 the eastern part of the state. It ranges in elevation 
 from 130 to 350 feet, and the land is low and flat, with the 
 exception of a ridge a few miles wide running through 
 it uorth and south. But little fruit is grown in this 
 section for commercial purposes ; however, fruits could 
 be grown successfully for market in some parts of 
 it and early vegetables are now grown for market at 
 several points. John T. Stinson. 
 
 ASMENtACA. See under Prnnus. 
 
 ABM£BIA (an old Latin name) Plumbagindcece. 
 SeaFink- Thrift. Small perennial herbs, with rosettes 
 of narrow evergreen Ivs. on the ground, sending up 
 a naked simple scape 2-12 in. high, on which is borne a 
 compact head of pink, lilac or white fls., the head being 
 subtended by small bracts, forming a kind of involucre. 
 Species much confused. They are excellent for borders, 
 especially where a low edging is wanted; also for rock- 
 work. They are of easiest culture, being hardy and free 
 powers. Prop, by division of the stools; also by seeds. 
 •jee Boissier, in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 12. 
 
 A. Calyx-tube pilose all over. 
 
 maritima, Willd. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, somewhat ob- 
 tuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate : scape low, somewhat 
 villose ; calyx-tube about the length of the pedicel, the 
 ;imb nearly equal to the tube, with very short ovate and 
 aristate lobes. Eu. and Amer., along the sea coast.— 
 TTie J. vHhjhris of horticulturists seems to belong here. 
 A.Loiichtdna, Hort., with very bright rose-colored fls., 
 is a form of it. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. Also a 
 white-lvd. form. A. argentea, Hort., is perhaps another 
 form, with small white fls. 
 
 Sibirica, Turcz. Lvs. linear, 1 -nerved, obtuse, gla- 
 brous : scape rather taller, thicker ; calyx-tube longer 
 than pedicel, the limb about length of tube, with tri- 
 angular, short-mucronate lobes : involucre brown : fls. 
 white. S:beri\. 
 
 juncea, '"'hard {A. sethcea, Delile). Outer lvs. of 
 rii>ette nvrro AT -linear and subdentate, the inner ones 
 lunser and filiform: head small, with pale involucre, the 
 pedicel much shorter than the calyx-tube : calyx-limb 
 short, the U'()es ovate-obtuse and aristate: fls. pink. Eu. 
 
 AA. Calyx-fube glabrous, or pilose only on the ridges. 
 
 B. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or broader. 
 
 latifdlia, Willd. {A. cephaldtes, Link & Hoffm., not 
 Hook.). Glabrous and glaucous: lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7- 
 nerved, the margin remotely denticulate: head large, the 
 involucre dry : calyx-limb long, with very small or no 
 lihes and long teeth: fls. bright pink. S. Eu. B.M.7313. 
 P.M. 11:79 (as Sfatice Pseudo-A.rmeria).—A. fomidsa, 
 Hort., probably belongs here. 
 
 Mauritdnica, Wallr. (A. cephaldtes, Hook., not Link 
 i Hottni.). Lvs. broad -spatulate or elliptic-lanceolate, 
 
 -.') nerved, glaucous-green, the margin scarious-white : 
 ufads large (2-3 in. across), the involucre brownish, the 
 
 alvx short -toothed and aristate : fls. pink. Eu., Algeria. 
 B.M.4128. 
 
 BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or nai^rower. 
 
 alplna, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate, equal- 
 ing the scape, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved : head 
 large, the involucre pale brown : pedicels shorter than 
 f^^alyx-tube, the tube equaling the oblong long-aristate 
 iobes: fls. deep rose. Mts.,Eu. 
 
 elongita, Hoffm. Lvs. linear, long, 1-nerved, acutish: 
 i; viiluore white : pedicels as long as calyx-tube, limb 
 ' lualing the tube, and the lobes cvate-ari state : pink. 
 Var. purptirea, Boiss. {A. ptirpurea, Koch), has purple 
 Lt-ad;*. Central Eu. 
 
 plan taglnea, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 
 3-7uerved, acute or acuminate : scape tall ; head dense 
 and globular, the involucre white : pedicels as long as 
 ealyx-tube, the lobes ovate and long-aristate and as long 
 as tube ; pink. Central and S. Eu. Var. leucdntha, 
 Boiss. {A. dianthoidcs, Hornm. & Spreng.), has white 
 tiowers. 
 
 argryroc^phala, Wallr. (A. undtildta, Boiss.). Gla- 
 brous : outer lvs. in rosette, short and lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolato and 3-nerved and often sinuate, the in- 
 ner ones linear or setaceous and 1-3-nerved : head large, 
 the involucre white : pedicel nearly as long as calyx- 
 tube, the calyx-limb with long-triangular aristate lobes ; 
 fls. white, showy. Greece. 
 
 aRMEEIASTBUM. 
 
 L. H. B. and J. B. Kelleh. 
 See Acantholimon. 
 
 AENATTO. See Biza. 
 
 ARN£BIA (Arabic name). Boraginhcea^. Annual or 
 perennial hispid herbs, of nearly 20 species in Africa 
 and Asia. Lvs. alternate : fls. yellow or violet, in ra- 
 cemes or cymes, the color changing with the age of the 
 blossom ; corolla slendtr-tubed, with 5 obtuse lobes. 
 
 echioides, DC. (Macrotdmia echio)des, Boiss. ) . Proph- 
 et - Fluwek. Hardy perennial, 3-12 in. high, short- 
 hairy, with spreading, obovate-oblong lvs.: fls. in a 
 scorpioid raceme or spike, yellow, with purple spots, 
 fading to pure yellow. Caucasus, Armenia, etc. B.M. 
 4409. G.C. II. 11 : 689. — Blooms in spring. In full sun or 
 in rather dry ground, it is difficult to keep this charm- 
 ing plant in a healthy condition ; partial shade is essen- 
 tial to its welfare. One can grow luxuriant specimens 
 on the northern slope of a rockery or close to a build- 
 ing on the east or north side. Prop, by seeds, division, 
 or by root -cuttings. 
 
 comtita, Fisch. & Meyer. Arabian Primrose. An- 
 nual, 2ft., bushy: lvs. lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
 pointed : fls. % in. across, yellow and black-spotted, 
 changing to maroon and then to vellow. Orient. G.C. 
 111.7:52. J. H. III. 31:29. A. F*. 5: 400. A. G. 44:181 
 (1890).— An attractive and not very common annual, 
 easily grown in the open. 
 
 A. Griffitkii, Boiss. Annual : lvs. narrow-oblong, obtuse, cili- 
 ate : fls. long-tnbed, with a black spot in each sinus : J>-r2 in. 
 India. B.M. 5266.— Not known to be in the American trade. 
 
 • L. H. B. and J. B. Kell.er. 
 
 ABNICA (ancient name). Compdsitce. Small genus 
 of perennial herbs, with clustered root-lvs. and large, 
 long-peduncled yellow heads. Native to Eu., Asia, and 
 N. Amer. — Tincture of the European ^4 . montana is used 
 in medicine. Grown mostly as alpines or in rockwork ; 
 some species also grow fairly well in the common bor- 
 der. Prop, by division, and rarely by seeds. 
 
 A. Radical lvs. cordate, ivith slender or winged petioles. 
 
 cordifdlia, Hook. Two ft. or less high, hairy : heads 
 few or even solitary, with inch-long rays ; involucre % 
 in. high, pubescent. Rocky Mts. and W. 
 
 latifdlia. Bong. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem- 
 Ivs. not cordate or petioled : heads smaller than in pre- 
 ceding. Rocky Mts. and W. 
 
 AA. Radical lvs. not cordate, but petioled. 
 
 amplezicaftlis, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate 
 to lanee-obioug, acute, those on the stem clasping and 
 dentate : stem leafy to the top. Oregon and N. 
 
 folidsR, Nutt. Pubescent : lvs. lanceolate, strongly 
 nerved, small -toothed, the upper ones somewhat clasp- 
 ing : heads sometimes solitary, short-peduncled : stem 
 leafy, strict. Rocky Mts. and W. 
 
 mont&na, Linn. Mountain Tobacco. Mountain 
 Snuff. A foot high, the stem sparsely hairy : radical 
 lvs. oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and entire : heaus 3-4, 
 large. Eu. B. M. 1749. J. H. III. .34: 441. -The best 
 known species in cult.; but none of the Arnicas are 
 common in American gardens. l^ jj, b, 
 
 AB0IDE2E, or ABACEJE. Aroids. A large order of 
 spathe-bearing, tuberous herbaceous plants, containing 
 many of the most highly prized greenhouse plants. The 
 culture of Aroids is too diverse to be given in any one 
 place. See the leading genera, as Aglnonema, Alocasia, 
 Anthurium, Arismma, Antm, Caladium, Colocasia, 
 Dieffenbachia, Dracunculus, Helicodiceros, Homalo- 
 mena, Monstera, Philodendron, Richardia, Schizmato- 
 glottis, iSpathiphyllum, Xanthosoma, etc. 
 
y 
 
 100 
 
 AROXIA 
 
 ABONIA. See Sorbug. A. alnifolia, Nutt. = Ame- 
 lancbier alnifolia. 
 
 ABFOPntLLUM (Cimiter and leaf). Orehid(ice<r, 
 tribe Epidindretp. Epiphytes : racemes dense, cylin- 
 drical, erect : Ivs. strap-shaped or linear, on jointed, 
 terete stems : lis. small, inverted ; segments concave. 
 — Orchids of minor importance. Consult Epklfntlrum. 
 
 grigantdiun, Lindl. Plants robust : sts. about 10 in. 
 high : Ivs. coriaceous, strap-shaped ; peduncle stout : 
 raceme several in. long ; lis. numerous, pink-purple. 
 Mex. — Give plenty of litrht. 
 
 spicJltum, Llave et Lex, Smaller than thu above : Ivs. 
 linear : tls. paler. B.M.6022. 
 
 AEROW-ROOT. An edible starch, obtained from the 
 rhizomes of various scitaminaceous plants, as Maranta, 
 Curcuma, Tacca, Canna. The West Indian Arrow-root 
 is mostly from Maranta arandinaeea, Linn. The Bra- 
 zilian is from Manihot utilissima, Pohl. The East In- 
 dian is chiefly from Curcuma angustifoUa, Roxbg. Po- 
 tato and maize starches are also a source of Arrow-root. 
 Arrow-root is also obtained from Manihot. 
 
 ARTABOTETS {suspend qrapes, alluding to the hang- 
 ing fruit I. Anon^ceie. About 2.5 tropical climbing 
 shrubs, with 3-sepaled and 6-petaled solitary or fascicu- 
 late tls.. and shining e^'ergreen foliage. 
 
 odoratissimuB, R. Br. Lvs. oblong or lanceolate, 
 pointed, thick, dark glossy green : fls. brownish, very 
 fragrant : hooks on the peduncles. E. led. B.R. 423.— 
 Hardy in S. Fla. and S. Cal., and somewhat cult. The 
 ylang-ylang perfume is made from the fls. The lvs. are 
 used in native medicine. 
 
 ARTEMISIA (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Com- 
 p6sit(e. A large genus of aromatic herbs and small 
 shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most 
 aoundant in arid regions. Lvs. alternate, often dis- 
 sected : heads small and mostly inconspicuous, numer- 
 ous, and generally nodding, with yellow or whitish 
 florets. In the West, many of the species, particularly 
 A. tridentata, are known as Sage Brush. Grown for 
 tneir medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The 
 cult, kinds are perennials, and thrive in the most ordi- 
 nary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Prop, mostly 
 by division. For an account of the species, see Besser, 
 in DeCandolle's Prodromus, vol. 6, and Gray, in Synop- 
 tical Flora, vol. 1, part 2. 
 
 A. Heads with two kinds of florets (heterogamous). 
 
 B. Disk-fls. with both stamens and pistils, hut the 
 
 ovary aftortive {not producing seed): style usu- 
 ally entire. 
 
 Dracunculus, Linn. Tarragon. Estragok. Herb : 
 green and glabrous, with erect, branched stems 2 ft. 
 high : radical lvs. 3-parted at the top ; stem-lvs. linear 
 or lanceolate, entire or small-toothed : panicle spread- 
 ing, with whitish green, nearly globular fl. -heads. Eu. 
 R.H. 1896, p. 285. — Tarragon lvs. are used for seasoning, 
 but the plant is little grown in this country. The lvs. 
 may be dried in the fall, or roots may be forced in a 
 coolhouse in the winter. Prop, by division ; rarely pro- 
 duces seed. 
 
 Canadensis, Michx. Herb, 2 ft. or less high, glabrous 
 or very nearly so : lvs. usually 2-pinnate, with filiform, 
 plane lobes : fls. in a long, narrow panicle, with numer- 
 ous small greenish heads. Wild on banks and plains in 
 the northern part of the country. Int. 1891. 
 
 filifdlia, Torr. Shrubby, canescent, 3 ft. or less high, 
 very leafy, the branches rigid : lvs. filiform, the lower 
 usually 3-parted : panicle long and leafy. Plains, W.— 
 Plant has a purplish, mist-like aspect when in fruit. 
 
 BB. Disk-fls. perfect and fertile : style S-cleft. 
 C. Receptacle hairy. 
 
 frigida, Willd. Herb, 8-12 in., with a woody base, 
 silvery canescent : lvs. much cut into linear lobes : 
 heads small and globular, with pale involucre, in nu- 
 merous i-acemes. Plains and mountains W. Int. 1883.— 
 
 ARTICHOKE 
 
 Gootl for borders. Known in Colo, as " Mountain Frinjfe," 
 and used medicinally. 
 
 Absinthium, Linn. Wormwood. Almost shrubby, 2-4 
 ft. high, spreading and branchy, white-silky : lvs! '2-3- 
 parted into oblong, obtuse lobes: heads small and nu- 
 merous, in leafy panicles. — Wormwood is native to Eu.. 
 but it occasionally escapes from gardens. It isaeomnjun 
 garden herb, b* ingused in domestic medicine, especially 
 as a vermifuge. Wormwood tea is an odorous momor\- 
 with every person who was reared in the country. 
 
 arg^ntea, L'Her. Shrubby, erect : lvs. white-silky, 
 2-pinuate, the lobes linear or lanceolate : beads KJobii- 
 lar, tomentose, nodding, in racemose panicles ; 1-2 ft. 
 Madeira. — Cseful for rockwork. 
 
 cc. Receptacle not hairy. 
 
 Abr6tanam, Linn. Southernwood. Old Max. 
 Shrubby, 3-5 ft., green and glabrous, the st. rather 
 strict : lvs. 1-3-pinnately divided, the divisions flne- 
 filiform : panicleloose. with yellowish white heads. Eu. 
 — Southernwood is grown for its pleasant-scented foli- 
 age ; and it sometimes escapes into waste places. 
 
 Fdntica, Linn. Roman Wormwood. Shrubby, erect, 
 1-4 ft.: lvs. canescent below, pinnatisect, the lobes 
 linear : panicle open and long, with small, globular, 
 no<lding, whitish yellow heads. Eu. — Roman wormwood 
 i« used for the same purposes as A. Absinthium, tkuA 
 is more agreeable. Chief source of absinthe. 
 
 volg&ris, Linn. Mugwort. Herb, erect, paniculately 
 branched : lvs. white-cottony beneath but soon green 
 above, 2-pinnately cleft, with lanceolate lobes : upper 
 lvs. sometimes linear . heads many, oblong, yellowish. 
 Eu. and northern N. Amer., and naturalized in E. 
 states. — Mugwort is grown for the ornament of its foli- 
 age. There are variegated-leaved and golden -leaved va- 
 rieties. It was once a domestic remedy. Variable. 
 
 Stelleri^na, Bess. Old Woman. Herb, 2 ft., from a 
 woody creeping base, densely white tomentose : lvs. 
 pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes • heads large and niany- 
 fld., in a racemose-glomerate inflorescence. N. E.Asia 
 and on the coast of Mass. — Attractive from its whiteness. 
 Useful for borders. 
 
 Ludovici^na, Nutt. Herb, 2-3 ft., white-tomentose or 
 lvs. becoming greenish above : lvs. linear to oblong, the 
 lower ones toothed or parted, the upper ones entire: 
 heads small, bell-shaped, paniculate. Plains and banks, 
 W. Int. 1891. 
 
 AA. Heads with perfect fls. throughout : receptacle 
 
 not hairy. 
 
 arbuscula, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby : a foot or 
 less high : lvs. short, wedge-shaped. 3-lobed, the lobes 
 obovate and often 2-lobed, canescent : panicle simple 
 and strict, often spike-like, the 5-9-fld. heads erect. 
 Plains, W. 
 
 trident^ta, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; reachine 
 height of 12 ft.. although often only a foot high, branchy, 
 canescent : lvs. wedge-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobeii. 
 truncate at the summit, the uppermost ones narrower : 
 heads 5-8-fld. Plains, W. Int. 1881. r tt r, 
 
 Lt. xl. £>. 
 
 ARTICHOKE ( Cyndra Scdlymus, Linn. ). Comp6sit<r. 
 A coarse and robust perennial, cult, for the edible fl.- 
 heads and lvs. The fl. -heads are 3-5 in. across just before 
 they open, and at this stage they are cut for the table. 
 The fleshy outer scales and the " bottom " of the head 
 (this is, the receptacle, the florets being removed) are 
 eaten raw or cooked. When the blue florets begin to show. 
 the head is too old for eating. Fig. 144 shows edible heads. 
 For pickling, the heads are often taken when only half 
 grown. The young sts. and lvs. are sometimes blanched 
 and eaten, after the manner of cardoons ; and these parts 
 comprise the "Artichoke salad '" of the markets. There are 
 a score or more varieties in European gardens, but the 
 Globe is the one generally sold here. 
 
 Although the Artichoke is perennial, the plant declines 
 in vigor after it has borne two or three crops. In the N. 
 the plants should be protected in winter with a liberal 
 mulch. Artichokes are of easiest culture on rich soil. 
 As they grow 3-5 ft. high and branch freely, and make 
 lvs. 3 ft. long, they should not be set nearer than 2 or 3 
 
ARTICHOKE 
 
 ARUM 
 
 101 
 
 ft in the rows, and the rows should be 4 or 5 ft. apart. 
 In this country, the plant is propa^ted mostly by seeds. 
 These are sown early in the spring. Seedlings rarely 
 
 144. Edible heads of Artichoke (X ^V 
 
 give many heads before the second year. A quicker and 
 iietter method of propagation is to use the suckers, which 
 are freely produced about the crown. The suckers repro- 
 duce the'variety. The Artichoke is little known in Amer- 
 ica, but is worthy greater attention. The habit of propa- 
 iratiugr by seed is, perhaps, one reason why the Artichoke 
 has not obtained greater prominence in this country. 
 The great woolly, pinnatifld Ivs. and strong habit make 
 the plant an attractive ornamental subject. See Cardoon. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 ABTICHOKE, JEEUSALEM {Helidnthus tuberbstts, 
 Linn. I. Compos itcB. While the Globe Artichoke is sel- 
 dom seen in American gardens or on American tables, 
 and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem 
 Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed. 
 The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun- 
 tiiiwer-like plant. (Fig. 145.) It thrives on almost any 
 drained land, without much attention as to manuring, 
 and without coddling. The tubers may be cut to single 
 • yes and planted like common potatoes. The cultivation 
 is about the same as that usually given to com or pota- 
 toes. Any time in the fall after frost has killed the tops, 
 « r the latter have matured, the crop can be gathered. 
 Pull up the whole plant by the roots, or dig the tubers 
 with a potato hook or prong hoe. Or, swine may be turned 
 into the field and allowed to root up and feed on the 
 tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of 
 them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with ground 
 
 grains, to poultry 
 with good results. 
 As a succulent food 
 for cattle, sheep, 
 swine, and perhaps 
 other farm stock, this 
 tuber seems to de- 
 serve more general 
 attention on the part 
 of the American 
 farmer than it has 
 usimlly received. It 
 i> far ahead of the potato in productiveness, and much 
 more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with 
 vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or 
 i^pring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited 
 sale in our markets. The chief demand for it will be 
 for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop 
 over winter is by leaving the tubers in the ground 
 
 145. 
 
 Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke 
 
 where they grew, as they are not hurt by frost when 
 covered with soil. Tubers already gathered can be 
 pitted like beets or turnips, but will need even less cover- 
 ing of soil. The Mammoth White French is said by some 
 propagators to be an improved strain of the ordinary or 
 Jerusalem Artichoke. The plant often becomes a weed ; 
 but hogs will root it out. The plant is native to upi er 
 Canada and middle parts of the U. S. It was cult, by ae 
 Indians. See Belianthus. f^ Greixer 
 
 ABTOCARFUS {arfos, bread, and earpoa, fruit). L'rfi- 
 cAceie. Bread F'ruit. Tropical fruit plants, originally 
 from the East Indies, sometimes cult, with difficulty in 
 northern botanic gardens for their great economic inter- 
 est. They need a hot, moist atmosphere, much water, 
 and perfect drainage. Prop, slowly by cuttings of young 
 lateral growth. The fruits do not bear shipment to the N. 
 
 Incisa, Linn. f. Bread Frimt. Tree, .30-40 ft., with a 
 viscid, milky juice : branches fragile : Ivs. 1-3 ft. long, 
 leathery, ovate, cuneate and entire at base, upper part 
 3-9-lobed: m»le Hs. in a dense club-shaped yellow catkin, 
 lO-lGin. long; female fls. in asubglobularechinate head, 
 having a spongy recepta<'le : fr. as large as a melon, 
 typically muricated, but in the best cult, varieties reticu- 
 lated only, and seedless. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gng. 5: 2.33, and 
 B.M. 2809-71, where the romantic story of its transfer to 
 the West Indies is told. Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. 
 
 integrifdlia, Linn. f. Jack Fruit. Tree, 30 ft., with 
 milky juice: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, very various; those of fer- 
 tile branches nearly obovate, entire ; those of higher 
 branches more obovate and oblong; those of young shoots 
 from the root very narrow, or 2-3-lobed : fr. attaining a 
 weight of 60-70 lbs. Less palatable than the bread fruit. 
 The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest- 
 nuts. G. C. III. 20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. 39, p. 273. 
 Gn. 35: 4.55. 
 
 C&nnonii, Bull. Lvs. var>-ing from cordate to deeply 
 3-lobed, 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur- 
 ple above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21: 2231-2. 
 
 ABUM (ancient name). Aroidece. Tuber-bearing low 
 herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple, 
 the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va- 
 riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis- 
 tillate lis. at the base. Grown usually as oddities, mostly 
 under the general name of Callas. Some of the species 
 are hardy ; others, as A. Palcestinum, are tender, and 
 require glasshouse treatment. The tender kinds are 
 managed in essentially the same way as the fancy-leaved 
 Caladiuras. Plant the tubers sufficiently deep that roots 
 may form from near the top. Give rich soil, and water 
 freely when growing or in bloom. The hardy species 
 should be well mulched in late fall. They thrive best in 
 partially shaded places and in rich soil. Prop, by nat- 
 ural offsets ; also by seeds or berries, which some spe- 
 cies produce freely. Some of the species are acrid- 
 poisonous. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolIe's Mono- 
 graphia? Phonerogamarum, vol. 2. 
 
 The following names are in the American trade : 
 albispathitm, Nos. 5, 7; alpinuni, 6; AriifarHtn = 
 Arisarum vulgare ; JBifzantinum, 7; Canaritnse, 7; 
 concinnatum,!; eornutum = 'i', Corsic»rn,l; crinifum = 
 Helicodiceros crinitus ; cylindracenm, 7 ; Ct/priuni, 2; 
 detrnncatum, 3; Dioscoridis,2; DracHnculiis = Dra.c\in- 
 culus vulgaris; elongafum,5; gratum,5; immaculaium, 
 6; intermedium, 6; Italieum, 7; matnlafum, 6; Mahji, 
 6; mar mora turn, 7; nigrum, o; y'ordmanni,5; orientah, 
 5; Pahe.sfinum, 4; pictum, 1; sanctum, 4; spectabile, 2; 
 Sifriacum, 2 ; ternatum = Pinellia tuberifera ; vario- 
 latum, 5 ; vulgare, 6 ; Zelebori, 6. 
 
 A. Mature lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate. 
 
 1. pictum, Linn. f. {A. C6-rsicum. Lois.). Lvs. ap- 
 pearing in spring, long-petioled, light green : .spathe 
 bright violet, swollen at the base : spadix purple-black, 
 exceeding the spathe. Corsica, Balearica, etc.— Hardy. 
 
 AA. Mature lvs. hastate or sagittate. 
 
 B. Tuber round-flattened or oblate, the lvs. and pedun- 
 cles arising from a depressed center: lvs. appear- 
 ing before the spathe. 
 
 2. Dioscorldis, Sibth. & Smith {A. snectdbile, Kegel. 
 A. Syrlacum, Blume. A. Cyprium, Schott. ). Leaf- 
 
102 
 
 ARUM 
 
 ARUXDO 
 
 blade oblonsr-tTianeular or ovate-trianenlar : spathe 
 tube pale within, the limb tJ-8 in. lon>?. ianceolate-oblon)?, 
 and colored with lar^e lentif ular pun»l«' syK>tM : spa<lix 
 short, included. Asia Minor. — Runs into many formn, 
 with variously marked spathes. Pots. 
 
 .1. detrune4ttim, Meyer. Lvs. more or less tmncate at 
 the base, the hla«ie shorter than in the last : yellowish 
 Ifreen and pur|>le-spotted, large (10-1.5 in. lontr) and 
 short-stalked, the liiub acummate. Persia,— Hardy. 
 
 146. Arum Italicum (X K). 
 
 4. Falaestlnnm, Boiss. {A. sanctum, Hort.). Black 
 Calla. Solomon's Lily. Lvs. cordate-hastate, 6 in. 
 broad across the base and about equal in length, the 
 middle lobe broad-ovate aid nearly blunt : spathe about 
 the length of the leaf, with a short gjeen tube, and an 
 elongated lance-oblong-tapering limb, which is greenish 
 on the outside and continuous black-purple within, the 
 tip sometimes recurving : spadix shorter than the 
 spathe. the upper part dark colored. Palestine. B.3L 
 5.^09. Gn. 4.T, p. IHl. — Perhaps the most popular Arum at 
 present, being grown in pots as an oddity. 
 
 5. orient^le, Bieb. A foot high : lvs. brownish, 
 broadly hastate-sagitate, the front lobe oblong-acute : 
 spathe tube oblong-ovoid and white within, the limb 
 ovate to oblong and intense black-purple (rarely pale), 
 resembling A. wiculatnni.—A hardy species from Asia 
 Minor, running into many forms. Some of the plants 
 referred here are A. ttigrum, variohitiim, ^^ordniantii, 
 gratum, Schott.; A. eloufjatum and A. albispathum, 
 Steven (not A. albispathum, Hort., which i? A. Ital- 
 icum). 
 
 BB. Tuher ovoid or oblong, propagating horizontally, 
 the lvs. and peduncles arising from the apex: 
 lvs. appearing before or with the spathe. 
 
 6. mSLCulktum, hinn. {A. rulgd re. h&m.). Lords-axd- 
 Ladies. Cuckoo Pint. Wake Robin (in England). 
 About a foot high : lvs. usually black-spotted, hastate 
 or sagittate, the front lol)e triangular ovate, about as 
 high as the spathe : the spathe swollen at its base, the 
 margins of the lance-ovate limb becoming inrolled, 
 spotted with purple : spadix shorter than the spathe, 
 purple. Eu. — A hardy species, of many forms. A form 
 with spotless lvs. and a whitish tube with a medial pur- 
 ple zone, is A, immaculdtum and Zelebdri, Schott. 
 
 Var. uiffTUtitiiin, Engler, has a narrow light-purple 
 spathe u-1. intermedium, Schur. A. Mnbji, Schott.). 
 Var. alplnom, Engler (.-1. alp)num, Schott. & Kotschr) 
 hax peduncles longer, and an ovate-lanceolate spathe.' 
 
 7. ItAlictun, Miller {A. cylindrdceum, Gasp.). Fig. 
 140. Larger than the last : lvs. hastate, nearly truncate 
 below, light-veined : spathe scarcely swollen below, th** 
 limb erect and not expanding and including the short 
 spadix (tip sometimes deflexed after dowering). Yel- 
 lowish or white and faintly striate. Eu. B.M. 24:{2.— A 
 hardy species ; also grown in pots. In the open, the 
 lvs. appear in the fall. A very variable species. Var. 
 Canari^nse, Engler (A. Canarihise, Webb. & Btrtli.K 
 has narrow leaf-lobes and spathe. Var. concinn^tum, 
 Engler (A. concinndtnm and marmorfltHm , Schott.), 
 has broad gray-spotted lvs. Var. Byzantintim, Engler, 
 (A. Bijzant'innm, Schott.), has spathe tube oblong, 
 white inside and purple at the mouth, and an acuminate 
 purple or green limb. Var. albisp^thuin, Hort., has a 
 white spathe. l. H. B. 
 
 AB0NCU8 (old name). Hosdceas. Tall perennial herbs, 
 often referred to the genus Spiraea, with numerous small 
 dioecious white fls. in panicled spikes : stamens many ; 
 pistils commonly 3. Two species, American and Japanes*-. 
 
 sylvfister, Kost. {Spir(ea Ariincus, Linn.). Tall |.i-7 
 ft.), erect branchy herb : lvs. large, 1-2-pinnate, of 3-7 
 ovate Ifts. : follicles deflexed in f r. Rich woods, N. Amer., 
 N. Eu. and Asia. — A desirable hardy border plant of 
 easy culture. 
 
 astilboides, Maxim. (Spirtpa Artincus, var. astilbo)des, 
 Maxim. jS'. astiU>n)des, Hort. Astilbe astilbohles, Le- 
 moine, Gn. 48, p. ;{.")-<» ) . Dwarfer an«l more graceful than 
 the above (2 ft.): pedicels erect in fr. Japan. — Neater than 
 the American species. See Astilbe for illustration. 
 
 I IT R 
 
 ABUNDINABIA. See Bamboo. 
 
 ABtJNDO (Latin, r^-^-f?). Graminerv. Tall leafy per- 
 ennial grasses resembling bamboos, 5-15 ft. high, or 
 even 30 ft. in favorable locations. Lvs. broad and grace- 
 fully arching : sts. leafy to near the top, terminating in 
 an immense plume 1-2 ft. long : spikelets long and 
 pointed. 
 
 Ddnaz, Linn. Giant Reed. Figs. 147, 148. Toweringr 
 straight stems 8-30 ft. high, which grow very rapidly, 
 clothed with broad, pointed leaves at regular intervals. 
 Grown for lawn decoration and to conceal unsightly ob- 
 jects. In some countries used for laths, woven work 
 and thatching, and the 
 roots as a diuretic. The 
 tall, showy plumes are 
 reddish at first and last 
 a long time. Mediter- 
 ranean, Orient. Gn. 1, 
 p. 391; 3, p. 493; 8, p. 
 199 ; 17, p. 407. P.G. 
 3:2. Var. varieg4ta, 
 Hort. (var. versicolor, 
 Hort.). Much dwarfer 
 and less hardy than 
 the tj'pe. usually 4-7 or 
 even 12 ft. high, with 
 elegant longitudinal 
 stripes of creamy white 
 and green. Gt. 39, p. 
 209. F.S. 14:1425. Var. 
 macTophylla, Hort.. 
 has large, very glau- 
 cous lvs. 
 
 conspicna, Forst. f. 
 A rare and handf'^me 
 form, bearing silky 
 white fls,, which are 
 beautiful for months. 
 Less hardy than A. 
 Donax, and with nar- 
 rower lvs. Lvs. 2-4 ft. 
 
 long, very slender, involute, coriaceous, deeply chan- 
 neled ; upper surface, margins, and long, slender point 
 roughish. N. Zeal. B.M. 6232. Gn. 18, p. 479 ; 49, p. 
 229, p. B, Kennedy 
 
 '^:^'* 
 
 147. Anindo Donax. 
 
ARUNDO 
 
 ASCLEPIAS 
 
 103 
 
 ^rimdo Ponaz is one of the most popular of all frrtmseH 
 or hardy foliajfe plants, especially wherever the Pampas 
 Gra^A is not hardy. Although it succeeds almost any- 
 where in borders, beds, and on lawns, it is really at home 
 
 in moist soils and 
 near the water. It 
 is, therefore, one 
 of the standard 
 plants for striking 
 aquatic effects. Prop, 
 chiefly by division, or 
 as follows: The ripe 
 canes may be laid on 
 damp moss during 
 winter, and in a few 
 months nearly every 
 joint will sprout and 
 form a small rooted 
 plant. The canes 
 may then be cut up 
 and the young plants 
 potted off singly, to 
 be planted out the 
 following spring. 
 
 J. B. Keller. 
 
 ASAEITM (obscure 
 name). Ariatolochi- 
 dcece. Low, nearly 
 stemless herbs of a 
 few species, but 
 widely disseminated 
 in N. Temp, zone, 
 with odd purplish or 
 brown fls. on the sur- 
 face of the ground 
 (or nearly so), under- 
 neath the heart-like 
 or kidney-like Ivs.: 
 corolla wanting, but 
 calyx corolla - like ; 
 stamens 12 : ovary 
 inferior. The Asa- 
 rums inhabit rich, 
 shady woods, spread- 
 ing on the ground, 
 and the fls. are un- 
 seen except by the 
 close observer. They 
 are of easy culture if 
 transplanted to rich, 
 moist places. They 
 make attractive car- 
 pets in borders and 
 groves. The species 
 
 (iescribed below are sold by dealer;, in native plants. 
 
 Some of the species are reported to have medicinal 
 
 properties. 
 
 A. Plant markedly pubescent. 
 
 Canad^nse, Linn. Wild Gikger. Canada Snakeroot. 
 Lvs. about 2 to a plant, thin, kidney-shaped, pointed, 
 with a deep and open sinus, not mottled : fl. slender- 
 stalked, with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes an inch or 
 more across at the expanded mouth, chocolate-brown : 
 stvle 6-lobed. Frequent in woods E. B.M. 2769. A.G. 
 13:517. D. 279. 
 
 H4rtwegi, Watson. Tufted, loose-pubescent : Ivs. 
 large and thick, cordate, with rounded basal lobes, 
 mostly acute at the apex, margin ciliate, glabrous and 
 mottled above : fl. stout-stalked, the lobes often ovate 
 and long-pointed, the ovary inferior : styles 6. Sierra 
 Nevadas, 4,000-7,000 ft. alt. 
 
 Europaenm, Linn. Lvs. kidney-shaped, evergreen, 
 cark green, the petiole 3-5 in. : fls. greenish ])urple, 
 Viin., with incurved lobes : styles 6, and grooved or 2- 
 parted, recurved. Eu. 
 
 AA. Plant slightly or not at all pubescent. 
 
 caudiitam, Lindl. Rather slender, with long root- 
 st.^oiis, sparingly pubescent : lvs. cordate-kidney-shaped, 
 and more or less cupped or cucuUate, acute : fls. slen- 
 
 148. 
 
 Plume of Arundo 
 
 Donax. 
 
 der-Rtalked, the calyx-lobes oblong and attenuate : 
 styles united. Pacittc coast. 
 
 Limmonl, Watson. Like the last, but lvs. plane or 
 flat, rounded at apex, less pubescent, calyx lobes short. 
 Sierra Nevadus. 
 
 Virginictun, Linn. Lvs, broad-ovate or orbicular, 
 rounded at the top, the sinus narrow : fl. short -stalked, 
 puri»le, the calyx-lobes broad and rounded : styles 6, 
 2-lobed ; anthers not pointed. V'a., S. 
 
 arifdlium, Michx. Lvs. thickish and usually mottled, 
 orbicular to hastate, obtuse : fl. stout-stalked, urn- 
 shaped and much contracted at the throat : styles 6, 2- 
 
 lobed ; anthers pointed. Va., S. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 A8CL£PIAS (ancient Greek and Latinized name). 
 Asclepiadaee(P. Milkweed. Silkweed. Many herbs, 
 mostly North American, generally with opposite or 
 whorled lvs., milky juice, and umbels of odd fls. The 
 fls. are gamopetalous, the corolla segments generally 
 strongly reflexed ; stamens 5, attached to the corolla, 
 the anthers more or less united about the stigma ; be- 
 tween the cc.-roUa and the stamens is a crown of flv-e 
 cornucopia-like appendages ; pollencoheringintoawaxy 
 mass (pollinium), which is removed bodily by insects 
 which visit the fl. The pollination of an Asclepias fl. is 
 fehown in Fig. 149. The pollen-masses are usually twin 
 (as at b), and the handle or caudicle lies in a chink on 
 the side of the stigma. The pollen-masses become at- 
 tached to the legs or mouth parts of the insect, and 
 are thereby transferred to another fl. The Milkweeds 
 are common in waste places in N. Amer., and are 
 rarely cult. Several species (described below) have been 
 int. by dealers in native plants. The Butterfly-weed and 
 some others are very showy and worthy of more general 
 attention. The large-lvd. kinds are desirable when heavy 
 foliage effects are wanted. They are all perennials of 
 the easiest culture. Prop, by division, rarely by seeds. 
 See Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2., pt. i (which is here 
 followed). 
 
 A. Pis. (corolla and crotrn) orange. 
 
 tnberdsa, Linn. Butterfly-Weed. Pleurisy Root. 
 Hairy, 2-3 ft. high, from long, horizon* il roots, with 
 more or less alternate, lance-oblong or laiice-linear lvs.: 
 umbels several, short-peduncled : pods pubescent, erect. 
 Dry banks and fields ; widespread, and not infrequent. 
 B.R. 76. D. 223. -A handsome plant. 
 
 AA. Pis. in shades of red or purple. 
 
 Curass&vica, Linn. Plant glabrous, 2 ft. or less : lvs. 
 opposite and short-petioled, thin, oblong-lanceolate : 
 corolla sc&rlet : pods glabrous, erect. Fla. and La. 
 B.R. 81. 
 
 incam§ita, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so, leafy and 
 branching, 3 ft.: lvs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate : co- 
 rolla rose-purple to flesh color, with oblong lobes ; pods 
 glabrous, erect. B.R. 250. Var. pulchra, Pers. Hirsute, 
 and lvs. broader. Swamps. — Common. 
 
 AAA. Fls. greenish, yellovish orwhite (sometimes pur- 
 ple-tinged, especially in A. quadrifolia). 
 
 B. Pods tomentose and soft-spiny. 
 
 specidsa, Torr. (^1. Douglasii, Hook.). Stem stout 
 and simple, 3 ft. or less, flne-tomentose or becoming 
 glabrous : Ivs. large and broad, ovate, transversely 
 veined, short-petioled : fls. purplish and large, the pe- 
 duncle of the umbel shorter than the lvs. Neb. W, and 
 S. B.M. 4413. 
 
 Comtiti, Decne. (.4. Syrlaca, Linn.). Differs from last 
 in having obtuse and short hoods to the crown, taller, 
 less pubescent : lvs. oblong or oval : fls. dull purple, 
 in large, more or less nodding umbels. Mn. 7:221.— 
 The common milkweed of the E. states. 
 
 BB. Pods glabrous and unarmed. 
 
 c. Fruii*t\g pedicels decurved or de flexed, the pods 
 erect or ascending. 
 
 amplezicattliB, Michx. Plant glabrous and glaucous : 
 St. decumbent, 1-2 ft. long : lvs. numerous, cordate- 
 ovate and clasping, obtuse, succulent : corolla green- 
 purple. Barrens, N. Car. and S. 
 
104 
 
 ASCLEPIAS 
 
 ASPARAUL'S 
 
 phytolaecotdet, Pursh (A. n\vfa. Sims). Plant srla- 
 br<'U>s HJi.l irr»»'n, ;j-4 ft., erect : Ivh. thin, oval to lance- 
 oval, acuminate and nhort-petioletl : tt<*. j?reenisli. In 
 large, looHe umbels. Moist ground ; frequent. B.M.1181. 
 
 149. Milkweed flower, showinK pollination. 
 
 variegita, Linn. Two ft. or less high : Ivs. 3-7 pairs, 
 oval, ovate or oblong, thinnish, preen and f labrous above 
 and pale beneath : tls. white and pink, in 1-3 umbels. 
 Dry, shady places. Cent, and S, states. B.M. 1182. 
 
 erioc&rpa, Benth. Densely woolly all over : Ivs. alter- 
 nate or in 3'9, long-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled : 
 fls. dull white, in few or several umbels. Calif. 
 
 CO. Fruiting pedicels erect, and the pods erect. 
 
 quadrildlia, Linn. About 2 ft., not branched, with Ivs. 
 towards the top of the st. in whorls of 4 : Ivs. ovate or 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, thin, nearly or quite glabrous : 
 tls. pink to white in 2-4 loose umbels. Dry soil ; fre- 
 quent. L.B.C. 13:1258. 
 
 verticill&ta, Linn. About 2 ft., slender, very leafy: 
 Ivs. in whorls of 3-6, very narrow-linear and revolute : 
 fls. greenish white, in many small umbels. Dry soil ; 
 frequent. L.B.C. 11: 10G7. 
 
 Var. pfUnila, Gray. A few in. high, from a fascicled 
 root : Ivs. filiform, crowded. Plains, W. 
 
 MezicAna, Cav. Height, 5 ft. or less : Ivs. in whorls 
 of 3-*'}, or sometimes opposite or fascicle«l, linear or 
 narrow-lanceolate : fls. greenish white or purplish in 
 dense, many-fld. umbels. Ore. W. and S. l^ g_ g^ 
 
 ASCYBUM (Greek, not hard or rough). Ilypericdcefr. 
 Low herbs orsubshrubs, with bright yellow fls.. 2 small 
 sepals and 2 large ones, 4 petals, and many stamens. 
 Dry, sandy soils in E. states (also one or two West In- 
 dian and one Himalayan species), sometimes grown in 
 borders. Of easiest culture, but should be covered in 
 winter in the N. Prop, by division ; also, by seeds. 
 
 hypericoldes, Linn. {A. Crxix-Andrecp. Linn.). St. 
 Andrew's Ckoss. A ft. or less high, branchy : Ivs. ob- 
 long or obovate, narrowed to the base : styles 2. G.F. 
 5:257. Mn. 3:65. 
 
 st&ns, Michx. St. Peter's-wort. Taller, scarcely 
 branched : Ivs. broad -oblong or oval and clasping': 
 styles 3-4. L. H. B. 
 
 ASH. See Fraxinus. 
 
 AStMINA (from Assiminier, a French -and -Indian 
 name). Anondcece. Papaw (the papaw of literature is 
 Carica, which see ) . Small trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate, 
 entire, usually deciduous : fls. purple or whitish, campan- 
 ulate.solitary or few, axillary; sepals3; petals 6, the inner 
 ones smaller ; stamens numerous : fr. consisting of one 
 or a few large berries. Eight species in E. N. Amer. Or- 
 namental trees or shrubs, with large fls, in early spring, 
 
 and handsome foliage. Only 2 species are enltlratpd, of 
 which the arlnirescent one is the hardier and the hand 
 somer in foliage, while the more tender A. gmndiflorn 
 has larger and showier fls. They grow best in ri<h anil 
 moist soil. They transplant with «lifliculty. Prop, by seeds 
 sown in autumn, or stratified and sown'in spring', or \,y 
 layers in autumn; also, by root -cuttings. In the North, 
 the seeds should be sown in pots or pans. Description 
 of all species is given in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. l, 
 pp. 62 and 464. 
 
 triloba, Dun. (J nAwrt /rf/oftrt, Linn.). Fig. 150. Small 
 tree. It)— 40 ft.: Ivs. cuneate. obovate-oblong, acute. !j-l 
 ft. long, glabrous: fls. with the Ivs. from branches of the 
 previous year, green when expanding, changing to pur- 
 plish red, with yello\K in the middle, 2 in. broad : fr. 
 oblong, 2-6 in. long, dark brown. S. states, north to N. 
 York, west to Mich, and Kansas. S.S. 1:15, 16. fin 
 33. p. .321. G.F. 8: 495. A.G. 44:713.- This is the only 
 arlK)rescent species of the gtuus. It is well worth a 
 place in the garden, for its large foliage is very hand- 
 some and the fls., appearing in the early spring,' are at- 
 tractive. The large fr. is edible, and may be still im- 
 proved by cultivation and careful selection of the htest 
 varieties. Many people do n )t relish the highly aromatic 
 flavor; and the large see«ls are a disadvantage. Th*- tree 
 has proved hardy in Mass. and Ontario. One or two 
 named forms have been offered. 
 
 grandindra. Dun. Shrub, 2-6 ft. : Ivs. cnneate, obovate 
 or obluui;. obtuse, 2-4 in. long, rufous-pul^escent when 
 young, at length glabrous and chartaceous : fls. large, 
 appearing with the Ivs. ; outer petals cream-colored, over 
 2 in. long, much larger tht. i the inner ones: the large fr. 
 is said to be very delicious. S. Georgia, Fla. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 ASPARAGUS, ESCULENT (Aspdragus officiuiilis, 
 Linn.). LiliUctif. A pt-rennial herb, cult, for the succu- 
 lent young shoots which arise from the roots in spring. 
 The plant is naf ve to Eu. and Asia, and has been cult. 
 for 2,000 years and more. It was known to the Greeks 
 and Komans. The so-called Ivs. of asparagus are really 
 leaf-like branches. The Ivs. are the scales, which are 
 well shown on the shoot at the left in Fig. 151. From 
 
 150. Asimina Uiloba (X>3). 
 
 the axils of these scales branches may arise, n a. At 
 b b are shown clusters of brauchiets, or "leaves," issuing 
 from the axils of scales or Ivs. 
 
 Asparagus, being a rather rugged plant, will live, and 
 in a measure thrive, on almost any kind of soil, even 
 under neglect. One frequently finds apparently thrifty 
 plants in neglected fence rows, or strong stalks pushing 
 up through stone heaps or other rubbish piled several 
 feet in thickness upon an abandoned asparagus bed. 
 The stalks that are wanted for the table and for a dis- 
 
ASPARAGl'S 
 
 ASPARAfJUS 
 
 10.1 
 
 criiDin»iin>? market, however, are those an inch ormor« 
 ifl dianieter anti deliciously succulent, which oimj can 
 CTowtuly on »c»^Kxl plants net far enough apurt on well- 
 ilrain*-"', well-manured an<l well-tilled »oil. To secure 
 f»rliut'"*"< of crop, the laml selected for an Aspara^Ui^ 
 iiatch should be a warm loam, prffiTHhly exp«»«ed to 
 south or east. Manures of any kind may be used with 
 .^atest liberality, too much beintc ain)o?^t out of the 
 question. Unlens the soil is already well supplied 
 with reiretable iiiatter, and f<»r that r«'as«»n very loose 
 and mellow, bulky munures, such an fairly-well rotted 
 stable manure or rich compont, are almost indii^pensablo 
 at tbfc ''tart. A heavy dressing is to be plowed under. 
 Afterwards concentrated manures, rich in nitrojfen an<l 
 T)ota«h. will do very well for loLse Sfiils, and may be 
 used broadcast on top, as the crop seems to need them 
 from year to year. Much depends on good plants. 
 The^e are easily grown. To jrrow one's own supply for 
 Marling a plantation is ordinarily a safer plan than to 
 depend on purchased plants. Use strong 1-year plants 
 in preference to older ones. The male, or pollen-bearing 
 plauts. are more vigorous, therefore more productive of 
 PKkI i»tall;s and more profitable than the female or seed- 
 bearintf plants ; but it is not always an easy tank to dis- 
 tinguish the one from the other at an early age unless 
 they bloom. To raise the plants, sow seed in early 
 spring thinly in drills, in a well-prepared seed-bed. 
 Have the drills a foot apart ; cover the seed half an inch 
 to an inch deep, and thin the plants early to stand 3 
 inches apart. With the same attention as that demanded 
 by other close-planted grarden vegetables, strong plants 
 will then be the sure outcome. Get the land ready for 
 jetting the plants by deep and careful plowing and 
 thorough harrowing. Then plow out furrows 5 or even 
 6 feet apart. If the demand is for the green stalks 
 (those grown above ground), popular in some markets, 
 the furrows may be made 6 or 7 inches deep. If 
 blanched shoots are wanted (and they are of superior 
 flavor and tenderness, provided they are grown in mel- 
 low soil and under high and skillful culture), they have 
 to be grown below ground; hence the furrows are to be 
 matle a few inches deeper than for plants set for green 
 stalks. Set the plants in the furrows not less than 2 
 feet apart, each on a little mound of soil, spreading the 
 roots in the same way as they grew in the seed bed. 
 Cover with mellow soil to the depth of a few inches, and 
 afterwards, in the course of some weeks and by means 
 of suitable tools (smoothing harrow, cultivator, etc.), 
 gradually fill the furrows even with the ground level. 
 A still better plan wheiie the material can be had, is to 
 fill the furrows with fine old compost, as the covering 
 above the crowns of the plants can not be made too 
 loose. It is advisable, and will insure closer attention 
 in cultivation, to grow some hoed crop, like beets, tur- 
 nips, cabbage, beans, peas, radishes, etc., between the 
 rows of Asparagus the first year. In the fall, and e very- 
 fall thereafter, cut the Asparagus stalks close to the 
 ground and remove them from the patch, to avoid the 
 scattering of the seed. 
 
 In early spring of the second year, the surface of the 
 Ifround is to be loosened by shallow p»lowing or deep cul- 
 tivating; and when the first sprouts appear, the rows 
 may be hilled up to some extent, especially if blanched 
 staiks are to be grown. The wi.sdom of cutting that 
 season more than a very few, if any, of the shoots for 
 the table or sale may well be doubted. Plants left intact 
 until the third year will grow mtich stronger and be 
 more productive afterward. In the absence of a spe- 
 cially devised Asparagus knife, any ordinary table or 
 pocket knife may be used for cutting the shoots, or in 
 mellow soil the shoots may be broken off at the base with 
 the finger. In cutting, be very careful to avoid injury to 
 later shoots or to the crown of the plant. The third sea- 
 son and every year thereafter loosen up the ground as 
 directed for the second season. The shoots are now to 
 be cut indiscriminately and clean, up to the beginning 
 of the green-pea season. After that, allow them to grow 
 undisturbed, but continue cultivation, to keep the ground 
 surface mellow and free from weed growth. For market, 
 wash the freshly-cut stalks and tie them in neat, com- 
 pact bunches of the size demanded by the particular 
 market, using some bright-colored ribbon, or perhaps 
 rubber bands. If to be shipped, especially for a longer 
 
 distance, pack the bunches in moist mosH or other ma* 
 terial that will prevent the stalks from wiltiui;. Varia* 
 tious in tbeAsparagusf lant are due more to differences 
 in culture and envjronment than to those 
 characteristic of the variety. American 
 seedsmen offer the following as distinct 
 varieties : Colossal (Conover's), Palmetto, 
 Mammoth (Barr's), Columbian (Mammoth 
 Columbian White). The la>t named in 
 perhaps the only one having an undisputed 
 
 151. Leaves and 
 
 branches of 
 
 common Asparagus. 
 
 I II, 
 
 claim to varietal distinction, on account 
 of the white color of its young shoots. 
 To save the seed, strip the scarlet berries 
 off the ripe stalks by hand, or thresh them 
 off with a fiail, put them in a sound barrel 
 or tank, and mash them with a wooden 
 pounder, to separate the hard, black seeds from the 
 pulp. Clean them by washing in plenty of water, pour- 
 ing off the pulp and skins ; dry and store. 
 
 In the Atlantic coast states, north of Virginia, the 
 Asparagus rust {Puccinia Asparagi) has often done con- 
 siderable damage. Outside of that region this fungous 
 disease is hardly known. Burning the infected stalks 
 is recommended. According to the Massachusetts Ex- 
 periment Station, *'the best means of controlling the 
 rust is by thorough cultivation in order to secure vig- 
 orous plants, and in seasons of extreme dryness plants 
 growing on very dry soil with little water-retaining 
 properties should, if possible, receive irrigation." As- 
 paragus anthracnose has appeared in a few instances. 
 Of insect enemies, only two have thus far attacked As- 
 paragus plants in America, namely, the common Aspara- 
 gus beetle {Crinctris Anpnragi, Linn.), and the 12- 
 spotted Asparagus beetle (C. IS-ptinctata, Linn.). The 
 following remedies are recommended : Chickens and 
 ducks ; close cutting of the young shoots in the early 
 season, and the free use of fresh, air-slaked lime or of 
 arsenites dusted on the dew-wet plants after the cut- 
 ting period. Even with all kinds of vegetables in abun- 
 dant supply and much cheaper than ever, there is hardly 
 any danger that a superior article of Asparasrus will go 
 begging for customers in any of our markets, or that the 
 grower of such product could not get several hundred 
 dollars per acie for his crop. 
 
 There are no books of American origin devoted wholly 
 or chiefly to Asparag^is ; but all the vegetable-garden- 
 ing manuals discuss it. f , Gkeiner. 
 
106 
 
 ASPARAGUS 
 
 ASPARAGUS 
 
 ASPABAOUS, OBNAMENTAL. LiliUceat. The genus 
 Asparagus comprises about 1 r)0 species, which are widely 
 dispersed in warm or tropical regions, being particularly 
 abundant in S. Afr. The species are of very various 
 habit. 8onie are climbers, some dnx»ping or trailing, and 
 some erect-bushy. Many of them are highly prized for 
 their very graceful and tine foliage. Some species even 
 surpass the most delicate ferns in elegance of habit and 
 deiicm'y of spray. The foliage is really composed of leaf- 
 like branches (cladophylla) rather than of true Ivs. (see 
 Fig. 151. and the discussion of it). Although all are per- 
 ennial, the sts. of some kinds annually die down or cast 
 their Ivs. With the exception of A . rerticillatus, the fol- 
 lowing species mus* be grown under glass, except in 
 S. Fla. and S. Cr-^.L They are of easy culture. Best 
 when propagate.! by see<ls (which are usually freely pro- 
 duced), but ar" also multiplied by division and cuttings. 
 Roots genera ly tuberous. Mongr. by Bftker, .lourn. 
 Linn. Soc. 14 » I'STri ) ; account of cult, species by Watson, 
 G.C. 111.23:12.% 147,178. 
 
 A. Foliage ovate. 
 medeololdes, Thunb. (ifyrsiphfillum nsparaffo)de.f, 
 WilM.). Smilax of rtorists. Fig. 152. Tall, slender, gla- 
 brous twiner: cla<lo[»hyria 1 in. c more long, thick, 
 glossy green on both sides, strong-nerved, standing edge- 
 wise to the branch : tls. single, fragrant ; berries dark 
 green. 8. Afr. B.M. 5,')84.— Much grown by florists for 
 use in decorations (see cultural notes below). 
 
 AA. Foliage narrow, but distinctly flat and plain. 
 
 Spr^ngeri, Kegel. Figs. 153, 154. Tubers fleshy, white: 
 branches long and slender, branched, drooping : Ivs. 
 1 in. long, glossy green: fls. small and whitish, in short 
 racemes, fragrant : berrv small, coral-red. Natal. Gn. 
 54, p. 88. A.G.18:8«>. 88;?: "19:101. Gng.4:l«)7. F.E.9: sup. 
 Mn. 8:151. — One of the most popular basket and decora- 
 tive plants, of easy cult. Prop, by division, but most 
 efficiently bv seeds, which can be purchased. At a night 
 temp, of (55'^ they germinate in 4-5 weeks. Int. to horti- 
 culture by Dammann & Co., Italy, in 1890. and named for 
 their collector, Herr Sprenger. There is a white-lvd. 
 variety. 
 
 Iticidus, Lindl. Cliiaber : tub* rs 1 Vain, long : sts. 4-<J 
 ft., spiny, branching : Ivs. narrow aiid curved, 2 in. or 
 less long, 2-ii in a cluster, more or less deciduous : fls. 
 small, white, axillary : berries pink or white. Hin. in 
 diam. China and .lapan. where the tubers are eaten 
 (A.G. 13:78).— Needs warm treatment. 
 
 AAA. Foliage filiform or threa^H-like. 
 
 plTUndsus, Baker. ¥\g. 155. Tall-climb.'ng, with spiny 
 teri'te sts. (10-15 ft.): branches flattish and spreading 
 horizontally in elegant sprays : Ivs. short, bright green, 
 in clusters : fls. white, commonly solitarv : berrv black, 
 nearly globular, 1 -seeded. S. Afr. G.C. III. 23:140.— 
 One of the most j)opuIar of decorative plants, the cut 
 strands holding their shape and color for weeks ( see note 
 on culture below). It is propagated bj* seeds, division, and 
 cuttings. Several garden forms. Var. niinus, Hort., Fig. 
 
 plant or seeds bting the onl methods .,hat answer for it." 
 A. F. 11:1178. Var. tenulssimus, Hort. {A. tenuissimux, 
 Hort.). Fig. 150. Only partially climbing, very light 
 
 152. Asparagus medeoloides, or Smilax. 
 Natural size. 
 
 155 (but not dwarf, as its name implies), is commoner 
 than the type, from which it is distinguished, according to 
 Watson, "by the fulness and flatness of its fronds, and by 
 its refusal to multiply by means of cuttings, division of the 
 
 153. Asparaeus 
 
 Sprensreri (X %) 
 
 green : sprays more open and delicate than those of 
 the type, because of the fewer and longer Ivs. Var. 
 declin4tu8. Hort., has drooping sprays Var. cristitufl, 
 Hort., has forking-tasseled sprays. 
 
 Comor^nsis, Hort. Similar to A. plumosns : more ro- 
 bust, (hirker green, softer foliage : berries globular. 
 G.C. III. 23:181. I.H. 42, p. 61. 
 
 crfspus, Lam. {A. denimhens, .Tacq., and Hort.). Tu- 
 bers many, oblong: climl)ing (2-4 ft.), the sts. tine or 
 almost h,:ir-like and annual, the branches zigzag: Ivs. 
 numerous, usually in close pairs, very short (V4in.), 
 glaucous-green : fls. white, with orange anthers : 
 berry large (Vi^in. long), oval, soft, brown, about 
 G-seeded. S. Afr. A. defUius. Hort., is probably 
 a form of this species. 
 
 verticilliltUB, Linn. Tall-climbing (10-15 ft.) 
 hardy plant : rootstv k woody : sts. stout (Vain, in 
 diam.), sat ' '^> be edible when young, but becom- 
 ing woody I'iny : Ivs. in tufts, hair-like, 2 in, 
 or less long : fls. small : berries red. Persia, Si- 
 beria. 
 
 retrofrdctus, Linn. (A. retrofrdctus arhdrens, 
 Hort.). Sts. slender (4-8 ft.^. becoming woody and 
 gray, scarcely climbing, zigzag, spiny, the branches 
 wiry: Ivs. in close clusters, green, hair-like. 1-2 in. 
 long: fls. white, small, umbellate: berry small, 
 nearly globular, l-see<led. S. -**r. 
 
 virg&tus, Baker. A bushy, bi , achy plant 3-0 ft., 
 the branches arching : Ivs. in 3's, dark green. 1 
 in. or less long : fls. small, white: berries red, 1-seeded. 
 S. Afr. 
 
 A. aentifbliim. hinn. Hard.v. rigid, .5 ft.: Ivs. tuft e<l, hair-like: 
 fls. yellow: berry red. E}x.—A.^thidpicus,^Ainx. Suiigests A. 
 
ASPARAGUS 
 
 ASPARAGUS 
 
 107 
 
 I 
 
 ■i 
 
 Spr^ngpri : evergreen : Ivs. flat ami falcate, in Mnsters o' 3-6. 
 \fj-.A,Afriednua, Lam. CllmlKT: hs. rigid, dark gret'n, flus- 
 (p^, ererirreen. 8. Afr.— .4. Asidtinu, Linn. Tall t^limlier: 
 ivs. hair-like, soft, i^\n.—A. Codperi, Baker. Similar u, A. plu- 
 mosus. S. Afr.— .4. declindtus, Linn. .Mlied 
 to A. phimosus, from whif h it differs In having 
 deltoid prickles, pale green stems, and smHiler 
 Ijerries." S. Afr. — vl.7ff'ca<t«, Linn. Very tall 
 (25-30 ft.), climbing: Ivs. in whorls. Hat and 
 falcate. S. Afr., Trop. Asia. ii.V. III. 2^. I'Si, 
 178.— il. lariclnua, Burch. Shoots annual, Ifr-l'J 
 ft.: Ivs. hair-like, persistent, in clusters. Simi- 
 lar to A. retrofractus. S.Afr. G.C. III. 23:122. 
 — A . procutnheim, a tratle n.tnie. —A . racemdmts, 
 Willd. ('liml>er: Ivs. grayish, 4-angled : fls. 
 whitish, fragrant ; racemes 2 in. lonp. Trop. 
 Afr. and A.,ia. G. C. III. 2:{:147.— .4. Htirmeiitd- 
 mis, Linn. Not c'imhing, hut loose, 4 ft.: Ivs. 
 green and flat : berries bright red. Trop. Asia 
 (and Afr.?). G.CMII. 10:747; 23:179.-^. 
 scdndeng, Thnnb. Climbing, slender: Ivs. 
 in 3"8. cun-ed, tl-it. dark green. S. Afr.— 
 A. Sehoberioldea, Kunth. One ft.: ivs. de- 
 ciduous, in 3's or 4'8, IHear, curved : fls. 
 sessile: berries red. Hai 'v. ,^ai>.— A. ten- 
 uifhling. Lam. Shrubby, iiardy, 3 ft.: Ivs. 
 grayish, linear,*'urved: berries very large, 
 red. S. Eu. Not to be confounded with 
 A. tenuissimus, which is a form of A. plu- 
 mosns.— A. trhhophyllns, Bunge. Sta. an- 
 nual. weak, 3H5 ft.: Ivs. clustered, stiff and 
 awl-like : fls. long-pe^licelled. Hardy. Si- 
 \\ — beria.China.— .4.f/H//;»'//«/M«, Link. Some- 
 what shrubby, the sts. wiry : 
 Ivs. 3-angled, stiff, in dustors: 
 fls. white, fragrant, in uiubels. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CrLTi'RE OP Smilax 
 ( A apd rdf/itx mt'dt'ololdes ) . 
 — Comiuercially, Sinilax is 
 grown in soli<i bed.s under 
 glass, and the tall growth 
 is tied to strings. These 
 strings are cut for sale. 
 Some growers do not renew 
 their beds of Smilax for.'J or4 years. It is, doubtless, the 
 most profitable to replant with young stock every year. 
 Smilax, like all its family, is a heavy feeder. A heavy 
 loam with one-fifth half-rotted cow-manure is the best 
 compost for the bed. A light house is not essential. The 
 m (lie of an equal-span house nmning north and south 
 is un ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run 
 up the s, rings 7 or 8 feet. Plant as early as possible in 
 July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of 
 Smilax make the mistake of putting them in a coolhouse. 
 It will grow in a temperature of .50°, but not profitably : 
 60° at night, and even 65°, is the right temperature. 
 The plants should be 8 in. apart in the rows and 10 in. 
 between rows. If not syringed frequently, red spider 
 attacks the Srailax ; but there is no excuse for that, as a 
 daily syringring is a sure preventive. When cutting the 
 strings, avoid picking out one here and there. Begin to 
 
 154. Strong 
 new shout of 
 Asparagus Sprengeri 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 *-^s 
 
 '<*. 
 
 should also betaken in I'utting, forniaTiy times there will 
 b« several young growths a f .)ot or so high that can be 
 saved for a future string, and they may bt, worse than use- 
 less if cut. Smilax for planting in July should be raised 
 from seed sown in February. When 2 or 3 in. hiirh, and 
 showing its character-learos.it should be potted in 2-in. 
 pots. In May, they should go into 3-in. pots. It is very 
 important that the first growth, which is always weak, 
 should be made in these 3-in. pots ; then, when planted 
 out, the first growth in the beds is strong enough to make 
 saleable strings. Never neglect tying up Smilax as soon 
 as the precef'.ing crop is cut. Contrary to what 's the 
 case wiih many plants, the hotter Smilax is grown the 
 hardier and more duinble the leaves, providing it is not 
 cut prematurely. William S< ott. 
 
 CiLTrRE OP Asparagus plum* us.— Th. rst and 
 all-important factor in the cultivation of .asparagus 
 is the construction of the bed. To meet with any degree 
 of success, tiie bed must have perfect drainage. The 
 house should be 2') or 30 feet high, and wired at the top 
 and bottom. The wires beneath are made fast to each 
 
 cut at one end of the bed and, as much as possible, clear 
 off all the strings, because when denuded of so much 
 growth the fleshy roots are liable to rot if over-watered; 
 little water is needed till young growth starts. Care 
 
 156. Asparagus plumosus. var. tenuissimus (X M). 
 
 side of an iron trellis about 8 inches apart and at the 
 top an equal distance apart, in order that the strings 
 may be as nearly straight as possible. 
 
 Theearly growth of yl.s7?rtraf7KS plumosus, var. nanus, 
 is very slow ; but as soon as it is transplanted anu well 
 rooted in a rich soil, the growth is more rapid, the t'.tder 
 shoots developing into a vine which will be ready to cut 
 for the market in about a year. There is great di.^iculty 
 in obtaining the seed of the nanus. In a whole house, 
 there may be only a few seed-bearing strings. After 
 being picked, the berries are alloved to dry for a month, 
 and are then ready for planting. A good, rich soil, cov- 
 ered with a thin film of sand, serves very well to start 
 them. The temperature should be about rM°, and as 
 nearly constant as possible. When the plant is well 
 rooted, it is removed to a deeper soil or potted in 3- 
 or 4-inch pots and placed on a bench. Here it remains 
 a year, and is then placed in the bed. 
 
 Up to this time a small amount of labor suffices to keep 
 the ]ilant growing in a healthy con«lition : but from now 
 on great care must be taken and much labor expended 
 to produce the best cro[». The bed into which 
 the young plant is set should be carefully laid 
 with rocks at the bottom, so the water can 
 ;2S£^ escape freely. Over this place two or three 
 :"3^»^ feet of soil, manure, ancl 
 
 dead leaves. It is but a short 
 time now that the roots have 
 room to expan<l before the 
 shoots appear above the trel- 
 lis, and the stringing begins. 
 Strong linen thread is used 
 for strings. 
 
 The first crop will not be 
 ready to cut before the end 
 of the second year ; that is, 
 from the time tl:e seed is 
 planted. As soon as this crop is exhausted, new strings 
 are put in place of the old, and another crop is started. 
 This goes on year after year. Now that the plant has 
 gotten its growth, it is more hardy, and is constantly 
 
 <» 
 
 155. Asparagus plumosus, var. nanus (X ^) 
 
 *«a* 
 
108 
 
 ASPARAGUS 
 
 ASPHODELINE 
 
 sending; up new shoots. If the bed is well made in the 
 beginning, the Aspara>ru.s need not be disturbed for eight 
 or ten years. However, at the end of that time it is well 
 to take the plants up and till the beds Avith fresh soil 
 and manure. 
 
 In the spring, when the sun gets high, the Asparagus 
 houses are shaded with a light coating of white lead, 
 whiting and kerosene oil. This is absolutely necessary, 
 as the summer sun would in a very short time bum the 
 tops of the vine. The vine flowers in the fall, and only 
 on strings that have been matured six months or more. 
 
 The vine alone is not the only source of profit. When 
 the plant is a year old, a few of the most nearly perfect 
 sprays may be taken without injuring its growth. These 
 are very desirable in the market. There is, of course, 
 some waste in working up the Asparagus to be shifted, 
 but, on the whole, it is very slight. The different forms 
 in which it is sold utilize by far the greater part of it. 
 
 Insects destroy the shoots and sprays. This is pre- 
 vented to a great extent by insect powder. The cut- 
 worms do the most damage. About the only way to get 
 rid of them is to pick them oflf the strings during the 
 night, as they generally seek shelter under the thick 
 clusters of the plant at daylight. There are many draw- 
 backs in growing Asparagus, among which are expensive 
 houses, the slow growth of the plants (which makes it 
 necessary to wait at least two years before receiving 
 any return from the expenditure), injury from insects, 
 an<i the great amount of labor involved in looking after 
 the houses. William H. Elliott. 
 
 ASFASIA (Greek personal name, of little significance 
 here). Orchiddcetr, tribe y'dndeie. Pscndobulbous: Ivs. 
 sub-coriaceous : racemes radical : peri h spreading : 
 lateral sepals free, the upper one conna at the base of 
 the petals : labellum concave : column semi-terete : 
 pollinia 2. Eight or 10 Trop. Amer. species. The genus 
 is closely allied to Odontoglossum. 
 
 epidendroldes, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : racemes, 
 with about 4 lis. ; erect : sepals and petals streaked with 
 brown ; labellum white, dotted with violet-purple. Pan- 
 ama and Colombia. Oakes Ames. 
 
 ASPEN. See Populus. 
 
 ASP£B£LLA (diminutive of asper, rough). Syn., .ils- 
 prella. Graminete. Perennial grasses, with looser and 
 more slender terminal spikes than EljTnus. Spikelets 
 usually in pairs, on short pedicels, empty glumes wanting 
 or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spikelets 
 of each spike. Species 4. N. Amer., Siberia, New Zeal. 
 
 H^striz, Humb. Bottle -brush Grass. Spikelets 
 stand out at right angles, suggesting brushes used for 
 cleaning bottles. A native grass, growing in woodlands 
 and on the borders of thickets ; sometimes used for 
 lawn decoration. p, g. Kexxedy. 
 
 ASF£BULA {roughish ; referring to lvs.). Riihidicece. 
 jNIostly dwarf, hardy herbs, for borders, rockeries and 
 shady places, with square stems, whorled lvs. (some of 
 the lvs. are really stipules), and many small, 4-parted 
 fls., produced freely from May to July. The commonest 
 species is A. odorata, the Waldmeister of the Germans, 
 which is used in their Maitrank, or May wine, and in 
 summer drinks. The dried lvs. have a hay-like fra- 
 grance, lasting for years, and are often kept with 
 clothes. The plant occasionally escapes from gardens. 
 A. hexaphylla , with its delicate, misty spray, is used 
 with sweet peas and other cut-flowers that are inclined 
 to look lumpy. Other plants for this purpose are Gyp- 
 sophila panicttlata, Statice lati folia, and several Gali- 
 nms, all of which have small, abundant fls. in very loose 
 panicles on long, s'ender stems. In half-shaded and 
 moist soil, Asperulas grow very luxuriantly until late 
 fall. In drj' and sunny places they soon become stunted, 
 and die down before the season is over. Prop, by divi- 
 sion and by see<ls. 
 
 A. Pla nts peren n ia 1 : fls . wh He . 
 
 B. Corollas 4-lobed. 
 
 odoriLta, Linn. Sweet Woodruff. Fig. loT. Habit 
 erect or ascending : height (^-8 in. : lvs. usually in 
 whorls of 8, lanceolate, finely toothed or roughish at the 
 
 margin : corollas campanulate : seeds rough. Eu. and 
 Orient. — Increases rapidly, and is used for carpeting 
 shady places, and for edgings. 
 
 hexaphylla. All. Plant-stem glabrous: habit ascend- 
 ing, slender : height 1-2 ft.: lvs. in whorls of ti, linear, 
 acute, rough : corollas tubular-funnel shaped : panicles 
 
 157. Asperula odorata. 
 
 very loose : fls. larger than the bracts : seeds smooth. 
 Italy, Hungary, Pyrenees on high passes and dry mt. 
 sides. — Well grown specimens may be 3 ft. in diani. and 
 nearly as high. 
 
 BB. Corollas often S-lohed. 
 
 tinctdria, Linn. Dyer's Woodruff. Habit procum- 
 bent unless supported : height 1-2 ft.: lvs. linear; 
 lower ones in 6's, middle ones in 4's, uppermost ones in 
 2's : bracts ovate : fls. reddish on outside : roots large, 
 creeping widely, reddish. Dry hills and rocks of Eu. 
 
 AA. Plants annual : fls. blue. 
 
 orient^lis, Boiss. & Hohen. (A. azurea and A. sefosa, 
 Jaub. & Spach. A. azurea-setosa and A. setosa-azurea, 
 Hort. ). Height 1 ft.: lvs. in whorls of 8, lanceolate, 
 bristly : fls. longer than the bracts. Eu. and Orient. 
 
 ^' ^ '• ^-^- J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 ASPHODEL. See Asphodeline and Asphodelus. 
 
 ASPHODELlNE (name modified from Asphodelus). 
 Lilihcece. Hardy herbaceous plants, distinguished from 
 Asphodelus by their erect and leafy sts. They have 
 long racemes of yellow or white fls. in June and July. 
 All the older species were described under Asphodelus. 
 In 1830, Reichenbach made the new genus Asphodeline 
 for A. lutea and others. The only species advertised in 
 America is A. luteus, but all those described below are 
 likely to be in cult. Monog. by J. G. Baker in Jouru. 
 Linn. Soc. 15 : 273-278 ( 1877) . -^ ^i 
 
 The culture of Asphodeline lutea is simple. Any soil 
 will suit. Partial shade is allowable, but fls. are often 
 better in the sun. Prop, readily by division. 
 
 A. Stems leafy up to the raceme. 
 
 B. lis. yellow. 
 
 Ititea, Reichb. (Asphddelus luteus, Linn.). True As- 
 phodel of the ancients, or King's Spear. Height 2-t 
 ft. : roots thick, fleshy, stoloniferous : ivs. 3-12 in. long: 
 margins rough : racemes (>-18 in. long, 3 in. wide: bracts 
 large, membraneous, persistent. Italv, Mauritania and 
 Algeria to Tauria and Arabia. B.M. 773. L.B.C. 12:1102 
 as A. Taurictis. — The best species. 
 
 BB. Fls. white. 
 
 Tatlrica, Kunth. Height 1-2 ft. : roots slender: lvs. 
 3-9 in. long; margins membranaceous: raceme 6-12 in. 
 long, 1 ^'2-2 in. wi<le: bracts 9-12 lines long. Caucasus, 
 Tauria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece. G.C. III. 21 : 175. 
 
 AA. Stems leafy only a third or half the tvay to the 
 
 raceme. 
 B. Fls. white : raceme dense, 
 
 globifera, J. Gay, Height 2-3 ft. : capsule globose 
 Cappadocia. 
 
ASPHODELIN 5 
 
 ASPIDISTRA 
 
 109 
 
 BB. Fls. yellow : raceme lax. 
 c. Bracts large, G-12 lines long, loug-cuspidqte. 
 
 tenMor, Ledeb. Height 1 ft. Caucasus, Annen., N. 
 Per-^ia. B.M. 2626. — Smaller than ^4. l(iten.t,yf^ith finer 
 I vs. ami smaller, fewer and paler tis. Especially dis- 
 tinguished by the stalk being naked at the uppt r part, 
 below the raceme of fls., and the bracts as short as 
 or shorter than the peduncle. 
 
 cc. Braffs small, 1%-S lines long, short-cuspidate. 
 
 'bnmica, Reichb. {A. Critica, Vis., not Boiss.). 
 
 ght 1-2 ft. Greece, Crete, Dalmatia. Austria, Italy, 
 not Asia Minor. L.B.C. 10: 915 as A. Cretica. 
 
 brevicatilis, J. Gay {A. Cretica, Boiss., not Vis.). St. 
 often flexnose, that of all the others here described being 
 erect and strict. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt. 
 
 iuu. Stems leafy only at the base: fls. white: racemes 
 
 dense. 
 B. Racemes usually simple. 
 c. Stems having leaf-scales : height 8 ft. 
 imperi^lis, Siehe. Tallest species of the genus : tis. 
 large, reddish white. Cappadocia. G.C. III. 22: 397. 
 
 cc. Stems not having leaf-scales : height l}^-2 ft. 
 
 Damasc^na, Baker. Height lV^-2 ft.: bracts membra- 
 naceous, lanceolate, the lowest 9-12 lines long. Mt. 
 Lebanon. 
 
 Bal4n88B, J. Gav. Height 2 ft.: bracts scarious, 6-9 
 lines long. Cilicik. Gt. 40, p. 521. G.C. III. 23: 111. 
 
 BU. Uacemes much panicled. 
 isthmocirpa, Gay. Height 2 ft. Cilicia. G.C. III. 
 23: 117. W. M. 
 
 ASPHdDELUS (Greek name of unknown origin). Lili- 
 hce(f. Hardy herbaceous stemless plants, with white, 
 lily-like flowers in long racemes, fleshy, fascicled roots, 
 and firm, linear, radical. tufted leaves. 
 Perianth funnel-shaped ; segments 6, 
 oblong-ligulate, obtuse, equal, with a 
 distinct nerve on the back, and always 
 ascending. The Asphodel of the an- 
 cients, or King's Spear, is Asphode- 
 line lufeus, which see. Homer men- 
 tions the Asphodel raea('ows of the 
 dead, where the shades of heroes con- 
 gregated in Hades. The Asphodel in 
 Greek mythology was the peculiar 
 flower of the dead. It has always been a 
 common weed in Greece, and its pallid yel- 
 low flowers are as.sociated with desert places 
 and tombs. The word daffodil is a corrup- 
 tion of Asphodel. The Asphodel of the early 
 English and French poets is JVarcissus 
 Pxeudo-narcissus. J. G. Baker, in his re- 
 vision of the genus in Jour. Linn. Soc. 15: 
 2ti8-272 (1877), refers 40 species of other 
 botanists to A. ramosus, the dominant type, of which he 
 makes three sub? ^ecies. These subspecies are here kept 
 distinct, for horticultural purposes, as good species. 
 They are the ones first described below. A . ra mos us and 
 A. albus are the only current trade names in America. 
 Culture simple; see Asphndeline. 
 
 A. Plant perennial : Ivs.S-angled. 
 
 B. Scape long. 
 
 c. Racemes simple or sparingly branched. 
 
 41bu8, Miller, not Willd. Branching Asphodel. 
 Bracts buff colored when young : filaments deltoid at 
 the base : capsules medium-sized, 5-6 lines long, sub- 
 globular or ellipsoid. Southern Eu. 
 
 ceraslfenu, J. Gay. Bracts pale yellow : filaments 
 wedge-shaped at the base, but rapidly becoming awl- 
 shaped : capsule large, 8-10 lines thick, flattish globu- 
 lar, umbilicate. Western Mediterranean region. 
 
 cc. Racemes much branched or panicled. 
 
 microc&rpus, Vis. (A . (psDvus, Brot.). Bracts pale yel- 
 low at flrst : filaments 4-angled at the base : capsule small, 
 3-4 lines long,oboToid-globo8e. Mediterranean, Canaries. 
 
 BB. Scape short, almost wanting. 
 
 acatllis, Desf. Lvs. 6-20, in a dense rosette, 3-4 in. 
 long, minutely pubescent : fls. (>-20. in a crowded corymb : 
 segments of perianth 2-3 lines wide. Algiers. B.M. 7004. 
 
 AA. Plant annual : leaves cylindrical, hollow. 
 
 fistuldsus, Linn. Height 16-20 in. : lvs. 12-30, in a dense 
 rosette, (>-12 in. long, striate, awl-like, glabrous : seg- 
 ments of perianth 1-2 lines wide, lined with pink: buds 
 pink; fls. pinkish. fVance and Portugal to Svria. Arabia 
 and Afghanistan. B.M. 984. L.B.C. 12: 1124.-^ Needs pro- 
 tection under glass in winter. If removed early in autumn 
 to a greenhouse, it may be induced to seed freely. 
 
 A. Creticus =Asphode\ine Libiimifa.— .4. ?M/e««=A«ohi del- 
 ine Inteus.— A.'.Villdrsii, Verl.. is a form of A. ramosus, *i '♦m 
 E. France, with long, dense racemes and dark brown bracbS. 
 
 N. 1:125. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 ASPIDISTRA (Greek, a small, round shield; referring, 
 probably, to the shape of the stigma). LiliAcece. A 
 popular florists' plant, grown for its stiff, shining, beau- 
 tiful foliage, and still iiore interesting for its remarkable 
 fls., which are inconspicuous because borne close to the 
 ground. The casual observer never suspects that Aspi- 
 distra is a liliaceous plant. The parts of the fl. in mono- 
 cotyledons are typically in S's. The genus Aspidis- 
 tra is considered abnormal, as usually having its parts 
 in 4's. This tetramerous stute (which is here con- 
 sidered the normal one, and described below) is pic- 
 tured in B.M. 2499, but the species was first described 
 upon a trimerous state, and pictured in B.R. 628. In A. 
 lurida the trimerous state must be regarded as au ex- 
 ceptional reversion: in A. typica, B.M. 7484. the tri- 
 merous state is thought to be constant. Of all plants that 
 
 158. Aspidistra lurida. 
 
 are rented for the temporary decoration of public halls. 
 Aspidistra lurida U one of the greatest favorites, as it 
 stands much abu-e, suchas dust, dry air, and lack of 
 water and light, 't is, however, naturally fond of wa- 
 ter, and grows freely on the margins of ponds or streams, 
 especially south. In rich .-toil the variegation often dis- 
 appears altogether until the plants begin to starve, hence 
 a compost of nearly half sand is desirable. The best 
 method of propagation is by means of division in spring, 
 before active growth begins, as the young leaves are not 
 then disfigured. 
 
 liirida, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 158. Lvs. 15-20 in. long, stiff, 
 evergreen, obiong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, radical ; 
 
110 
 
 ASPIDISTRA 
 
 ASPLENIUM 
 
 blade narrowed into a channeled petiole a third of its 
 length: fls. lurid purple, on short 1-dd. scapes; perianth 
 segments 8 ; stamens 8 ; stigma broadly shield-shaped, 
 like a small mushroom. China. — The variegated form 
 is more commonly grown, the alternation of the green 
 and white stripes being singularly beautiful. No two 
 Ivs. are exactly alike. e. O. Orpet and W. M. 
 
 ASPtDIUM. See Dryopteris and Polystichum. 
 ASPLENfNDBIUM. See Thamnopteris. 
 
 ASPLENIUM (Greek, not the spleen; referring to sup- 
 posed medicinal properties). Polypodidceie. A large, 
 widely distributed genus of feins, containing some 200 
 species. Easily distinguished by the free veins, and by 
 the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which nor- 
 mally is attached to one side of a vein. 
 
 Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the 
 roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in 
 an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept 
 in a very lightly shaded position. A good potting ma- 
 terial consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf -mold or 
 peat. The following are some of the most useful com- 
 mercial kinds : A. Belangeri, height 2Kft. ; A. hulbif- 
 erttm, 2 ft. ; A. laxum, which grows quickly into a 
 handsome specimen about 20 in. high, and seems to 
 stand the hot, dr> American summers better than other 
 species ; A. salicifoUum; and J., viviparum, which is 
 dwarf , compact, with lace-like fronds, and easily prt. pa- 
 gated. For hanging baskets, A. flaccidum is best. The 
 foregoing species and others of like habit develop small 
 plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnae. As soon as 
 these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with 
 a small piece of old pinna?, and pricked into shallow pans, 
 the older part being placed below ground to hold the 
 young plant firmly in position until roots have formed. 
 The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts 
 of fresh garden soil. leaf -mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant 
 very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and 
 close position, where in 10 to 15 days they will make roots. 
 The foregoing ones do V^est in a temperature of 50° F. 
 A. cicutarium is easily grown from spores, and is very 
 useful for fern dishes. Nichol N. Brickner. 
 
 Alphabetical list of species described below : A. Adi- 
 antum-nigrum, 14 ; affine, 13 ; angustifolium, 10 ; Bap- 
 tistii,12; Belangeri, 2,*{; bulbiferum, 18; cicutarium, 20 ; 
 cuneatum, 15; ebeneiim, Si ebenoides, 4; Filix-foemina, 
 25; fceniculaceum, 16; fontanum, 17; formosum, 9; fra- 
 grans, 16; Hemionitis, 2; laxum, 18; myriophyllum, 19; 
 nobiliH,24; obtusilobum, 21 ; paltnafHm,2; parvulum, 7; 
 pinnatifidum,.3; platyneuron, 8; rhizophyllum,19; rutae- 
 folium, 22; salicifoUum, 11; serratum, 1 ; spinulosum, 
 27; thelypteroides, 26 ; Trichomanes, 6 ; viride,5; vivip- 
 arum, 24. The following are native and hardy : Nos. 
 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 25, 26. 
 
 A. Sori linear or oblong, straight, borne on the 
 back of the If. 
 
 B. Lf. simple, with a serrate margin. 
 
 1. serr&tum, Linn. Lf. 1-3 ft. long, on a very short 
 stipe, 2-4 in. wide, gradually narrowed below: sori 1 in. 
 or more long. Fla. to Brazil. 
 
 BB. Lf. lobed or pinnatifid. 
 
 2. Hemionltie, Linn. (A. pahndtum, Lam.). Lf. 4-6 
 in. each way, hastate, with a triangular terminal lobe and 
 two lateral ones, and a large, rotmded sinus at the base: 
 sori often over 1 in. in length. Spain, Canary Islands. 
 S. 1:586. 
 
 3. pinnatifidtun, Nutt. Lvs. clustered, from a short 
 rootstock, 3-9 in. long, with mostly rounded lobes at the 
 base and terminating in a slender point ; texture thick, 
 herbaceous ; occasionally rooting at the tip. Pa. to Ala. 
 S. 1:628. 
 
 4. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Texture thin : lvs. 5-10 in. 
 long, with a few irregular divisions near the base, and 
 a long, slender, much-incised apical portion, occasionally 
 rooting at the apex. A very rare native species. 
 
 BBB. Lvs. once pinnate. 
 
 C. Pinnce less than %in. long, blunt. 
 
 D. Machises greenish. 
 
 5. vlride, Huds. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, scarcely more than 
 J^in, T'ide, with numerous rather distant Ifts., which are 
 ovate and deeply crenate : sori abundant, oblique. A 
 subalpine species of N. Eu. and N. Amer. S. 1: 601. 
 
 DD. Rachises purplish or blackish. 
 
 6. Trichdmanes, Linn. Lvs. densely clustered. 3-8 in 
 long, Va iu. wide, with densely crowded oval leaflets 
 which are slightly crenate on the ' 
 upper side and suddenly narrowed /) 
 
 at the base. Northern hemis- /v/ 
 
 phere generally. A.G. 1892: 653. Wi^ 
 
 S. 1:653. 
 
 7. p^rvolnm, Mart. & Galeotti. 
 Leaf 5-9 in. long, with 20-30 pairs 
 of mostly opposite Ifts., which are 
 l^-Va in. long, rounded at the 
 outer margin and squarely trun- 
 cate at the base. South- 
 em states and Mex. 
 
 cc. Pinnce %-l inch 
 long, with a strong 
 auricle at the up- 
 per side of the base 
 or deeply incised 
 on the upper mar- 
 gin. 
 
 8. platynetron, Oakes 
 {A. ebeneiim. Ait.). 
 Lvs. 6-15 in. long, with 
 30-35 pairs of Ifts. 
 which have an enlarged 
 auricle at the upper 
 side at the base, the 
 lower Ifts. reduced to 
 mere triangular auri- 
 cles : sori, when ma- 
 ture, covering the en- 
 tire surface. Canada to 
 S.Amer. A. 0.1892: 654. 
 S. 1:535. 
 
 9. formdsum, Willd. 
 Lvs. 12-16 in. long, 
 with numerous alter- 
 nate pinnae which are mostly deflexed, with the upper 
 margin deeply incised and the lower margin toothed : 
 sori 3-5 to each 1ft. Trop. Amer. S. 1 : 576. 
 
 CCC. Pinnce 3-6 in. long, linear or lanceolate. 
 
 10. angnstildliom, Michx. Lvs. 18-24 in. long on stout 
 stalks, 4-6 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nearly sessile 
 pinnae, which are truncate at the base and extend to a 
 tapering point ; fertile pinnie narrower and more dis- 
 tant. Moist woods northward. S. 1 : 496. 
 
 11. salicifdliom, Linn. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with about 
 20 distinctly stalked horizontal pinnae, which are wedge- 
 shaped at the base, and curve upward to a long point : 
 sori strongly oblique to the midrib, wide apart, not 
 reaching either margin or midrib. W. Ind. to Braz. 
 
 BBBB. Lvs. fl-4 pinnate. 
 
 C. Ultimate divisions linear or cuneate : venation 
 somewhat fan-shaped : texture thick. 
 
 12. B&ptistii, Moore. Leaf bipinnate, with broadly 
 ovate pinnae 5 in. or more long, each with about 4 stipi- 
 tate linear toothed pinnules ; sori nearly parallel with 
 the midvein and close to it ; rachises scaly, with pur- 
 plish lined scales. South Sea Islands. 
 
 i:). aftine, Swz. Leaf 9-18 in. long, with numerous 
 pinnae on either side, the lower ovate deltoid, the upper 
 lanceolate ; pinnules incised : sori linear. Mauritius 
 and Ceylon to E. Ind. 
 
 14. Adi&ntum-nigrrum, Linn. Stalks brownish, lvs. 3- 
 pinnatifld from winged rachises, triangular, 5-9 in. long; 
 ultimate divisions ovate, sharply incised and Serrate on 
 both sides. Old World generally. S. 1: 486. 
 
 Asplenium rhizophyllum. 
 
ASPLENIUM 
 
 ASTER 
 
 111 
 
 15. euneMnm, Lam. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, 4-6 in. wide, 
 ^ripinnatt' helow. the ultimate divisions broadly obtuse 
 above and strongly cuneate below ; sori linear, usually 
 lontf for the si/e of the segments. Trop. regions 
 generally. 
 
 16. frigrans, Swartz {A. fcenieulhceiim , Kunth.). 
 Lvs. 2-3-pinQate ; ultimate segments lano.eolate, sharp- 
 serrate above ; veins simple or the lowest forked : sori 
 oblong, extending from midrib to near base of the lobes: 
 petiole brownish, rachis flattened. W. Ind. S. 1:577. 
 
 cc. Ultimate division rhombic, sharply spinulose: 
 texture herbaceous. 
 
 17. fontinum, Bernh. Growing in dense clusters : 
 lvs. iwi in. long, 1 in. or more wide, 2-pinnate; segments 
 witli 2-5 spinulose teeth which are widely divergent : 
 sori at maturity covering nearly the entire surface of 
 the segments. Eng. and Spain to the Himalayas. S. 
 l:57i. 
 
 ccc. Ultimate divisions longer, not spinulose : texture 
 membranous or herbaceous. 
 
 18. bulbiferum, Forst. (A. ldxum,'RoTt.). Lvs. l-13^ft. 
 long. 6-8 in. wide, 3-pinnatifld ; pinnae tapering to a 
 slender toothed point : often bearing bulbs from which 
 new plants originate while still attached to the leaf. 
 Afr. and Australasia. S. 1 : 508. 
 
 19. rhizophyiluiii, Kunze {A. myriophyllum, Presl.). 
 Fig. 159. Growing in extensive tufts, with grayish 
 brown stalks and rachises : lvs. (>-15 in. long, .'^-pinnate 
 or 4-pinnatifld, the ultimate segments frequently deeply 
 2-lobed with a single sorus to each division. Fla. to S. 
 Ainer. 
 
 20. cicat&num, Swz. Lvs. 3-pinnatifld with a winged 
 rachis, 8-18 in. long ; pinnules ovate, with 5-7 narrow 
 divisions, each bearing a single sorus ; texture thin, 
 membranous. Trop. Amer., rare in Fla. 
 
 AA. Sori linear, marginal or submarginal, on narrow, 
 linear, ultimate divisions of the leaf. (Darea.) 
 
 B. Lvs. bipinnatifid, less than a foot long. 
 
 21. obtriBilobuin, Hook. Lvs. 4-7 in. long, 2 in. wide 
 or less, with about 10 pinnae, which are made up of 5-7 
 narrow segments bearing occasional sori on the outer 
 margin of the segments. New Hebrides and Fiji Isls. 
 S. 1:624. 
 
 BB. Lvs. S-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid, over a foot long. 
 
 C. Pinnce short, with close segments. 
 
 22. rutaefdlium, Kunze. Lvs. 13-15 in. long, with 12-20 
 pinnae on each side, each with 7-11 narrow segments, 
 
 2 or 3 of the lower ones 2-fld. or rarely 3-fld. S. Afr., 
 Ind. and Jap. 
 
 23. BeUngeri, Kunze. Fig. 160. Lvs. 15-18 in. long, 
 
 3 in. wide, with numerous horizontal pinnse on each side, 
 cut into about 12 segments on either side, which are set 
 nearly at right angles to the rachis ; the lower basal 
 segment often forked. E. Ind. 
 
 Aspleniuin Belangeri. 
 
 cc. Pinnai longer, with scattered narrowly linear 
 segmerts. 
 
 24 vivlparum, Presl. Lvs. 15-24 in. long, 6-8 in. wide, 
 on rather short stalks with pinnatifid pinnules and ulti- 
 mate segments, which are narrowly linear aad often 
 
 forked : plant often bulb-bearing, like A. bulbiferum. 
 Mauritius and Bourbon. Cult, under various names. 
 S. 1: 662. A. ndbilis, Hort., is a garden varietj-. 
 
 AAA. Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe- 
 shaped : lvs. ample, 2—i pinnatifid. 
 
 25. Filiz-foemina, Bernh. Lvs. 18 in. to 3 ft., broadly 
 ovate-oblong, bipinnate ; pinnae 4-8 in. long, lanceolate, 
 with numerous more or less pinnately incised or serrate 
 segments. Eu. and N. Amer. — Very variable, especially 
 in cult. Schneider describes 56 varieties. 
 
 26. thelypteroldes, Michx. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, on long, 
 straw-colored stalks : 6-12 in. wide, 2-pinnatifld, with 
 linear-lanceolate pinnae ; segments crowded, oblong, 
 minutely toothed : sori 10-12 to each .'segment. Kich 
 soil in the eastern U. S. S. 1: 651. 
 
 27. spinnldsom. Baker. Lvs. 9-12 in. each way, del- 
 toid, 3— 4-pinnatitid, with 9-12-pinn8B on either side, the 
 lowest much the largest ; segments short and sharply 
 toothed. China and Jap. 
 
 Supplemental.' list of less eommon trade names : A. acxded- 
 turn, Hort. Hab. ?— A. arbbreuin. See Diplazium.— A. biti- 
 dum=A. lineatum.— A. decussdtum. See Callipteris.— A. ellip- 
 ticum, Hort., a trade name.— A. fldccidum, Forst. Coolhouse 
 basket fern from Australia, Tasmania and N. Z. Fronds 2-3 ft. 
 long, 4-8 in. broad : stipes stout, flexible, greenish, naked ; 
 pinnse numerous, close or distant. lance<jlate, leathery. 4-8 in- 
 long, /^-%in. broad. Very variable. — A. Ooringidnum, var. 
 pictutn. Mettenius. (Athyrixim (roringianum, var. pictum, 
 Hort.). Distinguished from all other memljers of the genus by 
 the bright color of its entirely deciduous fronds, which are 10- 
 15 in. long, spear-shaped, and pendulous. Possibly the only 
 hardy variegate*! fern. It, however, nee<ls glass protection for 
 best results. Stalks purple or claret-colore<i: lvs. green with a 
 central band of gray; Ifts. divided into sharply toothed pinmdes 
 on which the oblong or kidney-shaped sori are arranged in two 
 rows parallel to the midvein. Jap.— A. Zd/tc^um. See Dipla- 
 zium.— A. linedtum, Swz. Warmhouse speoies from Mauritius 
 and Bourbon, is very variable, running into forms with Ifts. 
 again pinnate, which have either small, linear pinnules or these 
 again twice cut: lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 4-6 in. wide : stalks erect, 6-9 
 in. long, more or less scaly.— A. longissiinum, Blume. The best 
 of all the genus for large baskets. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-6 in. 
 broad ; stalks blackish, 3-12 in. long ; Ifts. sessile, auricled. 
 E. Ind. S.1:G02.— A. macrnphyllum, Swz. Coolhouse speeies 
 from Polynesia, Malaya, China, and Himalayas. Lvs. 6-18 in. 
 long, 6-12 in. wide ; stalk.s brownish ; Ifts. 6-12 pairs, stalked, 
 3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, sharp-pointed, serrate.— A. Nidus, or 
 A. Nidus-Avis. SeeThamnopteris.— A.S/iepft«rdi. Spreng. See 
 
 Diplaziura. , „, i '.,,.., „^ 
 
 L. M. Lndeewood. 
 
 ASFB&LLA. See Asperella. 
 
 ASTEB (a star). Compdsitce. Aster. Starwort. 
 MiCH^LMAS Daisy. A large temperate-zone genus of 
 attractive but botanically-confused 
 herbs, particularly abundant in N. 
 Amer. The genus is characterized 
 by numerous flattish rays (white, 
 blue, red, or purple), slender style 
 appendages, compressed several- 
 nerved akenea, and an involucre 
 with unequal bracts in few or sev- 
 eral rows, the pappus simple, soft, 
 and abundant (Fig. 161). Leafy- 
 stemmed, mostly blooming in the 
 autumn. Some of the species are 
 annual, but those in cult, are per- 
 ennial (or rarely biennial). All are 
 easy of cultivation in ordinary soil 
 and exposures, and are among the 
 best plants for the hardy border 
 or for naturalizing in the freer 
 parts of the grounds. They grow 
 readily from seeds, but are gen- 
 erally prop by division of the „ ^ ^^^n^. 
 clumps. Caliraens and Linosyns ^^ stamens; d, styles. 
 are kept distinct in this book. 
 
 A. Old World Asters, some of them old garden plants^ 
 and S'^mewhat modified by cult. 
 
 B. Stems simple and scape-like, bearing a single fl. 
 
 alpinus, Linr. Lvs. entire and spatulate, forming a 
 cluster on t\e ground, those on the stem small and 
 linear: st. 3-10 in., bearing e large violet-rayed, hand- 
 some head. B.M. 199. — lu its wild state, the plant also 
 
 161. 
 
 Disk floret of 
 Aster. 
 
'--:-'-^-: 
 
 112 
 
 ASTER 
 
 ASTER 
 
 occurs in the Rocky Mts. Valuable alpine or rockwork 
 plant, with fls. varying^ to pink and white. Var. specid- 
 8U8, Hort.,is taller and stronger, with heads 3—4 in. 
 across. Var. sup^rbus, Hort. (Gn. 54: 1193), is a large 
 and showy form. 
 
 Himal&iCQS, C. B. Clarke (A. Himalayensis, Hort.). 
 Similar to A. alpinux, but dwarfer : rays lilac-blue, 
 slightly recurved at the tip : sts. 4-12 in., slightly vil- 
 lous : Ivs. oblong or elliptic, nearly entire. Himalayas, 
 13,000-15,000 ft. -Little known in America. 
 
 diplostephioldes, Benth, 
 Two to 3 ft.. soft-pubescent 
 or hairy, the st. simple and 
 solitary : Ivs. obovate or 
 oblanceolate, entire but 
 ciliate: solitary head large, 
 inclined, 2-3 in. across, 
 blue or pale purple, very 
 showy. Himalayas. B.M. 
 
 163. Aster Novae-Angliae. 
 One of the best and most showy of native Asters 
 
 M^miesii, Lindl. 
 
 162. Aster cordifolius. 
 
 A handsome blue-flowered native 
 
 Aster. 
 
 6718. J.H. III. 33:262.-In the 
 Anier. trade has been mis- 
 spelled A. Deptostaphides. 
 
 BB. Stems usually branched 
 and several- to many-fid. 
 
 Am^lluB, Linn. St. simple or nearly so, few-fld. or 
 sometimes only 1-fld. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 somewhat serrate, more or less 3-nerved, roughish- 
 pubescent : involucre scales oblong, obtuse or nearly 
 so, spreading, in 4-5 rows; heads large, purple. Eu. and 
 Asia. Gn. 35: ()89. — Variable, and several well-marked 
 garden forms. 
 
 Var. Bessaribicus, DC. (A. Bessardbicus, Bernh.). 
 Lvs. oblong and attenuated at base : plant taller and 
 larger-fld., deep purple. Gn. 35, p. 173. — Showy and de- 
 sirable. 
 
 Var. Ca8StlbicU8, Hort. (A. Cassiardbicus, Maund?). 
 Fls. larger than in the type, the rays regular and de- 
 flexed, the disk bright golden and broad. 
 
 SibiricuB, Linn. A foot or less high, somewhat pu- 
 bescent, each branch terminating in a single head : lvs. 
 
 oblong-spatulate to broad-lanceolate, serrate : heads 
 violet or lilac. Arctic Eu. and Amer., and Rocky Mts.- 
 Excellent rockwork plant. 
 
 &cris, Linn. About 2-3 ft., slender-branched : lvs. 
 linear, or lance-linear : heads large and blue, with long, 
 distinct, handsome rays. S. Eu. Gn. 37: 744. 
 
 trin^rvius, Roxbg. About 3 ft., stout, corvmbose at 
 summit : lvs. lance-ovate and strongly toothed : heads 
 large, blue or purple (a pale var. ), wi/h narrow, spread- 
 ing rays. Himalayas. R.H. 1892: 396. — Hardy, hand- 
 some, variable. 
 
 Tatiricus, Linn. f. St. erect and striate, hispid, 
 corymbose at the summit, often 7 ft. high : lvs. large 
 (the radical 2 ft. long), lanceolate or oval lanceolate, 
 attenuate at base, entire : involucre scales purplisli at 
 tip ; heads blue or purple, late. Siberia. G.F. 4: 197.- 
 Excellent for the hardy border, particularly for its very 
 late blooming. 
 
 A A. Native Asters. These plants are one of 
 the charms of the Amer. autumn, and are amongst 
 the best oj. all hardy border plants. They gener- 
 ally improve greatly in habit when transferred 
 to cultivated grounds. Any of these wild Asters 
 are likely to come into cultivation 
 at any time. The number of kinds 
 is large. The student will find them 
 all described in Gray's Synoptical 
 Flora of North America, 1, pt. 2. 
 Those of the northeastern states 
 and adjacent Canada will be found 
 in Britton and Brown's Illustr. 
 Flora of the U. S., and Gray's Man- 
 ual. Those of the S. are described 
 in Chapman's Flora of the 
 S. states. The following list 
 comprises those known to 
 be in cult. Of these, only 
 A. Xova>-Angli(B is well 
 known in domestication. 
 The species are much con- 
 fused : 
 
 A. acumindtus, Michx.; 
 amethystinus, Nutt. (G.F. 
 5: 378 1 ; Audersoni, Grav ; 
 Bigelovii, Gray(B.M. 6430); 
 can^scens, Pursh ; Caroli- 
 ntd«M»,Walt. ; Cham issoniit. 
 Gray; Chdpmani, Tott. & (iray ; 
 commutdtus, Gray; cdncolor.Linu.: 
 conspicuous, Lindl.; cordifolius, 
 Linn. (Fig. 162) ; corymbosus, Ait.; 
 CusickiiyGr&y, diffustis, Ait., and 
 y&r.horizontdlis;Douglasii,Liin!i\.\ 
 Drummondii, Lindl.; dtimbsus. 
 Linn.; erico)des, Linn.; falrdtus, 
 Lindl.; Fhul leri, Grny; folidceus, 
 Lindl.; Fremonti, Gray; gn.tidt- 
 fldrus, Linn.; Hdllii, Gray ; lli'r- 
 veyi, Gray (G.F. 2:473); integri- 
 fdiius, Nutt.; lifvis, Linn.; liuarii- 
 fdlitis, Linn.; Lindleydnus, Torr. 
 & Gray (G.F. 2:449); longifdliu!<. 
 Lam. (G.F. 9:507, G.W.F. 10): 
 macrophyllus, Linn. (G.F. 4:89); 
 multifldrus, Ait.; nemordlis, Ait.; 
 NoiHf-Anglice, Linn. (Fig. 163. A.F. 9:283), and var. 
 r<\se%ts ; Ndvi-Bdlgii, hinn.; oblnngifdlius, Nntt.; panic- 
 uldtns, Lam.; pdYews, Ait., and var. Meihanii; poly- 
 phylhis, Willd.; Porteri, Gray ; prenantholdes, Muhl.: 
 ptnrmicoides, Torr. & Gray (G.F. 3:153); pulch^lliii<. 
 Eaton ; puniceus, Linn. (Fig. 164;, and var. l(fvicauli!< 
 and var. lucidnlns ; raduUnus, Gray; sagitifdlius, 
 Willd.; salicifolius, Ait.; serfoct^s. Vent. (G.F. 5: 473); 
 Shdrtii, Hook. (G.F. 4: 473) ; spec/rf6i7is, Ait.(Mn.5: 41); 
 surculosHS, Michx. (G.F. 5:521); tanacetifolius, HBK.; 
 Tradescdnti, Linn.; turbinSUus, Lindl. (G.F. 6:17); 
 unduldtus, Linn. (G.W.F. 4); versicolor, Willd. 
 
 In the following list, those marked * are offered by Amer. 
 dealers: *A.coecineus Nevaden»is=l—*A.Ddtschi='i—*-il}d- 
 bridus nanus ^ I "Rosy color, only 6 in. high."— *A. lancito- 
 Uu9 Calif ornicus ==* 1 — *A. lilacinus Nevadiiisia == f — A. 
 
ASTER 
 
 ASTER 
 
 113 
 
 jf^^Aani. Hort..is i well marked form of A. patens, fonnc 
 Joseph Meehan at Antietam.— M. yoiiTcoervleus- I—* A., 
 
 
 fonnd by 
 Joseph Meehan at Amiexain.—-^.^ . .yoi iF-aennetis- :—*A.pur- 
 amiddU»=^ ?— .4. Reecesii. Hort., is A. eric-oides, var. Keevesii, 
 (rray, a "rigid form, comparatively stout, glabrous, except that 
 the Ivs. are often hispidulous-ciliate toward the base, the heads 
 and rays as large and the latter about as numerous as in A. 
 DoLvphyllus." "S. \mn.—*A.rotundifbliu*, Thunb.=Felicia.— 
 i Siklcimensis, Hook. Three to 4 ft., stout and erect : Ivs. 
 lanceolate-acuminate, spinulose-serrate : heads purjde, in large 
 corj-mbs. Himalayas. B.yi.4o5'.— A. Strdcheyi, Hook. Stem- 
 less and sarmentose, with 1-tld. braeted scapes : radical Ivs. 
 soatulate, hairy : heads lilac-blue, 1 in. across. Pretty. Hima- 
 iivas. B.yi.&il-.—*A.tenHinatis='i—A. Tuicnshendii, Hook. 
 
 A. Bigelovii. Gray (N. Amer.). 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 The native Asters are amongst the very best plants f jr 
 borders and roadsides. They should be better kno jrn. 
 A.acuminatus grows well in shade in ordinary soil, not 
 necessarily moist; increases in vigor under cultivation. 
 .1. eordifiilius prefers open or partial shade ; improves 
 much under cultivation with good soil. A. corymbosus 
 prefers at least partial shade, and will grow tven in very 
 deep shade; seeds very freely; does well on dry ledges 
 and in small crevices in rock; very tenacious of life. A. 
 dumosuH prefers full sunlight aad dry situation. A. eri- 
 cokks wants full sunlight and dry situation ; will grow 
 in very poor or shallow soil, but does best where roots 
 can penetrate deep. A. hfvis grows in either full sun- 
 lisrht or partial shade and good soil. A. Novce-Anglim 
 will not endure much shade ; prefers moist soil, but 
 grows well in ordinary garden situations. Fall-sown 
 -eediings of A. Novi^-AmjUw, var. roseus, come prac- 
 tically true to varietal name, though varying in shade 
 of color, and these seedlings bloom later than older 
 plants and at height of 18 inches, making the plant of 
 value as a late bedding plant treated as an annual. A. 
 yovi-Behjii prefers moist soil ; will not endure heavy 
 shade. A. poniciilafns prefers moist soil, but will do 
 well in rather dry situations ; will endure more shade 
 than either of the two above species. A. patens wants 
 open or half-sha<led places, and good soil ; one of the 
 weaker species, often proving short-lived. A. pun ice us 
 will not endure shade ; prefers moist places, but will 
 srrow in good soil not over moist ; in dry situations it 
 loses its vigor ; spreads rapidly in favored locations. 
 A . spectabilis prefers open or partly shaded places ; one 
 of the weaker species in wild state ; rather short-lived. 
 A. unditlatns wants open or half shade ; late-flowering, 
 handsome plant, forming large bushes where allowed to 
 develop. A. rhnineus, althoughnot in the trade, is a fine 
 
 plant in cultivation. .^ „, _^ 
 
 * F. V. . Barclay. 
 
 ASTEE, CHINA. CaUtstephus hoHensis, Cass. {Cal- 
 listephu.s Chhte'nsis, Nees. Callistemma hortinsis, 
 Cass. Aster Sinensis, Hort.). Conip6sit(e. The genus 
 Callistemma is older than Callistephus, but it is too like 
 Callistemon to stand. B.M. 7616. Gn. 53: 1163. -One of 
 the most popular of all garden annuals, being particu- 
 larly valuable for its fall blooming. The evolution of 
 the China Aster suggests that of the chrysanthemum 
 at almost everj' point, and it is, therefore, a history of 
 remarkable variations. The plant is native to China. It 
 was introduced into Europe about 1731 by R. P. d'lncar- 
 vilie, a. Jesuit missionary in China, for whom the genus 
 Incarvillea of the Bignonia family was named. At that 
 time it was a single flower ; that is, the rays or ligulate 
 florets were of only 2-4 rows. These rays were blue, vio- 
 let or white. The center of the flower (or head) was 
 comprised of very numerous tubular, yellowish florets. 
 Philip Miller, the famous gardener-botanist of Chelsea, 
 En?^. received seeds of the single white and red Asters 
 in 1731. evidently from France ; and he received the 
 single blue in 1736. In 1752 he obtained seeds of the 
 double red and blue, and in 1753 of the double white. 
 At that time there appears to have been no dwarf forms, 
 for Miller says that the plants grew 18 in. or 2 ft. high. 
 Marfyn, in 1807, says that in addition to these varieties 
 mentioned by Miller, there had then appeared a "varie- 
 gated blue and white" variety. The species was well 
 known to American gardeners at the opening of this cen- 
 tury. In 1806 M'Mahon. of Philadelphia, mentioned the 
 "China Aster (in sorts)" as one of the desirable garden 
 annuals. Bridgeman, a New York seedsman, ottered the 
 China and German Asters in 1837 "in numerous and 
 splendid varieties," specifying varieties "alba, rubra, 
 
 cerulea, striata purpurea, etc." In 1845, Eley said that 
 " China and (lerraan Asters " " are very numerous " in New 
 England. This name Germun Aster records the fact that 
 the first great a<lvances in the evolution of the plant 
 were made in Germany, and the seed which we now use 
 comes largely from that country. The first marked de- 
 parture from the type appears to have been the pro- 
 longation or great development of the central florets of 
 the heatl, and the production of the "quilled" flower. 
 This type of Aster was very popular 40 and 50 years atro. 
 Breck, in the first edition of his Flower Garden, in 1851, 
 speaks of the great improvement of the Aster "within a 
 
 .»"», 
 
 
 164. Aster puniceus. 
 
 few years" "by the German florists, and others." and 
 adds that "the full-quilled varieties are the most highly 
 esteemed, having a hemispherical shape, either a pure 
 white, clear blue, purple, rose, or deep red ; or beauti- 
 fully mottled, striped, or edged with those colors, or 
 having a red or blue center." About 50 years ago the 
 habit of the plant had begun to vary considerably, and 
 the progenitors of our mo«lern dwarf races began to at- 
 tract attention. The quilled, high-centered flower of a 
 generation or more ago is too stiff to satisfy the tastes 
 of these later days, and the many flat-rayed, loose and 
 fluffy ra<*es are now most in demand, and their popu- 
 larity is usually greater the nearer they approach the 
 form of the uncombed chrysanthemums. The China 
 Aster had long since varied into a wide range of colors 
 
114 
 
 ASTER 
 
 ASTER 
 
 of the cyanic series— shades of blue, red, pink and pur- 
 ple. The modem evolution of the plant is in the direc- 
 tion of habit, and form of flower. Some type varies — 
 generally rather suddenly and without apparent cause- 
 into some novel form, ntill retaining its accustomed 
 color. The florist fixes the variation by breeding from 
 the best and most stable plants, and soon other colors 
 appear, until he finally obtains the entire range of color 
 in the species. So it happens that there are various 
 well marked ra<'es or types, each of which has its full 
 and independent range of colors. The Comet type (with 
 very flat rays), now one of the most deserving of the 
 China Asters, illustrates these statements admirably. 
 The Comet form — the loose, open flower with long, strap- 
 like rays — appeared upon the market alx)ut 188<3 or 1887, 
 with a' flower of a dull white overlaid with pink. The 
 pink tended to fade out after the flower opened, leaving 
 the color an unwashed white. The rose-colored Comet 
 next appeared, and the blue was introduced in 189(). The 
 first clear white was introduced in America in 1892, 
 coming from Vilmorin, of Paris, and the China Aster had 
 reached its greatest artistic perfection. 
 
 It is impossible to construct a satisfactory classifica- 
 tion of the China Asters. It is no longer practicable to 
 classify the varieties by color. Neither is it feasible to 
 classify them upon habit or stature of plant, for several 
 of the best marked types run into both tall and dwarf 
 forms. Vilmorin, however, still divides the varieties 
 into two groups, the pyramidal growers, and the non- 
 pyramidal growers. The most elaborate classification 
 is that proposed by Barron, from a study of exten- 
 sive tests made at Chiswick, Eng, Barron has 17 sec- 
 tions, but they are not co<5rdinate, and they are really 
 little more than an enumeration of the various types 
 
 A. Plat-rayed Asters. In which all, or at least more than 5 ot« 
 rows of rays, are more or less promineutly flat and the 
 florets open. 
 B. Incurved or ball-shaped. 
 BB. Spreading or reflexed. 
 AA. Tubular or quilled Asters, in which all. or all but the2or3 
 outer rows of florets, have prominently tubular corollag. 
 B. Inner florets short, outer ones lonifer and flat. Repre- 
 sentetl by the German Quilled. 
 BB. All the florets elongate<l and quilled. 
 
 In 1895, 250 varieties of Asters were offered by Amer. 
 seedsmen. For growing in borders, perhaps the best 
 type is the Comet, in vari- 
 ous colors. Other excellent 
 races are the Branching 
 (Vick'sBranching is shown 
 in Fig. 1G5), Truffaut ( Fig. 
 lt>6), known also as Perfec- 
 tion and Peony-flowered; 
 Cbrysanthemum-flowere<l ; 
 
 165. China Aster— The branching type. 
 
 or classes. After considerable study of the varieties 
 in the field and herbarium, the following scheme seems 
 to be serviceable : 
 
 Lt 
 
 (ii 
 
 }h 
 
 <-\ 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^/(? 
 
 \ 
 
 166. China Aster— 
 Truffaut's Peony-flowered. 
 
 Asters make very showy 
 
 it is one of the best for 
 cut-flowers. Many other 
 types are valuable for spe- 
 cial purposes. The Crown 
 or Cocardeau is odd and 
 attractive. Amongst the 
 quilled Asters, the various 
 strains of German Quilled 
 (Fig. 167), Victoria Needle 
 (Fig. IG8), and Lilliput are 
 excellent. The very dwarf 
 tufted Asters are well 
 represented in Dwarf Bou- 
 quet or Dwarf German, and 
 Shakespeare. All these are 
 easily grown in any good 
 garden soil. For early 
 bloom, seeds may be 
 started under glass ; but 
 good fall bloom may be 
 had, even in the North, by 
 sowing seeds in the open 
 as late as the 1st of June. 
 
 bedding plants when grown in large masses, and are 
 also valuable for filling up vacancies in the mixfd 
 herbaceous border, where they ought to be planted in 
 clumps, the dwarfer kinds put in front and the taller 
 behind. 
 
 There are two or three insects which prey upon the 
 China Zoster, but they do not appear to be widespread. 
 The most serious difliculty with them is the rust, afunpis 
 ( ColfoaporiHm Sonchi-ari'enxis) which attacks the under 
 side of the leaf and raises an orange-colored pustule. 
 Timely sprays with the copper fungicides will keep this 
 disorder in check. The Bordeaux mixture discolors the 
 plants, and it is, therefore, better to use the amnioniaral 
 carbonate of copper. Spray it upon the plants before the 
 fungus appears, and repeat every week or ten days. Use 
 a cyclone nozzle and spray upwards, so as to strike the 
 under sides of the leaves. L. H. B. 
 
 In recent years, the Branching Asters have come to be 
 prominent, and they are bound to increase in popularity 
 as their merits become known. The long stem, larpe 
 size, and soft shades of pink and lavender have made 
 this the most useful to the florist of all the Asters. 
 The Comet has been rather short-stemmed for a com- 
 mercial cut-flower. As to culture, it does not seem to 
 be generally understood, even by florists, that the young 
 Ast^r plants will stand more frost than cabbage. If 
 started under glass about the middle of February, in 
 New York state, they will be ready to plant out the 
 latter part of April or first of May. They will then come 
 in at about the same time they would if grown entirely 
 under glass, although not so long-stemmed. For fall 
 flowers, we sow out-of-doors with seed drill and culti- 
 vate with wheel hoe. I have had plants ruined by being 
 planted near squashes. The late brood of striped 
 beetles fed on the Aster flowers. 
 
 George Arnold, Jb. 
 
ASTER 
 
 ASTILBE 
 
 115 
 
 Theflr!«t requisite to the jfrowiug of China Asters is to 
 have good, plump seed. As Hoon as the >fround is in 
 good or fair condition in spring, spade up a seed-bed 
 
 
 
 167. China Aster— Oerman Quilled. 
 
 where the ground is rich, and rake it fine. Then make 
 shallow drills about an inch deep ; whiten the drills 
 with air-slaked lime, to keep worms and insects from 
 eatiiif; the young roots. Sow the seed in the drills, cov- 
 '•rini; about ^410. deep with fine dirt run through a sieve 
 of !sin. mesh. "When plants are about an inch high, 
 draw good, fine dirt to the roots, so that the seed-bed is 
 nearly level and all the weeds are covered. The plants are 
 hardier and better when grown in the open ground than 
 when started under glass. For the permanent quarters, 
 plow firround thathas been well and heavily manured with 
 '■ow-manure the previous season ; then harrow thor- 
 oushly. Scatter 20 to 30 bushels of common lime to the 
 acre, if thought necessary, then plow airain and harrow 
 well. With a one-horse plow make furrows the leng:th 
 fif the field about 3 or 4 inches deep and 2H feet apart. 
 In these furrows one man drops the plants in two rows 
 Hbout 12 or 16 in. apart, for two men to plant. Do not 
 furrow nuioh ahead of the planters, so that they have 
 fresh dirt to put to the roots of the plants. By this 
 method the plants seldom wilt. If a dry spell follows in 
 three or four days, level the furrow with a hoe ; if wet, 
 !' t stand for about two weeks, then scatter 100 pounds 
 "f ?uano or other fertilizer to the acre, and work the 
 laml with a spike-tooth cultivator, with no shovels, so 
 that no dirt is thrown on the small plants. Hand-hoe 
 
 l)€tween the plants, running horse and cultivator twice 
 in each row. The cultivator loosens the ground as deep 
 as it was plowed. Cultivate and hoe every two weeks, 
 especially after it has rained, until buds appear ; then 
 keep clean by band. When blooms begin to appear, 
 mulch liberally with tobacco stems, to keep down weeds 
 and to kill aphis at the roots. When the lis. begin to 
 open, keep a strict watch for the black beetle. When it 
 makes its appearance, put about a pint of water and 
 a gill of benzine in an old can and hold it under the 
 bugs ; they drop into it. These pests last from six 
 to nine days. Have them looked after three times a 
 
 James Semple. 
 
 ASTlLBE (Greek name, of no particular significance). 
 Saxifraijdcecp. Inchnlt^H Hotr ia . Tall perennial herbs, of 
 7 or 8 species in eastern N. Amer. and Asia. They look 
 much like Aruncus (which see), and are often called 
 Spirflpa. Aruncus and iSpirapa are rosaceous genera, and 
 are characterized by many stan>ens and usually by sev- 
 eral to many separate pistils, whereas Astilbe has 8 or 10 
 stamens (twice the number, or of the same number, a.s 
 the petals), and a 2-3-lobed pistil (which finally sepa- 
 rates into more or less distinct follicles). Astilbe and 
 Aruncus are so much alike that they are constantly con- 
 founded by horticulturists and even by botanists. They 
 probably inter-cross. It is probable that they should be 
 placed in the same family, despite the technical botani- 
 cal differences. The Asfilbes are hardy plants of great 
 merit. They are easily grown in any well-made border. 
 They give conspicuous masses of bloom in summer. 
 Prop, mostly by division. l_ jj_ g 
 
 FoRciNQ OF Astilbe. — Few herbaceous plants force 
 with greater ease than Astilbe Jnponica and its var. com- 
 pactn; but three weeks longer time should be given the 
 latter to fully develop its feathery spikes. Astilbes are 
 so easily and cheaply imported that for the commercial 
 florist it is cheaper to buy than to divide and grow his 
 own plants. When first received, the clumps of roots 
 should be stored, with a little earth or moss between the 
 roots and a little soil over the crown, until the florist is 
 ready to pot them. No amount of freezing does them 
 the slightest harm ; but the boxes or flats in which they 
 are stored are best covered with a little straw or litter, 
 and should have the full benefit of rain or snow to keep 
 the roots from drying. From pottinjr or burying into the 
 greenhouse, it requires from ten to fourteen weeks to 
 bring them into 
 flower, according to 
 the earliness of the 
 season at which 
 they are wanted in 
 flower. The quality 
 of soil is of no con- 
 sequence, provided 
 it is light and easily 
 handled. They need 
 water in great abun- 
 dance. Tempera- 
 ture is also of little 
 consequence. Any- 
 thing above oO"^ at 
 night will do ; but 
 it is best not to flow- 
 er them in higher 
 temperature than 
 60°, or they will quickly 
 wilt when cut or used for 
 decorations. From the 
 time the sprays begin to 
 show white color until 
 they are fully developed, 
 every Astilbe should 
 stand in a saucer in 
 which there should be 
 constantly an inch of 
 liquid manure. When 
 sold for wir.dow plants 
 or for decoration, Astilbes are often disappointing. It 
 is merely want of water. Before the full development 
 of the shoots and Ivs. they are easily hurt by tobacco 
 smoke, and should be covered with paper or well wetted 
 
 168. China Aster— Victoria Needle. 
 
 m- 
 
IIG 
 
 ASTILBE 
 
 ASTROC'ARYUM 
 
 when fumlpration is necessary. Aphis, spider or thrips 
 never trouble AMtilbe. As a border plant, Astilbe is one 
 of the hardiest of our hardy herbaceous plants ; but the 
 feathery plutne obtained in the jrreenhouse is much 
 shorter', more comi>act. and lacks the pure whitenes?* of 
 the outdoor-grown specimens. William Scott. 
 
 A. Fl.<<. opening white or yellowish. 
 decindra, Ttoni A .hitfmdfa .Britt.) . Somewhat pubes- 
 cent, :m> ft. : Ivs, 2-temate, the Ifts, ovate and cordate or 
 
 abrupt at base, sharp-ser- 
 rat* : fls. yellowish white, 
 in a large (H)-12 in. long) 
 racemose panicle ; sta- 
 mens 10. Wi>od8, Va. and 
 S. — Often confounded with 
 Antneus nylvester. 
 
 Jap6nica, Gray (Hot Ha 
 Jap6nir(i, Morr. & Decne. 
 B. bnrhdt a, Morr. & Decne. 
 Spircta Japdnica, Uort.). 
 
 
 Aruncus astilboides. 
 
 For comparison with 
 Astilbe. 
 
 Fig. 169. Erect, 1-3 ft.. 
 hairy on the petioles 
 and ' nodes : Ivs. :{-2-ter- 
 nate, petiole reddish ; Ifts. 
 ovate-acute,tapering to the 
 base, serrate : fls. white, 
 in a pubescent racemose 
 panicle ; stamens 10. Ja- 
 pan. B.M. 3821. Gn. 48, 
 p. 3GG. Mn. 5:174.— Com- 
 monly known as a spring 
 glasshouse plant in this 
 country, but hardy in the 
 open. There are various 
 cult, forms, as var. grran- 
 difl5ra, Hort., with larger 
 an<l denser panicle ; var. 
 compacta, Hurt., the pani- 
 cle more compact ; var. 
 multiflora, Hort. ; var. va- 
 lieg^ta, Hort., with varie- 
 
 geted Ivs.; var. purpurea, Hort., with purple-shaded 
 foliage. AatilheJajxinini is often confused with Aruu- 
 CHK astilhoidfs ; Figs. 109 and 170 will aid iu distin- 
 guishing them. 
 
 Lemdinei, Hort. Foliage graceful, standing 1 Kft. high, 
 with Ifts. broad-oval, dentate and crimped, satiny green, 
 hairy : tls. with whit« petals and 10 pink stamens, very 
 numerous, in plume-like clusters disposed in panicles 
 iKft. long. Gn.48.p.:«r). R.H.1895. p. 5G7. A.F. 11:45;). 
 — (Jarden plant, supposed to be a hybrid of A.Japonica 
 and Ar^mcus astilboidea. Hardy, and forces well. 
 
 rivul^ris, Hamilt. Rhizome creeping : st. .3-5 ft. : Ivs. 
 2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate, dentate, the petioles tawny- 
 hairy: lis. yellowish whit«, changing to reddish, iu large 
 
 spikes, which are disposed in panicles; stamens 8 or 10, 
 pure white. Nepal. Gn. 48, p. ;{,')5. — Attractive Iwrder 
 species, bl<x)ming late. Probably needs protection. 
 
 Thdnbergrii, Miq. Silky-hair>', 1-2 ft. : Ivs. pinnate. the 
 Ifts. oval, serrate, yellowish green: tls. white, on reddish 
 stalks, changing to pink, in clusters on the ti.-branr-ht-i. 
 Japan. R.H. 1895, p. 5ti».— A graceful plant. Forces wt-ll. 
 
 AA. Fls. opening pink or red. 
 
 Chin^nsis, Franch. & Sav. Plant 1)^-2 ft., graceful: 
 Ivs. 3-temate, the Ifts. serrate : fls. in a branchy, rather 
 compact panicle, with purplish or pink retlectiuri, l.ut 
 the petals whitish. China. — Possibly a fonn of the pre- 
 ceding. Yet rare in Amer. 
 
 rtlbra, Hook. & Thom. St. simple, 4-6 ft., long-hain-: 
 Ivs. 2-temate ; Ifts. oblique-ov^ate, more or less cunlatV. 
 sharp-serrate : fls. numerous, rose-red, in compact, ro- 
 bust panicles ; stamens 10, shorter than petals. ln<iia. 
 B.M. 4959. — Needs protection. Little known in Amer. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ASTEAGALUS ( ancient Greek name ot some sliruh . 
 
 Legumindsit. Milk \kt( h. 
 A genus of over 1.(MM) v{>e- 
 cies of hardy herbs or 
 subshrubs. Lvs. nuctly 
 odd-pinnate: fls. in spikes 
 or racemes, yellow, purjile 
 or white. They prefer a 
 light, porous soil ami no 
 shade. The dwarfcr kimis 
 may be placed in the front 
 of the border or in the 
 rockery. Prop, chit-tly U 
 seeds, which geniiinate 
 slowly, or slowly by careful 
 division in early sprinir. 
 Many kinds are likely to 
 die if divided or trans- 
 plant«'d. Many kinds are 
 cultivated in the Old 
 World, but the four de- 
 scribed below are the only 
 kinds commonly sold in 
 America. Of the many na- 
 tive kintls, mostly known 
 as rattle-weeds, the following ore ad- 
 vertised at present : ^-1. Canadt nsi.i=: 
 A. Carol inianus, A. earyocarjiu.i. A. 
 Drummondii, A. flexuosus, A. Lns- 
 manni, A. Parryi, A. racemostis, A. 
 Robbinsii, A. Shortianus. The Loco- 
 weed of the prairies, which is said to 
 poison cattle, is A. nioUissimus. For 
 these and many others the student i> 
 referred to Britton and Brown's Illus- 
 trated Flora, and Coulter's Manual of 
 Rocky Mountain Botany. 
 
 A. Fls. yellow. 
 
 alopecuroldes, Linn. St. erect, strict : 
 height 2-5 ft. : Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pu- 
 bescent. Siberia. B.M. 3193. 
 
 AA. Fls. not yellow. 
 MonspesBulanus, Linn. St. trailing: 
 height 9 in. : fls. purple, purplish or 
 white, in smaller and looser head:* than 
 the above. Eu. B.M. 375. 
 hypogl6ttiB, Linn. Height .V24 in. : Ifts. 17-25 : fl^. 
 violet-purple, 6-10 lines long, in dense heads : pods 4-i 
 lines long, 2-celled, densely villous, with white hairs. 
 Eu.. Asia, and from Kansas W. to Nev. and N. to Alaska. 
 — Also a white var., excellent for pots. 
 
 alpinus, Linn. Height 6-15 in.: Ifts. 1.3-25: fls. violet. 
 keel darker : pods 1-celled, black-pubescent. Northern 
 and Arctic regions round the world. 
 
 J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 ASTBOCARYUM (Greek, astron, star, and karyon. 
 nut ; referring to star-like arrangement of the fruits i. 
 Piflni<ic€(f, tribe Cocoinecp. Spiny palms, stemless or 
 with a short caudex, or with a tall, ringed, spiny cau- 
 
ASTROCARY'UM 
 
 ATKII'LKX 
 
 117 
 
 dex : It«. terminal, pinnately parted ; Reermenta ap- 
 ripiximate. e(|iii-<li?«tant or fasciculate, lancet»iate-acumi- 
 natc or attenuate to the obliquely truncate apex, plicate, 
 whiti!*h beneath, the terminal on«'« free or contluent, the 
 jjpinv raarjjins recurved at the base ; petiole verj' short; 
 sh»ath short, open : spadices short or lonjr. the finely 
 diviiied liranches pendulous, thickene<l at the base, 
 thence ver>' slender, lonj?, naked, th»j llorif«Tous nakecl 
 bii'*al portion, as it were, pedunculate ; si)athes li. the 
 lower one membranous, deciduous, the ui)p<'r fusiform, 
 coriacetms or woinly, open on the ventral si<le, persist- 
 ent ; bracts of the female fls, broad, imbricated, like the 
 lirac'tletH ; pistillate Hs, with a stipitate male one on 
 cither side: fr. rather lar>?e, ovoid or Hub)j:lol)o's.', beaked, 
 smooth or spiny, red or orange. Species 30. Trop- 
 ical America. 
 
 AstriH'aryums are elegant palms of medium height, 
 verv suitable for moderate 8ize<l conser\'atories. A. 
 Mn'r'jmiiru, A. Mexicannm and A.argt'nteum are the 
 kinds most commonly m»'t with in collections. The Ivs. 
 are pinnate, and in small plants, at least in some of the 
 species, the se^ients are narrow, four or five pairs of 
 these alternating with two very broad ones. A. argen- 
 ttum has the under surfaces of the Ivs. of a much 
 lighter color than the others. In a young state, the 
 plants require the temperature of the stove, and after 
 attaining the height of a few feet they may be removed 
 to a house where the temperature frequently falls as 
 low as 4.')^ F. Specimens 8-10 ft. hitrh fruit freely. 
 Prop, by seeds, which are slow in germinating. The soil 
 in which they are sown should be changed occasionally, 
 to prevent it from becoming sour. Be careful not to 
 overpot, or the fleshy roots will decry. See Pahnft. 
 
 A. Lvs. scurfy, at least beneatJi or on the petioles. 
 
 Murumuru, Mart. Lvs. 9-12 ft. long: segments lanceo- 
 late, somewhat falcate, rich green above, silvery beneath : 
 sts. 12-1") ft. high, densely c(»vered with st«)Ut, black 
 spines in. long. Brazil. I.H. 22: Ul.*}. 
 
 arg^nteam, Hort. Petioles and under surface of the 
 Ivs. covered with silvery white scurf ; Ivs. arching, 
 wedge-shaped. 2-lobed, distinctly plicate, bright green 
 above ; petioles with numerous dark, spreading spines 
 1 in. long. Colombia. F.R. 3:5(39. 
 
 filiire, Hort. Small, slen'^'^r : Ivs. erect, narrowly cu- 
 neate, with 2 divergent lohet , inversely sagittate ; 
 petioles densely scurfy ; rachis scurfy on ])otb sides ; 
 spines numerous on the petioles and rachis, and on the 
 principal nerves above ; brown. Colombia. 
 
 AA. Lis. not scurfif. 
 
 Ayri, Mart. Trunks 18-30 ft. high, 8-12 in. in diara., 
 usually csespitose : Ivs. 15 ft. long, equally pinnatisect 
 to the apex ; petiole piano-compressed, membranaceous 
 on the margins, densely scaly and with scattered spines; 
 lower segments over 3 ft. long. 1^4-2 in. wide, 2 in. 
 apart, the upper ones 2-2,^^ ft. long, 1 in. wide, IM in. 
 apart, conduplicate at the base, linear, long attenuate, 
 p<iinted, minutely and remotely spiny along the margins, 
 white-tomentose below. Braz. 
 
 Mexicinmn, Liebra. St. 4-r» ft. high, cylindrical, 
 thickly covered with rings of black, straight, ancipital 
 spines : petiole 2 ft. long, 4-sided, the 2 upper sides 
 concave, clothed (as is the rachis) with straight black 
 spines ; blade fi ft.; segments I.t-18 in. lonff. 1 in. wide, 
 alternate, broadly linear, acute, straight, white beneath, 
 with deciduous black spines along the margins. Mex. 
 
 Granat^nse, Hort., is an unidentified trade name. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 
 ASTKOPHtTITM. See Echinocactus. 
 
 ASTSTASIA (obscure name). Including Henfreija 
 and Macknya, Aranthctceo'. Twenty to 30 herbs or 
 ^•hrubs of the Old World tropics. Corolla tube straight 
 or curved, the spreading limb 5-lobed and nearly or 
 quite regular : stamens 4, unequal : stigma blunt or 
 minutely 2-lobed : Ivs. thin, entire : fls. white, blue or 
 purple, in axillary or terminal clusters, often very showy. 
 General treatment of Justicia, in intermediate or warm- 
 bouses. 
 
 MIU, Benth. & Hook. {MnrkHyn hflln, Harvey). 
 Glabrous, upright subshrub : Ivs. ovate-oblong, acunii- 
 natf, spreading, short-stalked, sinuate-toothed : fls. li- 
 lac, 2 in. lonjf, with a !<»ng tiibe below the flaring throat, 
 the spreading segments ovate-obtuse, disposed on one 
 side of a raceme 5-8 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. .')797. — A 
 >>eautiful plant, rarely seen, and thought to be difficult 
 to manage ; but it seems to flower readily in fall in our 
 climate, if rested during the previous winter and 
 brouirbt on in the summer. Prop, by cuttings of firm 
 wood in spriiig or summer. Young plants in small potH 
 often bloom well. 
 
 A. Coromandelidna, Nees (A. Comorensin. Bojer. Juflticia 
 GaiiRPtica, Linn.). Zijjzatj subshrub : Ivh. ovate-cordate, wavy: 
 tls. purfde. nearly sessile, in tr-lo-tid. riM-eine. Ind. B.M. 4248. 
 P.M. U: ir>. F.S.2: llii.-A. scdndenn, Lindl. (Henfreya scan- 
 dens, Lindl.). Climbing: Ivs. olH>vate to ovate, thick, entire : 
 rts. Iart{e. yellow, white and blush, in a thyrse. Afr. B.M. 4449. 
 
 B.K.33:31. F.S. :»: 2:^1. r rr o 
 
 Lt. xl. rf. 
 
 ATAMASGO lily. See Zephyrunthes. 
 
 ATHANASIA. Consult Lonna. 
 
 ATHtBIUM. See ^.<«/)/«»«iM»w. 
 
 ATBAGENE. See Clematis. 
 
 ATBAFHAXIS (ancient Greek name). Pohjgonhcea. 
 Low shrubs : Ivs. alternate or fasciculate, deciduous : 
 fls. small, apetalous, in few-Hd. axillary clusters, form- 
 ing terminal racemes ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens (>-b : fr. a 
 small akene, enclosed by the enlarged inner sepals. 
 Summer. About 18 species in central and western Asia, 
 Greece, and N. Afr. Low shrubs of spreading habit, 
 with usually small Ivs., attractive with their numerou.s 
 racemes of white or rose-colored fls., which remain un- 
 changed for a long time, owing to the persistent calyx. 
 They grow best in well-draine<l soil and sunny situati(»ns, 
 but do not stand transplanting well when older. Prop, 
 by seeds sown in spring ; the seedlings are liable to rot 
 if kept too mojst, or in damp air. Increased, also, by 
 greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, and by 
 layers, 
 
 .4. hiixifdlia, Janb. & Rpach. (Polygonum crispulnm. Sims). 
 
 Height 1-2 ft., spineless : Ivs. obovate, erenate. dark green, 
 
 3-2-1 in. long: racemes short. Transcaucasia, Turkestan. B.M. 
 
 1(H).">.— A. frutescena, Koch (A. lanceolata, Meissn.). Height 
 
 1-2 ft., spineless: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, glauceacent, J^-1 in. 
 
 long: racemes loose. Caucisus.Turkest., Sii)eria. L.B.C. 5:489. 
 
 B.R. .'}:254,— A. latifolia, Koehne (A. Mu.schketowi. Krassn.). 
 
 Erect, 2-3 ft., spineless : Ivs. lanceolate, crenjite. %-2 in. long: 
 
 fls. white, incompact ra<'emes. Turkest. B.M.74;{."i. Gt.40:i:w4. 
 
 —A. spiiu)sa, Linn. Height 1-2 ft., spiny : Ivs. elliptic, entire, 
 
 glauceseent, /^-/^ in. long: racemes short. S. Russia, Orient, 
 
 Siberia. . ^ 
 
 Alfred Rebder. 
 
 ATBIFLEX 'derivation disputed). Chenopodihcece. 
 A large genus containing many succulent weeds of des- 
 ert regions. A. hortensis is a garden vegetable used like 
 spinach ; for culture, see Orach. A. leptocarpa and A . 
 semihaccata are two plants lately introduced as supple- 
 mentary forage plants for arid regions. See Circular 
 No. 3, biv. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agric. 
 
 A. Garden vegetable (with ornamental-lvd. variety). 
 
 hortensis, Linn. Orach. Sea Purslane. Annual : 
 stem herbaceous, erect : Ivs, hastate, cordate, or trian- 
 gular-oblong, acute, 4-5 in. long, 2J^-3 in. wide ; petioles 
 12-18 lines long : fruiting bracts 4-8 lines long, short- 
 pediceled. Var. Atro-sangiiinea, Hort., is a crimson- 
 leaved ornamental about 4 ft. high, sometimes grown 
 with amarautus-like plants. 
 
 AA. Ornamental shrubs. 
 
 can^scens, James. A pale, densely scurfy shrub, 1-3 ft. 
 high : Ivs. oblanceolate, entire : fruiting bractlets with 
 4 vertical, reticulated wings. July-Sept. N. Mex. to S. 
 Dak. and W. to Calif. 
 
 Hdlimos, Linn. Low-spreading shrub with grey foli- 
 age, cult, in Calif, for hedges and for seaside planting: 
 Ivs. 1-1 /4 in. long : petioles 3-4 lines long : fls. purplish : 
 fruiting bracts 1% lines long, 2 lines wide, sessile, reni- 
 form, obtuse, entire : seed compressed, yellowish. 
 Mediterranean region and S. Afr. -^ -^^ 
 
118 
 
 ATROPA 
 
 AURICULA 
 
 ATBOPA (after Afropoa, that one of the three Fates 
 who cut the thread of life). Solandreir. Bellaix»nna. 
 Calyx with 5 ovate leafy dirisi«)ns, enlarii^inK in fruit ; 
 corolla bell-8haped or funm-l form. The purph* ber- 
 rit"< are poisonous. The plant is used in medicine. 
 
 Belladdnna. Linn. Plant low. spreading?: Ivs. ovate, 
 entire, pointed: fis. sint^le (»r in pairs, nodcling on latv.ral 
 peduncles; corolla dull purple. Eu. to India. 
 
 ATTALEA {(ittalits, magnificent). Palmdcecp, tribe 
 Covoineie. Spineless palms, with a single, thickish 
 rintfed or scarred caudex: Ivs. arising almost perpen- 
 dicular and the upper part arched, pinnately cut, 
 linear • lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins re- 
 curved at the base; petiole concave above: tls. yellow: 
 fr. rather large. Species 20. Trop. Anu'r. The leaflets 
 on the lower side of the rachis hang straight down, and 
 th )se on the upper side point straight up. The Attaleas 
 •re unprofitable to grow as commercial decorative 
 plants, because they tiike too long to make goo<l sized 
 plants from the seedling state. Perfect drainage, and 
 a soil having a mixture of leaf-mold or peat, with a tem- 
 perature ranging from GO" to 80° F., will be found to 
 suit them. Put the seeds about 2 in. deep in a box and 
 sink the box in a warm bonier out of doors in summer, 
 cover with a mulch of moss, and water frequently. 
 
 A. Trunks becoming tall. 
 
 exc6l8a, Mart. St. 90-100 ft. high in the wild, 16-20 in. 
 in tliain.: Ivs. erect-spreadin;;: pistillate tls. solitary on 
 the branches of the spadix: drupe obovate. Braz. 
 
 funifera, Mart. St. 18-30 ft.. S-U in. diam., smooth: 
 Ivs. as long as the caudex; petioles with very long hang- 
 ing fibers ; segments broadly linear-acuminate, in clus- 
 ters of 3-j, divaricate: drupe 4 in. long* Braz. 
 
 Cohtme, Mart. St. 40-r)0 ft.: Ivs. erect, pinnate, the 
 dark green pinnae 30-50 and 18 in. or less long; petiole 
 flat above and rounded below: drupe broa<lly ovate, 
 nearly 3 in. long, with a very short beak. Honduras.— 
 Fruit used for soap-making, and exported from Cent. 
 Amer. for that purpose. Used for thatching. 
 
 AA. Without tninJiS. 
 
 spect^hilis. Mart. Steniless, or with a very short cau- 
 dex: Ivs. l?s-21 ft. long, the lower segments 3— 4 ft., the 
 upper 12-16 in., li in. wide, linear-acuminate. Braz. 
 
 amysdallna, HBK. (.1. nurifera, Karst. ). Stemless : 
 Ivs., 5-6 ft. long, crowded, pinnatisect; segments 90-100 
 on each side, ensifomi, glabrous above, with hairs along 
 the outer margin.s beneath, 2-^^-2?^ ft. long, about l^in. 
 wide; petiole with rusty scales beneath- Braz. 
 
 .4. Guiehire is a tra<le name: "extremely long-leaved."— J.. 
 Mdripa, Mart. (JL. Mariposa, Hort.) See Miiximiliana. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 
 AUBRlfiTIA (Claude Aubriet, French natural history 
 painter of last century). Cruciferie. Perennial, more 
 or less evergreen trailers, excellent for rockwork or edg- 
 ings. Prop, by seeds, or by layers orcittings. The genus 
 is distinguished chiefly by the outer sepals being saccate 
 at base, the shorter filaments toothed, and the valves of 
 the silique convex and not ribbed. Italy to Persia. 
 
 deltoidea, DC. Lvs. oblong- spatuUte, deltoid or rhom- 
 boid, with 1 or 2 teeth on either side, grayish, narrowed 
 into a very short petiole : fis. in few f!d., lax clusters, 
 the violet or purple petals twice the length of the calyx. 
 — Grows 2-12 iu. high. Pretty spring bloomer. Hardy 
 in the north. Var. Bougainvillei, Hort. Fls. light vio- 
 let : dwarf and compact. Var. Cimpbelli, Hort. Fls. 
 large, purple : plant large. Var. E^rei, Hort. Fls. 
 large and long, deep violet. Var. GraBca, Hort. Dwarf 
 and compact, large-fid. One of the best. Var. Hinder* 
 soni, Hort., probably the same as CamphelU. Var. 
 Lelchtlini, Hort. Profuse bloomer, pink fls. V^ar. 
 Ol^mpica, Hort. Fls. large, violet, like var. Eyrei. 
 Var. viol&cea, Hort. One of the largest forms. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ATTCt^BA (its Japanese name). Crr*- ^uptt. One ever- 
 green shrub, with glossy, often var^ ^ i ,Vi lvs., enduring 
 smoke and dust: fls. small, dioeci:us, 4-n-.erous, in pani- 
 cles : f r. a 1 -seeded drupe. Hardv S. In the N. states, Au- 
 
 cubas are grown in coolhouses- those adapted toazaleu 
 are excellent— and they are kept evergreen by keepitijr 
 them in a pit during winter, or by holding them cool Htid 
 partially dry in the house. They will stand 5 or 6 df. 
 grees of frost in a pit. From cuttings of half riptued 
 wooil, go<Ml specimen plants may be had in 2 or 3 yew*. 
 Fruiting plants, with their numerous bright scarlet ber- 
 ries, are exceedingly attractive, but as the plnnt is 
 dioecious, there must be male plants with the female 
 ones. If grown in pots and under glass, the plant must 
 be fertilized by shaking the flowering male plant over 
 the female, or by applying the pollen with a camel's 
 hair pencil. If the male plant flowers earlier, the pollen 
 may be collected and kept <lry until the female plant is 
 in flower ; it remains elTective f<»r some weeks. In the 
 open, Aucuba grows well in any good, somewhat moist 
 though well-drained soil, in a half-shaded position. In 
 pots, it will thrive in a sandy loam with sufficient drain- 
 age, and requires plenty of water during its growing 
 period. Fruiting plants should not have too large pots. 
 Prop, very easily by half-ripened greenwood cuttings at 
 nearly any time of the year, uixler glass, and by seeils 
 sown soon after maturity ; the varieties are sometimes 
 grafted on the common form in early spring, under glass, 
 Jap6nica, Thunb. Shrub, 4-15 ft. : fls. usually ovate, 
 3-8 in. long, remotely and coarsely dentate, acuminate, 
 shining : berries scarlet, rarely white or yellow, usually 
 oblong. From Himal. to Jap. B.M. 5512. I.H. ll:31ft». 
 Var. Himal&ica, Dipp. {A. Himaldica, Hook. & Thoni.i. 
 Lvs, ovate-lanceolate, more dentate : panicles more 
 pilose: fr. orange to scarlet. Hima'. F.S. 12:1271. I.H. 
 6:197. — There are many garden forms, mostly with 
 variegated lvs.. which are more cultivated than the 
 preen forms. Han<lsome variegated varieties are: albo- 
 varieg^ta, aurea, aureo-macul&ta (Flor. Mag. 10:.'):':. 
 Flor. World 1876:353), bicolor, latimacul^ta, Urn- 
 b&ta, m^dio-variegjita, pictxir4ta, punctata, varieg&ta 
 (B.M. 1197. F.M. 5:277). The following forms have 
 green Ivs. : angustifdlla, dent^ta, macrophyila, ovata, 
 ealiciidlia, pygmaea. A. cranitolin, once ofifered in 
 Amer. trade, is probably a form of A. Japonica. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AUDIBERTIA ( Jf . Audibert, of Tarascon. Provence). 
 Labidtip. Perennial, hoary, aromatic herbs from Calif., 
 with rugose, sage-like lvs. 
 
 grandifldra, Benth. St. villous, glandular, 1-.3 ft. 
 high : lvs. woolly beneath ; lower lvs. hastate, obtuse, 
 3-8 in. long, coarse ; bracts crowded, conspicuous : tls. 
 1-1 H in. long, red or crimson-purple, in dense, showy 
 glomes or clusters. — Prized for bees. 
 
 AUBlCULA {Primula Auricula, Linn.). Fig. 171. A 
 European perennial, sending up short scapes, bearing 
 fls. of many colors. It is one of the most famous of 
 florists' flowers, but it has never received the attention 
 in this country that it has in Europe. Our summers are 
 generally too hot for it. In this country generally treated 
 as a greenhouse plant ; but it is hardy, and in the Old 
 World is grown largely in frames. See Primula. 
 
 Auriculas may be propagated by seed for general pur- 
 poses and for the production of new varieties, but to 
 perpetuate very choice varieties, it is necessary to propa- 
 gate either by offsets or division of the plants. Seed 
 should be sown in shallow pans or 4-inch pots early in 
 March, so that the seedlings will be well developed be- 
 fore very warm weather sets in. The soil used in the 
 seed pans should be verv- light and sandy, the surfai'e 
 should be made smooth, and the seeds then pressed lightly 
 into the soil, after which a light covering of sand should 
 be given, and the pans placed in a temp, of 60° imtil they 
 have germinated, which usually takes from three to four 
 weeks ; they should then be removed to a light position, 
 shaded from direct sunlight, in a rather lower tempera- 
 ture, to induce a stocky growth. As soon as the seedlings 
 are large enough to handle convetiently, they should be 
 pricked off into other pans or shallow boxes containin?^ 
 a mixture of i hree parts leaf -mold and one part sifted 
 loam and clean silver sand. Watering should be care- 
 fully attended to, and everything done to promote active 
 growth, so that, if possible, the plants may be large 
 enough to require a second shift into other boxes, simi- 
 larly prepared, by the end of June. Auricula seedlings 
 
AURICULA 
 
 AZALEA 
 
 119 
 
 go through the hottest months much hotter in boxen than 
 in not- at they can be kf i)t more »'Vf nly nmist. For their 
 
 summer (juarters, a wowlen frame pla<'e(i on sifted eoal 
 ashet on t'le north side of a buil<ling or wall, or almoHt 
 
 an> 
 and 
 
 171. Auricula iXK). 
 
 IV poHiiion where they will l>e wheltered from the sun 
 „,id '•till receive plenty of li»fht, Hh«»uld he ifiven them. 
 The frame should be provided with sash, which shoul*! 
 W kept over the plants most of the time, jfivinjf air in 
 abundance in favorable weather, and during the warmest 
 
 weather the whole frame 
 should be raisetl by placing 
 a brick under each corner, 
 HO as to allow a good cir- 
 culation of air among the 
 plants. AlKjut the second 
 week in 8epteml)er the 
 young plants Hhould be 
 potted, using a conjpost of 
 two parts g(M>d, fibrous 
 loam, one part leaf-mold, 
 and one part well decayed 
 cow or sheep manure, with 
 a little san<l added. The 
 frame should be kept a 
 little close for a few days 
 after potting, and from 
 this time care must be 
 taken not to wet the foli- 
 age in watering. The 
 plants may remain in 
 the frame until dan- 
 ger of freezing, when 
 they should be trans- 
 ferred to a cool green- 
 house for the winter. 
 All decaying leaves 
 Hhould be carefully 
 removed, and but lit- 
 tle water will be re- 
 quired during the 
 dull winter months. 
 Towards the end of February the plants will show signs 
 of flowering, when they should be given a top-dressing 
 of pulverized sheep manure and placed in a light, airy 
 position, in a temp, of 55°. The flowering season lasts 
 about two months, after which the plants should receive 
 their annual potting. All diseased or decayed roots 
 should be cut away, and most of the old soil carefully 
 removed. The propagation of very choice varieties by 
 offsets or division is best done at this time. The pots 
 used in potting should be well drained, and no larger 
 than will just accommodate the plants. The soil best 
 suited is the same as before recommended. After pot- 
 ting they may be placed in their summer quarters. 
 Offsets should be inserted round the edge of 4-inch pots, 
 using very sandy soil, and kept in a moist, shaded posi- 
 tion until rooted. By annually repotting and giving a 
 little extra care during the summer months, a batch of 
 Auriculas will return very satisfactory results, and may 
 be kept in a good, healthy condition for several years. 
 
 Edward J. Canning. 
 
 AVflNA (classical name). Gramlnece. Oats. A genus 
 of annuals or perennials well known from the cultivated 
 oat. Panicles wide open, and loosely flowered, bearing 
 large 2-(J-flowered spikelets. A long, twisted, geniculate 
 awn present, except in the cultivated oat. Species, 
 about 'yO. Widely spread in the temperate regions of the 
 Old and New World. 
 
 !4taa, Linn. Wild-oats. Sand-oats. Resembles the 
 cultivated oat; can be distinguished by the larger spike- 
 lets and long, brown hairs on the flowering glume. Awn 
 an inch in length. Eu.— A very troublesome weed in 
 some parts. Not cult. 
 
 8t6rilis, Linn. Animated Oats. Much larger than the 
 cultivated oat : spikelets large, in a drooping panicle ; 
 awn very long and geniculate. Mediterranean region 
 and E.— Occasionally cult, for the odd behavior of the 
 "seeds." It is the twisting and untwisting of this awn, 
 when exposed to moisture and dryness, that has given 
 to the grass the name Animated Oats. The untwisting of 
 the awn causes the spiKelet to tumble about in various 
 directions, suggestive of independent motion. 
 
 Th« common oat in Arena aatirn, Linn., native of the Old 
 World. P»»t»irf* irraHHeK f»f>bl ait AveniiH are A . rlatior, winch is 
 an Arrhenttt!therum ; and .1. flaceacena, wbiih \* a Trisetum. 
 
 P. B. Kennedy. 
 
 AVERRHdA (after Averrhoes, the Arabian physi- 
 cian). Uifiiniiicfuje. Tropical fruit trees, cult, in India 
 and China, and sometimes grown under glass for orna- 
 ment. Lvs. alternate, o<l<l-pin-..ute; Ifts. alternate, ovate- 
 acuminate, entire, stalkeil, sensitive : tts. borne on the 
 naked stems an<l branches, minute, fragrant, rose-colored 
 to redilish purple, racemose; calyx red; corolla campanu- 
 late ; petals 5. 
 
 Carambdla, Linn. Carambola. Height 13-20 ft. : Ifts. 
 4-5 pair.s : rts. rosy purple : fr. varying in size from a 
 hen's egg to a large orange, ovate, acutely 5-angle<l, yel- 
 low, fragrant, the pulp acid. The half-grown fr. used as 
 pickles ; the ripe fr. for preserves. Sai<l to produce 3 
 crops a year. P.M. 15:231. Cult, sparingly in S. Calif. 
 
 A. Bilimhi,\Ann. CrcfMBER Tree. Bilimbi. Height H-15 
 ft.: Ifts. .Vlo pairs : fls. red. in longer racemes than the al>ove : 
 fr. smaller than the ('araral>ola, cucximlter-shaped, smooth, 
 sreen rind, and acid palp. Extensively cult, in S. Amer. P.M. 
 15: 231. 
 
 AVOCADO, ALLIGATOR PEAR. See Peraea. 
 
 AZALEA (from Greek azaleos, dry : Linnaeus be- 
 lieved them to grow in dry locations). Ericdlcece. 
 Shrubs : lvs. deciduous or persistent alternate, more 
 or less nairy and ciliate, rarely glabrous and never lepi- 
 dote or scurfy : fls. in terminal umbellate racenies, 
 rarely lateral ; corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form, campanulate 
 or rotate ; stamens 5-10 ; ovary 5-celled, hairy or se- 
 tose, with or without glands : fr. a loculicidal capsule 
 (Fig. 172), with numerous minute seeds. This genus is 
 often united with Rhododendron, which is easier to dis- 
 tinguish by its lvs. and general habit than by its fls. In 
 Rhododendron, the lvs. are coriaceous, generally per- 
 sistent, usually revolute at the margin, glabrous or to- 
 mentose beneath, often lepidote, not ciliate, or ciliate 
 and lepidote : stamens usually 10 : ovary glabrous, 
 glandular, lepidote or tomentose, never st'ose, some- 
 times more than 5-celled. The glabrous species of 
 Azalea have 5 stamens and deciduous lvs. There are 25 
 species in Asia (especially E. Asia) and N. Amer. Con- 
 sult Maximowicz, Rhododendrej© Asiie Orientalis, St. 
 Petersburg, 1870. The Azaleas belong to our most orna- 
 mental and beautiful flowering shrubs, and are often 
 completely covered with large showy fls. of brilliant and 
 various colors. They grow best in peaty or sandy soil 
 containing no limestone, and prefer somewhat moist and 
 half-shaded situations. In regard to the culture, they 
 may be divided into two groups : Hardy deciduous 
 Azaleas, and Indian Azaleas. 
 
 Hardy Deciduous Azaleas.— These include the spe- 
 cies of the sections Euazalea and Rhodora, and the hy- 
 brids known as Ghent Azaleas. They are hardy, but in 
 the N. and in exposed situations a protection with bru>h, 
 hay or mats should be given during the winter, to pre- 
 vent the hower-buds from sudden changes of tempera- 
 ture. They are usually increased by seeds sown in early 
 spring in frames or pans, in sandy peat, without cover- 
 ing, and kept moist and shady. When the seedlings ap- 
 pear they should have pir and a daily syringing. In au- 
 tumn they are transplanted into boxes or frames, in 
 sandy, peaty soil. The seeds germinate very readily 
 sown in cut sphagnum, but ought to be pricked into 
 boxes as soon as they can be handled. The second year 
 the seedlings should be planted out in beds, suflBciently 
 wide apart to allow a growth of two years. Long upright 
 branches should be shortened, to secure well-branched 
 plants. The named varieties are grafted on any of the 
 common species, usually by veneer-grafting in autumn 
 in the greenhouse, on potted stock. They may also be 
 increased by cuttings of mature wood 2-3 in. long, taken 
 with a heel late in summer, and placed in sand under 
 glass. Layers usually require 2 years to root sufficiently ; 
 they are made in spring, and the buried part enclosed in 
 moss. Azaleas are easy to transplant, either in early 
 spring or in early autumn, when the year's growth 
 has ripened. If desired, they may be planted for deco- 
 rative purposes in early spring, in betis, without injuring 
 the abundance or brilliancy of the flower, and after- 
 
120 
 
 AZALEA 
 
 AZALEA 
 
 wards removed to prive space for other decorative plants, 
 and planted carefully in nursery beds, where they remain 
 till next spring? ; and so on every year. Especially the 
 hybrids and varieties of A. mollis are often and easily 
 forced for wiater-riowering. If intended for early forc- 
 ing, they should be grown in pots, and care taken to 
 allow them to finish their growth as early as possible ; 
 for later forcing, after Christmas, they may be potted in 
 fall, or even just before bringing them into the for ing- 
 house. With a temperature of 50-55° at night, they will 
 bloom in about 6 weeks. The Ghent Azaleas are grown 
 in great quantities in the Low Countries and in (iermany 
 lor export to America ; it is usually more profitable to 
 buy this stock each fall than to attempt to raise it here, 
 where labor is high-priced and the climate dry and hot. 
 
 In the open, the flowering period of hardy Azaleas ex- 
 tends from April to July. First comics A . Canade »s i s , A . 
 rhomhira and A. Vaseiji ; then^l. nudiflora 9.x\*\. A . mol- 
 //.•*, followed by A. Potitica and A. calendulacea, and 
 nearly at the same time A. Schlippenbachi and A. 
 Albrechti ; somewhat later, A. occidentalis, and last, A. 
 arbortsrens and A. vLscosa. One of the most beauti- 
 ful is the American A. calendulacea, which is hardly 
 surpassed in the brilliancy and abundance of its flowers 
 by any of the Ghent hybrids. Some good hybrids, or 
 Ghent Azaleas, are the following : 
 
 Single-fld. varieties : Albicans, white with yellow 
 blotch, fragrant ; Admiral de Ruyter, deep red scarlet ; 
 Altaclarensis, white, bordered pink, spotted yellow, 
 fragrant, B.K. 28:27 ; Anthony Foster, orange-yellow; 
 Comte de Gomer, bright rose, spotted orange, R.B. 
 1 : 97 ; Daviesi, nearly pure white, fragrant, Gt. 42:1307; 
 Directeur Charles Baumann, cherry red, spotted j'ellow; 
 G^ant des Batailles, deep crimson ; Hilda, red-orange ; 
 Louis Hellebuyck, carmine, blotched orange, F.S. 19: 
 2019; MarieVerschaffelt, pink, blotched yellow; Morteri, 
 rosy pink with yellow blotch, S.B.F.G. II. 1: 10 ; IMn- 
 '•essed'Drange, salmon-pink; Sanguinca, deep crimson; 
 Tsarine, brightpink,R.B.20:277; Van Dyck, blood-red; 
 Viscosa floribunda, pure white, fragrant. 
 
 Double-(ld. varieties : Arethusa, creamy white, tinged 
 yellow ; Bijou de Gandbrugge, white, bordered rose, 
 F.S. 19: 2024 ; Louis Aim«5 Van Houtte, carmine, tinged 
 orange, F.S. 19: 2022 ; 3Iadame Mina Van Houtte, pink, 
 tinged salmon and white, F.S. 19:2021 ; Murillo, pink, 
 tingedpurple, K.B^19:2:{2 ; Phebe, yellow, tinged or- 
 
 ange, R.B. 19: 
 
 OtO. 
 
 Raphael de Smet.pink; Virgile, pale 
 
 rose, striped yellow in the center, R.B. 19:232. 
 
 Indian Azaleas. —This group contains A . Jndica and 
 other species of the section Tsusia and the hybrids of 
 them. They are well known evergreen shrubs in the N. , 
 requiring cultivation in the greenhouse during the win- 
 ter, but some varieties, as A. Indira, var. Kirmpferi and 
 var. anioena, are hardy even near New York. A. ros- 
 marinifolia and A. lineririfolia will stand many de- 
 grees of frost in somewhat sheltered positions. Thoy 
 are rarely iucrensed by seeds, which may be sown in the 
 j.reenhouse in the same way as with the former group. 
 Usually they are propagated by cuttincs or grafting. 
 The cuttings root best when made in August from half- 
 ripened wood, and placed in sand under a frame, with 
 gentle bottom heat. Choicer varieties are usually in- 
 creased by veneer- or tongue-grafting, either in winter 
 or in.luly and Aug. on vigorous-growing varieties raised 
 mostly from cuttings. Grafting on Rhododendron is 
 now used in some German nurseries with very good re- 
 sults. The best soil for Azaleas, jf grown in pots, is a 
 sandy compost of half peat and lialf leaf-soil, with an 
 addition of good fibrous loam. It is essential to plant 
 them firmly, and to give very good drainage. The base 
 of the stem should be just above the surface. The best 
 time for repotting is after flowering, when the new 
 growth commences. Duringthe summer, they should be 
 kept in a coldframe or in the open in a sheltered spot, 
 with the pots plunged in the soil, or planted out in pre- 
 pared beds, where they nmke a very vigorous and 
 healthy growth. In Sept. they should be repotted ana 
 transferred to the greenhouse. They must have plenty 
 of water and free syringing during the hot months. 
 The natural flowering time is from April to June, but in 
 the greenhouse. Azaleas may be had in flower from Nov. 
 till June. Affainst the red spider and thrips, from which 
 the Azaleas are liable to suffer if the air is too dry, free 
 
 syringing with water is the best remedy. Most of the 
 plants used for forcing in this country are imported 
 from Holland and Belgium ; and it is cheaper to huv 
 them than to attemjtt to raise them. Formerly Aziiltas 
 were kept in summer in shade or partial shade, but now 
 it is the custom of tae best growers to give them full 
 exposure to the sun, either planted out or in tbe pots 
 plunged to the rim in ashes or other good drainaire ma- 
 terial ; in the lattt-r case a top-dressing of 2 or 3 iiuhes 
 of old cow manure is very beneficial. The only Auieri- 
 can treatise is Halliday's Treatise on the Propagation 
 and Cultivation of Azalea Indica, Baltimore, IbbO. 
 
 Some of the best varieties of Indian Azaleas are the 
 following ( for acompleteraccount,see August Van Geert, 
 Iconographie des Azalees, abbreviated here as Ic. Az.i: 
 
 Sinffle-fld. : Antigone, white, striped and spotted vio- 
 let. R.B. 7: 241 ; lc.Az.3; Apollo, vermilion. Ic Az. 20; 
 Charmer, rich amaranth, very large, F.M. o:30.'{-4. 1; 
 Comtesse de Beaufort, rich rose, blotched deep crim- 
 son ; Criterion, rich salmon-pink, bordered white and 
 blotched crimson, F.S. 8: 796 ; Diamond, white, blotched 
 dark crimson, F.S. 21: 2233-34 ; Due de Nassau, rich 
 rosy purple, very free and large; Eclatante, deep crim- 
 son, shaded rose ; Fanny Ivery, deep salmon-scarlet, 
 blotched magenta, F.M. 10: '42 ; Fielder's White, pure 
 white, early, A.F. 13:1109; Flambeau, rich, glowing 
 crimson, Gn. 16:242,4; Fuerstin Bariatinsky, white, 
 striped red, Gn. 16, 242, Ic.Az. 13 ; Jean Vervaene, sal- 
 mon, striped, bordered white, R.B. 2: 145, Ic.Az. 11; 
 John Gould Veitch, lilac rose, bordered and netted 
 white, striped crimson, F.S. 20:2071-72; La Victoire, 
 reddish, white towards the edges, spotted maroon crim- 
 son; Louise von Baden, pure white, sometimes speckled 
 pink ; F.S. 17: 1796, F.M. 3: 158 ; Madame Charles Van 
 Eeckhaute, pure white, with crisped edges ; Madame 
 Van Houtte, scarlet rose, bordered white, F.S. 23:2383, 
 Ic. Az. 5 ; IVIarquis of Lome, brilliant scarlet, very 
 fine ; Miss E. Jarret, pure white, with crisped edges. 
 R.B. 14:213; Mrs. Turner, bright pink, bordered white, 
 spotted crimsop, F.S. 8 : 451 ; Mons. Thibaut, orange-red ; 
 President Victor Van den Hecke, white striped and 
 speckled crimson, with yellow center, F.S. 15: 1567-C8 ; 
 Princess Alice, pure white, one of the best ; Princesse 
 Clementine, white, spotted greenish yellow ; Reine des 
 Pays-Bas, rich violet-pink, bordered white, I.H. 13 : 479 ; 
 Roi de Hollande, dark bloo<l-red, spotted black ; Sigis- 
 mund Rucker, rich rose, bordered white, blotched crim- 
 son, very showy, F.S. 19:2010-11, Ic.Az. 31; Stella, 
 orange-scarlet, tinged violet ; W'ilson Saunders, pure 
 white, striped and blotched vivid red. 
 
 Double-fld. : Borsig, pure white ; Alice, deep rose, 
 blotched vermilion, I.H. 23:244; Baron M. de Rothschild, 
 rich purple-violet, large, F.S. 23: 2477-78 ; Bernard An- 
 
 172. Capsule of 
 
 Azalea nudiflora. 
 
 173. Azalea nudiflora (X J 3). 
 
 dr^, dark violet-purple, large ; Bernard Andr«5 alba, 
 white, I.H. 17:15, Ic. Az. 19; Charles Leirens, dark sal- 
 mon, blotched dark purple, good form and substance, F.S. 
 19: 1971-72; Charles Pynaert, salmon, bordered white, 
 R.B. 10:25; Chicago, deep carmine, bordered white, 
 large ; Comtesse Eugenie de Kerchove, white, flaked red- 
 carmine; Deutsche Perle, pure white, early, R.H. 1886: 
 
AZALEA 
 
 AZALEA 
 
 121 
 
 
 516. Gn 3^: 649.1c, Az. 25 ; Dominique Verveene, bright 
 orange ; Dr. Moore, deep rose, sha«ied whire and violet, 
 vervtine. R. Br. 11:G1; Empereur du Bresil, rich rose, 
 banded white, upper petals marked red, Ic. Az. 15 ; 
 Franvois de Vos, deep crimson, LH. 14:512, Ic. Az. 14, 
 P.M. 8:443; Imbricata, white, sometimes flaked rose, 
 1 H, 24:281, F.S. 22:2284-85; Imperatrice des Iiuies, 
 sulmon-rose, festooned white and dark carmine. F.M. 
 isriia", Ic. Az.2l ; Johanna Gottscbalk, white ; Louise 
 Pynaert. white, K. B. 4: 209 ; Mme, Iris Lefebvre, dark 
 orauire-carraine, shaded bright violet and blotched brown- 
 ish red, F.S. 18: 18(52-63 ; Madame Van der Cruyssen, 
 pink, tine form. A.F. 12:1003 ; Madeleine, white, larcre, 
 serr--double ; Niobe, white, fine form ; PharaiUle Ma- 
 fhilde,whit> , spotted cherry-red, R.B. l.{:145; President 
 Ghellinckd ;Wulle, bright rose, upperpetals spotted yel- 
 low and striped crimson; President Oswald deKerchove, 
 pink, bordered white, blotched carmine ; Raphael, white ; 
 Sakuntala. white, very free-Howering; Sou v. du Prince 
 Albert, rich rose-peach, broadly margined white, very 
 free-Howering, F.M. 4:201, Ic. Az. 24; Theodore Rei- 
 niers, lilac, large ; Vervjeueana, rose, bordered white, 
 sometimes striped salmon. 
 
 The following Azaleas are a ■>scribed below : A . alba, 
 Xo. 15; albirtora, 10 ; Albrechti, 12 ; amoena, 14; arbo- 
 rescens, 2; 6rt7.s«mi>u»'/^/or«, 14; calendulacea, 5; Cali- 
 for./.cu, 1 ; calyciflora, 14 ; Canadensis, V, cauescens, 4; 
 crispiriora, 14 ; crocea. 5; Danielsiana, 14 ; flanimea, 5; 
 Oandavensis, 7 ; glauca, 'i ; hispida, 3 ; Ind4ca, 14 ; 
 Kii'mpferi, 14 ; lateritia, 14 ; ledifolia, iC- ; Uliifiora, 15; 
 maerantha, 14 ; mollis, 8 ; narcissiflora, 15 ; nitida, 3 ; 
 nuditlora, 4; obtusa, 14; occidentalis, 1; Pontica, G; 
 punicea, 15 ; purpurea, 15; rhombica, 10; ffoUisaoni, 14; 
 TosiHora, 14 ; rosmarinifolia, 15 ; Schlippenbachi, ];! ; 
 Simsi, 14 ; Sinensis, 8 ; speciosa, 5 ; Vaseyi, 11 ; vis- 
 c<>sa, 3. 
 
 A, Fls. in terminal l-many-fld. clusters. 
 B. Zc.s. and fls. from diffennt hiids : vinter-buds with 
 niitny scales: Ics. deciduous. 
 
 c. Corolla irith rather h>ng tube, and nsualhj acute 
 segments, pubescent or hairy outside : stamens 5: 
 Irs. ciliate. (Euazalea.) 
 
 D. Stamens as long as or longer than the limb: tube 
 long and itarrow, outside glandular. 
 
 E. Color white, pink or rose. 
 
 1. OCCidentMis, Torr. & Gray (Ithododend ran occiden- 
 t()le, Ciray, A. Californica, Hort.). Height 2-6 ft.: 
 branchlets glabrous or pubescent : Ivs. obovute-oblong, 
 finely ciliate, slightly pubescent beneath when young : 
 corolla 2-23^2 in. long, white or slightly tinged rose, with 
 yelli.w on the upper lobe, fragrant. May, June. Calif. 
 B.M. .1005. F.S. 14:1432. Gn. 34:673. 
 
 2. arbor^scens, Pursh {Rhododendron arbor^scens, 
 Torr. I. From 8-20 ft. : branchlets nearly glabrous : Ivs. 
 obovHte orobovate-oblong, acute, ciliate, glabrous, green 
 or glaucescent beneath : fls. white or tinged rose, 2 in. 
 lone:, fragrant ; style and stamens red. June, July. 
 Alle-h. Mts. G,F. 1:401, L.B.C. 17:16.32, as A. verti- 
 cil In fa. 
 
 .{, viscdsa, Linn, {Rhododhidron viscdsum, Torr.). 
 Frotii 4-H ft.: winter-buds glabrous: branchlets with 
 stiflf hairs : Ivs. obovate-oblong, obtuse or niurronulate, 
 ciliate, bristly hairy on the veins beneath : fls. w bite or 
 tinijcd rose, 1^2-2 in. long, viscid outside, fragrant ; 
 style red. June, July. E. N. Amer. Em. 2:438. Var. 
 nitida, Nichols. From 1-3 ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate, bright 
 >:re»'n on both sides : corolla tinged red. B.R, 5:414. 
 ^a^. glauca, Ait. Lvs. wliitish-glaucous beneath, dull 
 an.l-laucous above. L.B.(\ 1(;:1518. Var.hlspida, Britt. 
 {A. hispida. Pursh). Pedicels bristly hispid : fls. usu- 
 ally pink : lvs. glaucescent beneath. L.B.C. 5: 441. 
 
 4. nudifldra, Linn. (^1. lutea. Linn. i?. nudiflorum, 
 Torr. I. Figs. 172, 173. Height 2-6 ft.: winter-buds 
 more op less pubescent : branchlets pubescent and often 
 ^ith stiff hairs : lvs. oblong or obovate, hairy on the 
 WKlrib or pube.scent beneath : fls. pink to nearly white, 
 before or with the lvs., about Vi in. broad, not viscid 
 outside. Apr., May. E. N. Amer. B.R. 120. L.B.C. 
 1:51. G.W.F. .36. Mn. 2:17. Var, can^scens, Rehder 
 (A. cnnescens, Michx.K Lvs, tomentose or pubescent 
 beneath, usually elliptic. 
 
 EE, Color yellow to flame-red. 
 
 5. calendulacea, Michx. (R. calendulAceum, Torr,). 
 i:'rom 4-10 ft. : branchlets glabrous or with stiflf hairs : 
 ivs. obovate or ovate, usually pubescent beneath, serru- 
 late-ciliate : fls. orange-yellow or flame-red, often 2 in. 
 broad, with the lvs., nearly scentless ; tube usually 
 shorter than the limb ; stamens thickened at the mid<lle. 
 May, June. E. N. Amer. Var. fldmmea, Michx. (.1. 
 speciosa, Willd.). Fls. flame- or orange-red. B.R. 145. 
 L.B.C. 7:624. B.M, 180. Var. crdcea, Michx. Fls. vel- 
 low or orange-yellow. B.M. 1721. L.B.C. 14:1324. -One 
 of the most showy species. 
 
 6. Pdntica, Linn. (R. fliivum, Don). Plant 2-6 ft.: 
 branchlets hairy: pedicels and petioles glandular : lvs. 
 cuneate, oblong, usually hairy on both sides when young, 
 2-4 in. long : tls. yellow, 2-2 >^ in. broad, very fragrant ; 
 stamens as Icng as the limb. May. Orient, Caucasus. 
 B.M. 433; 2383 (var. albiflora), — A very fragrant an«l 
 free-flowering species, not common in cult. Nearly all 
 varieties referred to this species in nursery catalogues 
 are hybrids, for w^hich the collective name A. Ganda- 
 vensis may be used. 
 
 7. Oandav^nsis, Hort. Ghent Azaleas, Fig, 174. 
 These are hybrids between A . Pont lea, ami the American 
 
 174. Ghent azalea— A. Gandavensis (X ^a). 
 
 species, and A. Sinensis, now more in cult, than the 
 typical species. Of a number of them the parents are 
 easily recognized, but many are hybrids of the second 
 degree or more, and it is impossible to be sure about 
 their parentage. They vary in all shades of white, yel- 
 low, orange, pink, carmine, lilac, and red, with single 
 and double fls.. and also in the time of flowering, from 
 May to July. A short selection of some good varieties 
 has already been given. 
 
 nn. Stamens shorter than the limb: corolla fuunel- 
 form-camponulate, outside pubescent, not glan- 
 dular. 
 
 8. Sinensis, Lodd. (A. mollis, Blume. R. Sinense, 
 Sweet). From :*-8 ft.: branches hairy : lvs. oblong or 
 obovate-oblong. 2-4 in. long, appressed-setose above, 
 glaucescent beneath and nearly glabrous except on the 
 midrib, rarely pubescent ; fls. 2-2H in. broad, yellow, 
 oranee or pink. April, Mav. China, Japan. F.S. 19: 
 2032-36. Gn. 46, p. 265, 546. B.R. 15:1253. L.B.C. 9: 885. 
 
122 
 
 AZALEA 
 
 AZALEA 
 
 Gt. 16:556. Gng. 4:279.— A valuable species, with large 
 but scentless lis. A large number of varieties and hy- 
 brids has been raised, which are well adapted for forcing 
 purposes and also for groups in the open, being as hardy 
 as the American species. See Rhododendron for picture. 
 
 CC. Corolla with very short tube, rotate-campannlate 
 
 or two-lipped, glabrous outside : seg.nents oh- 
 
 tu^'i: stamens 7-10. (Rhodora.) 
 
 T>. Limb of corolla H-lippcd, not spotted, the two 
 
 lower segments divided nearly to the base: fls. 
 
 before the I vs. 
 
 9. Canadensis, O. Ktze. (Rhoddru, Canadensis, Linn. 
 Rhododendron Rhodora, Don). From 1-3 ft.: Ivs. oval, 
 obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous and slightly pubes- 
 cent beneath : tls. 5-7, on very short pedicels l-l/<i in. 
 broad, rose-purple ; segments narrow, the lower ones 
 revolute : stamens 10. Apr.. Mav. E.N.Amer. : New- 
 foundland to Pa. Em. 2: 4#1. B.M. 474. 
 
 10. rh63lbica, O. Ktze. {Rhododendron rhSmbicum, 
 Miq. ) . Shr-ib, 3-8 ft. : Ivs. rhombic-elliptic, acute at both 
 ends and sparsely hairy above, yellowish pubescent at 
 the nerves beneath : tls. 2-3 ; corolla 13^-2 in. broad, 
 somewhat campaDiilate, bricrht rose-colored, segments 
 oblong; stamen' 111. Apr., May. Japan. B.M.6972. Gt. 
 17:586; G.C. III. 20: 38. 
 
 Dr. Limh of corolla rotate-campannlate, or slightly 
 2-lif pel, divided Visually till below the middle: 
 upptr lobi'S spotted. 
 
 11. V4p>eyi, Rehder (Rhododendron Vdseyi, Gray). 
 From 5-15 ft. high ; brai chlets without bristles : Ivs. 
 oblong or obloner-lanceoh te, acute, sparsely hirsute : 
 fls. before or with the Ivs,; corolla slightly 2-lipped, 
 lower lobes widely spreadinjr^ stamens 7, rarelv 5. Apr., 
 May. N. Car. G.F. 1:377. 'i.C. III. 20: 71. -Excellent. 
 
 12. Albrechti, O. Ktze (Rhododendron Albrechti, 
 Maxim.). From 2-5 ft.: branchlets glandular-pilose: 
 Ivs. obovate or elliptic, acut-*, 3-5 in. long, appressed- 
 pilose above, pubescent along the veins beneath : fls. 
 purple, with the Ivs, 2 in. broad ; stamens 10. Japan. 
 
 13. Schlippenbachi, O. Ktze. {Rhoc^odendron Schlip- 
 penbachi,^liixhn.). Three to 5 ft.: branchlets glandu- 
 lar-pilose : Ivs. cuneate, broadly obovate, 2-5 in. lor 
 rounded and mucronate at the apex, hirsute on 1» 
 sides ov glabrous at length : lis. with the Ivs., 2-3 in. 
 broad, pale rose-colored, upper lobes spotted reddish 
 brown : stamens 10. May. Japan. B.M. 7373. Gn. 
 46:972. G.C. III. 19:561. 
 
 BB. J^vs. and fls. from the same terminal bud: winter 
 buds with i—i scales of nearly equal length : 
 corolla glabrous outside: Ivs. usually persistent. 
 (Tsusia.) 
 
 14. tndica, Linn. (Rhododendron Indicum, Sweet). 
 
 Figs. 175, 176. From 
 1-8 ft.: branchlets, 
 Ivs. and pedicels more 
 or less rufously ap- 
 pre88ed-strigo8e:lv8. 
 lanceolate or obo- 
 vate: fls, 1-3 ; calyx 
 densely setose, not 
 glandular, with usu- 
 ally small lobes : co- 
 rolla pink or purple, 
 upper segments spot- 
 ted ; stamens 5-10. 
 China, Jap. Gu. 50, 
 p. 192; 54. p. 487. 
 K.B. 20:121: 21:85; 
 23:37. A,G. 14:473. 
 Ong. 4:3.59. F. E. 
 9:431. F.R. 2:579.— 
 This is a very vari- 
 able and much -cul- 
 tivated species, and 
 the following varieties are often described as species. 
 
 (1) Lvs. lanceolate or elliptic, acute, £-3 in. long, dull 
 above and rufously strigo.'<r : shrubs, t-8 ft. 
 high, somewhat loosely branched. 
 
 Vhr, Eeempteri, Rehder. Lvs. deciduous, only a few 
 small ones below the fi.-buds persisting till spring, 
 
 \, 
 
 V 
 
 
 175. Azalea Indica (X K)- 
 
 elliptic, bright green: fls. 2-3, with or before the lvs.; 
 calyx-lobes oval, rounded ; corolla 1-2 in. broad, pink 
 or orange-red: stajaens 5, with yellow anthers. Apr., 
 May. Jap. — This is the hardiest variety ; hardy even 
 in New Eng. 
 
 Var. Simsi, Rehder (A. Indica, Sims, not Linn.). 
 Lvs. persistent, dark green, lanceolate : fls. 1-3, rose- 
 
 176. Double-flowered Azalea Indica (X K). 
 
 colored o' irmine ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; stamens 
 10, with .rple anthers. May, June. China. B.M, 
 1480. L.i3.C.3:275. 
 
 ') Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely 
 acute ; }^-3 in. long, less strigose, and usually 
 shining above : low, much-branched shrubs. 
 
 Var. macr^ntlia, Reichb. (A. macrdntha, Bunge, A. 
 Danielsicina, Paxt,). Lvs. coriaceous, dark green. 
 shining, obovate or oval : fls. usually single, 2-.{ in. 
 broad, pink or purplish pink ; stamens 5-10, usually 
 cuciosed. May. June. China. P.M.I: 129. S.B.F.(i,lI. 
 3:261. — From this variety nearly all of the beautiful 
 garden forms of the Indian Azaleas have originated by 
 cross-breeding with other varieties and forms of ,.4, 
 Indica introduced fromJapanese and Chinese gardens, 
 and by hybridizing, especially with ..4. rosmarinifdlid. 
 To this variety may be referred the following re- 
 markable forms : Var. crispiflfSra, Van Houtte. Fls. 
 large, rose-colored, with distinetlv crisped segments. 
 F.S. 9:887. B.M. 4726. Var. laterltia, Lindl, Lvs. 
 oblong-lanceolate : fls. salmon or brick-red. B.R. 1700. 
 
 Var. rosifldra, Rehder (A. rosifldra, Flor. Mag. ^4, 
 balsamino'fldra, Carr. A. R6llis.soni, Hort. ), Lvs. ob- 
 long-lanceolate: fls. salmon-red, very double, with im- 
 bricated, oblong segments, resembling the blooms of a 
 camellia-fld. balsnm. F.M. 19:418. Gn. 18:249. 
 R.H. 1882:4.32. 
 
 Var. obttisa, Rehder (A. obtusa, Lindl.). Lvs. obo- 
 vate or ovate, obtuse : fls. 1-3, pink or orange-red ; 
 corolla 1-lH in. broad, lobes oval-oblong ; stamens 5, 
 exserted, anthers vellow. Mav. ('hina, Jap, B.R. 
 32:37, G.C. 1I.25:'585. R.H. "1876: 370. Var. obtusa 
 Alba, Hort. Fls. white. G.F. 9:395. Var. calyciflbra, 
 Rehder (A . catycifldra, Hort.). Fls. brick-red, corolla 
 double (hose-in-hose). 
 
 Var. amoena, Rehder (A. amcena, Lindl.). Lvs. obo- 
 vate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, }i-l In. long, dark 
 green : corolla usually double (hose-in-hose), purple, 
 J^-l in. broa<l : stamens 5. Apr., Mav. China, Jap. 
 B.M. 4728. F.S. 9:885. G.C. III. 23: fig. 125. AG. 
 1 5 : 373 ; 1 8 : 568. G n g. 2 : 385. A . F. 12 : 33. F. E . 9 : .')7.{. 
 — Flowering early and very abundantly ; hardy north 
 
AZALEA 
 
 AZOLLA 
 
 123 
 
 to New York. There are some forms and crosses of 
 this variety, of which the following may be recom- 
 mended : Caldwelli, with larger purple fls., Gccrt, 
 Ic.Az. 18 ; Marvel, lilac-carmine, double. Flor. Mag. 
 11; 14: Princess Maud, rosy magenta, R.H. 1886: .516; 
 Mrs. Carmichael, crimson-magenta ; Princess Bea- 
 trice, bright mauve ; Prime Minister, soft pick ; Miss 
 Buist, pure white. 
 
 15. rosmarinifdlia, Burm. (A. dlba, Svre*'t. A. ledi- 
 fdlid. Hook. A. lilii flora, Poit.). Much branched, low 
 shrub, 1-3 ft.: branches, Ivs. and pedicels densely ru- 
 foiisly appressed-strigose : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lan- 
 ceolate, persistent, 1-3 in. long : fls. 1-3 ; calyx with 
 lanceolate serrate-glandular lobes ; corolla pure white 
 or ro*»y purple, 2-3 in. broad, fragrant ; stamens usually 
 10. May. China. B.R. 10:811. B.M. 2901. L.b.C. 13: 
 1253. — Some remarkable varieties of this species are 
 the following : Var. dlba, Rebder (^4 . Indiea , var. dlba, 
 Lindl. i?. hucdnthnm, Bunge). Fls. white, sometimes 
 striped pink. Var. purptirea, Rehder (B. ledifolium, 
 var. /;!<»•/)'> re Hw, Max.). Fls. rosyptirple. Var. narcissi- 
 fldra, Rehder (A. nareissiflora, Fort.), Fls. double, 
 white; rarelypurple. Var. ptmicea, Rehd. (A.punicea, 
 Sweet. A. ledifolia, var. phwnicea. Hook. A. Indiea, 
 var. cali/c)ua. Paxt.). Fls. single, purple; calyx with 
 linear, not serrate and less glandular lobes. B.>I. 32.'{9. 
 L.B.C. 18:1735. A. rosmarinifdlia has prodace<l, with 
 A. Indka, a large number of beautiful hybrids, of 
 which one of the first was figured in 1833 as jihododen- 
 dron pulchrum. 
 
 AA. Fls. from lateral 1-fld. buds toward the end <>f the 
 branches: corolla rotate campanulate, glabrous. 
 {Asaleastrnm.) 
 
 16. albifldra, O. Ktze. (Rhododh\dron albifldrum, 
 Hook. ). About 2-3 ft. : branches strigose and glandular 
 when young: Ivs. oblong, pale green, appressed-stri- 
 gose above and at the midrib beneath, slightly ciliate : 
 fls. nodding, on short pedicels ; corolla white, 5-cIeft, 
 about 1 in. broad ; calvx glandular ; stamens 10. Rocky 
 Mts. B.M. 3670. 
 
 A. Dahurica, Koch = Rhododendron D.-thnricnm. — 4. di- 
 anthifldra,VarT.=A. rosmarinifolia, var. dianthitioni.— ^. dila- 
 tdta, O. Ktze. (R. dilatatum, Miq.). Allied to A. rhombica. Lvs. 
 glabrous: stamens 5. Japan.— A. Fdrrercp, Koeh (A. squa 
 mata, Lindl.). Allied to A. Schlippenbachi. Lvs. rhomb<)id- 
 ovate, somewhat coriaceous: fls. whitish pink, spotted. China. 
 B.R. ;«: 3.-^1. Japonifa, Gray=A. Sinensis.— A. A'awi«cAa<ica, 
 0. Ktze. (Rhododendron Kamschatieiim, Pall.). Low or pros- 
 trate shrub, to 10 in. high : lvs. obovate, setose : fls. 1-5, long- 
 peduneled, 1/4-2 in. broad, campanulate, purple. N. E. Asia, 
 N.W. Amer. Gt. .36:1260.— A. Lapponica, Linn.= R. Lapponi- 
 c'um.— A. linearifdlia. Hook. (R. linearifoliura, Sieb. & Zuc<'.). 
 Allied to A. rosmarinifolia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : corolla 
 pink, deeply divided into 5 linear-laneeolate segments. April, 
 May. Japan. B.M. 5769.— A. macros.^pala, O. Knntze (R. maoro- 
 sepalum, Maxim.). Height 1-2 ft.; branehlets densely villose : 
 lvs. de<Mduous or semi -persistent, elliptic : fls. umbellate, rose- 
 lilac, spotte«i, alK)ut 2 in. broad : calyx pubescent-glandular. 
 Japan. (it.l9: 662.— .i.. mxicrondta, Blume=A. rosmariuifolia.— 
 
 A. ohtUsa, Lindl. =A. Indiea, var. obtusa.— A. ovata, Lindl. (R. 
 ovatum. Planch.). Allied to a. alb'^ora. Height 2-12 ft. ; I'-s. 
 ovate, glabrous: fls. pink or nearly white, spcted. rotate, 1%-X% 
 in. broad: stamens 5. China. B. M. -5064.— A. reticulata. Koch 
 =A. rhombica.— A. semibarbdta, O. Kuntze (R. semibarbatum, 
 Maxim. ). Allied to A. albiflora, Lvs. elliptic, crenately cili-ite, 
 setose beneath : fls. greenish yellow, spotted purple, ?^-^4in. 
 broad Japan. Gt. 19: 660.— A. serpyllifblia, (}ray (R. serpylli- 
 folium, Miq.). Allied to A. Indiea. Low, rigid shrub : lvs. de- 
 ciduous, obcvate, yi-^Jn. long: fls. single, rosy red, >^-44in. 
 broad. Japan. B.M. 75<)3.— A. Si^fto^t/i, Miq.=A. Indiea.— A. 
 squamata, L.indl.=A. Farrerae.- A. Tschonoiikii, O. Kuntze (R. 
 Tschunoskii, Maxim.). Allied to A. Indiea. Low shrub : lvs. 
 elliptic. J^-^iin. long: fls. 2-4, white, ^in. broad. Japan. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AZABA (I. N. Azara, a Spanish promoter of science, 
 especially of botany ) . Bixdcete. Shrubs or small trees : 
 lvs. evergreen, alternate, with usually enlarged and 'eaf- 
 like stipules : lis, small, in axillary peduneled racemes 
 or clusters, apetalous ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens numero'.?", 
 rarely 5 : fr. a raany-seed»'d berry. About 20 species 
 in S. America, especially Chile. Handsome evergreen 
 shrubs, with small but fragrant fls.. for warm temperate 
 regions ; probably only .1. mirrophi/lla will thrive f:ir- 
 ther north in a sheltered position and protected during 
 the winter. Grow best in a sandy compost of loam and 
 leaf .ioil. Prop, by seeds or cuttings of mature wood 
 in autumn, placed in slight bottom heat under glass. 
 
 microphylla, Hook. f. From 3-12 ft. : lvs. obovate, ser- 
 rate, or nearly entire, %-%m. long, shining, glabnms, 
 the stipules similar, but half the size : fls. greenish, in 
 few-fld. clusters; stamens 5: berries orange. Feb., Mar. 
 Chile. G.C II. 1: 81. — Graceful evergreen shrub, regu- 
 larly pinnately branched, excellent for covering walls ; 
 the hardiest of all the cultivated species. 
 
 Gilliesi, Hook. & Am. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. 2J^-3 in. 
 long, broad-ovate, with coarse, spiny teeth, glabrous ; 
 stipules orbicular, much smaller ; fls. in dense, elliptic, 
 nodding heads, yellow. Feb., Mar. Chile. B.M. 5178. 
 F.S. 23: 2445. -The handsomest of all Azaras. 
 
 A.crassifblia, Hort. = A. Gillie.si. — A. d^ntdta. R. & P.iv. 
 Height 12 ft. : lvs. obovate or elliptic, crenate- serrate : fls. yellow, 
 in small corymbs. Chile. B.R. 21:1788.— A. inteurifblia. R. & 
 Pav. Height 10-20 ft.: lvs. entire: fls. yellow, in oblong heads. 
 Chile. Has a variegated form. . „ 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 AZOLLA (Greek, to destroy by drying). Salrinidceif. 
 A small genus of floating aquatics with small, pinnate 
 stems and minute fleshy 2-lobed lvs.. producing two 
 sorts of spores in globular sporocarps. The species mul- 
 tiply rapidly by self-division, but will grow readily in 
 water containing a little nutriment. The species are 
 distinguishable only by microscropic examination. 
 
 Carolini^na, Willd. Plant %-l in. long : anchor-like 
 processes of spores with septa. N. Y. to the Gulf of Mex. 
 
 filiculoides. Lam. Plants 1-2 in. long : anchor-like 
 processes without septa. Calif, to Chile. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
BABIANA (said to come from Dutch for hnhoon, be- 
 cause those animals eat the bulbs). Iriddcecp. About 
 50 cormous plants of S. Afr. Fls. showy, red or purplish, 
 in a short spike like cluster or raceme, tubular at the 
 base, the segments with claws or narrow bases, and the 
 limb erect-spreadiner : ovary 3-loculed : Ivs. narrow, 
 hairy, plaited, standing edgewise to the stem. Low 
 plants, of easy culture if treated like freesias or hya- 
 cinths. Three or 4 corms in a 4-in. pot give attractive 
 bloom in March or later. Grown only indoors or under 
 frames in the N. They are showy and useful plants. 
 Monogr. by Baker in Handbook of the Irideae, 1892. 
 
 A. Perianth limb regular orvearly so, and wide- 
 spreading. 
 stricta, Ker. (B. rillosa, and B. purpurea, Ker.). 
 Fig. 177. A foot or less high: Ivs. broad, oblong-lanceo- 
 late or sword-shaped, barely reaching the spikes : fls. 
 scattered, showy, usually red or purple, with a promi- 
 nent tube, the searments oblong-lanceolate. B.M. 583, 
 621. — Babianas are not sold under species-names in this 
 
 177. Babiana stricta {X%). 
 
 country, but as mixed varieties. These varieties are 
 chiefly, if not wholly, of this species. Many forms and 
 colors. Var. anguatifdlia, Sweet, Lvs. linear. B.M. 
 637. Var. nibro-cy^nea, Ker. Limb lilac, throat red. 
 B.M. 410. Var. sulphiirea, Ker. Yellow or whitish. 
 B.M. 1053. Two other long-cultivated types are de- 
 scribed below. 
 
 AA. Perianth limb distinctly ringent or gaping. 
 plic^ita, Ker. Low : lvs. lanceolate, hairy, usually 
 overtopping the spikes : fls. lilac or red, long-tubed, the 
 segments oblong and unequal. B.M. 576. 
 
 dfsticlia, Ker. Differs from the last in having the 
 perianth-tube distinctly exserted from the spaihe. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 BABY'S BKEATH. See Gypsophila. 
 
 BAGCHABIS {bakkari.<i, an ancient Greek nnme). 
 Compotiitie. Groundsel Tree. Shrubs or herbs : lvs. 
 alternate, usually serrate, deciduous or persistent : heads 
 of fls. small, white or yellowish, dioecious ; involuc-re with 
 many imbricate scales: akenes with pappur-. About 250 
 species in America, mostly in tropical regions. A few 
 species are cultivated particularly for the snow-white 
 pappus, which gives the fruiting plant a very showy 
 appearance. They grow in almost any well drained soil 
 in a sunny position, and are well adapted for dry and 
 rocky slopes, and valuable for seashore planting. Prop, 
 by seeds or by cuttings under glass. 
 
 halimifdlia, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft. ; branches angular: 
 lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, coarsely toothed, the up- 
 permost entire, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in large pani- 
 cles : pappus white, about Kin, long, Sept. Seaooast, 
 from N. Eng. southward. Gng. 7: 113. — Tlie hardiest 
 species ; in fruit resembling a shrub with abundant 
 snow-white fls. 
 
 /?. Patauonica, Hook. & Am. Low evergreen shrub: lvs. 
 y^~li\n. long: heswls mostly axillary. Patag.— B. pilularis. DC. 
 Height 6 ft.; evergreen: lvs. 1 in. long: heiwis in racemose pani- 
 cles. Pacific coast.— B. salicifolia. Torr. & Gray. Allied to B. 
 halimifolia. Lvs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate. Colo, to 
 
 ^ '^^'^^^- Alfred Rehder. 
 
 BACHELOB'S BUTTONS. See Centaurea Cyanus, 
 Gomphrena globosa and Itanunculus acris. 
 
 BACTBIS (Greek, ftatfron, cane; the young stems used 
 for walking-sticks). Palmdce(e, tribe Cocoinefe. Usually 
 low palms, ver>- rarely entirely spineless, with solitary or 
 fasciculate ringed, spiny or smooth caudices, sprouting 
 from the roots : lvs. terminal or scattering, equally or 
 unequally pinnatisect, glabrous or pubescent; segments 
 sparse or aggregated, or more or less imperfectly con- 
 nate, forming a bitid blade, acute or rarely obtuse at the 
 apex, the ciliate margins recurved at the base ; petiole 
 short or long; sheath long, spiny; spadices sessile or pe- 
 dunculate, perforating the leaf -sheaths ; spathes 2, the 
 lower short, open at the apex, the upper coriaceous 
 or woody, exceeding the spadix, or fusiform, ventrally 
 dehi.scent, smooth, bristly or spiny ; bracts persistent : 
 fls. .small or medium, pale yellow or greenish: fr. small, 
 green, ovoid or globose. Species, about 100. Tropical 
 America. Ornamental, but little grown on account of 
 the spines. See Palms. 
 
 A. Spines yellow, tipped black. 
 
 pallidisplna, Mart. (B. flavispma, Hort.). St. 10-18ft. 
 high, 1-2 in. in diam., the internodes spiny: lvs. showy, 
 5-9 ft. long, equally interruptedly pinnatisect ; petiole 
 4-6 ft., brown-scaly, thickly covered with very long 
 {%-2%m.), black-tipped yellow spines, either solitary or 
 in groups of 2-4 ; segments linear-lanceolate, caudate- 
 acuniinate. prickly on the margins, the basal ones 2-8 In. 
 long, l>^in. wide, the upper, 12 in. by IJ^in. Brazil. 
 
 AA. Spines black. 
 B. Lf. -segments acute at both ends. 
 mSlior, Jacq. St. 9-15 ft. high, l-lJ^in. in diam., armed 
 with rows of black spines, 2 in. long: petiole armed with 
 very long black, terete spines ; lvs. 4-<i ft. long, equally 
 pinnatisect nearly to the rachis; sheath and rachis spiny 
 and white or brown tomentose ; segments linear, acute 
 at both ends.2,'>-35 on each side, 1 -nerved, 8-12 in. long, 
 %-yim. wide, glabrous on both sides, densely setose, 
 with black hairs along the margin. Brazil. 
 
 (124) 
 
!1 
 
 BACTRIS 
 
 BALSAM 
 
 125 
 
 BB. Lf.- segments acute at tip. 
 
 Gasipies, HBK. (Guiliilma speciosa, Mart.). St. 
 about 60 ft. higrh, single or cspspitose, with rings of subu- 
 
 178. Balaka Seemanni. 
 
 late-compressed black spines, 1 in. long, the rings about 
 as far apart as the diam. of the st. : Ivs. 6 ft. long, curv- 
 ing: segments dark green above, pale green below, vory 
 numerous, approximate, l^^ft. long, 1J4 in. wide, linear- 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate, bristly or minutely prickly 
 alons: the margins. Lower Amazon. 
 
 hdrrida, Uerst. Ctespitose stems 6-8 ft. high, 8-9 in. 
 diam., very spiny, sheathed for most of its length with 
 bases of dead Ivs.; spines 3-4 in. long, 4-sided, whitish 
 tomentose, at length glabrous: Ivs. 2^3-3 ft. long; sheath 
 8 in., brown -tomentose ; petiole IJ^ft., densely spiny, 
 subtetragonal, densely brown-tomcntose beneath ; seg- 
 ments 7 in. long, J^in. wide, lanceolate, rigid, glaucous. 
 Nicaragua. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 BACULARIA (Latin.&a<'»/Mm,a small walking-stick). 
 Pnlmdcete, tribe Areeeie. Low spineless palms, with an- 
 nular reed-like single or fasciculate sts: Ivs. terminal, 
 unequally pinnatisect; segments membranous, broad or 
 narrow, split or toothed at the apex, the broader ones 
 many-nerved, the narrow ones l-nervad, the terminal 
 contiueut ; midrib and nerves without scales below; 
 marsrins not thickened, recurv^ed at the base; petiole and 
 rachis sparsely scurfy, convex on the back, flat above or 
 concave toward the base : sheath short, open : spadices 
 numerous, longer than the Ivs., spreading, recurved : 
 pe<luncle very slender, scurfy, compressed at the base : 
 spathes 2, remote, the lower one at the base of the pe- 
 duncle tubular, the upper membranaceous, linear, ensi • 
 form : fls. green : fr. small, elongate-ovoid, subacute, 
 green. ^i-Vtm. long. Species 2. Temperate and tropical 
 Australia. See Palms. 
 
 monost^chya, F. Muell. {Areca monostdchya, Mart. 
 Kentia monostdchya, F. Muell.). Trunk 6-12 ft. high: 
 Ivs. l>2-4 ft. long ; the sheath broad, coriaceous, about 
 6 in. long, produced into 2 stipular lobes; segments very 
 irregular, acuminate, very variable in breadth and dis- 
 tance, adnate to the rachis, or tapering at the base, the 
 longest about 1 ft. long. Queeu-land, N. S.W. B.M. 6644. 
 
 Jared 6. Smith. 
 
 BA£BIA (after the Russian zoologist, Karl Ernst von 
 Baer). Compdsitce. Californian annuals (or one peren- 
 nial species), with numerous showy, inch-wide yellow 
 tls. in early summer. 
 
 gr&ciliB, Gr&y {Biirrielia gracilis, DC). Easily dis- 
 tinguished from Actinolepsis coronaria by its hairy sts. 
 and foliage and undivided Ivs.: plant much branched: 
 height 4-12 in. : Ivs. opposite, connate, linear-lanceolate: 
 fls. solitary, on slender terminal peduncles : involucre 
 leafier than in Actinolepsis coronaria, thescales longer, 
 downy, in 2 series: rays 8-12. B.M. 3758. — This is likely 
 to be cult, as Lasthenia Californica, which, however, is 
 not hairy and has much longer Ivs. 
 
 B. chrysnstoma, Fisch. & May. Lvs. narrowly linear, 1 line 
 or less wide : lis. larger than in B. gr,tcilis : habit more erect. 
 —B. coro/idria= Actinolepsis coronaria. 
 
 BALAKA (the Fijian vernacular name). Palmdceof, 
 tribe Arececp. Differs from Ptychosperma in having 
 the seed not sulcate, and in tiie half-rhomboid seg- 
 ments of the lvs.; and from Drymophloeus in the form 
 of the leaf and the caducous spathes. Species 2. Fiji 
 Islands. 
 
 Sedmanxu, Becc. (Ptychosperma Seemanni, H. 
 Wendl.). Fig. 178. Caudex slender, 8-12 ft. high, 
 straight, ringed, about 1 in. in <li:tm.: lvs. pinnatisect, 
 4 ft. long ; segments erose-dentate at the apex, alter- 
 nate, 9 on each side, semi-rhomboid, obliquely truncate, 
 the upper margin longer, cuspidate at the apex, the 
 terminal one deeply bifid. Growing as underwood in 
 dense forests. Fiji. — Stems used for spears by natives, 
 because of their strength and straightness. Fig. 178 is 
 adapted from Seeman's Flora Vitiensis. 
 
 Jared G. Smith. 
 
 BALLOON VINE. See Cardiospermum. 
 
 BALM {Melissa officindlis, Linn.). Labidtct. Sweet 
 herb, the lvs. being used for seasoning, particularly in 
 liquors. It has a lemon-like flavor. It is a hardy peren- 
 nial from southern Eu. The plant grows 1-2 tt. high, 
 somewhat hairy, loosely branched, with ovate-crenate 
 
 lvs. and yellowish or whitish fls. in 
 loose axillary clusters. Thrives in 
 any warm position, and is easy to 
 grow. Prop, by seeds ; also by di- 
 vision. 
 
 179. Pod of 
 garden Balsam. 
 
 180. Explosion of 
 Balsam pod. 
 
 BALSAM., Impdtiens Balsdmina, Linn. {Balsdmina 
 hortt^.nsis, DC. Balsdmina Impdtiens. Hort. Impdtiens 
 cocclnea, Sims, B.M. 1256). Geraniaeecp, An erect, 
 ranch-branched, half succulent annual, long ago intro- 
 duced from India, and now widely cult, for its showy 
 
126 
 
 BALSAM 
 
 BAMBOO 
 
 fls. It has varied immensely in the doubling, size and 
 color of its fls. and in the stature of the plant. It wa.s 
 known to Gerarde in 1596. The plant has lanceolate, 
 toothed Ivs., the lower ones being mostly in pairs. The 
 fls. are clustered in the axils of the Ivs.. on very short 
 
 181. Camellia-flowered tsalsam. 
 
 stalks ; sepals and petals similarlj- colored and not 
 easily distinguished, one of the sepals (of which there 
 seem to be 3) long-spurred ; petals apparently 3, but 
 two of them probably represent two united petals, 
 thus making 5 ; stamens 5. The pod, shown in Figs. 
 179 and 180, is explosive. It has 5 carpels and very thin 
 partitions, and seeds borne on axile placentse. When 
 the capsules are ripe, a pinch or concussion will cause 
 the valves to separate and contract, the seeds being 
 thrown with considerable force. 
 
 The full-double Balsams are known as the Camellia- 
 flowered varieties (Fig. 181). In well selected stock, the 
 greater part of the flowers from any batch of seedlings 
 should come very double. The colors range from white 
 to dark blood-red, yellowish and spotted. Balsams are 
 of very easy culture. They are tender, and should be 
 started in thumb-pots or boxes indoors, or in the open 
 when danger of frost is past. The seeds are large, 
 and germinate quickly. The plants prefer a rich, sandy 
 loam, and must not suffer for moisture. Transplanting, 
 and pinching-in the strong shoots, tend to make the 
 plants dwarf and compact. It is well to remove the first 
 flower-buds, especially if the plants are not thoroughly 
 established. Better results are obtained when only a 
 few main branches are allowed to grow, all the secondary 
 and weak ones being pmcheu out. The lower Ivs. may 
 
 
 182. The EfU'den Balsam. 
 
 be removed if they obscure the fls. Well grown plants 
 .•<hould stand 2 ft. apart each way. and the tall kinds will 
 reach a height of 2-2K ft. Seed of the finest double 
 strains is expensive, but inferior or common seed 
 gives little satisfaction. Plants started early in May 
 
 should give fls. in July, and should bloom until frost. 
 A full grown plant is shown in Fig. 182. At the present 
 time. Balsams are grown chiefly for their value as 
 flower-garden plants ; but some years ago the fls. were 
 largely used as "groundwork" in florists' designs, par- 
 ticularly the double white varieties. The flowers were 
 wired to toothpicks, and were then thrust into the moss 
 which formed the body of the design. t u o 
 
 BALSAMOBBHlZA (Greek, balsam root). Compdsittr. 
 liow perennials with thick, deep, resinou? roots, tufts of 
 radical Ivs., and large, yellow fls. Cent, and W. N. Amer. 
 
 Hodkeri, Nutt. Height 4-12 in. : Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2- 
 pinnately parted : fls. solitary, on naked scapes. Int. 
 1881 by E. Gillett, but scarcely known to horticulturists. 
 
 BAMBOO. Various giant perennial grasses consist- 
 ing of the genera and species of the tribe Bambiisece, 
 order Gramine(e. Usually large and often tree-like,' 
 woody, rarely herbaceous or climbing, of wide geo- 
 graphical range. The species are irregularly distributed 
 throughout the tropical zone, a few occurring in sub- 
 tropical and temperate zones, and reaching their maxi- 
 mum development in the monsoon regions of Asia. 
 About 23 genera, only 2 being common to both hemi- 
 spheres. Something more than 200 species are recog- 
 nized, of which upwards of 160 occur in Asia, about tO 
 in America, and 5 ia Africa. They extend from sea-level 
 to altitudes of more than 10,000 ft. in the Himalayas and 
 15,000 ft. in the Andes, and under the most favorable 
 conditions some species may attain a height of 100-120 
 ft., with a diam. of culm of 8-12 inches. 
 
 An attempt to portray the many economic uses of the 
 giant-grasses would greatly overreach the field of this 
 article ; but as objects of grace and beauty in the garden, 
 conservatory, and special conditions of landscape, the 
 Bamboos are invaluable. Not only are they available to 
 planters where the climatic conditions are very favora- 
 ble, but it is possible to grow certain species where the 
 cold of winter may reach zero Fahrenheit, or even occa- 
 sional depressions of greater severity. 
 
 Bamboos delight in a deep, rich loam, and generously 
 respond to good treatment, A warm, slightly shady 
 nook, protected from the prevailing winds of winter, 
 and where moist but well-drained soil is plentiful, is an 
 ideal location for these beautiful grasses. A top-dress- 
 ing of manure and leaves is not only beneficial in winter, 
 by preventing the frost from penetrating the ground too 
 deeply, but it also preserves the moisture that is so es- 
 sential to the welfare of the plants during the growing 
 season. Seme species produce rampant subterranean 
 stems, and spread rapidly when once established. It is 
 best to plant each group of but one species, and to re- 
 strict the rapidly-spreading sorts to isolated positions. 
 The most effective results to be obtained by planting 
 Bamboos are secured on gentle banks above clear water 
 and against a strong background of the deepest green. 
 In such situations the gracefully arched stems, the 
 dainty branches, bending with their wealth of soft green 
 Ivs., and the careless lines of symmetry of each individ- 
 ual, lend a bold contrast of the richest beauty. It will 
 require a few years to thoroughly establish a clump of 
 Bamboos in the open air, and until this is effected the 
 vigor, hardiness and beauty that characterize some noble 
 sorts are lacking. During the early life of the groups, 
 some protection should be given where the winters are 
 trying, and even with this precaution it is likely the 
 plants will suffer to some extent at first during cold 
 weather. Planted out in conservatories or confined in 
 tubs or large pots, the Bamboos present many admirable 
 qualities. As decorative plants in tubs or pots, either 
 alone or associated with palms and other stock, several 
 species offer many inducements to their cultivation, es- 
 pecially as they may be grown in summer and wintered 
 in a coolhouse. Propagation is best effected by careful 
 division of the clumps before the annual grrowth has 
 started. The difficulty of procuring seeds in some in- 
 stances is very great ; indeed, the fruiting of a number 
 of species has never been observed. Some species flower 
 annually, but the majority reach this stage only at inter- 
 vals of indefinite and frequently widely separated peri- 
 ods. In some species the fls. appear on leafy branches ; 
 
BAMBOO 
 
 BAMBOO 
 
 127 
 
 in others the Ivs. fall from the culms before the fls. 
 appear, or the inflorescence is produced on leafless, radi- 
 cal stems. Fructification does not exhaust the vitality 
 of some species ; but others, on the other hand, perish 
 even to the portions underground, leaving their places 
 to be tilled by their seedling offspring. Owing largely 
 tj the difficulty in obtaining flowering specimens, the 
 svstematic arrangement or nomenclature of the Bamboo 
 \i in a sad plight. As it is sometimes even impossible to 
 liccurately determine the genus without fls., the correct 
 jiositions'of some forms are not known. 
 
 Four subtribes of Bambusero are regarded by Hackel, 
 namely: Anindinariece. — Staraens 3 ; palea 2-keele(l : 
 tr. with the seed grown fast to the seed-wall. To this 
 belongs Arundinaria. Unbambusece. — Stamenn 6 : fr. 
 with the seed fused to a delicate seed-wall. Bambusa is 
 the only garden genus. DendrocalameiP. — i^tamens G 
 rarely more) : palea 2-keeIed : fr. a nut or berry. Here 
 belongs Dendrocalamus. 3fe?orrinM«?«. — Characters of 
 last, but palea not keeled. Melocanna is an example. 
 
 The genera Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys 
 contain the most important species in cultivation, some 
 of which are briefly described below. Roughly, the 
 species of Arundinaria nmy be separated from Phyllo- 
 stachys by the persistent 
 sheaths and cylindrical 
 stems. In Phyllostachys the 
 sheaths are early deciduous, 
 and the internodes, at least 
 those above the base, are flat- 
 tened on one side. Arundina- 
 ria and Bambusa cannot be 
 snparated by horticultural 
 characters. It is probable 
 that many of the forms now 
 classed as species of Bam- 
 busawill eventually be found 
 to belong to Arundinaria. 
 Extended information re- 
 t:arding the Bambuseae may 
 be found in the following publications : 
 .Munro's Monograph, in Transactions of 
 the Linniean Society, vol. 26 (1868); 
 Hackel, in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfa- 
 milien, vol. 2, part 2, p. 89 (1887 
 iish Translation by Lamson-Scribner & 
 Southworth, as The True Grasses, N. Y., 
 1>90; papers by Bean in Gardeners' Chron- 
 icle III., 15: 167, et seq. (1894); Freeman- 
 Mitford, The Bamboo Garden, 1896, N. Y 
 MacraiUar, p. 224 ; A. and C. Riviere, 
 Les Barabous, Paris, 1879. The first two 
 are systematic ; the others contain popular 
 and cultural notes. The following species are commended 
 as being among the hardiest : Phyllostachys Ilenonis, 
 P. nUini, P. viridiglaucescens, Arnmlinaria Japotiica, 
 
 A. nitida, A. macrosperma, Bambusa pahnata, B. tes- 
 selliita and B. pygnvea. C. D. Beadle. 
 
 The illustrations in the present article are adapted 
 from Mitford's Bamboo Garden. Mitford's work cannot 
 lie praised too highly. It has done much to create a 
 popular appreciation of Bamboos, and also to clear up 
 the complete confusion into which the trade names have 
 fallen. Mitford's book has a literary quality that is 
 very rare in horticultural writing, and represents a type 
 thatdeserves the warmest appreciation in America; viz., 
 the discriminating enthusiasm of the expert amateur. 
 
 Arundinaria is derived from Latin r.rundo, a reed ; 
 Bambusa from a Malay name ; Phyllostachys from 
 Ureek phyllon, leaf, and stachys, 8\nke. W. M. 
 
 The following alphabetical list contains all the kinds 
 of Bamboos known to be cult, in Amer. A = Arundina- 
 ria ; B = Bambusa; D = Dendrocalamus ; P=Pbyllo 
 stachys; T=:Tharanocalamus, which is here considered 
 a subgenus of Arundinaria. No Japanese native names 
 are given below, although many Bamboos are still ad- 
 vertised under such names. The prevailin>r tendency is 
 to discard Japanese native names in every branch of 
 horticulture, as they breed hopeless confusion, 
 
 B. angustifolia, 15 ; B. arundinacea, 11 ; B. aurea, 28; 
 P. aurea, 28; A. auricoma, 16; P. bambusoides, 32; 
 i*.Castillonis,26 ; A. chrvsantha. 17; h. rhnfsnntJia,l7; 
 
 B. disticha, 18; B. erecta, 10 ; A faicata,' 9; B. fal- 
 
 cata, 9 ; A. Falconeri, 8 ; T. Falcdneri, 8 ; A. Fortunei, 
 14; A. Fortunei, var. aurea, 16; A. Fortunei, var. 
 viridi.t, 22 ; B. Fortunei, 14 ; B. Fortunei, var. aurea, 
 16 ; B. gracilis, 8 ; B. Henonin, 30 ; P. Henonis, 30 ; 
 
 A. Hindsii, 10 ; A. humilis, 22 ; A. Japonica, 6 ; P. Ku- 
 masaca, 33 ; P. Kumasasa, 33 ; A. macrosperma, 4 ; A. 
 tnacroHpenna, var. suffruticosa , 5 ; B. AInximou-iczii, 7 ; 
 
 B. Mazeli, 29 ; B. Metake,6 ; B. mifis, 25 ; P. mitis,25 ; 
 //, Hiina, 18 ; .4. Narihira, 7; B. Narihir(t,l', B. nigra, 
 24; P. nigra, 23; A. nitida, 3; B. palmata, 19; B.plicata, 
 7; A. pumila, 2; B.pinnila ,2; B, pygma^a, 21; B. quad- 
 rangularis, 12 ; B. (^iiilioi, 29 ; P. Quilioi,29 ; B. Baga- 
 mou'skii, 20; B. rusci folia, 33 ; P. ruscifolia, 33 ; A. 
 Simoni, 7 ; B. Simoni, 7 ; A. tecta, 5; B. tessellata, 20 ; 
 A. Veitchii, 1 ; B. Veitchii, 1 ; B. Vilmorini, 15 ; B. 
 viminalis, 33 ; B. violascenit,2i ; P. violascens, 24 ; B. 
 riridi-striata, 7 ; B. viridi-glaucescens, 31 ; P. viridi- 
 glaucescens, 31 ; B. vulgaris, 13. 
 
 Sectio?j I. — Internodes not flattened: sheaths persist- 
 ent. {The genera Arundindria and Bambusa.} 
 A. Color of stems purple, or 2>urplish. 
 B. Height 1-2 ft. 
 1. A.VMtchii, N. E. Brownt Bumbiisa Veitchii, Carr. ). 
 Fig. 183. Heightabout2 ft.: stems pur- 
 ple, white-waxy below the nodes : Ivs. 
 5-7 in. long, about 2 in. wide, bright 
 --• green above, below pale and minutely 
 pubescent, serrate. Jap. M. 77, but 
 not G.C. III. 15: 169, or R.B. 23, p. 270, 
 
 183. Arundinaria Veitchii. 
 
 
 which are pictures of B. palmata, as explained iu G.C. 
 III. 15:209. — This is also liable to confusion with /?. ^«'.'j- 
 sellata. No. 20. The edges of the Ivs. wither in lute au- 
 tumn, giving a variegated but shabby appearance. 
 
 2. A.pumila, Mitford(5./)«m<7rt,Hort.). Heightl2-20 
 in. : stems very slender, purplish, white-waxy below the 
 notles : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, % in. or less wide, minutely pu- 
 bescent, bright green. — Much rarer than No. 1, dwarfer, 
 the stems merely purplish, the Ivs. shorter and nar- 
 rower. The Ivs. are a darker green than in A . humilis, 
 shorter, narrower, and tapering less gradually : nodes 
 less well defined and less downy, but having a waxy 
 bloom; internodes about 2% in. long. 
 
 B: . Height 6-8 ft. or more. 
 
 3. A. nitida, Mitford. Fig. 184. Stems slender, about 
 the size of a goose-quill : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, l^ in. wide, 
 shining green above, pale beneath ; sheaths purplish, 
 pube.scent. China. M. 73. G.C. III. 18: 179; 24: 211. Gn. 
 49, p. 388. — Considered by Mitford the daintiest and 
 most attractive of all the genus, and exceptionally 
 hardy. Some shade is needed, as the Ivs, curl up in full 
 sunlight. Easily distinguished from Nos. 1 and 2 by 
 the deeper color of the stems, which are almost black, 
 and from .4. Falconeri. which it resembles in habit, the 
 branches of both occurring in dense clusters. 
 
 wAA. Color of stems green. 
 
 B. Height more than 6 ft. 
 
 C. Species native to the U. S. 
 
 4. A. macrosp6rma,Michx. LAKciECANE, Height 10-20 
 ft,, branches numerous, short, divergent : Ivs. 4-6 in. 
 
128 
 
 BAMBOO 
 
 BAMBOO 
 
 long, %-2 in. broad, smoothish or pubescent : sheaths 
 very persistent : stems arborescent, rigid, simple the 
 first year, branchiup the second, afterwards fruiting at 
 indefinite periods, and soon after decaying. Banks of the 
 
 mm 
 
 184. Arundinaria nitida. 
 
 larger rivers N. C. to Fla., forming cane-brakes. — This 
 and the next are the only two species of Bamboos native 
 to the U. S. They are rarely cult, in Calif, and Eu. as 
 ornamentals. 
 
 5. A. t6cta, Muhl. (A. macrosperma, xa.r. stiff ruticdsa, 
 Munro). Small Cane. Switch Cane. Scutch Cane. 
 Heijrht 2-1.5 ft.: stems slender: Ivs. 3}4-8 in. long, 
 4-rj lines wide, roughish : sheath bearded at the throat. 
 .Swamps and moist soil, Md. and S. Ind. southward. 
 li.B. 1 : 233. — Sometimes fruiting several years in suc- 
 cession. 
 
 CC. Species not native to the U. S. 
 
 D. Plants relatively hardy. 
 
 E. Branches home singly in the axils. 
 
 G. A. Japdnica, Sieb.& Zucc.(i?.Jfe<f/fce,Sieb.). Height 
 G-10 ft.: Ivs. 0-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, above smooth 
 and shining, below whitened and finely pubescent : 
 sheaths conspicuous. Jap. M. 1. G.C. III. 15:239: 
 18:18."). — The commonest of all hardy Bamboos, and 
 readily distinguished from all other tall kinds by the 
 broader and larger Ivs. and by the broad, persistent 
 sheaths which almost cover the sts. It is especially dis- 
 tintruished from A. Simoni by the bud being a simple 
 flattish scale instead of a complex scaly one, and also by 
 the less amount of waxy bloom on the st. Particularly 
 recommended for cities. 
 
 EE. Branches home in dense, semi-vertirillate clusters 
 {which easily distinguishes the Himalayan spt- 
 cies from Phyllostachyx). 
 
 F. Plants sometimes variegated. 
 
 7. A. Simdni, A. and C. Riviere (B. Shnoni, Carr. B. 
 viridi-stridta, Hort. A. and B. yarihira, Hort./ 
 Height 10-20 ft. : Ivs. 8-12 in. long, about 1 in. wide! 
 pale beneath, very minutely pubescent, tapering to a lougi 
 tine point : mid-vein glaucous on one side toward the 
 apex, green on the other. Himal. and China. G.C. 111. 
 1.5:301 ; 18: l8l. — Asilver variegated formig sometimes 
 known as B. Jfaximoiriczii, Hort., and B. plicata, Hort. 
 B.M. 7146. This is the tallest of the genus, and, next to 
 P. mitis, the tallest of all hardy Bamboos. The plant is 
 very late in beginning growth, and many of the culms 
 should be removed in order to let the strong ones ripen, 
 as weak shoots are untidy. It fiowers occasionally, but 
 does not die thereafter. It has a shabby apj earance 
 until midsummer, and may take several years to be- 
 come established, meanwhile sending up dwarf, slender 
 shoots and narrow foliage, but Mitford urges patience. 
 as the plant is hardy, and ultimately very vigorous and 
 handsome. 
 
 FP. Plants never variegated. 
 
 8. A. Filconeri, Mitford (T. Fdlconeri, Hook. f. B. 
 gfrrfej/i.'i, Hort., not Wall.). Height 10-15 ft. : stems slen- 
 der, bright green, the internodes white-waxy : Ivs. thin. 
 3-4 in. long, about M in. wide. Himal. — Not'very hardy. 
 The leaf -sheaths are smooth, cut short at the tup, with- 
 out a fringe, and with an elongated ligula ; while A. 
 falcata, No. 9, has very downy leaf -sheaths, fringed with 
 long hairs at the intersection with the leaf. The serra- 
 tions of the leaf -edges are more pronounced in A. Ful- 
 coneri, especially on one side. Venation of Ivs. on upper 
 surface is striate, not tesselated. 
 
 9. A. falcita, Nees {B. falcdta, Hort.). Height f>-10 
 ft.: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, about 3^3 in. wide, light green: 
 stems annual (perennial under glass), slender, tufted. 
 Himal. — The great majority of the plants cult, under 
 this name are really A. Palcnneri, which has lartrer 
 Ivs. In a small state, ^4. ^«/t(;/« can be distinguished 
 from No. 8 only by the glabrous leaf-sheaths of the 
 latter. The flower-bearing and leaf -bearing sts. of .1. 
 falcata are distinct, the former flowering and seed- 
 ing each year. 
 
 10. A. Hindsii, Munro {B. erecta, Hort.). Height 
 sometimes 7 ft., branches quasi-verticillate : Ivs. up- 
 right at first, of various lengths up to 9 in., and about 
 5^ in. wide ; veins conspicuously tesselated; internodes 
 3-7 in. long, waxy-white ; leaf-sheaths with a few hairs. 
 Jap. — The erect habit of growth is very marked. A re- 
 cent species of doubtful hardiness. Adv. by Dr. Fran- 
 ceschi, who considers it one of the hardiest. 
 
 DD. Plants relatively tender {Xos. 11,12, IS]. 
 E. Branches spiny. 
 
 11. B. arundiniicea, Retz. A majestic species, often 
 attaining a height of more than 40-60 ft. The stems. which 
 are produced in dense clumps, are green and shinin;:. 
 with more or less spiny branches: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, %\vi. 
 or a little more wide, nearly glabrous ; sheaths persistent : 
 fls. are produced at long intervals, and after perfecting 
 seeds, the plants die. India. — Nos. 11 and 12 are green- 
 house plants, not recommended by Mitford for outdoors. 
 
 EE. Branches not spiny. 
 
 12. B. quadrangnl^ris, Fenzi. Stems square. especially 
 in older plants, 20 ft. or more high : Ivs. deep green, 
 serrate, 6-7 in. long, about 1 in. wide. Jap. — Franceschi 
 says it is as hardy as any Phyllostachys. See No. 11. 
 
 13. B. vulgaris, Schrad. Height20-80 ft.: stems hollow. 
 4 in. in diani. or more; branches numerous, striate; 
 internodes 1-1 >^ ft. long : Ivs. usually 6-10 in. long, 8-15 
 lines wide, sometimes 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide, rough on and 
 near the margins and beneath. India. G.C. 111. 25: M'.«>. 
 — Sold south, but not recon)mended by Mitford. This 
 and D. giganteus are the only two Bamboos extensively 
 cult, in the Orient, though others are more useful. It is 
 also naturalized and cult, in the W. Ind., Mex. andBraz., 
 but there is no evidence of an Amer. origin. 
 
BAMBOO 
 
 BAMBOO 
 
 129 
 
 BB. JTfi'jht less than 6 ft. 
 C. Variegation ichite. 
 
 14. A. F6rtunei, A. and C. Riviere {B. Fdrtunei, Van 
 Houtte, and var. varie(ji\ta, Hort. ). Heijjht 3— t ft^: Ivs. 
 4-5 in. long, half a^ wide or a little more, striped with 
 white. Jap. F.S. 15: 1535. — Loses its Ivs. in winter, but 
 quickly recovers in spring. More popular than the next 
 two species. The internodes are rarely more than 1 in. 
 apart, while in A. auriroma they are 3-5 in. apart. Var. 
 aureit, Hort., with yellow variegation, is A. atiricoma. 
 Var. viridis, B.ort.= A . humilis . This is an old favorite, 
 and far more common than the next 4 species. Rhi- 
 zomes are more active than the next, and demand more 
 room. 
 
 15. B. angTlBtifdlia, Mitford (B. Vilmorlni, Hort.). 
 Height alx.ut 1 ft.: sts. slender, purplish or light green: 
 Ivs. 2-4 ill. long, about V^ in. wide, serrate, frequently 
 variegated with white. Jap. 
 
 CC. Variegation yellow. 
 
 16. A. aurlcoma, Mitford (.1. and B. FMunei, var. 
 adrea, Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 5-6 in. long, about 1 
 in. wide, brilliantly variegated with yellow, softly pu- 
 bescent beneath, serrate. Jap. 
 
 17. A. chrysAntha, Mitford (B. chrysdntha, Hort.). 
 Height 3-5 ft.: ivs. 5-7 in. long, 1 in. or less wide, 
 nearly smooth, sometimes variegated with yellow, but 
 not so brightly as in A. auricoma. Jap. Also dis- 
 tinguished from ^4. auricoma by the lower surface of 
 the leaf being markedly ribbed, and lacking the soft, 
 velvety down. " Being neither frankly green nor frankly 
 variegated, it is rather a disappointing plant."— Mitford. 
 
 CCC. Variegation absent. 
 D. Arrangement of Ics. distichous. 
 
 18. B. disticha, Mitford {B. ndna, Hort., not Roxb.). 
 Height 2-3 ft. : branches numerous : Ivs. 2-2K in. long, 
 54 in. wide or less, serrate, green, produced in two ver- 
 tical ranks. Origin uncertain. A recent and rare spe- 
 cies of great interest, the distichous arrangement of Ivs. 
 being quite unique among Bamboos, and giving a very 
 distinct habit. 
 
 DD. Arrangement of Ivs. not distichous. 
 E. IjVS. long, 10-18 in. 
 
 19. B. palm&ta, Burbidge. Fig. 185. Height 2-5 ft 
 Ivs. 10-15 in, long, 2-3*^ in. wide, bright green, sharply 
 serrate, smooth and shining above, below pale and mi- 
 nutely pubescent : longitudinal veins very prominent. 
 Jap. M. 79. Gn, 49, p. 59, shows a clump 36 
 ft. in circumference. 
 
 20. B. tessellita, Munro {B. Ragamdwskii, 
 Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 12-18 in. 
 long, 3-4 in. wide, smooth and shin- 
 ing above, whitened beneath, sharply 
 serrate ; midrib prominent, and 
 bearing a tomentose line on one side, China 
 ami .Jap. O.C, III. 15: 167; 18: 189. R.B. 23, 
 1 .209. — Produces the largest Ivs. of any hardy 
 B:imbusa in cult., which is especially remark- 
 able on account of its dwarf habit. Much con- 
 fused in gardens, but unnecessarily, with .4. 
 I'eHchii, as the tomentose line on one side 
 of the midrib is unique in B. tessellafa. The 
 Ivs. are used by the Chinese for wrapping tea. 
 
 EE. Lvs. shorter, 3-6 in. (Here might be sought 
 A. piimila, No. 2.) 
 
 21. B. pygmsea, Miq, Height H-1 ft, : stems very slen- 
 der, much branched : lvs, :i-4 in. long, about % in. wide, 
 serrate, pubescent, bright green above, glaucous and 
 pubescent beneath, Jap.— The smallest of Bamboos, and 
 remarkably hardy. It is especially valuable for making 
 a thick carpet in wild places, but its rampant growth 
 makes it a nuisance in a border. The sts. are purple : 
 the nobles prominent, and furnished with a waxy, glau- 
 cous band round the base. 
 
 Hort,). Height 2-3 ft.: 
 proportion to sts, : lvs. 
 
 branches in 2*9 and 3's, long in 
 4-6 in, long, the largest about 
 
 %in. wide : internodes 2-5 in, apart. Dies down in a 
 hardy winter. A rare species, liable to confusion with 
 A. pumila, No. 3. 
 
 SerTiON 11. — Tnternndes flattened, at least on one side : 
 sheaths early deciduous. { The genus Phylldstachys.) 
 
 A, Color of stems black. 
 
 23, P. nigra, Munro {B. nigra, Lodd.). Black Bam- 
 boo. Fig, 186. Height 10-20 ft, : stems green at first, 
 but changing to black the second year : Ivs. very thin, 
 2-6 in, long, 6-10 lines broad. China and Japan. M, 142, 
 and frontis. G.C, III. 15:.369 ; 18:185. R.B, 23, p. 268, 
 — One of the most popular of all Bamboos, and verv dis- 
 tinct by reason of its black stems. Var, pnnctilta, Hort. 
 Franceschi, has yellowish stems spotted with black. 
 
 24, P. violascens, A, and C. Riviere {B. violascens, 
 Carr,). Height sometimes 13 ft,: stems violet, almost 
 black the first months, changing the second year to a 
 dingy yellow or brown : Ivs, very variable in size, 2-7 in. 
 long, J^-2 in, wide, thelarger Ivs. borne on young shoots 
 or on the ends of the lower branches near the erround. The 
 lvs. are sharply serrated and have a well-defined pur- 
 plish petiole. Franceschi says it is hardy, and that P. 
 bambusioides is often sold under this name. 
 
 AA. Color of sterna yellowish, or striped yellow. 
 
 25, P. mitis, A. and C, Riviere {B. mltis, Hort,, not 
 Poir.). Height 15-20 or more ft. : stems arched, yellow- 
 ish ; internodes at the base not short : leaf characters 
 identical with P. aurea, with which it is closely allied. 
 Japan. Gn. 17, p. 44. -The tallest of all Bamboos, but, 
 unfortunately, not one of the hardiest. 
 
 26, P. Castilldnis, Hort. (B. Castilldnis, Hort.). 
 Unique in the genus for having both sts, and lvs, varie- 
 gated. Height 6-20 ft,: sts. 1 in. or more thick, much 
 zigzagged, bright yellow, with a double groove of green: 
 lvs. sparingly striped yellowish white, 7 in. long, l}4 in. 
 wide, serrated on both margins : leaf-sheath topped by 
 a whorl of dark brown or purple hairs. Jap, — Cult, by 
 Dr. Franceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 
 27, B. Btri&ta, Lodd. Height 4-5 ft.: stems striped 
 yellow and green, as thick as the thumb ; internodes 4-6 
 in, long : lvs. 6-8 in. long, %-l in. broad, China. 
 
 0) 
 
 2. A. hamiiis, Mitford (A. Fdrtunei, var, vlridis, 
 
 185. Bambusa palmata. 
 
 B.M. 6079, which shows a flowering specimen with con- 
 spicuous anthers, red-purple at first and fading to lilac. 
 Not described by Mitford. Sold S. and by Yokohama 
 Nursery Co. 
 
130 
 
 BAMBOO 
 
 BANANA 
 
 28. P. atoea, A. and C. Riviere (B. auren, Hort.). 
 Height 10-15 ft, : stems straight, yellowish ; internodes 
 at the base remarkably short : Ivs. narrowed from near 
 the base to the apex, minutely and regularly serrate on 
 only one border, usually 2-4 in. long and ^iiu. wide, but 
 variable, light green, glabrous ; sheaths deciduous, 
 marked with purple. Japan. (»n. 8, p. 206. A. K. 5:41. 
 — The name is not distinctive, as others of the Phyllo- 
 stachys group have yellowish stems. Hardier and easier 
 of cult, than /*. mMix. 
 
 AAA. Color of Httiint ijreen, often yellowish when ripe. 
 
 B. Ueiijht 6-lS ft. 
 
 C. Lvs. spotted with brown. 
 
 29. P. Qtlilioi, A. and C. Riviere (B. Qnilioi, Hort. B. 
 Maz^i, Hort.). Height sometimes 18 ft.: habit looser 
 than in P. mitia or aitrea : 
 
 stems arched : lvs. much 
 larger and especially 
 broader than in any other 
 Phyllostachys, the largest 
 8 in, long, 1% in. wide, the 
 serration of one edge cor.- 
 spicuous; lvs. dark green, 
 often spotted brown, very 
 
 
 186. Phyllostachys niera. 
 
 glaucous beneath ; leaf-sheaths a peculiar feature, be- 
 ing pinkish brown, deeply mottled with purple spots. 
 Cult. S. and in Calif.— Rare. 
 
 cc. JjVS. not spotted with brown. 
 D. Habit slightly zigzag. 
 
 30. P. Hendnis, Mitford (5. IT'^wdMi.s, Hort.). Height 
 6-15 ft. : stems arched : lvs, 2-3 in, long, a little under 
 ^^in. broad, narrowed below the middle to the base and 
 long attenuate at the apex, bright green ; sheaths decid- 
 uous, yellowish, inclined to purplish: internodes 5-6 in. 
 long near the base and middle of the stem, distinctly 
 grooved with a double furrow. Japan. — This is Mit- 
 ford's favorite Bamboo. 
 
 DD. Habit strongly zigzag. 
 
 31. P. viridi-glaucescsns, A. and C. Rivi&re (B. viridi- 
 glaucescetis, Carr. ). Height 10-18 ft.: stems slender, 
 zigzag, arched, bright green at first, fading as they ripen 
 to a dingy yellow : lvs. 3-4 in. long, about ^in. wivie or 
 little more, bright green above, whitened below. China. 
 Gn. 7, p. 279, G.C. III. 15:433 : 18: 183. -The name is 
 unfortunate because not distinctive, as all Bamboos have 
 green lvs. with more or less whitened lower surfaces. 
 Very hardy and common. 
 
 32. P. bambusoides, Sieb. «& Zucc. Height about 5 ft. 
 in the second year : stems zigzag, green at first, ripen- 
 ing to yellow, the branch-bearing side flattened rather 
 than grooved, as in other species of Phyllostachys : in- 
 ternodes long in proportion to length of stem, sometimes 
 8 in. : branches in 3's, the longest at the middle of the 
 St., and only about 9 in.: lvs. of various sizes, the 
 largest 8 in. long, l>i in, wide, edges serrate, sharply on 
 one side, Jap. — Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Bar- 
 bara, Calif. 
 
 BB. ITeight 2 ft. or le»» : habit zigzag. 
 
 33. P. nucildlia, Hort. Kew. (P. Kumaadca, Munro 
 P. KnmaxiiKii. Mitford. B. riincifiMin, Sieb. B. limi- 
 ntilis, Hort.). Height 1 .V2-2 ft. : stems zigzag, dark green- 
 sheaths purple : lvs. 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. wide, ovate 
 in outline. Jap. G.C. HI. 15: 369. G.C. HI. IH: 189.- 
 The stem is channeled on the branching side, almost 
 solid ; nodes 1-2 in. apart : branches in 3's and 4"*, 
 not more than l-l>a in. long. — Dwarf est species of 
 Phyllostachys. c. D. Beadle. 
 
 Tlio following are trade names in America of rare kinds- 
 H. agrentis, Poir. India. Cochin China. Adv. by Ydkuhama 
 Kurs. Co.— /y. aryentea, Hort.^^B. argent ea-«triata. Keyel >.—}{ 
 aureit-striata, Kegel. .lap. — .1. foliU-rarienatig, Hort.. is pre- 
 sumably A. Fortunei. the commonest low-growing, v,»ri«-K;nt-<l 
 Arundinaria. -//. Marlidcea, Hort. Adv. by Yokohama Xun 
 
 Co. as a "vvriiikini 
 Bamboo." I)(..il,stles . 
 named after M. La- 
 tour Marliac. the cele- 
 brated French hyhh- 
 dizer of water-lilie-i. 
 and dealer in Bam- 
 boos and aqiuitics.- 
 />. membrniHieaii>, 
 Munro. Height at- 
 taining 60-70 ft.: lv«. 
 4-T in. long, 4-6 lines 
 wide, roundish or narrowed at the base, nmcronate, 
 rough above and on the margin, hairy Wlow, petio- 
 late. Burma. Rare. Adv. by Dr. Franceschi, Santa 
 Barbara, Calif.— F. heteroeycla, Carr.. the "Tor- 
 toise Shell Bamb«)o," is really an abnormal or 
 malformed condition of several species. es;)ecialiy 
 P. mitis, aurea and nigra, as explained in (i.e. III. 
 24: 92. For the first foot or two aix>ve ground eacli 
 intemode is long on one side and very short on the other, 
 which makes a grotesque appearance. >I. 160, G.C. III.1,'>:,t.t{». 
 —.1. Metake, Sieb.=A. Jap*mica.— A. Narihira, Hort., Yoko- 
 hama Nurs. Co., is presumably A. Simoni.— .B. orientdlit, 
 Nees. E. Ind. Adv. by l)r. Franceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif.. 
 who regards it as a form of B. arundinacea, with lvs. larger 
 and velvety to the touch. It forms clumps quickly.— /*.»/H(jd- 
 rangttldris, Hort., Yokohama Nurs, Co.=B. quadrangularis !- 
 B. scriptoria, Dennst. (Beesha Rheetlei. Kunth) — Melocanna 
 bambusoides, Trin. This was John Saul's favorite hardy 
 Bamboo at Washington in 18',)0, but is no longer advertisetl. 
 — B. striatifblia, var. aurea, Hort., John Saul, 18SK), an ab;in- 
 doned trade name never recognized by botanists.— B. strictn. 
 Hort., Saul, 1890, an old trade name, probably not B. stricta, 
 Roxb.— I), strictug, Nees. Int. 1?<89 by Reasoner Bros., Onwi, 
 Fla., and now adv. by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbani, I'alif. 
 Height .">0-60ft.: sts.3in.in<liam. Thetrue species flowers tner>- 
 year. Ind.— ii. ran'e(fdta, Sieb.=A. Fortunei. — B. rertifiUata. 
 Hort. Franceschi. Height 15-'J0 ft. : stems orange-yellow : Irs, 
 in whorls, striped white, \;_ ^,[_ 
 
 BANANA (ifusa sapihitium, Linn., chiefly). SnV- 
 aminciceif. This very valuable tropical plant is prizid 
 for its fruit, textile fiber, and decorative effect in land- 
 scape gardening. Most species are cultivated for their 
 fruit, and one or two species for fiber- although all 
 sorts have a fiber of considerable value. Every spe- 
 cies is worthy a place in decorative planting. For au 
 account of the species and their ornamental values, set 
 Musa. 
 
 The species mostly in demand for fruiting seldom cr 
 never produce seed.s, and naturally increase by sucker- 
 around the base of each plant. These form a lar;:f 
 clump, if allowed to grow without care. They are most 
 readily separated from the parent root-stalk by a .spade, 
 and are then fit for further planting. This is a slow pro- 
 cess of increase, but it is sure, and the suckers so pro- 
 duced make large and vigorous plants. A quicker 
 method of propagation is to cut the entire root-stalk 
 into small, wedge-shaped pieces, leaving the outer sur- 
 face of the root about 1 by 2 inches in size, planting' 
 in light, moist soil, with the point of the wedge down 
 and the outer surface but slightly covered. The best 
 material for covering these small pieces is fine peat. oM 
 leaf -mold, mixed moss and sand, or other light material 
 which is easily kept moist. The beds so planted shouM 
 be in full open sunshine if in a tropical climate, or given 
 bottom heat and plenty of light in the plant -house. The 
 small plants from root-cuttings should not be allowed to 
 remain in the original bed longer than is necessary to 
 mature one or two leaves, as that treatment would ftunt 
 them. The textile and ornamental species, also, may be 
 
BANANA 
 
 BAPTISIA 
 
 131 
 
 increased by the above proopss, bnt as these species 
 usuftKv prixiuce spjmJs freely, Mee<llinf;s can be more 
 (luii'kly (jfTown. and with less trouble. The seeds of 
 Bananas should be sown as fresh &.<* possible, treating 
 them the same as recommended for r<K)t-cuttinffs. As 
 soon an the seedlings show tlu'ir Hrst leaves, they should 
 be transplanted into well-prepared be«ls of rich, moist 
 soil, or potted off and plunged info slitcht bottom heat, 
 a? the needs of the grower or his locatitm may demand. 
 Both seedlini^s and r(K>t-cuttint;s should have proper 
 tran.HplantinK. sufficient room and rich soil, as a rapid, 
 unchecked growth gives the best and quickest results. 
 The cultivation of Bananas for fruit is carried on very 
 extensively in all tropical countries. In the West Indies, 
 Central America and Mexico, they are raised for export 
 to the United States and Canada. The site selected is 
 usually a level plain in the lowlands, near the coast, or 
 in valleys among the hills, where the rainfall or artificial 
 nn'i^ture is sufficient. The variety most commonly 
 CTownat present is the Martini<jue. having large bunches, 
 with long, yellow fruit. The Bara«,'oa (or Re«i Jamaica) 
 is more sparingly grown now than formerly, and its dark 
 red fruits, of largest size, are not commonly exported. 
 F<»r distant shipping, bunches of fniit are cut with 
 "machetes" or knives, after they reach their full size 
 and are almost mature, but quite green in color. Ripen- 
 inir i" eflfected during shipment in warm weather, and 
 bv storing in dark, artificially-heated rooms during cold 
 weather. Banana flour is a valuable product of ripe 
 Bananas prepared among the plantations in the tropics. 
 It isi nutritious, and has an increasing demand and use 
 as human food. A recently invented process of drying 
 ripe Bananas has been found very successful, and the 
 imiustr}' promises to be of vast importance as the mar- 
 ketable article finds ready salt. In the United States 
 There isi little commercial cultivation of Bananas, since 
 the frostless zone is narrow and the fruit can be grown 
 
 iana, and southwestward to the Pacific coast. The plants 
 will endure a slij;ht frost without injury. A frost of 5 
 or G degrees will kill the leaves, but if the plants are 
 nearly full grown at the time, new foliage may appear 
 and fruit may form. If the entire top is killed, new 
 suekers will spring up and bear firuit the following year. 
 A stalk, or trunk, bears but once ; but the new sprouts 
 which arise from the roots of the same plant continue 
 
 187. A bearing Banana plant. 
 
 ^0 much more cheaply in Central America and the West 
 h'\m. Small Banana plantations are common in south- 
 *^rn Florida, however, and even as far north as Jackson- 
 ville. They are also grown in extreme southern Louis- 
 
 188. Tip of flower-cluster of Banana. 
 
 the fruit-bearing. A strong sprout should bear when 
 12-18 months old (from 2-3 years in hothouses). The 
 plantation will, therefore, continue to bear for many 
 years. A bearing stalk, as grown in southern California, 
 is shown in Fig. 187. 
 
 The peculiar flower-bearing of the Banana is shown in 
 Fig. 188, which illustrates the tip of a Hower-cluster. 
 This cluster may be likened to a giant elongating bud, 
 with large, tightly overlapping scales or bracts. Three 
 of these bracts are shown at a a a, in different stages of 
 the flowering. As they rise or open, the flowers below 
 them expand. The bracts soon fall. The flowers soon 
 shed their envelopes, but the styles, b, persist f«)r a 
 time. The ovaries soon swell into Bananas, f. The bracts 
 are royal purple and showy. g^ x. Reasoner. 
 
 BANGBOFT, GEOBGE. The famous American his- 
 torian (1800-1891) deserves remembrance among horti- 
 culturists for his splendid collection of roses at his sum- 
 mer home in Newport, R. I., an account of which may 
 be found in the American Garden, 1891. For a portrait 
 and sketch, see Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1890. 
 In Mr. Bancroft's garden, (teorge Field found a rose with- 
 out a name, which is now known to be the French variety 
 Mme. Ferdinand Jamin. It was introduced by Field & 
 Bro. as the American Beauty. Though little known 
 abroad, it is, probably, the most famous of all roses cult, 
 in America. 
 
 BANEBEEBY. SeeActaa. 
 
 BANKSIA ( Sir Joseph Banks, 174S-1820, famous Eng- 
 lish scientist). Profedceie. Many species of Australian 
 evergreen shrubs, with handsome foliage, but scarcely 
 known in cult. here. Prop, by nearly mature cuttings, 
 in frames. 
 
 BANYAN IEEE. See Ficus Indica. 
 
 BAOBAB. See Adansonia. 
 
 BAFTlSIA (Greek, to dye, alluding to the coloring 
 matterin some species). Syn., Podalyria. Legumindsce. 
 Small 'genus of perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer. 
 Corolla papilionaceous, the standard not larger than the 
 wings : calyx campanulate, the 5 teeth separate and 
 equal or "the 2 upper ones united: stamens 10, distinct : 
 pod stalked in the calyx. — Plants usually turn black in 
 drying. Baptisias are suitable for borders. They thrive 
 in any ordinary soil and under common treatment, pre- 
 ferring free exposure to sun. Prop, by division or 
 seeds. 
 
132 
 
 BAPTISIA 
 
 BAKKY 
 
 A. Lvs. simple : flu. yellow. 
 
 aiinT)licif61ia, C'riMdn. BnnM-liy. 2-:{ ft.: lv«. 2-4 in. 
 \in\ii. si'«isih', liroiuUy ovatt* ami obtuse : lis. in muuiToUH 
 teriuinuJ racemes. Fla. — Int. ISUl. 
 
 perfoli&ta, R. Br., of S. Car. an«l Ga., with small axil- 
 lary rls. iiii<i l»roa<l pfrfoliat*' lvs.. in oocasicmally planted, 
 and i« hardy as far N. as Washington, but is evidently 
 not in the trade. B.M. iVl\. 
 
 AA. Lvs. compound, S-foliolate. 
 
 B. I^ls. yellow. 
 
 tinctdria, R. Br. Wild Indioo. Bushy-branched. 2-4 
 ft., jiii'brous : lvs. stalked, the Ifts. small, oljovate or 
 oblani'eolate. and nearly or (piite sessile and entire : fls, 
 Kin. long. I»ri};ht yellow, in numerous few-tld. rm-emes. 
 Common in E. States, B. M, lUUU. Mn. 5: hi. 
 
 lanceol&ta, Ell. About 2 ft., pubescent when young, 
 but becoming nearly glabrous : lvs. short-stalked, the 
 Ifts. thick, lanceolate to obovate and obtuse : tls. large, 
 axillary and solitary. Pine barrens, N. Cur. S. 
 
 BB. Fls. blue. 
 
 atxstrilis, R. Br. (/?. ccerulea. Eat. & Wr. 7?. cxaJtdta, 
 Sweet). Stout, 4-t) ft., glabrous: lvs, short-stalked; 
 Ifts. oblanceolate to oval, entire, obtuse : tis, lupine-like, 
 nearly or (piite an in. long, in l«K)se-rtd., long terminal 
 racemes. Penn. W, and S. J.H. III,2',>: (14 ; :U: .')11,— 
 Handsome. Probably the best species for cultivation. 
 
 BBB. Flu. uhite or wJiifish. 
 
 ilba, R. Br, Wide-branching, 1-3 ft,, glabrous : ivs. 
 stalked ; Ifts. oblong or lance<date, obtiis*-, thin, dry- 
 ing green : tls. white, J^in. long, in long-pe<luncle<l, 
 elongated lateral racemes. N. Car.W. and S. B.M. 1177. 
 
 leucdntha.Torr. & Gray. Branching, more or less suc- 
 culent, 2-4 ft., glal)rous : lvs. stalked ; Ifts. obuvate to 
 oblanceolate to cuneate, very obtuse, drying bla«"k : tis. 
 white, nearly an in. long, in loose-fld., lateral racemes. 
 E. states, 
 
 leucophsa, Xutt. Stem stout and angled, but low and 
 wide-branched, \-2% ft., hairy or nearly glabrous : lvs. 
 short petioled ; Ifts. oblanceolate to obovate, stiff, dry- 
 ing black : lis. large and cream-colored, on slender erect 
 pedicels, borne in 1 -sided declined racemes. Ga. W. 
 B.M. 5900. Mu.3:177. F.S.23:2449. L. H. B. 
 
 BABBAC£NIA (Barbacena. a Brazilian governor). 
 Aunt) i/llidaictf. About 20 Bn'/ilian jilauts, with scape 
 bearing a single large i)urple liower. Grown mostly in 
 baskets, after the manner of many orchi<ls. B. purpiirea, 
 H(»ok., is occasionally seen in tine collections, but does 
 not appear to be in the Amer. trade. Grown in a warm, 
 moist house. It has many scapes and long, grass-like, 
 toothed lvs. B.M. 2777. 
 
 BARBADOES LILY. See Ilippeasfrum. 
 
 BABBAB£A (from the old name. Herb of Saint Par- 
 bara). Critvifertx. Hardy biennials, with yellow fls.; 
 allied to watercress and horseradish. 
 
 vulgaris, R. Br. Coxniox Winter Cress. Upland 
 Cress. Yellow Rocket. Height 10-18 in.: lower lvs. 
 lyrate, the terminal lobe round, the late'"al usually 1-4 
 pairs : upper lvs. obovate, cut-toothed at the base. Eu. 
 Asia, —Cult, for salad. Var, variegata, Hort., lvs. 
 splashed and mottled with yellow, is cult, as a border 
 plant, and grows freely in rich soil. If the lis. are picked 
 off, stem and all. before they open, the plant will be 
 practically perennial. A common native. 
 
 praecoz, R, Br. Early Winter, or Bell Isle Cress. 
 Distinguished by the more numerous «livisions of the 
 lvs. (4--8 pairs). Slightly cult, as a salad, an*' knowuS. as 
 Scurvy Grass. Naturalized f rom E ' j^ g_ Keller. 
 
 BAEBE DE CAPUCIN. See Chicory. 
 
 BABBERBT. See Berberis. 
 
 BABBI£BIA (after J. B. G. Barbier, French physi- 
 cian). Le<juminds<f. A genus of only two species, one 
 from Porto Rico and one from Peru, Its nearest allies 
 familiar to the horticulturist are Indigophera and Te- 
 
 phrosia. It Is distinguisheil from allied genera by the 
 long t1«. Tender evergreen shrubs, with <Mld-pinn»te 
 lvs., numerous entire Ifts., and awl-shaped stipules : fls. 
 large, racemos© red. Prop, by seed. 
 
 Polyphjlla, DC. (Cliffiria pnlyphylla, Poir. K Lfts. 
 9-11 pairs, ellij.tic-oblonir. mucronate, pubeMctnf with 
 age : racemes few fli.. sliortt-r than the lvs.: tls. 2 in. 
 long. Porto Rico. — /y. gtabellu, Hort., Peter Henderson 
 & Co., 1899, is probably a variety. 
 
 BABK. Is often used in n general way to desltTiat*- 
 the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this 
 sense, it includes all that peels remlily. as the liark of th« 
 hemlock and oak. used for tanning leather. In a stricter 
 sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed <in thfi 
 outer surface of vvfM>dy plants. It is formed fnnn an 
 active layer of tissue, — the phellotfen. The bark is de 
 veloped in different ways upon dift'erent trees. So dis- 
 tinct are the resulting tis>^nes that snecies of trets may 
 be readily rec()trniz«'«l by tiieir bark alone. Cork of com- 
 merce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of south- 
 western Europe. w. ^. Rowlee. 
 
 BABKfiBIA. ^ee Epidemlrtim. 
 
 PABL£BIA (.T, Barrelier, 1G0G-1C73, French botanist), 
 Aeanth(ic((t . Many species of tropical shrubs, mostly 
 African, sometimes seen in fine collections of stove 
 plants, but not offered in the Amer. trade. They hav« 
 large fls. (yellow, purjde or white), often in dusters. 
 Prop, oy softwood cuttings. B. crist^ta, Linn., E. Ind., 
 is a good blue-rtd. bedder. 
 
 BABLET. Various kinds of ff6nleum of the Oramlu- 
 eve. Common Barley is //. sat) rum, Jess. Accordintr 
 to Hackel. it "undoubtedly originated from H. xpnnti). 
 nenm, C. Koch, which grows wild from Asia Miiu»r and 
 Caucasian countries to Persia and Beloochistaii. as well 
 as in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia Petrapa." The com- 
 mon Barley has a 4-rowed ear or head. There are also 
 2-rowe<l and (5-rowed races, and other well marked forms. 
 They are probably all domestic forms of one parent stock, 
 
 BAB6SMA (heavy .fcent). Butclce(r. Some 2.") to 30 
 South African heath-like shrubs. They are evergreens, 
 and in the N. nnist be grown under glass. Prop, by 
 mature-wood cuttings. B. pulchella, Bart. <t Wendl.,i* 
 now handled by florists from imported stock. It grows 
 .3 ft. or less high, and has axillary purplish fls., with 5 
 sepals, 5 petals and 10 stamens. 
 
 BABRY, PATBICK. Plato II. Nurseryman, editor 
 ami author; was born near Belfast, Ireland, in May, 181t). 
 and died in Rochester, N. Y., June 2;{, 1890. He came 
 to America at the age of twenty, and after four years of 
 service with the Princes, at Flushing, on Long Island, 
 he foun<led, in 1840, with George Ellwanger, at Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., the Mount Hope Nurseries. Ellwanger and 
 Barry intro«luced fruit-growing into western New York 
 at a time when there were no collections of fruits. «•> 
 railroad or telegraphic facilities, nor any fast ocean 
 steamers to bring over their importations from Europe. 
 From 1844 to IS.Vi, Barry edited "The Genesee Fanner.' 
 an excelh'nt an<l influential paper— afterwards mcrccil 
 in "The Cultivator and Country Gentleman." After the 
 death of A. J. Downing he succeeded to the editorshii* 
 of "The Horticulturist," which he removed to Rochester, 
 until June, iH-w, after which this famous magazine had 
 many vicissitudes until 1887, when it went to swell the 
 number of periodicals now represented commercially hy 
 "American Gardening." In 1851 appeared his "Treatise 
 on the Fruit-Garden," a new and thoroughly revised 
 edition of which was issued in 1872, under the title of 
 "Barry's Fruit-Garden." Ic is still one of our nio<t 
 popular books on pomology, and deserve ily so. The 
 catalogue of fruits whi.^h he compiled for the American 
 Pomological Society is a monumental work. Mr. Barry 
 did much to make Rochester a city of nurseries and 
 western New York a famous fruit-growing region. The 
 Western New York Horticultural Society, of which he 
 was president for more than thirty years, and until his 
 death, has long exercised a more than sectional influence. 
 The work of Barry was truly national, and essentially 
 
^1 
 
 / 
 
 / 1 
 
 \ 
 
 x 
 
 l^Ui^f ^£ r.i.iM-l 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 Plate II. Prominent American Horticulturists. 
 
BARRY 
 
 BASKET PLANTS 
 
 133 
 
 that of a pioneer. He must be considered in the front 
 rank of poniolojiieal authors, with the Duwuinj^s, Warder, 
 aiul Thomas, whose combined weifriit gave a great 
 iiupulse towards establishing orcharding on a large scale 
 in \nierica. For a fuller account, with portrait, see 
 "Annals of Horticulture," 1890, 287-290. w. M. 
 
 BAETdNIA. See Mentzelia. 
 
 BAETRAM, JOHN. Called by Linnseus the greatest 
 ii.itur:»i botanist in the world. Was born at Marple, near 
 IKirby, Pennsylvania. Mar. 23, 1()'J9, and died Sept, 22, 
 1777.' He was a (Quaker farmer, who became interested 
 ia botany after the age of twenty-four. In 1728, at King- 
 sessiiifTt'onthe Schuylkill River, he established the first 
 botanic garden in America, which, together with his 
 house, built in 17."{1, of stone hewn by his own hands, Is 
 happily preserved to-day as part of the park system of 
 Philadelphia. He traveled much in America, and was 
 for many years the chief medium of exchange between 
 Europe and America of plants of all kinds, especially 
 new and important species, as lihododendron maximum 
 and Vypripedium iicatile. His correspondence with 
 Peter Collinson lasted nearly half a century. The let- 
 ters, preserved to us in Darlington's "Memorials of 
 John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall," are rich in 
 botanical, historical and general interest. "Observa- 
 tions on the Inhabitants • * • made by John Bar- 
 tram in his Travels from Pensilvania to Onondago, 
 Oswego, and the Lake Ontario • • » London, 1751, ' 
 is similarly readable, and a document of great value in 
 the study of aboriginal races. 
 
 At the age of seventy he undertook, with his son Wil- 
 liam, an expedition to Florida, which is recorded in the 
 'Journal Kept upon a Journey from St. Augustine up 
 the River St. Johns." Bartram was probably the first 
 American to perform successful experiments in hybridi- 
 zation. His sons, John and William, continued his 
 franlen. For many years it was the largest and best col- 
 lection of trees and shrubs in America, and the services 
 of the garden to early American horticulture were very 
 great. He is commemorated in Bartraraia, a genus of 
 mosses, and in "Bartram's Oak," for the literature of 
 which, see I. C. Martiuale's "Notes on tlie Bartram Oak, 
 Quercus heterophi/Un, Michx.," published at Camden, 
 N. J., 1880. Bartram's garden is a unique spot in 
 America. Many of the trees have attained great age, 
 size and beauty. The garden also contains many quaint 
 and picturesque relics which have associations of great 
 interest. On the whole, John Bartram is one of the most 
 illustrious, and by far tfie most picturesque, of the early 
 botanists and horticulturists of America, and his simple, 
 wholesome, powerful personality presents a picture that 
 is altogether amiable. New editions of the works of 
 Bartram and Darlington are much to be desired, and 
 o"- » T)ro' ising field to critical labors. John Bartram's 
 ' u Vi.'Iia.'' is well known to students of x\merican 
 
 '- .' ^ 'a«Observations on the Creek and Cherokee 
 
 1 r. i ;*s<--. • It is very much to be regretted that no 
 
 i ''rait of John Bartram is known. For an 
 
 . I ' ii.iistrated account of Bartram and his garden, 
 
 1' article by Miss M. L. Dock in Garden and Forest, 
 y:IJl-124 (1895). See also Harper's Mag. G0::}21-;{30 
 
 (l^^SO)- ;;;,,. :^ W. M. 
 
 BASfiLLA (native Malabar name). Chetwpodii)ce(r. 
 M.vLABAK Nightshade. A genus ccmtaining only one 
 species, which is, however, remarkably varial)le. An- 
 nual or biennial herbs, cult, in the tropics as a pot-herb, 
 like spinach. Rarely cult. N. as an ornamental warm- 
 house climber. It may also be started indoors, an<l set 
 out May for use as a ganlen vegetable, to follow 
 ^pina, a. Prop, by seeds. 
 
 r^bra, Linn. Lvs. succulent, alternate, rarely oppo- 
 site, almost entire, of various forms : fls. not pedicelled, 
 in simple spikes or racemes ; spikes short or long, lax, 
 ffwrid. The following species are now considered only 
 forms of the above : lifhn, a white-fld. form rarely cult, 
 as a trailer from roofs of warm-houses, or as a basket 
 plant; caninifdlin ; cordifdlia, with heart-shaped lvs. 
 47") in. long and 2-2V2 in. wide ; crassifdlia ; Jap6inca ; 
 lurUla, from India ; n\gra, a Chinese form ; ramdsa and 
 volubilis. Under the name of Sweet Malabar Vine, A. 
 
 
 Blanc advertises a form with tiny yellow and ted fls., 
 and lvs. variegated with white, pink, and green. He 
 sajs, "with age it assumes a drooping habit. When cut 
 keeps fresh for weeks." 
 
 BASIL. Species of Ocimum, of the Lahidfrp. They 
 are Indian annuals, and are cult, as pot-herbs, the clove- 
 flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats 
 and salads. They are of easiest culture, the seed being 
 sown in the open as soon as the weather is settl"'!. 
 Common Basil is O. Basilicnm, Linn., a ft. high, branch- 
 ing, with ovate toothed lvs., and white or bluish white 
 fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. O. niinimtimf 
 Linn., the Dwarf Basil, is lower, and smaller in all its 
 parts ; rarely seen. When Basil is in bloom, it can be 
 cut and dried for winter use. 
 
 BASKET PLANTS. Fig. 189. Under this term are 
 included all those plants which, from their habit of 
 growth and blooming, have been 
 found especially suitable for use in 
 hanging baskets. Most of these are 
 dwarfish plants of indeterminate 
 growth, of gracefully drooping or 
 vine-like habit, and are valued either 
 for their grace, or for freedom and / >^^ \^9 
 daintiness of bloom. Some of the * ~ 
 
 plants used in baskets are of upright 
 habit. These are either 
 plants of naturally small 
 stature, or are practically 
 such for a season from a 
 slow habit of growth. The 
 suitability of these erect- 
 growing plants for the 
 purpose is determined, 
 aside from their stature, 
 by their freedom of bloom, 
 beauty of foliage, striking 
 form, or grace of habit. 
 Such plants are used prin- 
 cipally for filling the cen- 
 tral part of the basket ; 
 whereas, plants of trail- 
 ing hal)it are inserted near 
 the sides— some to droop, 
 others to twine upwards 
 on the cords or handle by 
 which the basket is sus- 
 pended. In addition to the 
 long drooping or climbing 
 plants, there are a 
 number of half-erect 
 habit, like the lobelia, 
 sweet alyssum and 
 russelia. These may 
 droop somewhat, but are 
 not of a truly vine-like 
 habit. Some plants are 
 tnore suitable than others 
 for shady places : the 
 selaginellas, for instance. 
 Others thrive only with 
 several hours of direct 
 sunshine each day. 
 
 The following" list of 
 common trade names em- 
 braces a number of the 
 
 most important basket plants, arranged according to 
 their habit of growth an«l tilooming. The list is not given 
 as a complete one. Any list would need amending from 
 year to year to suit individual taste and experience. 
 Plants which will bear considerable shade are marked 
 with aJi asterisk (*); those which will bear more are 
 marked with two asterisks (**): 
 
 1. PLA^^TS OF VINE-LIKE HABIT. 
 a. Lox<J-PR<)OPixo. 
 
 **English I\T. *Kenilworth Ivy,*Vinca major, *V. Har- 
 risonii, Saxifraga sarmentosa, *Cissus discolor,* Money- 
 wort I\-y. Tropaeolums (Naaturtiiims). Lonicera Halli- 
 ana, L. aurea, var. reticulata. Nepeta Glechoma, Ampe- 
 lopsis quinquefolia. A. Veitchil. 
 
 Note.— The Ampelopsia is deciduous, and not suitable 
 for winter baskets. 
 
 
 
 nf 
 
 189. 
 Basket. 
 
 ■a 
 
 9 
 
134 
 
 BASKET PLANTS 
 
 BAUHINIA 
 
 6. CUMBING. 
 
 Maarandia, **Lygodium scandens, *Senecio scandens, 
 Thunbergia, Cobsea scandens, Japanese Variegated Hop, 
 Manettiabicolor, Lonicera Hal liana, L. aurea, var. reticu- 
 lata. Clematis poccinea, Tropaeolum peregrinum, 
 
 c. Short-drooping, or Half-esect. 
 
 *Lol>t^lia Erinus,*Othonna crassifolia,*Sweet Alyssum, 
 ♦Tradescaiitia, Petunias, Uxalis tloribuida, *Russelia 
 juncea (also bears sua well), *Fittonia, *Fuchsia procura- 
 bens. It-e Plant, Verbena, *I\-y Greranium, **Selaginellas, 
 *Begonia glaucophylla, var. scandens, *Sedum Sieboldi, 
 *S. carneum, var. variegatum, *Asparagus Sprengerii, 
 *Passifioras, *Panicum variegatum, Gjizania splendons, 
 Abutilon MegaiK)t»raicnm and var. variegatum. Lantana 
 dCiicaUssima, Solanum jasminoides, S. SeaTorthianum, 
 Convolvulus Mauritanicus. 
 
 2. PLANTS kjY upright HABIT. 
 
 O. LOW-OROWINT.. 
 
 1. Flowering Plants. 
 
 ♦Torenia. *Pansy, Cnphea platycentra. C. hyssopifolia, 
 ♦Primula ol»conica. Dwarf Alyssum, Bellis perennis, 
 Linum or Keinwardtia trigynum. Phlox Drummondii, 
 Dutch bulbs. 
 
 2. Foliage PlanU. 
 
 ♦Peperomia. *Begonia Rex, *Farfugium grande, Alter- 
 nanthera. **Maidenh<iir Fern, (.Geraniums (especially 
 Mme. Salleroi), *Isolepis gracilis (droops with age). 
 
 h. Talt^er Growing. 
 
 1. Flowering. 
 
 Geraniums — Pelargonium *Fuchsias, Petunias. ♦Bego- 
 nias. Browallia. *8tevia serrata. var. nana. Madag.-iscar 
 Periwinkle. *Nierember}jia, Lantana.*Impatiens Sultana, 
 Cuphea Llavea, bwainsona. Chrysanthemum frutes- 
 cens, Salvias. 
 
 2. Foliage. 
 
 *I)usty Miller, *Crotons, *Palms, **Fems, *Fancy Cala- 
 diuras, Coleus. Achyr.int lies. **Aspidistra, *Cyperus alter- 
 nuolius, *Draca3na iudivisu, *D. termiualis, Coccoloba 
 platyclada. 
 
 Some of the above plauts make large subjects when 
 growing in the open ground. Of such, only young or 
 smaller plants are available for use in hanging baskets. 
 Ordinarih', several diflferent sorts of plants are used for 
 filling a basket. In some cases, however, a pretty 
 basket is made by using but one kind of plant. A hang- 
 ing basket filled with sword fern, for instance, makes 
 a handsome object. 
 
 Baskets of a variety of patterns are obtainable from 
 florists and other deplers. The baskets most extensively 
 used, perhaps, are made of strong wire, woven into hem- 
 ispherical or other forms. These are sometimes plain, 
 and again of ornamental character. The better form has 
 a flat bottom, or a stand, formed of wire, to support the 
 basket in an upright position when it is not pendent. 
 Another style is fLrmed of rustic work. Here the vessel 
 or plant basin is covered about the sides with rough 
 bark or knotted roots. For this purpose the roots of the 
 laurel are much used. Above the basket there is an arch 
 or handle by which it is suspended. Again, earthen- 
 ware vessels, to be suspended by wires, are offered for 
 sale in a variety of shapes. Some of these are moulded 
 and painted in imitation of logs, and are known as "stick" 
 and "log baskets." ^uch baskets are often without pro- 
 vision for drainage. When this is the case- holes should 
 l>e drilled at the lowest point in the bottom A special 
 form of l)asket is much used for orchids. It is made of 
 square cedar slats in raft- or log-fashion. Fern-fiber and 
 broken bits of brick, flower-pots or charcoal, are used 
 for filling them. 
 
 The soil used in hanging baskets is simply p'ood, 
 common florists' potting soil. This usually contains 
 about 25 per cent of humus, and a small amount of 
 sharp sand to make it porous. Prior to filling, wire 
 baskets must be lined with moss. This is merely com- 
 mon woodland moss from rotting loffs. or rich, ilamp soil. 
 In filling baskets, a few drooping or climbing plants are 
 disposed around the sides ; then one or more upright- 
 growing or half-erect plants, according to the size of the 
 plants and basket, are planted in the center. Immediate 
 effects require plants which have alreatly made consid- 
 erable growth. Florists usually carry a stock of suitable 
 plants. In case seedlings or cuttings are grown for the 
 purpose, it is usually best to start them in seed-pans or 
 cutting-boxes, end transfer them later to the ba&ket. 
 
 Seeds may be sown, or the cuttings started in the basket, 
 but it is so long before they fill the basket that there is 
 no advantage in it. 
 
 A common mistake in arranging baskets is crowding, 
 or filling them too full. Fewer plants will appear more 
 graceful, growth will be more vigorous, and the basket 
 will retain its grace and beauty for a longer time. Exer- 
 cise vigilance and care in watering. After the roots 
 have well filled the basket, watering is best done by 
 dipping the basket in a tub or barrel of water, and al- 
 lowing it to remain until it is well saturated. Dippiug 
 the basket in weak liquid manure once or twice a month 
 will greatly promote vigor when the plants have been 
 long in the basket. These remarks also apply in a 
 general way to vases and rustic stands. 
 
 Ernest Walker. 
 BAS8W00D. See Tilia. 
 
 BAST. The soft part of the flbro-vascular bundles in 
 plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases m 
 thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less 
 rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of Basswood 
 have been used in making cordage ; also in making 
 strong paper. ^VV. W. Rowlee. 
 
 BATATAS. See Ipomcea. 
 
 BATEMANNIA (in honor of James Batoraan, the dis- 
 tinguishtd collector and cultivat<»r, and author of im- 
 portant works on Orchids). Orchidtlcece, tribe ydndife. 
 Pseudobulbs short : leaf -blades coriaceous : fls. large, 
 2^2-3 in. in diam., single or in pairs. Cult, like Cattleya. 
 During the growing period they should be well supplied 
 with water and kept from strong sunlight. 
 
 CoUeyi, Lindl. Petals and sepals pu.rplish or uraber- 
 brown. shading to vellowish green at the base. Deme- 
 rara. B.R. 1714. B.M. 3818. 
 
 Mele^igris, Reichb. f. Petals and sepals pale yellow. 
 brown toward the summits, broad at the base : labellum 
 white at the base. Brazil. 
 
 B. Jiurtii, Endr. & Reichb. f., with 1-fld. peduncles, =Zygo- 
 P^^»l^^- Oakes Ames. 
 
 BAlTHtNIA (after John and Caspar Bauhin, sixteenth 
 century herbalists ; the twin leaflets suggesting two 
 brothers). Legumindsa, but lliere is nothing to sug- 
 gest the legume family to the northern horticulturist ex- 
 cept the pod. MorNTAiN Eboxv. A genus of over 200 
 species, allied to Cci'cis. Tropical trees, shrubs, or vines, 
 with showy fls. ranging from white to purple, and Ivs. 
 which may be entire or 2-lobed, in some cases the Ifts. 
 being entirely free ; the petiole is prolonged into a 
 short but characteristic awn between the Ifts. : petals 5. 
 The number and fertility of the stamens are important 
 characters in determining the subgenera. They are 
 much cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, in sandy soils. Prop. 
 by seeds ; rarely by cuttings of half -ripened wood. 
 
 B. variegata and B. purpurea are two of the com- 
 monest and showiest small trees of India, and, although 
 fre^iuently introduced into northern greenhouses, have 
 rarely succeeded permanently. B. variegata is much 
 cult, in India, and, when covered with blossoms, resem- 
 bles a gigantic Pelargonium. The astring'jnt bark is 
 used in tanning and dyeing, and the Ivs. and fl.-buds as 
 a vegetable, the latter being pickled. "The reason for 
 these plants being so little grown in our hothouses." 
 says J. D. Hooker, "is, no doubt, that they nmst attain 
 some sizfc t»efore they flower, and that they re(|uire a 
 dry season to ripen their wood, the giving of which, 
 without killing the plant by drought, is the standing 
 crux of all establishments." Great ntambers of species 
 of Bauhinia are likely to be introduced from time to 
 time because of their gorgeous appearance in the trop- 
 ics. In the experience of Old World gardeners, the most 
 relisible species under glass are B. variegata, B. coriftn- 
 bnsa, and B. XatalenKi.s. These can be planted outside 
 here in summer, and kept over w inter as oleanders are. 
 
 A. Lvs. divided not to the middle. 
 B. Fls. usually colored. 
 variegata, Linn. Tree, G-20 ft. : lvs. ,1-4 in. acros?, 
 orbicular, '.♦-II nerved, lobes rounded ; petiole 1-2 in. 
 long : fls. about 7, in a short raceme, 4 in. across ; calyx 
 
BAUHIMA 
 
 BEAN 
 
 135 
 
 8oathe-like ; petals 5, clawed, obovate-oblongr, veined, 
 ro*e-colore«l, the lowest one larger, broader above the 
 middle, strongly marked with crimson : pod 1-2 ft. long. 
 India. B.M. '>8'l8.— The colorinfr of the fls. varies. 
 
 Vai". Candida, Roxb. (A. dlba, Buck-Ham.)- Height 
 12 ft.': fls. white, beautifully veined with green : fls. 
 Feb. to May. B.M. 7.'U2. "A taller grower than A. 
 acuminata, hloommg in late winter and early spring. 
 Verv quick-growing, and ornamental even when not in 
 bloom."- Reasoner Bros. 
 
 purpCirea, Linn. Height 6 ft. : Ivs. coriaceous, rufous- 
 tomentose beneath when young ; Ifts. broadly ovate, 
 4-nerved : petals red, one streaked with white on the 
 claw, lanceolate, acute ; fertile stamens 3, very long, the 
 rest sterile or abortive : pod 1 ft. long. India, Burma, 
 China.— Without doubt one of the finest flowering small 
 trees in S. Fla. Flowers are borne in the greatest pro- 
 fusion, 3 to 5 inches across, varying in color from 
 almost white to a shade of rich purple, and marked 
 and shaded with many tones. The plant is very robust 
 and hardy here, growing to a height of 15 feet in less 
 than 2 years, and blooms all winter and spring. 
 
 Gdlpini, N. E. Brown. Half-climbing shrub, 5-10 ft. : 
 Irs. 1-3 in. long, 2-lobed from one-fifth to one-half their 
 length. 7-nerved ; petiole about H in. long : racemes 
 6-10-tid.: petals 5, all alike, 1-1 >^ in. long; claw as 
 Ions as the limb ; limb orbicular, cuspidate, brick-red ; 
 fertile stamens 3 : pod 3-.") in. long ; seeds dark brown. 
 S. and Trop. Afr. B.M. 7494.-Discovered 1891. Fls 
 borne continuously from spring to late autumn. 
 
 BB. Fls. pure ivhite. 
 
 acuminata, Linn. Height 5-0 ft.: Ifts. ovate, acumi- 
 nate parallel, -l-nerved. closing at night : fls. 2-3 in. 
 across : fertile stamen long and nearly free, the other 
 9 short, connected, and sterile. India, Malaya, China. 
 -One of the most satisfactory of all, either for open 
 ground or greenhouse culture, as it will bloom the flrsf 
 summer, when but a few months old and but a foot or 
 two high, an<l in succeeding summers blooms continu- 
 ously from May to September. 
 
 AA. Lvs. divided beyond the middle. 
 
 B. Leaflets not entirely free: fls. colored. 
 
 corymbosa, Roxb. Woody climber, branching from the 
 ground.: branches grooved: tendrils opposite, revolute: 
 lvs. VA-'2 in. long, outer edges slightly rounded, inner 
 edges straight au(l parallel; nerves 2-4 : fls. numerous, 
 corymbose, 1 in. across, rosj', ithw fluted petals, and 
 chara'^teristic venation ; stamens 3, bright red, 3 very 
 long, the rest abortive. China. B.M. 6G21. 
 
 BB. Leaflets entirely free : fls. white. 
 Natal^nsis, Oliver. Small shrub : lvs. numerous ; 
 leatiets each 1 in. long, with a midrib and a few nerves, 
 dark green ; petioles };i-%\r\. long : fls. single or in 
 2s, \\.,\n. across, white, the midvein of the 3 upp'^r 
 petals reddish ; petals erect or spreading, the 2 lower 
 ones larger ; stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short : pod 3 in. 
 long. S. Afr. B.M, 608(5. — Not advertised at present. 
 
 B. Honkeri, F. Miiell.. from Austral., and B. Eichardsoni, 
 Hort., Franceschi, are also advertised at i)resent. 
 
 E. N. Reasoner and W. M. 
 BAY-TKEE. See Latims. 
 
 BEAN. A name applied to various plants of the Ler/u- 
 minMif. The Beans chiefly known to agriculture are of 
 tive types : (1) The Broad Bean ( Vicia Faha), or the 
 Bean of history, an erect-growing plant, producing very 
 large an<l usually flat, orbicular or angular seeds. Prob- 
 ably native to S.W.Asia (Figs. 190, 191, a). See Vicia. 
 These types of Beans are extensively grown in Europe, 
 mostly for feeding animals. They are either grown to 
 full maturity and a meal made from the Bean, or the plant 
 is cut when nearly full growuand used as forage t>r made 
 into ensilage. The Broad Bean nee«ls a cool climate and 
 long season. In the U. S. the summers are too hot and 
 dry for its successful cultivation on a large scale, and the 
 plant is practically unknown there. In Canada, the plant 
 IS used in connection with corn to make ensilage; and 
 this combination is known as the "Robertson mixture." 
 
 (2) Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, which see ; Figs. 
 191, 6, 192). This is the plant which is everywhere known 
 as Bean in North America, comprising all the common 
 field, garden, snap and string Beans, both bush and 
 climbing. By the French it is known as Haricot, and this 
 
 190. Broad Bean —Vicia Faba ^X 1-5). 
 
 word is often found in our literature. Its nativity is un- 
 known, but it is probably of tropical American origin. 
 For inquiries into the nativity of the Bean, see DeCan- 
 dolle. Origin of Cultivated Plants ; Gray & 'irumbull, 
 Amer. Jour. Sci. 26:130 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887: 
 .332 i Wittmack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft, 
 6:374 (1888). (3) Lima or Sugar Beans (Phaseolus lu- 
 natus, which see). Long-season, normally tall-climbing 
 plants, producing large, flat seeds (Figs. 191, c, 193), 
 Native to S. Amer. See Bailey, Bull. 87, Cornell Exp. 
 Sta. (4) Various species of Dolichos (as i>. sesquipe- 
 dalis). Vines which produce very long, slender pods and 
 small, narrow Beans (Figs. 191, d, 194). Native to trop. 
 Amer. See Dolichos. (5) Soy, or Soja, Bean (Glycine 
 hispida, which see). A bushy, erect, hairy plant, pro- 
 ducing small pods in clusters, and pea-like seeds (Figs. 
 191, <', 195). In this country comparatively little known, 
 and used mostly forforage. Native to China and Japan, 
 where it is much grown. Aside from these types, there 
 are others of less economic importance. The Scarlet 
 Runner type is a perennial Phaseolus (P. wul/iflorns), 
 grown in this country mostly for ornament (Fig. 196). 
 Various other species of Phaseolus are also cult, ni 
 various parts of the world under the name of Beans. P. 
 radiafiis is prized in Japan, and has been int. into the 
 U. S. as Adzuki Bean (see Georgeson, Bull. 32, Kans. 
 Exp. Sta.). V'igna Sinensis, known in N. Amer. as 
 Cow-pea (which see), is sometimes called a Bean. The 
 Velvet Bean of the South is a Mucuna (which see). The 
 .Tack Bean is a Canavalia (Fig. 197). The Sea Beans to 
 the Florida coast are seeds of various tropical legumi- 
 nous plants, and are transported by ocean currents (see 
 Coe, in G.F. 7:503). l. H. B. 
 
 Ci'i.TrRE OF THE Be AN. — The practical grower usually 
 divides the many varieties of Beans into two groups — 
 the bush and the pole Beans. The one includes all those 
 
136 
 
 BEAN 
 
 BEAN 
 
 grown as "field Beans" for the dry-shelled seeds, as also 
 both the green-podded and the yellow-podded garden, 
 string, or snap Beans. The pole or running sorts are 
 usually grown for garden purposes, and rarely for the 
 dry-shelled Bean. The ordinary bush Beans make no 
 frreat demands for soil fertility. They do well on ordi- 
 narily goo<l, warm farm loam. If the soil contains a 
 fair proportion of humus, the plants will secure much 
 of their nitrogen from the air ; and if addilional fer- 
 tilizer; are needed, they may be given in potash and 
 phosphoric acid alone. Plant only after danger from 
 
 late frosts is past. 
 The work may be 
 done by hand, or 
 with any of the 
 various tools de- 
 vised for the pur- 
 pose. The rows 
 are to be from 2-3 
 feet apart, with 
 plants standing 
 singly every 3-6 in., or in 
 bunches of 3 or 4 every 
 12-18 in. A quart of seed 
 •will plant about 150 ft. of 
 row. Keep the soil be- 
 tween the rows well stirred 
 with a fine-toothed, nar- 
 row cultivator. 
 Hand - hoe 
 when needed. 
 The pods of 
 the garden 
 Beans are 
 picked and 
 used as snap 
 or string Beans 
 as soon as well 
 formed, and 
 must be picked 
 if the plant is 
 wanted to remain 
 long in bearing. Pods 
 left to ripen seed stop 
 the growth and de- 
 velopment of others. 
 In growing field 
 Beans, early and even 
 ripening is desirable 
 above almost every- 
 thing else. For har- 
 
 among yellow-podded sorts are Black Wax or Oerman 
 Wax, Golden Wax. Kidney Wax and White Wax. The 
 Wax or Yellow-podded sorts need a richer soil than the 
 other kinds. A good strintr Bean has a thick, meatv 
 
 191. Types of Beans. Natural size. 
 
 a Vicia Faha. b, Phaseolus vulgaris, c, Phaseolus lunatus. 
 d. Dolichos sesquipedalis. e, Glycine hispida. f, Phaseolus 
 multidorus. 
 
 vesting the crop, special tools have been devised and 
 are in use by those who make a business of Bean-grow- 
 ing ; but when a regular Bean-puller is not available, 
 or when hand labor is cheap, the plants may be pulled 
 by hand and placed in rows on the trround, bottom- 
 side up, and when sufficiently cured put in stooks or 
 taken to the barn, and, in due time, threshed with the 
 flail or with aregular Bean-thresher. After beingcleaned 
 by running through a fanning mill, picking over by 
 band will also be required in most cases. 
 
 Among the leading sorts of field Beans are White Mar- 
 rowfat, Navy or Pea Bean, Medium, and the Kidneys. 
 For Ktring Beans, Early Valentine, which has various 
 strains, probably stands tir.-,t in popular favor as a 
 green-podded variety for the market-garden at the 
 present time. Other ijood current sorts are Stringless 
 Green Pod, Early Mohawk, Kefugee, etc. The best 
 
 192. Common or Kidney Bean — Phaseolus vulgaris. 
 
 pod, which snaps off completely when broken, leaving 
 no strinfT alonj? the back. Fig. 198 shows ideal pods. 
 
 Pole or running varieties of Beans require fertile soil; 
 and for that kint^of table Beans, the Lima of all t'orm«, 
 too much can hardly be done in the way of enriching 
 the ground. Warm soil is one of the first essentials of 
 success in growing pole Beans. When poles are to he 
 used for support, they should be set not less than 4 ft. 
 apart each way, before the Beans are planted. Four or 
 five Beans are to be placed arounU '^ach pole, 1 to 13^ in. 
 deep. While it is a safe rule to pat the seed eye down- 
 ward, it is not a necessary condition of prompt and 
 ui.iform germination. In ca**" of absence or scarcity of 
 poles, a serviceable, cheap and ornamental trellis may 
 be constructed by settinjr posts firmly at proper dis- 
 tances along the row, connecting them with two wires, 
 one a few inches and the other 5 or Oft. from the ground, 
 and finally winding cheap twine zigzag fashion around 
 the two wires. Cultivate an<l hoe frequently. A top- 
 dressing of good fertilizer, or of old poultry or sheep 
 manure, hoed in around 
 the plants, may be of 
 jrreat help in keep"ng up 
 the productiveness of 
 the plants to the end of 
 the season. To have a 
 continuous supply dur- 
 ing the entire season, the 
 pods, when large enough, 
 must be gathered fre- 
 quently and clean. 
 Anions: the varieties 
 used both for string and 
 shell Beans, we have the 
 Green - poddea Crease- 
 back, several wax varie- 
 ties. Golden Cluster, and 
 the popular Horticultural 
 or Speckled Cranberry 
 Bean, besides any num- 
 ber of others. A very 
 fine Bean is the Dutch 
 Kunner (Fig. 1%), which 
 approaches the Lima in 
 quality and resembles it 
 in habit of growth. The seed is of largest size and 
 clear white in color. Highly ornamental is the closely 
 related Scarlet Runner, with its abundance of showy 
 scarlet blossoms. This Bean is grown in Europe for 
 eating, but is rarely used for that purpose here. 
 
 193. Large White Lima Bean 
 
BEAN 
 
 BEAUMONTIA 
 
 137 
 
 Of all pole Beans, the Limas have nndoubtedly the 
 greatest economic value. They enjoy a deserve-l popu- 
 larity, and are usually ^'rown with profit by the raarket- 
 pardener. The varieties might be classed in three types, 
 -that of the Large Lima, the Dreer Lima, and the 
 Small Lima or Sieva. Each of them has a nunibei of 
 sub-varieties or strains, and appears in both pole and 
 bush form. The old Large Lima (Fig. lO.'J) is a very- 
 large, Hat Bean, and yet largely grown for main crop. 
 To the same type belong Extra-early .Jersey, King of 
 the Garden, and others. The pods of these are very 
 large, and the Beans in them somewhat flattened. The 
 dwarf form of this type is known as Burpee's Bush 
 Lima. The Dreer Lima of both forms is appreciated 
 especially for its high quality. The seeds are more 
 roundish and crowded close together in the pods, the 
 latter being much smaller thai those of the Large Lima. 
 The seeds of these two types are light colored, with a 
 greenish tinge, but tne Large Lima is also represented 
 Dv red and speckled (red-and-white) sports. The Small 
 Lima, or Sieva, with its dwarf form, Henderson's Bush 
 Lima, seems to be hardier and earlier than the two 
 L^rir^r types, but pod and Bean are quite small. The 
 color of this Bean is nearly clear white, but there is also 
 a speckled sub-variety of it. Wherever there is a place 
 for the Sieva, its bush form will be appreciated. The 
 bush forms of the two larger types, however, are not 
 uniformly productive enough to take the place r-f the 
 pole forms entirely. The latter will often be found 
 preferable where a long season of continuous bearing is 
 desired. For further notes on Lima Beans, dwarf and 
 pole, see Bailey, Bulls. 87 and 11.5, Cornell Exp. St a. 
 
 Beans are easily forced under glass, in a temperature 
 suitable for tomatoes. They may be grown either in 
 pots or beds The bush varieties, as SJion House, are 
 preferred. Keep them growing, and look out for red 
 spider. See Bailey, Forcing-Book ; and for the forcing 
 of pole Beans, see Rane, Bull, 62, N. H. Exp. Sta. See 
 Fore hi fj. 
 
 Three other members of the Bean tribe might be men- 
 tioned in this connection ; namely, the Black Bean or 
 Cow-pea of the South, the Japanese Soy Bean, and the 
 English or Broad Bean. The Cow-pea takes in some 
 measure the same place in the southern states that red 
 clover takes at the North, being used both as stock food 
 and as a green-manure crop. There are many varieties 
 of it, early and late, some of strictly bush habit and 
 some producin long runners, (See Cow-pea.) Of 
 greater value for he same purposes, north of New .Jer- 
 sey, seems to be the Japanese Soy Bean, which is early 
 enough to come to maturitj' almost anywhere in the 
 United States, Its foliage is rather thin or jpen, how- 
 ever, which impairs its value for green-man aring. The 
 dry Bean constitutes one of the richest vegetable foods 
 known, and its flavor seems unobjectionable to all kinds 
 of stock. Sow 1 bus, to the acre. Similar to this in value 
 is the English Broad Bean, several varieties of which, 
 as the Broad Windsor, the Horse Bean, etc., are grown 
 
 tention in the cooler parts of the country. Being about 
 as hardy as peas, they may be planted mufh earlier than 
 would be safe for ordinarv Beans. The Windsor is used 
 
 194. Dolichos sesquipedalis, or Yard-long Bean. 
 
 and are pop'ilar in England and in some parts of the 
 European continent. Inmost parts of the United States 
 they are scarcely known, and in none generally culti- 
 vated. Only a few of our seedsmen list them in their 
 otherwise complete catalogues. Yet they are a decidedly 
 interesting group of plants, and worthy of greater at- 
 
 195. Soy Bean — Glycine hispida (X %). 
 
 by people in England much in the same way that we 
 use Lima Beans ; but the latter are so much better 
 that in the United States we have no need of plant- 
 ing the former as a table vegetable. _ ,, 
 
 BEABBERRT. See Arcfostaphylos. 
 
 BEAR'S BREECH, See Acanthus. 
 
 BEAUCARNEA, See Xolina. 
 
 BEAUMONTIA (afterMrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall, 
 Yorkshire, Eug,). Aporynacne. A genus of three East 
 Indian trees or tall climbers, with ver}' large, white, 
 fragrant, bell-shaped tis. in terminal cymes. The genus 
 is more nearly allied to the familiar greenhouse 
 shrub Trache lospermum jasminoide.t than to the splen- 
 did tropical climbers in Allamanda and Dipladenia. 
 B.grandi flora has been neglected of late, presumably 
 because it needs so much room. It snould be planted out 
 in the strong, fibrous, loamy soil of a warm house, as it 
 rarely succeeds in pots. It is best traitied to the roof, as 
 full light is necessary for dowering, if not for growth. 
 The shoots may be thinned if the large Ivs. cast too 
 nmch shade on th. plants beneath. The wood should be 
 well ripened to produce an abundance of winter bloom. 
 The fis. are produced on the growth of the previous 
 season. After flowering, the plant should be severely 
 pruned to produce lateral shoots for the next season's 
 bloom. In its native country, this vine climbs over very 
 tall trees. 
 
 grandlfldra, Wall. Lvs. obovate, cuspidate, wavy 
 margined : sepals 5, large, ovate, wavy, pink-tipped ; 
 corolla tube veined with green, the limb 5-cleft. B.M. 
 321J. Ga. 45, p. 138 ; 49, p. 314. J.H. III. 28: 243. 
 
■'*^, 
 
 138 
 
 BEDDING 
 
 BEDDING, or BEDDING-OUT. The temporary use 
 out-of-doors of plants that are massed for showy and 
 striking effects. There are four main types : spring, 
 summer, subtropical, and carpet bedding. 
 
 Sprino Bedding is the most temporary of all, and is 
 usually followed by summer bedding in the same area. 
 
 196. Phaseolus multiflorus. Natural size. ( See Bean, p. 135. ) 
 
 It is the only kind that largely employs hardy plants, as 
 crocuses, narcissi, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, and other 
 Dutch bulbs. All four types of bedding are commonly 
 seen in public parks, but spring bedding is the most 
 appropriate for amateur and home use, as the bulbs 
 flower at a dreary time of the year, when their hrave 
 colors are most cheering, and also because they are 
 much more familiar than the subtropical and foliage 
 
 BEDDING 
 
 plants of summer. Then, too, hardy bnljlis are more 
 easily cultivated than any other class of plants, and they 
 are cheap. The main principle is to plant them early 
 enough to secure a strong root development. Hence 
 they should be ordered early, and planted in the latter 
 part of October or first of November. The colors may be 
 massed or mixed according to taste, the terms massed and 
 mixed bedding referring to unity or variety of effect 
 and being applicable in each of the four main types men- 
 tioned above. Opposed to this style of bedding is the 
 naturalizing of bulbs in the lawn. Crocuses and squills 
 are particularly charming when they appear singly, or in 
 twos or threes, at unexpected places in the lawn. Daffo- 
 dils are usually naturalized in large masses in spots 
 where the grass is not mowed. Pansies are the only 
 other plants that are used extensively for spring bed- 
 ding. English double daisies and catchtiies are largely 
 used for edgings. Pansies are set out between April l 
 and 15. In large operations, pansy seed is sown in Aufrust 
 of the preceding year, and the young plants are trans- 
 planted once and wintered in a coldframe. After flower- 
 ing, the plants are thrown away. The other method is to 
 sow the seed in a greenhouse in January. The Auffust- 
 sown pausies give larger and earlier blooms, but the Jan- 
 uary-sown pansies will last longer, and in partially 
 shaded places will give scattering bloom all summer, 
 especially if projected from «lrought. 
 
 Summer Bedding often follows spring bedding in the 
 same space of ground, and employs chietiy geraniums, 
 coleus, begonias, ageratum, salvia, vinca. alyssum, 
 petunia, verbena, heliotrope, grasses, cacti, and aquatic 
 plants, the culture and varieties of which may be sought 
 elsewhere in this work. As to tenderness, these fall into 
 two groups, the first of which may be set out about 
 May 15 in New York, and the second about June 1. 
 Geraniums are the most important of the first group, 
 and coleus is an exami-le of the tenderest material, 
 which is set out simultaneously with subtropical plants 
 when all danger of frost is past. As to fondness for 
 sunlight, there are again two groups, but the only bed- 
 ding plants ot importance that prefer shade are tuberous 
 begonias and fuchsias. The wonderful popularity lately 
 achieved by the former in Europe will probably never 
 be duplicated in America. The secret of their culture is 
 shade, shelter, and moisture at the roots. Hence a clay 
 bottom is desirable for a bed of tuberous begonias, as 
 being more retentive of moisture than a sanc'y or porous 
 soil. They enjoy cool air and as much indirect light as 
 possible, but not the direct rays of the sun. Hence the 
 north side of a building is better forthdm than a station 
 under trees, as the trees usually give too dense a shade, 
 and their roots interfere. On the other hand, coleus is 
 more highly colored in full sunlight than in shade. 
 The only fibrous-rooted begonias largely used for Ited- 
 ding are varieties of the semperflorens type, of which 
 Vernon and Erfordii are extremely popular at present. 
 In the manipulation of tender perennials, there are often 
 two methods of propagation, either of which may be 
 better, according to the ideal in view. As a matter of 
 general tendency, propagation by cuttings gives bloom 
 that is earlier but not as continuous or profuse as by 
 seeds. Salvias and verbenas are pronounced examples. 
 On the contrary, cutings must be depended on. as a 
 rule, to keep the choicest varieties true to type, as the 
 mission of seeds in nature seems to be to produce more 
 variation than can be attained by non-sexual methods nf 
 propagation, as by bulbs or cuttings. Salvias are also an 
 example of plants thiit are particularly effective when 
 seen at a great distance, and also of plants that are 
 generally massed fur unity of effect, and not mixed with 
 others. Verbenas are commonly grown by themselves, 
 but this is because they demand much room by reason 
 of their trailing habit. 
 
 SrBTRr>FMrAL Beiidino is a department of summer 
 bedding which employ.^ chiefly cannas. nuisas, castor-oil 
 plants, crotons, palms, ferns of coarser habit, screw- 
 pines, dracaenas, araucarias, elephant-ear caladiums. and 
 to a lesser extent, abutilon, acalyphas, achyranthes, 
 anthericum. Carica Papaya, sanchezia, and others. 
 Cannas are by far the most pop\iiar at the present rime, 
 especially for mass-work. S<mietiri'»es the tall, purple- 
 leaved, old-fashioned, small-flowered t>7»es are used in 
 the center or at the back of the bed, :uid the dwarf, 
 
 i 
 
BEDDING 
 
 BEDDING 
 
 139 
 
 modem, larpe-flowered types around the edges or in 
 front. Frequently, massing with a single variety of 
 canna is practiced. Next to cannas in popularity prob- 
 ablv come the crotons or codiseuras,— the broad-leaved 
 types, a3 Queen Victoria, being better for thia purpose 
 
 198. 
 Typical Snap, or 
 Strine Beans 
 
 than the narro\rer - leaved or simply cu- 
 rious kinds, as Codiaum interruptum 
 and C. ro/w/j/m, which belong to fan- 
 ciers' collections. For carpeting the 
 ground in a croton bed, two variegated 
 trailers can be used with good effect, the 
 wandering jew or tradescantia and Op- 
 Usmenns Burmanni. which is famil- 
 iar to gardeners as Panicum variega- 
 tum. The large leaves of bananas give 
 a very rich tropical effect, especially if 
 they can be so sheltered that the wind 
 will not split them. One of the very 
 best plants for encircling a public 
 fountain is the huge-leaved elephant- 
 {X}^). (See p. 136.) ear caladium. For interesting pomts 
 concerning its culture, see Colovasia. 
 Among the first half-dozen favorites for subtropical bed- 
 ding is the castor-oil plant, or ricinus. Its marvellous 
 grow-th from seed in a single season makes it one of the 
 very best of all plants for rapidly tilling up large areas 
 temporarily. Grasses furnish an exception to the general 
 rule that bedding plants are tender. There are many 
 kinds of bamboos that are perfectly hardy in the north- 
 ern states, and these are bound to increase in popularity. 
 A favorite combination of grasses for bedding is 
 Arundo Donax, the giant ree<l, surrounded by eulalias. 
 brasses and their kind are particularly effective in 
 aquatic groups. No well kept establishment is complete 
 without a pond or body of water in whicli aquatic plants 
 are naturalized. For a nior« extended account of this 
 attractive subject, see the article Aquatics. There is a 
 
 large class of tender material— as palms, screw-pines, 
 the coarser ferns, dracienas, araucarias — a class of foli- 
 age plants which really does better outdoora during 
 summer in a shady and sheltered position than indoors 
 all the year round. In the more formal styles of orna- 
 mental gardening, such plants often form the nucleus of 
 a subtropical bed, the large tubs of the palms being hid- 
 den by lower-growing plants, as begonias, or whatever 
 may be left over from the spring operations. In less 
 formal gardening, the tubs may be hidden by plunging 
 them half-way into the ground and grading the sod, which 
 has been previously broken, in such a manner as to 
 conceal the tubs entirely. The plants are arranged in a 
 freer and more natural manner, and the outer fringe of 
 begonias and the like maybe dispensed with. The chief 
 dangers to such plants are from the sun and wind. 
 Palms once scorched or wind-whipped are ruined. 
 Hence, a sheltered position on the north side of a build- 
 ing, or under the shade oJ trees, is usually the best spot 
 for their summer vacation. 
 
 Carpet Beddino is che most formal and most expen- 
 sive of all kinds (>f bedding, and employs plants that 
 stand pinching and shearing, as coleus, achyranthes, 
 alternanthera, lobelia, one of the dusty millers (Cen- 
 taurea gymnovarpa , — C. caudidisxima will not bear the 
 shears), certain succulents of the hen-and -chickens 
 type (as echeveriast, and many others, which list may 
 be found in a classifi«Ml and ccmvenient form at p. 245 of 
 Bailey's Garden-Making. The terms "geometrical bed- 
 ding" and " fancy bedding" are soniewliat synonymous. 
 Here belong the imitations of buildings and animals, 
 the portraits of men, the lettered greetings to conven- 
 tions, the calendars, floral clocks, and similar ingenui- 
 ties. A single exanifde is ]ii<ture<l in Fig. 199. A ground 
 plan for a fancy carpet bed is shown in Fig. 200. For 
 designs and for extended cultural information, the 
 reader is referred to the numerous German books on the 
 subject, to Mot'^t't's La MosaTculture. and to a book piib- 
 lished by Geo. A. Solly & Son, Springtield, Mass. This 
 style of bedding requires the highest d<'gree of tech- 
 nical skill, and is especially enjoyed by the Germans, 
 whose gardeners excel in it. 
 
 The position of a bed is far more important than the 
 style of bedding or the kinds of plants that arc used. 
 The natural school of landscape gardening, as opposed 
 to the various schools of ornamental gardening, makes 
 no ol)jection to beds in themselves, but dislikes their 
 usual ]>osition. They are commonly given the most con- 
 spicuous places, where they must be seen, whether peo- 
 ple like them or not. They should be in a place by 
 themselves where they do not interfere with the quieter 
 and larger pictures of the whole place. Sunken areas, 
 
 
 t^Su^biiltil^i*^*^'^ 
 
 
 
 
 Jilt 1 1!', j,'.".""tmiiiiii luin.... . 
 
 ivwu;vi!3a:'«^"=iKK;ai:5a, • 
 
 199. Example of fancy bedding. 
 
 as in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, are particularly 
 commendable. A flower-bed should not be in the mid- 
 dle of a large lawn, because it distracts the attention 
 
 I 
 
140 
 
 BEDDING 
 
 BEET 
 
 from thf larcTPr picture, and because the lawn is the 
 canvas up<)n which the landscape gardener makes his 
 picture. The chief merit of beds is their attract! v»ness 
 and brijfhtness, which accounts for their presr-nc*- in 
 parks and public places. On the other hand, they are 
 expensive, and they are at their Ix-st only two or three 
 months in the year, while a mud-hole in a lawn for 
 nine months of the year is an uusitrhtly object. Formal 
 be«ls. especially of foliaere plants, with their jiraudy colors 
 and unchanging monotony, are considered by some the 
 most unnatural and the least artistic style of garden- 
 ing. Nevertheless, they require a high degree of techni- 
 cal skill, which deserves appreciation. 
 
 A few practical suggestions may be given for making 
 a bed. The soil should be rich and full of vegetable 
 matter. If a foot or 18 in. of the surface soil is so poor 
 that it must be removed, it may be replaced by two parts 
 of tibrous loam and one of well-rottod manure, with 
 some upturned broken st is in the bottom for drainage. 
 The fall is the proper time to apply manure, and if the 
 bed be thoroughly spaded over and left rough during 
 the winter, the alternate freezing and thawing will tine 
 both the soil and the fiber of the manure. Beginners 
 nearly always fail to supply perfect conditions for wa- 
 
 200. Plan oi a complex carpet bed. 
 
 tering. A midsummer mulch of half -rotted manure en- 
 ables the plants to take all the moisture they need dur- 
 ing the drought and to keep it. The soil should be in ideal 
 condition before the plants are set into it, — mellow, 
 rich, full of fiber, and of firm and in; I rm texture. 
 Begin in the middle and work toward t., ages. When 
 the bed is finished, give it one thorouc .! conking, to settle 
 the soil at the roots. ^,^^^^^^ g^^^^ 
 
 BEECHER, HENRY WAR-> (181.3-1887). The cele- 
 brated American clerygyraan and orator deserves espe- 
 cial remembrance for his work as ediror of the Western 
 Farmer and Gardener in pioneer days of western horti- 
 culture. A selection of his contributions was printed in 
 1859 as a book of 420 pp., entitled '"Plain and Pleasant 
 Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming." A second 
 edition was published in 1874 as "Pleasant Talk, etc.." a 
 book of 498 pp., containing also articles written for the 
 New York Ledger. These papers have a higher literary 
 quality than is usual in horticultural writings, and are 
 still entertaining and suggestive. They did much to 
 spread the taste for country life and gardening. Beecher 
 was always deeply interested in horticultural affairs. 
 
 BEET. There are 4 or 5 species of the genus Beta, 
 which are sometimes cultivated under the name of 
 Beet, but Beta vulgaris, Linn., is the only one of practi- 
 cal importance. From it all our common garden varie- 
 ties are derived. According to DeCandolle, the aborigi- 
 
 201. Bassano Beet. 
 
 nal slender-rooted species is found in sandy soil, and 
 especially near the sea, throughout southern Europe 
 and on nearly all the coasts of the Mediterranean. It 
 also occurs as far eastward as the Caspian Sea and 
 Persia. "Everything shows that its cultivation does not 
 date from more than two or three 
 centuries before the Christian era." 
 It is now highly improved, princi- 
 pally in the one <lirection of large 
 and succulent roots, and is much 
 esteemed in all civilized countries. 
 See Jicta. 
 
 Young Beets constitute one of the 
 most important early crops in truck - 
 gardening. Many acres of them are 
 grown iii'ar all the city markets, and 
 as the}' bear transportation well, tht y 
 are often grown at comparati^-ely 
 remote |>laces. Large quantities are 
 shipped early fnmi Norfolk, Va., and 
 from other southern points to north- 
 ern markets. Like all root crops, the 
 Beet needs a loose, light, fresh, 
 clean, rich soil, which must be in the best condition 
 of tillage. No fermenting manure should be used, but 
 instead fully rotted barn manure, with some good pot- 
 ash fertilizer. The seed for the first crop is sown 
 early in spring, as soon as the soil can be well 
 worked. Where intensive gardening is practiced, the 
 drills maybe as close as 1 ft. apart, in which case the 
 young Beets are thinned to G in. apart in the row. But 
 in ordinary gardening, it will be found most convenient 
 to run the rows 2-3 ft. apart, allowing cultivation with 
 the horse. The plants in such rows can be left 4 in. 
 apart at thinning time. The thinning is done when 
 the young plants are large enough to be pulled for 
 "greens," for which purpose they find a ready market. 
 Beets are also grown in quantities as a fall crop, and 
 are stored for winter use. When this is to be done, the 
 seed is sown in June, and the plantation is managed in 
 all respects like the spring sowing. Beets are some- 
 times forced in greenhouses, but as they are hardly 
 profitable, they are grown only in vacant spaces or after 
 f)ther crops are out. When the young roots are ready 
 for the early market, they are pulled and tied in bunches 
 ftf five or six. The fall crop is pulled soon after the first 
 frost, the tops are removed, and the roots stored in pits 
 or root cellars. 
 
 The most popular varietal types of the garden Beet are 
 the following: Bassanoi Fig. 201 ) . — Flesh white and light 
 red mixed ; an old-time early variety, now less grown 
 than formerly. Early Blood Turn jp. — Rich, deep blood- 
 red, flattened turnip-shape ; an old and well-known 
 sort. Udmand. — 'Moderate size ; handsome, rounded, 
 smooth, deep red ; good grain and flavor ; not quite 
 first early. i^cZ*/).'*c. — Uniformly globular, bright red; 
 fine-grained and sweet ; one of the best quick-growing 
 early Beets. Egyptian Turnip. — Topn quite small; 
 ro<»t3 fair size, rich, deep red ; a standard early variety. 
 
 For field culture of culinary Beet3, the long-rooted 
 varieties are chiefly used. These are sown in the field 
 as soon as the weather is settled, in rows far enough 
 apart to allow of tillage by horse. Most of them require 
 the entire season in which to mature. They are grown 
 mostly for storing for winter use. They were once 
 grown for stock, but the Mangel-wurzels give much 
 greater yields. The various types of Long Blood Beet 
 (Fig. 202) are chiefly used for field culture. 
 
 Favorite varieties of Mangel-wurzels are Golden 
 Tankard, Golden Yellow Mammoth, Mammoth Long Red. 
 Several sorts of Sugar Beets, mostly imported from Ger- 
 many, are being grown in divers places in America. Of 
 Chard, there are no selected varieties offered in America. 
 
 The varieties of Beta vuhjaris may be conveniently 
 divided into five sections, though the distinctions are 
 somewhat arbitrary and of no fundamental importance. 
 These sections are as follows : 
 
 1. Garden Beets. Varieties with comparatively small 
 tops : roots of medium size, smooth, regular and fine- 
 grained : mostly red, but sometimes whitish or yel- 
 lowish. 
 
 2. Mangel-wurzels, or Manoels. Large, coarse- 
 growing varieties, with large tops and often very large 
 
BEET 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 141 
 
 foots, the latter frequently rising some distance out of 
 the ground : rather coarse-grained. Extensively grown 
 for stock-feed intr. 
 3. ScoAB Beets. Sometimes said to belong to another 
 
 species, 
 
 hut doubtless to be classified here. Rather 
 
 small-growing varieties, with ujedium tops : roots 
 small to medium, usually fusiform, smooth, nearly 
 always yellowish or whitish. 
 
 4. Chard, or Swiss Chard. Varieties with compara- 
 tively large tops, broad leaf-blades and very large, suc- 
 culent leaf-stems, which are cooked and eaten somewhat 
 like asparagus. The thrifty, tender young Ivs. make a 
 verv excellent pot-herb. Chard has sometimes been re- 
 ferred to a separate species, Beta Cicla, but should be 
 included with B. vulgaris. See Chard. 
 
 5, Foliage Beets. A race which has been developed 
 to proluce luxuriant foUage of many colors and varieil 
 markings. Of such varieties are the Brazilian. Chilian, 
 Victoria, and Dracaena-leaved. The ribs of the Ivs. are 
 usually beautifully colored. Where the leaf-blight fungus 
 is not serious, these foliage Beets make excellent bor- 
 ders where strong and heavy effects are desired, and 
 they are excellent for bedding. RaiscMl from seeds, as 
 other Beets are ; roots may be kept over winter. 
 
 The Beet is not often damaged by insects. It is 
 sometimes attacked by rust, rot, spot-diseases, and 
 
 202. Long Blood Beet. 
 
 scab, of which the last is the worst. The scab is the 
 same disease which attacks the potato, and one of the 
 chief precautious is, therefore, to avoid following pota- 
 toes with Beets. For the most part, clean culture and 
 proper rotations will forestall serious injury from plant 
 diseases. Spra5'ing with Bordeaux mixture may be ex- 
 pected to prevent the leaf diseases. „ 4 -nr 
 * ^ F. A. Waugh. 
 
 BEGONIA (named after M. Begon). Begonicice(f. 
 Elephant's Ear. Beefsteak Geranium. A large ge- 
 nus of very popular and useful plants for the house, 
 couservatory and garden. Succulent herbs or under- 
 shruhs, having the stem in some cases reduced to a thick 
 rhizome, in others to a distinct small tuber, while a few 
 others possess a semi-tuber, in which there are a num- 
 ber of closely set scales or suppressed Ivs., resembling 
 bulbs : Ivs. variable, alternate, more or less unequal- 
 sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed, ovate-acuminate, or- 
 bicular or peltate : fls. usually in axillary cymes, moncp- 
 cious, large ; males usually with 4 petals, females with 
 5 (rarely 2), pink, white, rose, scarlet, yellow, and all 
 shadesofthese,beingrepresented ; stamens numerous ; 
 filaments free or united at the base ; styles 2 or 4, free, 
 sometimes connate ; stigmas branched or twisted like a 
 corkscrew : fr. usually a 3-winged capsule, which is 
 often colored ; ovary inferior ; seeds numerous, very 
 minute. The first Begonia was introduced into England 
 in 1777. Since then, out of the 350 species known, about 
 150 have proved of value to the horticulturist. Few 
 other plants have been improved so rapidly, there being 
 thousands of varieties now in cult., displaying the most 
 gorgeous colors in- their fls. and beauty and coloring 
 
 in their Ivs. Their geographical distribution is very dis- 
 junctive and localized. They are indigenous to Mex., 
 Cent, and S. Amer., Asia, and S. Afr. They seem to 
 have no genetic relationship with other plants now 
 living. For literature, see Dryander, The Genus Be- 
 gonia, Trans, of the Linn. Soc, Vol. 1, 1789 ; Klotzsch, 
 Begoniaceen-Gattungen und Arten, 12 plates. 1»55 ; De- 
 Candolle's Prodromus, 15, lb(i4; Ravenscroft. B.C., Be- 
 gonia Culture for Amateurs, 1894 ; Wynne, Tuberous 
 Begonias. 
 
 The Begonias now in cult, may bo roughly divided 
 into four sections or groups : 
 
 I. FiBROUS-ROOTED, OR WlXTER-FLOWERlNO. 
 
 Nos. 1-71. 
 
 11. Semi-tubkrous, OB Socotrana. 
 Nos. 72-76. 
 
 III. TCBEROrS, OR SUMMKR-FLOWERINO. 
 
 Nos. 77-99. 
 
 IV. Rex, or OrnamentaL-leaved. 
 
 Nos. 100-103. 
 
 In the following account, the dates refer to intro- 
 duction into cultivation, not into American trade. They 
 are European dates. p^ j3_ Kennedy. 
 
 There are four sections of the Begonia family, and as 
 each requires somewhat different directions for their 
 cultivation, it is desirable to treat them separately. The 
 first section, the Fibrous-rooted, comprises such varie- 
 ties as B. nitida, seniperfloremt, var. gitjantea rosea, 
 albo-picta, Haageana, and Burhartrei. Cuttings taken 
 from clean, healthy stems will strike readilj' in an ordi- 
 nary propagating box or bench, and if potted -on. as 
 they require root-room, will make fine plants for late 
 winter- and spring-flowering. As soon as one neglects 
 good treatment, especially in regard to light, fresh air 
 and fresh soil, the red spider, a physiological disease 
 appearing like rust, and the dreaded nematodes, will 
 soon attack them and give them a sickly and stunted 
 appearance. They require a temperature of from 5.>-00° 
 at night and 65-70° in the day time. The plants should 
 be kept close to the glass during the early stages of 
 their growth, on account of the tendency of many of the 
 varieties to send out rather long shoots. A compost of 
 3 parts good loam, 1 part well-rotted manure, and 1 
 part sand, will be found very suitable for their growth. 
 While Begonias in general are injured by too strong 
 sunshine during summer, they are benefited by all the 
 sunshine they can get during the winter and early spring 
 months. Strong sunshine, however, pouring through 
 imperfect glass upon wet foliage, is apt to blister the 
 leaves of any Begonia. Such varieties as B. Bregei and 
 Wf^fon/ensis, which produce at their base a thickened, 
 fleshj' stem like a potato, may be propagated either by 
 division or by cuttings. Nearly all the varieties be- 
 longing to this section can be grown by amateurs, and 
 make excellent house plants, especially B. manicatn, 
 rubra, speculafa, argyrostigma, var. picta, ricinifolia, 
 heracleifolia. 
 
 The second section, the Semi-tuberous, comprises 
 such Begonias as B. Socotrana and Gloire de Sceaux. 
 They require greater care, and should be grown in a soil 
 with considerably more leaf -mold and a temperature of 
 65-70*^ in the daytime and 60° at night. Of Gloire de 
 Sceaux and other hybrids, plants 2 years old will be 
 found best for decorative purposes. 
 
 The third section, the Tuberous Begonias, are grown 
 in pots, boxes or baskets, under glass, or as bedding 
 plants in a shaded border. If the plants are intended 
 for pot culture in the greenhouse, it is best to use the 
 tubers. For early flowering, start the tubers in February 
 or March, either in small pots or shallow boxes. The soil 
 may be composed of loam, sharp sand and leaf-mold, and 
 the temperature about 60°- 65^. When the plants are 
 ready for repotting, well-rotted manure may be added, and 
 when the roots have taken a fresh hold a cooler tempera- 
 ture may be maintained. For bedding purposes, seed- 
 ling plants, as well as tubers, may be used, providing they 
 are of a first-class strain. Tubers are preferred if early- 
 flowering pluuts are desired. They bloom more abun- 
 dantly in the early part of the season, as they have the 
 strength of the already formed tubers. Plant in the mid- 
 
142 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 die of May or bej?inniniEC of June, arcordinff to locality, 
 from 3 'a- or 4-inch pots. Although they >rrow fairly well 
 under trees, the north side of a buildini^ is to be preferred ; 
 but they must not be crowded. Plenty of li^ht, with mois- 
 ture at the roots, and araulchin^ with half-rotted leaves 
 
 /.''/-y-,'i^v-' 
 
 203. Youns plants startine from the incisions on a 
 Beeonia leaf. 
 
 in hot weather, will greatly benefit the plants. Water, 
 when necessary, under the leaves. See Bedding. 
 
 The tubers should be lifted after the first light frost, 
 and stored. Seeds sown in March will produce flower- 
 ing plants by July or August, but 2-year-old tubers 
 are more satisfactory for continual blooming. The seed 
 may be sown in any shallow box or seed-pan. which 
 should first be tilled with material which will give plenty 
 of drainage, over which place some finely sifted soil to 
 receive the seed. Scatter the seed thinly. SufKcient 
 covering will be given by simply pressing the soil down 
 level. Keep in darkness by covering with glass or paper 
 for a few days, in a temp, of not less than 70°. As soon 
 as the seedlings appear the covering must be removed, 
 and when the little plants attain roots about 3^4 in. long 
 they may be pricked into nicely prepared soil. In most 
 places in this country, Tuberous Begonias do not thrive 
 out-of-doors, but in some places and with careful treat- 
 ment they do well. They are very satisfactory for 
 blooming in a well-shaded greenhouj^e in the summer. 
 
 The fourth section, the Rex Begonias, are grown en- 
 tirely for the beauty of their foliage. They may be 
 prop, by means of either shoot- or leaf-cuttinss, the 
 latter being the better when plants have to be raised in 
 
 quantity. Large and 
 well-matured, but still 
 healthy and vigorous, 
 leaves may have the 
 principal nerves cut on 
 the under side. The 
 leaf is then pegged or 
 weighted down on the 
 surface of a well- 
 drained propagating 
 bed. If carefully 
 shaded, roots will be 
 formed at every cut, a 
 tiny leaf will follow 
 (Fig. 20;{), and the lit- 
 tle plants may be in- 
 serted singly in small 
 pots. Another method 
 is to cut the large 
 leaves into triangular 
 parts, with a bit of the 
 main petiole at the tip 
 of each, and insert the 
 pieces about 1 in., with 
 the lower or thickest 
 end of the lib down- 
 ward {Fig. 204). Still 
 another method is to 
 cut the leaf in two, 
 across the veins (Fig. 
 205), and stand it edgewise in the propagating bed. The 
 young plants may be potted-up into small pots, using a 
 light, porous, sifted soil. Keep shaded in a low house 
 with a moist atmosphere. The soil may be gradually 
 
 204. Plant arising from the base 
 (or tip) of a trianeular leaf- 
 cutting. 
 
 made coarser with each potting until, in the final shift, 
 an unsifted compost of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf -mold, 1 
 part well-rotted manure, and I part sand, is used, add- 
 ing a sprinkling of lime. While watering, avoid wt'ttinj 
 the leaves as much as possible, and keep large, well de- 
 veloped plants in a shaded house, with plenty of ven- 
 tilation day and night during the summer. 
 
 Robert Shore. 
 
 The Begonia is exacting in its requirements ; yet these 
 requirements are simple. It responds readily to intelli- 
 gent culture ; most of the varieties are extremely rapid 
 in growth, and a year's time will produce an excellent 
 specimen from a rooted cutting. For horticultural pur- 
 poses, Begonias are usually divided into three gt-ntral 
 classes : the Tuberous-rooted, Rex, and Shrubby or 
 Flowering sections. Tuberous-rooted Begonias attained 
 a short-lived popularity in this country some 12 or 15 
 years ago, when they were imported in large quaiititiei 
 from France and England and used as betiding phmt-^. 
 It was hoped that they might share patronage with the 
 Geranium, but our burning summers and long-continued 
 di oughts wrought such havoc with them that they 
 speedily fell into disfavor, and very few growers now 
 handle them. This is much to be regretted, for they are 
 gorgeous flowers, and careful selection has produced 
 blooms of enormous size and wonderful form, in the 
 most vivid shades of red, white, yellow and pink. 
 
 The Rex division has been a great favorite for many 
 years. In no other class of plants are the rich metallic 
 shades of various colors found so satisfactorily blended 
 
 205. Uprieht leaf-cutting of Begonia. 
 
 as here, while the form and size of the Ivs. are of the 
 greatest variety ; those of the old Rex and of Mrs. Bon- 
 ner are frequently a foot and more in length, while little 
 Marquis Peralta makes a compact mass of tiny zoned 
 foliage averaging only 2 or 3 in. long. To the Rex va- 
 rieties showing bright green, pure silver, bronze, and 
 velvety green, ha%-e been added Lucy C'losson and Louise 
 Closs<m, both showing bands of bright, rosy plum color, 
 and Mme. Gache, with its zone of light, dull red. A 
 class of Hybrid Rex contains some of the most useful 
 and beautiful of ornamental plants. They are nearly all 
 crosses between Lesoudii and Diadema. These all 
 show the Rex texture and general habit, while the Ivs. 
 are deeply notched and zoned ; they are more substan- 
 tial than the average Rex, and they make symmetrical 
 specimens with less trouble. Some of the principal 
 American varieties of this section are Anna Domer, 
 Elsie Coles, Bertha McGregor, Flora Hill, 31rs. Shep- 
 herd, and Richmond Beauty. Rex Begonia culture is 
 simple. Soil should be a mixture of loam, woods earth, 
 sharp sand, and well-rotted cow-manure. It must be 
 light and porous. Temperature required is a warm 
 greenhouse for growing ; but grown specimens can be 
 hardened to a much lower temperature. They enjoy a 
 moist atmosphere, and must be shaded from hot sun- 
 shine. They have few insect enemies. Of later years 
 they have been subject to the attack of a verj' destruc- 
 tive fungous-like disease, but careful attention to han- 
 dling and propagation will keep it in check. The propaga- 
 tion of Rex Begonias is very simple, a leaf, or portion 
 of leaf with a strong midrib, rooting very readily in the 
 propagating bench with bottom heat. 
 
 The Shrubby or Flowering Begonias comprise a num- 
 ber of ornamental sorts with inconspicuous flowers, and 
 also varieties that are huge bouquets of bloom. Anioti? 
 the former are Albo-picta, Diadema, Nigricans, 3Ime. 
 
BEUONIA 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 143 
 
 Lionnet and Metallica, all forming beautiful specimens 
 of folia),'f. Of tlu' Howt-rint; sorts, two of the most 
 widely cultivated are the old favorites, Rubra and Wel- 
 toniensis. Vernon and Hrfordii are veritable weeds for 
 growth, and are covered with bhmm. Paul Bruant is 
 one of the freest bl(M»mers of the jrnnip, the plant beinj? 
 covered with tls,, while the ivs. are lar«;e, dark, pointed 
 anil shining. Uloire de Lorraine is the most wonderful 
 of recent Begonias, a well grown plant being a sight 
 never to be forgotten. The ris. are large, bright pink, 
 and home in wonderful profusion. It is semi-tuberous 
 in character, and requires a season of rest each year. 
 Tlie Semperflorens gigantea class is a very useful one, 
 and many Improved varieties now add value to it. 
 Among them are La France, Elegantissima alba, (ioliath, 
 Masto<lonte and Obelisque. The Shrubby section thrives 
 in much the same soil as Rex, or a tritle heavier, re- 
 quiring less heat and moisture. Cuttings can be struck 
 as easily as those of the geranium. e, q. Hill. 
 
 Index to the Begonias here described : Abel Carri^re, 
 No. 104 ; Abundance, 39 ; A. Dalliere, 105; Admiration, 
 99aa; Adonis, 74; Adrienne .Schmidt, 105; alba tiinbriata, 
 99aa; Albatross, 20 ; albo-coccinea, ID ; albo-picta, 15 ; 
 Alice Manning, 9yAA ; athieirtora, u^^aa ; Amelise, 40 ; 
 annularis, 41 ; argenteo-guttata, US; argyrnstigma, 28 ; 
 Ascotiensis, 42 ; atropurpurea compacta, 20 ; Autumn 
 Rose, 76 ; aucuhirfolia, 12 ; Baron A. Vriere, 104 ; Bau- 
 mannii, 80 ; Bertha de Chateaurocher, 43 ; Bertha Mac- 
 Gregor, 108 ; Bexley White, ODaa ; bicolor, 87 ; Bijou, 
 76; BijoudeGand, 44 ; Bismarcki, 45; Boliviensis, 81; 
 Bntnnti, 47, sub 3 ; Caffra, 24 ; Cannell's Gem, 99aa ; 
 carolinisefolia, 46 ; Carriere, 47; Charles Baltet, 99aa ; 
 Chelsoni, 83; cinnabarina, 89; Clarkei, 84; Clementiuffi, 
 105; coccinea, 29; Comte de LimmingJte, 18; coraUina, 
 29; Corbeille de Feu, 48 ; coronata, 26 ; Count Erdody, 
 108; Countess Louise Erdo<ly, 107; Countess of Craven, 
 9'Jaa; Credneri, sub 3 ; Crimson Gem, 20 ; crinita, 90 ; 
 cyclophylla, 91 ; dapdalea, 32 ; Dandy, 99aa; Davisii, 
 77; Dewdrop, 47; Diadem, 20 ; diadema, 49 ; digitata, 
 50; Digwelliana, 66; discolor, 85; diversi folia, 87; 
 Domini, 107 ; Dr. Masters, 99aa ; Dr. Nachtigal, 23 ; 
 Dresrei, 24 ; Duchartrei, 2 ; Duchesse de Brabant, 108 ; 
 Duchess of Edinburgh, 20; Duchess of York. 20; Duchess 
 of Leinster, 9i)AA; Duke of York, 99aa; Duke Zeppelin, 
 99aa ; D. Wettstein, 105 ; echinosepala, 51 : Edward B. 
 Kennedy, 104 ; Ed. Pynaert, 104 ; elegantissima, 20 ; 
 eUtptica, 16 ; Erdoay, 107, 108 ; Erfordii, .'2 ; Evansi- 
 ana, 85 ; Fairy Queen, 20; Feastii,53; Flamingo, 99aa; 
 F. E. Lain g, 99a ; foliosa, 14; Froebeli, 7f> ; Froebeli 
 vtrnalis, 78 ; fuchsioides, 13 ; geranifolia, 92 ; gera- 
 nioldes, 80 ; Gilsoni, 54 ; glaucophylla, 18 ; Gloire de 
 Lorraine, 75; Gloire de Sceaux, 76; Glory of Stanstead, 
 99aa ; Goegoensis, 30 ; Goliath, 20 ; gracilis, 87 ; gra- 
 cilis, var. Martiana, 87 ; Grnhamiatia, 19 ; grandiflora, 
 94; (jrandis, 85, 107 ; Grifflthi, 100 ; gunnersefolia, 9 ; 
 Haa^eana, 3 ; HaAnkarli, 5 ; Hecla, 99aa ; Henri Dor- 
 neek, 105: Henri Vilmorin, 104; Henshaw Russell, 99aa; 
 heracleifolia, 33 ; hernandiiffolin, 63 ; hybrida multi- 
 tiora, 55 ; hydrocotylifolia, 8 ; Illustration, 20 ; imperi- 
 alis,4; imperialis, var. smaragdina, 4 ; incarnata, 12; 
 Ingrami, 56; insignis, 12; John Heal, 74; Julia, 74; 
 Knowlsleyana, 57 ; Kunthiana. 58 ; laciniata, 101 ; Lady 
 Balfour of Burleigh, 99aa; Lady Grinthorpe, 99aa ; La 
 France, 20 ; leopardinus, 107; Leopoldi, 107; Lesoudii. 
 105: Lin^e, 105; Lothair, 99aa; iiouise Closson, 108: 
 Louise Chretien, 108 ; Lubbersi. 59; Lucaniae, 60; Lucy 
 Closson, 108 ; lucida, 16 ; Lyncheana. 61 ; maculata, 
 28 : maculata, var. coraUina, 29 ; Mad. tl'Lamagny, 105; 
 Madame deLesseps, 62 ; Mad. Trevve, 104: Mad.Funck, 
 104 : Mad. F. Alesratiere, 104 ; 3iad. Georges Bruant, 
 105 ; Mad. Chas. Weber, 104 ; Mad. G. Van Meerbeeke, 
 104: Mad. Jos. xMoens, 104; Mad. Luizet, 104; Mad. 
 Isabella Bellon, 105 ; Mad. D. Wettstein, 105 ; Mau. 
 ^asrnet, 107 ; manicata, 17; manicata, var. aureo-macu- 
 lata, 17; Margarita?, 6 ; Marquis de Peralta. 108: Jfar- 
 ti<ina, 12; Mastodon, 20: Margarita, 99aa; Matilda, 108; 
 M. Crousse, 105; metallica, 10; minor, 23; Miranda, 
 107 ; Miss Edith Wynne. 99aa ; Miss Falconer, 99aa ; 
 Miss A. de Rothschild, 99aa ; Moonlight, 99aa : Mrs. 
 Brassey, 99aa ; Mrs. J. Thorpe. 99aa ; Mrs, Re^nart, 
 99a A ; Natalensjs, 93 ; nelumbiifolia. 63 ; nisrricans, 68; 
 Qitida, 23 ; nitida, var. odorata alba, 23 ; Obelisque, 20; 
 
 obliqua, 23 ; Octavie, 99aa ; octopetala, 94 ; Olbia, .^6 ; 
 Otto Forater, 107; Parke, 99aa ; palmata, 50 ; Papillon, 
 105 ; parvHolia, 24 ; Paul Bruant, 64 ; Pearcel, 88 ; pel- 
 tata, 5 ; phyllomaniaca, 22 ; Picotee, 99aa ; picta, 100 ; 
 Pictavensis, sub 3; platanifolia. 9; polypetala, 95; Pres. 
 Belle, 104 ; Pres. Carnot, 65 ; Pres. de Boureuilles, 68 ; 
 Pres. de la Devanaaye, 104 ; Prince Troubetzkoi, 107 ; 
 Princess May, 99aa ; (^ueen of Whites, 99aa ; Reading 
 Snowdake, 20; Rex, 103; Rex xdiadema hybrids, 103; 
 Rexxdiscolor hybrids, 103 ; ricinifolia, 11 ; Ifoezlii, 61 ; 
 rosfeflora, 79; Rosy Morn, 1>9aa ; rubella, 34; rubra, 29; 
 rubricaulis, 96 ; Sandersoni, 6<i ; sanguinea, 31 ; Sauli, 
 53a ; scandens, 16 ; Scarlet Gem, 99aa ; sceptra, 49 ; 
 Scharffi, 3 ; Scharflliana, 1 ; Schmidti, 7 ; Schmidtiana, 
 7 ; Sedeni, 97 ; Selloivii, 20 ; semperflcu"eus, 20 ; sem- 
 perrtorens irigantea rosea, 21; Sieberiana, 21 ; Sir Jo- 
 seph Hooker, 104 ; Socotrana, 72 ; Souv. de Mad. 
 la Baronne de Bleichroder, 104 ; Sovereign, 99 aa ; spe- 
 cioHa,23; speculata, 35; Stanstea*! Surprise, 99aa ; 
 stigmosa, 67 ; sirigillosa, 32 ; subpeltata nigricans, 68 ; 
 Sunderbruchi,69: Sutherlandi,98; tenera,9:): Teuscheri, 
 37 ; Theodore Schmidt, 105; Thurstoni, 70; Thivaitfsii, 
 99 ; Torrey Laing, 99aa ; Triomphe, 99aa ; Triomphe 
 de Lemoine, 73 ; Triomphe de Nancy, 73 ; Veitchi, 82 ; 
 Vernon, 20; I'ersr hn f fc It i, 27; Verschaffeltiana, 27; Ve- 
 suvius, 99aa ; Wa.shingtoniana, 9 ; Weltoniensis, 25; 
 Wettsteinii, 71 ; Wilhelm Ptitzer, 105 ; Winter Gem, 74; 
 xanthina, 102 ; zebrina, 41. 
 
 I. FiBROrS-ROOTED OR WiNTER-FLOVVEKIXG. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 Lvs. hairy, velvety, or downy on the upper surface. 
 
 Shape of lvs. oblignely ovate-acuminate, orbicular- 
 acuminate, or peltate. 
 
 c. Size of lvs. large, more than S in. wide. 
 
 D. Fls. with red hairs on ttnder surface of petals, large. 
 
 1. Scliarffid,na, Rejrel. Fig. 206. A robust herbaceous 
 perennial, l'-2 ft. high : lvs. large, thick, tleshy, hairy, 
 olive-green above, crimson below : stipules very large 
 and prominent : ds. waxy white. Braz. — This Begonia 
 requires warmth and care to succeed well. When well- 
 grown, it is an excellent bracket plant. 
 
 206. Beeonia Scharffiana. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 2. Duchartrei, Hort., hybrid (B. echinosepala xScharf- 
 fi(ina } : st. 2-3 ft. high, branched profusely, hairy, pur- 
 ple: lvs. ovate-lanceolate acuniiiuite, green above, hairy, 
 red below; fls, large, waxy white, a few red hairs on the 
 under surface of petals.— Int. by Bruant in 1892. 
 
 3. Haage^na, Watson (B. Scharffi, Hook.). Fig. 207. 
 Tall-shrubby, whole plant hairy : lvs. ovate-cordate, 
 acuminate, wavy, red-nerved above: fls. rose-pink, with 
 a cyme 8-12 in. in diam., males with 2 round and 2 nar- 
 row petals, fenaalea with 5 equal petals, Brazil. G.C. 
 
144 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 III. 16:633 (1894). B.M. 7028. as B. Schnrfii. -One of 
 the most beautiful plauts of the jremi"*. H«s been di?*- 
 tributecl as ti. Schiirff'ntnn by tniHtuke. 
 
 Ji. Credntri, Hurt. (/?. Schattfiiiua x metdllica). Int. 
 by Haaf^e Si. Schmidt. 18'J0. There is another plant named 
 li. Credneri, which was raised by Lemoine in iHiM from 
 the same parents. Bruant also used these two parents 
 in 18'J1, and called his plant tt. Pirtarifnsis. All three 
 plantH are identical, and can only be distintruished from 
 B. Uitagfiina by their smaller flowers and the peduncles 
 standing erect anu not >fracefully bendinjf over, as in 
 Han>?eana. There is another plant spelled B. Pictavensis, 
 raise«l by Bniant in 1881. a cross of B. Schmidt iixsem- 
 pt-rflorens. It has also been called B. Bruanti. (See 
 R.H. 1882, p. 377: 1883. pp. H. .^2. ) 
 
 Dn. FIs. white or greenish white, small. 
 
 4. imperious, Lem. St. short, herbaceous, preen: Ivs. 
 4-6 in. wide, very hairy, brownish >;reen, with irre^lar 
 bands of bright jjreen along the nerves : tls, insigniS- 
 cant, white. I.H. 8:274. Var. mactil&ta, Hort., has 
 brown Ivs. with green blotches. Var. smaragdlna, Hort., 
 has wholly bright green Ivs. I.H. 7: 202. 
 
 5. pelUta, Hassk. (B. Hdsskarli, Zoll.). St. per- 
 ennial : Ivs. peltate, ovateacnminate, thick and succu- 
 lent, covered with a whitish tomentuni, G-9 in. long: tls. 
 small, white, on long peduncles. Braz. — It is the only 
 Begonia in cult, with thick, felted, peltate, silvery Ivs. 
 
 cc. Size of h'S. small, less than i in. wide. 
 
 6. Margarltae, Hort. (B. metdllica x eehinose'pala). 
 Plant 1-2 ft. high : sts. purple, hairy : Ivs. ovate-acumi- 
 nate, sinuously dentate, green above, red beneath : fls. 
 in cymes, large, rose colored ; sepals with long hairs at 
 the base. — Int. by Bruant in 1884. 
 
 7. SchmidtiknAf Regel (B. Schmidti, Bort.). Dwarf, 
 
 herbaceous, 1 ft. or less in 
 height : Ivs. lobed, toothed, 
 hairy, about 2 in. long, reddish 
 beneath : ris. white, tinted with 
 rose. Braz. R.H, 1883, pp. 56.57. 
 Gn. 17, pp. 2()8.269. — A very use- 
 ful plant for summer bedding. 
 
 8. hydrocotylifdlia, 
 Otto. St, succulent, 
 creeping: lvs,rotundate- 
 cordate : petiole short : 
 whole plant hairy : pe- 
 duncles 1 ft. high, pilose; 
 fls. dipetalous. rose-col- 
 ored, Mex, B.M. 3968. 
 
 reniform, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green, lob«i 
 acute, toothed, ciliated : lis. in axillary dicliotonioui 
 cymes, large, white, tinted rose. Braz. B.M. 3.i!M.-B, 
 
 207, 
 
 Beeonia Haageana 
 
 (XK). No. 3, 
 
 BB, Shape of haves incised, or parted. 
 
 c, Fls. white or wJdtish. 
 
 9. platanifdlia, Graham, St, 5-6 ft. high, erect, robust, 
 smooth, green, joints annulated : Ivs. 8-10 in. in diam,, 
 
 208. Begonia fuchsioides (X 3^), No. 13. 
 
 gunne ret folia, Lind. (/?, Wa/thinytoniana, Hort,), once 
 offered by Saul, is very similar to this, but its Ivs. are 
 not so deeply lobed and the tis, are very insignificant. 
 I.H, 22:212. 
 
 cc. Fls. pink. 
 
 10, met&llica, G. Smith. Sts. perennial, succulent, 
 hairy, 4 ft, high, branched : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed 
 and serrated. 3-6 in. long, upper surface green, shaded 
 w^ith a dark metallic color : tis. blush-white, uiider side 
 of petals clothed with red bristly hairs. There are a 
 number of varieties; p. g., var. variegata, var. veliitina, 
 var, c^prea, but thev do not diflFer much from the orijri- 
 nal. Bahia, R.H. 1844 : 218, G.C.II. 5: 397.-A very 
 attractive plant, both in foliage and tlower, 
 
 11, ricinifdlia, Hort, (B. Jierachifdliaxpeponifolia). 
 St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, bronzy greeu. 
 lobed, resembling castor-oil plant : tls. numerous, on 
 long, erect peduncles, rose pink, 
 
 AA. IfVS. glahrous, or only a fexr scattered hairs on the 
 upper surface or on the margins. 
 
 B. Under surface of Ivs. green. 
 
 C. Margins entire or toothed. 
 
 D, Width of Ivs. less than 1 in. 
 
 E, Fls. pink, scarlet, or carmine. 
 
 12, incarnita, Link & Otto (B. ancubcefblia, Hort 
 B. Martidna, Schlecht. B. insigni.s. Grab,), St, erect, 
 herbaceous, 2-3 ft, high : Ivs, uurqually cordate, lanceo- 
 late, toothed : tis, rose-colored, abundant, males Ik. in. 
 across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals ; females 
 smaller, with 5 equal petals. B.M. 2900, as B. insignis. 
 A, G. 16:97, A,F, 12: 724-5 ; 13:588, R,H. 1870, p. 2tK); 
 1875: 151. V^ar. grandifldra, Hort., is a new and much 
 improved variety, which is very useful f or cut-tlowers or 
 decoration in winter. 
 
BEOONIA 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 145 
 
 13. tuehiioldei , Hook. Fig. 208. Rootstock woody : 
 gtg. tall and succulent : Ivs. ovate, IH In. lonj?, tinned 
 with red when younff : flu. droopinf; li>-- a fuchsia, rich 
 
 209. Beffonia semperflorens. 
 
 A recently struck cuUin«. To show the precocity of bloom. 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 scarlet, males with 4 petals, females with 5 petals. New 
 Granada. B.M.4281. Var. mini&ta, Linden (i?. cinna- 
 fjarlna. Hort.), differs ouly in having tiesh-colored fls. 
 R.H. 1855:221. F.S. 8: 787. 
 
 EE. Fls. white or whitish, small. 
 
 14. folidsa, HBK. Shrubby, sts. herbaceous, slender, 
 branchinitr : Ivs. frond-like, very small, 3-lobed, 
 glossy green : tis, white, tinged with rose. Blooms 
 early summer. New Granada. — An elegant basket 
 and ornamental plant. 
 
 15. 4Ibo-picta, Hort. Shrubby, compact gi*owth> 
 freely branched : Ivs. elliptical, lanceolate, covered 
 with numerous small silvery white spots: fls. green- 
 ish white, males with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals, 
 females of 5 subequal petal.s. Braz.— An elegant 
 foliage plant. Int. by Bull in 1885. 
 
 DD. Width of Ivs. more than 1 in. 
 
 E. Stem rhizomatous, creeping, or climbing. 
 
 16. scAndens, Swartz (B. I hcida, Otto & Dietr. B. 
 (Ulpticii, Kunth). Sts. climbing or trailing, clinging 
 by means of short aerial roots : Ivs. ovate, acuminate. 
 lobed. glossy green, 4 in. long: fls. small, white, hang- 
 ing in ball-like clusters. W. Ind. R. H. 1879, p. 300. 
 -An excellent basket or climbing plant. 
 
 17. manic&ta, Brongn. A short-stemmed, succulent 
 plant: Ivs. ovate, obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, 
 shiny green, 6-8 in. long : petioles covered with tleshy, 
 s^'ale-like hairs: peduncles a foot or more long, bearing 
 loose panicles of pink dipetalous fls. Mex. Var. atireo- 
 macnlita, Hort., has large blotches of yellowish wuite 
 onthelvs. F.E. 8:1159. F.R.2:435. 
 
 18. glaucophyila, Hook. (B. glancophylla spUndens, 
 Hort. B. glaucophylla scdndetis. Hort. B. Comte de 
 Lmmiiifjhe, Hort. ). Probably a hybrid, but parents not 
 known. Sts. long, drooping or creeping: Ivs. ovate, 
 '^avy,3 in. long, glaucous-green, reddish and variegated 
 in bud : Hs. rose-red, males 1 in. across, with 2 ovate and 
 2 narrow petals, females of 4 equal petals. Braz. f B. M. 
 •iily. - A good basket plant, flowering freely all winter. 
 
 10 
 
 19. Albo-coceinea, Hook. {B. G'raAamidna, Wight). 
 Rootstock creeping : Ivs. peltate, ovate, leathery, 6 In. 
 long : peduncles 1 ft. long, coral red ; male fls. I in. 
 across, with 4 petals ; female fls. also of 4 petals, white 
 above, coral-red beneath. Flowers in winter. Bras. 
 B.K. 32:39. B.M. 4172. 
 
 KK. Stem erect. 
 
 20. temperfldrens, Link & Otto {B. Sellou-ii, R?.). 
 Fig. 209, St. herbaceous, smooth, green or reddish, 
 G-18 in. high : Ivs. ovate, rotundate, obtuse at the base, 
 toothed and ciliatt? along the margin, pale glossy green, 
 tinged with red on the midrib and petiole : peduncles 
 axillary, few-flowered : fls. white or rose-colored ; mal«s 
 with 4 petals, females with 5 petals : capsule green, 
 wings tinged with red. Braz. L.B.C. 15:1439. R.H. 1897, 
 p. 40. B.M. 2920. — This is an exceedingly variable species. 
 An endless number of garden forms has been pro<luced 
 from it. Some of the most important are as follows : 
 V'ar. atropurpurea compdrta, Gt. 44, p. 570 ( Vernon ), an 
 excellent bedder, deep red ; Fairy i^nten, bright rosy 
 carmine, bedding ; JDuchfsa of York, crimson, bedding ; 
 Crimson Gem, foliage crimson-bronze, fls. elegant car- 
 mine ; Duchess of Edinburgh, fls. large, white, easily 
 grown from seed ; Reading Snowflake, white ; Dia- 
 dem, dark rose; Illustration, carmine; Albatross^ 
 elegantissima, Mastodontt, Goliath, La France, Obelis- 
 que, etc. 
 
 21. Var. grlgantSa rdsea (B. semperfldrensxLynche- 
 dna). Very distinct: rootstock woody ; sts. succulent, 
 about 3 ft. high : Ivs. on short petioles, ovate or reniform, 
 toothed at the margins, about 7 in. across, bright green, 
 with a red spot at base of sinus : peduncles axillary, 
 stout, 4-8 in. long, bearing large panicles of large rosy 
 red fls,, of which the males have 2 ovate petals, the fe- 
 males 2-4 smaller petals. A. F. 13:586. A.G. 16:41.-One 
 
 210. Begonia semperflorens. var. Sieberiana. No. 21. 
 
 of the best Begonias for winter decoration in the green- 
 house. Int. by Lemoine in 1888. Var. Sieberi&na, int. 
 by Lemoine, is shown in Fig, 210 (from the French). 
 
146 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 22. phyllomanlaca, Mart. Fig. 211. St. perennial : Ivs, 
 obliquely cordate, attenuate, 4-0 in. long, sli(u:htly lacini- 
 ated and fringed : tls. pale pmk. B.M. .5254. Brazil.— 
 This species is peculiar in that it i^ioduces from the stem, 
 petioles and Ivs, innumerable Ifts. or small growths. It 
 is one of the most interesting of plants, though not of 
 much decorative value. 
 
 23. nitida, Dryander (B. m)nor, Jacq. B. specidsa, 
 Hort. B. obnqn'a, holier). St. :V4 ft. high, perennial, 
 fleshy, woody at the base when old : Ivs. obliquely ovate, 
 wavy, 4-6 in. across, glossy dark green : tls. on long, 
 axillary peduncles, pale pink, with a silvery blush ; 
 males \% in. across, with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals ; 
 females smaller, with .5 equal petals. Jamaica. B.M. 4046. 
 — A very useful plant in the greenhouse, flowering all 
 winter. Also interesting on account of being the first 
 Begonia introduced into Europe (1777). Var. odoriita 
 Alba is a very Imndsome variety of this species, which 
 
 BB. Lvs. red, reddish or red-veined on the under surface 
 c. Margins entire or serrate. 
 
 28. maculata, Kaddi (B. argyrostigma, Pisch.). St. 
 erect, branching, woody when old : lvs. cordate, lanceo- 
 late, wavy, 4-6 in. long, upper surface sometimes with 
 large white, roundish spots: fls. pale rose or whit*-, males 
 with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals, females with .") e(iual 
 petals. It includes several forms. Braz. B.R.OC.ri. Var. 
 argyrostigma picta, Hort., is a common form, with ver- 
 large white spots on the lvs. 
 
 29. COCClnea. Hook. {B. rubra, Hort. B. maruldta. 
 var. corall'iHa, Hort. ). Tall, succulent sts. : lvs. on short 
 petioles, obliquely oblong, angular, with wavy red mar- 
 gins, 4-6 in. long: fls. deep coral-red; males %m. swnm. 
 with 4 unequal petals; females more attractive, owing to 
 the length and rich color of the ovary, which has .3 small 
 subequal wings. Braz. B.M. 3990. — The fls. are very 
 
 persistent 
 ceeJingly 
 
 Beeonia phyllomaniaca. 
 
 Showing the adventitious 
 
 plantlets. No. 22. 
 
 'ii'il'. ,.//' 
 
 
 has smaller fls. of the purest 
 white and sweet-scented. Dr. 
 Nachtigal, hybrid {B. nitida. 
 Dry., var. odorata albaxLynche- 
 ana), is similar in general form 
 to the above, but has fls. of a deli- 
 cate rose-pink, especially on the 
 inne^' surface of petals. 
 
 cc. Margins incised, lobed or 
 parted. 
 
 D. Width of lvs. less than 2 in. 
 
 24. Dr6gei, Otto & Dietr. (B. 
 Cdffra, Meissn. B. parvifdlia, 
 Giah. a. renif6rmis, Hort.). 
 Rootstock a fleshy, globular tuber ; sts. succulent, an- 
 nual, 1-2 ft. high : lvs. thin, small, green, deeply ser- 
 rated, reddish on the under side : Ms. white, small, 
 profuse. Cape of Good Hope, B.M. 3720. 
 
 25. Weltoni^nsis, hybrid (parents not known). St. 
 reddish, l^'2-2 ft. high : lvs. light green, smooth, ovate- 
 acuminate, lobed. dentate, 1%-- in. across : petiole red, 
 1-1 >2 in. long : fls. pink, profuse, on short peduncles.— 
 Int. by Major Clark, of Welton Park. Var. Alba, Hort., 
 has white fls, 
 
 DD. Width of lvs. more th in 2 tn. 
 
 26. coron^ta, Hort., hybrid (B. caroliniift'dliaxpoltf- 
 dntha). St. shrubby, coarse, 2-r> ft. high, covered with 
 numerous withered stipules : lvs. large, lobe<l, or. long 
 petioles : fls. pale pink, with large, sometvhat droop- 
 ing cymes. 
 
 27. Verschaffeltiiina, Refal. {B. V'erschaffelti. Ilort. 
 B. hUDiivata x(aroliniaf(^ la f. St. a thick rhizome: 
 lvs. large, ovate, acuminate, lobed : fls. rose-colored, 
 pendent on long peduncles. I.H.2: 68. — Tail, coarse and 
 unsightly as an ohl specimen, but .hen well grown from 
 year to year from cuttings makes a splendid plant. 
 
 and ex- 
 
 oruamen- 
 
 1, especially when 
 
 planted out. Choice. 
 
 30. Ooego^nsis, Brown. Fire King. St. 
 a short, thick rootstock: lvs. peltate. ovate- 
 orbicular. 6-9 in. long, surface blistered 
 or puckered, green, with dark, bronzy 
 blotches, red on the under side : 3s. 
 small, rose-pink. Sumatra.— A distinct 
 and ornamental-leaved plant. 
 
 31. sangulnea, Raddi. Sts. perennial, 
 woody at the base, red : lvs. subpeltate. 
 obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shining, bright 
 green above, blood-crimson below: fls. small, white. Rio 
 de Janeiro. B M. 35' .—A handsome evergreen foliaged 
 Begonia. 
 
 .32. daedA) Lem. (j. ...igilldsa, Dietr.). St. a short, 
 thi''k rootst k: lvs. large, green, ovate-acuminate, cor- 
 date, margins slightly serrate and beset with hn\^ red- 
 dish hairs, suirace covered with a peculiar network of 
 russet-bro'vn : peduncles spotted and slightly hairy: fls, 
 white, tinged with pink. Mer. I. H. 8: 209. -A handsome 
 foliage plant, not very widely known. 
 
 cc. Margins incised, lobed •r parted. 
 D. Jt. creeping ; a short, thick rhizome. 
 
 33. heracleifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. (B.jatrophcFfdUa, 
 Hon. ). St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs. (>-12 in. across, 
 palmate, lobes toothed, rich green : peduncles 3-4 ft. 
 loDtr: tis. white or rose-tinted. Mex. B.M. 3444. B.R.IOeti, 
 Var. nigricans, Hort., has the margins <if the lvs. bor- 
 dered with dark green. B.M. 498.!. Var. longipila, Hort., 
 has lonir. fleshy hairs on the leafstalks aii<l peduncle? 
 Var. punctata, Hort., has green ivs., reddish ne.'tr the 
 margin : fls. rose-colored, with deep red spots on the 
 outside. 
 
 34. rub611a, Hamilt. St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs. 
 large, cordate, acuminate, deeply lobed, smooth, spotted 
 with irregularly shaped dark brown marks : fls. pale 
 pink, on lontr peduncles. Nepal. 
 
 35. speculAta, Hort.. hybrid ? St. a short, thick 
 rhizome : lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate, on long. 
 hairy petioles, dull green, rough, speckled with grey, 
 hairy, reddish on the under side, veins very prominent, 
 litrht tureen, profusely branched : fls. on long, hairy pe- 
 duncles, pink-white, mules and females both with - 
 petals : capsule green, with small red spots. — Orisrin lot 
 known, thctiirh quite common in cultivation. A liardy 
 and uselul Begor .. 
 
BEGONIA 
 
 DD. Stem erect. 
 
 36. dlbia, Kerchove. St. leathery, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. 
 lobed, hairy and olive -green above, smooth and red be- 
 neath, margins reddish, petioles grooved, smooth, veins 
 prominent as dark lines: tis. concealed by Ivs., in small 
 rlusters directly on the st. without peduncles, large, 
 white, male a;.d female in same cluster. Braz. 
 
 37. Tedscheri, Lind. 8t. 2-:{ ft. hifrh. erect, strong 
 {rrower: Ivs. large, acutely lobed, ovate-lanceolate, mar- 
 gins serrate, bright green above, with srreyish blotches, 
 redveir.ea below: fls. in axillary clusters, bright red, 
 large. Jlalaya. I.H. 26: ;r)8. 
 
 38. argfinteo- guttata, Hort. (B. dlbo-pktaxO'lbia). 
 Profusely branching: Ivs. shining green, ovate-acumi- 
 nate, slightly lobed, smooth, 2Hin. wide, 3-5 in. long, 
 thickly dotted wi;h white spots: fls. in clusters, variable; 
 petals white, tinged with pink: capsule rose-pink. — Int. 
 by Lemoine, 188'J. 
 
 PL'PPLEMEXTARV LIST — FIBROUS-ROOTED. 
 
 39. Abunda7ice (B. fucli.siov»:^«»yseinperflorens). 
 Plant, 2 ft. high : st. re- isi. . , -:^sy green, 
 ov;ite. 2 in. long, denta" •'' •. '»>.. ^„|i —Int. by 
 Lemoine in 1891. 
 
 40. .4/H»>?(Vp(B.BntantiXRoei.u.,. ""ar^ ■'*: ligh: 
 Ivs.green, broadly ovate, smooth- i. 'jsc', )red. " 
 -Int. by Bruaut iu 1H8U. 
 
 41. angtildris, Raddi (B. zebrina, •'-> ;. .. smooth, sue- 
 fuient, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. elongate, ovate-acnminate, margins 
 unduUte, shiny green, vein.s white : tls. insignificant, light 
 link. Braz. 
 
 42. Aseotiensis, Webb. Lvs. ov.-»te, 2 in. long, smooth, brown, 
 margin green, dentate: fls. on i)eduucles 4 in. long, bright reu. 
 
 43. Bertha de Chateau rncher, Hort. Var. of B. Ascotiensis : 
 fa. bright currant-reu.— Useful for cut-flowers. 
 
 44. Bijon de Oand. Hort. Caulescent: fls. rose, in clusters. 
 Very similar to Teascheri (which see). 
 
 45. Blsmarcki, Hort. Caulescent: fls. in clusters, rose, males 
 insignificant, females a gorgeous display. Very similar to 
 Teuseheri. 
 
 Caffra, Meissn. See B. Dregei. 
 
 46. caro?mi>/dita, Regel. St.ere<t, thick, fleshy: lvs. palmate. 
 lobes deeply divideu into 6 or 8 : fls. pink, on long peduncles. 
 Mexico. 
 
 M.Carrierei.Yiort semperflorensXSchmidtii). Dewdrop. 
 BRr.\N-Ti. Plant. .V at 1ft. high: lvs. like semperflorens : fls. 
 white.— Excellent be<lding Begonia. Int. by Bruant in 1883. 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 147 
 
 Fls. 
 
 48. Corbeille de Feu (B. semperflorens Xfuchsioides) 
 bright coral-red.— Int. by Lemoine in 1891. 
 
 49. (Z/ad^ma, Linden (B.sceptra. Hort.). Plant, 2 ft. high- lvs 
 green, deeply parted, blotched with white, dentate: fls. insignifi- 
 cant. Borneo. I. H. 29:446. 
 
 
 ... Begonia Madame de Lesseps (X >4). No. 62. 
 
 213. Beeonia President Carnot. No. 65. 
 
 50. dimtdta, Raddi (B. palmata, Hort.). Lvs. palmate, i0-12- 
 parteii. somewhat pubescent, green above, brownish beuoath 
 Brazil. 
 
 51. echinosSpala, Hort. St. green, succulent : lvs. obliquely 
 oblong : fls. on axillary peduncles, white, with curiously papil- 
 lose sepals. 
 
 52. Erfordii, Hort. (B. Schmidtii X semperflorens Vernon) 
 \ ery dwart and bushy, iVaft. high: fls. abundant, rose-carmine 
 —Excellent for bedding. Int. by Haage & Schmidt in 1894. 
 
 5.1. Ft'astii, Hort. (B. m.anicitaXhydrocotylifolia). St. a short, 
 thick rootstock : lvs. sulx)rbicular, thick, red beneath, entire - 
 petioles irregidarly marked : fls. light pink, on long peduncles' 
 —Int. by John Feast, of Baltimore, before 1880. 
 
 Sauli, Hort., is a newly introduced species from Guatemala, 
 resembling Feastii in the shai)e and color of its lvs.. but with a 
 dist'uct red sinus at junction of petiole with leaf. 
 
 54. G««o»ii, Hort. (origin .Vraerican). Plant, 2 ft. high: st. 
 shrubby, coarse: lvs. large, lobed: fls. on long, erect peduncles, 
 pale pink.— Interesting as l)eing the only double-fld. fibrous- 
 rooted Begonia. Named for Gilson, colored gardener to Mrs 
 Livingston, N. Y. 
 
 55. h^brida mvWmra, Hort. (B. hybrida floribunda, Hort.). 
 I lant 2-4 ft. higli : lvs. small, 1 in. long, V^in. across, dentate, 
 green below : fls. rose-pink, hanging in clusters like a fuchsia. 
 
 56. Ingrami. Hort. (B. nitidaXfuchsioides). Combines the 
 characters of the two species : fls. light pink.— Int. by Ingram 
 111 1849. 
 
 inaignis. See B. inc lata, No. 12. 
 
 .*)7. Knowlslei/dna, lort. (origin not known), ""ery similar 
 'o B. iucamala. 
 
 .')8. Kunthidna, Walp. Stem erect : lvs. lanceolate, acumi- 
 n.ate, serrate, smooth, green above, red below : fls. white, large 
 B.M. 5284. Brazil. 
 
 ,')9. Ltibbcriii, E. Morr. Stem a short rhizome: lvs. large, 
 palmate, green : fls. pir' on long peduncles. Brazil. G.C. III. 
 :!:301. R.H. 1888. p. 225. 
 
 CO. Liun'dnfp. Hort.. hybrid (B. Lyncheana X Bruant i). Fls. 
 large, in the axils »f the lvs., rose.— Int. by Bruaut in 1889. 
 
 f* '■tinchedna. Hook. (B. Ropzlii, Regel.). St. erect, tall. 
 8«i<^ •. '-'♦, smooth: lvs. green, 8nio«»th, ovHte-eordate ; sinus 
 rr . N. in axillary, dnwping omes. dwp, reddish crimson. 
 >i k.rani'da. B.M. 6758. — .Vlmost identic.il with B. semper 
 norens gigantea rosea, but not so strong a grower. 
 
*^ 
 
 148 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 microphSlla, Willd. Is B. foliosa, Xo. 14. 
 
 minidta. Planch. & Linden. Is B. fuchsioides, No. 13. 
 
 62. Madam de Lesseps. Fig. 212. Strong, erect grower : Ivs. 
 acutely lobed, large, margins serrate, green above, red and 
 strongly veined below : fls. large, white, in axillary clusters, 
 males insignificant. 
 
 63. nelumtiifdlia, Cham. & Schl. (B. hemandiaBfoiia, Hort.). 
 St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, 12-18 in. long. 8-12 in. 
 wide, peltate, hairy on the under side : lis. small, white or 
 rose-colored, ilex. 
 
 Rcezlii, Kegel. See B. Lyncheana. Xo. 61. 
 
 64. ^.PaM?J?rufln<(B. manicataX(?) ). St. short, thick : Ivs. 
 large, olive-green tinged with red, deeply lobed : petioles large, 
 long, striped with red : a ring of fine hairs at the junction of 
 I)etiole and leaf : fls. abundant, pale pink, large, on long pe- 
 duncles. R.H. 1388. p. 544.— Int. by Bruant in 1892. 
 
 65. President Camo!. Fig. 213. Plant. 2-6 ft. high, leggy: Ivs. 
 ovate-lanceolate, aeute-lobed, ribs on the under side red : fls. 
 in a large cluster ; males small, insignificant ; females large, 
 bright red-carmine, 2 in. long, including capsule.— Striking. 
 
 B. Digwelliana. 
 
 66. Sdndersoni. hybrid (origin "not known. 
 Hort.). Fls. scarlet. 1882. 
 
 Sauli. See below B. Feastii, No. 53. 
 
 67. stiff mosa, Lindl. St. a short, creeping rhizome: Ivs. large, 
 cordate-acute, irregularly toothed, smooth above, hairy beneath, 
 green, with piirple-brown blotches : fls. insignificant, white, in 
 cymose panicles, ilex. 
 
 68. suhpeltoita nigricans, Hort. (B. nigricans, Hort.). Plant, 
 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. ovate, acuminate, blood-red below, silvery and 
 slightly hairy above, 4-8 in. long. 2-4 in. across : fls. rose-pink, 
 profuse: capsule wings equal, pink.— Very useful for decoration. 
 Var. Pres. de Boureuilles, Hort., has Ivs. of a much richer color, 
 and more profusely studded with red hairs : fls. of a deeper 
 pink. 
 
 69. Sunderbruehi, Hort. An American form of B.heracleifolia, 
 var. longipila : Ivs. bronze-green, silver bands along the nerves, 
 purple underneath. 
 
 70. Thurstoni, Hort. (B. metallicaXsanguinea) . St. 2 ft, high : 
 Ivs. orbicular-acuminate, shiny, smooth, rich purple, red on the 
 under side, veins prominent : fls. insignificant, small, rosy 
 white, on slender petiuncles. A.F. 7: 728,— Excellent. 
 
 veliUina, Hort. See B. metallica. No. 10. 
 
 214. Begonia Wettsteiiiii (X 14). No. 71. 
 
 71. Wettsteinii. Hort. Fig. 214. St. a foot high, branching 
 from the base : Ivs. slightly loljeil, elongated, ovate-acuminate: 
 fls. on long, slender, gracefiil i)eduncles, laige, in clusters, 
 bright red : capsule large, retl and showy, very profuse. 
 
 zebrlna, Hort. See B. angularis. No. 41. 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 II. Semi-tuberocs or Socotran Section'. 
 
 72. Socotr^na, Hook. Fig. 215. St. annual, stout and 
 succulent, forming at the base a number of clcsely set 
 scales or suppressed Ivs. resembling bulbs : ivs. "dark 
 green, orbicular, peltate, 4-7 in. across, center depressed, 
 margin recurved, crenate : fls. in terminal few-fld! 
 cvmes, bright rose. B.M. 6555. Gn. 21 : 327. Gn. 49:1069 
 G".C. II. 15:8. A.F. 13:587, 588. -Semi-tubers were 
 brought from the burning hot, sandy island of Socotra 
 by Dr. I. B. 3alfour, and given to Kew in 1880, The 
 plant was discovered by Alexander Scott, the gar lener 
 accompanying the expedition to Socotra sent out by the 
 Geogr. Soc. of London. Semi-tubers should rest during 
 siunmer and be planted in heat iu winter. 
 
 The following are Socotrana derivatives : 
 
 73. Triomphede Lemoine {3. SocotranaXRcezlii). Stem her- 
 baceous, spreading, then erect and branching into numerous 
 flowering branches : Ivs. large, coriaceous, orbicular, somewhat 
 oblique, margins slightly cenerous,6 in. diam.: fls. in diohoto- 
 mous cymes from axils of Ivs., rose-carmine, female tls. ex- 
 ceedingly rare, males very profuse, plant resembling a large 
 bouquet when in full bloom. G.F.2:.'>57.— Int. by Lemoine in 
 1887. Retains its fls. after they are withered, a rare o<-currence 
 in Begonias. Another hybrid from the same parent is Trintnpke 
 de \anc}4, with fls. rich jrellow in the center, double, and the 
 outer petals of a paler hue.— Int. b^ Lemoine in 1888. 
 
 74. John Heal (B. Socotrana X Visscountess Doneraile). A 
 tuberous variety. Plant intermediate between parents, 9 in. 
 high, branching naturally and freely : Ivs. obliquely heart- 
 shaped, not peltate, as in B. Socotrana; light green: tls.home 
 loosely on gr.iceful peduncles, standing well above the foliage, 
 every stem developing male flowers, ll4 in. diam., bright, rosy 
 carmine. Blooms from Sept. to Jan. Gn. 35:691.— No female 
 fls. have been produced from this hj-brid, so that seedlings have 
 been impossible. Prop, by cuttings and semi-tubers. Int by 
 John Heal in 1885. Adonis (.John HealXtuberous variety). 
 Plant more robttst : fls. twice as large as John Heal, 3 in. diam., 
 all male, soft rose color, on graceful, arching peduncles.— Int. 
 by John Heal. Winter Qem (B. SocotranaXcrimson tuberous 
 variety). Habit like B. Socotrana, but more compact: fls. 
 large, deep carmine.— It combines the characters of the tuber- 
 ous and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by .John Heal. Julia 
 (SocotranaX tuberous variety) . The plant is very similar to & 
 double summer-flowering tuberous Begonia. It has fls. of a 
 salmon-pink shade. 
 
 75. Gloire de Lorraine (B. SocotranaX Dregei). Lvs. small, 
 nearly regular, pure green : fls. almost exclusively male, 4- 
 petaled, large, borne in broad panicles, covering the whole 
 superior part of the plant, rose-colored, not deciduous. Gt. 42, 
 p. 111. A.F. 12:842. G.F. 5:247.-Although B. Socotrana is 
 semi-txiberous and B. Dregei has a thickene<l rhizome, the hy- 
 brid forms show neither, but the base of the stem throws out 
 many shoots, which can be separated and insure the multipli- 
 cation of the plant. Int. by Lemoine in 1892.— ExceDent. 
 
 76. Gloire de Sceaux (B. SocotranaXsubpeltata). ^ig. 216. 
 Plant stout, half shr ')by, erect, vigorous, compact, 2 ft. high. 
 1-1)^ ft. across : lvs. aark metallic green, thick, large, red be- 
 neath, veins red above, sub-orhicular, slightly oblique : tls. pro- 
 fuse, beautiftil rose-pink, sh my, females none. Fls. from Deo. 
 till ilay. R.H. 1884:516. G.F. 7:185.— Interesting as connecting 
 the fibrous-rooted and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by Thibaut 
 and Keteleer in 1885. Autumn Rose (B. SocotranaXin.^ignis). 
 Lvs. intermediate l)etween parents, but larger than either, 
 oblique; fls. interme<li,ate, clear, deep rose. Fls. all winter.— In- 
 teresting as connecting the fibrous-rooted and semituSerous 
 sections. Int. by John Heal, of Veitch & Sons, 1882. liijnu is 
 another hyl)rid from the same parents, witli large green lvs. 
 and red-carmine fls.; males and females present. 
 
 III. Tuberous or Summer-flowerin« Section 
 (Figs. 217,218, 219). 
 
 AA. Stemle.'if, Irs. springing directly from tuber. 
 
 B. Color of fls. bright red or brilliant scarlet. 
 
 77. r ivisi, Veitch. Stemless : lvs. springing directly 
 from a rootstock, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly 
 hairy, nnderside red, petiole short, fleshy : peduncles, 
 
 pedicels, and fls. bright red. Peru. B.M. 0; 
 
 >-.) 
 
 F.M. 
 
 1876 : 231. G.C. II. 15 : G69. -A favorite with hyhridists. 
 Has given rise to numerous dwarf, erect-habitetl garden 
 forms, with small but brightly colored fls. 
 
 78. Froebeli, A. DC. Stemless: lv3. numerous, cordate, 
 acuminate, green, covered with fleshy, purplish hairs : 
 fls. in tall, ln\, drooping, branching cjnues, brilliant scar- 
 let, large. Winter. Ecua«l<»r. Gn. 12, p. 370.- A beauti- 
 ful flowering plant, useful for conservatory work in 
 winter. B. Froebeli verntilin, Hort., hybrid ( Froebeli x 
 Dregei), similar to type. Int. by Deieuil in 1880. 
 
BEGONIA 
 
 BB. Color of fls. rose-red or white. 
 
 79. rosaefldra, Hook. Stemless : petioles, scapes, 
 bracts, and stipules bright red: Ivs. green, 2-4 in. wide. 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 149 
 
 215. Begonia Socotrana (X %). No. 72. 
 
 on stOTit. hairy petioles. 2-6 in. long, orbicular, renifonn, 
 Concave. luurgius lohed, red, toothed : lis. 2 in, aooss, 
 Msered. Peru. B.M. .'iGHO. — Light colored seedlings of 
 tills species gave rise to Queen of Whites, put into com- 
 iiitTce in 1878, and destined to be a most important 
 factor in subsequent garden forms of the same color. 
 lut. in lSf)7. 
 
 80. geranioides. Hook. Stemless, rootstock fleshy : 
 ivs. radical, reniform, G in. across, lobed and toothed, 
 i-Tecn. hairy, petioles 8 in. long: peduncles erect, 6-12 in. 
 i"ng, reddish, hairy, bearing a lax panirl-^ of is., each 
 l^in. across, pure white, with a button-like cluster of 
 yellow anthers. Natal. B.M. .5583. -Planted in a border 
 in a sunny greenhouse, this is a fine Begonia, flowering 
 profusely during Oct. and Nov. Int. to Kew in 1866. 
 
 AA. St. present. 
 
 B. Color of fh. cinnabar-red, orange-red, bright red or 
 
 scarlet. 
 
 81. Bolivi^nsis, A. DC. St. herbaceous, succulent, 
 - ft. high, branching: Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, 3-5 in. long : fls, in drooping panicles, cinnabar- 
 '"'arlet, fuchsia-like ; males twice as Iwrge as females. 
 Hi'liria. B.M. 5657. -The first Tuberous Begonia intro- 
 'luced into England. 1864. 
 
 82. Vditchii, Hook. St.very short, thick, fleshy, green : 
 Ivs. orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised, margins cili- 
 ated, green, princip'\l veins radiating from a bright car- 
 mine spot near the center, under side pale green , petiole 
 thick, terete pilose: fls. 2Min. in diam., cinnabar-red: 
 capsule smooth, unequal wings. Peru. B.M. 5663. F.S. 
 22: 2.126.— One of the progenitors of the Tuberous race. 
 Int. 1867. 
 
 83. Ch6l80m, Hort. (B. SedenixBoUviinsis). 'St. 
 fleshy, 2 ft. high : Ivs. oblique, lanceolate, irregularly 
 lobed : fls. large, orange-red, drooping. Gn. 4: 109.— 
 Int. by Veitch in 1870. 
 
 84. Clirkei, Hook. St. purplish, fleshy, stout : Ivs. 
 obliquely-cordace, serrate : fls. in pendulous racemes, 
 abundant, large, bright re(!. Bolivia, B.M, 5675,— 
 Resembles 5. Veitchii. It was the seed parent of Vesu- 
 vius and Emperor, two important and useful varieties 
 for bedding out. 
 
 BB. Color of fls. rose-red or pink. 
 
 85. Evansi^na, Andr, {B. di.<tcolor, R, Br. B. grdndis. 
 Dry.). St, herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2 ft. high : 
 Ivs, ovate-acute, su )-cordaie, lobed, margins denticu- 
 late, green above, underside and petioles red, p*^duncles 
 branching, axillary : fls. numerous, flesh-colored, large. 
 Java, China, Jap, B,M. 1473.— A handsome and ahn«.st 
 hardy species, Int, in 1804 to Kew. Little cult. now. 
 
 86. Batimannii, Lemoine. Tubers as large as ostrich 
 eggs : Ivs. large, orbicular, with short, thick petioles: 
 peduncles 18 in. high, bearing panicles of 4-6 fls., which 
 are rose-red, 4-petalled, from 3—4 in. across, and fragrant 
 a.s roses. Bolivia. Gt. 40:1348: 42, p. 25. A.F. 7: 561. 
 G.F. 5: 77. — It is described as plentiful in the moist val- 
 leys of the Cordilleras, where it is i-aten by cattle 
 Sweet-scented. Distributed by Lemoine in 1890, 
 
 87. gr&cilis, H.B.K. {B. &{co7or, Watson. B. diversi- 
 fblia, R. Grab.). St, erect, not branched, succulent: 
 Ivs. thinly scattered along sts., almost heart-shaped, 
 slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate, ciliate : fls. on short, 
 axillary peduncles, pink. Mex. B.M. 2966. — In axils of 
 Ivs. between stipules a cluster of bulbils is borne. 
 These may be gathered and sown as seed>. Along with 
 its varieties, anntilata, diversifolia, Hartiiina, etc., it 
 makes a very beautiful summer-flowering greenhouse 
 Begonia, Int, by P. Neil, of Cannon Mills, Edinburg.i, 
 in 1829, 
 
 88. PSarcei, Hook, St. 1 ft. high, succulent, branch- 
 ing : Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla- 
 brous above, tomentose beneath, pale red on undt^r sur- 
 face : fls. in loose, axillary panicles, large, brighr yel- 
 low. Bolivia. B.M. 5545. — It has been the chief factor 
 in the production of the hundreds of yellow, buff and 
 orange-colored garden forms. Int. in 1865. 
 
 SrPPLEMEKTART LIST — TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 
 (a) The following tuberous-rooted species are not 
 known to be in the Araer. trade, but they are in cultiva- 
 tion in greater or less purity : 
 
 89. cinnaharina. Hook. Sts. annnal, short, green, zigzag, 
 sliKhtly downy : Ivs. on short petioles, obliQuely ovate, lob^ 
 
 ^i^^-Oi:^ 
 
 216. Beffonia Qloire de Sceaux ^X H)- No. 76. 
 
150 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 BEGONIA 
 
 and serrated : peduncles 9-12 in. long, red ; fls. cinnabar-red, 
 2 in. across. Bolivia CM. 4483. P.M. 16: 225.— Int. by Hender- 
 son in 1849. 
 
 90. cri/iUa, Oliver. Sts. red. hairy, 1 ft. high : 1 vs. ovate-cor- 
 date, irregularly toothed, tinged with red on the under side : 
 peduncles erect, red, producing :{ pale rose-colored fls. Bo- 
 livia. B.M. 5897.— Int. by Veitch in 18G6. 
 
 91. cyclophylla , Hook. Stemless : Ivs. orbicular, 6 in. across, 
 green, with fimbriated margin : peduncles erect. 6 in. long ; 
 Ss. rose-colored, with the fragrance of roses. China. B.M. 
 6926.— Irt. to Kew in 1885. 
 
 92. geranifbUa, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, erect, greenish : Ivs. cor- 
 date, lobed, serrated, green, margins red, whole plant smooth : 
 fls. 2 or 3 on terminal peduncles, inter petals orbicular, red ; 
 the two inner obovate, w'lite. Lin^a. B.M. 3387.— Int. 183j. 
 
 93. Natalensifi. Hook. Sts. fleshy, annual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. 
 obliquely cordate. lobe<l. sinu.tte, 2-3 in. long, green, sometimes 
 mottled with grey, veins re<ldish : fls. bluish white, 1 in. across. 
 Natal. B.M. 4841.— Int. to Kew in 1854. 
 
 94. octopftala, L'Her. (B. grandiflora, Knowl. & West). 
 Stemless, Ivs. long, succulent, downy, petioles IV2 ft. long, cor- 
 date, deeply lobed and serrated, bright green : fls. greenish 
 white, males with 8 petals, females generally fewer. Peru. 
 B.M. 3559. F.S.20:205e-7. A.F. 4: 225 (var. Lemoinei). 
 
 2V/. Single Tuberous Begonia (X K). 
 
 95. polypetnla, A. DC. St. short, fleshy, annual: Ivs. ovate- 
 cordate, toothed, h.iiry, with raised veins, 10 in. by 8 in. : fls. 
 with 9 or 10 ovate-oblong petals an inch long, red : ovary hairy, 
 with one long wing. Peru. Gn. 14, p. 531.— Int. by Froebel in 
 1878. 
 
 96. rubricnnlis. Hook. TjVs.4-6 in. long, ov.ite, wa\'y, ciliate 
 along thf .v.i.»'gins, deep green : fls. large, males iVain. across, 
 5-petaled : tVuiales smaller. 6-peta ed, reddish. Country un- 
 known. B.M. 4131.— lul.to BirmiuLham Bot. <iar. in 1844. 
 
 97. S^deni, Hort., hybrid (B. Boliviensis X Veitchii ?). Lvs. 
 long, pale green : fls. solitarj', brilliant red ; females of 4 
 petals ; males of 5 petals. R.H. 1872: 90.— Int. by Thibaut and 
 Keteleer in 1872. 
 
 98. Stifherlandii, Hook. St. annual, herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high, 
 bright re<l : lvs. 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, lobed ard serrated, 
 green, with red vf»ins and margin ; iietioles slender, red : fls. 
 numerous, copj>ery or salmon-retl. Natal. B.M. 5689. — Int. by 
 Backhouse in 1807. 
 
 99. f^nera, Dr>-. CR. Thwaitesii, Hook.). Lvs. radic.il, cor- 
 dat«», ■'> in. long. copi)»'ry ureeii, mixed with purple and blotched 
 with grey, under .-surface crimson : fls. white, tinged pink. 
 Ceylon. B.M. 4692.— Chiefly interesting as a variegated plant. 
 Int. to Kew in IH.VJ. 
 
 (aa) The followiiitr list comprises some of the best nnd 
 most distinct of the iiinumerable {rarden forms nnd liy- 
 brids now existing, wbicii have ulmo.st all been pro- 
 
 duced from si^: species ; vU., B. Boliviensis, B. Pc/ircei^ 
 B. Veitchii, B. rosipflora, B. Davisii, and B. Clarkei 
 by crossine: and rtTos.sing : 
 
 (1) SINGLE -FLOWERED VARIETIES. 
 
 a. Crimsons and Hcarli-Th.— Admiration, fls. vivid orange- 
 scarlet, of dwarf. compa«'t ^abit, free flowering : Charlet 
 Battel, rich, velvety vermilion . Dr. Masters, fls. large, with 
 immense spikes, deep redcrimscu ; F. E. Laing. deep, vel- 
 vety crimson, full and free; J/r» Brasseu, deep, glowing 
 crimson ; Lothair, dark scarlet -cannine ; Scarlet Gem. very 
 dark scarlet, dwarf, and very floriftrous ; VesHvius, bright 
 orange-scarlet, compact and free; one of the dnest bedders. 
 
 6. RoSE-rOLORED.— iadj/ Ouinthori'e, rose color, extralarge 
 and fine ; Marginata, large, round fls., white, with a margin 
 of bright pink ; Paeke, soft, rosy .td, shaded light rose; 
 Stanstead Surprise, deep rose, very large. 
 
 c. Whites.— J^f?>o fimbriata, a fin.*, large, pure white flower, 
 with fringed petals ; Bexley White, an immense flower of the 
 purest white ; Mrs. J. Thorpe, v hite, the petals edged with 
 reddish lake; Queen of Whites, large, erect, pure white fls. 
 of great substance ; Moonlight pure white, very free. 
 
 d. Orange and Yellows. —Duchess of Leinster, orange- 
 buff, large, erect fls. ; Miss A. fi£ Rothschild, pureyeUow; Sover- 
 
 218. Form of double Tuberous Begonia (X ^3). 
 
 eign, rich golden yellow, very free, and excellent in every 
 way ; Tvrrey Laing, reddish orange-yellow, an unusual color, 
 
 (2) DOUBLE-FLOWERED VARIETIES. 
 
 a. Crimsons and Scarlet.s.— Cannell's Gem, bright scar- 
 let; Dandy, intensely bright scarlet, extremely free-flowering: 
 Flamingo, brilliant scarlet ; Henshaw Russell, scarlet, one of 
 the l)est : Triomphe, rich, bright crimson ; Duke Zeppelin, 
 dazzling scarlet lis., new. 
 
 ft. Ro>R-roiiORED.—A?^ho'/^?ora, bright rosy cerise, distinct; 
 Duke of York, <'.eep rose ; Glory of Stanstfod. soft rose, light 
 center ; Hecla, bright, glistening pink, free bloomer ; Rosy 
 Morn, rose-pink, large, broad, wavy petals. 
 
 c. Whites.— (7oi/nf<'S8 of Craren. pure white fls., dwarf; 
 M ins Edith Wynne, pure crcimy white; <>r<«ri>, pure white 
 blossoms. ver>' floriferous ; P/cofff, delicate white, pink mar- 
 gin, dwarf ; Princess May, pure white, undulated orcriinplw 
 at the edges. 
 
 d. Yeli/iws.— iarfy Balfour of Burleigh, large j-ellow fls , 
 erect ; Miss Falconer, clear yellow : Mrs Regnart, chrome- 
 yellow, petals prettily undulated ; Alic^ Manning, primrose- 
 yellow blossoms. 
 
 IV. Rex, or Ornamental-le.vved Section. 
 
 100. Griffithii, Hook. (B. picta, Hort.) St.-lvs. and 
 habit a.s in B. Rex : lvs. olive-green, with a broad zone 
 
BEGONIA 
 
 BELLADONNA LILY 
 
 151 
 
 of grey, tinged with re<l on the under side : fls. large, 
 rieshy, pink : ovary curiously crinkled along the angles. 
 Assam. B.M. 4984. — Int. by Henderson, England, in 
 1856. 
 
 101. laciniita, Roxb. St. perennial : Ivs. roundly 
 ovate, lobed, pubescent, black-purple, with a broad zone 
 of green, reddish on the under side : fls. as in B. Hex. 
 India, S. China. B.M. 5021. — Int. to Kew in 1857. Var. 
 Bowringi^na, Hort., has green Ivs. and rosy fls. B.M. 
 
 very bright. Lucy Clo$son is very aim ilar, but more vigorons, 
 with the blotohes mor^ numerous and better distributed. 
 Marquis de Peralta. Lvs. small, margins hairy, numerous 
 silvery spots on surface. Ccmi)a?t, dense grower. Duchetse de 
 
 5:b2. 
 
 102. xantWna, Hook. Similar to B. Hex, and probably 
 only a form of that species : lvs. large, fleshy, cordate- 
 oraite, acuminate, sinuate-ciliated, dark green above, 
 purplish beneath : fls. yellow : capsule with one large 
 wing. B.n. 4683. -Var. pictiidUa, Hort.. B.M. 5102. 
 Var. L4zuli, B.M. 5107, 
 
 10.3. K6x, Putz. Fig. 220. St. a short, fleshy rhizome, 
 from which spring the long-stalked, large, ovate, wavy 
 lvs., which are hairy and colored a rich metallic green, 
 with a zone of silvery grey: peduncles erect : fls. large, 
 rose-tinted, males 2 in. across, with 4 unequal petals ; 
 females smaller, with 5 nearly equal petals : ovary .3- 
 angled. with 2 short and 1 long wing. Assam. F.S. 
 12: 12r)5-1258. B.M. 5101.— This magnificent species is 
 the principal parent in the production of the numerous 
 ornamental-foliaged Begonias, It has been crossed 
 with a fe\: species in the first place, and then hybrid 
 seedlings have been raised again and again from the 
 progeny. Fig. 220 is a copy of a part of the original fig- 
 ure in Flore des Serres (1857), ami is given here for the 
 purpose of showing what this species was like when first 
 known to horticulturists. 
 
 Following are some of the derivative types of Rex 
 
 Begonias : 
 
 m. RexX discolor hj/brids. I.H.2R:4.>4. Mad. Jos. Moens, 
 silver>- white, with green articulations towards the margins, 
 and a green disc. Mad. t'has. Weber, green, spotted with white. 
 Mad. G. Van Meerbeeke, silvery, with a narrow green edge, and a 
 central green disc running out along the veins. A'owr. de Mad. 
 la Barone de Bleichroder, disc and broad margin downy green, 
 central portion silvery. Mad. Fttnck, disc and broad margin 
 light apple-green, '. Mtermediate portion silvery. Baron A . Vriere, 
 disc dark green, ct. r silverj', margin broad, dark green, silver- 
 spoited. Others are Mad. Treyre, Mad. Ltdzet, Edic. B. Ken- 
 nedy, Uetiri Vilmorin, Fres. Belle, Sir Joseph H^'\ker, Ed. Py- 
 naert, Pres. de la Devansaye, Mad. F.Alegatiere, Abel Carriere. 
 
 105. RexXdiadema hybrid'^. R. H. 1888, p. 20. R. B. 15. p. 91. 
 LfSdudii, very similar to B. Rex, but larger leaved. Adrien 
 Schmidt, green on the margins, marked and spotted silver in 
 the center. Clementince, lobes very acute, white blotohes in 
 center. Mad. Alamagny, lvs. very large, deeply ioljed. piu"e 
 metallie-white, with a green center. Mad. Isabelle Bellon, 
 finely dentate, lol)ed and undulated, center olive-green, sur- 
 roande-l by a zone of white, becoming rose on the inner mar- 
 gin. M. Cronsse, very long, dentate, green center, band of 
 ?i!ver around margin. Other * are Theodore Schmidt, Henri 
 Dnm^'ck, Linee, Papillon, Mad. />. Wettstein, D. Wettstein, A. 
 Dalliere, Mad. Georges Bruant, Wilhelm Pfitzer. 
 
 106. RexXSocotrana. A plant has lieen produced which com- 
 bines the characters of the two parents in a pleasing manner : 
 lvs. like B. Rex, but with shorter petioles, and crowfied on the 
 stem ; prettily colored : ris. in ereot. sttirdy nicenies. which 
 stand we'l above the plant ; like B. Sofotran;i in color, but 
 paler. Plant said to be evergreen.— Interesting as a connecting 
 link between the Rex and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by San- 
 der & Co. m 1897, 
 
 107. Miscellaneous Rex hybrids of known origin : Rex leop- 
 ardlim.s (Re.xXxanthina. var. Reichenheimei). Very similar 
 to B Rex. but much larger. F.S. 13: i:a7.— Int. by Van Hontte 
 in 1.<V.>. Grandis (RexXsplendidi). Very similar to B. Rex. 
 F.S. i:{:l:t:!'\— Int. by RolUson. Otto Forster (RexXimperialis). 
 Owf. habit : lvs. obliquely cordate, dark green, marbled with 
 silviry greyish green : fls. greenish white, inconspicuous. 
 Mtrnnda (RexXimperialis. v;ir. smaragdina). Ver>- similar to 
 above. ])ut marbled with silver. J)o>n in i ( RexXargent»'a ) . Leo- 
 poldi ((JriffithiXsplendida). I.H.6:20o. Prince Troubetzkoi, 
 liouhle hybrid (OriflithiXXanthina, var. marmorataand rubro- 
 ^enia). I H. .'irl.'jS; also, from the same cross, Madame yVag- 
 'i?r, I.H.,'):1G1, and Miranda. Countcfis Ijouise Frdodu (Alex- 
 •mder, var. HimiboldtXargentea-cnpreatai. Fig. 221. Lvs. 
 "biiquely conlate. ovate-acute, the smaller of the two lobes 
 twisted in a spiral manner, with as many as 4 coils ; UT't>cr 
 Mirface silvery, with veins deep green : under surface reddish, 
 l;!!"se. l.H.:n:.=il»(. G.C. II. 22:2()...-Int. by F. Nemeczik, gar- 
 liener to Count Erdody, a Hungariau nobleman, in 1884. 
 
 108. Other Rex varieties* of unknown or uncertain origin : 
 lAiuise Clnsson. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, veins deep pur- 
 ple, surface blotched with deep piurle bronze, metallic luster 
 
 219. A type of 
 Tuberous Begonia, 
 . double-flowered. 
 
 Brabant. Lvs. large, purple, mar- 
 gins and surface hairy, otherwise 
 like B. Rex. Louise Chretien. Lvs. 
 green, with a zone of glossy silver 
 toward the center, covered with 
 very small white spots. Bertha 
 MacGregor. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, 
 lobed, white, center and margin 
 green. Cou7it Erdody. Silver-white, 
 green-striped along the veins, hairy; 
 lobes twisted into a spiral, hairy. 
 Matilda. Lvs. silvery white, center 
 and along veins gi-een, margins 
 liairy. Alice White. Large, bright 
 silver, center bronze, satin luster. 
 
 P. B, Ken'nedt. 
 
 BELEMCANDA (East Indian r 
 name). Iriddcece. Blackberrv 
 Lily. Leopard F'lovver. A 
 monotypic genus, containing an 
 interesting hardy, herbaceou.s 
 perennial plant, which is an old garden favorite. The 
 first of the popular names comes from the clusters of 
 shining, black, roundish seeds, and the second from the 
 flower, which is orange, spotted red. It is more commonly 
 sold as a Pardanthus, which also means Leopard Flower. 
 Perianth segments oblong, the ,*{ inner slightly shorter 
 and spirally twisting as they fade. Prop, by seeds or by 
 division. Of easy culture in rich, sandy loam and in a 
 sunny i)lace. Commonly spelled Belamcanda, 
 
 Chin^nsis. Leman. (Belamcnnda puncihta, Moench. 
 Ixiu Chint^'n.sis, Linn. Pardanthus Chine'}i.'<i.'<. Ker- 
 Gawl. A .Vin<?'H.sj.s,VanHoutte). Fig. 222. Height 2-3 ft, ; 
 rootstock ft short, stoloniferous rhizome : lvs, about 6, in 
 a lax tuft, equitant, striate, 1-1 32 ft. long, 1 in. broad : 
 outer spathe valves %-l in. long; pedicels 1-2 in, long: 
 ca{" iile 1-1^ in. hmg : valves reflexing, persistent. 
 ("hi:m and Jap. B.M. 171. F.S. ir):l(;,T2. L.B.C. 19:18<4. 
 — The seed-stalks are sometimes us^d with dried grasses 
 for decoration. It is said that the birds sometimes mis- 
 take the seeds for blackberries. 
 
 BELLFLOWER. See Campanula. 
 
 BELLADONNA. See Airopa. 
 
 BELLADONNA LILY. See Amaryllis. 
 
152 
 
 BELLIS 
 
 BENE 
 
 B£LLI8 (Latin, hellus, pretty). Compdaitcc. Eng- 
 lish Daisy. The Daisy, as it grows wild in England, 
 has a yellow center, siifrotinded bv numerous rays in a 
 
 220. Beeonia Rex, in its original form. No. 1U3. 
 (S«e Begonia, p. 151.) 
 
 single row, but the favorite cultivated forms are double, 
 the rays rising in tier upon tier, and frequently crowd- 
 ing out every trace of a yellow center. The English 
 Daisy is essentially a pink or pinkish fl. in ito general 
 effect, the tips of the rays sometimes and the under 
 surfaces usually being pink or red. There are 27 s v.ies 
 in the genu^. only one of which is American. B, inieg- 
 rifolia is found in moist soil from Ky. and Tenn. to 
 Ark. and Tex., but is too rare and sectional to become a 
 general favorite. The plant that is most commonly 
 called Dai.«5y in America is Chrysanthemum Leucan- 
 themtim. For an illustrated account of the various 
 plants known as Daisies in America, see Daisy. 
 
 Daisies are favorite border plant--, and are much used 
 in spring bedding, especially for e<iging. They thrive 
 in a cool soil and moist atmosphere, and are, therefore, 
 much better adapted to English than American gar- 
 dens. A light mulch is desirable for winter protection. 
 In home gardenii-^;, the plants, after flowering, are di- 
 vided into single crowns. These are planted about 6 in. 
 apart in good, rich garden soil. Each crown soon sends 
 out side growths, which, in time, form new crowns. 
 Before winter sets in the young clumps can be moved 
 readily to arv nlace in the garden where they are 
 wanted to ^ 'daisies ar j also forced by florists for 
 
 winter bl u Daisies are desired for edging 
 
 231. B. V. Begonia (X >i,). No. 107. 
 ^ Begonia, p. 151.) 
 
 spring riower beds, 
 plants during the pi 
 to allow the new pJai 
 
 » clumps are divided into single 
 ous September, or early enough 
 to get a firm hold before wint^^r, 
 
 and are placed 3 in. art in a narrow trench. These 
 edgings must be renewed each year, as the plants, if 
 they grow well, spread too wide, or irregularly. In Urj 
 summers many roots fail, and if they remain in the 
 game spot year after year, the fls. will degenerate to the 
 single condition. 
 
 The simplest way of propagating and growing Eng- 
 lish Daisies for spring bedding in this country is to 
 sow the seed in shallow boxes about August 10. Aa 
 soon as large enough to handle, transplant 5 inches 
 apart into coldframes, and when the winter sets in 
 put on the sash, giving air whenever the weather may 
 be mild. Transplant to the flower beds as early as pos- 
 sible in the spring, where in a very short time they 
 will be a mass of bloom, and will continue to bloom flU 
 the beginning of June, when they should be throxoiout, 
 and the summer bedding plants 
 planted. Longfellow and Snowball 
 are the two best varieties for this 
 purpose. Myosotis alpestris and 
 Silene pendula may be grown the 
 same way, using "the Daisies as 
 edging when in the beds, and the 
 others as center pieces. 
 
 The Daisy is propagated by seeds 
 (which are sown early), and by di- 
 visions, the choicest varieties be- 
 ing maintained by the latter method . 
 The main types growd from seed 
 are the white, rose, quilled, and 
 white with red 
 center, all of 
 which are double. 
 A dark red is 
 less common. Of 
 kinds prop, by 
 seed, Longfellow is 
 now the best rose- 
 colored, and Snowball 
 the best white vari- 
 ety, the latter being 
 especially prized by 
 florists for cut-flow- 
 ers, as it has long, 
 stiff stems. Other 
 varieties are Maxima. 
 Snowflake, and Rob 
 Roy, which is per- 
 haps the best red. 
 
 per^nnis, Linn. 
 True or English 
 Daisy. Hardy herba- 
 ceous perennial, 3-6 
 in. high : Ivs. clus- 
 tered at the root, 
 spatnlate or obovate: 
 fls. 1-2 in. across, 
 solitary, on hairy 
 scapes. Apr.-June. 
 W. Eu.; naturalized 
 in Calif. ; rarely runs 
 wild in the eastern 322. Belemcanda Chinensis (X /i). 
 states. B.M. 228. F. (See Belemcanda, p. 151.) 
 
 S. 0:584, which shows 
 
 11 well cr 'ked types.— An interesting but not perma- 
 nent fom vhich is a result of overfeeding, is the "Hen- 
 and-Chickt..s Daisy,'" in which a number of small fl.- 
 heads are borne on short stalks springing out of the 
 main fl.-head. Cockscomb forms, in which several 
 scapes unite to produce a monstrous flower, are some- 
 times seen, but cannot be perpetuated. The rays are 
 sometimes wholly incurved, or reflexed, or quilled. 
 Other Ensrlish names of the Daisy are Herb Margaret, 
 Ewe- or May-gowan. Childinsr Daisy, Bone- or Bruise- 
 wort. Bone Flower. March Daisy, Bairn-wort. 
 
 J. B. Keller. E. J. Canning, and W. M. 
 
 BELLWOHT. In England, any member of toe Cam- 
 panulctcece. In America, Uvuldria. 
 
 BELVIDEBE, or Scimer Cypress. See Kochia. 
 
 BENE See Sesamum. 
 
BEN I 
 
 BERBERIS 
 
 153 
 
 V£Hl, JAPANESE. See Curyopteris Mastacanthus. 
 
 BERINCASA (name of an Italian nobleman). Cucur- 
 hUhcev. One species from E. Ind. Annual, running, 
 squash-like herbs, with solitary yellow monoecious fls., 
 the staminate long-peduncled, the pistillate nearly ses- 
 sile ; corolla deeply lobed ; tendrils 2-3-branched. 
 
 cerifera, Savi. Fig. 223. Wax Gourd. Zit-kwa. 
 CHI^■E^*E Preservino Melon. Chinese Watermelon. 
 Vine long, like a rauskmelon, hairy, with cordate lobed 
 Ivs.: fr. mostly oblong, 10-16 in. ^«ng. hairy, white- 
 
 223. Benincasa cerifera. 
 
 waxy, with solid white flesh and small, cucumber-like 
 seeds. Cult, the same as muskmelon or cucumber. 
 R.H. 1887:540. -Rp- ntly int. into the U. S. (Bull. 67, 
 Cornell Exp. Sta. ), and used for making preserves and 
 sweet pickles ; said to be eaten raw in warm countries. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 BENJAMIN BUSH. Benzoin odoriferum. 
 
 BEUT GEASS. See Agrostis. 
 
 BENTHAMIA. Referred to Comtis. 
 
 BENZOIN (of Arabic or Semitic origin, meaning a 
 gum or perfume). Syn., Lindera. Laurdcece. Trees 
 or shrubs, aromatic : Ivs. alternate, usually deciduous, 
 entire or sometimes 3-lobed : fls. polygamous-dioecious, 
 apetalous, small, in axillary, umbel-like clusters ; caljrx 
 6-parted ; staminate fls. with 9 stamens : fr. a berry. 
 About GO species in trop. and E. Asia and N. Amer. 
 Some E. Asiatic species yield an odorous oil, used in 
 perfumery. Only a few deciduous species are cult. 
 They are attractive on account of their handsome foli- 
 age, which turns bright yellow in fall, and their black 
 or scarlet fr. The hardiest species is li. odoriferum, 
 though B. obtuxilobum and B. hypoglaucum may also 
 be grown noith in sheltered positions. They thrive best 
 in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, usually by seeds sown 
 after maturity; also by layers, which root best in peaty 
 soil : of greenwood cuttings under glass, one-half may 
 be expected to root. The Benzoin of the druggists is a 
 balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin. 
 
 odoriferum, Nees (Lindera Bhizoin, Blume). Spice 
 BisH. Benjamin Bush. Wild Allspice. Fevek Bush. 
 Fig. 224. Shrub, 6-15 ft., nearly glabrous : Ivs. oblong- 
 obovate, finely ciliate, bright green, pale beneath, 3-5 in. 
 long: fls. yellow, before the Ivs.: berry red, oblong, 
 spicy. N. Eng. southward and west to Kans. Em. 365. 
 -The bark is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, astringem. 
 
 B. (Pfitivale, Nees=B. odoriferum.— B. grAeile, O. Kuntze 
 (Ditphuiilium gracile, Nees). Lvs. ovate, 3-nerved, chart? - 
 oeous. Habitat unknown. Stove plant.— JS. hypoglaucum, 
 Rehd. (Lindera hyiwglauca. Max.). Lvs. penninerved, glau- 
 cous beneath : clusters few-fld.. with or before the lvs.: berries 
 black. .Japan.— if. melissifclium,See!i,. Allied to B. odoriferum. 
 Branches pubescent : lvs. oblong, downy beneath. S. states. 
 B.M. 1470.— ii. vbtusilobum, O Kuntze. Lvs. 3-ner>ed, ovate or 
 3-l(»be<l j^ clusters many-tld. : berries black. Japan. <i.F.6:'J95. 
 —B. prcecrrz, S & Z. Lvs. penninerved. elliptic-oblong : clus- 
 ters few-tld., before the lvs.: berries browni.sh, ^ain. diam. 
 Japan— B. aericeum, S. & Z. Lvs. pennintned, pubescent be- 
 neath ; clusters many-fld., with the lvs. Japan. 
 
 Alfred Rekder. 
 
 BEBBEBID6FSIS (from Berberis and Greek ops is, 
 likene.«ss), Berberiddcece. Climbing evergreen shrub : 
 lvs. alternate, petioled, dentate : fls. on long pedicels in 
 terminal racemes ; bracts, sepals and petals gradually 
 passing into one another, &-15, the inner ones concave ; 
 stamens 8-9 : fr. a berry. One specii s in Chile, Orr.".- 
 mental low-climbing shrub, with aeep green foliage and 
 crimson fls. in drooping racemes, for temperate regions 
 or the cool greenhouse, growing in almost any soil. 
 Propag. by seeds sown in spring, by greenwood cuttings 
 in spring, or by layers in autumn. 
 
 coralllna. Hook. Lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate, coarsely 
 spinul(,.se-deutate, 2-3 in. long : fls. globose, over J^in. 
 long, crimson, in many-fld. leafy racemes. B.M. 5343. 
 F.S. 20:2137. Alfred Rehdek. 
 
 BfiEBERIS (Arabic name). Berherid<icea> . Bar- 
 BEKKV. Shrubs, with yellow inner bark and wood, often 
 spiny: lvs. alternate, often fasciculate, usually glabrous, 
 simple or pinnate, deciduous or persistent, mostly spin- 
 ulose-dentate : fls. in racemes, rarely umbellate or soli- 
 tary ; sepals, petals and .stamens 6 : f r. a 1-celled berry 
 with one or se-^'eral oblong seeds. Nearly iOO species in 
 America from Brit. Col. to Patagonia, Asia, Eu., and N. 
 Afr. Low ornamental shrubs, of which a large Tiumber 
 is cultivated. Most of the deciduous species are quite 
 hardy, while the evergreen ones are to be recommended 
 f<.r more temperate regions, except B. Aquifoliiim and 
 B. repens, which may be cultivated even north in some- 
 what sheltered positions. Both evergreen and deciduous 
 kinds aro very attractive in spring, with their bright or 
 orange-yellow fls., and in fall with their red, dark blue 
 or nearly black fruits. Some, as B. Amtirensis and B. 
 Tliunbergii, while amongst the handsomest in fr., 
 assume a splendid fall coloring. They grow in almost 
 any soil, but prefer drier situations ; the e . ergreen 
 species thrive best in a sandy compost of peat and 
 loam. Prop, by seeds sown soon after maturity, or 
 stratified and sown in spring ; even B. vulgaris, var. 
 atropurpurea, may be increased in this way, as a large 
 percentage comes 
 true. The evergreen 
 species grow from 
 cuttings in Septem- 
 ber, placed in sand 
 under glass. Most of 
 the deciduous species 
 can be grown from 
 greenwood cuttings, 
 taken from forced 
 plants in spring and 
 put under glass with 
 slight bottom heat. 
 Layers put down in 
 autumn usually re- 
 main 2 years before 
 they can be sepa- 
 rated. Some species 
 may be propagated by 
 suckers. Rarer kinds 
 and varieties are 
 sometimes grafted on 
 B. vulgaris or Tliun- 
 bergii, in August 
 or September under 
 glass, or in early 
 spring in the green- 
 house. The root 
 and the inner bark 
 are sometimes used 
 fo* dyeing yellow. 
 Some species have 
 medicinal properties. 
 In wheat-growing 
 districts, plai^ting of 
 Berberis should be 
 avoided, as it is the 
 ho.st of the JS'ojrfJMm -stage of Puccinia graminis, a fun- 
 gus which causes the wheat-rust. Destroyin,? the Ber- 
 beris, however, will not check the prop* /al ion of the 
 fungus, as it is able to grow and to spread for yearr 
 without forming the JFcjdiwm-st.'.ge. Monojrr. of spe- 
 
 224. Benzoin 
 odoriferum 
 
154 
 
 BERBERIS 
 
 BERBERIS 
 
 cies cult, in England in Flore des Serres, 6: 66 and 73 
 (1850-1). 
 
 Index : Amurensis, No. 2 ; Aquifolium, 21 ; aristata. 
 15 ; asperma, 1 ; atropurpurea, 1 ; Bealii, 19; buxifolia, 
 9; Canadensis, 4; Caroliniana, A; Darwini, 12; dulcis, 
 1,9; eniarginata, 3 ; Fortunei, 24; Fremonti, 17; Hako- 
 date, 2 ; heteropoda, 6 ; ilicifolia, 11, 14 ; integrifolia, 
 7 ; Jamesoni, 13, 16 ; Japonica, 2, 19 ; Maxiiuowiczi, 8 ; 
 
 •>> 
 
 \ 
 
 225. Berberis vulearis, in fruit. 
 
 Nepalensis, 20 : nervosa, 22 ; Neuberti, 14 ; pinnata, 
 18 ; pluriflora, 8 ; repens, 23 ; Sieboldi, 2, and suppl. 
 list : Sinensis, 5 ; stenophylla, 10 ; Thunbergi, 8 ; vul- 
 garis, 1 ; Wallichiana. 13. 
 
 A. Lvs. simple, usuaflif fascicnlnfe in the arils of 
 spines, deciduous or persistent. 
 
 B. Foliage deciduous : lvs. membranaceous or 
 chartaceous. 
 
 C. Fls. in racemes. 
 
 D. Branches gray, except those of the purple-leaved 
 
 form . 
 
 1. vulgiLris, Linn. Common Barberry. Fig. 225, 22P. 
 From 4-8 ft., rarely 15: branches grooved, upright or 
 arching : lvs. oblong-spathulate or obovate. setulose- 
 dentate, membranaceous, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendu- 
 lous, many-fld.; fls. bright yellow : fr. oblong, usually 
 purple. May, June. Eu. to E. Asia ; escaped from cul- 
 ture and naturalized inE. N. Amer. Gn. 35: 693. — Hand- 
 some in spring, with its golden yellow tl.^ and light 
 green foliage; and in fall, with its bright scarlet fruits, 
 remaining through the whole winter. A very variable 
 species ; also the six following species are included by 
 some botanists as varieties. Of the many garden forms, 
 the most effective is var. atropurpiirea, Rgl., with pur- 
 ple colored lvs. Gt. 9:278, 1. There ar.^ also varieties 
 with variegated lvs. and purplish black, whitish or yellow 
 berries, as var. dlba, white-fruited ; var. a8i)^rma, seed- 
 less ; var. dulcis, less acid ; var. liitea, yellow-fruited ; 
 var. mitis, less thorny ; var. nlgrra, black-fruited ; var. 
 viol&cea or fructu-violiceo, violet-fruited. The pines 
 of the Barberry are, raorpholoerically, lvs., and the lvs. 
 are borne on short branches in their axils (Fig. 226). 
 The stamens are sensitive. Touch the filaments with a 
 pin when the fls. first open, and the stamens fly for- 
 ward upon the pistil. 
 
 2. Amur6nsi8, Rupr. {B. vulgaris, var. Amurensis, 
 Rgl.). Three to8ft.: branches straight, upright, grooved: 
 lvs. cuneate, oblong or elliptic, densely ciliate-dentate, 
 distinctly veined beneath, 1-3 in. long: racemes upright 
 or nodding, <>-r2-fld., about as long as lvs.: fr, oblong, 
 scarlet. Manchuria, N. China. Gng. 5: 119. Var. Ja- 
 pdnica, Rehd. (B. vulgaris, var. Japdnica, Rgl. B. Sie- 
 boldi, Hort., not Miq. B. Hnkodt^.te, Hort.). Lvs. firmer 
 and more chartaceous, prominenth veined beneath, 
 shorter pf^tioled, dark green above. Jap. G.F. 3:249as 
 B. Sieboldi. A. G. 18: 4.14. — Vigorous-growing shrubs, 
 standing drought well, with brilliant orange and scarlet 
 fall-coloring, especially the variety. 
 
 3. emargin&ta. "Willd. One to 3 ft., in culture usually 
 higher : spines simple to 5-parted, sometimes longer 
 than the lvs.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or obovate-oblong, 
 setulose-dentate, J^-15^ in. long : racemes short, up- 
 right ; petals usually emarginate. S. Eu. to Hinial.— 
 Low spiny shrub with handsome fall-coloring. 
 
 DD. Branches reddish brown or brown: lvs. usualhf 
 sparsely dentate, sometimes entire. 
 
 4. Canadensis, Mill. {B. Caroli nit\na ."LowA.) . One T(» 
 3 ft.: spines small, S-parte'' ; lvs. cuneate-obloug, re- 
 
 motely spinulose-dentate, rarely entire, 1-2 in. iong : 
 racemes few-fld., nodding, about as long as the lvs.; 
 petals retuse or emarginate : fr. short-oval or nearJv 
 globular, coral-red. Alleghanies.— The plant sold under 
 this name is usually B. vulgaris. 
 
 5. Sinensis, Desf. From 4-6 ft., with slender, often 
 arching branches and small, 3-5-parted spines : lvs. cu- 
 neate, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, coarsely setulose- 
 dentate, sometimes entire, green or glaucescent beneath, 
 1-2 in. long : racemes pendulous, slender-peduncled, 
 bright or pale yellow : berries oval or oblong, blood-red. 
 From Caucasus to Himal. and China. B.M. G573.-A 
 hardy, graceful species, very handsome in fruit. 
 
 6. lieter6poda, Schrenk. Three to 6 ft.: branches 
 stout, sprtadiug, with few short spines : lvs. broadly 
 obovate, entire or remotely serrate, pale bluish green, 
 1/4-2 in. long, some short and some slender-petioled: 
 fls. in long-stalked, few-fld. racemes, orange-yellow, fra- 
 grant : fr. oblong, dark blue with glaucous bloom. May. 
 Turkestan, Songaria. G.F. 8: 455. — Handsome and 
 very distinct species. 
 
 7. integerrima, Bnnge. In habit and appearance very 
 like No. 6. and ditticult to distinguish wfthout fl. -clus- 
 ters : stems terete and brown : lvs. broad -obovate. re- 
 motely dentate or entire, dark bluish green above : ra- 
 cemes dense and upright. Persia, Turkestan, Songoria. 
 
 cc. Fls. usually solitary, rarely in feiv-fld. umbeln: 
 
 lvs. entire. 
 
 8. Thtinbergii, DC. Figs. 227, 228. Dense, low shrub, 
 2-4 ft. : branches spreading, deeply grooved, brown, 
 with simple spines : lvs. obovate or spathulate, quite en- 
 tire, glaucescent beneath, %-\%'va.. long : fls. 1-3, pale 
 yellow : fr. elliptic or nearlv globose, bright red. Apr., 
 May. G.F. 2:53. B.M. 6646. 'R.H. 1894:173. A.G. 18:357. 
 Gng. 4: li41 ; 5: 119, 3.")3, 355, Mn. 2:118. A.F. 8: 526.- 
 One of the most valuable species, especially remarkable 
 for its low, dense, horizontal growth, its large, brilliant 
 red f rs., remaining fresh till the following spring, and for 
 its bright scarlet fall-col- 
 oring ; hardy. Vei/ val- 
 uable for borders of walks 
 and drives. Endures par- 
 tial shade. Cattle and 
 sheep do not browse 
 it much. Var. Mazimd- 
 wiczi, Franch. & Sav., 
 has the lvs. ereen beneath. 
 Var. pluriflbra, Koehne. 
 with 3-10 fls. in short, um- 
 bel-like raceme, is perhaps 
 a hybrid with B. vulga- 
 ris ; it has almost gray 
 branches. 
 
 226. Berberis vulgaris. 
 
 Natural size, showing the 
 
 spines and foliage. 
 
 BB. Foliage evergreen or half-evergreen. 
 
 C. Lvs. entire, or rarely with feic spiny teeth. 
 
 9. buxifdlia, Poir. (B. dulcis. Sweet). One to 3 ft: 
 branch»'s brown, grooved : spiies usually 3-parted, 
 short : lvs. cuneate, obovate or elliptic, %-! in. lonir : 
 fls. solitary, on long pedicels, orange yellow : fr. nearly 
 
BERBERIS 
 
 BERBERIS 
 
 155 
 
 <flob«se, blackish purple. May. Cdile to Strait of Ma- 
 gelto. B.M. 6505. S.B.F.G. II. 1: 100. P.M. 10: 171. 
 -A very graceful, free-flowering shrub ; one of the 
 hardiest of the evergreen species ; will stand the win- 
 ter even north if somewhat protected. 
 
 10. Btenophylla, Mast. {li. Ddrwini x empetrifdHa). 
 Height 1-3 ft., with slender, arching branches : Ivs. 
 narrow-oblong, revolute at the margins, spiny pointed, 
 }i-lH in. long, dark green above : lis. 2-0, in pedun- 
 cled, pendulous umbels. Of garden origin. May. G.C. 
 111. 7:619. A.F. 6: 325. — Handsome shrub, nearly as 
 hardy as the former. 
 
 cc. Lvs. coarsely spiny dentate. 
 D. Fls. in simple racemes or clusters. 
 
 11. iliciJdlia, Forst. Holly-leaved. Lvs. partially ever- 
 green, persisting till late in winter, shining dark green, 
 ovate, tapering at base, coarsely spiny-toothed: pedicels 
 short, 4-fld., somewhat corjTubose ; . orange -yellow. 
 Terra del Fuogo. B.M. 4308. F.S. 3 it*l. 
 
 12. D4rwini, Hook. Height 1-3 ft. : branches brown, 
 pubescent when young : lvs. sessile, cuneate, obovate, 
 usually 3-fld at the apex, glossy dark green above, ^-1 
 in, long : racemes short, many-fld., pendulous ; fls. 
 orange-yellow, often reddish outside : style longer than 
 the ovarv : fr. dark purple. Chile to Patagonia. B.M. 
 4590. F.":v 7:663. P.F.G. 2:46. 
 
 13. Wallichi^na, DC. ( B. J(\mesoni, Hort., not Lindl.). 
 Shrub, to 10 ft., with grayish brown branches : spines 
 3-parted, nearly an inch long : lvs. sessile, oblong-ellip- 
 tic or lanceolate, remotely spiny serrate, shining on both 
 sides, 1-2 in. long : fls. long-pedicelled, nodding, 3-6 in 
 a cluster. Himalayas. B.M. 4656. P.F.G. 1:79. 
 
 14. Neuberti, Lem. {B. ilicifdlia, Hort., not Forst. 
 B. Aqiiifdliiim x vulgdris). Branches grayish brown, 
 without spines, upright : lvs. simple, oval or ovate, 
 sometimes with 1 or 2 smaller lateral Ifts., spiny or 
 setulose-dentate, dark grayish green above, lK-3 in. 
 long: fls. in racemes. Of garden origin. I.H. 1:111. 
 G.C. III. 9:73, 75. — Hardy north, but lvs. not persistent. 
 
 227. Berberis Thunber£li 
 
 
 228. Berberis Thunbergii 
 
 -^■1 ** 
 
 no. Fls. in compound, pendulous racemes. 
 
 15. aristiita, DC. Bush, 2-6 ft.: lvs. oblong, semi-per- 
 sisteut. usually spinose-dentate, 1-3 in. long : fls. in 
 lontr-peduncled, compound racemes. Himalayas. B.R. 
 9:72;). 
 
 16. J^mesoni, Lindl. Shrub, much branched : lvs. 
 oblontr, 2-3 in. long, with few large and strong spines : 
 fls. orange, in drooping panicles or compound racemes. 
 Ecuador. I.H. 6:201. 
 
 AA. jLvs. pinnate, persistent : branches spineless. 
 
 (Mahonia.) 
 
 B. Petioles short or almost none. 
 
 C. Racemes few-fid., slender, mostly lateral. 
 
 17. Fr^monti, Torr. From .5-12 ft. : Ifts. 3-7, rigidly 
 coriaceous, ovate or oblong, with few strong, spiny teeth, 
 glaucous, dull, yi-l in. long : racemes loose, 3-7-fld. ; 
 
 229. Berberis Aquifolium (X %). 
 
 pedicels slender: fr. at least Kin. in diam., red, in- 
 flated, and rather dry. W. Texas to Utah and Mex. 
 G.F. 1: 497. — Remarkable for its pale, glaucous foliage 
 and large berries. Not hardy north. 
 
 cc. Racemes many-fld., dense. 
 
 18. pinn^ta, Lag. (Mahbnia fascictildris, DC). Two 
 to 3 ft. : Ifts. 5-17, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, 
 undulate at the margin and with few spiny teeth, dark 
 green, somewhat shining : fls. in short, fascicled racemes : 
 fr. blue. Calif., N. Mex. B.M. 2390. B.R. 9:702. -Not 
 hardy north. 
 
 19. Japdnica, Spreng. { Jf. Jap6nica, DC. B. Bealii, 
 Fort.). Height 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, roundish or ovate, 
 coriaceous, usually truncate at the base, with large, re- 
 mote, spiny teeth, 2-5 in. long : racemes 3-4 in. long, 
 fascicled: fr- bluish black. China, Japan. B.M. 4840, 
 4852. P.F.G. 1:11. F.S. 6:79.- Very effective by its 
 large foliage, thriving best, like the other Mahonias, in 
 a partly shaded position. Hardy north to New York in 
 sheltered positions. 
 
 20. Nepal6nsis, Spreng. (B. Japdnica, Hort.). Tall, 
 4-6 ft. : Ifts. 5-25, rigid, obovate-oblong, repand -toothed, 
 with few spiny teeth on each edge. India to Japan. 
 N. 1:182. A.G. 18:355. 
 
 BB. Petioles prominent or elongated. 
 c. Lfts. truncate or rounded at the base. 
 
 21. Aqoifdlium, Pursh (Mahonia Aquifolium, Nutt.). 
 Fig. 229. From .3-6 ft. : lfts. 5-9, oblong or oblong-ovate, 
 shiny dark green above. spinulose-<lent!ite : racemes 
 erect, fascicled: berries blue, small. Mav. British Co- 
 lumbia to Ore. B.R. 17:1425. L.B.C. 18:1718. P.M.B. 
 9: 5. — Handsome evergreen shrub, hardy north in shel- 
 tered positions. 
 
 22. nervdsa, Pursh. Dwarf evergreen shrub : sts. but 
 a few inche.^ high, tipped with lonr, husk-like, pointed 
 bud-scales : lfts. 11-21, lance-ovate, 3-5- ribbed, remotely 
 spiny-tooihed, borne on a strongly jointed stalk : ra- 
 cemes elong.?ted, erect: fr.oblong, blue. Ore. B.M. 3949. 
 L.B.C. 18;17G1. F.S. 2:127. P.M. 7:55, as ifahonia 
 glumacen. 
 
 23. repens, Lind!. {Mahbnia repens, Don). Rarely 
 over 1 ft. high, stoloniferous : lfts. .3-7, roundish ovate 
 or ovate, pale or glaucous and dull above, spiuulose- 
 dentate : fls. and fr. like the former. Brit. Columbia to 
 Calif, and N. Mex. B.R. 14:1176. L.B.C. 19:1847. 
 
 cc. Lff.t. cuneate at base, narroic-lanceolate. 
 
 24. F6rtun3i, Lindl. Dwarf : lfts. 5-9, distant, nar- 
 rowJv lanceolate; spinv teeth numerous, small ; racemes 
 erect, faF'.-led. China. F.S. 3:287 bis. 
 
 li. nctinacdntha , Mart. One to 3 ft., evergreen : spines 5- 
 parted : lvs. small, spiny : lis. in sessile clusters. Chile. B.R. 
 
156 
 
 BERBERIS 
 
 BERTOLONIA 
 
 31:.'>5.— R ^titirngis. Prsl. Alliwl to B. pmarginata. Low, 
 dense shrub, with small Ivs. aud long spines. Sicily, Sardinia, 
 Corsica.— If. anguioga. Wall. Height 4 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, 
 small, entire or sparsely spinulose : lis. solitary or few. Him- 
 alayji-s. B.M. 7071.— W. Agidtica, Ro.\b. Three to 10 ft.: Ivs. 
 IKTsistent, oblong, entire or with few teeth, whitish beneath, 
 1-3 in. long : tls. in short, sessile ra<"emes. Himul. — B. Bel- 
 Htaniana. Hort. = B. virescens.— /f. brachylMrya, Edgew. = B. 
 emarginata, var.— J?. Chitria, Hamilton = B. aristata.— ^. con- 
 eintia. Hook. Low : Ivs. small, semi-persistent, glaucous be- 
 neath, spinulose : fls. solitary, pendulous. Himal. B. J. 4744. 
 
 — H. congegtiflora, (i.iy. Five to 7 ft.: Ivs. persistent, orbicular, 
 or broatl-oblong, spinos«>, glaucous l>eneath : t!s. in dense, glo- 
 bose clusters. I'hile. B..M.C770.— ii. coridcea, Lindl. = B. flori- 
 bunda.— if. cratceghia, DC. Low : Ivs, small, semi-persistent, 
 entire or spiuulose : fls. in short, erect racemes : fr. blue. Ori- 
 ent to Hiinal. — B. Cretica, Linn. Spines 3-parted : Ivs.det-idu- 
 ous, small, u.sually entire: fls. 2-5, in short, sessile umbels. 
 8. Eu., Orient.— A dealbdta, Lindl. Lvs. persistent, nearly 
 orbicular, with few spiny teeth : racemes short, dense, nmlding. 
 Mex. li.R.21:17M.—Ii.didphana, Max. Lvs. deciiluous, sparsely 
 spinulose: fls. long-pedicelled, fa.scicle<l : fr. translucid. China. 
 
 — B. empetrifolid, Lam. Low: branches slender : lvs. persist- 
 ent, linear, revolute at the margin : fls. 1-2, slender-iH'duncled. 
 Chile to Patagonia. B.R. '2*i:'l7.—B. faaeiculdris, Sims = B. 
 pinnata.— Jf. Fendteri, Gray. Allied to B. Cana<lensis. Spines 
 :!-.'>-fl(l : lvs. olK)vate-lanceolate, entire or spinulose : racemes 
 dense, i)endulous. Colo, to N. Mex. G.F.1:W2.—B. floribtinda. 
 Wall. Lvs. deciduous, entire or sparsely spinulose-ciliate : ra- 
 cemes long-pe«luncled. Himal. B.R. 27:46 (as B. coriaria) and 
 30:44 (as B. uml>ellata).— if. Ouimpeli, Koch = B. Sinensis.— 
 B. heterophylla. Juss. Lvs. persistent, ovate-l.inceolate, entire 
 or with 2-4 spiny teeth : fls. solitary. St-ait.-; of Magellan.— 
 B. Iberica, Stev. & Fisch. = B. crataegina.— if. Ib^rica, Hort.= 
 B. vulgaris, v.ar.— /?. Loxensig, Benth. Lvs. persistent, shining, 
 Avith few spiny teetli : fls. small, on peduncled, loose racemes. 
 Pern. F.S. 6, p. 69.— if. Lyciinn, Royle. Lvs. semi-i)ersistent, 
 obova:e-lanceolate, entiie or spinulose: racemes sessile much 
 longer than the lvs., drooping: fr. \iolet. Himal. B.M. 7075. 
 — if. i>d//(</rt, Benth. Lvs. pimijite, persistent ; 1ft s. 9-13, ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, spinose : racemes compound, loose. Mex. 
 B.R. 30:16.— if. ruscifblia. Lam. Lvs. persistent, oblong, entire 
 or with few coarse teeth at the ai>ex : fls. 4-5 on a short pedun- 
 cle. Argentina.— if. serotina, Lange. Allied to B. Sinensis. 
 Lvs. usually entire, bright green : racemes short, dense, i)edun- 
 cled. Origin unknown.— if. serrdta, Koehne (B. microphylla, 
 var. serrata, Hort.). Lvs. small, spinulose, deciduous: ra- 
 cemes dense, much shorter than the lvs. Origin unknown. — 
 B. Sibfrica, Pall. Lvs. deciduous, obov.-ite, remotely dentate- 
 ciliate: fls. short -podicelle<l, solitary or 2-3. Siberia. B.R. 6:487. 
 —B. Sieboldi, Miq. Low: branches brown, 2-edged towauls 
 the end : lvs. oblong, densely ciliate-dentate : raceme few-fld., 
 nodding. Japan.— if . Sieboldi, Hort., not Miq. = B. Amurensis, 
 var.— if. teiiuifblia, Lindl. Lvs. pinnate, persistent ; Ifts. 3-7, 
 lanceolate, entire : racemes nodding, verj' long and loose. Mex. 
 B.R. 30:26.— if. trifolioldtn,'SloT\i.'. (B. trifoliata, Hartw.). Lvs. 
 3-foliolate, persistent : Ifts. sessile, pale, coarsely spinose- 
 toothed: racemes short, few-fld. Tex. to Mex. B.R. 31:10. 
 F.S. 1:56. P.F.G. 2:68.-if. trifiirca. Fort. Allied to B. Nepal- 
 ensis, and probably a var. Leaflets oblong-ovate. 3-pointed at the 
 apex and with few teeth at the base. China. P.F.(t. 3:57.—^. 
 uinbelldta, Wall. Lvs. deciduous, sparsely serrulate : racemes 
 long-i)eduncletl, uml)eMike. Himal. B.M. 2.>49.— B. rirescens. 
 Hook. Lvs. deciduous, small, entire or remotely spinulose, 
 pale green : fls. greenish yellow, fascicled, or in very short 
 racemes. B.M. 7116. 
 
 Alfred Rehder and Fred W. Card. 
 
 B£BCH£MIA (derivation uncertain). Rhnmndceop. 
 Shrubs, mostly clirabinff, rarely trees : lvs. deciduous, 
 alternate, slender, petioled, entire or nearly so, with mi- 
 nute stipules: fls. inconspicuous. .'S-meroiis, in terminal, 
 u.sually leafy panicles : fr. a small berry-Kke drupe with 
 2-celIed stone. Twelve species in E. Asia, N. Amer., E. 
 A fr.- Ornamental climbing shrubs, not quite hardy 
 north, with small, bright green graceful foliage, useful 
 for covering trellis work in sunny po.sitions. They 
 grow in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds and by root- 
 cuttings in spring under glass ; also by layering the 
 young shoots and by cuttings of mature wood in fall 
 under glass. 
 
 8c4ndens, Koch {B. volubilis. DC). Supple Jack. 
 Ten to 17) ft.: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
 often undulate, 1-2 in. long, with 9-12 pairs of lateral 
 veins : fls. greenish white : fr, bluish black. June. 
 S. states. 
 
 racemdsa, Sieb. & Zucc. Closely allied to the former. 
 Lvs. cordate, ovate, with 6-S pairs of veins : fls. green- 
 ish : fr. flrst red, becomijg black at length. July. Jap., 
 China. — Hardier than the former, not hiirh-climbing ; 
 attractive in late summer, with its red fruits. 
 
 Alfred Rehdfr. 
 
 B£B0AM0T. Name applied to various aromatic 
 plants, particularly to members of the Labidfrr, as 
 Menthas and Monardas. The Bergamot essence of 
 commerce is made from a citrous fruit. See Citrut. 
 
 B£BRIA ( after Dr. Andrew Berry, a Madras botanist). 
 Syn., JJirrya, DC, not Klein. TiliAi-ecf. A genus of 
 one or two species, with no familiar allies. 
 
 Ammonilla, Roxb. High tree: lvs. entire, heart-shaped, 
 long-petioled, smooth, 5-7-nerved, alternate : fls. in 
 racemes, small, white, very numerous: fr. a 3-celled cap- 
 sule with G wings, the .'i-12 seeds with stiff hairs, which 
 reatlily penetrate the skin and produce a painful itching. 
 Growing abundantly in the Philippines and Ceylon, 
 where it is one of the largest and most valuable timber 
 trees. The wood, being light and strong, is used for 
 building, for oil casKS, and for boats. It is exported as 
 "Trincomalee wood." Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa 
 Barbara, Calif. q. T. Hastlvgs. 
 
 BERTHOLLfiTIA (after Louis Claude Berthollet, 
 French chemist). Myrtficete. Brazil Nct. Paka 
 Nut. Cream Nut. Nigger Toe. Large trees : Ivs. al- 
 ternate, bright green, leathery, about 2 ft. long, in. 
 broad : fls. cream colored ; calyx j>arts united and tear- 
 ing into 2 parts when the flower opens ; petals 6, sta- 
 mens many, united into a hood-shaped mass, the upper 
 ones sterile : fr. round, about 6 in. in diam., with a hard 
 shell containing 18-24 y-sided nuts. Fig. 230. Spe- 
 
 230. Bertholletia excelsa. 
 Cross-section of husk, showing Brazil nuts (X J^). 
 
 cies 2, both of which furnish Brazil nuts. Curiously 
 enough, the common trade name of the Brazil nut is 
 (^astanea, which is properly the name of the genus that 
 includes the chestnuts. 
 
 exc61sa,Humb. & Bonpl. Fig. 2.30. A tree. 100-150 ft.; 
 with a smooth trunk 3-4 ft. in diam. : branches near the 
 top. It forms large forests on the banks of the Amazon 
 and Rio Negro. The natives gather the nuts in large 
 quantities, choppingthe fruit open. They are exported in 
 large quantities, chiefly from Para. An oil is expressed 
 from the kernels, and the bark is used at Para for caulk- 
 ing ships. The tree is of little value for decorative pur- 
 poses, and, according to the Bulletin on Nut Culture of 
 the Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agr., is too 
 tender for growth anywhere in the United States. — Cult. 
 at Santa Barbara, Calif. q_ "j.^ Hastings. 
 
 BERTOLONIA (after A. Bertolini, Italian botanist). 
 Mehtstomaceae. Splendid warmhouse foliage plants 
 from Brazil, always dwarf, and sometimes creeping; the 
 garden forms with membranaceous, 5-7-nerved leaves 
 .")-8 in. long, and purple beneath : fls. rose-colored, 5- 
 petaled, in scorpioid racemes or spikes. Within the 
 restricted definition of the latest monographer of the 
 Melastomaceie (A. Coigneaux. in DC. Mon. Phan. vol. 7), 
 there are only five good species, but some earlier bota- 
 nists do not separate certain allied genera which usu- 
 ally cannot be distinguished by habit alone. The surest 
 character is the inflated and 3-angled or 3-winged calyx 
 of Bertolonia. In Bertolonia, flower-parts are in 5's, but 
 
BERTOLONIA 
 
 BESCHORN'ERIA 
 
 157 
 
 the ovary is 3-celled. Qravesia has a 5-ce!led ovary, 
 and Sonerila is trimerous. In Bertolonia the connective 
 of the anthers has no appendajfe ; in Salpinga there is 
 A spur below and behind the connective ; in Mouolena 
 there is a spur in front, and the calyx is not hairy. 
 
 Bertolonias are essentially fanciers' plants. It is 
 lomewbat difficult to bring out their true characteristics 
 under ordinary stove treatment, as they require a more 
 Dumid atmosphere than can usually be maintained, even 
 in a smull house. The additional shelter of a small 
 frame should be provided, where the atmospheric con- 
 ditions will be much more easily regulated. A plentiful 
 supply of water at the roots is necessary ; syringing or 
 rjprinkling overhead is not advisable. The most con- 
 venient method of propagation is by cuttings, which 
 strike readily, in a moderately close propagating case 
 lilled with sharp, clean sand. The pots should be thor- 
 oughly clean and drained, and the compost open and 
 porous. Thrive in dense shade. Old plants are not so 
 brilliant as young ones. 
 
 Bertolonias and their allies furnish an excellent ex- 
 ample of Van Houtte's triumphs in hybridization. The 
 two species described below have probably been im- 
 portant factors iu the plant-breeding, and Gravesia gut- 
 tata even more so. Gravesia is a Madagascar plant, 
 and has, perhaps, been crossed with the Brazilian Ber- 
 tolonias. Unfortunately, the pictures in Flore des Ser- 
 resshow no flowers, and the pedigree is not given. The 
 Bertonerilas figured and described in I.H. 43, pp. 188 
 and 189, with colored plates 04 and 68, are presumably 
 hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. Excepting C. 
 maculata a.ud C. marmorata, the following are hybrids. 
 
 A. Veins not lined on both sides tvith a colored band. 
 
 marmcr&ta, Naudin. Stem less densely hairy than 
 the above : Ivs. more narrowly ovate, or ovate-oblong, 
 acute, sparsely 'airy, streaked with white along the 
 veins : calyx sparsely hairy, not glandular : petals 
 somewhat blunter, dilute purple. R.H. 1848: 381, as 
 Eriocncma marmorata. Naudin. F.S.7: 750, as B. macu- 
 lata, var. marmorata, Planchon. Coigneaux recognizes 
 two varieties, var. gennlna, with Ivs. green above, and 
 banded with w^ite along the veins ; var. snda {JUrioc- 
 nema lenea and B. cenka, Naudin), with Ivs. dark green 
 with a coppery cast, but not spotted or only slightly so. 
 
 MirdndsBi, Van Houtte. Spots red on the lower Ivs. 
 and white on the upper or younger ones : Ivs. purple 
 beneath. F.S.21:22«5 (1875). 
 
 AA. Veins lined on both sides with a white or colored 
 
 band. 
 B. Bands and spots magenta or purple. 
 
 mactQata, DC. Stem short, decumbent, rooting at the 
 base, densely clothed with rusty hairs : Ivs. long- 
 petioled, cordate, broadly ovate, obtuse, hispid above 
 and at margins, dark velvety green above, often spot- 
 ted: calyx densely clothed with glandular hairs: petals 
 obovate, somewhat acute, rose-colored. B.M.4551. 
 
 Houtte&na, Van Houtte {B. Van Hoidtei, Hort.). 
 Lvs. purple beneath. This was the sensational plant of 
 1874, and Van Houtte refused $2,000 for his stock of it. 
 It was originated by his propagator, Marchand. P. S. 
 20:2120. 
 
 BB. Bands and spots silvery white. 
 c. Spots very distinct. 
 
 Hrubyina, Van Houtte. This has bars of white con- 
 necting the veins. The under side of the lvs. seems to 
 be green instead of purple, at least toward the tip. F.S. 
 
 23:"2:i81. 
 
 Eodeckiina, Van Houtte. Distinguished from the 
 above and all others of this group by the abundance of 
 dark red color in the upper surface of the lvs. Veins 
 of the under side prominent and green. F.S. 23 : 2382. 
 
 CC. Spots very faint. 
 
 Legrelle&na, Van Houtte (5. Legrdlle, Hort.). There 
 are a few longitudinal bars, but they do not connect the 
 veins. Reterred to Gravesia guttata by Coigneaux. 
 F.S. 23: 2407. 
 
 Other trade names are B. guttdta. Hook, f.=Gravesia gut- 
 tota.~/i. margaritacea, Hort. Bull.=Salpinga margaritacea.— 
 o. priinulcefldra, Hort.= Monolema priinulaeflorii.— if. pub^- 
 
 cent, Hort., with long white hairs and a chocolate band down 
 the cent«r. Enuador.—B. punctatUgima, Hort.— B. auperbm- 
 *ima, Hort. (B. superba ? Hort.), with rose colored s-poU. which 
 are larjjer and brighter near the margin. F.M..151 (1875).— 
 Probably a var. of Gravesia guttata. 
 
 Wm. Scott, Tarrytown, N. Y., and W. M. 
 
 BERTONERlLA. A class of handsome foliage plants, 
 presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. 
 I.H. vol. 43 (18%). For culture, see Bertolonia. 
 
 BESCHORNfiKIA (after H. Beschomer, German 
 botanist). AmaryllidAcem. Succulent desert plants, al- 
 lied to Bravoa and Doryanthes. Lvs. in a rosette, glau- 
 cous, roughish at the margins, not so thick, firm or 
 fleshy as in Agave (which has a strong end-spine and 
 horny marginal prickles): rootstock short, tuberous. 
 In Beschorneria, the perianth is usually reddish green, 
 with scarcely any tube and with long, ohlaneeolate seg- 
 ments ; in Doryanthes the perianth is bright red , the seg- 
 ments long, narrowly falcate ; in Bravoa the perianth 
 is red or white, the tube curved, subcylindral, and the 
 segments short. J. G. Baker, Amaryllidete, 161. Culture 
 similar to Agave. The species are very closely allied, 
 and difficult to distinguish. The following are the only 
 kinds well known, and they are all from Mex. They flower 
 at long, irregular periods, as do century plants. 
 
 The species succeed best when treated similarly to 
 Agaves, with the exception of the soil, which may be 
 made richer by the addition of crushed bone and a 
 little vegetable mold. All of the species need green- 
 house protection in the northern states. Useful for 
 bedding. 
 
 A. Roughish on both surfaces of lvs. 
 
 tubindra, Kunth. Lvs. 12 or more, lK-2 ft. long, 1 in. 
 broad, linear, long-acuminate, narrowest of the genus. 
 B.M. 4642.— The oldest and best known species. 
 
 AA. Boughish beneath and on the margins of lvs. 
 
 B. Lvs. very glaucous. 
 
 Ton61ii, Jacobi {B. Tonelid,na, J emohi) . Allied to B. 
 tubiflora, but wit . looser habit and much broader lvs. 
 Lvs. 15-20, 1-1?^ tt. long, 2-2>^ in. broad, short-acumi- 
 nate, and more boldly contracted below the middle. 
 B.M. 6091. 
 
 BE. -Lvs. less glaucous. 
 
 c. Base of lvs. thick, about % inch. 
 
 Dek08teri4na, C. Koch. Lvs. 15-20, 2-i]4 ft. long, 
 2-2H in. broad, ohlaneeolate, long-acuminate, very grad- 
 ually tapering both ways from the middle, 1-1^ in. 
 broad above the base ; the bases thickest in the genus. 
 B.M. 6768. 
 
 CC. Base of lvs. thinner. 
 
 D. Narrowed to less than 1 inch above the base. 
 
 bracce^ta, Jacobi. Lvs. 20-30, lK-2 ft. long, 2 in. 
 broad, short-acuminate ; teyture thin but firm. B.M. 
 6641. — In the picture the margins are rougher than in 
 any other species, and they are also wavy or revolute at 
 intervals. 
 
 DD. y arrowed to J^ inch above the base. 
 
 yuccoldes, Hook. f. Lvs. about 20, \-\% ft. long, 2 in. 
 broad, lanceolate, short-acuminate. B.M. 5203.— The 
 lvs. are broader than in A. tubiflora, shorter acuminate, 
 and more boldly narrowed below the middle. In the 
 picture cited, the lvs. seem more spreading and less 
 revolute than in the rest of the genus. 
 
 B. CalifSmica is offered by Dr. Franceschi, Santa 
 Barbara, Calif., without description. 
 
 As Beschomerias can be certainly identified only 
 when in flower, the following key is added : 
 
 A. Inflorescence racemose. 
 
 B. Fls. highly colored, purple and red— ToneZti. 
 BB. Fls. dull-colored, reddish greQU— tubiflora. 
 AA. Inflorescence panicled. 
 
 B. Fls. 2 or 3 in a c\u%t^r— Dekosteriana. 
 BB. Fls. more numerous in the cluster, 3-7. 
 c. Peduncles bright r^d—yuccoides. 
 CC. Peduncle dull reddish htovfn—bracteata. 
 G. W. Oliveb and W. M. 
 
158 
 
 BESLERIA 
 
 BETULA 
 
 BESLfiEIA (after Basil Besler, Nuremberj? apothe- 
 cary, an'l reputed author of ♦he. «uperb Hortus Eystetten- 
 ais, 1613). Gesner^' ece. Tropical plants, mostly sub- 
 shrubs, with somewhat 4-ansled stems, large, membra- 
 naceous, -^nr site, petiolate Ivs. prominently veined be- 
 neath, an How, white or purple fls. B. Imray is 
 herbaceoi , .v'ith serrate Ivs. and yellow axillary fls. 
 B.M. 634' Prop, by cuttings. None are known to be 
 offered in America. 
 
 B£SS£BA (after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at 
 Brody). Mexican Cokal Drops. An exceedingly pretty 
 summer-flowering bulbous plant, with umbels of pendu- 
 lous fls,, which are vermilion outside, have a white co- 
 rona or cup within, and long, purple stamens. It is a 
 monotypic genus allied to Androstephium. Perianth 
 cup-shaped, the tube shorter than the oblong-lanceolate 
 segments ; stamens 6. Culture simple. Bulbs planted 
 out, and lifted when ripe. 
 
 61egans, Schult. f. Bulb globular, 1 in. thick, tuni- 
 cated : Ivs. 2-3, about 10-12 in., or even 2 ft,, long: 
 g'^^pe 1-2 ft. long, hollow, fragile ; umbels 4-10-fld. ; 
 pedicels 1-1/^ in. long ; perianth 9-10 lin«s long, keeled 
 on the back, variously marked with white within, but 
 usually with vermilion margins ani center-band : fls. 
 borne through two months of late summer and early 
 autumn. G.F. 4:125. Gn. 25:423. B.R. 25:34. B.R. 
 1546, as Pharium fistulosum. F.S. 4:424. as B. tninia- 
 ^um. — Strong bulbs sometimes throw up 6-10 scapes, 
 with 12-20-fld. umbels. "W. jj, 
 
 BfiTA( Latin name). Chenopodihcect. Perhaps a dozen 
 or 15 species of herbs, ranging from the Canary Islands 
 to eastern India. One polymorphous species yields the 
 cultivated Beets. This is B. vtilgaris, Moq., the origi- 
 nal form of which is perennial, and grows on the coasts 
 of southern Europe, reaching as far N. as the Straits of 
 Dover. Moquin (DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:56) divides the 
 derivatives of this species into three groups : (1) The 
 slender- and hard-rooted, essentially wild forms, includ- 
 ing B. maritimaot Linnaeus ; (2) Leaf Beet{.fi. Cicla), 
 comprising the various kinds of Chard or Spinach Beet 
 (see Chard); (3) the common garden Beets, or Beet- 
 root. The ornamental Beets, grown for their handsome 
 colored Ivs., are akin to the Chards. All these races 
 have been developed in comparatively modern times, 
 probably from one original form, Cf . Sturtevant, Amer. 
 Nat. 1887:433. See Beet. l, h. B. 
 
 BETEL, or BETLE. The leaf of Piper Betle, a kind 
 of pepper used in wrapping the pellets of betel-nut and 
 lime which are commonly chewed in the Orient. The 
 pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, astringent. They redden 
 the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode 
 them. The betel-nut is the fruit of Areca Catechu, a 
 palm. 
 
 BETCNICA and BETONY. See Stachys. 
 
 B£TULA (ancient Latin name) . Betuld.ftea>, a tribe of 
 Cupulifer(e. Birch. Trees or shrubs, with the bark usu- 
 ally separating into thin, papery plates : Ivs. alternate, 
 deciduous, petioled, serrate : fls. monoecious, apetalous, 
 in catkins, opening in spring with the Ivs.; staminate 
 catkins usually long and pendulous, formed in the au- 
 tumn and remaining naked during the winter, every 
 scale bearing 3 fls,, each with 2 stamens divided at the 
 apex ; pistillate catkins oblong or cylindrical, bearing in 
 the axil of every scale 3 naked ovaries : fr. a minute 
 nut, often erroneously called seed, with membranaceous 
 wings, dropping at maturity with the bracts from the 
 slender rachis. About 35 species in N. America, Europe, 
 N. and Oent. Asia, especially in the northern regions. 
 No tree goes farther north than the Birch ; in N. America 
 B. papyri fera rcaehes66°N. lat., and in Europe B. alha 
 goes to the North Cape, and is still a forest tree at 70°. 
 The hard and tough wood is often used in the manu- 
 •facture of furniture and of many small articles, in 
 n?.aking charcoal, and for fuel; from the bark, boxe?*, bas- 
 kets, and many small articles are made ; also canoes from 
 that of the B. papyrifera : in Russia and Siberia it is 
 used in tanning leather. The sap of some species i.i used 
 as a beverage. The Birches are very ornamental park 
 
 trees, hardy, except 2 or 3 Himalayan species, and espe- 
 cially valuable for colder climates. Their foliage is rarely 
 attacked by insects, and turns to a bright or orange-yellow 
 in fall. Their graceful habit, the slender, often pendulous 
 brunches, and the picturesque trunks make them con- 
 spicuiuis features of the landscape. Especially reniark< 
 able are those with white-colored bark, as B. papyrifera 
 popnUfolia, alba, Ermani, and also B. 3faximoiriczii 
 with yellow bark. Most Birches prefer moist, sandy and 
 loamy soil ; but some, as B. alba and poptili folia, grow 
 as satisfactorily in dry localities and poor soil as jn 
 swamps and bogs, and they are especially valuable in 
 replanting deserted grounds as nurses for other trees • 
 both are comparatively short-lived trees. Prop, readily 
 by seeds, gathered at maturity and sot in fall, or usu- 
 ally kept dry during the winter, or stratified ; but B. 
 nigra, which ripens its fniits in June, must be sown at 
 once, and by fall the seedlings will be several inches 
 high. The seeds should be sown in sandy soil, slightly 
 or not at all covered, but pressed firmly into the ground 
 and shaded. The seedlings must be transplanted when 
 one year old. Rarer species and varieties are grafted, 
 usually on B. lenfa, papyrifera, nigra or alba. Cleft or 
 tongue-grafting in early spring, on potted .stock in the 
 greenhouse, is the best method. Budding in summer is 
 also sometimes practiced. Shrubby forms may also be 
 increased by layers, and B. nana by greenwood cuttings 
 under glass. Monographs by Regel : Monographische 
 Bearbeitung der Betulaceae ( 1861) ; and in De Candolle, 
 Prodromus, 16, 2, p. 162 (1869). 
 
 Index : alba, 10 ; atropurpurea, 10 ; Bhojpattra, 2 ; 
 Carpatica, 10 ; cordifolia, 8 ; costata, 6 ; Dalecarlica, 10; 
 Ermani, 5 ; excelsa. 4, 10 ; fastigiata, 10, 13 ; glandu- 
 losa, 12 ; Japonica, 10 ; laciniata, 10, 9 ; lenta, 3 ; lutea, 
 4 ; Maximowiczii, 1 ; minor, 8 : nana, 14; uigra, 7; occi- 
 dentalis, 11 ; odorata, 10 ; papyract> . 8 ; papyrifera. 8; 
 pendula, 10, 9 ; persicifolia, 14 ; pi jphylla, 8; Pon- 
 tica, 10 ; populifolia, 9 ; pubescens, 10 ; pumila, 13 ; 
 pyrifolia,8; mihra, 7: tortuosa, 10; urticifolia, 10 ; 
 utilis, 2 ; verrucosa, 10. 
 
 A. Veins of Ivs- more than 7 pairs, usually impressed 
 
 above. Trees. 
 
 B. Zrvs. large, 4-6 in, long, deeply cordate: contH 
 cylindrical, racemose, 2-4. 
 
 1. Maziindwiczii, Regel. Tree, 80-90 ft., with smooth, 
 orange-colored trunk and dark reddish brown branch- 
 lets : Irs. long-petioled, broadly ovate, coarsely and 
 doubly serrate, membranaceous, pubescent on younger 
 trees, nearly glabrous on older ones : cones 'K-3 in. 
 long, slender, nodding ; fr. with very broad wings. 
 Jap, —This is probably the most beautiful of all Birches, 
 perfectly hardy north and of rapid giowth ; its large 
 foliage and the yellow color of the trunk render it a 
 highly ornamental and conspicuous park tree. 
 
 BB. Lvs. S-5 in. long : cones solitary, erect : wings nar- 
 rower than the fruit. 
 
 c. Shape of lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded and often 
 cordate at the base, broadest about the middle: 
 veins distinctly impressed above, comparatively 
 short-petioled. 
 
 2. tltilis, Don {B. Bhojpdttra,WsiU.). Tree, 40-60 ft. : 
 trunk with reddish brown bark : lvs. ovate, rounded at 
 the base, acuminate, densely irregularly serrate, pubes- 
 cent when young, 2-3 in. long, with 8-12 pairs of veins : 
 cones peduncled, cylindrical, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with 
 erect oblong lobes, the middle one much longer. Himal., 
 Jap. — Not quite hardy N. 
 
 3. l^nta, Linn. Cherry, Sweet, or Black Birch. 
 Tree, 60-70 ft. ; trunk dark reddish brown, young hark 
 aromatic, of agreeable flavor : lvs. oblong-ovate, usu- 
 ally cordate at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, 
 hairy beneath when yofng, nearly glabrous at length, 
 2-5 in. long : cones ovoid-oblong, 1-1 % in. long ; bracts 
 with broad lobes, the middle one slightly longer. From 
 Nev'-fouiidland to Florida, west to Illinois and Missouri. 
 S.S. 9:448. Em. 232.— Very handsome tree, round- 
 headed, and with pendulous branches when older: at- 
 tractive in spring, with :*^$ ' >*'g staminate catkins. 
 
 4. Ititea, Michx. (B. " ■-». », Pursh. not Ait.). Yel- 
 low Birch. Fig. 231. ''r^f. sometimes 100 ft.: bark 
 
BETULA 
 
 BETULA 
 
 159 
 
 silvery gray or light orange, on old trunks reddish 
 brown ; young bark aromatic, but somewhat bitter : 
 branehlets usually pilose : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 
 asuallv rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and 
 
 231 
 
 Cone of Betula lutea. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
 doubly serrate, usually hairy along the veins beneath : 
 cones like the last, but thicker, and bracts larger pu- 
 bescent outside. From Newfoundland south to N. Caro- 
 lina and Tenn., west to Minn. S.8. 9:449. Em. 235.- 
 One of the most valuable forest trees in the northern 
 states, much resembling the former in habit. Var. per- 
 siciJdlia, Dipp., has larger and longer Ivs., often ovate- 
 lanceolate. 
 
 cc. Shape of Ivs. ovate, broad and usuaUy trtmcate, 
 soimtitnes cordate at the base: veins not im- 
 pressed above: long -pet ioJed. 
 
 5. £rmani, Cham. Tree. 60 ft. : trunk white; branches 
 orange-colored ; branehlets usually glandular and pu- 
 bescent when young : Ivs. broadly triangular-ovate, 
 acuminate, irregularly coarsely serrate, 2-4 in. long, 
 hairy when unfolding, with 7-10 pairs of veins : cones 
 oblong ; bracts pubescent, with linear-oblong lobes, 
 middle one somewhat longer. N. E. Asia, Japan.— 
 Handsome round-headed tree, with slender branches. 
 
 6. costita, Trautv. Tree, 50 ft. : bark yellowish brown : 
 branches not or slightly glandular : Ivs. ovate, rarely 
 oblong-ovate, irreerularly doubly serrate, with 9-12 pairs 
 of veins, long acuminate, 2-33^ in. long, glabrous : 
 cones elliptic : bracts glabrous, witli short, rhombic or 
 obovate lateral lobes. Japan. Manchuria. 
 
 CCC. Shape of Irs. rhombic-ovate, ciineate at the base; 
 veins slightly impressed above: petioles rather 
 short: cones erect, peduncled, cylindrical. 
 
 7. nigra, Linn. (7?. rubra, Michx.). Red or Rivkr 
 BmrH. Tree, 50-90 ft. : bark reddish brown, or silvei-y 
 gray on younger branches, separating into ijumerous 
 thin, papery flakes : branehlets pubescent : Ivs. rhom- 
 bic-o^-ate, acute, «h)ubly serrate, pubescent when youn>r, 
 at lensrth only on the veins beneath, pale or glaucescemi, 
 beneatli. 2-334 in. lung : cones 1-1 ?3 in. Ion \ cylindri- 
 cal, ripening in May or June ; bracts pube?.cent, with 
 erect, linear-oblong, nearly equal lv>l)ts. From Mass. 
 south to ^la. and west to Kans. und Minn. S.S. 9: 4,')2. 
 -A moisture-loving, graceful tree, with slender, very 
 numerous branches, and remarkable for its torn and 
 ragged bark. 
 
 AA. Veins of Ivs. 7 or less, not impressed pairs. 
 
 B. Wings usually broader than the nut. 
 c. Trunk with white bark. Trees; rarely shrubs. 
 
 8. papyrifera, Marsh.(5. jaapj/rdcca. Ait.). Paper or 
 Canoe Birch. Fig. 232. Tree, 60-80, exceptionally 
 120, ft.: branehlets glandular, hairy when young : Ivs. 
 ovate, narrowed to cordate at the base, acuminate, 
 coarsely and usually doubly serrate, pubescent on the 
 veins beneath or nearly glabrous, 1 3^-434 in. long: 
 cones peduncled, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with short and 
 broad divergent lateral lobes. N. states from the Atlan- 
 tic to Pacific coast. S.S. 9:451. Em. 2.38. G.F.8:223. 
 — Ornamental tree, with very white trunk and a loose, 
 graceful head when older. Var, cordifolia, Kegel. ( li. 
 pyrifdlia &m\ pIatyphyUa,TIort.). Lvs. broadly ovate, 
 usually cor late, large. Var. minor, Tuckerm. Low, 
 bushy tree with smaller lvs. and frs. Mts. of N. Eng. 
 and N. York. 
 
 9. populifdlia, Ait. {B. dlba, var. populi folia , Spaeh.). 
 White Birch. Small tree, exceptionally 40 ft., with 
 smooth white b.Mk : branehlets with numerous resinous 
 glands : lvs. slen<ier, petioled, triangular or deltoid, 
 long acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, glutinous when 
 j'oung, glabrous at length and shining : cones slender, 
 ?talked, cylindrical, about 1 in. long ; bracts pubescent, 
 the lateral lobes divergent, about as long as the middle 
 one. From N. Brunswick to Delaware, west to Ontario. 
 S.S. 9:450. Em. 1:242. -A small, graceful, but short- 
 lived tree, yet thriving in dry and poor soil. Var. 
 lacini^ta, Hort. Lvs. incised-laciniate. Var. p^ndula, 
 Hort. Branches distinctly pendulous. Var. purptirea, 
 Hort. Lvs. purple when young, gr^en at length. B. 
 populifoliaxpapyrifera is shown in G.F. 8:356. 
 
 10. dlba, Linn. European White Birch. Fig. 233. 
 Tree, sometimes 80 ft., with white bark: lvs. slender-^, 
 petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminatOt^ 
 doubly serrate : cones erect or pendulous, cylindrical; 
 bracts with horizontally spreading lateral lobes about as 
 long as tlie middle one. From Eu. to Jap. — This very 
 variable species may be divided into 2 subspecies : 
 
 (1) p^ndula, Roth (B. rerruedsa, Ehrh.). Branches 
 more pendulous, glabrous, usually glandular : lvs. 
 rhombic-ovate, glutinous when young : cones all pen- 
 dulous. The following varieties belong here : V'ar. 
 
 
 
 atpc 
 
 ^BO*»^ 
 
 232. Staminate catkin (natural size) and flowers iCiilarged) 
 of Betula papyrifera. 
 
 atropurpilrea. Hort. Lvs. dark purple. Var. Dalecdr- 
 lica, Li'in. (/?./rtcini()^f. Hort.). Fig. 234. Lvs. more 
 or less deeply lobed with incised-serrate lobes. Var. 
 fastigi&ta. Hort. <>f straierht. upright, columnar 
 gro- th. Var. Jap^nica, Miq. (B. dlba, var. Tauschi, 
 
160 
 
 BETULA 
 
 BIARUM 
 
 Kegel.)' Lvs. broad -ovate, usually truncate at the 
 base. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Branches slender, dis- 
 tinctly pendulous ; cult, in several different forms, as 
 var. p6ndula lacini&ta, Hort., with laciniate Ivs.: a 
 very graceful form ( Fig. 234) ; var. p^ndula Slogans ; 
 var. p^ndula Yotingi, and others. 
 
 (2) pub^scens, Ehrh. (B. odo r<)/a, Bechst.). Less 
 pendulous or upright, sometimes shrubby ; branchlets 
 usually pubescent, not glandular : h-'s. ovate, pubes- 
 cent beneath, at least when young : cones pendu- 
 lous or erect. The first grows more in dry situations, 
 while the latter is found growing in moist places, 
 often in swamps. To this subspecies belong the follow- 
 ing varieties : Var. exc^lsa, Kegel. iB. excilsa. Ait.). 
 Tree: Ivs. ovate, short petioled, pubescent beneath. 
 Var. pub^scens, Kegel. Branches and Ivs. pubescent, 
 at least when young ; Ivs. ovate, actite. Var. urtic'id- 
 lia, Spach. Lvs, small, deep g^-een, irregula?lf in- 
 cised-serrate, unequal at the base. Var. Carp&tica, 
 Kegel, F6ntica, Dipp., and tortndsa, Kegel, are small 
 trees, without any horticultural value. 
 
 cc. Trunk with dark bronze-colored bark. 
 
 11. occident&lis, Hook. Small tree, occasionally 40 ft.; 
 branchlets slender, glandular : lvs. broadly ovate or 
 nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse, sharply seriate, short- 
 petioled, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at the v^ins be- 
 neath, 1-2 in. long: cones 1-1J4 in. long ; bracts with 
 erect, oval lobes, the middle one usually longer. North- 
 west Amer., east to Dakota and Nebraska. S.S. 9: 453. 
 
 BB. Wings smaller th<' ,» the nut: shrubs 1-15 ft.: lvs. 
 small, short-peiioled : cones erect. 
 
 C. Branchlets glandular, not pubescent. 
 
 12. glanduldsa, Michx. Only 1-4 ft. : lvs. she oeti- 
 oled, rounded or cuneate at the base, orbicu r or 
 broadly obovate, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, J^-l/'a in. 
 long : cones peduncled, %-%m. long : lobes of bracts 
 nearly equal, slightly spreading. Newfoundland to 
 Alaska, south to Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains 
 to Colorado. B.B. 1:510. 
 
 CC. Branchlets pubescent or nearly glabrous, not 
 
 glandular. 
 
 13. ptunila, Linn. Usually 2-8 ft., rarely 15 : branch- 
 lets tomentose or abescent, at least when young : Ivs. 
 orbicular or oval, ^cute or obtuse, coarsely dentate^ pale 
 and glabrous or pubescent beneath, 14-2 in. long: cones 
 peduncled, 3^-1 in. long ; lateral lobes of the pubescent 
 bracts spreading, shorter than the middle one. New- 
 foundland to Minn., south to Ohio. B.B. 1:511. Var. 
 
 fastigi^ta, Hort. (B. humilis 
 fastigiata, Hort.). Of distinct, 
 upright growth. B. piimila x 
 lenta is shown in O.F. 8:245. 
 
 14. n&na, Linn. Low, spreading, rarely 4 ft.: lvs. 
 o'bicular or cuneate-obovate, crenate, rounded at apex', 
 glabrous, }>i-%\n. long : cones nearly sessile, }i-]4\u, 
 long ; the upper bracts usually entire, the lower ones 
 
 
 
 233. Leaves of Betula alba. Natural size. 
 
 J34. Cut-leaved Weeping Birch— Betula alba. 
 
 3-lobed. Arctic N.E. Amer., N.Eu., Siberia. B.B. 1:511. 
 —A low, graceful shrub for rockeries and rocky slopes. 
 
 B. alnoldes, Hamilt. (B. cylindrostachya. Wall.). Tree, 50-60 
 ft.: bsrk brown : lvs. ovate-oblong, doubly cuspidately serrate: 
 cones racemose. Himal. Tender.— /?.aJpe«tn'«, Fries = B. inter- 
 media.— .B. carpinifdlia. Ehrh.=-= B. lenta.— -B. corylifdlia, Regel. 
 Allied to B. nigra. Lvs. broad elliptic or obovate, coarsely den- 
 tate : cones cylindrical. Japan. H. cylindrostachya, ^r]1.= 
 B. alnoides.— 5. Dahurica. Pall. Tree, to 60 ft.: bark brown: 
 lvs. ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath. 1-2 in. long : cones 
 oblong. Dahur.. Manchuria.-^. /rt/f»>o«a, Pall. Shrub, to 15 
 ft.: lvs. ovate, glabrous at length and usually glandular be- 
 neath, 1-2 in. long. Siber., Manchuria. — B. Omelini, Bunge= 
 B. fruticosa.— .B. grdndig. Schrad.=B. papyrifera.— J?, grbgta, 
 Sieb. & Zucc. Allie<l to B. lenta. Lvs. ovate, unequally serrate, 
 }4~2 in. long : lol)es of bracts rounded. Jap.— .B. htnnilit, 
 S<-hrank. Two to 6 ft.: branchlets glandular : lvs. Va-l/^in. 
 'cng, crenately serrate, glabrous M. and N. Eu., N. .Asia.— B. 
 hiibrida, Bechst. Natural hybrid of B. pendnlaXpubescens. 
 Tree.— .B. in^erw^dta, Thomas (B. albaXnana). Shrub: lvs. 
 orbicular or ovate, %-\ in. long, glabrotis. N. En.— ^. Med- 
 wedjeici, Regel. Tree, allied to B. Ermani : lvs. elliptic, 8-11- 
 nerved : cones cylindrical. Trans-Caucasia. Gt. 36. p. 384.— 
 B. Raddedna, Trautv. Allied to B. fruticosa. Tree : lvs. small, 
 ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath : cones oblong. Cauca- 
 sus. Gt. 36. p. 384.— /i. nlmifblia, Sieb.& Zucc. 
 Tree: lvs. ovate, doubly serrate, with 10-14 pairs 
 of veins : bracts of cone with linear oblong 
 lobes. Jap.— B. Yoitngipendula, Hort.= B. .-dba, 
 var. pendula Youngi. ALFRED Rehder. 
 
 BIABUM (old and obscure name). 
 Aro\deai. Dwarf, tuberous perennials of 
 the same tribe with our native jack-in- 
 the-pulpit. They are hardy in England, 
 but probably are suitable only for pot-eul- 
 
 ure in the northern U. S. They have a 
 spathe which is tubular at the bu.^e, mostly 
 wiih a long limb, and usually a long tail- 
 like spadix. They grow a few inches high. 
 Odd. Little known in America. 
 
 tennifdlium, Schott {Arum tenuifdlixm, 
 Linn.). Lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatu- 
 late, appearing after the fls. decay: spathe 
 long-acuminate, at len;?+h recurved and 
 twisted spirally, aboMt 10 in. long, out- 
 side green, streaked purple ; inside dull 
 purple, spotted : margins wavy : spadix 
 15 in. long. Spain. B.M. 2282. 
 
 Fyri,mi,Eng.{IscharumPyrdmi, Schott). 
 Lvs. oblong above the middle, narrowing 
 abruptly to a very long petiole, re .embliiig 
 
BIARUM 
 
 BIGXOXIA 
 
 161 
 
 Calla pnhistris : spathe green outside, shining, velvety 
 jurple within, shorter nnd broader than in B. tnhiflortim , 
 it length revolute ; tube swelling, connate only at the 
 rerv base : spadix thicker and shorter. Syria. B.M. 
 
 B6vei, Blume. Lvs. similar to B. Pyrami: spathe- 
 tube connate a fourth of its lenptL ; blade of spathe 
 lonfjer and more narrowly lanceolate, greeu outside, 
 dark purple within. Syria, Asia Minor. 
 
 itDE^S (hatm, tivice-toothed, reterring to the seed). 
 Compos iter. Bur Marigold. Mostly American hardy 
 annual and perennial herbs, allied to Dahlia and Core- 
 TOsis, and distingui**lif <1 ^'Y the barbed awns of the seed, 
 rhich. in B. frondnsa, our common Stick-Tight, or 
 lU'vil's Bootjack, are very trouldesorae by clinging to 
 tie clothiuiT. B. grandifldra, Balb., from S. Amer., is a 
 ytiiow-fld. haniy annual, growing 2 ft, high, bearing 
 gliLrous pinnatisect lvs.; occasionally cult. For B. 
 atr 'Bangui ne a, Hort., see Cosmos diversifclius. 
 
 BlilNNIAL, A i)lant living two years; particularly 
 one wh'ch does not bear flowers and fruit until tlie second 
 year fio.n the seed. Plants vary greatly in their dura- 
 tion, dep nding upon the climate in which they grow 
 and the ;. 'atment which they receive. Comparatively 
 few plants a~o true biennials. The common mullein and 
 bull thistle (Om'cns lanceolnfu.s) are examples. Most 
 cultivated bien-iials become annuals if grown in a warm 
 or long-season climate, as turnips, celery, cabbage, 
 onion. If the plPLts are crowded, or not allowed to attain 
 their full developm ?nt, they tend to run to seed and com- 
 plete their growth the first year. Gardeners are familiar 
 with this fact in celery, carrots and beets. Plants which 
 are practically annuals under such conditions, but which 
 have the power of carrying themselves over winter by 
 means of bulbs, corms, tubers, and other food-storage 
 parts, have been called p.<i<'t;d-an»iiuls. DeCandoUe esti- 
 mates that true or natural biennials comprise 1 or 2 per 
 cent of the total number of species of seed-bearing 
 
 plants- L. H. B. 
 
 BIFBENABIA (Latin for twice and strap, referring 
 to tlie corrective of the pollinii ). Orchiddcecp, tribe 
 Vdndeif. Very like Maxillaria, ami distinguished by 
 technical characters of the poll! ila. About 25 trop. 
 Amer. species, of which the two lollowing are best 
 known to the horticulturist. These species do well at 
 the cool end of the Cattleya house, and, in general, 
 should be treated like Maxillaria and L\ caste. 
 
 atirantlaca, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate or ovoid, mono- 
 phyllous ; leaf -blades about 6 in. long, oval or nearly 
 so : fls. about 1 in. across, yellow, dotted with deeper 
 yellow. British Guiaaa. B.M. 3597. 
 
 vitellina, Lindl. Fls. deeper yellow than in the above, 
 with a brown spot on the labelium. Brazil. 
 
 Oakks Ames. 
 
 BIGELCVIA (after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of 
 Florula Postoniensis, Medical Botany of U. S.,etc.). 
 Compositir. The only species in cult, is the original 
 one, which resembles a goldenrod. Prop, by cuttings 
 and by seed. Culture simple. 
 
 grav^olens, Gray (Bigehhcia draninculo\defi, DC). 
 Low shrub, 1-0 ft. high, densely white-tonientose, much 
 branched, very leafy, malodorous only in drying : lvs. 
 linear, 1-2 in. long : fl. -heads, yellow, 5-8 lines high, 
 very numerous, crowded, in terminal corymbose cvmes, 
 rayless. Alkaline soils Dak. to B. C. and S.to S. Calif, 
 and Ariz. Var. albicaillis is more permanentlv and 
 densely woolly, dwarfer, and recommended bv D. M. 
 Andrews. Boulder, Colo., for low hedges and edgings. 
 
 BIGELOW. JACOB. Botanist, phvsician, educator, 
 and founder of Mt. Auburn Cemetery, the prototype of 
 all garden and landscape cemeteries,' was born at Sud- 
 bury, Mass., February 27, 1787, and died at Boston, Jan- 
 uary 10, 1879. He was graduated from Harvard in 1806, 
 and began the practice of medicine in 1810. His Florula 
 Bo^toniensis, 18U (2d ed. 1824), was the first American 
 local flora of importance, and served for many vears as 
 the only popular manual of New England bo'tanv. He 
 was Professor of Materia Medica in Harvard from 1815 
 
 11 
 
 to 18.55. and for twenty years Physician to the Massachu- 
 setts General Hospital. His American Medical Botany, 
 1817-20, was the first work of its kind. Each of the three 
 volumes contained descriptions of 20 species, with a 
 colored plate of e"'h produced by the aqua-tinting pro- 
 cess, a method invented by Dr. Bigelow just before 
 lithography. His essay on " Self-limited Diseases," an 
 attack on heroic remo'lies and a plea for the recuperative 
 processes of nature, marked an epoch in medical reform. 
 Dr. O. W. Holmes said that it probably had more influ- 
 er 'e on medical practice in America than any work ever 
 published in this country. He also did much to introduce 
 science into colleges that were too exclusively classical. 
 The genus Bigelovia, named after him by DeCandolle, 
 was founded on a western plant resembling goldenrod. 
 He was the one man without whom Mt. Auburn C eme- 
 tery would never have existed. This cemetery has been 
 one of the most important factors in the development of 
 landscape gardening in America, and without the reve- 
 nues derived from it the Massachusetts Horticultural 
 Society could never have played so important a part in 
 American horticulture. Dr. Bigelow was one of the most 
 versatile, useful and interesting men of his day. The 
 popular use of the word "technoloffy " dates from his 
 "Elements of Technolotry." 1827. For a fuller account, 
 see the sketch bv L. H. Bailev, in Botanical Gazette, 
 8:217 (188.'i), and Scientific Papers of A. Gray, 2: 413. 
 See, also, Dr. Bigelow's book on the history of Mt. Au- 
 l>"'"n. ^v. M. 
 
 BIGNONIA (The Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis 
 XIV, ). Bujnonidceiv. Climbing American shrubs, mostly 
 tropical, of more than 100 species. Fls. mostly large and 
 showy, long-tubular, with a contracted base, 5-lobed or 
 -toothed, 2-lipped limb; perfect stamens 4 : seeds winged, 
 in a linear, compressed capsule. 
 
 Bignonias are strong and rapid-growing evergreen 
 greenhouse climbers, requiring considerable space for 
 their best development, such as the roof of a large con- 
 servatory, or the back wall of a lean-to greenhouse. If 
 convenient, they should be planted out under the plant 
 stage ot the greenhouse, or otherwise in boxes placed on 
 the stage. A box 5 ft. x 1 % ft. and 1 ft. deep will be found 
 a convenient size fo'* them. As with most greenhouse 
 climbing plants, the roots like considerable freedom; 
 but with Bignonias the roots must be somewhat re- 
 stricted (though not to the limitations of a flower-pot), 
 otherwise an immense growth and few flowers will be 
 the result. They are not very fastidious as to soil. A 
 good, fibrous loam, to which one-third well decomposed 
 cow or sheep manure has been added, suits them admi- 
 rably. A winter temperature of 45° to .50°. with a gradual 
 rise as the days lengthen, should be given them, admit- 
 ting air freely whenever the weather is favorable. They 
 like plenty of moisture at the roots — especially during 
 the spring and summer (the growing season) — but per- 
 fect drainage should be ensured, as the soil at no lime 
 must become saturated or sour. Except when in flower, 
 a good syringing on all fine days will be very beneficial. 
 They should a' so be sprayed once or twice a week with 
 a moderately strong solution of kei ^sone emulsion, or 
 kerosene and water, to keep them free from mealy bug, 
 as they are very subject to this pest. The vines should 
 be trained so as to allow a free circulation of air amonc 
 the branches for the purpose of ripening the wood, as 
 upon this depends the assurance of flowers. All super- 
 fluous branches and weak shoots should be removed, 
 and before the growing season begins all the branches 
 should be shortened from 1 to ;{ feet, according to 
 their strength ; this will throw the energy of the plant 
 into the lateral buds, which will produce the flowering 
 branches, providing the wood has been properly ripened 
 the previous season. 
 
 Propagation is effected by cuttings taken in late 
 spring and inserted in sand under a bell glass, or in 
 a propagating box, in a warm temperature. Choose, if 
 possible, stout, short -jointed lateral gr )wths for the pur- 
 pose. They must be carefully watered until rooted, 
 which usually takes from 6 to 10 weeks. 
 
 Cult, by Edward J. Canning. 
 A. Li's, s triple, opposite. 
 
 magrniliica, Bull. Fri>e-growing and flonferons, need- 
 ing warm treatment: les. ovate-olliptic, stalked, eatire: 
 
162 
 
 BIGXOXIA 
 
 BILLBEEGIA 
 
 fls. panicled. large (SJsin. across), ranginff from mauve 
 to purple-red, the throat primrose, limb wide-spreading. 
 Colombia. G.C. II. 12:73. 
 
 regalis, Hort. Lrs. elliptic-lanceolate : fls. large, yel- 
 low and red. Guiana. — Of recent introduction. Requires 
 wanu Treatment. 
 
 argyreo-violascens, Hort. Lvs. ovate, cordate at base, 
 short-stalked, purple when young, but becoming beau- 
 tifully veined and blotched with white : fls. purple. 
 S. Amer.? I. H. 13:469. 
 
 AA. Lvs. pinnately compound, the 2 lower Uts. us2tany 
 foliaceous and the others represented by tendrils. 
 
 B. Fls. normally from the arils of the lrs. 
 C. Pedicels 1-fld. 
 
 capreol^ta, Linn. Trcmpet-flower. Cross-vine. 
 Quarter-vine. Climbing lo great heights (often 50 ft. 
 or more), glabrous, evergreen : Ifts. stalked, oblong- 
 a'!uminate, cordate, entire : fls. in many 2-5-fld, short- 
 peduncled cymes, j-ellow-red and lighter within, tubu- 
 lar (2 in. long), with a stout limb Native from Md. S. 
 and W.. and often a pest in orchards, climbing on the 
 trees. B.M. 864. Gng. 1:370, 371. — Handsome vine for 
 outdoor use. Good for covering walls. Sometimes 
 grown in conservatories. A cross-section of the stem 
 presents a cross-form appearance, whence one of the 
 common names. 
 
 Var. atrosangruinea, Hook. f. (B. atrosangntnea, 
 Hort.). Lvs. longer and narrower: fls. dark purple, 
 the lobes short ?>nd triangular-ovate. B.M. 6501. F.R. 
 2 :27. — Handsome. 
 
 Tweedilma, Lindl. Leaflets lanceolate and pointed, 
 cordate, 3 in. or less long : fls. trumpet-shaped, 2 in. 
 long, orange-yellow, the limb of rounded, spreading 
 lobes and from 2-4 in. across. Argentina. B.R. 26:45. 
 Gn. 40:812.— Will stand a little frost if grown in the 
 open in the South. 
 
 cc. Pedicels S-fld. 
 
 Lindleyi, DC, Glabrous: Ifts. oblong or ovate-oblong, 
 cordate, acute, somewhat wavy-margined : fls. pale 
 purple, with spots and stripes, the tube oblong-cylin- 
 drical (2 in. long), the limb short and the lobes obo- 
 vate-rouaded and undulate. Argentina.— Blooms when 
 young. 
 
 specidsa, R. Grab. Glabrous: leaflets 3 in. long, ellip- 
 tical and more or less acuminate, shining, the midrib 
 
 235. Btgnonia venusta (X /^). 
 
 prominent : fls. 3 in. long, with compressed tube, which 
 is furrowed or plaited below and yellowish with lilac 
 streaks, the limb 2-3 in. across, purple .nd streaked, the 
 lobes spreading reflexed, ob'i use and wavy. Argentina. 
 B.M. 3888.— Needs warm or intermediate temp. : blooms 
 
 in spring and early summer. When grown in the open 
 in the S., will stand a little frost. 
 
 BB. Pl.f. in clusters terminating the hranchlets. 
 c. Branches prominently 4-anijled. 
 buccinatdria, Mairet. {B. Cherere, Lindl. B. Kerhe 
 Hort.). TuU: leaflets 2-3 in. long, elliptic or ovate-ob- 
 long, obtuse or only cuspidate, pelluci«l-dotte(l, the 
 petioles (as the racemes) tomentose : fl. lontr-tuhuiar 
 (4 in. long), blood-red, but yellow at base, the limb 
 rather narrow, with retuse lobes. Mex. Gn. 26:471. 
 B.M. 7516. R.H. 1898: 580. — Needs coolhou.se treatment! 
 Strong grower. One of the finest species. 
 
 c. Branches terete or very nearly so. 
 
 aequinocti^lis, Linn. Glabrous : Leaf.ets orate to 
 oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acum'nate, shining altore: 
 fls. in both terminal and axillary panicles ; corolla gla- 
 brous, trumpet-shaped, 2>2 in. long, purple, with dark 
 rose stripes (but said in garden books to be yellow); 
 fls. sometimes only in 2's. W. Ind. and S. Amer.-Per- 
 haps not the plant known under this name in the trade. 
 
 Chimberlaynii, Sims. Glabrous : leaflets ovate-acu- 
 minate, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, more or 
 less tapering at base : fls. tubular, contracted below, 
 3-4 in. long, the limb comparatively short and spread- 
 ing, bright yellow ; cluster many-fld. Braz. B.M. 2148. 
 — Perhaps a form of the last. This species and B. 
 {fquioctialis are referred to the genus Anemoptfgma bv 
 some. 
 
 veniista, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 235. Sts. striate or some- 
 what angular, the young ones pubescent : leaflets usu- 
 ally 3, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, more or less tapering 
 at base : fls. in corymbose, mostly drooping raceme.s ; 
 corolla slender and iong-tubular, contracted in the lower 
 half (2-3 in. long), with 2-lipped limb and oblonpr. obtuse, 
 reflexing lobes, crimson-orange. Braz. B.M. 2050. A.F. 
 11: 1023. — Requires a rather warm house. Profuse 
 bloomer; early winter. One of the best rafter plants, 
 
 purpurea, Lodd. Glabrous, tall-climbing : leaflets 
 often 3, usually 2, lance-obovate, abruptly acuminate, 
 short-stalked, toothed or entire : fls. mauve or rose-pur- 
 ple, with a white eye, the flaring tube 1 in. long, the 
 wide-spreading lobes rouaded. S. Amer. B.M. 5800. 
 G.C. III. 24: 399. — Requires warm treatment. 
 
 B. adenophylla, Wall.=Heterophragma.— B. alba, Hort = 
 Pitheoo<-teniiin —B. grandiflbra, ThTinb.=Teooma.— ^. rarfi- 
 cans, Liiin.=Tecoma.— ^. suaveolens, Roxbg.=Stereosi)ermum. 
 —B. Thtinbergii, H.ort:=Tecoma. j^^ jj g 
 
 BILIl^I. See Averrhoa, 
 
 BILLARDlfiBA (after J. J. Labillardi^re. French 
 botanist and traveler. ) Piitospordcece. Tender Austra- 
 lian climbers, with terminal, solitary, pendulous, tubu- 
 lar, stalked fls., prenerally yellow, and edible fr. B. Ion- 
 giflora and B. srandens are cult, abroad as greenhouse 
 climbers. B. cymosa, cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara. 
 Calif,, is Sollya heterophylla. 
 
 BILLBfiEGIA (for the Swedish botanist, J. G, BiU- 
 berg), Bromeliacete. About 40 tropical American ever- 
 green epiphytal herbs, now much cult, by amateurs aud 
 in fancy collections. A few kinds are well known to 
 florists. A closely allied genus is .^^chmea, which see 
 for botanical differences. The fls. are in a spike or spi- 
 cate panicle, which rises from the cent'^r of the rosette 
 of long, spiny edged, and usually stiflF, pineapple-like 
 lvs. : fls. showy, with 3-parted calyx and 3 long petals. 
 c isertsd stamens, thread-like style, and berry-like 
 fr. The colored bracts of the fl. -clusters are usually 
 very showy. Cf . Charles Mez, the latest monographer. 
 in DC. Phaner. Monogr. 9. Species confused ; but 
 the artificial arrangement given below may aid the 
 gardener. 
 
 Billbergias can b3 cultivated best in greenhouses, 
 planted in nans, pots, wooden cribs, or wire baskets, 
 with loose, light material about their roots, such as 
 pieces of charcoal, roots of very fibrous plants, or fern 
 roots and sphagnum moss, and such material. They 
 require little water at the roots in winter, and nothing 
 but light sprinkling over the foliage is required to keep 
 thera alivt during tnat time. But in summer, when the 
 heat is great nnd they are making their growth, they 
 
BILLBERGIA 
 
 BIRTHWORT 
 
 163 
 
 can withstand an abundance of moisture, at the roots 
 as well as at the top, most of the time hohling: water in 
 the funnel-like center or body of the plant. They ^f ner- 
 ally hrin^ their conspicuous, showy tlowers in the spring, 
 when moisture overhead or sprinkling should be with- 
 held iu order to prolong the beauty of the flowers. They 
 require at night a temperature of from 50°-75°, but, of 
 course, can stand atiy amount of heat in summer. Bill- 
 bei-gias, like all other Bromeliads, make very good house 
 plants, and they will thrive exceedingly well in a living- 
 room temperature. They love plenty of light and sun. 
 All tirst-class private garden establishments should 
 have at least a few of this class of plants. They are 
 propairated best from s\i 'kers or sprouts, which arise 
 from the base of the old plant, generally after it has 
 blvomed and performed its functiOiiS. The old plant 
 then gradually deteriorates, sending out from two to five 
 young plants from its base. These can be taken off as 
 soon as they are hardy and substantial enough, and can 
 be mounted or potted into the same kind of material. 
 Then, suspended in the greenhouse, conservatory, or 
 window for an exhibition, they thrive best. Besides 
 their beautiful and attractive flowers, they have very 
 handsome foliage, which is of a tough and leathery 
 texture. Billbergias, ^Echmeas, and the like, are na- 
 tives of the tropics, and, therefore, require a warm tem- 
 perature. iEchmeas are usually larger than Billbergias 
 and Tillandsias. Cult. by H. A. Siebrecht. 
 
 A. FIs. greenish or yellotcish, often tipped tcith blue. 
 
 B. Petals curling spirally tfter fl. expands. 
 [Helicddea.) 
 
 lebrina, Lindl. (Bromelia zebrlna, Herb. uEchmea 
 zebrhui, Hort. ). St. very short, or nore : Ivs. sheath- 
 ing, deep green, with blotches and zones of gray -white, 
 strongly spine-margined : fl. -cluster loose, long and 
 drooping : fls. green or yellow-green, the stamens be- 
 coming long-exserted : bracts salmon or rose, long-lan- 
 ceolate. S. Amer. L.B.C. 20: 1912. B.M. 2686. 
 
 decdra, Poepp. & Endl. {Helicddea Baraqiiinidna, 
 Lem.). Differs from the last in having longer petals, 
 denser spike and longer bracts : Ivs. 8-10, from 1-2 ft. 
 long, mealy, white-blotched and banded. Brazil. I.H. 
 11:421. B.:M. 6937. 
 
 BB. Petals not spirally twisting. 
 
 specibsa, Thunb. (B. amxna, Lindl. B. pdllida, Ker- 
 Gawl). Lvs. strap-shaped, connivent, and forming a 
 tube at the base, 1-2 ft. long, somewhat spine-margined, 
 green above and lepidote and somewhat striped on the 
 back : fl. -cluster large and loose, erect or drooping ; 
 bracts rose : fls. pale green or whitish, tipped with blue. 
 Brazil. B.R. IOCS. -An old and well known species. 
 
 nutans, Wendl. Stemless, stoloniferous : lvs. linear 
 and loug-pointed, 1-2 ft., distantly small toothed, finely 
 striate on the back : fls. 4-8, in a loose, drooping spike ; 
 petals green, blue-edged; bracts lanceolate, red. Brazil. 
 B.M. 6423. Gn. 32; p. 107. 
 
 AA. Fls. markedly red or purple. 
 B. Essentially red. 
 
 thyrsoidca, Mart. Lvs. 1-2 ft., broad-ligulate, spine- 
 margined, concave on upper surface, green above and 
 paler beneath, abruptly acuminate : fl. -cluster shorter 
 than lvs., farinaceous, densely red-bracted : fls. numer- 
 ous, bright red, petals reflexing. Brazil. B.M. 4756.— 
 Showy. Runs into several varieties, some of them with 
 purple-lipped fls. (as vars. spUndida and fastudsa, 
 Andre, R.H. 1883:. 300). B. spUndens, Hort., is evi- 
 dently one of the forms. Species too near the next. 
 
 pyramldilis, Lindl. (Bromelia pyramid(ilis, Sims. 
 B. Croijuhid, De Jonghe) . A foot high : diifers from the 
 last in having more gratiually acuminate lvs., which are 
 more strongly and distantly toothed and whitish, or even 
 banded on the back : fl. -cluster less farinaceous, broader 
 and looser, the fls. less numerous Peru. B.M. 1732. 
 
 BB. Essentially purple. 
 
 Mor6Iii, Brongn.(5. Morelidna, Hort. B. Wetherellii, 
 Hook.). Lvs. short (1-1 Va ft.), with few weak spines, 
 w-ide, glabrous and green : fl. -cluster exsertvd and 
 
 drooping, with showy, pointed red bracts, the rachis 
 woollv : fls. with red sepals and purple-limbed petals. 
 Brazil. B.M. 4835.-Very showy. 
 
 vexillaria, Andr^. Fig. 236. Hybrid of B. fJiyrso- 
 idea and B. Morelii. Fls. purple : lower bracts long- 
 pointed and red : spike-erect, exceeding 
 the lvs. R.H. 1889:468. 
 
 vittita, Brongn. {B. Leopoldi, Hort., 
 not Morr. ). Vigorous, 2-3 ft.: lvs. lonff 
 and large, concave above, recurved at the 
 summit, obtuse or 
 abruptly pointed, 
 red - spined, cross- 
 banded on the back: 
 fl.- cluster loose and 
 nodding, shorter than 
 the lvs., red-bracted: 
 fls. deep blue, with 
 recurving limbs. 
 Brazil. Gn. 32: 608. 
 R.H. 1869, p. 87. 
 
 Liboniiina, De 
 
 Jonghe. Small, 1-134 
 ft., producing run- 
 ners: lvs. long-linear 
 o r strap - shaped, 
 spiny, very sharp- 
 pointed, concave and 
 green above and 
 whitish-mealy below : 
 fl.- cluster erect or 
 nearly so, rather slen- 
 der, the bracts not 
 prominent : fls. with 
 red sepals and erect 
 blue petals. Brazil. 
 B.M. 5090. F.S. 10: 
 1048. 
 
 Quesneli&na, 
 
 Brongn. ( Quesnilia 
 Cayenn^nsis, Baker). 
 Lvs. numerous, aris- 
 ing from a trunk or 
 stem, rigid and 
 
 spreading or recurved, concave above, very sharp- 
 spined, more or less white-marked on the back, long- 
 acuminate : fl. -cluster a dense, erect spike, with red and 
 white-blotched obtuse bracts : fls. deep purple. Guiana. 
 F.S. 10:1028. 
 
 In the American trade the following names have been used: 
 B. clnvata longifblia, once offered by Pitcher & Manda, is proba- 
 bly ..Eehmea bromeliaefolis.— ^. ^a«cid<a = ,^EIchmeafasciata.— 
 B. mdxima= ] — B. orndta=i—B. rhodocydnea = Mchme$k 
 fasciata.— B. striata^ ? 
 
 Any of the following may be expected to appear in the Amer. 
 trade at any time : B. Andegavensis, Hort.. is B. thyrsoideaX 
 Morelii; lis. red and blue.— B. Bakeri, Morr. (B. pallescens. 
 Baker). Fls. greenish, tipped purple. B.M. 6342.— B. £re«Hfe- 
 dna, Andr6. B. pallesoens X vittata, has reddish, purple- 
 limbed «s. R.H. 1885:300.— i?. Bruanti, Hort. B. Bakeri X 
 decora; fls. greenish, bracts red. —£.£^Hderi,Regel. Small : fls. 
 very deep blue ; bracts coral-red. Brazil.— B. iridifblia, Lindl. 
 Fls. red and yellow, blue-tipped. Brazil. B.R. 1068.-2?. Lietzei, 
 Morr. Fls. and bracts rose. Brazil.— i?. Portedna, Brongn. 
 Fls. green, the petals rolling spirally. Brazil. B.M. 6670.— J?. 
 Sanderidna, Morr. FIs. green. tipi)ed blue. Brazil.—^. Satin- 
 dersi, Bull. Fls. greenish, tipped blue : lvs. striking, green 
 above, reddish beneath, white-blotched and red-spined. Brazil. 
 Qt.39:im. L.H.B. 
 
 BUSTED. See Liquidambar. 
 
 BINDWEED. Name applied to various twining.weedy 
 plants, particularly to various kinds of Convolvulus. 
 
 BIOTA. See Thuya. 
 
 BIBCH. See Betula. 
 
 BIBD-OF-PABADISE FLOWEB. See Strelitzia. 
 
 BIBD'S-NEST FEBN. See Thamnoptcris. 
 
 BIBD'S-TONGUE FLOWEB. See Strelitzia. 
 
 BIBTHWOBT. See Aristolochia ; &lso Trillium. 
 
 236. 
 
 Billbergia vexillaria. 
 
164 
 
 BISMARCKIA 
 
 BLACKBERRY 
 
 BISMARCKIA (in honor of Prince Bismarck). Pal- 
 mareir , irihe liordssi'tP. A pemis nearly related to La- 
 tania and Borassns, di.stiu^uisbed by fruit characters. 
 Forms a tree 200 ft, high, with a gigantic crown of pal- 
 mate Ivs. with white streaked petioles and blades 10 
 ft. in diam. : fr. borne in large, drooping clusters, dark 
 brown, plum-like, l^iin. in diam., with a thin outer 
 shell and a fibrous inner one enclosing a rounded, 
 wrinkled seed 1 in. in diam.. reticulated like a walnut 
 and ruminated, as in the nutmeg. Cult, as for Latunia. 
 
 ndbilis, Hildeb. & Wendl. Young plants : petiole con- 
 vex on the back, channelled above, finely serrate on the 
 ridges above, thinly clothed with tufts of fibrous scales, 
 half as long as the bla«le ; blade blue-green, rigid, 3 ft. 
 in diam. : segments 20, 2 in. wide, 1 ft. long, apex blunt, 
 obtuse, with a long curved filament from the base of 
 each sinus." .Madagascar. G.F. 6:246. F.R. 2:257. 
 Gt. 1221. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 BITTER-SWEET. See Celastrtis and Solanum. 
 
 BlXA (South American name). BiTiicetr. A genus 
 of two species of tropical trees with large, entire Ivs. 
 and showy lis. in terminal panicles. B. Ortllnna is cult, 
 in the E. and W. Indies for the Annatto dye which is 
 prepared from the orange-red pulp that covers the seeds. 
 It is the coloring matter chiefly used in butter and 
 cheese. It is also used in dyeing silks, and preparing 
 chocolate. 
 
 Orell^na, Linn. Height 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate : fls. pink- 
 ish. B.M. 14.")6. — It is rarely grown in northern green- 
 hou! fcs as an ornamental. Cuttings taken from a flower- 
 ing ilant will produce flowering plants of a convenient 
 size Plants from seed usually flower less freely, and 
 mu t attain a greater size before flowering. 
 
 I LiACKBERRY. A name applied to various species 
 
 of ubus, of which the receptacle remains with the 
 
 dr elets when fruit is picked. As a commercial fruit, 
 
 it known only in America. Although a well-known 
 
 237. Agawam Blackberry. 
 
 wild fruit from the earlie«t times, the Blackberry has 
 only recently made its appearance among tht- more 
 orderly and promising garden fruits. The type species 
 is Jiithnx Hiyrobaccus, although it has long been known 
 under the name liiihun i-illosiis (see Bubus). It is a 
 most variable species, and the number of forms whicli 
 may be recognized depends onlj* upon the judtniient of 
 the botanist who is reviewing them. There an- ^everai 
 distinct types or groups in cultivation. ( 1 ) Th.' Lonjj. 
 Cluster Blackberries, Buhns HigrolmcciiK. The plants 
 grow tall and upright, the leaflets are long-stalked, rather 
 finely serrate and taper pointed. The flower duster in 
 long, leafless and open, wita the individual flowers stand- 
 ing almost at right angles to the central stem. The fruit 
 is normally oblong or thimble-shaped, sweet, rather dull 
 in color, with drupelets small and closely packed. The 
 Taylor is one of the best representatives of this class. 
 (2) The White Bhickberry, B. nigro^accus, var. alhiniis. 
 Similar to the above, but with nearly round, yell(,wish 
 green eanes and pinkish cream- or amber-colored fruit. 
 Many varieties of this type have been introduced, but 
 none have attained pro.ninence. (3) The Short-Cluster 
 Blackberries, B. nhjrobavcns, var. sativus. This iis the 
 commonest form of cultivated Blackberry, an«l includes 
 such varieties as the Snyder, Lawton and Agawara (Fig. 
 237). In this type the clusters are shorter, but leafless, 
 the pedicels more oblique, the fruits shorter and rounder, 
 glossy black, the dnipelets large and irregularly set. 
 The leaflets are broader, coarsely and unevenly serrate, 
 or jagged and less tapering at the point. (4) The Leafy- 
 Cluster Blackberries, B. atgnfns. This is a lower and 
 more bushy form, with narrow, coarsely toothed, lisiht- 
 colored leaflets and short -luster, having simjde leaves 
 intermingled with the flowers. Its best common repre- 
 sentative is the Early Harvest. (3) The Loose-Cluster 
 Blackberries. B. ni(jrobaccnsxviIIo.'<us. This is a group 
 of hy)>rid origin, being intermediate between the Black- 
 berry and dewberry (s.e Dtwbtrnj). The plants have 
 a low, sprejuling habit of growth, broad jagged and 
 notched leaves, short dewberry-like clusters, with large, 
 roundish fruits, made ixp of very large, loosely set drupe- 
 lets. The Early Wilson and Wilson Junior are its best 
 known representatives (Fig. 238). (6) The Sand Black- 
 berry, B. cuneifoUt.s (Fig.'239). A sturdy little shnib, 
 armed with vicious recurved thorns, with thickish, 
 wedge-shaped leaflets, whitened woolly beneath. The 
 clusters are few-flowered, opening from the center out- 
 ward, the fruit roundish, loose-g.'ained, very black and 
 good. Known in cultivation only as the Topsy. or Tree 
 Blackberry. (7) There is still another type of Black- 
 berry, known as the Thornless cr Mountain Blackberry 
 (B. Canadensis), but it is not in cultivation. This is 
 characterized by smooth, unarmed canes, narrow, sharp- 
 pointed leaflets, the upper ones borne on long, slender 
 leaf-stalks, an open flower-cluster, a short, roundish, 
 glossy black fruit, with large drupelets. It ripens later 
 than the common Blackberry, and is not so good in 
 quality. For further account of the Blackberry tribes, 
 see Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fraits. 
 
 The first Blackberry introduced into cultivation was 
 the Dorchester, which was exhibited before the Massa- 
 chusetts Horticultural Society in 1841. This was fol- 
 lowed by the La\vton a few years later, vrhicb became 
 much more prominent. The Kittatinny soon divided hon- 
 ors with this, and both now largely have given place to 
 the Snyder, which is undoubtedly the most widely 
 grown variety of the present day. This, like many com- 
 mercial fruits, is a variety of poor quality, but extremely 
 hardy and productive. The rapid strides made by the 
 Blackberry in cultivation prove that a place was ready 
 and waiting for it in the pomologicai world, a place which 
 it has proved itself eminently fitted to fill, owing both to 
 its desirable qualities in general and to its ability to 
 rapidly vary and develop new types. At the present 
 time it is one of the most important, most generally liked 
 and most profitable bush-fruits grown. 
 
 The Blackberr>' thrives on almriit all soils, but to reach 
 perfection drmands a strong loam, retentive of moisture 
 and tending toward clay rather than sand. Soil must 
 be well drained at all times. If too rich in humus ami 
 nitrogen, a tendency toward a rank growth of plant. 
 with diminished fruitfulness, appears, while a lipbt. 
 sandy soil will fail to carry the fruit through periods of 
 
BLACKBERRY 
 
 BLACKBERRY 
 
 165 
 
 dronjr^t. which is usually the great. >stacle to suc- 
 
 cess with this fruit. For this reason a cool northern 
 exposure is always <lesirable, and in* the region of the 
 Plain?', a good windbreak on the south and west is very 
 Leneflfial. Fertilizers contuining a liiieral proportion of 
 potash are most suitable. Too much stable manure, or 
 nitrogen in other forms, will induce a rank gr )Wth of 
 canes at the exi)ense of fruit. 
 
 Plants are propagated either by root-cuttings, or by 
 means «( the suckers which naturally spring up about 
 the parent plants. The latter are most commonly used 
 in coiumer al work. Root -cuttings may be made in the 
 fall and carried over winter in sand, or started under 
 glass toward spring, or the cuttings can be made in 
 gprinc and sowed in furrows, like peas. Planting is 
 best done in spring, as a nile. If set in the fall, each 
 plant should be covered with a mulch of earth or strawy 
 manure, which should be removed in spring. The rows 
 
 pruning is the method of thinning the Blackberry, and 
 judgment nmst always enter into the question of thin- 
 ning fruit. In the region of the Plains, where moisture 
 is likely to be deficient, both in soil and atmosphere, it 
 is frequently found better not to cut back the growing 
 shoots in summer, but to let them develop one straight 
 cane, which is cut back to 2^4 or '.i feet in spring. This 
 will generally develop all the fruit which the plant can 
 carry to maturity under such conditions. A few grow- 
 ers in other parts of the country train to wires, and in 
 that case the shoots are also allowed to grow at will, but 
 are left much longer in spring and tied to the wires for 
 support. Close-pruned, stocky bushes may be covered 
 with straw as a protection against late spring frosts. 
 
 The best of cultivation is always demanded. In a crop 
 in which so much depends upon an abundant supply of 
 moisture in the soil, none should be allowed to go to 
 waste. Hence, the cultivation should be frequent and 
 
 238. Wild hybrid of Blackberry and Dewberry. 
 
 should be about 8 feet apart, and the plants may be set 
 from 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. At the latter distance, 
 cultivation may be given in both directions for the first 
 year or two. With high culture, good results may b" 
 obtained by planting in hills, 7 or 8 feet apart each wa. 
 
 Pruning the Blackberry is not difficult, yet upon its 
 proper performance depends much of the success of the 
 crop. The old canes should be removed yearly, prefer- 
 alily in summer, as soon as they have borne their crop 
 of fruit They then no longer interfere with the symmet- 
 rical uevelopment of the young canes, and if gathered 
 and burned at once, much is gained in keeping the field 
 clt-ar of certain fungi and insects. The young canes 
 should be clipped off when they reach a height of 18 
 inches or 2 feet, in order to induce early branching and 
 a stocky 'jush with well developed laterals, capable of 
 producing' and holding up a heavy crop of fruit. It is 
 very imp >rtant that the shoots be not allowed to get 
 hielier thim 2 feet before this clippin;* is done. They 
 will then elongate and make the bush high enough. If 
 neglected, and later cut back to 2 feet, the buds will be 
 '"'eak.the growth poor, the bush low, and the crop small. 
 The later; Is are usually cut back to about 18 inches in 
 length the following spring, but varieties differ in th^ir 
 habit of b-aring fruit-buds, and it is not safe to cut by 
 measure. It should be remembered that this spring 
 
 constant, but always shallow, for deep cultivation dis- 
 turbs the roots and induces increased suckering. In 
 small garden patches mulching may be substituted. 
 Growers in the middle West huve found mulching with 
 green clover in the row, and cultivating between, very 
 beneficial. 
 
 In many parts of the country winter protection is abso- 
 lutely essential to success, and often adds greatly to 
 the yield in other regions, where not considered a neces- 
 sity.* This protection is by no means always called for 
 by' reason of extreme cold. The winters of Nebraska 
 and Kansas are nearly always milder than those of cen- 
 tral New York ; yet during one of the mildest of these, 
 when the mercury reached zero but once, and was then 
 only five degrees below, Taylor Blackberries were killed 
 to the ground, while the succeeding winter, which was 
 decidedly colder, they came through unharmed. It may 
 be as much a matter of moisture as of temperature. The 
 needed protection is best given by loosening the earth 
 on both sides of the plant, carefully turning it down and 
 covering the tips with soil, laying the next plant upon 
 the roots of this, and so on. In mild climates, covering 
 the tips is sufficient ; in especially unfavorable ones the 
 whole plant must be covered. The cost of this need not 
 exceed $5 to $8 an acre. 
 
 The fruit of the Blackberry should be Ibft upon the 
 
166 
 
 BLACKBERRY 
 
 BLECHNUM 
 
 plants as long as possible before picking, for it is not 
 ripe when it first turns blacit. It should never be 
 exposed to the sun after it is removed from the bushes. 
 The Blackberry generally outyieldi all the other mem- 
 bers of this family, and is usually one of the most proflt- 
 
 239. Sand 
 Blackberry. 
 
 able to grow when properly manftged, provided the cli- 
 mate and other general conditions are favorable. 
 
 There are several formidable enemies of the Black- 
 berry, but they are generally easily mastered by the 
 alert and energ»'tic grower. Cutting out the bearing 
 canes as soon as they are through fruiting will circum- 
 vent the borer wliich sometimes works in the canes, and 
 will aid in preventing the spread of anthracnose and 
 leaf rusts. The orange rust must be fought by digging 
 up and burning infected bushes as soon as detected, for 
 there is no cure. But this trouble is seldom serious. 
 
 Fred W. Card. 
 
 BLAC:SB£BBT LILY. See Belemcanda. 
 BLACKWOOD. t\ee Acacia. 
 BLADDER NUT. See SfaphyJea. 
 BLADDEBWOBT See Utricularia. 
 
 BLANDFORDIA (after George, Marquis of Bland- 
 ford ) . Lilicicece. Tender bulbous plants from Australia 
 and Tasmania, placed by J. G. Baker (Jour. Linn. Soc. 
 11:364) between Kniphofla and Funkia, but very dif- 
 ferent in general ap,)earance from Funkia. Roots tu- 
 berous fibers : Ivs. in 1 wo vertical ranks, narrowly linear, 
 hard, per-^istent : fls. large, Wi-'i in. long, showy, nod- 
 ding, in short raceme.-, usually orange-red to crimson, 
 with yellow tips. 
 
 Being tenderer thar the poker plant, and of more 
 difficult culture, Blaiidfordias are rarely grown in 
 America. B, ffamwulo . var. princeps, is the best kind. 
 In New South Wales hey grow in peat bogs and on 
 sLady mountain sides. During the growing season they 
 must be shaded from 1, right sunr'iine, and during the 
 
 resting season they may be placed ir i light pit, wher© 
 they are not crowded or sha<led by taller plants. They 
 like a moist atmosphere and plenty of air, but not 
 draughts. The chief element of the potting soil should 
 be peat ; if the peat is heavy, use sand freely ; if light 
 use some loam, ami i)ack tirmjy ; if spongy, aild some 
 charcoal. Pot after tlowerinir. in early sprintr, beine 
 careful not to overpot, and plan to leave roots undis- 
 turbed for two years at least. A top-dressing each year 
 and liquid manure during ffrowiner season, is necessary 
 to produce a ffood flowering. Prop, by see<ls sown in 
 sandy peat with mild bottom heat, or usually by careful 
 and not too frequent divisions of the root, made in early 
 spring, after Howerinpr, at the time of repotting, and 
 preferably when strong offsets are formed. 
 
 A. Margin of Ivs. not roughish. 
 
 Ctinrdnghami, Lindl. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, 3-4 lines 
 wide, broader than in B. flammea : fis. 10-15, or even 
 20. Blue Mts. of Australia. B.M. .')7;U. Gn. 24:411.- 
 This has lately been held to be synonymous with B. 
 grandi flora, but it is horticulturally distinct, and the 
 pedicels are shorter. 
 
 AA. Margin of lvs. roughish. 
 B. Fls. golden yellow, without any red. 
 atirea, Hook. f. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, 13^-2 lines wide: 
 fls. 3-0, the only ones in the genus not touciud with 
 red ; perianth wide-swelling, sometimes nearly as wide 
 as long, more bell-shaped than any other species. N. S. 
 Wales. B.M. 5809. 
 
 BB. Fis. red-tubed and yelloic-tipped. 
 C. Perianth long, 3-4 times as long as icide. 
 
 ndbilis, Smith. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, %-% lines wide, 
 dark green, sharply 3-angled : fls. 4-9, smallest of the 
 genus, and narrowest. Near Port Jackson. B.M. 2003. 
 B.R. 286. 
 
 fldmmea, Lindl. Lvs. 12-18 in. long. 2-2K lines wide: 
 fls. 4-12, typically constricted near the base of the tube 
 and much lower down than in B. Cunninghami. E. Aus- 
 tralia. B.M. 4819. P.M. 16:354. F.S. 6:585. F.S. 18: 
 1829, as B. Cunninghami. 
 
 Var. princeps, Baker (B. princeps, W. G. Smith), has 
 larger and brighter colored fls., and is the best of the 
 genus. The perianth is longer and less spreadinfr than 
 in the type, and swells very gradually from the base, 
 instead of being constricted near the base. B.M. 6209. 
 F.M. 1875:170. F.S. 22:2314. Gn. 47:101.3. 
 
 cc. Tube short, scarcely twice as long as wide. 
 
 grrandilldra, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4^2 lines 
 wide: fls. 10-30. Distinguished from all others by hav- 
 ing the filaments inserted above instead of at the middle, 
 but in var. intermedia, Baker, which connects B. (p-andi- 
 flora and nobilis, the filaments are inserted at the mid- 
 dle of the tube, the lvs. are narrower, and the fls. smaller. 
 Tasmania. B.R, 924. — The name grandiflora is now a 
 misnomer, as the fls. are smaller than in any other spe- 
 cies except B. nobilis. The rar.-st species. \\r. M. 
 
 BLANKET FLOWEB. See Gaill.rdia. 
 
 BLAZING STAB. See Liatris. 
 
 BL£CHNUM( Greek name for some fern). Polypodia- 
 ce(e. Rather coarse greenhouse Ferns, with pinnatitid 
 or pinnate lvs., and rows of almost continuous sori par- 
 allel to the midvein and close to it, covered with a 
 membranous indusium. Blechnums will thrive in al- 
 most any compost, but their lvs. quickly turn brown and 
 then black if watered overhead. Prop, by spores. In 
 Blechnum we have a singular knot in nomenclatiire. 
 Linna>us described two species in 17.o3, and to the West 
 In<lian one he gave the name B. orientah, citing figures, 
 etc., to show that it is the plant that recent writers 
 call B. occidentale. His Fast Indian plant he simi- 
 larly called B. occidentale. The normal or ordinary 
 usake has been followed below, the name B. orientale 
 beinK given to the eastern plant. 
 
 Blechnums are very useful to florists for jardinieres, 
 and for specimen Ferns. To attain best results, it is 
 necessary to maintain an abundance of moisture at the 
 
BLECHNOI 
 
 roots, with a d ner atmosphere than most other Ferns re - 
 quire, to preve it fronds from turning brown during win- 
 ter months. A verajfe temp. GfMiri" F. Soil, equal parts 
 of rich loam ai d leaf -moid or peat. The spores of most 
 Blechnums >j«'rminate very freely if sown on 
 a compost of loam and leaf -mold or peat in 
 equal parts, and placed in a moderately 
 moist and shady position in a temp, of 00- 
 65° F. Some of the species send out creep- 
 ing rhizomes, which develop young plants at 
 the ends. When of sufficient size these may 
 be detached and potted, and in a short time 
 they will develop into good specimens. 
 Some very attractive spe- 
 cies are found among the 
 hardy British Blechnums. 
 
 Cult, by N. N. Bbuckker. 
 
 A. PinntB strongly decurrent 
 at the base, joining with 
 the one next below. 
 
 Brasili^nse, Desv. Grow- 
 inj? from a stout, slightly ar- 
 borescent trunk 1 ft. or more 
 long : Ivs. 2-3 ft. hmg. 1 ft. 
 or more wide, with the pinn» 
 set at an acute angle with 
 the rachis, the lower much 
 shorter and more distant. 
 Braz. S. 2:4. 
 
 nitidum, Presl. Habit of 
 
 B. lirasiliense, but much 
 smaller: Ivs. pinnate; pinnae 
 oblong-falcate, thickish, 2— t 
 in. long, serrate. Braz.— 
 Plant 1-2 ft. high. 
 
 Corcovad6n8e, R a d d i . 
 Pinnae not cut to the rachis, 
 much crowded and shorter 
 than the last; longest pinnae 
 less than 6 in. long, attenu- 
 ate at the tips ; Ivs. crimson 
 when young, and gradually 
 turning to a metallic hue 
 before becoming perma- 
 nently green. By some con- 
 sidered a variety of B. Bra - 
 
 nliense. Braz. Var. crisptim, Hort., with wavy edges. 
 
 may be commoner in cult, than the type. 
 
 AA. PinncB contracted at the base to the midrib, 
 forming a very short stalk. 
 
 Cficidentiile, Linn. Lvs. from an erect caudex, which 
 is covered with brownish scales : lvs. 9-18 in. long, 4-6 in. 
 wide, with the piDn» truncate or even cordate at the 
 base and slightly falcate. Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz. 
 See Fig. 240. 
 
 serrulitum, Rich. Growing from an ascending nearly 
 naked rootstock : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 6-1.1 in. wide, with 
 numerous narrow pinnap, which are contracted at the 
 base and of nei./ly uniform width throughout ; margins 
 finely serrulate; texture coriaceous. Fla. to Braz. 
 
 li. orientdle, Linn., is a large Ei-^t Indian and Polynesian 
 Feiu, with lvs. often 3 ft. long ; well worthy of cultivation. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 BLEEDING HEABT. See Dicentra. 
 
 BLfiPHARIS (Greek, eyelash; referring to fringed 
 bracts). Acant1u\cece. An unimportant genus of dwarf, 
 often spiny shrubs and herbs, allied to Acanthus, and of 
 similar culture. 
 
 carduifdlia, T. Anders. {Acanthus carduifdlius, Linn. 
 Acnnthbditan carduifdlius, Hee^). Plant villous: lvs. 
 lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, spiny : spike terminal, 
 cylindrical : bracts roundish, palmately 5-spined at 
 
 the apex. 
 
 BLfiTIA ( Louis Blet, Spanish > otanist ) . Orchiddceoe, 
 tribe EpidCndrece. Terrestrial or epiphytal herbs, widely 
 distributed : lvs. plicate, membranaceous, sheathing the 
 St., erecf. This genus lends itself readily to cultivation, 
 
 BLOO.MEHIA 
 
 167 
 
 1-f 
 
 240. Blechnum occidentale. 
 
 but is not showy enough to be popular. They need a 
 long season of rest. The commonly cult, kinds are ter- 
 restrial, and thrive in ordinary orchid loam. 
 
 hyacinthlna, R. Br. Lvs. about 1 ft. long: fls. looking 
 down, in various shailes of purple, on a scape about 1 ft. 
 high. China. B.M. 1492, as Cymbidium hyaeinthinum. 
 — Stands some frost. 
 
 ▼ereciinda, R. Br. The first exotic Orchid introduced 
 (17:11). Ha<'fmes showy and branching, 2-3 ft. : fls. pur- 
 plish. W. Ind. ; also in Middle and E. Fla. 
 
 8h6pherdii, Hook. Very like the last, and perhaps a 
 form of it : fls. deep* purple ; center of labellum yellow. 
 B.M.:{;U9. 
 
 Sherratiina, Bateman. Lf.-bla<les pointed at both 
 ends: fls. large, more showy than in the above, brilliant 
 lilac or ro.se color; labellum purple, with 3 golden yellow 
 lines. New Grenada. B.M. 5646. 
 
 p&tola, Hook. Fls. deep pink-lilac, numerous and large 
 (2 in. across). B. M. .'{318. — Requires culture given 
 Cattleyas. 
 
 campanuliita. La Llave & Lex. Fls. bell-like, purple, 
 with white center. Mex. — Not common in ctilt. 
 
 li. apfiylla, Nutt., is a native species growing as far N. as 
 N. Carolina.— B. Tdnkervillece, R. Br., is a Phaius. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 BLIOHT. An indefinite term, popularly used to desig- 
 nate any sudden and inexplicable death of plants. The 
 term is now restricted by botanists to parasitic diseases. 
 These diseases are of two classes,— those due to bacteria 
 or microbes, and those due to para.'-itic fungi. For an 
 account of these troubles, see Diseases. 
 
 ^BLITE. ^ee Chenopodium . 
 
 BLOODBOOT. See Sanguinaria. 
 
 BLOOM£BIA (named for Dr. H. G. Bloomer). Lili- 
 d^eie. A genus of two species, natives of southern 
 California. In every way they are closely allied to 
 Brodiaea, but differ in having the perianth parted 
 nearly to the base. Bloomeria.* have a flattish conn, 
 much like Crocus, covered with fiber, and not often pro- 
 ducing off .V.' . The lvs. are 
 radical, sle^'^'^r, and grass- 
 like ; scape slender but stiff, 
 6 to 18 in. high, naked, ex- 
 cept for short bracts be- 
 neath the many-rayed um- 
 bel ; pedicel': slender, 
 jointed; fls. nearly rotate, 
 less than an inch across, 
 orange. Bloomerias prefer 
 a sandy, warm and well- 
 drained soil. In northern 
 California, with a minimum 
 temperature of 15° above 
 zero, they are perfectly 
 hardy. In a colder climate, 
 a covering of straw or leaves 
 or a position in the cold- 
 frame would be a judicious 
 precaution. Plant early, and 
 see that the soil is light and 
 sweet. They like the .-'lu, 
 and are good for forcing. 
 The light soil and warmth of 
 a pot more nearly approxi- 
 mates natural conditions 
 than the open 
 ground does in cool- 
 er climates. After 
 ripening, it 
 is best to dig 
 and replant 
 in fall. The 
 seeds grow 
 readily, and 
 the plants 
 flower in 3 
 to 4 years, 
 atirea, Kcilogg. Fig. 241. Scape roughish, 6-18 in.: 
 If. >4->^in. broad: fls. numerous, bright orange, In a 
 
 M 
 
 241. Bloomeria aurea (X ^). 
 
 '•''ft 
 
 
 -'Sli 
 
 
168 
 
 BLOOMERIA 
 
 BOM AREA 
 
 dense umbel: stamens nearly as loii^ as the perianth, 
 the filaments dilate<l at the base. B.M. 58% (as yothos- 
 corilntn annum). (i.C. MI.20:G«7. 
 
 Cleveland!, Wats. More slender: lv9.3-7: fls, smaller, 
 keeled with brown, the stamens shorter. G.C III. 20:(»87. 
 -Less valuable than the other. ^^^^ p^,^^^ 
 
 BLUEBELL. See Campanula. 
 
 « 
 BLUEBEBBT. Species of Vaceinium. 
 
 BLUE FLAG. See /W«. 
 
 » 
 
 BLUETS, ^ee ffoHsfonia. 
 
 3LUMENBACHIA (after Dr. J. F. Blumenbach, pro- 
 fessor at <tottingen). Loaxhcrce. Agronusof S. American 
 plants allied to Loasa and Mentzelia (Mexican prickly 
 poppy), not cult, in Amer. because of their coverini? of 
 stin^in^ hairs. The fls. are odd and pretty. The gar- 
 den forms are mostly treated as tender annuals. 
 
 R. Chuinitensis, Hook, f. Lvs. 8-10 in. long : tls. l>^-2 in. 
 long, brick re<l, tipped yellow without, and yellow within ; 
 petals 5-10. lK)at-8haped. Pern. Equador. B.yi.Gl^.—B.grandi- 
 flora, ii. Don (B. contorts. Hook. f. B.M. 6134). Lvs. 4-6 in. 
 long : fls. l>^-2 in. long, wholly red : scales Hin. long, cnp- 
 Khaped, green ; stamens in 5 bundles, with long lilaments. 
 Peru.— /f. ingignis, Sclir.-id. Stem climbing, 4-sided: i>etal3 
 white, ungiiioulate. B..M. 286.5. 
 
 BOCCONIA (after Dr. Paslo Bocconi. Sicilian botanist 
 and author). Papaverdcetv. Plume Poppv. A genus of 
 5 species, of which It. i-nnlata is the only one worthy of 
 cultivation. The large, handsome, glaucous lvs. remind 
 one, by their texture and lobing, of bloodroot and Sty- 
 lophorum, which belong to allied genera. The fls. are 
 very unlike our common poppies, being small and with- 
 out petals, bui they are borne in great feathery or 
 plumy masses, in terminal panicles raised high above 
 the heavy foliage, making the plant unique in its 
 picturesque general appearance. Hence, it :s much used 
 for isolated lawn specimens, or for very bold and strik- 
 ing effects, being especially adapted to be viewed at 
 long distances. It is also placed in shrubberies, wild 
 gardens, and at the back of wiile borders, as it spreads 
 
 
 i> 
 
 2ii. Bocconia cordata. 
 
 rapidly by suckers, any one of which, if detached, will 
 make a strong plant in a single season. The Plume 
 Poppy seems to be much hardier in America than in the 
 Old World. It was popular early in the century, but was 
 neglected, probably because it spread so rapidly. 
 
 Lately it ha.-, become popular again. It deserves to be 
 ]• irom.iently naturalized in the American landscape. 
 *'o puxluce the largest specimens, it is well to [)lant in 
 %'ery rich soil, give the old clumps litjuid manure in 
 sprintr, and cut off the suckers. Prop, chiefly by suckers. 
 
 cordata, Wiild. (li.JapAuica.Hort.). Fig. 242. Hardy 
 herbaceous perennial: height 5-8 ft. : lvs. large, glau- 
 cous, heart-shap«'d, much-lobed. deeply veine(l : fls. 
 pinkish ; stamens alniut :u). China, Japan. B.M. 1905' 
 Gn. 54, p. 279. Gng. 5::U2. 
 
 J. B. Kelleb and W, M. 
 
 BOEHMISBIA (G. R. Boehmer, a German botanist). 
 UrticAcem. Many widely distributed species. B. n'u-ea 
 Gaud., of trop. Asia, is cult, in some countries as a tiher 
 plant, and has been intHnluced into this country fur that 
 purpose. It is a strong-growing, large-lvd. perennial, 
 well suited to the border as an ornamental subject. 
 H.nrt/f'nffa, Lind., a stove plant, is useful for subtropi- 
 cal bedding ; but it is not in the Amer. trade. 
 
 BOLANDBA (H. N. Bolander, Califomian botanist). 
 iSaxiffai/aettv. Two species of small west American 
 herbs, with purplish tls. in lax corymbs ; petals 5. in- 
 serted on the throat of the 5-lobed caljTc ; stamens 5 
 alternate with petals. Delicate herbs, suitable for rock- 
 work. 
 
 Oreg&na, Wats. A foot or two high, pubescent and 
 glandular : lvs. laciniately toothed and lobed : tls. deep 
 purple ; tube of the calyx equaling the teeth and a little 
 shorter than the petals : pedicels retlexed in front. 
 O'-egon. — Int. by Gillett in 1881. 
 
 The first-described species. B. Cnlif&rnica, Gray, 
 seems not to have been offered in the tratie. It is a 
 smaller species, less pubescent, with smaller fls.. the 
 lower lvs. round-reniform and 5-lobed : plant 3-12 in. 
 high, the stems weak and slender. 
 
 BOLDOA FBAGBANS, cult, in S. Calif. Set Peiimus. 
 
 BOLETUS. Consult Mnshrooms. 
 
 BOLLEA. See Zygopetalum. 
 
 BOLTONIA (James Bolton, English botanist). Com- 
 pdsitce. False Chamomile. Four or 5 species of aster- 
 like glabrous, often glaucous herbs of the United States 
 and eastern Asia. They are tall and leafy plants, bloom- 
 ing profusely in late summer and autumn, and excellent 
 for the hardy border. Differs from aster in having a 
 convex receptacle, short pappus bristles and awns, and 
 other technical characters. Boltonias are of easiest cul- 
 ture. They take care of themselves when once estab- 
 lished. Prop, by division. Should be better known to 
 gardeners. They stand without staking. 
 
 asteroldes, L'Her. {B.gla.^tifdUn,L'B.eT.). Sts.2-»ft., 
 simple below and branching at the top : lvs. broadly 
 lanceolate or the upper narrower : heads short -peduncled. 
 numerous, the rays varying from white to violet and 
 purple; involucre bracts lanceolate and acute, greenish; 
 scales of the pappus numerous and conspicuous, the 
 two awns sometimes missing. Pa. to 111. and S. B.M. 
 2381,25.->4. Mn. 1:33. -Perennial. 
 
 latisqu&ma, Gray. A handsomer plant, wilii larger 
 and more showy heads with blue-velvet rays : invo- 
 lucre bracts oblong or obovate and obtuse (often bear- 
 ing a minute point); pappus scales small, the awns 
 present and conspicuous. Kans. and Mo. G.F. 5:271. 
 Perennial. 
 
 B. Cantoniensis, Franch. & Sav., is native to Japan, 
 where the young plants are used for greens. See ( ieorge- 
 8on. A.G. 13, p. 8, fig. 4. It is annual. Has not yet ap- 
 peared in the Amer. trade. Gray restricts Boltonia to 
 the U. S., and regards this species as of another genus. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 BOMAREA (derivation doubtful). AmarylUdiicetr. 
 Tender South American plants allied to Alstra^nieria, 
 and with similar fls. but a twining iiabit. Lvs. parallel- 
 veined, usually borne on sh* i:, rwisted petioles: fls. in 
 pendulous umbels, variously colored and spotted, borne 
 in early spring and summer : perianth funnel-shaped : 
 tube none. See Baker, AmaryllidesB. 
 
 Bomareas delight in a rich, flbrous soil, and require 
 plenty of water during the growing season, which com- 
 
Plate III. A mixed Border. 
 A fHivless pianti'tion of her)>s uifiiinst a boundary hetlge. 
 
 
BOMAREA 
 
 BORDER 
 
 169 
 
 mences early in sprinpr. Late in fall the stems are cut 
 down to the ground and the roots are kept in the soil in 
 a dry state. While they often make satisfactory pot 
 plants', they do best when planted out in an open, sunny 
 petition in a cool conservatory, where they have plenty 
 
 243. Bomarea Salsilla (X >3 
 
 of air in summer. Prop, by fresh seeds, 
 I. which germinate readily if sown in shallow 
 pans in a warm propagating-house. Also, 
 and more rapidly, by careful division of the rhizome, 
 to which some of the roots should be attached. 
 
 Cult, by N. J. Rose. 
 A. Perianth segments equal. 
 B. Umbel simple : fls. medium-sized. 
 
 oligintha, Baker. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, oblong, acute, 
 las. thin, densely pubescent beneath : fls. 6-8 in an 
 umbel: bracts large, leaf-like; segments l-l^in. long, 
 outer dull red, inner bright yellow with reddish brown 
 spots. Peruvian Andes. 
 
 BB. L'mbel compound. 
 
 c. Fls. small. 
 
 Salsilla, Herb. {B. oculiifa, ]>i. Roem. Alstrcemeria 
 ocnidt't, Lodd.). Fig. 24:}. i.vs. 2-4 in. long. 3^ in. 
 broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanc?olatc, moderately firm, 
 glabrous beneath : umbel 4-15-rayed ; rays 1-3 in. long, 
 1-3-fld.; bracts small: fls. pink or red, marked with 
 bhie and dark purple within. Chili. L.B.C. 19:1851 
 B.M. 3344. 
 
 cc. Fls. large. 
 
 Carderi, Mast. Lvs. 4-fi in. long, 1)^-3 in. broad, ob- 
 long, acute : umbel 1 ft, long, G-9-rayed ; rays 1-4-fld. : 
 bracts large, leafy ; perianth-segments 2 in. long, outei 
 pale pink, spotted brown near the top, inner greenish 
 white, much spotted. P.M. 1876: 239. G.C II. 5: 793. 
 
 Shuttleworthii, Mast. Lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong, acute, 
 glabrous : umbel 1 ft. long. 5-10-rayed ; rays usually 3- 
 fld. : perianth segments 2 in. long, outer reddish, inner 
 greenish yellow. Colombian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 77 and 
 8'). The curious egg-shaped tubers terminate un- 
 branched roots, which spring from a rhizome about 1 in. 
 wide. Having no eyes or buds, they cannot be used for 
 propagating. 
 
 AA. Perianth segments not equal, the inner longer 
 than the outer. 
 
 B. Cmhel simple. 
 
 Patacoc6n8i8, Herb. ( B. confirta , Benth. ) . Stems pur- 
 ple-tinted, pubescent : lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, pubescent beneath : fls. 20-30 ; outer segments 
 Wi'm. long, bright red, inner ones 2% in. hmg, bright 
 red. yellow-keeled, with a few spots. Andes of Equador 
 and Colombia. G.C. II. 17: 187. B.M. 6692.-When well- 
 grown, the umbel is very dense and many-fld. 
 
 BB. Umbel compound. 
 vitellina, Mast. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, ovate-oblong : um- 
 bel about 12-rayed : perianth segments bright yellow, 
 outer 1% in. long, inner 2 in. long : bracts large, leafy. 
 Penivian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 151. w. M. 
 
 BoMBAX (a Greek name for raw silk, alluding to the 
 cottony contents of the po<ls). Mah'()ci'(f. Silk Cotton 
 Tbee. Ten or 12 tropical trees, with digitate 5-9-foliolate 
 
 lvs., 1-ttd. axillary or clustered peduncles, and usually 
 large white or scarlet fls. Specimens are rarely seen in 
 cult, in fine glass-houses, and none of the species appear 
 to be in the Amer. trade. The bark of some species pro- 
 duces commercial fiber. 
 
 BONESET. Eupatorium perfoliatum. 
 
 BORAGE (Bordgo officindlis, Linn.). Boraginhcem. 
 A <'<)ur.se annual plant grown for culinarj* use in some 
 parts of Eu.. as in Germany. Used as a pot-herb and 
 sometimes with salads. Only the young lvs. 
 are palatable. Mostly known in this country 
 as a bee-plant and for its handsome blue 
 or purplish racemed fls. It is a hairy plant, 
 IV2-- ft. high, with oval or oblong lvs. Eu., 
 North Africa. 
 
 BOBASSITS. Palmriceai. Tall palms, with large pal- 
 mutely flabelliform plicate lvs.: sheath short: petiole 
 spiny*: ligule short, rigid : fr. large, subglobose, brown. 
 Species 1. Trop. Africa, 
 
 flabellifdrmis, Linn. Fig. 244, St, 30-100 ft. high: lvs. 
 8-10 ft. long; If.- segments bifid at the apex.— Widely 
 cultivated. One of the most useful palms of India. 
 The fruits are very large. Many parts of the plant are 
 utilized by the natives a?* food and in the arts. Wood 
 black, very hard. This plant requires rich soil and 
 strong heat for its best development, and is rather slow- 
 growing under ctiltivation, especially while young. The 
 illustration (Fig. 244) is adapted from Martius' Natural 
 History of Palms. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin. 
 
 BOBDEB. A narrow planting', particularly if it is 
 alongside a walk, drive, fence, or other boundary. 
 Plate III. Figs. 245, 246. The term border may >)e taken 
 to have meant originally a line of plants set out to mark 
 the edge or dividing line, or termination of a part of the 
 ground?, in many instances still to be seen in the most 
 ancient gardens of castles and other residences. These 
 are formed on the ter- 
 
 race, where no other 
 form of floral decora- 
 tion would be possible. 
 In these places are 
 often herbs, shrubs and 
 trees that are grand 
 old specimens of very 
 rare or ten<ler subjects, 
 that would not thrive 
 in any other location. 
 
 There are three dis- 
 tinct types of border : 
 
 (1) the shrubbery bor- 
 der, in which various 
 forms of garden plants 
 of fruticose habit are 
 blended so as to mahe 
 a harmonious whole. 
 
 (2) Another form of 
 border, now happily al- 
 most obsolete, is the 
 "ribbon border," in 
 which plants of dwarf 
 habit and bright color- 
 ing are used to produce 
 geometrical designs on 
 the greensward. This 
 form of gardening was 
 very common in parks 
 and public spaces until ^■^Vi'i^ 
 recent years, but i)ub- 
 lic taste has been edu- 
 cated to see and to like 
 the old-fashioned bor- 
 der, or (3) the border 
 proper,— the one that 
 was used when gardening had to be done without the aid 
 of glass structures, all the occupants being hardy by na- 
 ture, whether of annual, biennial or perennial dura- 
 tion. It may be said that we are in the renaissance of 
 the flower border ; but much has been added to it, aud 
 
 Vs^ 
 
 244. Borassus flabelUformis. 
 
170 
 
 BORDER 
 
 BORDER 
 
 the greater possibilities we have are due largely to our 
 greater wealth in plants. 
 
 To have a good flower border is by no means an ex- 
 pensive undertaking if a few essentials are regarded. 
 
 245. Border on the side of a lawn, the body of the 
 plantation being made of shrubbery. 
 
 The first and most important requisite is a good depth 
 of soil ; it matters little what the kind of soil, if good, 
 but it is better, if possible, to vary the texture and be 
 able to control the quantity of moisture. Lilies are 
 among the most beautiful of border flowers, but they 
 like a soil that is light, cool and moist ; hence decayed 
 humus, as leaf -mold, is valuable. Many other subjects, 
 as annuals from warmer climates, like a soil that ab- 
 sorbs heat rapidly and retains it, such as a soil of a 
 sandy texture, in this will thrive all bulbs that die 
 down early in summer, such as tulips and narcissuses. It 
 enables the bulbs to mature well and remain dry in 
 winter, and to make an early start in spring. The great 
 majority of plants, however, require a retentive compost, 
 that will not dry out readily in hot weather, and it must 
 be made rich enough to grow vegetable crops. One 
 cannot starve the plant and expect a good harvest of 
 bloom. If the natural soil be not really good or suitable, 
 make it so. If it is not possible to do it all at once, be- 
 gin well, and add to it as time goes on and the plants 
 need the space, for it will be found that in a mixed bor- 
 der of plants which practically take care of themselves, 
 there will a'ways be plenty "for one's own use, and a 
 quantity of roots to spare. 
 
 The location of such a border is an important con- 
 sideration so far as general effect and efficiency are con- 
 cerned. Along the line of a fence or boundary, near the 
 margin of a walk, drive, or avenue, or next the house, 
 are good locations. The front line 
 may be straight, curved or irregular 
 in outline, according to the situation 
 or fancy of the owner. The plants 
 will lend themselves kindly to one or 
 all forms, oftentimes forming a line 
 of their own by outgrowing their al- 
 lotted spare. The number of subjects 
 suitable for this kind of work are 
 many. Begin with the old-fashioned 
 flowers, such as p' nnies, dicentras, 
 larkspurs, perennial poppies, py- 
 rethrums, iris, hemerocallis, and a 
 host of others. Hollyhocks are most 
 excellent, but in the East the disease 
 or rust must be kept off by thorough 
 spraying. The perennial garden 
 phlox must be added, but see to it 
 that it does not seed the bed and 
 produce a tiresome crop of poor, 
 weedy sorts. The same may be said 
 of the larkspur. In fact, unless 
 some specially marked flowers are wanted for seeds, 
 it is best not to allow border plants to seed in the 
 soil, for they speedily make trouble. Sweet-smelling 
 
 plants are very desirable, such as bergamot, monarda* 
 the perennial fennel, with its graceful foliage for blend" 
 ing with cut-flowers, a little bush of rue, one of marjo- 
 ram, a plant of the lemon-scented verbena or alovsia 
 (which may be wintered over indoors), the scented jrVra- 
 niums, southernwood, and many others that have old 
 associations, and help to take the memory back of self 
 and friends. Spring flowers must not be'neglected. as 
 they "come before the swallow dares." Narcissuses in 
 many kinds are hardy and permanent ; so, also, are the 
 Darwin tulips, even though unlike the florists' ideal. 
 This recent race of tulips and those of the Gesneriana 
 type live year after year and grow better, besides giv- 
 ing fine blooms for cutting. Crocuses may be placed near 
 the margins in warm ••omers, planting over them or 
 sowing a few seeds of annurls to cover the soil that 
 hides them in summer. *^tjcks, zinnias, asters and 
 mignonette are all admissible and most suitable, with a 
 ciumi or row of sweet peas near the back at intervals. 
 Gladioluses are excellent. The lilies ought to be planted 
 in a group, to «do them justice, and the bulbs can then be 
 covered in fall with a coat of dry leaves or pine needles 
 to protect them. The regal Japan iris needs much wa- 
 ter, and may be given a special bed, whereit can be sup- 
 plied freely, other semi-aquatic plants being placed With 
 them, provided the one border does not give the desired 
 variety of soils ; but the whole of the above-named 
 plants may be made to grow in a mixed border if it be 
 properly prepared. 
 
 One c f the best uses of a border is to make it a re- 
 pository r catch-all for hardy plants. Here plant wild 
 asters and goldenrods, wild lilies and buttercups, and 
 anything and everything which interests you in the 
 woods or fields. These plants may be dug even in sum- 
 mer. Cut off the tops, leaving a few leaves just above 
 the ground, plant them firmly, and most of them will 
 live. The border reflects the personality of its maker. 
 One caution must be given,— never spade up or fork 
 over such a border. Let all enrichment be given as a 
 top-dressing in fall, allowing the plants to come up 
 through it as they will. The best time to plant is early 
 
 in fall, before the soil loses 
 its stored -up warmth, as the 
 plants then get well estab- 
 lished before spring ; but if 
 division and replanting are 
 necessary, wait until things 
 have made a visible start 
 in spring, so that nearby 
 plants are not injured by the 
 
 246. An informal border alon£ the fence. 
 
BORDER 
 
 BORONIA 
 
 171 
 
 spade or fork. The border is an important conception 
 in landscape gardening (see Landscape Gardening). 
 
 E. O. Okpet. 
 
 The Hardv Border may be made a most attractive 
 feature of any planting. A good model to follow may 
 often be found along a country road which has not been 
 "cleaned up" into formality and monotony. The charm 
 of the hardy border lies tis much in its happy faculty 
 of change as in its beaut* everj- day of the growing 
 season, and every week of the year, there appear new 
 points of interest. It is apparently nature's workshop, 
 and the changing habits of plants are of vital interest. 
 It is always crowded, never full ; the shy beauty found 
 on a ramble takes its place promptly among the older 
 friends. With a little care and previous observation, 
 and reasonable preparation of the soil, the hardy border 
 can be made to reflect the preferences and personality 
 of the planter. The available material is so rich and 
 plentiful that there need never be duplication. Nor is the 
 best hardy border an expensive luxury ; it requires no 
 rare exotics, and its chief members may well be the com- 
 mon plants of the neighborhood, bnught together under 
 conditions which give each a chance for development. 
 A border is recalled which shows as its chief glor>' in 
 September an enormous boneset ; visitors who exclaim 
 at its beauty do not recognize the roadside weed. This 
 particular border is most catholic in its hospitality to 
 all American plants — no foreigners are allowed admis- 
 sion. In early spring the great fiddle-heads of the un- 
 curling cinnamon ferns mate with the trilliums, and the 
 moss-pijk carpets the edge, alternating with the spring 
 beauty and bluet. The columbines hang, their bells 
 against a rocky point, which later is a glory of wild 
 roses. IShatiy comers have the laurels and the rhodo- 
 dendrons, and the warmth of early summer brings out 
 the yarrow and the rudbeckia, just before the happy 
 succession of asters and goldenrods start on their pro- 
 cession toward winter. No two days show the same 
 blooms ; often a visit in the afternoon gives a totally 
 different impression from the morning view. 
 
 Artistically treated, and with care to keep out any of 
 the formal and comparatively artificial plants (gera- 
 niums, coleus, verbenas, and the like), the hardy border 
 may be a source of much enjoyment and edification, 
 whether it be in a city back yard or a great park. Often 
 an existing cluster of shrubs or bed of lilies in the home 
 grounds may serve as a starting for the border ; and 
 some fine examples are remembered as incidental ad- 
 juncts to the farm vegetable patch, while one which has 
 a most distinct individuality of beauty unobtrusively 
 flanks a unique Connecticut grass garden. 
 
 To create an individual hardy border, the planter 
 must divest himself of prejudice, and cheerfully start a 
 burdock where its richness of foliage is needed, backed 
 up with a skunk cabbage for greater breadth of green, 
 if need be. He should estimate plants for their beauty, 
 their individuality and their season of bloom, as mem- 
 bers of his general plan. He should be prepared to con- 
 sider any plant a prize in the border if it fit? , and any 
 plant a weed if it is inharmonious. 
 
 J. Horace McFarland. 
 
 BORECOLE, ^e^ Kale. 
 
 BOBONIA (after Francis Borone, an Italian who lost 
 his life at Athens in the service of Dr. Sibthorp). 
 Butdce<v. A genus of Australian shrubs with numerous 
 fls. having a rue-like fragrance : Ivs. opposite, odd-pin- 
 nate, or simple. B. megastigma and its allies, B.elatior 
 and B. heterophylla, are remarkable for their very large 
 stigma (which is 4-lobed at the base), and their curious 
 stamens, 4 of which are small, yellow, pollen-bearing, 
 and hidden under the stigma, while the 4 large, conspicu- 
 ous ones are dark purple or black, and bear no pollen. 
 
 The chief value of Boronias is their delicious fra- 
 grance. A small specimen will perfume a whole house 
 for two or three weeks. Boronias are cultivated like 
 Cape heaths in a cool greenhouse. After flowering they 
 shouhl be cut back, in order to make compact, bushy 
 specimens. The leading shoots may be frequently 
 pinched, to prevent a straggling growth. As most of 
 them are natives of barren, sandy places, not bogs, 
 good drainage is necessary. Sour soil is very disastrous 
 
 to them. The English florist T»t their young plants in 
 the open ground during sum,. >i, being careful to shade 
 them with lath frames. Plants that have flowered two 
 seasons are thrown away and replaced by younger speci- 
 mens. Robert Cameron propagates them by cuttings 
 from half -ripened wood inserted in 4-inch pots, which 
 are filled to within an inch of the top with a compost of 
 finely sifted loam, peat and sand, over which is spread 
 a layer of sharp sand. After a thorough watering, 
 they may be placed under a bell-glass in a greenhouse 
 where the tempera^are ranges from 4.5-50° F., and 
 shaded from bright sunshine. Seeds germinate readily 
 in the same temperature, and make good flowering 
 
 247. Boronia megastigma (X %)• 
 
 plants in one season. Seeds can be obtained from Ger- 
 man or Australian dealers, large quantities being col- 
 lected in the wild. Boronias belong to a large class of 
 hard-wooded Australian plants that were popular along 
 with the Cape heaths in the early part of the 19th cen- 
 tury. These were largely replaced by quicker-growing, 
 soft-wooded plants. The renewed interest in Boronias 
 is largely due to the more recently introduced species, 
 of which the first three described below are the best. 
 American florists have lately grown them somewhat for 
 Easter, especially B. heterophylla. Many species are 
 likely to be introduced, as these shrubs are very bril- 
 liant in Australia, blooming when very young, and re- 
 maining attractive for two or three months. 
 
 A. Stigmas large. 
 
 B. lyfs. less than 1 in. long : leaflets in 1 or S pairs, 
 plus an odd one. 
 
 c. Fls. borne singly 
 
 megastigma, Nees. Fig. 247. Height about 2 ft. : Ivs. 
 very sparse, ys-% in. long, sessile, the upper with one 
 pair, the lower with two pairs of Ifts. beside the end 
 one ; Ifts. narrowly linear : fls. maroon-purple outside, 
 yellow within, borne less densely than in B. elatior. At 
 times some fls. are chieflv brown, others chiefly purple. 
 B.M. G04G.~The best species. 
 
 cc. Fls. borne in whorls of 4 or 6. 
 
 heterophylla, F. Muell. Height 5-6 ft. in Australia : 
 Ivs. 1-1 Vain, long, sometimes simple, usually with 1 
 pair, rarely 2 pairs of Ifts.: fls. bright scarlet, but 
 usually pictured as purplish crimson. Differs from B. 
 elatior and B. megastigma in its larger leaves, fewer 
 Ifts., more brilliant fls, and longer filaments. Cult, only 
 in its var. br6vipe8, Hook, f., which differs merelv in 
 the shorter peduncles. B.M. r)845. Gn. .T2: 622. -Of "late 
 years it has been grown for Easter by florists to a con- 
 siderable extent. 
 
172 
 
 BORONIA 
 
 BOrGAlNVILL.EA 
 
 B. Lvs. more than 1 in. long: leaflets in 2-6 pairs, 
 
 plus an odd one. 
 elitior, Bfirtl. Height about 4 ft.: pubescence va- 
 riabk- : Iv.s. dose-set, 1-2 in. long, }4-% in. broad, 
 petioled, with Ifts. in 2-6 pairs : ifts. broader and 
 shorter-acuminate than in B. megnstiijma : fls. dark 
 red-brown, or rosy red. or purple, sometimes showing 
 groups of widely different colors on the same branch, 
 
 and borne so densely as to 
 hide one side of the branch. 
 '?.M. 6285. Gn 10:39, F.E. 
 '.♦:491. 
 
 AA. Stigmas small 
 
 pinnd^ta, Smith. Lft a 
 ■J— i pairs, very 9mi>> , ti, 
 acute : peduncles dichoto- 
 mous, 5-7-fld.: stamens 8. 
 B.M. 176.1. L.B. 0.5:473. 
 
 tetr^udra. Labill. Lfts. in 
 4-5 pairs, obtuse, glabrous: 
 branches pilose : pedicels 
 short, 1-fld. : stamens 4. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 Ntphrolepis 
 
 FESN. See 
 
 ^^P^ 
 
 248. Botrychium obliquum. 
 
 BOTANY. The science 
 which treats of plants ; plant- 
 knowledge. In its widest 
 sense, and properly, it in- 
 cludes much that, by com- 
 mon consent, is usually in- 
 cluded in horticulture,— as 
 amelioration of plants by 
 <lomestication, hybridizing, 
 and the like. 
 
 BOTRtCHIUM (Greek, in 
 allusion to the grape-like 
 sporangia). Ophioglossiicece. 
 Native Ferns of woods and 
 pastures, with fleshy root3, 
 broad temate lvs., and 
 sporangia borne in a pani- 
 cle, which branches from the 
 common st. Grown in the 
 hardy border, or against a 
 building on the shady side. 
 They require no special 
 treatment, and are little cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 A. Lf. omple, sessile near 
 the middle of the stem. 
 
 Virgrini^num, Swz. Moon- 
 wort. Six in. to 2 ft. high, 
 with abroad, triangular leaf, 
 with 3 main tri-<}uadri-pin- 
 natifid divisions : sporophyll 
 long-stalked. Eastern U. S. 
 — The only species which is 
 
 large enough to make a display. 
 
 AA. Lf. stalked from near the base of the com- 
 mon stem. 
 
 obllqanm, Muhl. Fig. 248. Plant, 6-15 in. high, with a 
 temate If. 2-6 in. wide: segments obliquely ovate or ob- 
 long, yi-%\n. long : sporophyll long-stalked. {B. ter- 
 natum, Authors, not Swz., which is a very different 
 Japanese species.) Eastern U. S. 
 
 dl8S6ctuin, Spreng. Plant, 6-18 in. high, with a temate, 
 finely dissected If., .3-8 in. wide, the ultimate divisions 
 -n,- in, or less wide. Eastern U. S. — Evergreen; delicate 
 and graceful. Grows in woods. j^ ^j Underwood. 
 
 BOTTLE -BRUSH. See Metros ideros. 
 
 BOTTOM HEAT. Said of soil temperature which is 
 higher than that of the superincumbent air. Most ten- 
 der plants re(}uire to have the roots warmer than the 
 tops, particularly when grown under glass. 
 
 BOUGAINVlLL^A (De Bougainville, 1729-1811, a 
 Fren<'h navigator). Ntictagincicea?. A half dozen or 
 more species of S. American shrobs, with alternate 
 petiolate entire lvs. The tis. are small aud inconspicu- 
 ous, tubular, the margin ■■>-6-lobed ; stamens 7-8, on 
 unequal capillary filaments ; ovary stipitate. Fls. in S's, 
 each one subtended by a very large colored bract. These 
 bracts are vent- gaudy, and constitute the decorative 
 vahie of the plants. Two more or less scandent species 
 are chiefly known in cultivation. Bougainvilleas are 
 just now receiving much attention in this country. 
 
 glabra, Choisy. Fig. 249. Growing 10-16 ft. high and 
 wide, when planted in the ground and allowed to have 
 its way : glabrous : lvs. ovate and acuminate, glabrous 
 and bright green : bracts cordate-ovate, bright rosv red, 
 distinctlv veined. Brazil. G.C. III. 23: 168. Gn.".54.p. 
 257. R.H. 1889:276. A. G. 16:15. A.F. 11:137. F E. 
 10: 100. — Free-flowering and handsome ; often grown in 
 pots and kept dwarf. Var. Sanderidna, Hort. Very flo- 
 riferous, blooming even in very small pots: bracts deeper 
 colored. Gn. 45:962. A.F. 10:307; 11:977; 12:1185. 
 Gnf. 4:2.'>1 ; 5. 345. — A very worthy plant. 
 
 spect&bilis, Willd. (B. i,pecidsa, Lindl. B. splendens, 
 Hort. ). Te'ler and stricter, with larger and thicker lvs., 
 hairy : fls. in large panicles ; bracts larger, deep rose 
 color, but varving tc purple and greenish. Brazil. B.M. 
 4810,4811. P'.M. 12:51. I. H. 42: ,30.- Variable ; known 
 also as B. Brasiliensis, B. bracte.atn and B. Peruviana. 
 Var. laterlria, Lem. (B. laferitia, Hort.), has brick-red 
 bracts. I.H. 14: 46(i. More showy than the last when in 
 full bloom, but more difficult to grow, and. therefore, 
 not so desirable. Int. to cult, earlier than B. glabra. 
 
 refdlgens, Bull. Lvs. pubescent : racemes long and 
 drooping, and bracts purple. Brazil. — Perhaps a form 
 of B. spectabilis. l H. B. 
 
 There is much confusion in species and varieties of 
 Bougainvilleas in the trade. They seem to vary consid- 
 erably. B. spectabilis and its varieties seem to be un- 
 promising. Our experience with thousands of plants of 
 B. glabra and var. Sanderiana leads us to say that we 
 cannot think of any class of plants so readily handled. 
 
 249. Boasainvillaea glabra (X K)• 
 They are easily propagated, are not particular as to soil 
 or treatment, their growth is strong and rapid, they can 
 be flowered with ease and certainly, and they are but 
 little subject to insect attacks. Their flowering charac- 
 ter is so persistent that a small stock of plants will afford 
 
BOUGAIXVILL.EA 
 
 BOrVARDIA 
 
 173 
 
 cuttini — if.terial for almost six months. The bloom- 
 bracts are extremely durable. They harmonize well with 
 some of t^»e popular orchids, and also go well with Amer- 
 ican Beauty rosLS. Entire heads of plants produce very 
 decorative results, and are very satisfactory on account 
 of their durability. 
 
 Biiiiijiiinvilleas are propaprated easily in April, M:iy 
 anil .Iiine. Secure half -ripened or old-wood 
 cutriii:;-! — no woo«i is too old or too heavy— 
 ami cut into 6-r2-in. lenjjfths, or shorter if 
 more attention is given to them. Place the 
 lowr part 2-4 in. deep in sand in an airy 
 situjition, fully exposed to the sun during 
 April, with some bottom heat for this month, 
 in Miiy and June give no bottom heat, but 
 slight' shade should be given during the 
 briirliter hours of the day. The sand should 
 be kept moist, not wet, and cuttings be 
 svringed several times 
 every day in bright 
 weather. The foliage will 
 dDp mainly at the end 
 of the first week ; after 
 the second week, roots 
 may be seen. The time 
 of r")oting varies from 12 
 to .10 days, according to 
 conditions. In propaga- 
 tini? in quantity, it is ad- 
 visable to grade the wood 
 according to ripeness, 
 enabling the removal of 
 the same from sand with 
 less trouble and loss of 
 time. For first potting, 
 
 use a light, sandy loam, with pots to suit the 
 roots ; place in a sunny situation, keep them 
 on the dry side for a week or so. giving light 
 syringing daily, an<l shade during midday 
 hours. In four or five weeks they can be 
 shift 'd to larger pots, and water may be given 
 more freely ; after this they can be shifted 
 almost monthly. From the time they are in 
 5-in. pots they should have careful drainage, 
 as they will want daily syringing and a free 
 supply of water. They should be grown with 
 full sun exposure under glass, and plenty of 
 air, and in ,. uly and August may receive al- 
 most daily ('.renchings of water. All growths 
 should be exposed to the sun by occasional 
 turning of plants; this secures a ripened con- 
 dition of wood, which is essential to best 
 results. So grown, every shoot will flower 
 freely. If crowded or shaded, satisfactory re- 
 sults are risked. The aim siiould be to secure 
 strong, well-ripened growths by the last of 
 Octooer. For earliest bloom, plants may be 
 held drier from this time on, but in the case of 
 B. glabra not enough to yellow the foliage, 
 unless in very strong plants. "With a little 
 experience, the earliest rested plants can be 
 flowered for Christinas, and others can be 
 brought in successively. The new growths 
 will afford cut-flower material until midsum- 
 mer. In June, the flowering j>lants should be 
 held as cool and airy as possible, but not 
 shaded or only slightly so. If held too warm 
 or dry, the bracts drop in a short time. After 
 the flowering season is all comi»leted. the 
 plants may be held dry for a w»'ek or ten 
 days; then all old soil should be removed, the 
 roots an<l tops pruned to suit, and the plants 
 repotted to smallest suitable pots, with perfect 
 drainage. Then treat exactly as for a rooted 
 cutting. As an excess of water is injurious at 
 this stage, shade for a few days and syringe 
 frequently. Keep on the dry side until the 
 foliage indicates that water may be given more freely. 
 Hundreds of eyes will push from strong plants ; and 
 the plants will soon make rapid growth, when they may 
 be syringed and watered daily. A yellowish foliage is 
 evidence of too much water, but this will hardly occur 
 with plaats thoroughly drained and exposed to the full 
 
 sun. Growths may be pinched according to the end in 
 view. 
 
 Strong, well-ripened shoots of B. rjlahra, tied hori- 
 zontally, produce numerous laterals, whose inflorescence 
 is very distinct in character from the earlier bloom, 
 clusters of intense mauve bracts crowding the shoots, 
 offset by the dark green, glossy foliage. The arrange- 
 ment or disposition of the bracts on such 
 shoots is a revelation of beauty comi)ared with 
 the more familiar form. B. glaftra is gener- 
 ally spoken of as a climbing plant, which may 
 apply in a large state or when the plant is 
 unrestricte«l as to root room. In pots up to 
 12-15 in. we have frequently seen shoot.^ 2(>-25 
 ft. long, but these al'.vays prove mainly self- 
 supporting. Both B. glabra and its variety 
 make distinct and extremely showy subjects 
 for the lawn, in a partially shelteied situ- 
 ation they could be- held in fair condi- 
 tion for at least o. month. 
 
 B. glabra, var. Sanderiana. has 
 prove(l valuable as a decorative plant, 
 particularly for Easter, as it can bo 
 flowered unerringly, and possesses the 
 merit of being durable for wef^ks, — a 
 decide<l advantage over most subjects 
 grown for that season. B. glabra also 
 may be grown into showy specimens, 
 but, being less compact than Sanderi- 
 ana, requires more attention to secure 
 shapely plants. It should be noted that 
 B. glabra, — on account of the larger 
 size of the bracts ( fully three times as 
 large as those of Sanderiana ) and their 
 arrangement n the branches, offset by 
 luxuriant v: -y foliage, — appears to 
 be the : uesirable variety for cut- 
 
 flower terial ; while Sanderiana, 
 from i • > legant, compact habit, affords 
 a splendid subject for pots. 
 
 Theo. F. Beckeet. 
 
 BOUSSINGAtLTIA (J. B. Boussin- 
 gault, born in lbU2, a famous agricul- 
 tural chemist). Chenopodidcece. A few 
 tropical American climbing herbs. Fls. 
 small, perfect, with a o-parted, short- 
 tubed perianth, 5 stamens, and 3- 
 divided style, in long racemes. Lvs. 
 alternate, thick, entire. 
 
 baselloides, HBK. Madeira Vine. 
 Mignonette Vine. Fig. 250. Peren- 
 nial, root tuberous; stems smooth and 
 twining, reaching 10-20 ft. in a season, 
 and in late summer or fall bearing; 
 profusely of the fragrant white fls. 
 (which become nearly black witli age), 
 and pnxlucing little tubercles, by 
 means of which the plant is propa- 
 gated. Equador. B.M. 3620.— A com- 
 mon vine, prized for porches and ar- 
 bors. The roots are stored in the 
 winter, and planted out after dan- 
 ger of frost is past. The plant 
 will not endure frost. Sometimes 
 grown in the conservatory and 
 window garden. ^ H. B. 
 
 BOUVARDIA (Dr.Charles Bou- 
 vard, physician to Louis XIII., 
 and superintendent of the Royal 
 Gardens in Paris). Bubificeir. 
 Between 20 and 30 American 
 (chiefly Mexican) shrubs or per- 
 ennialiierbs. Mostly tropical, but 
 some of them range as far N. as 
 Texas. They have entire and mostly sessile, opposite 
 or verticillate lvs. with small stipules interposed, and 
 terminal cymes of long-tubular fls. with 4-parted limb 
 (lobes becoming more numerous in cult.), 4 stamens, 
 and 1 style with a slightly 2-lobed stierma. 
 Bouvardias are very useful late fall or early winter- 
 
 '"^*W» 
 
 250. Madeira Vine, or Boussinsaultia 
 (XVa.) 
 
174 
 
 BOUVARDIA 
 
 BOWIE A 
 
 flowering greenhouse plants. Though they may be prop- 
 atrate«i by cuttings inserted in sand in a propagating 
 frame with bottom heat, yet a better and more expedi- 
 tious way is to cut up the largest roots of a healthy 
 plant into pieces about 1 inch in length, placing 
 them thickly in puns of light, peaty soil and covering 
 them to the depth of 1 inch with the same mixture. If 
 the pans are then placed in a warm temperature with 
 bottom hear, every piece will quickly develop one or 
 more buds and grow into a young lant. March is per- 
 haps the best time for propagating. As soon as the 
 youi.g plants are well rooted they should be potted 
 singly into small pots and grown along in a tempera- 
 ture of about 60°. By the end of May the plants may be 
 planted out, either in spent hotbeds or frames prepared 
 with a goodly proportion of leaf -mold mixed with the 
 soil, if fine pot plants is the ultimate aim ; or if grown 
 for cut-tiowers only, they may be planted out in the 
 greenhouse benches about 15 inches apart, giving all 
 the air possible and a plentiful supply of moisture. In 
 both cases, the plants must be kept well pinched back 
 to in<luce a bushy habit, and also to insure a greater 
 profusion of flowers. Towards the end of September 
 those intended for pot plants should be lifted and potted 
 and placed in a close frame for a week or ten days, 
 keeping them moist and well shaded until they have re- 
 covered from lifting. Before the approach of frost they 
 should be removed to the greenhouse and given a tem- 
 perature of 50°. They are very subject to the attacks of 
 mealy bug and green fly. They therefore should be 
 sprayed once a week with an insecticide, with a vapor- 
 izer sprayer, choosing fine mornings for the operation. 
 After flowering, the plants should be rested by keeping 
 them almost dry. Towards the end of April they should 
 be well pruned back, and in May again planted out for 
 the summer. The same plants may be grown in this 
 way for several years, when in 4 or 5 years' time they 
 ■will make very fine specimens. 
 
 Cult, by Edward J. Canning. 
 
 The Bouvardias of florists do not represent any of the 
 type species. They are sports, hybrids, and other types 
 of variations. The Latin-form names in American 
 trade catalogues nearly all belong to these garden forms. 
 The species which are of most import to the horticul- 
 turist are mentioned below: 
 
 A. Fls. in shades of red. 
 
 B. ^yvs. normally in 3's (except, perhaps, on the 
 
 branchlets). 
 
 triphtUa, Salisb. (B. Jdcquini, HBK,), Small pu- 
 bescent shrub, 2-6 ft. high : Ivs, in 3's or 4's (or oppo- 
 
 — The genus Bouvardia was founded upon this species 
 which was introduced into England about 100 year« ago! 
 It is evidently the most im}»<>rtant parent strain, al- 
 though it is prol)ably not in cult, in its original form. 
 Fiirs. 251 and 2.')2 partake ven.' strongly of this species. 
 In fact. Fig. 251 compares well in botanical characters 
 
 
 351. Common earden form of Bouvardia. 
 
 Terminal truss. 
 
 site on the branchlets), lanceolate to lance-ovate, glabrous 
 above : fls. an inch long, pubescent, red. Mex. , and reach- 
 ing N. to Ariz, B.M. 1854; 3781 as B. splendens, Grab. 
 
 252, Bouvardia. 
 
 Cluster from a side growth. 
 
 (except less long-pointed Ivs,) with the early pictures 
 of B. triphylla. 
 
 leitotha, Benth. Much like B. triphylla ; more bushy 
 and better errower : stems hairy : Ivs, hairy above : lis. 
 glabrous. Mex. R.H. 1851: 81. — Perhaps only a form of 
 the preceding. 
 
 Other red-ttd. 3-lvd. species are : B. angustifdlia, HBK. 
 Lvs. lanceolate, revolute, glabrous above and fine-pu- 
 bescent below : branches nearly glabrous. Mex. B.hir- 
 Ulla, HBK. Very similar : lvs. pubescent on both sur- 
 faces, Mex, B. scdbra, Hook, & Arn. Lvs. ovate, 
 short-stalked: lis. large, in dense clusters, pink : stem 
 hairy. Mex. 
 
 B. Lvs. opposite. 
 
 Cavanillesii, DC. {B. multi flora, Schult.). Hairy: 
 lvs. ovate-acuminate, broad at base, short-stalked, edges 
 hairy: fls. 1/^ in. long, very slender, glabrous. Mex. 
 
 AA. Fls. yellow. 
 
 fl^va, Decne. Lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate or lance- 
 elliptic, very short-stalked, ciliate : fls. very long, 
 drooping, in 3-5-fld. racemes, bright yellow. Mexico. 
 F,S. 1:43. 
 
 AAA. Fls. white. 
 
 longifldra, HBK. Glabrous, branching shrub : lvs. 
 opposite, ovate-acuminate, stalked : fls. lK-2 in. long, 
 with a very slender tube and a wide-spreading, large 
 limb, 2 or 3 together and aggregated into a terminal 
 cyme. Mex. B.M. 4223. F.S. 2:123.-Gray supposes 
 (Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Sci. iv., p. 314) that this 
 species belongs to the genus Houstonia. Not known to 
 be in the American trade. 
 
 Humboldtii, Hort. Lvs. opposite, ovate-acuminate : 
 fls. very large, fragrant, in a large, terminal cluster. 
 G.C. 1873:717. — This is a choice conservatory plant, and 
 is in the Amer. trade. It is usually catalogued as B. 
 Humboldtii corymbiflora. Blooms from summer to 
 winter. Probably a derivative of B. longi flora. B. can- 
 didissima, Hort., white-fid., is said to be a hybrid, with 
 £. Humboldtii as one of its parents. 
 
 jasminiflbra, Hort. Compact and dwarf, very florif- 
 erous, the fls. in close, terminal clusters. G.C. 1872:215. 
 —Probably a derivative of B. longiflora. t w R 
 
 BOWIEA(afterJ, Bowie, collector for Kew). Lilidcece. 
 A monotypic genus containing one of the most curious 
 plants in the vegetable kingdom, A round, green bulb 
 4-5 in. thick throws up yearly a very slender, twining 
 flower-stem 6-8 ft. high, with many compound, forked, 
 curving branches below, and numerous small green fls, 
 above. The st. is somewhat a^pajragus-like. There are 
 
BOWIEA 
 
 BRAHEA 
 
 175 
 
 no ivs. except two small, linear, erect scales at the apex 
 of the bulb, which quickly vanish. The Ivs. show its 
 relation to Drimiu aud .Srilla. 
 
 voltibilis, Harv. Fig. 2r)3, Perianth 6-cleft to the base: 
 >i-,niieiit.s incurved at the tips. S. Afr. B.M. .'><»19.— 
 >o\i by Reasoner Brox., Oneco. Fla., and cult, in botanic 
 irardeiis with cactus-like Euphorbias and other curi- 
 osities. W. M. 
 
 Boiriea volubilis is a useful plant for twining on the 
 supports of a moderately warm greenhouse, and is of 
 the easiest possible crlture. Propagation is effected by 
 
 Bo\wiea volubilis. 
 
 seeds, or occasionally by the natural division of the 
 bulbs. The season of growth usually begins about the 
 tirst of October, when the bulbs should be repotted in 
 any light, rich soil, and kept well watered until the 
 stems begin to mature, which usually occurs in May, 
 when water should be gradually withheld, and the 
 plants stored away in some shaded part of the green- 
 house and kept quite dry until the season of growth 
 begins again. Edward J. Canning. 
 
 BOX. See Buxus. 
 
 BOX ELDEB (Acer Negundo, which see). Fig. 254. 
 A very pupular small native tree for planting on the 
 prairies and in trj-ing climates. It propagates most 
 readily from seeds' It is an excellent nurse tree for 
 other species. The wood is of inferior quality. It grows 
 with great rapidity for a few years. 
 
 BBACHYCH.STA (Greek, short bristle). Comp6sit<B. 
 ^ne species, growing in open woods from Ky. to N. C. 
 and Ga. Closely allied to Solidago, from which it differs 
 in the very short pappus (the l)ristles shorter than the 
 akene), and the lower Ivs. cordate. B. cordita, Torr. & 
 
 (3rav, which has been int. by dealers in native plants, 
 is 2-r{ ft. high, soft-pubescent, with thin, serrate Ivs.: 
 rts. golden yellow, in small heads, which are borne on 
 racome-like secund branchlets. Recommended for the 
 native border. 
 
 BRACHYCOME {short 
 h'lir, from the Greek, al- 
 luding to th*? pappus). 
 Compdsitcp. Australian 
 herbs, with membrana- 
 ceous in\ olucral bracts, 
 naked re> ptacle. veiy 
 short pappus bristles, and 
 ditfuse leafy growth. One 
 specieN in cult. : 
 
 ihcrdifdlia.Benth. Sw^n 
 RiVEK Daisv. Figs. 2.'».5, 
 2«6. A very graceful little 
 annual! 6-12 in. high ) from 
 Austral., suited to bor- 
 ders, and also attractive 
 in pots ; seeds may be sown in the 
 open or under glass. Fls. blue or 
 white, an inch across: Ivs. small, 
 pinnate, with very narrow divis- 
 ions J glabrous. l. jj. B. 
 
 BBAHEA (Tycho Brahe, the 
 astronomer). Palmdcece, tribe 
 Cor^phece. Spineless palms, with 
 medium caudices, ringed below, 
 and clothed above with the bases 
 of the fibrous sheaths. Leaves 
 terminal, orbicular, somewhat 
 peltate, flabellate -plicate, split 
 down the middle, the lobes bifid, 
 infolded, filamentous on the mar- 
 gins; rachis short, narrow; ligule 
 subtriangular; petioles flattened, 
 dentate along the margins ; 
 sheaths fibrous : spadices long, 
 pendulous, paniculately much 
 branched, the ultimate long ver- 
 miform obtuse branches rigid, 
 spreading, very densely velvety 
 tomentose : spathes many, long- 
 linear, firm, coriaceous, split, glabrous ; bracts and 
 hractlets minute: fls. smaller than the diameter of the 
 branches, hidden in the tomentum: frs. % in. long, ob- 
 liquely ellipsoidal, minutely pubescent, laterally keeled, 
 pale when dry. Species 4, Mex to the Andes. Of sim- 
 ple culture in a fibrous compost, with an admixture of 
 sand. Prop, by seeds. 
 
 ddlcia, Mart. Palma Ditlce. Stem 10-20 ft., 6-8 in. 
 thick, cylindrical : Ivs. 4-5 ft. long ; petiole plano-con- 
 vex, green, with pale margins; ligule short, subtriangu- 
 
 254. Raceme of young 
 fruit of Box Elder. 
 
 255. Brachycome iberidifolia. 
 
176 
 
 BRAHEA 
 
 BRASSIA 
 
 lar. preen, the soarious villous marerin at length de- 
 ciduous: fr. edible. Mex. 
 
 B. filamentdga, Hort.=Wa9hingtonia filifera.— B. filifera, 
 Hort.=W. fi\it^TT\,.—R. {ilnuca, Hort.=Wa.shingtoma filifera.— 
 B. rohuata. Hort.=Washingtonia.— B. RazUi, Lin<ll.(B. glauca, 
 Hort.)=Washinartnnia filifera. Jared G. SMITH. 
 
 BRAKE. A name applied to 
 various coarse ferns, particu- 
 larly to Pttris aquilina. 
 
 BRAMBLE. Thorny plants 
 of the genus Kubus, — raspber- 
 ries, blackberries, dewberries. 
 
 BRASfiNIA (meaning unex- 
 plained;. Nymph(t-itcfip. Water 
 Shield. One species of atjuatic 
 plant widely distributed ( in N. 
 Anier., Asia, Afr., Austral.). 
 Lvs. oval and entire, floating, 
 centrally peltate : fls. axillary 
 near the summit of ♦^he stem, 
 small, purple ; sepals 3 or 4 ; 
 petals 3 or 4. linear : stamens 
 12-18, on filiform tilaments ; 
 pistils 4-18, forming indehis- 
 cent follicles. B. pelt&ta, 
 Pursh, is not a showy plant, 
 but is interesting for ponds. 
 It is catalogued by dealers in 
 native plants. Grows in 1-0 ft. 
 of water. l. H. B. 
 
 BRASSAVOLA (A.M. Bras- 
 
 savola, Venetian botanist). Or- 
 chiddceie, tribe Epid^tulrecf. 
 About 20 Trop, Amer. epi- 
 phytes, closely allied to La^lia, 
 and demanding similar treat- 
 ment. Suspend on blocks. The 
 fls. are large, solitary or ra- 
 cemose, the sepals and petals 
 narrow and greenish, the lip 
 white: lvs. thick, solitary. For 
 the cultivator, the treatment of 
 Brassavola is identical with 
 that of the Mexican Lselias. 
 Plenty of sun to mature the 
 young growths, and water when 
 growing, with a somewhat drier 
 atmosphere when resting, will 
 B. Digbi/ona, Lindl., is Lalia 
 Digbyana; B.glauca, Lindl., is Ixflia ghiuca. 
 
 A. Flower solitary. 
 
 cucoll^ta, R.Br. (B. cu.spiddta, Hook.). Leaf terete 
 and subulate, grooved above: scape very short but bear- 
 ing a very long-tubed fl., so that the blossom seems to 
 be elevated on a stem: sepals cream-colored, tinged 
 red; petals white; lip 3-lobed, fimbriate, the middle 
 lobe beak-like. S. Amer. B.M. 543, 3722. 
 
 AA. Fls. in racemes on corymbs. 
 
 acaulis, Lindl. & Paxt. Low: lvs. very narrow: fls. 
 large, greenish white; lip cordate; tube red-spotted at 
 base. Cent. Amer. 
 
 cordiita, Lindl. Lvs. linear, rigid, recurved : fls. 
 corymbose ; sepals and petals lance-linear, acuminate, 
 pale green; lip roundish -cordate, cuspidate, entire, 
 scarcely as long as the claw. Jamaica, Braz. B.M. 3782. 
 
 noddsa, Lindl. (B. grandiflora, Lindl.). Lvs. lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, channeled above : fls. few and large, 
 corymbose ; sepals and petals linear-acuminate ; lip 
 round-ovate, long-cuspidate, entire. Ioniser than the 
 claw. Jamaica, Mex., S. B.M. 3229, of this name, is B. 
 subulifoUa. L_ jj^ B^ 
 
 BRASSIA (William Brass, botanical collector of last 
 century). Orchidcicece. tribe Vavdeif. About 30 Trop. 
 Amer. plants, closely allied to Oncidium. Distinguished 
 from that genus by the verj- long and pointed sepals 
 
 256 
 Brachycome iberidifolia. 
 Natxaral size. 
 
 be found to suit them. 
 
 and the wingless column. The fls. are odd and spider- 
 WVv in form, and are cultivated chiefly for that reason. 
 They can be grown with ("attleyas. They bloom in sum- 
 mer, and during that time should have liberal supplit-c 
 of water. Keep them quiet in winter, b;-.t do not »lrv 
 them off completely. Grow in pot.s with th(,r<»infh 
 drainatre, in a soil of fibrous peat and sand. Prop, by 
 division. 
 
 The Brassias succeed well in the Orchid house de- 
 voted to C'attleyas, one that is not too warm \n winti-r 
 and furnishes plenty of air during the waTn nionrlis. 
 They have not been popular in gardens, as their il"\vtT» 
 icick brilliant coloring, but their shape is weird, and to 
 the collector they have charms that are almost as alhir- 
 ing as the O'ontoglossums. Pot culture is best, as the 
 plants make fine specimens, and are vigorous root-pro- 
 ducer , B. Z. vrenecana and its variety lottifissima, 
 with ; vemfro.a, are the best- Known in gardens, and 
 are most desirable fron. a cultivator's standpoint. 
 
 Cult, by E. O. Orpet. 
 A. Sepals and petals whitish or greenish. 
 
 verrucdsa, Batem. Fig. 257. Strong : foliage deep 
 green: fls. many and large, the greenish white petals 
 and sepals l>lotched v;\ih dark, purple, the lip white and 
 warty. Guatemala. Var. graindifldra, Hort., has lis. 
 twice larger than m tlie type. 
 
 AA. Sepals and petals greenish yeiiow. 
 
 mactllJita, R. Br. Sepals and petals pale or greenish 
 yellow, short for the genus, marked with large, irregu- 
 
 lar brown spots, the large lip white, spotted 
 with brown and purple. Jamaica. B.M. 1(591. 
 — Int. into Eu. in 180<>, being one of the first 
 known of exotic Orchids. Flowers large, but not very 
 showy. 
 
 Var, gntUta, Lindl. {B. Wrdya, Skinner). Fls. 
 greener, much spotted, lip yellowish ; spikes 2-3 ft. 
 high. Guatemala. B.M. 4003. 
 
BRASSIA 
 
 BRASSICA 
 
 177 
 
 AAA. Sepals and petalu dearer yellow. 
 
 eaudita. Liidl. Spikes drooping, 12-18 in.: sej alM 
 and ]»«'tuls verv lonjr (4-6 in.), barred with brown; lip 
 yelluvv and l>ro.'d spotted. W. Inu A.F. (i.'UH- 
 
 L&nc^^na, Li idl. Robust, with 2 dark green ieavts 
 froiu < i.<'b pseu.lobulb: tls. large and numerous, vei-y 
 frasjrant, lastii./ 2 or .'} weeks; sepals and petals brigl t 
 velli'W. long and tapering, blotehe«l with br(»wn or rec, 
 the ii]) yellow and wavy, spotted at the base. S. Amer. 
 B..Vl.'."<-"»77. — A hundsome species. There are two oi' 
 three varieties. 
 
 Lawrenceina, Lindl. Sepals and petals bright yellow, 
 spottt-d with broWii and green; lip yelhiw tinged with 
 j.Teen : otherwise iimeh like the last. Braz. J.H. III. 
 ;i0:275. 
 
 Var. longissima, Leiehb. f,. has a spike 18-20 in long, 
 an I vt-ry slender sepals, which are G or 7 in. long, the 
 lip purple-spotted n 'ar the base. Costa Rica. B.M. 
 o74S. — A remarkable plant. 
 
 Gireoudiana, Reichb. f. «S: Warsc. Large, with many- 
 flil. scapes: tis. larger than in H. L<iiiff(ni'i,thv sepals 
 and petals very long, •^hey and the lip bright yellow, 
 blotched with deep red. Costa Rica. l_ jj^ g 
 
 BBASSICA (old classical name). Crucifenr. Prob- 
 ably bH) species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs, 
 natives of temperate reirions of Europe, Africa, and 
 Asiia. Petals and stamet-s 4: pod long, beaked : seeds 
 not winged (Figs. 2.")8, 2."»9). Includes all the mustards, 
 cabbages, turni]>s, and the like ; and to these plants the 
 reader should refer for other information. 
 
 In common with nearly all cultivated plants, espe- 
 cially those which are perplexing, the Brassicas have re- 
 ceived too little attention fiom botanists. The inevita- 
 ble outcome of such neglect or of any superficial study 
 is a reduction of species, and in this direction Brassica 
 has suffered greatly. It is usually confusing to reduce 
 types. The most perplexing species in our manuals are 
 those which contain the greatest numbi^r of old types 
 or synonymous names. It is true that this is supposed to 
 
 orifdn is lost, and perspicuity demands that they be l.ept 
 distinct in a horticultural treatise. 
 
 The confusion into which our Brassicas have fallen is 
 
 'W.' 
 
 m 
 
 Flower of Mustard. 
 (X3.) 
 
 be primarily due to the va- 
 riation of the species or 
 groups, but it is often to be charged 
 to superficial study or insuflicient ma- 
 j "^it* ' 1 t^rial. Our manuals contain too few 
 !t*'^\fe a "■S'ther than too many species of 
 . «l \1J ; ■ Brassica; at all events, the miscel- 
 laneous dumping of rutabagas, tur- 
 nips, rape and other plants into 
 Jirassica campestris is unnatural, 
 and, therefore, unfortunate. One of 
 the best presentati(ms of the true 
 2^9. Pod or siliQuc Brassicas is that of De Candolle's 
 ofMustard-BrassicaProdromus, as long ago as 1824 (also 
 juncea (X2). in Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc. vol. 5, 
 and in Systema, 2:582-607), and the 
 following scheme closely follows that outline. Some 
 of the forms which are here kept separate as species may 
 be derived from their fellows, but the evidence of such 
 
 260. Flowers of Cabbage — Brassica oleracea (X J^). 
 
 in some measure due to the different vernacular names 
 which they bear in different countries. The French use 
 the word chou generically to in<'lude all forms of H, 
 oleracea and the rutabaga— that is. all the blue, thick- 
 leaved Brassicas — while in England the rutabaga is 
 called the Swedish Turnip. A tabular view of the dif- 
 ferent vernaculars mav be useful : 
 
 Freiuh. 
 
 Chou CabnS, 
 Chou de Milan, 
 Chou Je Bruxelles, 
 Choux-verts, 
 
 Chou- rave, 
 
 Cbou-navet, 
 Chon-flenr, 
 
 English. 
 
 Cabbage, 
 
 Savoy. 
 
 Brussels Sprouts, 
 
 Bore<*ole or Kale, 
 f Turnip Cabbage 
 \ or Kohlrabi, 
 I Turnip-rooted 
 -< Calihage «»r 
 ( Swedish Turnip 
 
 Caulitiower, 
 
 American. 
 Cabbage. 
 Savoy Cabbage. 
 Bnissels Sprouts. 
 Borecole or Kale. 
 
 Kohlrabi. 
 Rut.ibaga. 
 
 Navet { or Chou-navet ) , Turnip, 
 
 Cauliflower. 
 Turuip. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 Whole plant glancntis-hlue when in flower: Ivs. of 
 the flower-i<tem.H clanpinrf: fin. various. {Brassica 
 proper. } 
 
 Lvs. from the first more or less fle.<}hi/ throughout^ 
 and glaucous-blue et'en when young: fls. large 
 and rreamy yellow, the petals conspicuously long- 
 clawed, and the sepals usually erect. 
 
 oleracea, Linn. Cabbage, CAfLiFLOWER, BRrssELS 
 Sprouts, Kale. Fig. 260. Lvs. smooth from the first, 
 and the root never tiioerous. Sea shores of the Old 
 World, and naturally perennial. See Cabbage. 
 
 N^pus, Linn. Rape. Lvs. smooth from the first ; 
 
 differing from Ii. oleracea chiefly in habit and more 
 
 deeply scalloped lvs. The botanical posi*ion of the 
 Rapes is open to doubt. 
 
 camp^stris, Linn. Rctabaga. Fig. 201. First lvs. 
 hairy, the root usually tuberous. 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 BRASSICA 
 
 BRASSICA 
 
 BB. Lvs. {except upon the f1ou-er-!ft>'m) thin and green: 
 fix. smaller and bright yellor-, less prominently 
 clawed. 
 
 C Plant pntenfiallft biennial (that t*. the roof hard and 
 thiekrned, often distinctly tnbetnus): foliitge firm 
 in texture. 
 
 D. Foliage distinctly hairy. 
 
 B&pa, Linn. Common Tirnip. Lvm. prominently 
 lyrate or interrupt«'(l b«'low,the root tube --ous. —Whatever 
 the oritfin of the Hutahaj;a an«l Turnip may be. the two 
 plant.s show ^<mm1 botanical charaeters. The tubers of 
 the two are (litf»Tent in season, texture and flavor. In 
 the Rutabaga, the small leaves immediately following 
 the seed-leaves are sparsely hairy, but all subsequent 
 leaves are entirely smooth, densely plaueous-blue. thick 
 and cabbaffe-Iike, with a Heshy petiole aiid nudrib. In 
 the Turnip, the ra<lical leaves are always ni<»re or le«.s 
 hairy, and they are green and ra<iish-like, thin, with 
 slender petiide.^and the leaves are much more lyrate, 
 with interrupted leaflets on the petiole; the small leaves 
 following the seed-leaves are also thinner an<l narrower 
 an<I more deeply scalloped. In the Rutabaga, the flow- 
 ers are large and more cabbage-like, whereas in the 
 Turnip they are small, jellow and mustard-like, with 
 shorter claws and more sprea<^.ing calyx. The Turnips 
 vary in hairiness, but the cone of expanding leaves, 
 or the "heart-leaves," always 
 shows the hairs distinctly, 
 while the heart-leaves of tiie 
 Rutabagas are entirely gla- 
 
 feathere*! petioles, sharply and irregularly toothed, with 
 a thin bloom : beak of the po<l more abrupt : root dis- 
 tinctly hard and tulK-rous, — This vegetable a[»peare(l in 
 France in 1HH2 from seeds sent by Dr. Brets«'hn<i(l,r 
 of tlie Russian legation, Pekin. It was offered by Anier! 
 seedsmen as early as 1889. The plant is a bienniHl' 
 with thin, bluish f«diage, and a small tuberous root like 
 a conical turnip. These roots reach a diameter of M or 
 4 inches, and are scarcely distinguishable from white 
 turnips in appearance, texture and flavor. In China the 
 tubers arc used as a winter vegetable, the seeds being 
 sown in summer. The plant is native to Cliina. It docs 
 not appear to have been brought to the attention of 
 botanists until Bretschneider published ati account of it 
 in a French journal in 1881. Paillieux an«l Boi>, jI^ 
 Potager d'un Curieux) regard it as a variety of Brasxica 
 juncea, to which the (Jliinerte mustard belongs, but it is 
 very different from that plant. It Ls nearly related to 
 Pak-Clioi, and it may have sprung from the same spe- 
 cies; but it is cleiwly <listLuguished by its sharply 
 toothed Ivs., one of which is shown in Fig. 204. 
 
 CC. Plant truly annual: foliage profuse, loose and soft. 
 
 Pe-ts&i, Bailey. Pe-tsai 
 
 Cabbaoe. Fig. 2(5.'). Xu- 
 merous radical Ivs.. laree 
 and light green. ol>long <ir 
 ovate-oblong, crinkled and 
 ver>- veiny." and the mar- 
 gins wavy, contracted into 
 a flat and ribbed pitiole 1-3 
 
 261. Flowers of Rutabaga — 
 Bre\ssica campcstris (X. %). 
 
 262. Pak-Choi— Brassica Chinensis. 
 
 brous, fleshy, and remind one of the young shoots of 
 sea-kale. The Turnip usually produces seed freely if 
 the bottoms are left in the ground over winter : and 
 thereby the plant spreads, becoming a true annual and a 
 bad weed, with a slender, hard root. 
 
 DD. Foliage not hairy. 
 
 Cliiu^nsis, Linn. Pak-Choi Cabbage. Figs. 262, 263. 
 Radical Ivs. wavy and ample, glossy green, obovate or 
 round-obovate in general outline, either entire or ob- 
 scurely wavy or even crenat^, tapering to a distinct and 
 thick, strong petiole, which is generally not prominently 
 margined ; pod large and tapering into a beak half an 
 inch long; root sometimes tuberous. — This plant is 
 grown by the American Chinese, and is occasionally 
 seen in other gardens (see Bailey, Buil. 67, Cornell Exp. 
 8ta. ). It is impossible to determine if this particular 
 plant is the one which Linnseus meant to distinguish by 
 his Brassica Chinensis, but it best answers the de- 
 scription in hi.v Amoenitates (vol. 4). In Linnspus' her- 
 barium is a Brassica marked "Chinensis " in his own 
 handwriting, but it is purple-fld. and has lyrate-lobed 
 Ivs., whereas Linnseus de.scribed his plant as having 
 yellow fls. and CjTioglossum-like Ivs. 
 
 napifdrmis, Bailey (Sindpis jiincea.v&r. napif&nnis, 
 Paill. & Bois). TuBERors-ROOTED Chinese Mtstard. 
 Fig. 264. Radical Ivs. comparatively few, the blade thin 
 and oval iu outline, and on long and slender, slightly 
 
 in. wide, which is provided with a wide, thin, notched or 
 wavy wing; stem Ivs. sessile and clasping; pod of me- 
 dium size, with a short cone-like beak. — The Pe-tsai, or 
 Chinese Cabbage, is no longer a novelty in Amer. gar- 
 dens, although it does not appear to be well known, and 
 its merits are not understood. Its cultivation ari''. pecu- 
 liarities were described in France as long ag") as ii<40, 
 by Pepin, wLu says that, while the plant had bfru 
 known in botanic gardens for 20 years, it was brought ti 
 notice as a culinary vegetable only three yeais befoiu 
 he wrote. It appears to have attracted little attention 
 in Europe until very recent years, however, and it is 
 still included in the second edition of Paillieux & Bois' 
 Le Potager d'un Curieux, 1892. It began to attract at- 
 tention in the United States probably about 1.5 years 
 ago. The leaves tend to form an oblong, loose head, 
 like Cos lettuce. See Cabbage. 
 
 Jap6nica, Sieb. California Pepper-geass. Pot- 
 herb MrsTARD. Fig. 2<;6. Rathir numerous radi<al 
 Ivs., oblong or oblong-obovate, the margins eitljcr 
 crisped or cut into many very fine divisions, the petiole 
 distinct at its lower end ; stem Ivs. all petioled ; pod 
 verj' small, with a slender beak.— The soft, thin Ivs. 
 make excellent "greens." Long known, but with no 
 designative name, in old gardens in this country, and 
 occasionally runs wild. Int. in 1890 by John Lewis 
 Childs as California Pepper-grass. A ver>' worthy 
 plant (see Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.). 
 
BRASSICA 
 
 BRECK 
 
 179 
 
 AA. ^yholf plant green or hat ^ilightly glauronn tvhfn 
 in flower: It'it. on the fl.-»temM »<>t prttniimuthj 
 rlosping : flu. amnll and yellow. Annmih. 
 {Siniipix or Mustard.) 
 
 B. Pod terete or nearly go. 
 juncea, C(>ss. {SinfipiM jiinrfn.hinn.). Chinese Mfs- 
 TAKi». Fijf-^. 27)9. 2<»7. Hunk and coarse grower, in the 
 common formn luukinf? great tufts of root-lvs. if sown 
 f-Hfly: nwlieal Ivs. generally abundant and often very 
 lariTi'. oval or obovul in outline, the blade angled or 
 toothed, tapering into a narrow petiole, which generally 
 Itears leafy appendages ; lower stem-lvs. more or less 
 t(Mttlie<l and petiolate, the upper ones oblong or oblong- 
 lanffulute, entire and usually sessile or clasping : flow- 
 criiiir steins and Ivs. more or less lightly glaucous : fls. 
 brijrlit yellow : pod slender, of medium size, tapering 
 into a short beak. Asia. — This much abused species is 
 held by Hooker and Thomson (Joum. Linn. Soc. v. 17i> 
 til include a great variety of f.>rms, us Sinapin hrvigata, 
 Linn.; A'. itttegrifiUia,\kiW\.\ H. ramoaa, rugoita, pa- 
 teus.vHneifolia, Roxbg. ; ^'. la nceolafa, DC, and others. 
 There are two types of it in cultivation in our gardens, 
 one with the radical Ivs. somewhat shuri>ly t<M)thed and 
 nearly smo<(th below (sometimes grown as BrasKica [or 
 ^'/w(;/>i.'<] rugnsa), the other with root-lvs. obtusely 
 toothed and spinescent on the veins below (comprising 
 Chinese Mustard, Chinese Broad-leaved Mustard, and 
 Brown Mustard). Linnaeus founded his Sinnpis junvea 
 upon a figure in Hermann's Paradisus (Hermann, Para- 
 «li.>'u.s Batavus, t. 2:50, 170.")), which represents a plant 
 
 anth-tu>>e : fr. .3-celled, many-seeded. Native of the 
 mountain and table land r«-gion of Mex.— FMve specicH 
 have been describe*!, but recent explorations have 
 brought to light some 5 or additional species. While 
 
 263. Tuberous Root of PaJc-Choi. 
 
 very like the former type mentioned above, and which 
 Hermann described as "lettuce-leaved." 
 
 (Llba, Boiss. Wild Mustard. Tall : Ivs. pinnatifld 
 and rough -hairy: pods spreading, hairy, the lower part 
 thick and few-seeded : seeds pale brown, large. Weed, 
 from Europe. 
 
 Sinapistnun, Boiss. Charlock. Tall : Ivs. strong- 
 foothfd, or sometimes nearly lyrate : pods knotty, 
 glabrous or hairy, the upper third indehiscent and 
 2-edged, usually 1-seeded. Weed, from Europe. 
 
 BB. Pod distinctly 4-angled. 
 
 nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 208. Wide- 
 spreading and loose grower : Ivs. pinnatifld, somewhat 
 hairy : pods short and erect, glabrous ; seeds small and 
 dark brown, pungent, supplying the mustard of com- 
 merce. Cult, in Eu., but a weed in this country. — Com- 
 mercial mustard is the flour of the seeds of this species 
 chiefly, but the seeds of B. alba and probably of li. 
 juncea are sometimes used. L, jj. g^ 
 
 BEAVOA { Bravo, Mexican botanist ) . ^4 mariflliddcaf . 
 A small genus, much resembling in some of its species 
 the tuberose ( Polianthes), and considered by the writer 
 as hardly distinct from it. Stems slender, from small 
 thickened rootstocks: Ivs. mostly basal: inflorescence a 
 lax spike or raceme; fls. always in pairs more or less 
 bent or curved ; stamens 0, included within the peri- 
 
 264. Lower stem-leaf of Tuberous-rooted Mustard — 
 Brassica napiformis. 
 
 the flowers are not as showy as the common tuberose, 
 yet the genus shouhl be fouu<l in every ch«»ice bull) col- 
 lection. Only one spe<M«'s has been cultivated to any 
 ext«»nt. an«l even this sp«' -ies is not well known. As the 
 species often grow iu the high mountains of Mexico, 
 
 they ought to l>e hardy in the 
 southern stretches of the tem- 
 perate zone. 
 
 geminifldra, Llav. & Lex. 
 Mkxican Twin P"'lower. Stems 
 1-2 ft. high: bulbs snuill, 1-13^ 
 in. long, the outer scales cut 
 into fine fibers at the top: basal 
 Ivs. linear, erect, (5 lines or less 
 broa«l, smooth: fls. in a slender 
 raceme, reddish or orung<' -col- 
 ored ; ! 'bes minute, rounded. 
 H. M. »741. — Haiulsoine, and 
 worthy of more attention. 
 
 B. liulUana, linker. Bas.il Ivs. 
 described as lanceolate, 1-1 'i in. 
 broad : tls. in 5 or G pairs, white. 
 Seemingly too ncjir tlie little known 
 Poliantlies Mexicana. Notininilt.— 
 B. sessiliflora, B. deniii flora, ami B. 
 aini/uUflora are rare siKH-ies. only 
 known from herbarium sx)ecimens. 
 The latter two, however, should 
 probaldy be excluded from this 
 
 s^"!*- J. N. Rose. 
 
 BBAZIL NUT^ See Bertholletia. 
 
 BREAD FRUIT. See Artocarpus. 
 
 BREAD NUT is Brosimum Alicastrum. 
 
 BRECK, JOSEPH (1794-1873). Plate 11. Boston .seeds- 
 man, and author of " The Flower Garden, or Breck's Book 
 of Flowers," first j)ublished in 18.51. and reis.sued in 1866 
 
 265. Pe -Tsat Cabbage — Brassica Pe -Tsai. 
 
 
180 
 
 BRECK 
 
 BRINCKLE 
 
 a« the "New Book of FlowerH." This was preceded, in 
 1833. by "The Voutjk Florist." In 1822. he founded the 
 seed businesH now conducted at 51 North Market St., 
 under the name of Joseph Hreck & Sons. He was one 
 ttf the original raerabers of the Mbssachusetts Horticul 
 
 <:^^^^r^^ 
 
 
 266. Brassica Japonica. 
 
 tural Society, and its president from 1859-1862. He 
 edited the ol«l New England Farmer for many years, but 
 discontinued it in 184«j, when he turned over his list of 
 subscribers to Luther Tucker, of Albany. N. Y., at the 
 time of the founding of The Hi>rticulturist, which was 
 edited by the ilhistrious A. .7. Downing. He also etlited 
 The Horticultural Register from 18.'Wi-18,'{8, in company 
 with Thomas Fessenden. The revision of his book in 
 l8(Hi was undertaken when the author was 70 years old. 
 It was a popular lM)ok in its day. A portrait of Joseph 
 Breck is seen in the catalogues of the present firm. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 BBEVOORTIA (J. Carson Brevoort, Regent N. Y. 
 State University). JLiliiieein. Differs from Brodiiea in 
 the long-tubular and 6-saccate corolla. One species. 
 
 Ida -Maia. Wood. (P. coccinen, Wats. Brodicpa coe- 
 ctnen, Gray). Floral Fire-Craoker. Lvs. slender, 
 grassy: scapes slend*^r, 1-2 ft. high, with 3-60 pendu- 
 lous tubular-saccat fls. 1-2 in. long, which are bril- 
 liant crimson-red, tipped with pea-green. N. Calif, to 
 Ore. B.M. 5857. G.C. III. 20: G87. Gn. 46, p. 503.- 
 The flowers are very lasting and beautiful. Half-hardy. 
 Needs partial shade and a deep, loose soil, thoroughly 
 
 drained, and with xome leaf mold. Bulb the size <»f a 
 nutmeg. Grows 2-3 ft. high. Qa^u Prunv. 
 
 BR£W£BIA ( Samuel Brewer was an English iM.ta- 
 nist of last century). CoHvolvulAeetp. Herbs, rarely 
 somewhat woody: Hs. much like those of Convolvuhis, 
 but style 2-cleft, the divisions simple, with capitn'a 
 stigma, the corolla pubescent outside in the bud : lvs. 
 simple. Trailing plants of 30 or more species in warm 
 climates. 
 
 grandifldra, Gray. Root tuberous : stem 
 pubescent : lvs. broa«i-ovate and very 
 short-stalked: peduncles 1-fld.: fl. ver>- 
 large (3 in. long), bright blue and showy, 
 funnel-shape<l ; stigmas large and glo- 
 bOi»e. S. Fla. — Int. bv Reasoner Bros. 
 
 BBIAR. In America, commonly appli»'d 
 to branildi's or thorny plants of the genus 
 Rubus. especially blackberries. In the 
 Old World, it is applied to large, wild- 
 growing roses. 
 
 BRICK£LLIA (Dr. Tohn Brickell, an 
 early American naturalist). CotnpdtiUd. 
 About 40 species of herbs cr small shrubs 
 in the warmer paits of the U. S. and Mey., 
 only one of which seems to be in the 
 trade. Somewhat allied to Eupatorium. 
 Lvs. veiny, either opposite or alternate : 
 fls. white, cream-colored or flesh -colored, 
 small, with pappus either scale - like or 
 somewhat plumose : akenes striate. 
 
 grrandifldra, Nutt. Tassel Flower. 
 Nearly glabrous, 2-3 ft., branchy above : 
 lvs. triangular-cordate or triangular-lance- 
 olate above, coarsely toothed : heads about 
 40-dd., drooping, in large panicles, tassel- 
 shaped and yellowish white. Rocky Mt.-^. 
 — Recommended for moist, shady borders. 
 
 / 
 
 ^A 
 
 BRIDAL WREATH. 
 
 ni folia. 
 
 See Spirtfa pni- 
 
 267. Broad-leaved Chinese Mustard — Brassica juncea. 
 
 BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. Plate II. Gar- 
 dener, tlorist, seedsman and author; was 
 born in Berkshire, Eng., came to America 
 in 1824, and established thebusin«^ss which 
 is now conducted under the name of his 
 son, Alfred Bridgeman, at 37 E. IDth St., 
 New York. An historical account of this 
 business may be found in the catalogue of 
 the present firm. In 1829, Thomas Bridge- 
 man published "The Young Gardener's 
 Assistant," which was many times re- 
 printed and eventually enlarged to five 
 times its original bulk. It was copyrighted 
 in 1847. when it appeared as a large-sized 
 work in three parts, covering fruit, vege- 
 table, and ornamental gardening. Two of 
 these parts were published separately in 
 the same year as "The Kitchen Gardener's 
 Instructor," and "The Florist's Guide." 
 The first-named work was revised by 
 Sereno Edwards Todd, and republished in 1806 by Alfred 
 Bridgeman. Thomas Bridgeman died in iH-'iO. \\ -yi^ 
 
 BRINCKLfi, WILLIAM DRAPER. Plate II. Physi- 
 cian an<l amateur pomologist, was bom in Delaware, 
 began the practice of medicine at Wilmington in 1820, 
 moved to Philadelphia in 1825, where he passed most of 
 his life as a busy physician, and died at Groveville, N. J., 
 in 186;}, at the age of sixty-four. In a room of his Phila- 
 delphia home he hybridized strawberries, and had fruit 
 at every season of the year. He also had a little ganlen 
 about the size of a parlor. He produced the Cushing 
 strawberry; the Wilder, President Cope, Cushing. and 
 Orange raspberries, and the Wilmington and Catherine 
 Gardette pears. Unfortunately, most of his work with 
 raspberries was done with Jfubus Idtetis, the Old World 
 species, which is not hardy in America, but his yellow- 
 fruited variety of raspberry is still regarded by many a* 
 
 268. Brassica 
 nigra. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
BRINCKLE 
 
 BROin.l!:A 
 
 181 
 
 the a^me of qnality. He wa« for many ypum vlre-prpsl- 
 dent i)f the IN-nnsylvania Horticultural Swiety, ami 
 wart n*(fB>^i^d a.H a lea<ler of AnM'riran fMrniolojcy. In 
 raJ-*injf pear Ht'edllnjrM, he wan w<»Dt to Kraft an<l r«-jfraft 
 jinnu»Uy, after the Herond or thint year from seed. H« 
 thu'* prmluced new fruits in half the time required by 
 Van Mona, many of whoae novflties did not fruit within 
 twenty vearH from aeed. Dr. Brinckl^ grave away thou- 
 Hftiiils of jfraftM to amateurs and tratlesmen everywhere, 
 and always prepaid the carriage. In IHOO he edited 
 "Hoffy's North American Pomologiat," a high-claaa peri- 
 ixlipaf with colored plates, which. unf«»rtiinatelj', did not 
 survive. Some sprightly anec<lotes of Dr. Brinckl^ are 
 reprinted from the (iardener's Monthly for ISGJ, in 
 Bailey'a "Evolution of Our Native Fruits." 
 
 W. M. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. See Car^da. 
 
 BSlZA (Greek name of n grain). Oraminetr, Qt'ak- 
 iN<j Gka.-«s. a genus «>f grasses cultivated for the 
 graceful panicles, which tremble in th*^' slightest breeze. 
 Lvs. flat or convolute; panicles loosely flowered and 
 open : spikelets many-flowcre«i. triangular or heart- 
 shaped, ncMlding ; glumes membranaceous and rounded 
 on the back; awnless. Species, 12 in Eu., N. Afr., S. 
 Amer. About h are considere*! to be ornamental and 
 useful for dry boucjuets. 
 
 greniculita, Thunb. Fig. 2m. Plant 12-18 in. high: 
 culnis geniculate at the base: lvs. .'i-.') in. long, smooth 
 above, slightly rough below: spikelets showy, nodtling, 
 oblong-cordate, ^ in. long, 9-12-fld.,' with a striking 
 ribbed appearance. 
 
 m&xima, Linn. ( /?. miijor, Presl.). Annual, 14-18 in. 
 hitfh : lvs, long and linear-acuminate : panicles nod- 
 ding: spikelets oblong-cordate, l.{-17-rtd. 
 .some ornamental grass. 
 
 mMia. Linn. Common Qiakino Okas.«?. 
 2 ft. big.- : lvs. short, linear-a<-uminate : 
 angular, ^^in. long, 5-12-fld. Eu. 
 
 minor, Linn. (B. grdrilis, Hort. Ji. minima, Hort.). 
 
 Plant 4-15 in. high: lvs, !-.'> in. 
 long : panicle with hairlike 
 branches ; spikelets triangular, 
 • MJ-fld. ; empty glumes longer 
 than the flowering glumes. Eu., 
 X. Afr. — An exceeclingly pretty 
 little ornamental grass, 
 
 P, B. Kennedy. 
 
 Eu. — A hand- 
 Plant C in. to 
 spikelets tri- 
 
 BRIZOPtBUM. 
 
 serin. 
 
 See Deama- 
 
 3H0CC0LI. See CauUnower. 
 
 BBODI^A (J. J. Brodie, a 
 Scotch botanist). Lilidcetf. West 
 American cormous plants of low 
 growth, some of which -e now 
 becoming popular in cu .. The 
 rts. are several on a scape, the 
 perianth mostly fuauel-form, and 
 either saccate or non-saccate, 
 ranging from purple to re<I, white 
 and yellow; stamens (J, 3 of them 
 sometimes reduced to staminodia. 
 In Hot. of Calif., Watson includes 
 under Brodiffa a number of 
 genera erected by previous au- 
 thors. Baker, in his latest re- 
 vision of Brodisea, still further 
 enlarges the genus by includine 
 some species of South American 
 bulbs heretofore separated under 
 Milla and Triteleia. Bnxliapa. as 
 thus outlined, includes Hookera, Triteleia, Milla, Calli- 
 prora and Hesperoscordum. For horticultural purposes, 
 it is better and more convenient to merge all into Bro- 
 tliaea. In this broad sense Brodiaea includes about '.\0 
 species, which must be divided into several groups. 
 The species differ so widely in every way that cultural 
 directions must follow the group. For B. volnbilis. 
 
 269. Briza geniculata. 
 (XJ4.) 
 
 see StrophoUrion ; for B. merinfn, se« Brevoortia. 
 Monogr. by Baker, In U.C. III. 20. pp. 2l;{. 2:J8, 4'i*J. G87: 
 also Watson, Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Scl. 14: 236. 
 
 Index to the species: Bridgesii, 4; Callfomica, 11; 
 can<lida.2; congesta. 19; Douglasii,22; erecta.G: fllifcdia, 
 IfJ: gracilis, 1»; gran<liflora, 10; Hendersoni, 5; Howellil, 
 23; byacinthina, 7; ixioiiies.H; lactea, H; laxa, 1; lilucina, 
 
 270. Brodiaeas. 
 
 At top. B. candidii ; at l>ottom. B. ixioides, 
 \ar. sitlendens : at left. B. Bridgesii. 
 
 8,23, and supplementary list; major, 8; minor, R, 12; 
 multiflora, 20; Orcuttii, Ifi; parvi flora, 20; peduncularis, 
 3; Purdyi, 18; ros'^a, 17; splendens, 6 ; stellaris, 14; 
 terrestris, 13. 
 
 Group 1. 
 
 In this group, which contains some of the best species 
 in cultivation, the plants have a fibrous-coated flattened 
 corm, resembling that of the crocus; not usually bulbif- 
 erous. The lvs. are few, all radical and grass-like; the 
 scapes are slender but stiffly erect, naked except for 
 bracts below the many-fld. umbel ; the fls. are oftener 
 broadly tubular, borne on slender pedicels, and are in 
 purples, white and yellow. All are hardy, but a protec- 
 tion of straw or leaves is advisable in the colder regions. 
 A light, loose, well-drained, sandy or loamy soil best 
 meets their needs, and an excess of moisture and very 
 rich soils are to be avoided. 
 
 1. l&za, Wats, Strong, with many broadly tubular 
 purple fls.: tube very narrow, and equaling or exceed- 
 ing the segments ; filaments verv slender ; stamens in 
 2 rows. N. Cal. G.(\ III. 20: 241. -Showy, and one of 
 the best. There are many variations. 
 
 2. c&ndida. Baker. Fig. 270. Mucn like B. lara in 
 characters of bloom, but segments whit' or bluish with 
 a green vein, and the fls. set at an angle on the pedicel, 
 so that they all face one way : further tlistinguished by 
 early flowering and the ver>* broad and glossy, scarcely 
 carinate lvs. Calif, 
 
 3. pedunctiliris, Wats. Still stouter (1-2 ft,), with 
 smaller and fewer white fls. on pedicels a few inches to 
 a foot long; filaments short or none. N. Calif. G.C. 
 III. 20: 243. — This species grows in wet, heavy ground 
 close to water, and is very bulbiferous, 
 
 4. Bridgesii, Wats. Fig. 270. Similar to B. laxa, but 
 stamens in one row, corolla with a spreading limb, and 
 color reddish purple ; filaments deltoid. Cent. Calif. 
 G.F. 1 : 126. — Grows a foot or more high. 
 
 5. H^ndersonii, Wats. Resembles E. Bridgesii: yel- 
 low, banded purple: filaments somewhat winged, but not 
 deltoid: small-fid. Central and N. Calif, to Ore. 
 
182 
 
 BKODL 
 
 BROMUS 
 
 6. izioldes, Wats. Allied to B. la. «, but dwarfer (3 in. 
 to 2 ft.). Fls. few to many, on pedicels 1-4 in. long, in 
 shades of yellow and often purple-tinged ; dlanients 
 vs'inged. 2-toothed above. S. Calif, to Ore. B.R. 1590. 
 B.M. 3588{as Calliprora lutea). G.C. III. 20: +.lt>.-Many 
 handsome varieties. The best is var. spldndens, Hort. 
 (Fig. 270), with large, bright yellow Hs.. the limb wheel- 
 shaped. Var. minor, Hort. Dwarf : lis. yellow, with 
 dark band and blue anthers. Var. er^Cta, Hort. Dwarf. 
 
 7. hyacinthina, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 ( Tritele)a 
 hyacinth'nia, Greene). From 1-2 ft.: Ivs. linear : fls. 
 10-30, 1 in. or less long, milky white or purplish. Calif. 
 — Probably a form of the next. 
 
 8. iJictea, Wats. In the type, has the habit of B. laxa, 
 but the tis. have a short tube with a rotate corolla, and 
 are white, with green midvein: tllaments deltoid. Calif, 
 to Brit. Columbia, in many forms. B.K. 1639 (as Hes- 
 peroacordum lacteuvi and H. ht/acinthinum). G.C III. 
 20:459. — Var. liladna, Wats., is much stronger, very 
 bulbiferous, grows in wet, heavy soils, and has a larger 
 tl., which is usuaUy lilac -colored. Var. miiior, Furdy. 
 Like var. Hlacina, but Hs. white. 
 
 9. gr&cilis, Wats. A tiny species, with small yellow 
 fls. Scape 2-4 in. and purplish: If. 1: fls. Kin. long, on 
 pedicels of equal or greater length; ttlaments elongated 
 and very slender. N. Calif., in Sierras. 
 
 Grotip 2. 
 
 In this group thecorm is not flattened, and bears many 
 strong offsets ; the coating is hairy and reddish. The 
 Ivs. are linear and grassy; the scapes stiff, few-fld. ; the 
 fls. of a thick, waxy texture, funnel-form (except B. 
 Ptirdyi), very lasting, usiially purple. These Brodiaeas 
 are native to a heavy soil, in rather moist situations, and 
 are hardy. They will thrive under conditions recom- 
 mended for Group 1. (Hookera.) 
 
 10. grrandiflora, Smith {Hookera corondria, Salisb.). 
 Scape 4-10 in. high : Ivs. nearly terete, dying before the 
 fl.-st. appears: tls. 3-10. blue, of good size (1 in. long), 
 very lasting; staminodia obtuse; anthers line.ar. Calif, 
 to Brit. Col., Ore., and Wash. B.R. 1183. B.M. 2877. 
 G.C. 111.20:213. 
 
 11. Califdmica, Lindl. (Hoo i CaJifdrnica, Greene). 
 Very like B. grandiflora : scape longer ( 12-siO in. ) : fls. 
 10-20. \%-2 in. long, rose to deep purple : staminodia 
 linear and cuspidate. N. Calif. G.C. III. 30: 215.-"The 
 finest species for garden purposes,'' ace. to Baker. 
 
 12. minor, Wats. Very slender, :?-6 in. : fls. >^1 in. 
 long: staminodia broad and usually eraarginate: anthers 
 oblong. Calif, to Ore. 
 
 13. terr^stris, Kellogg. Scape short or practically 
 none, the umbel sitting on the earth : Ivs. nearly terete: 
 fls. %-\ in. long; staminod'a emarginate, yellowish: an- 
 thers sagittate-oblong. Central Calif., along the coast. 
 
 14. stelliris, Wats. Low: scape with long pedicels and 
 3-6 bright puri)le fls., with white centers : Ivs. nearly 
 terete: anthers winged behind: staminodia white, longer 
 than the stamens, emarginate. N. Calif. G.C. III. 
 20: 213. -Very pretty. 
 
 15. Orcuttii, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 (Hookera 
 Orcutfii, Greene). I'lant rather stout, a foot or more 
 high: Ivs. linear, flat or nearly so: fls. 5-15, less than 
 an inch long, short-tubed, lilac; staminodia a small, 
 triangular scale or none. S.Calif. G.C. III. 20: 215. 
 
 16. filifdlia, Wats, (Hookera fill folia, Greene). From 
 G-12 in.: Ivs. slightly flatten»^'l: fls. 3-€>, %m. or less 
 long, dark colored; staminodia triangular, twice shorter 
 than the anthers. S. Calif. 
 
 17. rdsea, Baker (Hookera rdsea, Greene). 'About 
 3-6 in.: Ivs, nearly terete: fls. 5-8, under 1 in. long, 
 rose-red ; filaments itilated ; staminodia white, obtuse 
 and entire, longer than the anthers. N. Calif. G.C. 111. 
 20:213. — A pretty species. 
 
 18. Ptirdyi. Eastw. Different from others in having a 
 short-tubed fl. with broadly spreading, declinate seg- 
 ments, the throat constricted. Cent. Calif., in Sierras. 
 
 Group 3. 
 
 In these pretty Broilia»as the corra is long r.nd bulbif- 
 erous. Lvs. grassy; the scape tall, slender and flexuous; 
 
 the fls. in a close, head-like umbel, t'ae separate fls. 
 waxy and narrowly tubular. They like a, loose, perfcptlv 
 drained, loamy soil, with some humus. Hardy. The spe- 
 cies are not readily distinguished. All are from Cent. 
 Calif, to Wash. Known as "California Hyacinths." 
 
 19. cong^sta, Smith, Tall (2-3 ft,), with a globular 
 head of purple fls.: Ivs. somewhat terete: fls. 6-12, ses- 
 sile or nearly so, % in. long ; filaments ; staminodia 
 purple. 2-toothed. N.Cal. G.C. IIL 20: 213. -Blooms late. 
 
 20. moltifldra, Benth. Similar to B. congesta: fls. 
 6-20, sessile or short-stalked, umbellate, % in. longj 
 blue: staminodia lanceolate, entire. Calif , Ore., Utah.' 
 
 21. capit&ta, Benth. Lower (1-2 ft.): Ivs. narrow- 
 linear: tls. many, in a capitate umbel, % in. or less long, 
 lilac (avar.rt/6a); three inner anthers winged. Calif' 
 Utah, N. Mex. B.M. 5912. G.C, III. 20:238.-Early 
 blooming. 
 
 Var. parvifldra, Torr. Dwarf (.3-6 in,), very early. 
 
 Group 4. 
 
 Bulb as in Group 1 : fls, many, in a dense umbel, the 
 tube about as long as the segments. 
 
 22. Doilglasii, Wats, Lvs. linear: scape 1}4-2 ft.: fls. 
 few, in a close umbel, saccate as in Brevnortia coeciuea, 
 blue : segments as long as tlie tube, the inner ones 
 wavy: fllaments winged. Ore. and Wash. B.M. 6907. 
 
 23. Hdwellii, Wats. {Tritele)u HdirelUi, Greene). 
 Fls. bell-shaped, white: differs from B. Doug!asii in 
 smaller fls., and segments not more than half as long as 
 tube. Wash. B.M. 6989. 
 
 Var. lilacina, Hort. One of the handsomest of all 
 Brodia?as. and a good grower. Fls. porcelain-blue, sug- 
 CPfitive of Brevnortia eoccinea. Wash. G.C. III. 19: 767; 
 20 : 239. Gn. 46 : 992. - Large and strong. 
 
 B. crbcea, Wats. 1 ft. or more : fls. 6-13, yellow. N. Calif.— .B. 
 insuldris, Greene. Like B. capitata, but more robust and 
 larger fld. Islands off Calif. — B. Lemmorne, Wats. 1 ft.: fls. 
 small, deep orange. N. .\riz. — B. leptdiidra, Baker. 1 ft. or 
 less: fls. 2, pnrple. Calif. — B. lilacina. Baker. 1 ft. or less: 
 fls. 10-15. lilac-purple. Calif. — B.liigens, BaV?r. Like B. ixioides, 
 but fls. saffron color within and brown-biack.on tvbe ami ribs 
 Calif.— .B. Pdlmeri. Wats. Lvs. linear: fls, many, lilae. S. 
 Calif. (ir.F.2:245. — B.pulchella, Greene. Probably the same as 
 B. congesta. — B. scabra. Baker. Like B. ixioides, but scabrous; 
 fls. bright yellow. Calif. c^rl Purdy and L. H. B, 
 
 BROMfiLIA (Bromel, a Swedish botanist), Brome- 
 liaceip. About two dozen species of tropical Amer. 
 herbs, with stiff, pineapple-like lvs., and fls. in panicles; 
 corolla 3-parted; calyx of 3 ovate-oblong sepals. Differs 
 from Billbergia and Ananas in technical characters, 
 particularly in the deeper-cut calyx. Less popular as 
 stove plants than J^chmeaand Billbergia. B. bracteata 
 and B. macrodonteK of trade lists belong to Ananas. 
 Culture as for Billbergia, which see. Monogr. by Mez, 
 in De Candolle's Monogr. Phaner. 9. 
 
 Finguiu, Linn. PiNoriN of Jamaica. Wild Pine. 
 Three or 4 ft. high : lvs. broad-toothed and spiny, 
 bright green, but becoming pink and red with age : fls. 
 reddish, pubescent, in a dense panicle, with a mealy 
 rachis, the s«'pals acute : fr. as large as plums, acid. 
 W. Ind. — Makes a good hedge in tropical countries, and 
 the fr. yields a cooling juice. 
 
 Bindti, Morr. Panicle '-x: sepals rounded at the top: 
 habit open and spreadiuj,. Braz. l_ jj_ 3, 
 
 BROMPTON SiOCK. See Matthiola. 
 
 BROMUS (Greek, food). Gramineir. Brome Grass. 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with large spikelets. usu- 
 ally over 1 in. long. Lvs. flat, the sheaths often closed: 
 panicle branched, somewhat spreading ; spikelets sev- 
 eral-fld., erect or drooping, awned, rarely awnless; 
 empty glumes 2, unequal, atnite; flowering glumes usu- 
 ally rounded on the back ( except B. uriioloidea ) , .'species 
 about 40, most abundant in the North Temperate zone, 
 some also in temperate S. Amer. ; a few on the moun- 
 tains of the tropics. A number of kinds used as for- 
 age grasses. The common Chess is B. secalinus. 
 
 A. Spikelets lO-flowered or more. 
 brizsefdrmis, Fisch. & Mey, {B. squarrdsus, var. miiti- 
 CHS, C, A, Mey. ) . An elegant biennial grass with droop- 
 
BROMUS 
 
 BROWALLIA 
 
 183 
 
 ingr panicles of spikclets about as larpro as those of Briza 
 maxima : Ivs. 5-7, soft-pubescent, blades 2-3 in. Ion? : 
 spikelets lO-lo-fid.. noddinj;. awn short. Int. from Eu. 
 -Very useful in the mixed border, and for dr>-ing for 
 winter decoration. 
 
 macrdstachys, Desf. {B. lancenhMns, Roth. B. divari- 
 (i)tns. Kiduie). An erect, smooth annual: Ivs. soft, 
 coverfd with hairs; sheaths sdit : panicles erect, nar- 
 row, the branches very short or the lower ones some- 
 what long ; spikelets large, lanceolate, lQ-16-fld. Medi- 
 terranean, Siberia. 
 
 AA. Spikelets from 1-10-f lowered. 
 Linn. {B. polifstfichifus. DC 
 
 'I. A soft, erect, 
 
 LONG- 
 
 slender 
 
 271. Bromvis Madritensis. 
 
 (X 
 
 .) 
 
 Madrit6nsis, 
 AWNEi) Bkome (tKASS. Fig. 
 annual, geniculate at tlie 
 base : sheaths longer than 
 the intemodes ; bladts 2K-'< 
 in.long; spikelets dull green, 
 7-10-fld. : flowering glume 
 linear- lanceoliite, about % 
 m. long, including the two 
 slender points: awn about 1 
 .n. long. — l*r«'tty oi aamentnl 
 
 '•ass. Int. from Eu. 
 
 tmioloides. II B K. (B. 
 
 Srhni(hrl, Kunth). RESCUE 
 Grass. A stout, erect an- 
 nual, 2-,3 ft. high : sheaths 
 shorter than the intemodes ; 
 blaties flat, smooth on the 
 lower side, scabrous on the 
 upper ; panicle variable, 
 about 8 ia. long; rays stout, 
 bearing 1 to few spikelets 
 along the upper part. N. 
 Anier. 
 
 B. inermis. Leys. (B. gigan- 
 ten<, Hort.). An erect peren- 
 niikl 2-5 ft. high. In Europe 
 <'!a>;se(l among the l)est forage 
 plants. Int. from Eii.— if. mol- 
 lis, Linn. An erect annual 1-3 
 ft. high. Resembles chess (B. 
 Recalinus), from which it differs 
 by its more erect panicle and 
 hairiness.— li. secdlhnis, Linn. 
 Chess. Ohe.xt. A well-known 
 weed y a n n n a 1 grass , with 
 
 spreading ar. '. more or less drooping panicles. As it very 
 often (X'curs in wheat fields, it is erroneously regarded as de- 
 generated wheat. Int. from Eu. p_ g^ Kexkedy. 
 
 BROOM. See Cytisus and Genista. 
 
 BROOM CORN. Brooms are made of the rays or pe- 
 duncles of the tlower-c luster of Androprxjon Sorghum 
 iSot'ijhum viibjare), the species which in other forms is 
 known as Sorghum, Kaflir Com, an«i (xuinea Com. 
 Broom Com is grown in various parts of the U. S. 
 
 BROSIMUM (Greek, edihle). rrtic,\ceir. A few 
 larfre trees of Trop. Anier., yielding edible fr. B. Ali- 
 edstrinn. Swz.. is the Bread -nut of Jamaica, but it is 
 not grown within the U. S. It bears round yellow fr., 
 altnut an inch in diameter, containing a sinirle large, 
 edible seed. The tree has shining lance-elliptic Ivs. 
 
 BROUGHTONIA (Arthur Broughton. English bota- 
 nist!. Orchidiiceie, tribe Epidendreif, Two or three W. 
 Indian Orchids much like Lielia and Cattleya. Several 
 species which have been referred to this genus are now 
 distributed in Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Phajus. etc. 
 Plant producing pseudo-bulbs, and sending up a bracted 
 scape hearing several or many showy lis. : calyx of [\ 
 equal lanceolate sepals; two lateral petals broad-ovate 
 and somewhat crisped, the labellum round-cordate and 
 somewhat 2-lobed, crenate, with a spur at the base ad- 
 nate to tfie t^wV^'. Require warmhouse treatment. Cul- 
 ture like that for Ladia. Do not dry off enough to 
 shrink the bulbs. Prop, by division. 
 
 sanguinea, R. Br. (/?. cncdnea. Hook.). Pseudo- 
 bulbs clustered, roundish-ovate and somewhat flattened, 
 
 often brown-marked : scape 1 ft. high: fls. stalked, in a 
 loose, erect raceme, bright crimson, lasting a long time 
 in perfev.um. Jamaica. B.M. 3070, 3536. l H. B. 
 
 BR0nSS0N£:TIA (after T. N. V. Broussonet, a French 
 naturalist). L'rticdceir. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu- 
 ous, alternate, petioled, large : fls. dioecious, incon- 
 spicuous, apetalous, the staminate in cylindrical, nod- 
 ding catkins, with 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens, the pis- 
 tillate in globular heads: collective fr. globular, consist- 
 ing of small fleshy nutlets. Three species in E. Asia, 
 and there often cultivated, the bark being used for 
 paper-making. Ornamental trees with broad, round 
 heads, but under culture often shrubby, of vigorous 
 growth when young, and eflfective by its large, often 
 deeply lobed foliage, not hardy north or only in very shel- 
 tered positions. They thrive best in rich, somewhat 
 moist soil and sheltered positions. Prop, by seeds, sown 
 after matiirity or in spring, by greenwoo<l cuttings under 
 glass, or by cuttings of ripened wood, kept in colder 
 climates during the winter in the greenhouse ; also by 
 root-cuttings »nd layers. Budding in summer or graft- 
 ing in early spring in the greenhouse is sometimes 
 practised. Known as Paper Mulberries. 
 
 papyrlfera, Vent. Tree, .^(V-oO ft., with thick, pubes- 
 cent brunches: Ivs. long-petioled, usuallj- cordate-ovate, 
 acuminate, coarsely dentate, often deeply lobed, espe- 
 cially on younger plants, rough above, pubescent be- 
 neath, 3-8 in. long : fr.-heads % in. m r-oss, red. May. 
 China, Jap. B.M. 23.")8. — Many varie ics. Var. cuctll- 
 l&ta, Ser. (B. varicii/iYria, Lodd.). Lvs. small, curled 
 upward. Var. lacini^ta, Ser. Lvs. deeply lobed and in- 
 cised. Decorat've form, but more tender than the type. 
 Var. macrophylla, Ser. Lvs. large, usually undivided. 
 
 Kazindki, Sieb. (B.Kit'mpferi, Hort.). Branches slen- 
 der, glabrous at length : lvs. shori-petioled, ovate or 
 ovate-oblong, nearly glabrous, only somewhat rough 
 above, entire or 2-.3-lobe»l, 2-8 in. long : fr.-head less 
 than A in. in diam. China, .Tap. — This species is more 
 tendtr than the former, which is also cultivated some- 
 times as B. K(Ptnpferi, while the true B. Kawpferi, 
 Sieb., with the lvs. resembling in shape those of B. 
 Kazinoki, but much smaller and pubescent, and with 
 very small fr.-heads, seems not to be cultivated. 
 
 Alfked Rehder. 
 
 BROWALLIA (after John Browall, Bishop of Abo, 
 Sweden). Solitndee(e. A genus of about 10 South 
 American anuuals, with abundant blue, violet or white 
 flowers. The seeds can be sown in the open border, but 
 for the sake of the earlier bloom it is better to start 
 them indoors in early spring and transj)lant into the 
 open about May 15, where they will bU)om {)rofusely all 
 through our hot, dry summers, and until frost. They 
 can be grown in poorer soil than most half-hardy an- 
 nuals, and make excellent bedding plants. They are 
 also used for winter decoration, the seeds being sown iu 
 midsummer, earlier or later according to the size of 
 the specimens desired. They should be placed near the 
 glass and freqxiently stopped, in order to produce com 
 pact plants. Large specimens are excellent for cutting, 
 and snt.all potted plants should be grown more com- 
 monly by florists for home decoration at Christmas. It 
 is even possible to lift flowering plants from the open 
 before the first frost of autumn and pot them for con- 
 ser\-atory decoration, though the flowers are likely to 
 become successively smaller Blue flowers are rare in 
 winter, and Browallias are esj>ecially desirable for their 
 jirofuse bloom all through winter an<l early spring. 
 The flowers are, however, likely to fade, especially the 
 purple ones. In the names of the early species, Linnanis 
 connnemonited the course of his acciuaintancship with 
 Browall : ehtta, reflecting the exalted character of their 
 early intimacy ; demissa, its rupture ; and alienata, the 
 permanent estrangement of the two men. 
 
 A. corolla segments long, acuminate : fls. large. 
 
 specidsa, Hook. Lvs. sometimes opposite, sometimes 
 alternate : fls. thrice as large as in B. grandi flora, all 
 solitary, axillary: peduncle shorter than the lvs.: eo- 
 ndla-ttibe thrice as long as the calyx, and abruptly 
 swelle<l at the top into a globular form : limb of 5 ovat«, 
 
184 
 
 BROWALLIA 
 
 BRUNFELSIA 
 
 striated, dark purple se^rments, pale lilac beneath. 
 Colombia. B.M. 4339. P.M. IG: 290. -There are blue, 
 violet and white-fld. varieties. Var. m^jor, Hort.. has 
 violet fls. 2 in. across. R.B. 20: 240. B. gigantda, Hort., 
 is a florist's variety, with very deep blue fls. and long- 
 blooming habit. Int. into Amer. trade in 1899. 
 
 AA. corolla -segmeniis short, 2-lobed or notched : fls. 
 
 smaller. 
 
 B. Upper IvK. not stalked : fls. all in loose racemes : 
 calyx not hairy. 
 
 grrandifldTa, Graham (B. Hcezlii, Hort.). Stem and 
 Ivs. glabrous, or in the upper part of the plant minutely 
 clamray-puberulent : Ivs. ovate, the lower petioled : 
 calyx-teeth oblong, somewhat obtuse, equal, scarcely 
 shorter than the tube, spreading: corolla white or pale 
 blue, the limb wicler than in B.demissa. Peru. B.M. 
 30H9. In B. Raeziii, from Rocky Mts., some fls. are 
 white, some pale blue. No dark blue or violet colored 
 forms are known. 
 
 BB. Upper Ivs. stalked : fls. solitary and axillary 
 below, racemose above. 
 
 C. Calyx hairy. 
 
 demfssa, Linn. (B. eUlta, Linn.). Fig. 272. Stem and 
 Ivs. pubescent or glabrous : Ivs. ovate, with longer 
 stalks than in B. grandi flora : calyx-teeth acute, un- 
 equal, much shorter than the corolla-tube. The Ivs. are 
 variable, cuneate, rotund, or rarely cordate. S. Anier. 
 B.M. 34 and 11.3G. The following are now referred to 
 the above : B. Antericana, elhta, elongclta, nervbsa. 
 This species is the commonest, and is usually known as 
 B. elata. Blue, violet, white and dwarf forms are cult. 
 
 cc. Calyx sticky or clammy. 
 
 viscdsa, HBK. (B. pnlchella and B. Czerniakowski- 
 dna, Hort.). Plant viscous-pubescent: Ivs. short-peti- 
 
 272. Browallip demissa (X %). 
 
 oled, ovate, rough-hairy on both sides : pedicels a little 
 shorter than the calyx : caljTC teeth very clammy, oblong, 
 shorter than the corolla tube. The Ivs. are similar to 
 
 B. demissa, but the habit is stiflfer and the fls, more 
 numerous. The calyx teeth spread less than in B. 
 grandi flora. So. Amer. 
 
 B. Am,eric&nn, Linn., is considered by some a separate 
 spefies from the above, but in Germany, where most seeds of 
 annual flowers are grown, it is used by Siebert and Vos.s (in 
 Vilraorin's Blumengartnerei) to include B. demissa, J{. data 
 and other forms.— /f. Jamesonii, Benth. = Streptosolen .Fame- 
 sonii.— i?. pulchella, Hort., is likely to be either B. grandittora 
 or B. viscosa. ry -.r 
 
 BSOT^NEA (Patrick Brown wrote a history of Ja- 
 maica). Leguminbsce. Several small evergreen trees of 
 trop. Amer., allied to Amherstia, but little known in the 
 Amer. trade. Lvs. alternate and i)innate : fls. showv, 
 red, in dense terminal or axillarj' clusters. Cult, m 
 hothouses. B. Arlza, Benth. (B. PrincepA, Lind. i has 
 drooping heads of scarlet fls. B. grandiceps, Jaeq..rts. 
 red, in capitate spikes : Ifts. about 12 pairs, lance-oblon^r. 
 B. Bd8a-de-M6nte, Ber^;., fls. scarlet, in dense heads: 
 Ifts. 2-3 pairs, oval, acuminate. 
 
 BEUCKENTHALIA (after S. von Bruckenthal. an 
 Austrian nobleman). Ericficecf. Low. heath-like, ever- 
 green shrub, '-t-S in. high, with small, linear, whorled 
 lvs.: fls. rosy pink, nodding, in short, terminal racemes. 
 Only one species — B. spictilifldra, Keichb.,in the moun- 
 tain's of S. E. Europe. A pretty little plant for rock- 
 eries, quite hardy, and requiring the same treatment as 
 hardy Ericas. Alfred Rehdeu. 
 
 BBUGMANSIA. Consult Datura. 
 
 BBUN^LLA (probably from old German breitne or 
 bra line, quinsy, which it was thought to cure). Often 
 written Prunella. Labid.ta>. Low-growing, hardy, her- 
 baceous perennials, with fls. usually violet or purple, 
 produced all summer on heads an inch or more high. 
 They are best suited for the rockery and slightly shaded 
 parts t)f the border, succeeding in almost any soil that 
 is not excessively dry. 
 
 vulgaris, Linn. Self-Heal. Heal-All. Lvs. ovate- 
 obhmg. entire or toothed, usually pubescent : corolla 
 violet or purple, rarely white, %-%'ya. long, not twice 
 as long as the purplish cal>-x. Amer.. Eu., Asia. 
 D. 2.1.'}. — One of the most cosmpolitan of all plants, be- 
 ing too common in the wild to be cult. A fonu with 
 variegated lvs. is rarely found wild. 
 
 grrandifl6ra, Jacq. ( B. Pyrendica, Phillipe) . Lvs. often 
 toothed, especially at the base : corolla over 1 in. lone. 
 more than twice as long as the calyx. Eu. B.M. 'SM.- 
 The best of the garden kinds. 
 
 Webbi&na, Hort. Lvs. shorterthan in B. grandiflora, 
 and not so pointed : fls. very freely produced, more 
 than twice as long as the calyx, bright purple. June- 
 September. J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 BRUNF^LSIA (Otto Brunfels, physician and botanist 
 of the IGth century). Syn., Franciscea. Sohniaceiv. 
 More than 20 trees and shrubs of tropical America, a few 
 of which are grown in warm glasshouses. Lvs. entire. 
 oblong, often shining : fls. in terminal cymes or clus- 
 ters, or solitary, large and showy, fragrant ; corolla 
 with 5 routided and nearly equal spreading lobes (or two 
 of them a little more united) ; stamens 4, in the throat 
 of the corolla, the anthers all alike : fr. berry-like. 
 Brunfelsias are usually winter-flowering plants. The 
 wood n)ust be well ripened before flowering begins. 
 Grow in a rather sandy compost. Of easy culture. Re- 
 quire a night temperature of 50°. They bloom best when 
 pot-bound. Prop, by cuttings from the new growth in 
 spring. 
 
 Hope&na, Benth. ( Franciscea ITopeiina, Hook. F. uni- 
 fldra, Pohl. ). Compact and dwarf: lvs. lance-oblong, 
 alternate, paler beneath : fls. solitary or in 2's. with a 
 whitish tube and a bluish violet or purple limb. Brazil. 
 B.M. 2829. -Grows 12-18 in. high. One of the least 
 worthy species. 
 
 paucifldra, Benth. (F. calyc)na. Hook.). Branches 
 terete and glabrous, with abundant evergreen foliage : 
 fls. in large trusses, purple, with a lighter ring about 
 
BRUNFELSIA 
 
 BRYANTHUS 
 
 185 
 
 the mouth of the tube ; calyx large, as long as the 
 curved tube of the core' la. Brazil. B.M.4r)8.'{. 0x0.40:815. 
 -A handsome plant, tlowering in succession most of the 
 rear. The commoner species in cult. 
 
 B. cnnfertifldrn, Benth.=B. ramosissima. — B. extmia, Bossa 
 =B. macrophyUa.— if. grandiflora, Don. Fls. large (2 hi. 
 across), greenish, in termiual corymbs.— if. LindeniAiia, 
 Nicholson. Fls. 3 in. across, violet-mauve.— B. rnacrophyila, 
 Benth. Fls. 2-'2%in. across, deep purple: Ivs. longer and duller 
 than those of F. calycina.— ^. ramosissima, Benth. Fls. Urge, 
 in crowded corj'mbs. deep violet-purple : foliage luxuriant. 
 One of the best; may be grown cooiti ir< winter than thr other 
 species. L. R. B. 
 
 BEUNSVlGIA (after the Duke of Erunswick\ Ama- 
 rijlliddceie. Tender flowering bulbs from S. Afr., with 
 umbels of large, numerous, brick-red lis. The bulbs 
 must be thoroughly rested from the time the Ivs. fade 
 until the scape appears, or from May to Aug. Bruns- 
 vigias are hard to flower. They require rich, sandy soil, 
 plenty of heat and sunlight. When growing, give water 
 and liquid manure freely. They propagate by offsets. 
 J. G. Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideae, p. 96. 
 
 A. Lvs. strap-nhaped. 
 
 Josephlnae, Ker-Gawl. Bulb ,")-6 in. thick : lvs. 8-10, 
 strap-shaped, glaucous or greenish, thick, closely ribbed, 
 •2-3 ft. long, 13^-2 in. broad : scape 1 in. thick, 1% ft. 
 long: fls. 20-.'?0, rarely 50-00. in pn umbel: pedicels J^-1 
 ft. long : capsules smaller than in B. qigantea, less 
 conical and less .strongly angled. B.M. 2.578. F.S. 4:322. 
 -Named after the Empress Josephine, who purchased 
 the original bulb after it flowered at Malmaison. 
 
 AA. Lvs. tongue-shaped. 
 
 gigant^a, Heist. (Amaryllis gigantea, Van Marum. 
 A.orientdlis, Ecklon). Bulb very large: lvs. about 4, 
 tongue-shaped, closely ribbed, 3-5 in. broad, usually un- 
 der 1 ft. long: scape red or green, a finger's thickness: 
 rts. 20-30 in an umbel, paler than in B. gigantea, &a6. 
 less numerous ; pedicels stout, strongly ribbed, 4-6 in. 
 long. B.M. 1619 as B. multifora. 
 
 B.falcata, Ker-Gawl =Ammocharis falcata. 
 
 H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M. 
 
 BBUSSELS SPBOUTS. Fig. 273. Although this vege- 
 table is popular in England and on the Continent, and 
 i.s extensively grown there, it is infrequent in Ameri- 
 can home gardens ; it is also but little grown as a 
 market-garden crop. The edible part of the plant con- 
 sists of the little "sprouts " or diminutive heads which 
 form along the stalk in the axils of the lvs. The'se 
 small heads may be boiled like cabbage or cooked in 
 cream the same as cauliflower. This is considered by 
 many to be one of the most delicately flavored vege- 
 tables of the whole cabbajre family. The requirements 
 of the crop and its general treatment differ but little 
 from those of cabbages and cauliflowers. Any soil 
 which will produce good crops of these vegetables is 
 well adapted to the growing of Brus.sels Sprouts— a 
 good, rich, well-drained soil beiuir the best. 
 
 For eaj-ly fall use, the seeds should be sown in April 
 (in the North), in a mild hotbed, or if the weather is 
 sufficiently warm the open ground will suffice. As soon 
 as the first true leaves have developed, the seedlings 
 should be transplanted to a coldframe or some pro- 
 tected place, being set 2-3 in. apart each way. These 
 plants will be ready to transfer to the field or garden in 
 fnne. June-set plants should be ready for use in 
 September. 
 
 For field-culture, the plants should be set in rows about 
 ;i ft. apart and 18 in. to 2 ft. asunder in the rows. Ordi- 
 narily good cultivation should be given durinfjr the grow- 
 ing season. As soon as the sprouts become large enough, 
 so that they crowd at all, the leaves should be cut or 
 broken off as close to the stalk as possible, in order to 
 (rive the sprouts more room to develop. A tuft or ro- 
 sette of leaves only should be left at the top of the 
 stalk. These early-set plants will continue to develop 
 •sprouts for some weeks. 
 
 The crop for late fall and winter use requires the 
 same general treatment, up to the time of severe freez- 
 ing, as the earlier crop does, except that the seeds 
 
 should be sown in June. The plants will be ready for 
 setting out in August. These plants will make much of 
 their growth in the cool fall days, and by the time of 
 freezing weather they will be in condition for storing. 
 
 The late crop is usually less troubled by aphis, and 
 more profitable. Where the climate is not too severe the 
 
 273. Brussels Sprouts 
 
 plants may be left in the field undisturbed, and the 
 sprouts gathered from them during the winter as they 
 are desired. This method is followed by some of the 
 Long Island growers. But where the climate is too rigor- 
 ous, the plants may be dug, with considerable soil re- 
 maininar on the roots, and packed as closely together as 
 they will stand in some sheltered place, as in a vai'ant 
 coldframe or some similar place where they can be suffi- 
 ciently well protected, to prevent repeated" freezing and 
 thawing. The essentials for good storatre are the same as 
 for cabbages. Frosts improve the quality of the sprouts. 
 They are hardier than cabbages. 
 
 In marketing, the sprouts are cut from the stalk and 
 shipped in crates. They are usually sold by the quart. 
 To bring the best prices, much care must be taken in 
 preparing the sprouts. All discolored leaves should be 
 removed, and it is also well to have them as uniform in 
 size as pos.sible. 
 
 Although a dozen or more sort^ are catalogued by the 
 seedsmen, there is but little ditference between those of 
 the same type or form, they beinfj: little more than dif- 
 ferent strains of the same thine:. There are two forms,— 
 the tall and the dwarf. The former grows to a height of 
 2% ft. or more, and the sprouts are smaller and less 
 closely packed along the stalk than the dwarf ones are. 
 The latter seMotn exceed 18 or 20 in. in height. 
 
 For the botany of Brussels Sprouts, see Cabbage. 
 
 H. P. Gould. 
 
 BRYANTHUS (Greek, hrj/nn, moss, and anthos, 
 flower: growing among mosses). Sjti. Phi/lMdoce. 
 BricilceiV. Low evergreen shrubs : lvs. small, linear, 
 alternate, crowded : fls. in terminal umbels or short ra- 
 cemes, nodding, on slender pedicels ; corolla urceolate 
 or rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 8 or 10: fr. a 
 many-seeded capsule. Eight species in arctic regions 
 
186 
 
 BRYAXTHUS 
 
 BRYOPHYLLUM 
 
 of N. Eu. and N. Asia, in N. Amer. in the Rocky Mts. 
 southward to California. Heath-like prostrate shrubs, 
 quite hardy, with handsome, delicate Us., but rarely cul- 
 tivated. They thrive best in peaty and sandy soil, and 
 can only be grown successfully in localities where the 
 air is moist and cool, but i>. erectus is less particular. 
 Prop, by seeds, sown in spring in peaty soil or cut 
 
 monoecious, fascicled: fr. about the size of a cherry 
 spherical, preen, with prettv white markings, ^si'a' 
 Afr., Austral. F.S.12: 1202. ' 
 
 Var. erythrocArpa, Naud. (B. ery throe drpa, Naufl ) 
 Has red fr. with white marks. I. H. 12:4.31. F.S. 21:22:17! 
 On. 6, p. 19;{. — A warmhouse plant, rarely grown in p>ots 
 nn<l trained to rafters. Prop, by seeds. w' M 
 
 
 
 > • 
 
 274. Sprouting leaf of Bryophyllum. 
 
 sphagnum and kept moist and shady, by cuttings in 
 August under glass, and by layers. 
 
 empetrifdnnis, Gray. Five to 8 in. : Ivs. H~14 in. long, 
 finely serrate: tis. campanulate, 6 or more on slender, 
 glandular pedicels, in short racemes: corolla rosy pur- 
 ple, about % in. broad. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 
 3176 (as Memiesia empetrifomiis). 
 
 erectus, Lindl. (B. etnpetrif&rmis x Bodothdmmts 
 Chanurcistns). Six to 10 in. high: Ivs. slightly serrate: 
 fls. 2-10, rosv pink, rotate-campanulate, about J^ in. 
 broad. F.S. 7:"G59. P.F.G. 1: 19. -Of garden origin. 
 
 B. Brhveri, Gray. Allied to B. empetriformis. Fls. larger; 
 stamens exserted. Sierra Nevada.—^, glanduliflonis. Ciray. 
 Fls. urceolate-ovate, sulphur-yellow. Sitka to Brit. C'olunib.— 
 Ji. Gmelini, Don. Fls. small, rosy, 3-10, in slender peduncled 
 rafemes. Kamschatka, Behring's Isl.— .B. taxifblia. Gray. Fls. 
 ohlong-urceolate, purple. High Mts. of N. E. A jier., Greenland, 
 K. Eu., N. Asia, N. Jap. ALFRED Rehder. 
 
 BRYONIA (Greek, to sprout, referring to the annual 
 growth from the tuber). Cucurbitdceie. A genus of 
 7 species of perennial cucurbits, natives of Europe and 
 W. Asia. They are herbaceous perennial climbers, with 
 the staminate fls. in racemes, while Bryonopsis is an 
 annual plant, with the .staminate fls. in fascicles. All spe- 
 cies of Bryonia are dioecious except B. a Iba . Brjonopsis 
 is monoecious. See Cogniaux, in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:469. 
 
 A. Fls. dioecious : stigmas rough : fruits red. 
 
 didica, Jacq. Brvonv. Height 6-12 ft.: root long, 
 fleshy, branching, white, a finger's thickness: Ivs. ovate 
 or roundish in outline, 5-lobed, margin wavy-toothed, 
 rough with callous points, paler beneath : pistillate fls. 
 greenish white, i-orymbose. short-peduncled. Common 
 in Ens;, and in central and S. Eu. Rarer in W. Asia and 
 N. Afr. Not sold in Amer., but a common si^iht along 
 English highways. It grows rapidly over hedges and 
 fences. 
 AA. Fls. mouopcious : stigmas smooth : fruits black. 
 
 &lba, Linn. Height 6-12 ft. : roots thick, tuberculate, 
 yellowish outside, white within: Ivs. long-petioled: pis- 
 tillate fls. in long-peduncled racemose corymbs. Eu., 
 Caucasus, Persia. 
 
 B. lacinibsa, Linn.=Bryonopsis laciniosa. \\r^ j^_ 
 
 BRY0N6PSIS (Greek, Bryony-tike). Cueurbitdceo'. 
 A genus of two species of annual climbers. Consult 
 Brifottia for generic differences. 
 
 lacinidsa, Naud. (Brydnia lacinidsa, Linn.). Lvs. 
 deeply 5-lobed, rough, light green above, paler beneath; 
 segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : fls. 
 
 075. Flowers of Bryophyllunj (X K). 
 
 BRYOPHtTLLTTM (Greek, sprouting leaf). Cransu- 
 lAceie. A small genus of succulent plants in the same 
 order with stonecrops, houseleeks and Cotyledon. The 
 only species in cult, is a rapid-growing window-plant, 
 and, like the Begonias, a familiar example of plants that 
 are propagated by leaf -cuttings. It is hardly a decora- 
 tive ^lant, but is' very odd and interesting. It is only 
 necessary to lay the leaves on moist sand or moss, and 
 at the indentations new plants will appear after a time 
 (see Fig. 274). It is even possible to pin leaves on the 
 wall, and without water new plants will come. Useful 
 in botanical demonstrations. 
 
 calycinum, Salisb. Fig. 275. Height 2-4 tt.: stem 
 reddish, with raised, oblong, whitish spots : lvs. oppo- 
 
 276. Flowers of 
 
 BuckiArheat. 
 Natural size 
 
 site, fleshy, simple or ternate, ovate, crenate, obscurely 
 veined above: fls. pendulous, in terminal-comiHiuud 
 panicles : cah-x and corolla cylindrical, reddish green, 
 spotted white; calyx l^^in. long; corolla 2>^in. long, 
 
BRYOPHYLLUM 
 
 BUDDLEIA 
 
 187 
 
 ^th 4 slierhtly curving tips f Fijf, 275). Mex. B.M. 1409. 
 LBC. 877. — It is said that the Ivs. are sour in the morn- 
 ing, tasteless rc noon, and somewhat bitter towards 
 evening. This chantre has been attributed to the absorp- 
 tion of oxygen at night and its disengagement in daylight. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 BUCKEYE. Consult ^Esculus. 
 
 BUCKTHOE"^. Rhamnus. particularly R. cnfhartieus. 
 
 281. Apple twig, showmg an expanding flower-bui. 
 
 BUCKWHEAT (Fagoppnim esculentum, Moench). 
 Polligonuccif. A tender annual grain plant, 'iour being 
 made of the large 3-cornered fruit. It is much grown in 
 the northern U. S., usually being sown about the first of 
 July. It is also a favorite for bee forage. Buckwheat is 
 native to central Siberia and Manchuria, and is now 
 widely cult., although it is a grain of secondary impor- 
 tance. The flower-cluster is shown in Fig. 27(> The 
 Tartarian Buckwheat {F. Tatdrirum. Gsprtn.; is occa- 
 sionally seen. It has smaller and yellowish fls.. and a 
 smaller, roughish, wavy-angled fruit. 
 
 BUD. The undeveloped or embryo state of a branch. 
 As commonly known to the horticulturist, the bud is a 
 more or less dormant organ ; that is, the horticulturist 
 doe'* not recognize the bud until it has attained sufficient 
 size to be obvious or to suggest some practice in the 
 treatment of the plant. In this state the bud usually 
 represents a resting stage of the plant. The bud-cover- 
 ing protects the growing point in the cold or dry season. 
 The bud is a shortened axis or verv condensed branch. 
 
 377. Apple buds— fruit- 
 bud en the l«-ft. leaf- 
 bud on the right. 
 
 278. Pear twigs— fruit- 
 buds on the left, leaf- 
 buds on the right. 
 
 The dormant or resting bud (as the winter bud of all 
 trees) is covered with protective scales which are modi- 
 tied leaves ; and the core of it is the nascent or embryo 
 liranch or flower-cluster, with rudimentary leaves. 8in'ce 
 the bud is an embryo branch, it follows that disbudding 
 is a most efficient means of pruning. A bulb is a form 
 of bud; and a dense rosette of leaves (as in the common 
 
 house-leek) is intermediate in structure between a bulb 
 and a normal branch. A cabbage head is essentially a 
 gigantic bud. 
 
 Horticulturists speak of buds as leaf -buds and flower- 
 buds, according as they give rise to barren, leafy branches 
 or to flower l)ranches ( for flower-clusters are modified 
 branches). True flower-buds or fruit -buds are those 
 which produce only flowers, as those of the apricot 
 (Fig. 116) and the peach. Mixed flower-buds or fruit- 
 buds are those which contain both flowers and leaves, as 
 those of the apple (Fig. 281) and pear. On dormant 
 plants, leaf-buds and flower-buds are distinguished by 
 position, size and shape. The position of the flower-bud 
 varies with the kind of plant, but is commonly termi- 
 nal, either on a branch of common length or on a very 
 abbreviated branch or spur. The flower-bud is com- 
 monly larger and thicker than the leaf -bud, because it 
 contains the embryo flower. Illustrations of flower- 
 buds and leaf-buds are shown in Figs. 277-280. With 
 Fig. 279 compare Fig. 298, showing a section of cabbage 
 head. The reader is referred to The Pruning-Book f»r 
 detailed discussion of the subject. 
 
 Of all the buds which form, very many do not grow, 
 being crowded out in the struggle for existence. These 
 buds often remain alive and dormant for several years, 
 each succeeding year decreasing their chances of grow- 
 ing even if favorable conditions occur. It is a common 
 opinion that these dormant buds become covered by the 
 thickening bark, and grow when large limbs are re- 
 moved ; but this is an error. The shoots which arise 
 from a wound on an old limb are from true adventitious 
 buds, or those which are newly formed for the occasion 
 in the cambium. Buds are normally formed in close 
 proximity to leaves, usually in their axils; but adventi- 
 tious buds form under stress of circumstances, without 
 reference to leaves. Xj. H. B. 
 
 BUDDING. See Graftage. 
 
 B0DDLEIA (after Adam Buddie, an English bota- 
 nirt). Syn., Buddlea. Loiinniclcece. Shrubs or trees, 
 with usually quadrangular branches : Ivs. opposite, short- 
 petioled, deciduous or semi-persistent, usually tomen- 
 tose when unfolding, entire or serrate : 
 fls. in racemes, panicles or clusters ; co- 
 rolla tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed ; 
 stamens included, 4 : fr. a 2-celled cap- 
 sule, with numerous minute seeds. About 
 70 species in tropical and temperate regions 
 of America. Asia and S. Africa, of which 
 only a small number of hardier species is 
 cultivated. Ornamental shrubs, rtt»wering 
 freely in summer; not quite hardy north: 
 the hardiest seems to be li. Japonica, 
 which may be grown in sheltered positions 
 north, but also many of the others, as B. 
 'jlobosa, variahilix, Liiidlejfatia, Colvillei, 
 will stand many degrees of frost, and, when 
 killed to the ground, they freely push forth 
 
 279. Sections of pear buds - 
 fruit-bud on the left, leaf- 
 bud on the right. 
 
 young shoots, which will flower mo.stly the 
 same season, especially i^. Japonica, Lind- 
 Ivyana and intermedia. The handsomest 
 in flower are B. Colvillei, variabili.f, glo- 
 bo.'oi and Lindleifana. They grow best in 
 a light, well-drained soil, in a sunny po 
 readily by seeds sown in spring in gentle 
 
 280. Buds of 
 the peach. 
 The mid- 
 dle bud is 
 a leaf-bud 
 and the 
 large side 
 buds are 
 fruit buds. 
 
 sition. Prop, 
 bottom heat. 
 
188 
 
 BUDDLEIA 
 
 BUFFALO BERRY 
 
 by greenwood-cuttings under glass, or by hardwood cut- 
 tings taken oflf in fall and kept during the winter in a 
 frost-proof room. 
 
 A. FI.H. in panicles. 
 
 B. Corolla small, ivith long, narrow tube, %-% in. long. 
 
 O. Color violet or lilac. 
 
 Japdnica, Hemsl. (B. cnrviflbra, Hort., not Hook. & 
 Am.). Three to 6 ft., with quadrangular, winged 
 branches : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely 
 denticulate, slightly tomentose or nearly glabrous be- 
 neath, 3-6 in. long : tls. in dense, terminal, pendulous 
 racemes, 4-8 in. long : corolla slightly curved, lilac 
 outside, with grayish tomentum. Japan, I. H. 17:25. 
 R. H. 1870, p. 337, and 1878, p. 330. 
 
 Lindleydina, Fort. Three to 6 ft. : Ivs, ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, remotely denticulate, pale green 
 beneath, and slightly pubescent or glabrous, 2-4 in. long: 
 racemes dense, erect, li-5 in. long ; corolla purplish 
 violet, slightlv curved, pubescent outside. China. B.R. 
 32: 4. F.S. 2:112. P.M. 14: 5. 
 
 intermedia, Carr. {B. JapdnicaX Lindlexjcina). Hy- 
 brid of garden origin, similar in habit to B. Japonica. 
 Lvs. ovate-oblong, dark green above, 4—5 in. long : lis. 
 violet, in slender, arching or pendulous racemes. 10-20 
 in. long. R. H. 1873: 151. Var. insignis, Hort. {B. in- 
 signis, Carr.), has the upright habit of B. Lindleyann. 
 Branches distinctly winged : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, of- 
 ten in 3's : racemes erect, rather dense, 4-6 in. long, 
 usuallv panicled at the end of the branches, with rosy 
 violet fls. B.H. 1878:330. 
 
 variabilis, Hemsl. Three to 8 ft.: lvs. nearly sessile, 
 ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely ser- 
 rate, whitish-tomentose beneath, 4-10 in. long : tls. in 
 dense, terminal, erect panicles, 4-6 in. long ; corolla 
 lilac, with orange-vellow mouth, glabrous outside. 
 China. B.M. 7609. R.H. 1898: 132. G.C. Ill, 24: 139.- 
 A newly introduced, very handsome species, with showy 
 and fragrant fls. 
 
 CC. Color yelloic. 
 
 Madagascari^nsis, Lam. Shrub, 6-12 ft., with densely 
 tomentose branchlets : lvs. ovate-oblong, rounded or 
 slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, entire, dark 
 green and lustrous above, whitish or yellowish tomen- 
 tose beneath : fls. tomentose outside, in large terminal 
 panicles, appearing during the winter. Madagascar. 
 B.R. 15:1259. B. M. 2824. -Hardy only in subtropical 
 regions. 
 
 BB. Corolla with broad cfflindrical tube, limb over 
 1 in. broad. 
 
 C61villei, Hook. & Thorns. Shrub, occasionally tree, 
 to 30 ft. : lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, 
 pubescent, and pale or grayish green beneath, 5-7 in. 
 long : panicles broad, pendulous. 12-18 in. long ; corolla 
 purple or crimson, with white mouth. B. M. 7449. R.H. 
 1893:520. I. H. 41: 10. F.S. 14:1487. J. H. Ill, 31 : 85.- 
 The most beautiful of all Buddleius. and a very desirable 
 shrub for warmer temperate regions ; only older plants 
 flower freely. 
 
 AA. Fls. in globular heads. 
 
 globosa, Lam. Three to 10 ft., with the branches and 
 lvs. beneath yellowish-tomentose : lvs. ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, rugose al)ove, .3-7 in. 
 long : fls. orange-yellow, in dense, long-peduncled, 
 axillary heads at the ends of the branches ; fragrant. 
 Chile. B. M. 174. — A graceful and very distinct shrub, 
 standing some degrees of frost. 
 
 B. Americana. Linn. Eight to 12 ft. : fls. in globuliir clusters, 
 forming termiiiiil panick's. Peru. Tendtr.- /i. Asidticn. Lour. 
 Three to l."> ft.: fls. white, iu long, usually panicle*! spikes, fra- 
 grant. 8. Asia. B.M ^VZi.—H. capitata, Jacq.=B. glohosa. — 
 B. crispa, Benth.= B. panipul.'ita.- .B. fieterophylla, Lintll.= B. 
 Ma<lagasfariensis.— ^. Xefindn, Roxb.= B. AMntira —B. pan ic- 
 ttldta, Watt. (B. crispa. Benth ), 6-15 ft.: fls. lilac, in rather 
 dense panicles: branches and lvs. tomentose. B.M. 4793. F.S. 
 9: 9'^.—B. salicifoUa. .Fafq.= Chilianthns arb^reus —li. salici- 
 folia, Hort.^B. Lindleyana.— JB. saligna, Willil. = ('hilianthus 
 arboreus. ALFRED Rehder. 
 
 BUEL, JESSE. American agriculturist and editor 
 was born at Coventry, Conn., Jan. 4, 1778, and died at 
 Danbury. Conn., Oct. 6, 1839. He lived at Albanv from 
 1813 until 1821, when he retired to his farm near bv. He 
 was one of the founders, in 18.34, of The Cultivator, a 
 monthly, "to improve the soil and the mind," the sub- 
 scription price of which was fifty cents a year. In 1866 
 The Cultivator was merged with The Countrj- (Gentle- 
 man, a weekly founded in 18.'}3, and The Cultivator and 
 Country Gentleman is, therefore, the oldest surviving 
 American agricultural paper. 
 
 BUFFALO BEERY. Fig. 282. Shephlrdia argentea, 
 Nutt. {Lepargyrceaarghitea, Greene). Elfpagndce(f.The 
 
 282. Buffalo berry {X%). 
 
 Buffalo Berry has been long before the public, but it ia 
 only within the last few years that it has attained any 
 prominence as a fruit plant. In Hovey's MajLiazine of 
 Horticulture for 1841, page 251. it is mentioned as fre- 
 quently cultivated, indicating that it found its way into 
 our gardens earlier than the blackberry. Its position to- 
 day bears evidence that no such place was awaiting it 
 as stood ready for the blackberry, or that if there were, 
 it has lamentably failed in attempting to flll it. The 
 plant did not find its place as a cultivated shrub until 
 the settlement of the West created a demand for hardy 
 and drought-resisting fniits. The plant belonijs to the 
 Oleaster family, and now bears the name otLepargifnm 
 argentea (Nutt.), though more commonly known as 
 t>hepherdia argentea. It occurs commonly throughout 
 the Rocky Mountain region and the dry plains to the 
 eastward, from Saskatchewan to Colorado, and even 
 New Mexico. Its fruit is frequently used for jelly, and 
 i« sprightly and agreeable, but small with a single large 
 seed, and borne among numerous thorns, so that it is 
 far less promising than most of our other garden fruits. 
 Apparently its chief value lies in its adaptability to 
 regions where more desirable bush-fruits can not be 
 grovi-n. Where the currant thrives, there is little nee<l 
 for the Buffalo Berry, except as a novelty or fi»r orna- 
 ment. It possesses ornamental qualities of value, and 
 may well be planted for that purpose. It is often reconi- 
 mende«l as a hedge plant for the Northwest. There are 
 two forms, one bearing bright red and the other yellow 
 fruit. The plant propagates re^ulily, either by seeds < 
 cuttings, and also by the suckers which sonietiuie- 
 spring up about the base of the plants. It is dio-cious, 
 and both staminate and pistillate plants must be grown 
 together, or no fniit will result. These may be distin- 
 guished by the buds in winter, those of the pistillate 
 
BUFFALO BERRY 
 
 BULBS 
 
 189 
 
 plant being more slender, less numerous, and arranged 
 in less compact clusters, those of the staminate plants 
 bem? rounded, and borne in dense clusters. 
 
 Fred W. Card. 
 BUGBANE is Cimicifuga. 
 
 BUIST, EGBERT. Florist, seedsman, and author, was 
 b,.ni at Cupar Fyfe, near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 14, 
 Igi).'). and (lied in Philadelphia, July 13, 1880. He was 
 trained at the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, came to 
 America in August, 1828, and was employed for a time 
 bv Henry Pratt. In 1830 he became the partner of Hib- 
 bert.who had established the first notable fiorist's busi- 
 ness iu Philadelphia. He became noted for his suc- 
 (,,.<<es with roses, which were at that time second in 
 popular favor to the camellia with the Philadelphians. 
 The great improvement of the verbena was largely due 
 to Vim, and was immediately followed by the introduc- 
 tion into America of a distinct class of bedding plants. 
 He intToduped Poinsettia pulcherrinia to the trade, and 
 hi* sale of the double form is said to have been the first 
 tran^iaction of the kind accomplished by ocean telegraph. 
 He was the author of The American Flower-Garden 
 Direi'tory, in 1832, The Rose Manual, 1844, and The 
 Family Kitchen-Gardener (copyrighted, 1847), all of 
 which were frequently reissued, and enjoyed a consid- 
 erable sale for many years. An excellent account of his 
 life may be found in The Gardener's Monthly 22:372 
 (1888). The frontispiece of the bound volume for the 
 year is his portrait. \y_ -^ 
 
 BULB, BULBS. A bulb is a thickened, fleshy, and 
 usually subterranean bud, generally emitting roots from 
 its under side. The function of the bulb is to carry 
 thf plant over an unpropitious season, as over winter 
 or a dry period. True Bulbs are either tunicated, 
 formed in rings or layers, like those of hj'acinths and 
 oniims (Fig. 283), or scaly, like those of liliums (Fig. 
 284 i: but as popularly understood and in commercial 
 parlance, the term Bulbs applies to a lar^e class of 
 flowering and ornamental buJbous-like plants in their 
 
 which are solid, as crocus and gladiolus (Fig. 285); 
 tubers which are succulent and have the buds or eyes 
 near the surface, as the dahlia and potato (Fig. 280); 
 rhizomes, fleshy, creeping underground stems like cer- 
 
 283. Onion bulbs. 
 
 285. Corm or solid bulb of Gladiolus. 
 
 dormant condition, during which period they are col- 
 ieot*(l. dug, stored, shipped, sold and planted, like so 
 many potatoes. This class includes, in addition to the 
 true bulbs, many that are botanically known as corms. 
 
 286. Potato— Example of a tuber. 
 
 tain iris, ginger, and many wild plants (Fig. 287 ; also. 
 Fig. 53, p. 37) ; pips, the flowering crowns of lily-of-the- 
 valley ; and certain other dormant fasciculated fleshy 
 roots like those of peonies, ranunculus, etc. A variety 
 of bulbs is shown in Fig. 288. The true or feeding root's 
 grow generally from the base of the bulb, the stems, 
 flowers and foliage from the crown of the bulb, or the 
 eyes. There is an exception to this in certain iilies, 
 which throw out roots above the bulb also (Fig. 289). 
 The bulb is a storehouse for the plant, wherein is formed, 
 after flowering, new stems, leaves and flowers. In fact, 
 the bulb contains a new plant, which is protected and sus- 
 tained within the bulb by the reserve food and energy 
 collected therein during one season for the plant's suc- 
 cessor. After the flowering period, the plant above the 
 bulb and the roots beneath it ripen off and die away. 
 The bulb is then in a dormant condition. It is during 
 this state of rest, lasting approximately from three to 
 six months, that bulbs are taken out of the ground and 
 transported easily and safely from continent to conti- 
 nent, if required; after which the incipient roots, stems, 
 foliage and flowers develop with as much luxuriance 
 and perfection — conditions being congenial — as if the 
 bulb had remained in its original environment. 
 
 Bulbous flowering plants (bulbs) are very popular 
 with flower-loving people. There is a particular charm 
 and interest in growing them. As a rule, they produce 
 flowers of remarkable beauty, uTisurpassed by any other 
 class of plants, and many of them are deliciously fra- 
 grant. They comprise an endless variety in habit, form, 
 size and color, are adaptable for many purposes, and 
 many of them flower equally well under either garden 
 or house culture. Soon after their beauty fades they 
 hide away, or may be removed , and in the interval, 
 their places may be occupied by other seasonable flow- 
 ering plants. Not the least among the merits of bulbs 
 is their ease of culture, and the great certainty and 
 perfection with which their flowers are produced, under 
 suitable conditions. 
 
 Among bulbous plants are many that are sufficiently 
 hardy to withstand the severity of our northern winters. 
 The kinds that are suitable are nearly all dormant in 
 the fall, which is the proper time for planting them, and 
 they will flower the coming season. In March or earlier, 
 spring is ushered in with the blooming of snowdrops, 
 chionodoxas, anemones, scillas, cr<K'us, winter aconites, 
 bulbocodiums, etc., followed in April with brilliant hya- 
 cinths, tulips, narcissus and hosts of others. In April 
 appear the unapproachable late tulips, poet's daffodils, 
 dicentras, etc., followed in succession until frost, notably 
 with peonies, irises, hemerocallis, lilies, montbretias, 
 tritomas, etc. All these are useful for gardens, lawns, 
 and parks. 
 
 Gardeners usually think of bulbs as divided into two 
 classes, — hardy and tender, or those which stand freez- 
 ing and those which do not. There is a class from South 
 Africa known as Cape bulbs, which usually bloom in 
 the fall. There are now so many improved hybrids and 
 breeds that are crowding out the types, that the term 
 
190 
 
 BULBS 
 
 BULBS 
 
 "Cape bulb" has lost its significance in this country. In 
 the present article, bulbs are treated under the follow- 
 ing general heads : hardy spring bulbs for design bed- 
 ding ; hardy bulbs in tlie herbaceous garden, mixed 
 rtower border or lavm ; summer- and autumn-ttowering 
 tender bulbs for spring planting ; bulbs for flowering 
 
 287. Example of a rhizome— Smilacina racemosa. 
 
 in the house and greenhouse ; keeping dormant bulbs, 
 tubers, etc. : hints on buying and selecting bulbs ; 
 catalogue of bulbs. 
 
 Hardy Spriso-flowerino Bulbs for Design Bed- 
 DiNO. — The only bulbs adapted for geometrical beds are 
 Dutch hyacinths and tulips. It is not best to use both 
 in the same bed for really fine effects. While there are 
 hundreds of varieties in both hyacinths and tulips with 
 colors, gr«ulations and variegations innumerable, yet for 
 this style of bedding only solid, bright, contrasting 
 colors should be used. This limits the selection in hya- 
 cinths to dark crimson, rose-red. pink, purple, blue, 
 lavender, white and yellow (the latter is seldom satis- 
 factory), and in tulij>s to dark blood-red, scarlet, rose, 
 blush-pink, yellow, white, and a bluish claret, which 
 last is s» ' 'om used. In ordering the bulbs for this style 
 of beddi it is important to select kinds that bloom 
 at the sail ime and are of uniform height. The bulb 
 catalogues ;;ive this information: or, deal with a reliable 
 firm and leave the selection to them. In planting bulbs 
 in "design beds," it pays for the extra trouble to first 
 remove the soil to a depth of 6 inches, spade up the 
 lower soil, using well-rotted manure and plenty of bone 
 dust worked in. Then level off, smooth, and cover with 
 an inch of sand. This prevents the manure from touch- 
 ing the bulbs, allows the water to drain away from im- 
 mediate contact with them, thus removing causes which 
 may lead to their decay. Bulbs set in this manner on 
 the sand may l)e placed in their exact position, after 
 which the top soil is carefully replaced. It is a difficult 
 matter to set bulbs just 4 inches deep and 4 to 6 inches 
 apart with an ordinary trowel. The planter is almost 
 sure occasionally to chop off a piece of a neighboring 
 bulb or displace it. Bulbs i)lant«d in the manner ad- 
 vised, being all of an even depth, will flower uniformly; 
 often, when planted with a trowel, some bulbs will be 
 an inch too high and some an inch too low, which in 
 early spring makes considerable difference in the time 
 of blooming. Besides, when bulbs are planted with a 
 trowel or dibble, there is danerer of "hanging" a bulb 
 occasionally, where it may perish on account of not 
 touching bottom. 
 
 Hardy Bulbs in the Herbaceous Garden, Mixed 
 Flower Border, or Lawn.— The mixed border is a 
 favorite place for most hardy bulbs. They should be 
 planted in little colonies here and there among the hardy 
 plants and shrubs ; and it is here that bulbs seem to 
 thrive and give the most pleasure. As spring ap- 
 proaches, the sombre winter browns and dull greens of 
 the deciduous and evergreen plants are suddenly trans- 
 formed into an unrivaled setting, studded with bril- 
 liantly colored and fragrant flowers, the contrasts being 
 exceedingly effective and cheery; and besides, from the 
 border one does not hesitate to cut a few flowers for the 
 house for fear of spoiling the effect, as would be the 
 case in formal bedding. Furthermore, bulbs seem to do 
 better and last longer in a border because the flowers 
 
 are cut freely in bud or when just approaching their 
 prime, which is the best possible time for the ht-nefit of 
 the bulb, for the efforts of any bulb to form see«l8 wt»k- 
 ens the bulb. A hyacinth bulb that matures seed is 
 virtually destroyed. Then, again, in an herbaceous bor- 
 der the bulbs are not disturbed. The foliage remains 
 uninjured until ripe, thus fulfilling its duty of re- 
 charging the bulb with new energy for the next 
 season's display. 
 
 Bold clumps of the taller bulbous plants are 
 very effective on the lawn, where beds of one kind 
 should be isolated, and be given a position not too 
 prominent nor too near. The object desired is a 
 mass of one color, which at a little distance is 
 more striking on account of the contrast with the 
 surrounding green grass and trees. Among the 
 best hardy bulbous plants for this purpose are : 
 hemerocallis, such lilies as candidum. tierinum, 
 speciosum and auratum; also dicentra, crown im- 
 perials, montbretias, tritomas, peonies, Kaempferi 
 and Germanica irises, etc. 
 
 Bulbs planted right in the sod on the lawn make 
 a very pleasing picture when in bloom in th«» early 
 spring. Make patches here and there of golden, 
 white and purjde crocus, the little chiono<loxas.' 
 snowdrops. Scilla amcena, winter aconite, snow- 
 flakes, bulbocodium and triteleia. These grow, increase, 
 bloom and ripen the foliage before it is necessary to 
 use the lawn mower, so that the surface of the lawn in 
 summer is not marred. The bulbs may be dibbled in 
 when the ground is moist and soft during the fall rains, 
 but it is better to cut and turn back the sod here and 
 there, plant the bulbs under it, then press the sod back 
 again. 
 
 For parks, groves and wild outlying grounds beyond 
 the closely clipped lawn, a very happy style of ''natural- 
 izing" bulbous and other plants is coming much into 
 vogue. Such bulbs should be used as can be planted in 
 quantity, twenty-five to a hundred or more of a kind in 
 a patch, and only those should be used which are hardy, 
 and will flower and thrive and increase under neglect. 
 Fortunately, there are many bulbous plants that suc- 
 ceed even better in sxich rough places than in the prim 
 garden. Among them are hardy anemones, caniassia, 
 convallaria, dicentras, erythroniums, funkias. certain 
 iris, liliums, poet's narcissus, Von Sion narcissus, tril- 
 liums, and numerous others. 
 
 In regard to the preparation of bods for hardy bulbs, 
 planting and treatment, we can only generalize. De- 
 tailed directions suited to the different species, and also 
 varieties where treatment varies, will be found under 
 their respective headings in this Cyclopedia. As a rule, 
 well-rotted manure (mind that it is well-rotted, not fresh 
 
 288. Various types of bulbs and tubers. 
 
 1. Tuberose. 2. Colocasia Antiquoram ( CaZadiwTn e^culentum). 
 3. Easter Lily. 4. Jonquil. 5. Gladiolus. 6. Lilium 
 pardaliuum. 7. Hyacinth. 8. Lily-of-the-Valley. 
 
 and heating) should be liberally applied and dug into 
 the ground deeply. It must be where the long, feedirg 
 roots can get at it, and yet not touch the bulbs, nor be 
 too near their base. This is easily accomplished by re- 
 moving a few inches of the top soil first, as described 
 under " Design Bedding," above. If it is impracticable to 
 
BULBS 
 
 BULBS 
 
 191 
 
 do this, then it is not wlvisHble to use manure at all, for 
 the bulbs are liable to come in contact with it and 
 become diseased. Bone meal alone is then the safest 
 fertilizer to use, and it should be applied lavishly. Most 
 bulbs like rich food if properly applied. Although the 
 embro dowers were formed within the bulb the season 
 
 289. The Easter lily throws out feeding roots both 
 below and above the bulb. 
 
 before, yet their size, luxuriance and brilliancy this 
 season depend larf,'ely upon the nutrition the roots 
 receive. Liberal ai)plications of manure water, when 
 the bulbs are in bud, often produce excellent results. 
 
 The proper dei>th to plant bulbs varies according to 
 the kinds, it is a coninion fault to plant them too near 
 the surface. Some kinds, notably the Californian Hum- 
 bohltii and Washingtonianum lilies, do best when 10 to 
 12 inches deep ; hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, and simi- 
 lar large bulbs from 4 to 6 inches deep ; smaller bulbs 
 somewhat shallower. Hardy bulbs root during the fall 
 and early winter, and if planted too near the surface the 
 freezing, thawing and heaving of the upper crust of 
 soil in mild winters often causes the bulbs to break 
 from their roots, and. in consequence, only inferior 
 tlowers are produced. When good, cold weather has set 
 in and a light crust has been frozen on the soil, then 
 cover the bed with leaves, straw, marsh hay or reeds to 
 a depth of from 4 to 6 inches. This protects not only 
 from severe freezing, but from equally injurious unsea- 
 sonable thaws. Do not put the covering on too early, 
 for it might warm the soil so that the bulbs would com- 
 mence to grow and afterward be injure*! from freezing. 
 Gradually remove the covering in the spring. 
 
 The general run of bulbous plants thrive in a loamy 
 soil, inclining to sand. This soil attracts moisture, 
 allows free drainage, and admits air. If the soil is cold 
 and stiff, a liberal admixture of leaf -mold and sand, with 
 the addition of manure a[>plied as above described, will 
 be beneficial. The texture of the soil should be such 
 that stagnant water will not remain around the bulbs, 
 as it tends to rot them, particularly when dormant. An 
 excess of humus is, therefore, to be guarded against 
 for most bulbs. While the majority of bulbous plants 
 thrive under the soil conditions advised above, yet there 
 are many notable exceptions. Happy should be the man 
 on whose grounds can be found a variety of soils and 
 exposures, shade and sun. A small wooded valley or 
 ravine, with a brook flowing through it into an open, 
 moist meadow, affords conditions suitable for growing 
 to perfection the greatest variety of bulbous and other 
 
 plants, many of which cannot be enjoyed in the average 
 monotonous garden. 
 
 The sooner bulbs can be put in the ground after they 
 are ripe the better for the bulbs ; for, no matter how 
 long they will keep, they do not improve when out 
 of the ground, but tend to dry out and lose vitality. 
 There are, however, many reasons why bulbs cannot be 
 planted as soon as ripe ; and when they are to be kept 
 for certain purposes, they should be stored as advised 
 below. Hardy spring-flowering bulbs should be planted 
 In the open ground in the fall, not earlier than six weeks 
 before reg"jrar frosty and freezing nights are expected. 
 Plant as much later as necessarj', providing the bulbs 
 are keeping sound, but it is not advisable to plant them 
 earlier. Cool weather is necessarj' to deter top growth, 
 which is very liable t/> «t«rt after fonr to six weeks of 
 root development ; and young, suiculcnt top grov.th is 
 apt to be injured by the succeeding freezing. In Maine, 
 Ontario, Wisconsin, and other northern parts (about 45 
 degrees north latitude), such hardy bulbs as hyacinths, 
 tulips, narcissus, etc., may be planted in September. In 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. (about 40 degrees), 
 plant about the middle of October. In the latitude of K ich- 
 mond, Louisville, St. Louis, etc., the middle of Novem- 
 ber .s early enough. In the latitude of Raleigh, Nash- 
 ville, and south, do not plant until middle of December; 
 and for the latter section let the selection of bulbs run 
 to late-flowering varieties, such as Bizarre, Darwin and 
 late double tulips, late hyacinths, late narcissus, etc., 
 for they are not so likely to be caught by the occasional 
 freezing weather in January and February, In this 
 southern latitude, however, very early-flowering bulbs, 
 such as Roman hyacinth> , Due' van Thol tulips. Paper 
 White narcissus, etc., if planted in September, are 
 usually through blooming before freezing weather be- 
 gins. South of the freezing belt, hardy spring-flowering 
 bulbs are not very successful, as a rule, there being no 
 sufficiently cool weather to deter top growth and force 
 root actit>n first, without which the flowers and foliage 
 will not devoljp beyond such sustenance as the bulb 
 can supply; and this sustenance is usually exhausted by 
 the time the flower-spikes are half grown. But there are 
 many half-hardy and tender btilbs that are more easily 
 grown and fli)wered in the South than in the North. 
 
 The treatment of bulbs after flowering is important 
 when the bulbs are to be used again, for it nmst never 
 be forgotten that the flowers and resources for the next 
 season are garnered within the bulb after blooming, 
 through the agency of the roots and foliage. Imper- 
 fectly developed and matured foliage this year means 
 poor flowers or none at all next year ; so it is best to 
 leave the bulbs alone imtil the leaves have died down. 
 When summer bedding plants are to be substituted, it 
 is sometimes necessarj* to remove bulbs before ripe. In 
 such cases, the bulbs should be carefullj- taken up with 
 a spade. Disturb the roots as little as possible, and do 
 not cut or crush the leaves. Heel-in the plants in a 
 shallow trench in some half-shadj' out-of-the-way place 
 until ripe. 
 
 Simmer- axd AurrMN-FLOWERixo Garden Bilbs 
 FOR Spring Planting. — This class (Tender) includes 
 some of our showiest garden flowers, which are almost 
 indispensable. Thej- are of the easiest possible culture. 
 Planted in the spring, after danger from frost is over, 
 in a sunnj' position in good, rich, loamj' soil, thej' will 
 flower with great certaintj- the same season. After flow- 
 ering and ripening of the foliage, they should be taken 
 up and stored for the winter as advised below, under 
 "Keeping Dormant Bulbs," until wanted the next spring. 
 Among the more important species of this class of bulbs 
 are the imdermentioned (those marked F must be kept 
 in a Ronii-dormant condition in a coldframe or green- 
 house): Agapanthus (F), alstroemeria (F), amorpho- 
 phallus,anomatheca ( F),antholyza (F),tuberous begonia, 
 bessera, colocasia (caladiura), cooperia, crinum, cypella, 
 gladiolus. galtonia(Hj'acinthus candicans), boussingaul- 
 tia (madeira vine), montbretia, nemastylis, border ox- 
 alis. omithogalum (F), pancratium, richardia (calla), 
 schizostylis (F), sprekelia, tigridia, tuberose, watsonia, 
 zephj-ranthes. 
 
 BiLBS FOR Flowering in the HorsE and Green- 
 HorsE. — There is no class of plants that gives more 
 satisfaction for this purpose, with so little skill, than 
 
192 
 
 BULBS 
 
 
 KILBS 
 
 the various bulb^. Perhaps the most important class of 
 all l)uU)s for winter-flowering and f«»rcinjf are certain 
 hardy and half-hardy kinds. They are the m«>st easily 
 managed of all, and need occupy no space in the window 
 or greenhouse, excepting when in bud and bloom. Un- 
 der suitable treatment, they flower with great certainty, 
 and their flowering period may be hastened ( forced ) or 
 retarded at pleasure, so as to " bring them in " for certain 
 occasions, or to give a continuous succession of Idoom. 
 There is a great variety of kinds of bulbs to select from 
 for this purpose (see list of species at end of this arti- 
 cle), yet the great demand, at this writing, has centered 
 on the following leatlers, especially for forcing pur- 
 poses: AUiiim yeapolU(tnHm,A.Hfrmetti(jr(tn(iiflorum, 
 Anemone fuhjens, convallaria ( I^ily-of-the-Valley ), Free- 
 gia refractd alba, glmliolus "The Bride," early single- 
 flowering Dutch Hyacinths and "Romans." Canipemelle 
 Jonquil, Lilium candidHtn, L. llarriaii and L. Inngi- 
 florum. Several narcissuses are in demand, notably 
 among the large trumpet varieties : Emperor, Em- 
 press, Golden Spur, Horsfieldi, Maxiraus and Trumpet 
 major ; among the medium and small trumpets : Sir 
 W'atkins, Barrii conspicuus and Poeticus ornatus; of the 
 doubles are Von Sion and Orange i'ha'nix ; of the Poly- 
 anthus narcissus : Paper White graudiflora (Totus 
 albus),and Double Roman (Constantinople). Of other 
 species of bulbs, Ornithogalum Arabicum, Spinra aittil- 
 boides floribamla (Arimcus), and s'ngle and double 
 tulips of the early varieties are in demand. The prin- 
 ciples of culture for hardy bulbs for winter flowering 
 are the same, whether only a few are grown in pots for 
 the window garden, or whether tli»'y are to be forced by 
 the thousand by the florist. The first essential is to 
 secure the strongest bulbs. Remember that the flowers 
 were fonned within the bulbs the previous season. If 
 you buy bulbs of narcissus containing only one flower, 
 or hyacinths with ou' ♦en bells on a spike, the best 
 culture possible c;:iUt. r>ikt them produce more; but 
 good culture will develop fU'rh »'owers larger and better. 
 The next most in.poriaut e^set^ial — we mi;jht say the 
 secret of success in flowerin^' bul'.:* In the house or 
 greenhouse — is perfect root deveVipment before the tops 
 begin to grow. To aid the uninitiated in this important 
 matter, we will illustrate: When hardy bull»s are planted 
 in the open ground in the northern states in the fall, the 
 weather above them is cool or cold, the ground beneath 
 them is warmer, and the conditions are congenial for 
 root action but deterrent to top growth. This results in 
 the perfect development of such flowers as the bulbs 
 contain. On the other hand, when hyacinths, tulips, 
 narcissus, and most other hardy spring-flowering bulbs 
 are planted in fall in our extreme southern states, they 
 usually prove disappointing, because the weather is 
 warm, causing the flowers and foliage to begin to grow 
 before the roots ; and as so(m as such sustenance as the 
 bulb could supply has been exhausted, the plant stops 
 growing and dwindles. When we grow bulbs under arti- 
 ficial conditions, we must make them produce roots first. 
 Failure to do this is responsible for nine-tenths of the 
 disappointments. 
 
 When hardy bulbs are to be grown in pots for winter 
 blooming in the house or conservatory, the bulbs should 
 be potted as soon as they are procurable, between Au- 
 gust and November. Some writers recommend that 
 bulbs be planted in successional lots to give later and 
 continuous flowers, but we think such advice is at fault, 
 as the bulbs tend to dry out and lose vitality when kept 
 dry too long. It is no trouble to retard the flowering of 
 hardy bulbs in winter, as hereafter described, without 
 keeping them out of the ground. 
 
 The soil should be rich loam. Fresh manure cannot 
 be used. Of thoroughly rotted manure, some may be 
 pulverized and worked into the soil, but it is safer to 
 use pure bone meal, one part to fifty of soil. If the soil 
 is stiff and heavy, mix it with sand and leaf-mold or 
 peat. The size of pots depends upon the kinds of bulbs. 
 A .l-inch pot is best for a first-sized hyacinth, or large- 
 bulbing narcissus, particularly the Polyanthus type. 
 Tulips, small narcissus, and bulbs of a similar size, 
 while they can go individually into a 4-inch pot, are bet- 
 ter when put three or more of one variety together in a 
 larger pot, as the soil retains a more even tempemture 
 and moisture ; and for this reason some prefer earthen 
 
 290. Bulb with a cushion of 
 sand beneath it to prevent decay. 
 
 bulb-pAnii, which roinf> in various nizen, from 8 to 1ft 
 inches in ifianieter. In (Htttinir, place a little broken 
 pott»*ry t>r lumps of chnrcuMl in the bottom for drainaee 
 then till the |Hit with j«oil and shake it down, but <!<> not 
 pack it. Neither must the bulb Ik? pressed or screwed 
 int«> the soil, eUe the soil will l>e packed under it so 
 that when the roots start they often raise the bulb out 
 of the pot. Plant the bulb just deep enough that its top 
 
 will not show. Large and 
 soft bulbs, which are lia- 
 ble to rot, may l>e set in 
 a cushion of "sand, and 
 the bulb not covered with 
 soil until it ha> taken 
 root and become estab- 
 lished ( Fig. 'J'JO I . 
 
 When planting mixed 
 bulbs in the same jiot. 
 pan or box, care should 
 be used in selecting dif- 
 ferent varieties that will 
 flower at the same time. 
 An early-flowering Due 
 van Thol and a double 
 Tournesol tulip would 
 flower a month apart under the same treatment. Some 
 varieties of hyacinths, of narcissus, and of most species 
 of bulbs vary greatly in time of blooming, which, of 
 course, would spoil the etfect. 
 
 When florists force bulbs in quantity for cut-flowers, 
 they sehlom use pots, but shallow boxes, or flats, of a 
 size to economize bench room. Usually these boxes are 
 cut down from soap boxes to a depth of 3 or 4 indus. 
 The bulbs are planted closely in these, from an in, h to 
 2 inches apart, according to the kind. The tops of the 
 bulbs (excepting lilies) are kept about even with ihe 
 top of the soil. Do not water them unless the soil is 
 very dry, for bulbs in a <lormant condition resent an 
 excess of moisture. After the bulbs are potted, or boxed, 
 as described, they should be placed in a coldfranie or 
 cold-pit to root. This is the most important detail in 
 flowering bulbs under artificial conditions. Cover the 
 pots, boxes or pans with 4 inches of sand, ashes, rotted 
 leaves, tanbark or similar substance, and do not put the 
 sashes on until freezing weather, and even then remove 
 the sash on pleasant days. When no coldframes or pits 
 are available, the pots may be covered as advised in a 
 cool cellar. It is preferable, however, to sink them in 
 th«^ open ground. The writer never had finer flowers on 
 hardy bulbs than when treated as follows: A trench a 
 foot deep is dug in the garden where water will not set- 
 tle on it, and it is protected from the north and west 
 cold. Three inches of coal ashes is first placed in the 
 trench, to allow drainage and keep the wonns out. The 
 pots are then placed on the ashes, the earth is filled in 
 about the pots, filling the trench rounding over. No 
 further attention is required, as everj'thing is congenial 
 to perfect root development, while the weather is cool 
 enough to check top growth. When the weather gets 
 cold enough to freeze a crust on the soil, an additional 
 covering of about 4 inches of rough stable manure, 
 leaves or straw, is put over. Some early bulbs, such as 
 Roman hyacinths, Paper White narcissus. Due van 
 Thol tulips, etc., will root sufficiently in five or six 
 weeks to be taken up for first flowers, which should be 
 out by Christmas or earlier, but it is safer to allow all 
 bulbs not less than eight weeks for rooting. Even* two 
 weeks after the first removal of pots, or as needed, fur- 
 ther relays of rooted bulbs may be taken out for a con- 
 tinuous display of bloom. When the pots of hardy bulbs 
 have been taken up, place them in a cool greenhouse or 
 co()l, light store room, with temperature not over 50°. 
 This temperature will allow the flower stems and foliage 
 to grow, and at the same time prevent the opening of 
 the flowers until the t tems have attained their proper 
 height, after which the pots may be taken to a sunny, 
 warm window, or wherever they are wanted to flower. 
 Bulbs treated in this manner will produce perfect spikes 
 of flowers. A good rule to keep in mind in flowering 
 hardy bulbs is: Temperature, 40° for roots, 50° for foli- 
 age and stems, 60° for best flowers, 70° for quick de- 
 velopment. 80° to rush bloom with loss of substance 
 and risk of "going bliud" (producing uo flowers). 
 
BULBS 
 
 BCLBS 
 
 193 
 
 The exceptions to the above advice are liliums and 
 lily-of-the-valley. Lilium JIarrisii and Lilium lomji- 
 fJoniM bulbs* particularly, in addition to throwing out 
 roots from the base of the bulbs, usually fomi rrxits 
 from the new stem just above the bulb, and the plants 
 and flowers derive much strength from these top roots. 
 So in potting lily bulbs, it is best to put them down so 
 (feep that tht-re will be sufficient soil al>ove the bulbs to 
 eatice and sustain the stem roots. In other respects 
 treat the bulbs after potting as just advised. Winter- 
 rtowering lily-of-the-valley foniis no new rot)ts. The 
 thick, fleshy, fibrous old roots should be trimmed at the 
 bottom, leaving them from 2 to :{ inches long. This al- 
 lows them to al>sorb the abundant moisture with which 
 they shoiild be supplied while the flowers and foliage 
 are' developing. They tlower just as well in sand or 
 moss, or anything that retains an even moisture and 
 temperature, as they do in soil, but lily-of-the-valley 
 for flowering in the house or greenhouse requires freez- 
 ing before it can be successfully broxight into flower. 
 Without freezing, many pips will "come blind," or pro- 
 duce malformed spikes. So it is just as well for ama- 
 teurs to plant their pips an inch or two apart in pots or 
 l»ulb-pans, and plunge them in the garden, as recom- 
 mended for other hardy bulbs. Florists generally freeze 
 their pips in refrigerators, or have them placed, just as 
 they arrive from Germany, 2,500 pips in a case, in cold 
 storatre, in a temperature of ifrom 28 to 30°. 
 
 After being forced or flowered in the greenhouse or 
 window, hardy bulbs are of little value, for most bulbs 
 suitable for the purpose have attained their maximum 
 size, and, in consequence, are ready to break up. Flor- 
 ists usually throw these bulbs away. Still, if space can 
 be spared for the bulbs to complete their growth after 
 flowering and ripening, many of them can be utilized 
 for planting in the mixed border or garden, there to 
 remain, where some of them will eventually recuperate 
 and flower. 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs for winter-flowering and forcing 
 should be treated the same as hardy bulbs, excepting 
 that after potting they should be placed for rot)ting 
 where they will not freeze. Yet they can go pretty close 
 to it and be all the better for it. In northern states, a 
 coldframe or pit or cold greenhouse to root them in is, 
 therefore, almost indispensable. For tender winter- and 
 summer-flowering greenhouse bulbs, the culture varies 
 with almost every species, and as no general instruc- 
 tions would suit all kinds, the reader may refer to their 
 individual cultures given under their respective head- 
 intrs in this Cyclopedia. (See list of species at the end 
 of this article, ) 
 
 The flowering of bulbs in glasses, bowls, unique pots, 
 etc., is always interesting. Among the most successful 
 and interesting are hyacinth bulbs in glasses of water. 
 Use early-flowering single varieties only. The seedsmen 
 and dealers in bulbs supply special hyacintti glasses 
 for the purpose. They come in various shapes, colors 
 and decorations, and vary in price from 20 cts. to $1.50 
 each. These are simply filled with fresh, pure water. 
 A lump of charcoal thrown in absorbs impurities, but it 
 is not a})solutely necessary. The bulb rests in a cup- 
 shaped receptacle on top of the glass. In filling, the 
 water should not quite touch the bottom of the bulb. 
 Put in a cool, dark, airy place until the roots have 
 reached the bottom of tlie glass, which should be in 
 about six weeks. Do not place them in a close, warm 
 closet. They must have fresh air. As the water evapo- 
 rates, fill the glasses, and change the water entirely when 
 needt^d to keep it sweet and clear. After rooting, place 
 the glasses in a light storeroom where the temperature 
 averages about 50°, until tke stems and foliage have 
 developed ; then remove to a warm, sun.iy window for 
 flowers to open. There are other kinds that do equally 
 well when rooted in water, providing the largest healthy 
 bulbs are chosen. AmouT them are sprekelia ( Jacobapan 
 lily). Trumpet narcissus Horsfieldi and Golden Spur, 
 polyanthus narcissus Grand Monarque and Gloriosa, 
 large bulbs of Roman hyacinths, early single tulips, 
 and Mammoth Yellow crocus, etc. We have flowered 
 hyacinths on a piece of virgin cork floating in an aqua- 
 rium, a hole being cut through the cork for the roots to 
 reach the water. The so-called "Chinese Sacred Lily," 
 a variety of Polyanthus narcissus, grows and flowers 
 
 13 
 
 luxuriantly in bowls of water, provided they are not 
 placed in a dry, furnace-heated room, which will cause 
 the buds to blast before opening. Sufficient pebbles or 
 shells should surround the bulbs to prevent them from 
 toppling over. 
 
 Crocus, Roman hyacinths and lily-of-the-valley pips 
 are very pretty when nicely flowered in columnar, hedge- 
 hog- or beehive-shaped hollow pots with holes for the 
 reception of the bulbs. A bulb is place<l in front of each 
 hole from the inside, with the crown of the bulb looking 
 outward. The pot is then filled with soil through the 
 large opening in the bottom, moss being pressetl in last 
 to hold the contents in place, after which the pots are 
 put «>utside for the bulbs to root, as explained for other 
 hardy bulbs for the house. 
 
 Keepino Dormant Bilbs, Tubers, Et<, — Bulbs and 
 tubers of the various species, as well as their varieties, 
 vary greatly in size. Some, like oxalis, snowdrops, 
 chionod(»xas, etc., often do not exceed half an inch in 
 diameter, while other bulbs, such as those of Calndium 
 escultutum, certain arums, crinums, etc., attain great 
 size, frequently weighing several pounds each. Such 
 solid bulbs as those of tulips, hyacinths, narcissus, 
 etc, will remain out of the ground soli«l and plump, in 
 a suitable place, for three or four months. The larger 
 the bulb the longer it will keep, as a rule. Large cri- 
 num bulbs have been kept for fifteen months. Still, it 
 is always better to plant the bulbs as soon as possible, 
 for, altiiough they keep, they do not improve, and their 
 tendency is always towards drying out and loss of vi- 
 tality. 
 
 Never keep bulbs packed up air-tight. They are apt 
 to generate heat or sweat, nudd or rot, or to start. 
 When solid bulbs are to be kept dormant for any length 
 of time, they should be store<l away from bright light in 
 baskets, shallow boxes or slatted trays, in a room or 
 cellar where there is a circulation of fresh air and the 
 temperature is as cool as possible. Forty degrees is the 
 desideratum for all excepting tender bulbs. Scale-like 
 bulbs, as liliums, soon dry out and shrivel if exposed 
 to the air for any length of time ; therefore, they are 
 best kept in open boxes packed with some substance 
 that will retain a slight and even moisture, such as 
 sphagnum moss, rotted leaf -mold, cocoanut fiber refuse, 
 or moist sand, but they must be kept cold to check any 
 efforts to start. Fleshy roots, like those of peonies, 
 certain irises, astilbes, etc., should be treated like the 
 lily bulbs. When a cold-storage room, with an average 
 temperature of 'Mii° to 40°, is available, it is the safest 
 place to carry over hardy bulbs and roots for spring 
 planting. 
 
 Lily-of-the-valley pips are carried in rooms of about 
 28° to 30°. The pips and packing freeze solid ; and here 
 they are kept for months until wanted for forcing. 
 When they are removed from this arctic chamber, they 
 must be thawed out gradually and as soon as possible, 
 by plunging in cold water, before they are subjected to 
 any heat ; otherwise, they are likely to rot. For this 
 reason, "cold-storage pips " cannot be safely shipped any 
 distance in warm weather, this often being the cause of 
 the country florists' disappointment in results. 
 
 Tender dormant bulbs, as begonias, gloxinias, araa- 
 ryllis, pancratiums, tigridias, tuberoses, etc., must be 
 kept in a warm, dry atmosphere, not below 50°. The 
 cause of tuberoses not flowering is often that the 
 bulbs have been kept below 40°, which destroys the 
 flower germ, although the foliage grows just as vigor- 
 ously. Tender tubers, such as dahlias, cannas, etc., 
 should be stored in dry sand in a warm, dry cellar or 
 under the greenhouse bench. 
 
 Hints on Buying and Selecting Bulbs.— As already 
 said, bulbs can develop only the flowers which were 
 formed within them before they were ripened. A bulb 
 may be poor because not full grown or too young, or 
 because grown in impoverished soil or under unconge- 
 nial conditions, or because it may not have been matured 
 when dug ; or it may be injured from heating, sweating, 
 rotting or moldiness in storage or transit, caused by 
 improper curing or packing, or it may be dried out from 
 having been out of the ground too long. In the major- 
 ity of cases in which poor bulbs are planted, however, 
 it is the buyer's fault in procuring cheap bulbs, which 
 in many cases are second grades, lacking age and 
 
194 
 
 BULBS 
 
 BULBS 
 
 proper size. The commoner varieties of a species usually 
 propat;ate the fastest, and it in generally these less 
 salable varieties ami inffrior seedlinjfs and cullings 
 from the named bull)» tiiat ^o to m'alct' up most "mixed 
 colors "and "mixed varieties." Therefore, for best re- 
 sults, it is advisable to expend a jfiven amount of money 
 for the first size named varieties, rather than for a 
 larger quantity of cheaper seconds and mixtures, unless, 
 of course, the bulbs are wanted for large permanent 
 plantings, as in promiscuous borders for naturalizing, 
 etc., wht're best flowers the first season are of secondary 
 consideration. 
 
 The best named hyacinths— "top roots," as they are 
 called in Holland — require fiom four to six years to 
 attain full size and give best flowers. Such bun)s, ec- 
 cording to the variety, shouhl measure from 20 to 24 
 centimettrs (8 to 10 in.) in circumference. These nat- 
 urally cost more to grow than the younger second or 
 "l)edding" grade of bulbs, measuring from 18 to 20 cen- 
 timeters (6 to 8 in.). There is a third size, ranging from 
 Ki to 18 centimeters (4 to G in.), that goes in mixtures, 
 and a fourth size (12 to 14 centimeters) that goes out as 
 "Dutch Romans," "Pan Hyacinths," "Miniatures," etc. 
 Some growers even scale their sizes a centimeter or two 
 less than mentioned, to enable them to quote lower 
 prices. Crocus, narcissus, tulips and many other bulbs 
 are also sorted into sizes, enabling the grower to catch 
 all classes of buyers. 
 
 A first size crocus bulb should measure 10 centimeters 
 (4 in.) in circumference, and such bulbs prcxluce from 
 € to 12 flowers each. A small, cheap bulb produces only 
 two or three flowers. A narcisstis bulb of maximum 
 size will produce from 3 to 5 flowers (sometimes more), 
 and an inferior size usually but a single flower. A 
 White Roman hysuduth bull> 14- to 16-centimeter size 
 (5-6 in. circumference) will produce 3 and often 4 spikes 
 of firsts and several seconds, while an 11- to 12-centi- 
 meter size will average o?ily one first grade spike and a 
 couple of seconds, or perhaps nothing but seconds. The 
 best lily-of-the-valley pips bear from 12 to 16 bells on a 
 spike, usually all firsts. Cheaper inferior gra<les of pips 
 have seldom more than 7 to 10 bells. If the florist or 
 planter wants the best bulbs, he must pay more money 
 for them, but they are cheapest in the end, f<»r second- 
 grade stock takes u]) just as much room and requires as 
 much care, fire, and other expenses. It is the grade of 
 flowers called firsts that sell and pay a profit* The supply 
 of seconds is often so abundaut that the market price 
 for them does not pay the cost of the bulbs. 
 
 Catalogue of Bulbs. —To aid in the selection of bulbs 
 for particular purposes, we append a list of the leading 
 species that are procurable while dormant (between the 
 months specii'ed) from seedsmen and bulb dealers, and 
 we afllx a sign to each to indicate the purpose for which 
 the species — or certain varieties in it— are adapted. Some 
 kinds are useful for more than one purpose, and such 
 have a corresponding number of signs. For example: if 
 a selection of bulbs is to be made for winter-flowering 
 in the house, make a note of those to which an aste- 
 risk (•) is affixed, then ttim to their respective headings 
 in this Cyclopedia, where will be found full descriptions 
 of the V[.rieties as well as species— and cultural instruc- 
 tions—which will enable any one to make an intelligent 
 selection. 
 
 For winter-flowering bulbs for greenhouse or window, select 
 from species marked *. 
 
 For summer- and fall-flowering bttlbs for pots for greenhouse 
 and other decoration, select from species marked t. 
 
 For spring-flowering hardy bulbs for gardens, laicns, etc., select 
 from species marked X. 
 
 For summer- and fall-flowering hardy bulbs for gardens, 
 lawns, etc., select from species marked !|. 
 
 For summer- and fnll-flowering {not hardy) bulbs for spring 
 planting in garden, etc.. select from species marked §. 
 
 For climbing bulbous plants, select from species marked ?. 
 
 Those marked H are hardy ; H.H, half-hardy ; T, taider. 
 
 GKNEBA, ETC. HARDINESS. DORMANT. 
 
 Abobra %'i H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Aehimenes t . .^ T Oct. to April 
 
 Agapaiithus t § H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Albucat T Oct. to April 
 
 Allium* J H. & H.H Aug. to Pec. 
 
 Alstroemeria t § h.h Sept. to Nov. 
 
 Amarj'llis *t t Oct . to April 
 
 Amorphophallus § T Oct. to April 
 
 aXXXIU, «TC. HAKDISISS. dohmaxt. 
 
 Anemone 't ".A H.H Aug. to Not 
 
 Anomat heca I h.h Oet. to Aorii 
 
 Antholyzag H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Apiosi i.. H Oct. to April 
 
 Arlsa'um t H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Aruni't. T Aug. to April 
 
 Habiana ' H.H Aug. to Nov 
 
 Begf.li la. Tuberous tj t ()«. to April 
 
 BesHirai* h.h ....Oct. to April 
 
 Blandfordla* r..., Aug. to Nov 
 
 Bloomenal h Aug. to Nov* 
 
 BomHrea«lf . H.H Aug to Oct.' 
 
 Bous8inKaultia 1? t ( k-t . to A pnl 
 
 Bowiealt H.H Oit.toMwfh 
 
 Bravoaf... H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Brodiwa*t... H.H Aug. to Oct 
 
 Bolbocodium t H Aug. to ( »«'t' 
 
 Caladium t § T Oct. to April 
 
 t alochortns • J h.h Aug to Nov 
 
 Camassia il h Aug. to isov' 
 
 Cannat...... t Oct. to April 
 
 ChionfMloxa • J h Aug. to (H 
 
 Chlidanthus g h.h Oct. to April 
 
 Coli-iii.-um 1! h Aug. to Sept 
 
 Commelina | h.h Oct. to April" 
 
 Convallaria * J h Oct. to April 
 
 Cooperia^ H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Cop'dalts.! H Aug. to April 
 
 C n num t ^ t N o v . t o A p r 4 
 
 Crocus*:.. H Aug. to Oft 
 
 Crocosmia ? H.H Oct . to April 
 
 Crown Imperials J H Aug. to Oct 
 
 Cummingia t t Aug. to Oct 
 
 Cyanolla t h.h Aug. to ( H-t 
 
 Cyclamen Persicum • T Aug. to Nov 
 
 Cyelo»K)thra g h.h Aug. to No / 
 
 Cypella i t Oct.toI)«. 
 
 Cyrtant bus t T Oct . to April 
 
 Dahlias i. t Oct. to April 
 
 Dicentra I. h Oct. to March 
 
 Dioscorea 11 h 0<-t . to April 
 
 Eranthis J h Auj?. to Oct. 
 
 Eremurus !l h.h Ot. to April 
 
 Erythronium X h Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Eucharis t t Sept. to Dec. 
 
 Eurycles f t Oct. to March 
 
 Freesia * h.h Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Fritillaria * t H. * H.H Aug. to Oct. 
 
 Galanthus* J h Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Galtonia I h.h Oct. to April 
 
 Geissorhiza t H.H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Gesnera * t T Oct. to April 
 
 Gladiolus I h.h Sept. to April 
 
 Gloriosa ^t T Oct. to April 
 
 Gloxinia t T 0<'t. to April 
 
 Griffinia t T Oct. to April 
 
 H^manthust t Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Helleborus X H 0<'t. to April 
 
 Hemerocallis li H Oct. to April 
 
 Homeria § H.H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Hyacinth *{ h Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Hymenocallis ? t T Oct. to April 
 
 Imantophyllum t t Oct. to April 
 
 Iris, BuJtons* X H. A h.h Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Iris, Rhizomatous, etc. J li H Oct. to April 
 
 Ismene §t T Oct . to April 
 
 Ixia * H.H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Ixiolirion X H Aag. to Nov. 
 
 Jonquils *X H Aug. to ( )ct . 
 
 Lachenalia * H.H Aiig. to Oct. 
 
 Leiicojum t i H Aug. to Oct. 
 
 Lilium * !l H Sept. to April 
 
 Lycoris § t H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Milla I H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Montbretia I H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Muscaria X H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 N»gelia * t T Oct. to April 
 
 Narcissus *X H Aug. to Oct. 
 
 Nemastj'lus g T Oct. to April 
 
 Nerine T T Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Omithogalum * ? H. & H.H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Oxalis, Winter-flowering * t h.h Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Oxalis, for Ixirders § h.h Sept. to April 
 
 Paeonias i h Oct. to April 
 
 Pancratium t§ T Oct. to April 
 
 Phsedranassa * T Oct. to April 
 
 Polygonatum I! H Oct. to April 
 
 Puschkinia X H Aug. to Oct. 
 
 Ranunculus * H.H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Richardia *tg T Sept. to Dec. 
 
 Rigidella § T Oct. to April 
 
 Sanguinaria X h Oct. to April 
 
 Schizostylis * § h.h Oct. to April 
 
 Scilla J * H. * H.H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Sparaxis * h.h Aug. to Nov. 
 
BULBS 
 
 BUPHANE 
 
 195 
 
 QtTtZflA, rrC. HAPDrXKii. DOKMAHT. 
 
 Spfrea < AntUbeJ • H Oct. to April 
 
 Sprt-Mia^ti! T Sept. to April 
 
 8ternl.ergift 9 H Aug. to Oct. 
 
 Tt^i>l»h V lea * , H.M Aug. to Oct. 
 
 Tiirri.lia i T Oct. to April 
 
 Trillium i H Ot . to March 
 
 Tritf leia t H.H Oct. to April 
 
 Tritonif* • H.M Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Tritoma ' H Oct. to April 
 
 Tn'Pi»^»Iuin. Tuljenius * 1 H.H Aug. to Dec. 
 
 TnticroHcs t T Nov. to May 
 
 Tulip •♦ H Aug. to Nov. 
 
 Tyiljfa 't T Oct. to April 
 
 lmH)lina t T Oct. to April 
 
 Vitllota t T Oct. to April 
 
 Wat soiiia * i. H.H Sept. to Dec. 
 
 Zephyranthes*? h.h Aug. to April 
 
 Piter Henderson & Co. 
 
 B''LBlNE (Greek, holbog, a bulb). Liliclcecf. Half- 
 banlv African |ilant.M. of several .speeie-s. allied to Antheri- 
 cuni. but practically unknown in thi.s country. Some of 
 the species are bulbous, and require the general treat- 
 ment given Tape bulbs (see Bulbs). 
 
 BULBIN£LLA. See Chryaobactron. 
 
 BULBOCOOIUM (Greek, woolly bulb). Lilidcece. A 
 half dozen low, crocus-like bulbous plants of the Medi- 
 terranean region and eastward, some spring-flowering 
 and others autumn-tlowering. The spring-flowering spe- 
 cies, B. vernum, is the only one in our gardens. It 
 is hardy, and demands the same soil and location aa 
 crocuses. 
 
 v^mam, Unn. Fig. 291. Blooms in earliest spring, 
 before the Ivs. appear, the fls. resting nearly on the 
 ground : fls. rosy purple, white-spotted on the interior, 
 
 l-:{ from each bulb: Ivs. 
 broad and channelled. 
 B.M. 153 (cf.Fig. 291). 
 ''/f^ F.S. 11: 1149.- Bulbs 
 
 ' should be taken up and 
 
 divided eve.-y 2 or 3 
 years. Plant in the fall. 
 Usually blooms in ad- 
 vance of the crocus. 
 L. n. B. 
 
 BnLBOPiHtLLUM 
 
 v.w,«f V ■■i^«ra«»v?5 •':• (Greek, bulb - Itaf). 
 
 l^-i^'i'^~-}\'r' Orchiddce(r, tribe £pi- 
 
 ^^y'''<i': ^hidrece. Many species 
 
 i^^^r^" '. o^ trop. orchids, mostly 
 
 J^^^f-.' of the Old World, more 
 
 t'l^^BfeH^', I iifiE^'/V^-'. odd than ornamental. 
 
 Very few are known to 
 
 "j^ -'■^^SSBBfKSSS^^^i^^>m-m>~ cultivators. They are 
 
 :^S>clj^^^BKBiS8WiBf^ ^5^''^ '• plants with a stout, 
 
 yv TKrC»«^HiHwa K«f" ■ ~- "**->s ^'reepingrhizome, small 
 
 •yy^^fcj^^^^a^^rS^-' •■•. pseudobulbs bearing 
 
 ^^•/4'^^^^^^^^xSr -;^^ one or two stiff Ivs, : lip 
 
 ^^W'l^Sk^A£^ "•* • jointed, moving when 
 
 fiP''l^''^^\i(^!^i:i.^^- ' touched, sometimes 
 
 -j>t jjj^jj^. gg^ .jj racemes 
 
 or spikes, or solitary. 
 
 Require warm temper- 
 291. Bulbocodium vernum. a^ure and much water. 
 
 Do not dry them off. 
 They thrive on blocks or trunks of ferns. B. B^ceari, 
 Reichb. f., is one of the largest of orchids, its rhizomes 
 twining about trees, and its fls. emitting the vilest con- ' 
 ceivable odor; see G.C. II. 11: 41, and 14: 326, 525; 
 B.M. G5G7. 
 
 L6bbii, Lindl. Leaf solitary, broadly lance-elliptic : 
 scape 1-fld., arising from the side of the pseudobulb, 
 shorter than the If.: fls. large and spreading (2 in. 
 across) ; sepals lanceolate and acuminate, yellow, more or 
 less marked with purple ; petals smaller, streaked purple ; 
 lip cordate-ovate, yellow and orange-dotted, not bearded. 
 Java. B.M. 4532. — Flowers in early summer. Once cata- 
 logued by Pitcher & Manda. 
 
 BULL, EPHEAIM W. The introducer of the Concord 
 grape lived a long, quiet, and useful life in Concord, 
 
 Masx., where he died S<^pt. 27. 1895, In his ninetieth year. 
 In commercial importance, the greatest event in the tar!y 
 history of American grapes was the intnxluction, early 
 in the fifties, of this variety of the northern fox-grape. 
 The first fruit of this grape was obtained in 1849. It« 
 exact origin is obscure. In 1840, Mr. Bull l>ought the 
 house in which he lived until his death. That year some 
 boys brought from the river some wild grapes, and 
 scattered them alwiut the place. A seedling appeared 
 from which Mr. Bull obtained a bunch of fruits in 1H43. 
 He planted seeds of this bunch, and a r«'sulting plant 
 fruited in 1849. This variety was named the Concortl. 
 It soon became the dominant grape in all eastern 
 America, as it was the first variety of sufficient hardi- 
 ness to carr>' the culture of the vine into every garden 
 in the land. It is a pregnant type, and has given rise to 
 no less than fifty honorable seedlings, which range in 
 color from greenish white to purple-black. The quality 
 of the fruit is excelled by many varieties, but the latter 
 usually demand more careful cultivation. The Concord 
 is the one most important type of American grape, and 
 the really successful commercial viticulture of the coun- 
 try <lates from its dissemination ; and yet this grape is 
 apuro native fox-grape, and evidently only twice removed 
 from the wil<l vine. 
 
 Ephraim W. Bull was loved of his neighbors and hon- 
 ored by every countryman who grows or eats a grape. 
 He made verj* little money from his variety, and (lied in 
 extreme poverty. The original vine is still preserved. 
 It is a sprout from the old root. l H. B. 
 
 BULLACE. A small wild or half-domesticated plum, 
 standing midway In-tween the cultivated European sort.s 
 (PrunuK domentica) and the wild sloe {P.Hpinosa). This 
 plum is usually referred to P. instititia, but it is so closely 
 related to the Damsons as to be best classified with them. 
 The Bullace would theTi take the botanical name of the 
 Damsons, P.dommticn, var. Dnmnscena (see Bot. Gaz. 
 27:481). This plum is rather common in parts of Eu- 
 rope, but is very seldom seen in America. 
 
 F. A. Waugh. 
 
 BUMELIA (ancient Greek name for an ash-tree). 
 SapotdceiP. Small trees or shrubs, usually spiny, with 
 rather small, entire, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and 
 small white fls. in axillary clusters: fr. an oblong black 
 drupe. About 20 species from S. N. America to Brazil. 
 None of them is of much horticultural value, but as 
 they grow naturally, mostly on dry, rocky or sandy soil, 
 they may be used sometimes with advantage for plant- 
 ing in similar situations. Prop, by seeds. 
 
 lanugindsa, Pers. Tree, sometimes 50 ft. : Ivs. oblong- 
 obovate or cuneate-obovate, rounded and often apiculate 
 at the apex, dark green and lustrous above, tomentose 
 beneath, sometimes nearly glabrous at length, 1-2)^ in. 
 long : clusters many-fld. ; pedicels slender hairj' : fr. 
 oblong or obovate, i^in. long. S. S.5:247. S. states 
 north to S. Illinois, west to Texas. — This species and B. 
 lycioXdes, Pers., are the hardiest. They have proved 
 hardy in very sheltered positions even in Massachu- 
 setts ; besides these, B. amjustifoUa, Nutt., and B. 
 Umax, Willd., are the most common species in the S. 
 states. B. Pdlmeri, Rose, from Mex., is illustrated in 
 G.F. 7:196. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 BUFHANE (Greek, eattle-deafroyer, alluding to poi- 
 sonous properties) . A ma rylliddcew. Two or three South 
 African bulbs, practically unknown in this country. 
 They are large plants, with many red fls. in an umbel. 
 Perianth tubular, segments equal and narrow, spread- 
 ing : stamens 6, exserted : Ivs. long and sword-like, 
 thick. See Baker, Amarjilideae. 
 
 dlsticha, Herb. {B. toxicdria. Herb., ff(emdnthu8 
 toxicdrius, Thunb. ). Bulb, 6-9 in. in diam. : Ivs. sev- 
 eral, distichous, 1-2 ft. long : peduncle or scape stout 
 (6-12 in. high) and solid, compressed, glaucous, bearing 
 a dense umbel. B.M. 1217. — Sparingly offered in this 
 country. Lvs. said to be very poisonous to cattle in 
 S. Afr. ; bulb furnishes arrow poison for the natives. 
 
 Another species is B. cilidrifi, Herb., with fewer, 
 shorter lvs., and shorter peduncle, bearing 50-100 fls. 
 Not known to be in the Amer. trade. l, g^ g. 
 
196 
 
 BUPHTHALMUM 
 
 BUXUS 
 
 BUPHTHALMUM (Greek for ox-eye). CompdsUce. 
 A few Eluropean and W. Asian perennial herbs, some- 
 times grown in the hardy border. Heads large, with 
 long yellow rays : Ivs, alternate, entire or dentate : 
 pappus short, often connate into a corona : _akene8 
 g'abrous. Showy plants of easy culture. 
 
 specioaissimum, Ard. Lvs. cordate and clasping, the 
 upper ones oval and acuminate : heads solitary on the 
 ends of the stems : 2-5 ft., flowering in July and later. 
 
 salicifdlium, Linn. {B. grand! fldrunif Linn.). Lvs. 
 oblong-lanceolate. 3-nerved, somewhat pubescent and 
 slightly serrate : fls. solitary and terminal, large : lower 
 than the last. 
 
 specidsom, Schreb. (B. cordifbUtim, Waldst. & Kit.). 
 Lvs. very large, cordate, coarse-serrate : tis. very large 
 and showy, on an upward-thickened peduncle : 'A-A ft., 
 blooming in June and later. B. M. ;W60, as Telekia spe- 
 
 «*^'*"- L. H. B. 
 
 BUFLEUSUM (Greek, ox and rib : of no obvious ap- 
 plication ) . Cm bellifertp. Weedy plants of the Old World, 
 of which one {B. rotttndifoUuM, Linn.), is naturalizec* 
 in the Eastern states, anc. another {B. falcatum, Linn.', 
 is cult, in Japan for greens (A.G. 13: 9). 
 
 BUBBtDGEA (after F. W. Burbidge, who discoveret. 
 It in Borneo). ScifamindceKP. A monotypic genus allied 
 to Hedychium, but with no lateral perianth segments and 
 the lip reduced to a small blade. The showy orange- 
 scarlet fls. rival cannas in brilliancy. For culture, see 
 Alpinia and Hedychium. 
 
 nitida, Hook. f. Tender herbaceous perennial : height 
 2-3 ft. : rootstock creeping, matted : stems tufted, slen- 
 der : leaf -blades glossy, 4-4) in. long, eared at junction 
 with the sheath : panicle terminal, 4-6 in. long, many- 
 fld, ; inner p.^rianth tube 1-lV^ in. long ; outer segments 
 134-2 in. long, orange-scarlet, the dorsal one shorter 
 and more roundish than the 2 lateral ones. B. Jf. 6403. 
 Sold by Siebrecht & Son. 
 
 BUBCH£LLIA (W. Burchell, botanical traveler). 
 Hubiiicert'. One species from S. Afr., an evergreen 
 shrub, with opposite short-petioled lvs. and dense ter- 
 minal clusters of sessile scarlet fls.: corolla tubular, 
 bell shaped ; stamens ,5. inserted in the tiibe : fr. a 2- 
 celled, many seeded berry. B. Cap^nsis, R. Br., is in 
 the Amer. trade, being cult, for its rich, dark foliage 
 and brilliant fls. It is very variable, and has received 
 several names. 3-10 ft. Prop, bv cuttincs. Grown un- 
 der glass. B.M.2339. R.H. 1886:"420. J.H. IIL 34: 81. 
 
 BUBDOCK. See Arctium. 
 
 BUKLINGTONIA. See Fodriguezia. 
 
 SUBNET (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.). A hardy 
 rosaceous perennial, the piquant lvs. of which are some- 
 times used in flavoring soups and salads. The dried 
 roots are occasionally used as a family remedy. Burnet 
 Is little known in this country as a condimental herb. 
 It is worthy a place in the hardy border for the orna- 
 mental character of its odd-pinnate lvs. and its little 
 heads of fls. with drooping stamens. The leaflets are 
 very dark green, ovate and notched. .Stems 1-2 ft. high, 
 bearing oblong or globular monoecious heads. Of easiest 
 culture, either from seeds or by division of the clumps. 
 Native of Europe. L_ g g^ 
 
 BUENING-BUSH. See Euonymus. 
 
 BUKElfiLIA. SeeJ?aeW«. 
 
 BUESABIA {Bursa, a pouch, alluding to the shape 
 of the pods). Pittosporcicete. Two species of shrubs 
 with white fls. in clusters ; sepals, petals and stamens 
 each 5 : fr. a 2-loculed capsule, in shape like that of the 
 Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 spindsa, Cav. An elegant spiny shrub or small tree, 
 with drooping branches and pretty white fls., produced 
 in summer : lvs. small, oblong-cuneate, alternate and 
 nearly sessile : fls. small, lateral or terminal, mostly 
 terminal. Australia, Tasmania. B.M. 1767.— Cult, in 
 S. California. 
 
 ee 
 
 BUBS£BA (Joachim Bursvir, a disciple of CVpar 
 Bauhinl. Burserdceie. Generally tall trees, ivith sim- 
 ple or pinnately compound lvs.: fls. small, m dusters 
 4-0 parted, with twice as many stamens as petals or 
 sepals, an<i a 3-pai :ed ovary containing 6 ovuK-s : fr. a 
 3-parted drupe with usually (mly 1 seed. About 40 spe 
 cies of trees in tn)pical America. For B. servidta je< 
 Protitim. 
 
 Simarubra, Sarg. {B. gummifera, Jncq.). Lvs. odd- 
 pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of Ifts. ; Ifts. ovate, acute, mem- 
 branous, smooth on both •sides, entire, the netted veins 
 prominent on the under side : fls. in a very kuottv ra- 
 ceme, 4-6 parted : fr. a drupe, with a 3-valved sui-culent 
 rind and 3-5 nuts. .\ tall tree with a straight trunk and 
 spreading head, found in Florida, Mexico, and (.intra! 
 America an<i the West Indies. — It yields a sweet, aro- 
 matic balsam, which is used in tropical America as a 
 medicine for internal and external application ; dried 
 it is known in the trade as Chibou, or Cachibou re^in! 
 c. Gomart resin. It is a hardy greenhouse plant, ami 
 chrives in a compost of loam and peat. Prop, by cut- 
 tings under glass, with bottom heat. 
 
 G. T. Hastings. 
 
 BU&3-FBUITS. A term used to designate those 
 small fruits which grow on wotxly bushes. It inchides 
 all small-fruits — as that term is used in America— ex- 
 cept strawberries and cranberries. Bush-fruits is an 
 English term, but it has been adopted i-itely in this 
 country, notably in Canl's book on "Bush-F/uits." The 
 common bush-fr-'its are currants, goosebeni'js, rasp- 
 berries, blackberries, and dewberries. 
 
 BUTEA (Earl of Bute). Leguminr<v. Three or four 
 species of trees or woody vines of In>i;:i and China, with 
 deep scarlet, papilionaceous ds. iti racemes and pinnate 
 lvs. In the Old World rarely grown in stoves. In this 
 country, one is cult, in S. Calif. 
 
 fronddsa, Koxbg. A leafy tree, yieldiner gum or lac : 
 Ifts. 3, roundish, pubesceiit beneath, the lateral ones 
 unsymmetrical : fls. 2 in. long, orange-crimson, very 
 ehowv ; stamens 9 together and 1 free. India. — Reaches 
 a height of 50 ft. 
 
 BUTOMUS (Greek, hous, ox, and temno, to cut; the 
 leaves too sharp for the mouths of cattle). Alismkcea. 
 Hardy perennial a<|uatic of easy culture on margins of 
 ponds. Prop, by division. All the species are referred 
 by DC, in Mon. Phan., vol. 3, to B. iimbellafuK, or to 
 th: Austraiiiin Butomopsis, which is also a monotypic 
 genus. 
 
 umbelli tug, Linn. Fi.owering Rush. Rhizome thick: 
 lvs. 2-3 ft. loug, iris-like, sheathing at the base, 3-<*or- 
 nered : fls. rose-colored, 25-30 in an umbel, on a long 
 scape ; sepals 3 ; petals 3. Summer. Eu., Asia. 
 
 BUTTERCUP. Species of Banunculus. 
 
 BUTTERFLY WEKD. Asclepias tuberosa. 
 
 BUTTEENUT. See Juglans. 
 
 BUTTON-BUSH is Cephalanthus. 
 
 BUTTONWOOD. Consult Platanus. 
 
 BUTTEEWOET. See Pin^juicuU. 
 
 BUXUS (ancient Latin name). Euphorhihcecf. Box 
 Tree. Evergreen shrubs or small trees : lvs. opposite, 
 short-petioled, entire, almost glabrous, coriaceous and 
 rather small : fls. montpcious, in axillary or tenuinal 
 clusters, consisting usually of one terminal pistillate 
 flower, with 6 sepals, and several lateral stamiuate tls. 
 with 4 sepals and 4 stamens : fr. an obovate or nearly 
 globular 3-pointed capsule, separating into 3 valres. 
 each containing 2 shining black seeds. About 20 specie* 
 in the mountains of Cent, and E. Asia, N. Afr., and S. 
 Eur., also in W. India and C. Amer. Ornamental ever- 
 green shrubs of dense but rather slow growth, with 
 shining, small foliage and inconspicuous fls. and fr. 
 The common Box Tree and B. microphylhi may he 
 grown in sheltered positions even north, while B. WaU 
 iichiana and B. Balearica, two very distinct and hand- 
 
i«t. 
 
 BUXUS 
 
 BUXUS 
 
 197 
 
 some species, iettow in the warmer temperate rei^ons 
 onlv. li. »empervire»K stands pninin^ very well, and 
 in the ohl formal frardens of Europe was fomxerly much 
 used for hedges, and sometimes trimmed into the most 
 fantast'cal shapes ; the dwarf variety is still often 
 plante<' for bordering flower beds. The very hard and 
 olose->. rained wood is in great demand for engraving 
 and finer tnmery work. The Box Tree thrives in almost 
 any well-drained soil, and best in a partially shaded 
 position. Prop, by cuttings from mature wood early in 
 
 392. Puxus sempervirens. 
 
 (X ].,.) 
 
 I'he lower spray shows 
 toe uuder surface. 
 
 fall, kept during thj» winter in the cool greenhouse or 
 under handlights in J^he open ; in more temperate re- 
 gions they may be inser^ed in a shaxly place in the open 
 air: 4-<J in. is the best si/.e for outdoor cuttings. Layers 
 will also make good plarts. The dwurf variety is usu- 
 ally i>ropagated by division. In planting borders, it is 
 essential to insert the divided plants deeply and as firmly 
 as possible, and to give plenty of water the Urst time. 
 
 Seeds are sown soon after maturity, but it takes a long 
 time to raise plants of good size from them. 
 
 sempervirens, Linn. Com>ion Box Tree. Fig. 292. 
 Shrub or small tree, to 2i; ft.: branches quadrangular, 
 sparingly pubescent : 1 .. oval-oi>lor.g or oval, rarely 
 roundish oval or lanceolate, usually obtuse, J^-IH in. 
 long : fls. in axillary clusters ; staminate fls. sessile, 
 with a gland half as long as the calyx in the center. S. 
 Eur., N. Afr., Orient, CI ina. Very variable in size, 
 color and shape of the Ivs. ; some of the most cultivated 
 forms are the following : Var. angustifdlia, Loud, (var. 
 longifdUa, Hort.; var. uttUcifoHa, Ho'i^.). Lvs narrow, 
 oblong-lanceolate, usually shrubby. Var. arbor^scens, 
 Ijinn. Tall shrnb or small tree : lvs. usually oval. Var. 
 argdnteo-marginita, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. 
 aurea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. atireo-margin&ta, Hort, 
 Lvs. edged yellow. Var. sufiraticdsa, Linn. (var. nf>«o, 
 Hort.). Dwarf : lvs. small, oval or obovate : tlowering 
 clusters usually only terminal. 
 
 Jap^oica, Muell. Arg. (B. obcorddta, Hort. /?. F6r- 
 tunei, Hort.). Shnib, C ft.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or 
 roundish obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, 
 yi~\M in. long, with usually pubescent petioles ; clus- 
 ters axillary ; staminate fls. sessile, with a central gland 
 as long as the calyx. China, Japan.— Nearly a.^ hardy as 
 the former. There are also some variegated forms. 
 
 microph^'lla, Sieb. & Zucc. {B. Japdnica, var. micro- 
 phf/lla, Muell. Arg.). Dwarf, often prostrate shrub, 
 quite glabrous : lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, J^-1 
 in. long : clusters mostly terminal ; staminate fls. ses- 
 sile, with a central gland, like the former. Japan. 
 
 BaieArica, Willd. Shrub, 6-15 ft.: lvs. elliptic or 
 oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, 1-2 in. long, light 
 green : clusters axillary : staminate fls. pedicelled. S. 
 Spain, Balear. — Handsome shrub, but less hardy than 
 the former. 
 
 li. CalUomica, Lk. = Slmmondala Californifa.— .R. Fdrtunti, 
 Hort. = B. Jajwnica.— If. Hdrlandi, Ilance. Branches pul>es- 
 ceut : lvs. narrow obovate, emarginate, %-ll4 i"- long. China. 
 — li. litnyifolia, Boiss. Lvs. narrow-elliptic or lanceolate, 1-1% 
 in. long. Orient. China. —i?. lonpifolia, Hort. = B. sempervi- 
 rens, var. anewstifolia.— 7f. WallichiaDn, Baill. Branches pu- 
 bescent : lvs. liueai--elliptic, 1-2)^ in. long. Himalnyas. 
 
 Al.:^K£D ReHDUB. 
 
CABBAOE. Brdssica olerdcea, Linn., is a crucifer- 
 ous plant which grows wild on the sea-cliflFs of we&tem 
 and southern Europe. Fi^s. 293 and 294. from nature, 
 
 ^S/^ 
 
 293. W^ild Cabbaee on the cliffs of the English Channel. 
 
 show the common form as it grows on the chalk cliffs of 
 the English Channel. It is a perennial plant, or per- 
 haps sometimes a biennial, with a very tough and woody 
 root, a diffuse habit, and large, thick, deep-lobed leaves 
 in various shades of green and reddish, and more or 
 less glaucous. The leaves of this plant were probably 
 eaten by the barbarous or half -civilized tribes ; and when 
 history begins, the plant ha(' been transferred to culti- 
 vated grounds and had begun to produce dense rosettes 
 or heads of leaves. It a]>pear8 to have been in general 
 use before the Aryan migrations to the westward. There 
 were several distinct types or races of the Cabbage in 
 cultivation in Pliny's time. 
 
 From the one original stock have sprung all the forms 
 of Cabbages, Caulirtowers, Brussels Sprouts and Kales. 
 For this family or group of plants the English language 
 has no generic name. The French include them all under 
 the term Chou, and the Germans treat them under A'o/j/. 
 These various tribes may be "^-lassified as follows (cf. 
 De CandoUe, Trans. Hort. Soc. London, 5, 1-43 ; Prodr. 
 1.213): 
 
 Var. ac6phala, DC. The various headless Cabbages. 
 It comprises the Kales, in many types and varieties, as 
 the tall or tree Kales, Curled or Scotch Kales, and Col- 
 lards. The Georgia Collards, gro\\'n in the south and 
 shipped to northern markets, is shown in Fig. 295. Its 
 likeness may be found wihl on the cliffs of the south- 
 eastern coast of England to-day. A Curled Kale is 
 shown in Fig. 29(J. The thick, tender leaves of the Kales 
 are used as "greens." See Collards and Kah. 
 
 Var. gemmlfera, Hort. The bud-bearing Cabbage, or 
 Brussels Sprouts i see Fig. 273). In this group, the main 
 stem or axis is tall and erect, and the axillary buds are 
 developed into little heads. 
 
 V^ar. capit&ta, DC. The head-bearing, or true Cab- 
 bages. In this tribe, the main axis is short and thick, 
 and the leaves are denselv packed into a gigantic bud or 
 head (Figs. 297, 298). the varieties of Cabbage are 
 very numerous and various. A serviceable classification 
 of them might follow this order: 
 
 A. Lvs. plain (not blistered). 
 
 B. Head oblong or conical (Fig. 299). 
 c. Green. 
 CC. Red. 
 BB. Head oblate or flattened (Fig. 299), including c and 
 CC, as above. 
 AA. Lvs. blistered or puckered. The Savoy Cabbages, Fig. 
 300 iB. olerdcea, var. bulldta, DC), to be further di^ 
 vided, as in A. 
 
 Var. botr^tis, DC. Cauliflower and Broccoli, in which 
 the head is formed of the condensed and thickened 
 flower-cluster. See Cauliflower. 
 
 The Chinese Cabbage is a wholly different species 
 from the common Cabbages (see Brassica). It does not 
 form a compact and rounded head, but a more or less 
 open and soft mass of leaves, after the manner of Cos 
 Lettuce. It is of easy culture, but must be grown in the 
 cool season, for it runs quickly to seed in hot and dry 
 weather. l H. B. ' 
 
 Ci'LTi'RE OF Cabbage. —The Cabbage is a gross feeder. 
 It endures much abuse. We may cover its leaves with 
 dust, dose it with all sorts of substances, mutilate its 
 leaves or roots as we choose, plant it in heavy clay, 
 black muck or pure sand, and it will do fairly well in 
 spite of all conditions if we but supply an abundance of 
 easily secured food and the right quantity of water to 
 enable the plant to take it in and make it available. 
 Next to plenty of food, its great requisite is a proper 
 supply of water, and, though its native home seems to 
 be near the ocean, it is by no means an aquatic, and suf- 
 fers as much from an over-supply of water as from any 
 untoward condition, '"iltbages cannot endure hot sun- 
 shine and dry air, ami ■ best at all stages of growth in 
 a cool, moist atmospl .e, and while young plants do 
 fairly well in a higher <.»ne, provided there is plenty of 
 light and air, the older ones cannot be made to form per- 
 fect heads in such weather as prevails in most parts of 
 the United States during the summer months. They are 
 quite hardy, and will endure a too low temperature' bet- 
 ter than one which is too high, their hardiness in this re- 
 spect depending largely upon the condition of the plant. 
 The leaves f>f one rapi«lly grown in a greenhouse will be 
 killed by 2° or 3° of frost, while it will take 20° to 25", 
 continued for some time, to kill one grown slowly out- 
 of-doors. It is clear that if the plant is to be grown suc- 
 cessfully in our southern states, it must be during the 
 cooler winter and spring months ; and at the north 
 seed-sowing must be so timed as to avoid bringing the 
 plants to a heading condition during hot weather. Cab- 
 bages can be grown without protection at the south 
 
 294. Wild Cabbage plant in seed. 
 
 wherever a minimum temperature of about 15° above 
 zero is the coldest that may be expected, and at the 
 north well-grown and hanlened plants for early crop 
 may be set out as soon as danger of a temperature btdow 
 about 20° above zero is passed. The earliest maturing 
 
 (198) 
 
CABBAGE 
 
 CABBAGE 
 
 199 
 
 Tarieties-, when grown without check, will come into 
 headiug condition in about ninety days from the seed, 
 and the time necessary for the different sorts to perfect 
 heads varies from that to some 200 days for the lat^e.st. 
 In about sixty days from the seed the plant will be as 
 large as can be profitably transplanted, so that when 
 plants can be safely set out-of-doors early in March the 
 seed should be sown early in February, the date of sow- 
 ing to be determined by the local climatic conditions. 
 We think the best plan is to sow the seed in boxes, 
 about ',i inches deep, and of convenient size to handle, 
 filled with rather heavy but very friable soil. We plant 
 the seed in drills, about 2 inches apart, dropping about 
 tei. seeds to the inch. The seedlings need abundant 
 light and air, and the great danger to be guarded against 
 is their becoming soft and spindling through too high 
 temperature and the want of lighr. Thv^ should be fully 
 exposed whenever the weather will • mit. In from 
 fifteen to twenty days after sowing tLe seed the plants 
 should be "pricked out," setting them about 2 inches 
 apart, in a rich and somewhat heavier soil than was used 
 in the seed boxes, and as soon as well established they 
 should be given all the light and air possible. A few de- 
 grees of frost for a niirht will be an advantage rather 
 than an injury. It was formerly the custom, and one still 
 followed by some successful growers, to sow the seed in 
 the open ground in September, transplanting into cold- 
 frames in late October or November, and carry the plants 
 through the winter in a dormant or slowly growing condi- 
 tion. Such plants, being very hardy, can be set out early, 
 and. if all goes well, will mature somewhat earlier than 
 spring-grown plants, but this method is now generally 
 thought to be more expensive, less profitable and certain 
 than spring planting. For the later or general crop at 
 the north, and for those parts of the south where no pro- 
 tection is necessary, seed is sown in beds out-of-doors. 
 For this purpose, select a well-drained, level spot, of 
 rich, friable soil, as near the field where the crop is to 
 be grown as practicable, and get it into the best possible 
 condition as to tilth and moisture by repeated cultiva- 
 tion. In the latitude of New York, the latter part of 
 May or the first of June is considered the best time for 
 sowing seed for the general crop, but fine yields are 
 often obtained there from seed sown as late as the mid- 
 dle of July, and many of the most successful growers 
 wisely make several sowings, one as early as May 10, 
 and one or two later, so as to be sure to have plants in 
 the best condition for transplanting at the time when 
 the condition of the field and weather is favorable. The 
 seed should be sown in drills, about a foot apart, at the 
 rate of about fifty to the foot, or, if thicker, the plants 
 should be thinned to about one-fourth inch apart, as 
 
 sr .all roller, or, best of all, the foot ; this firming of the 
 soil is often quite essential to success. It is sometimes 
 the case that, in spite of all our efforts, the seed-bed be- 
 comes so dry that seed will not g' rminate. In such cases 
 one can often get a good stand by watering the ground 
 before planting, filling the drills two or three times with 
 
 295. Georsia Collards. 
 
 soon as fairly up. Some growers sow the seed and leave 
 the plants much thicker, but we think it pays to give 
 them plenty of room. The seed should be lightly cov- 
 ered, and the soil pressed lirmly over it with the hoe, a 
 
 296. Curhed Kale. Brassica oleracea, var. acephala. 
 
 water, and when it has settled away sow the seed and 
 cover with dry earth, well pressed down. In most cases 
 an attempt to wet the bed by sprinkling, either before 
 or after the seed is planted, will do more harm than 
 good. As soon as the starting seed breaks ground the 
 surface should be carefully stirred with a rake, and this 
 should be repeated at least as often as four times a week 
 un^il the plants are taken to the field. 
 
 A full stand of healthy, well-established plants is of 
 great importance, and does much towards assuring a 
 profitable crc»;). So important is it, that many growers 
 wait for damp weather before setting, regardless of the 
 season. We think they often make a mistake in doing 
 so, and, while a cloudy or damp day is desirable, it is of 
 far greater importance that our plants are set at the 
 proper time, and the moisture of the soil conserved by 
 cultivation before and stirring of the surface immedi- 
 ately after setting. Careful attention should be given 
 to so arrange the work that the young plants should be 
 taken up so as to save all the root possible, protected 
 from the sun, anfl set as soon as practicable. Just how 
 thi? can be best done will depend \ipon each planter's 
 circumstances and the help he has at his command. 
 There is one point in transplanting which is of especial 
 importance with Cabbage plants, that is that the roots 
 are not doubled ba<'k upon themselves. This is often 
 done by careless men, and some of the transplanting 
 machines are worthless because of this fault. A Cabbage 
 plant so set never does well, and seems to suffer much 
 more than if the root had been cut off instead of folded 
 back. 
 
 The Cabbage is very dependent upon a proper supply 
 of water, and suffers more from the want of it than most 
 of our garden vegetables. Its roots, though abundant 
 and of quick growth, are comparatively short, and less 
 capable of gathering moisture from a dry soil than those 
 of such plants as the bean. On the other hand, it is 
 quickly and seriously injured by an over-supply of 
 water at the root. Want of consideration of these ehar- 
 acteristics is a frequent cause of failure. Men seei.i to 
 think that, It.'cause the plant is a rank feeder, all that is 
 necessary is an abundant supply of food, and set tiiem 
 on rich, black soils, made up chiefly of vegetable mat- 
 ter, but so open that they quickly dry out during sum- 
 mer droughts and the plants die or Tail to do well, or 
 on lands so poorly drained that in a wet time the ground 
 is flooded and the plants drowned out. Not only shoul-' 
 we select ground where the natural water supply is 
 good, but one where the physical conditions are such 
 that we can conserve the soil moisture by frequent and 
 thorough cultivation, both before and after setting the 
 plants. 
 
 For the highest possible development, the evenness of 
 
200 
 
 CABBAGE 
 
 CABBAGE 
 
 distribution and the de^ee to which the plant-food has 
 l)econie immediately available is of equal or greater 
 importance than the quantity. Land can be put into 
 the best condition for r&ising a maximun crop by a 
 heavy dressing of stable manure, thoroughly worked into 
 a well-drained, loamy soil, and repeating the process 
 yearly for several seasons. A much heavier dressing of 
 manure can be profitably applied to a soil which has 
 been well fertilized in previous years than to one which 
 has received little or none. The most successful grow- 
 ers use large quantities of manure, often as high as one 
 hundred tons to the acre. When stable manure cannot 
 be readily obtained, it may be supplemented by com- 
 mercial fertilizers, so made up as to contain about 
 seven parts of nitrogen to eight of available phosphoric 
 acid and about six of potash. If we depend entirely 
 upon fertilizers, we should use from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds 
 to the acre, and we should not forget that xipon all ordi- 
 nary soils the yield and profitableness of a crop of 
 Cabbage is largely dependent upon the amount of avail- 
 able and evenly distributed plant-food and the degree 
 to which the soil is kept always moist, and more with 
 conditions which can only be secured by frequent and 
 thorough cultivation. 
 
 Diseases and Sore of the Most Common Insect 
 Pests. — C7»<6-roo^— This is the effect of a fungus {Plas- 
 tnidiophora Brassicce), which develops within the cells 
 of the root, causing them to become distorted and the 
 plant to develop imperfectly or die. On the death of 
 the plant, the spores of the fungus become mixed with 
 the soil, where they lie dormant until roots of some 
 other host-plant come in contact with them, and tfie 
 conditions are favorable for their development. They 
 develop within several of our common weeds, and we 
 believe that the spores are to be found in most of our 
 cultivated fields, and need only favorable conditions to 
 develop. We have found that the disease is seldom 
 troublesome except where the cultural conditions, par- 
 ticularly as to moisture, are unfavorable to the Cab- 
 bage, and that the best preventive is careful attention 
 to the health and vigor of the plant. We know cf no 
 practical remedy where a plant or field is badly affected. 
 
 Flea Beetle.— A small, quick-moving black insect 
 (Phi/Uotreta vittata), which sometimes destroys the 
 seedlings before they have formed true leaves. By at- 
 tending to them promptly, we have always succeeded in 
 protecting our plants by dusting them with tobacco 
 dust, used liberally and as often as necessary, which 
 may be twice a day. A great deal depends upon using 
 the tobacco as soon as the first beetles appear. It is a 
 great deal easier to keep them off than to dislodge them 
 after they are«once there. 
 
 Cabbage Boot Maggot (Phorhia Bra ssic(r).— This is 
 the larva of a fly very much like the common house fly, 
 though a little smaller. They appear in the latitude 
 
 preventive, only practicable for use on early plants of 
 high prospective value, is to surround the plants with 
 shiel«ls formed of octagon pieces of tarred paper about 
 three inches across, and having a small hole in the cen- 
 ter, from which there is a slit to one edge, by means of 
 
 297. A modern Cabbage head— Early Flat Dutch. 
 
 of Detroit early in May, and the female deposits her 
 eggs in the ground at or close to the plant, usually put- 
 ting her abdomen into the opening in the soil formed 
 ])y the movement of the plant by the wind. The eggs 
 hatch in a few days, and the magg<»ts feed upon the 
 roots and soon destroy them. An effective but costly 
 
 298. Section of Cabbaee I Jad. 
 
 Showing the thickened rachis and leaf-stalks, and the 
 buds in the axils. 
 
 which the guard can be slipped around the plant and 
 pressed down on the ground, so that the fly is prevented 
 from laying her eggs in the earth, and, laid on the sur- 
 face, they will perish for want of moisture. We have 
 also done much to prevent injury by scattering among 
 the plants bits of sticky fly-paper, by means of which a 
 great many of the flies are caught and killed. It is 
 important that the paper should be put out early, so as 
 to catch as many as possible before they have laid their 
 eggs. In the seed-bed, the maggot can be destroyed by 
 injecting bisulfide of carbon about the roots from a 
 svringe, or pouring it into a hole and quickly closing 
 the hole (cf. Slingerland, Bull. 78, Cornell Exp. Sta.). 
 
 The Green Cabbage Worm (PiVWs i?a;j<F).— We have 
 succeeded best in protecting our young plants from 
 worms by spraying with Paris green and water in 
 about the proportions used for potato bugs. As the plants 
 become larger, and the use of the poison objectionable, 
 we dust the plants with pyrethrum powder, which, if 
 pure, will be very effective. 
 
 Harvesting, Storing and Marketing.— Nearly all 
 of a well-grown crop of Cabbage of a good stock will 
 mature at about the same time, and, while the earlier 
 sorts remain in prime condition but a few days, the 
 later ones remain so for two or three weeks, and can be 
 stored so as to be salable for several months. Often the 
 maturing of the crop can be delayed to advantage by 
 partially pulling the plants and pressing them over to 
 the north. The southern crop is usually marketed from 
 the field as soon as it is fit, being sent forward in open 
 crates containing from two to ten dozen heads. The 
 early fall market is usually supplied by local growers, 
 who deliver direct to retailers. The late fall crop is 
 often shipped long distances in open or well ventilated 
 cars. At the north they may be stored till spring. We 
 have tried more than a'score of •highly praised methods 
 of storing, and found that each, under certain condi- 
 tions, had advantages, but we have found that generally 
 the best and most certainly successful plan, at least for 
 the latitude of Detroit, is' to store in trenches, as fol- 
 lows : Plow and replow several times a strip of well- 
 drained sandy land, where there is no danger from sur- 
 face water, and open a trench some 10 inches deep and 
 about 20 inches wide. Then pull the Cabbages, remove 
 a few of the outer leaves, stand them on their heads for 
 
CABBAGE 
 
 CABBAGE 
 
 201 
 
 a few hours, that any wator at the base of the leaves may 
 escape, and set them in the trench, heads up and as com- 
 pactly as possible, throwing a little earth over the roots 
 as we do so. We have found it profitable to build a roof 
 of four rotigh boards over thera, but this is not essen- 
 tial, and they may be slightly covered with corn-stalks 
 or other coarse litter, or even the refuse leaves of the 
 
 299. Jersey Wakefield Cabbage. 
 
 Cabbage may be used. As soon as there is danger of 
 frost, cover with earth, to protetL them from it and the 
 rain. If the boards are used, they should be covered 
 with earth in the same way, and in both cases the cov- 
 ering should be increased as the weather grows colder, 
 and if it should be very cold, a covering of straw or 
 coarse manure is desirable. The aim is to protect the 
 heads from rain, but to keep them moist and at an even 
 temperature — one of about 32° is best, and one some- 
 what lower is less objectionable than one much higher. 
 The cost of growing an acre of general crop or late 
 Cabbage on good ground, not including ground rent, is 
 about as follows : Fertilizer, $20 to $40 ; preparation of 
 the ground, $10 ; growing and setting about 8,000 plants, 
 $13 ; cultivating and hoeing, $10 ; harvesting and mar- 
 keting, $10. The yield should be about 7,.')00 heads, 
 making the cost of growing a!)out one cent a head. 
 
 Varieties.— The Cabbage has been made more valu- 
 able to man by the development of a tendency to form 
 more and larger leaves, and thickening them with thick- 
 walled cells deposited both in the blade and the ribs. 
 There has also been a shortening of the stem, particu- 
 larly at the top, until the upper leaves are crowded and 
 folded over each other and form a bud or head, the inner 
 portion of which becomes blanched, tender and sweet, 
 and, through the loss of much of the naturally strong 
 taste, well-flavored. The thicker the leaves and the more 
 solid the head, the sweeter, more tender and better fla- 
 vored the Cabbage. If the leaves are long and narrow, 
 with large midrib and little blade at the base, 
 the upper part of the head may be solid ; but 
 the lower i)art, being made up chiefly of the 
 thickened midribs, will be open and coarse. 
 If the leaves are broad and proportionately 
 too short, they will not lap well over each 
 other, and the head will be soft and even 
 open at the center. Many varieties have been 
 developed, differing in season of maturity, 
 shape of head, etc., and adapted to different 
 cultural or iiiarket conditions. JMany of them, 
 though differing in some point, are essentially 
 identical, and, as the list is an ever-increasing 
 and constantly changing one, we would refer 
 our readers to the "various seedsmen's cata- 
 logrues for descriptions, onh- speaking of a 
 few representative sorts of the different types, 
 between which there are many intermediate 
 forms. 
 
 Jersey Wakefield (Fig. 299), Express, Netr 
 York. — These are small-growing, early-ma- 
 turing and small-headed sorts. Under favor- 
 able conditions they become fit for use in 
 from 90 to 110 days from seed, and contiime in 
 edible condition but a comparatively short 
 time. The plants are compact and erect-growing, with 
 very thick, smooth and smooth-edged leaves, and are 
 very hardy. The hearts are small, as compare<l with the 
 later sorts, more or less conical in shape, quite solid, 
 
 and of good quality. Owing to the hardiness and com- 
 pact habit of the plants, tbej* are the best sorts for forc- 
 ing under glass and early spring planting at the north, 
 and for winter culture at the south. 
 
 Winm'i/.'ifadf is in some respects much like the above, 
 but is larger in plant and head, somewhat later, and a 
 much better keeper. The heads are sharply conical, with 
 the leaves convolute rather than overlapping at the top, 
 and very hard ; of good quality, and remain a long time 
 in conditi(m for use. The type is very sure heading and 
 hardy, and will form good heads under circumstances 
 where most others would fail. 
 
 Jlenderson's Early Sumtuer, Early Flat Dutch (Fig. 
 297), All -Head, are strong-growing, vigorous sorts, be- 
 coming fit for use in from 100 to 140 days, and continuing 
 in condition nmch longer than the Wakefield type. The 
 plants are large, spreading, with large, broad, smooth, 
 thick leaves, anil form a more or loss flattened, oval head 
 of good size ; solid, and of good quality. They are best 
 adapted to early fall use. 
 
 Late Flat Dutch, Stone Mason, Late Drumhead. — 
 Strong-growing, sj) reading plants, forming very large, 
 solid hea«ls in from 120 to 180 days, and remaining a long 
 time in usable condition. They are th« best type for 
 general crop, will give the largest yield, and keep well 
 through the winter. 
 
 Hollander, Ltixemhurg. — A type of Danish'"origin, 
 which has become quite popular of late years, particu- 
 larly for shipping long distances. The ])lants are strong- 
 growing and the hardiest of all, enduring with but little 
 injury frost or drought which wouM ruin other sorts. 
 They come to maturity slowly, and form a comparatively 
 small but very hard round head of good ciuality, which 
 keeps well and which, because of its shape and solidity, 
 can be handled in shipping better than most sorts. 
 
 Savoy (Fig. 300). — A class of Cabbage in which the 
 leaves of both the plant and head are cnimpled or sa- 
 voyed instead of smooth, as in the preceding. There are 
 varieties of all the types found in smooth-leaved sorts, 
 thou;!:h generally they are less certain to form good 
 heads, and the heads are smaller. As a class they are 
 very hardy, particularly as to cold. They are extensively 
 grown in Europe, where they are esteemed to be much 
 more tender and delicate in flavor than the smooth- 
 leaved sorts. 
 
 Ifed Cabbage.— A class of which there are many varie- 
 ties, and in which the leaves of the plant are dark pur- 
 ple and those of the head bright red. The heads are 
 
 300. Savoy Cabbaee. 
 
 small, but usually very solid, and are especially esteemed 
 for use as "cold slaw." 
 
 Seed-«kowino. — It is only through the constant exer- 
 cise of the utmost care and skill in the growing of the 
 
202 
 
 CABBAGE 
 
 CACALIA 
 
 seed that this or any other vegetable can be improved, 
 or even its present gooti qualities maintained. It would 
 8eem to be an easy matter to save and use only the seed 
 of a few of the most perfect Cabbages, for the plant is 
 capable of enormous seed production. We have known 
 a single plant to yield 35 ounces of seed, enough, 
 if every seed grew, to furnish the plants for 50 acres; 
 but it is not quite so easy as this showing would make 
 it — lirst. because the yield mentioned is an exceptional 
 one. and, secondly, because it is very seldom that an 
 isolated plant yields a crop of seed. The flower of the 
 Cabbage is sexually perfect, and I think there is no dis- 
 covered reason why individual plants are self-impo- 
 tent, but we have never succeeded in getting more 
 than a very few seeds from an isolated plant, either in 
 the open air or when enclosed in an insect-tight struc- 
 ture of glass and cloth, in which a nuniluT of lu'es were 
 confineci. Again, we have repeatedly isolated the best 
 plant of an hundred, setting the rest in a block, and the 
 few seeds obtained from the isolated one pro<iuce<l plants 
 showinji more variation, ami quite inferior in evenness 
 an<i type, than thoso from the block. At least one of our 
 popular varieties is made up of the descendants of a 
 single isolated plant, but it is a curious fact that in the 
 second and subseqiu>nt generati«>ns the stock was very 
 dilTerent in type from that of the selecte<i plant from 
 which it was descended. The originator of one of our 
 best varieties maintains that it is essential to the pnxluc- 
 tion of the best seed of that sort that seed-plants of very 
 different types should be set together, and by crossing 
 they will produce and give plants of the desired type. 
 In spite of those facts, we believe that the general rule 
 and practice which give the best results with other plants 
 are equally desirable for the Cabbage, and that in this, 
 as with other plants, we should first form a distinct and 
 exact conception of the plant we wish to proiluce, and 
 then raise seed from the one which comes nearest to that 
 ideal. It would s<>em that the necessity of a distinct and 
 well defined ideal of exactly what we want to produce 
 would be self-evident, but some seed-growers have a 
 very vague idea of the exact type wanted. Some years 
 ago we visited the originator of one of our best varieties, 
 for the purpose of learning what he considered the type 
 oi the variety. He was an iutelligrent man, a good culti- 
 vator, and had been growing this strain for over twenty 
 years. He took us into a field of as handsome Cabbages 
 as we ever saw. but which were far from uniform. We 
 asked him to select an ideal plant of his strain, and care- 
 fully noted its every characteristic. Going to another 
 part of the field, we asked him to select another, and he 
 picked out one which in color, shape, and general charac- 
 ter of the crop, was very different from the first. Both 
 were fine market Cabbages, but so different that if either 
 were taken as the true type of the variety, the other 
 should be thrown out of a seed crop as being a different 
 sort. Third and fourth selections were intermediate 
 between the first two. and the fifth very nearly like the 
 first. This man ha<l been growing this strain for twenty 
 years, and was intt-nt upon developing a strain of supe- 
 rii»r (juality for marketintr, and in his selection and 
 breeding had looked solel;. to the selling quality of the 
 heads. His course was as unwise as it would be for a 
 breeder of Jersey cattle to breed from black, red, white, 
 big or little cows, regardless ot anything but the qual- 
 ity of their milk. Having formed a carefully consid- 
 ered ideal, we sliould select from 10 to 10*0 of the 
 plants which come nearest to it. and from these make 
 an extra selection of about one-tenth of the best. We 
 would set the whole lot in a nearly sqtiare block, with 
 the extra selections in the 'H'uter. We would save and 
 plant seed from each extra select plant by itself, and 
 having, by very careful examination, ascertained which 
 lot adiiered most closely and evenly to our ideal type, 
 w«»uld select our ]>lants for next year's seeding from it. 
 rather than use tlie be^t individual plants foun<l in all 
 the lots. Experience has satisfied us that by this method 
 we can gradually fix and improve our stocks, and grow 
 seed much better than that usually produced. 
 
 In commercial see<l-growing, they aim to so time the 
 planting that the crop will be just coming to maturity 
 at the time of storing for winter. Mixtures and inferior 
 plants can be detected and thrown «mt then as well hs 
 when the plants are fully matured, iumI the younger 
 
 plants will (go through the winter and seed better thaa 
 those which are fully ripe when put away for the win- 
 ter. The plants are usually wintered in the manner 
 described for storing for market use. except that the 
 trench is usually narrower. The plants are set out for 
 seed-bearing as early as possible in the spring. It ig 
 usually necessary to carefully open the head by two 
 cross-cuts with a knife in order to let the tender "seed- 
 stalk break through. The plants are given double or 
 treble the space which they required the first year. It 
 is generally true that the more developed and better the 
 stock, the smaller the yield of seed, y^^ -^ Tiiact 
 
 CABdMBA (aborjginal name). yymph<T(\cea>. Haifa 
 dozen aquatics of the western hemisphere, with small 
 flowers having persistent sepals and petals, e.ach 3 or 4 
 and stamens few ; carpels '2-^i, free and distinct, and 
 submerged Ivs. finely dissected and mostly opposite. 
 
 CaroIiniJina, Gray (C. aqudfica, DC, not Aubl. c. 
 riridi folia, Hort.). Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear: 
 fls. white, with 2 yellow spots at base of each petal • 
 stamens G. N. Car., S. an«l W. A.G. 15:157. — ('. mmt^. 
 fdlia, Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs. A.G. 15:157, 
 
 The true C. aqudtica. Aubl.. of trop. Amer., with 
 vellow fls. and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shovni 
 in B.M. 7090. l. H, B 
 
 Cdhomba CaroUniana is very largely used by growers 
 of aquatics. It is one of the indispensable plants for 
 the aquari'ira. It is grown largely in North Carolina, 
 District of Columbia an<l Maryland, where it can be ob- 
 tained in quantities during the year for persons in the 
 large eastern cities, where it is commonly called Fish 
 Grass, Washington Grass, etc. It is tied in bunches with 
 a metallic fastening, "which acts as a \veight, thus re- 
 taining the same in a natxiral position in water. In a 
 moderate temperature it soon emits roots and grows 
 freely. It is a submerged plant, except in midsummer, 
 when the flowers are borne above the water, accompa- 
 nied by a few floating leaves. It is one of the best 
 plants for domestic fish. It also grows in New Jersey, 
 where it is quite hardy. C. rostr folia is tender, does not 
 retain its delightful carmine coloring under confinement, 
 and is not so often met, except in Florida. 
 
 William Thicker. 
 
 CAC Alia ( ancient Greek name ) . Cotnp6sit(F. Peren- 
 nial herbs, of which 9 or 10 are native to the U. S. 
 Florets all hermaphrodite, with white or flesh-colored 
 corollas, each of the 5 lobes with a midnerve : akenes 
 
 \1#' /J 
 
 301. Cactus forms. 
 
CACALIA 
 
 CACTUS 
 
 203 
 
 riabroTis : Ivs. petioled. None of the species are known 
 to he in the Anier. trade, but some of the native kinds 
 may be expected to appear in commerce. For an account 
 of the N. Amer. species, see Gray, Syn. Fl., vol. 1, p. 2, 
 pp. ;tt)4-6. 
 
 CACALIA of the florists. See Emilia. 
 
 302. Showing the remarkable condensation of the plant 
 body in a cactus— Mamillaria micromeris. 
 
 CACALldPSIS (Cura?m-7/Av). CompSsiUr. One spe- 
 cie*, with discoid, very many-fld. lieads of perfect yel- 
 low florets, and palmate Ivs. 
 
 Narddsmia, Gray. Strontr perennial, 1-2 ft. hisrh, 
 IcHise, woolly, but becoming nearly glabrous : Ivs. nearly 
 all radical. long-stalke<l, .">-0-cl«'ft or parted, the lohes 
 dentate or cut: heads an inch high, in a loose cluster 
 at the summit of the nearly nakeci stem, fragrant. Pine 
 woo<ls. Calif, to Wash. — int. by Gillett in 1881 as a 
 border plant. 
 
 CACAO, COCOA. See Theobroma. 
 
 CACTUS, CACTI. The peculiar forms included under 
 this uame constitute the family CactiireiF. They are 
 especially characteristic of the warm and dry regions of 
 America, their display being greatest in Mexico, although 
 extending from the plains of North America and east- 
 ward southward through the West Indies and Mexico to 
 southern South America. Aside from certain African 
 species of Rhipsalis, this great family, containing about 
 1,000 known species, is absolutely restricted to Amer- 
 ica. The common prickly pear {Opuutitj F)ciis-I>HJ)ra) 
 has long been naturalized throughout the Mediterranean 
 reeitin. and its pulpy fruit is eaten under the name of 
 "Indian fig." The chief display of Cacti in the United 
 States is in the Mexican border states, representing 
 the nt)rthern edge of the still more extensive Mexican 
 display. 
 
 The peculiar habit of the family seems to be the re- 
 sult of perennial drotight conditions, to which they have 
 l)eoonie remarkably adapted. The two-fold problem pre- 
 sented by such ctmditions is the storage of water and 
 the regulation of its loss. As a result of water storage, 
 the plant bodies are chara<'teristica!ly succulent. Loss 
 of water by transpiration is re«luced to a mininuim by 
 heavy epidermal walls and ciiticle. and other anatomi- 
 cal devices, but perhaps still more by reducing the sur- 
 face exposure of the bodv in comparison with its mass 
 (Figs. 301, 302. 303). For the most part, foliatre l.'aves 
 have been abandone<l entirely, and their peculiar work 
 has been assumed by the superficial tissues of the stem. 
 The stem itself is flat or columnar or gli>bular. the la.st 
 form representing the least exposure of surface in pro- 
 portion to the mass. The lat«'rally developed leaves and 
 branches common to ordinary stems are generally re- 
 placed by various ephemeral or abortive structures, the 
 most notable of which are th 
 varied spines. The real natur* 
 
 puted question, and not a very important one. When 
 rudimentary leaves appear, as in Opuntia. they are 
 found subtending the cushion or area in connection 
 ^th which the spines are developed. This area is 
 clearly an aborted branch, and the spines represent 
 
 lateral members upon it ; and most probably these 
 lateral members represent leaves. The Cactus forms are 
 not always leafless or compact, for'the species of Peres- 
 kia are climbing, woody forms, with well developed 
 petiolate leaves (Fig. 309); and even the well known 
 prickly pears (Opuntia) are more or less expanded, and 
 have very evident ephemeral leaves. 
 
 The flowers are usually conspicuous, in many cases 
 remarkably large an«l brilliantly colored. The sepals 
 and petals are nunien>us, arrang<Ml in several imbrica- 
 ting series ; the stamens are indefinite in number and 
 inserted at the base of the con^lla : the style is promi- 
 nent, with spreading, stigmatic lobes (Fig. 305). The 
 inferior ovan." contains numerous seeds, ripening into a 
 smooth or bristlv or spinv fleshy fruit, often edible 
 (Figs. 304, 30<)). ' 
 
 The largest forms are species of Cereus. with huge, 
 columnar and fluted, spiny bodies, bearing a few clumsy 
 ascen<ling branches, said to sometimes attain a height 
 of 50 or t)0 feet. These arlmrescent forms are especially 
 developed in the drainage basin of the Gulf of Califor- 
 nia. On the western slopes of Mexico proper, and on 
 the eastern slopes of Lower California, these Cactus 
 trees occur in extensive forests, forming the so-called 
 "cardon forests." 
 
 In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plant.annn, 13 gen- 
 era of Cncfacfcr are recognized, while in Engler and 
 Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, recently i>\iblishf<l. Schu- 
 mann recognizes 20 genera. Of these 20 genera, 15 are 
 included in trade catalogues, and five of them are rep- 
 resented in the United States. Generic and specific 
 lines among the Cortacect are very indistinct, and the 
 greatest diversity of opinion in reference to them ex- 
 ists. The group seems to be a very modern one geolog- 
 ically, and unusually plastic, responding readily to 
 varying conditions, so that fonns that have been de- 
 scribed as distinct species will undoubtedly prove to be 
 but different phases of a single species. The confxision 
 has l)een further intensified by the description of nu- 
 merous garden forms. As a result, many catalogue 
 names are very uncertain, being applied differently in 
 
 or abortive structures, the I ' "'■'^^!3^^/?]^^"'T^'i^ 
 e bristles and remarkably |_^^» " / *•.:•;•*••■:"'%-' 
 e of Cactus spines is a dis- f* «.,'■- '- - ,-■■ ^-^**-''<r? 
 
 303, Extreme condensation 
 * Felecyphora ase 
 
 of the plant 
 litormis. 
 
 body— 
 
204 
 
 CACTUS 
 
 CACTUS 
 
 different garden collections. In addition to forms which 
 appear normal, various so-called "monstrosities" are 
 apt to arise, both in nature and in cultivation. These 
 
 304. Fruit of Cere us Martinii 
 
 abnormal forms are of two general types : one, in which 
 the body takes the form of a fan or contorted ridge, is 
 designated by the varietal name cristatus and its gender 
 equivalents ; the other, in which there is an irregular 
 bunching of branches, is designated in the same way 
 as var. monstroi!n,s. 
 
 A brief sjTiopsis of the 15 genera announced in trade 
 catalogues is as follows : 
 
 A. Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary: stems icith 
 tubercles or tuberculate ribs. 
 
 B. Stems short: fls. in axils of tubercles or ribs. 
 
 1. Melocactus. Nearly globular, strongly ribbed and 
 spiny, easily recognized by the distinct flower-bearing 
 crown. About 30 species, found chiefly in W. India and 
 Brazil. 
 
 2. Mamillaria. Fig. 302. Globular to short cylindri- 
 cal, not ribbed, but with prominent tubercles bearing 
 terminal clusters of spines, and fls. usually in zones. 
 The largest genus, nearly 300 species being recognized, 
 ranging from northern U. S. into S. Amer. 
 
 3. Pelecyphora. Fig, .303. Like the last, but the 
 spirally arranged tubercles are flattened, and bear two 
 rows of flat, overlapping, homy scales instead of spines. 
 A single Mexican species. 
 
 4. Anhalon^Tun. Low, flat -topped forms, the tubercles 
 spineless and resembling thick, imbricate scales. About 
 
 BB. Stems short: fls. terminal, on tubercles which 
 are often confluent into ribs. 
 
 5. Echinocactus. Globular to short cylindrical, 
 stroiigly ribbed forms. The second genus in th«' num- 
 ber of its species, 200 being recognized, ranging from 
 the U. S. to Chile and Brazil. 
 
 6. Malacocarpus. Closely resemlding the last, and 
 often iiu'iudfd under it. Distinguished by the W(>ollv 
 tuft at the very apex of the stem. About 8 species are 
 recognized, restricted to Brazil and Uraguay. 
 
 BBB. Stems mostly elongated, erect or climbing, 
 branching, ribbed or angled. 
 
 7. CereuB. Fig. 304. From almost globular to stout 
 columnar, or slt-nder, climbing, creeping (»r deflexed. A 
 genus of abovit 100 species, extending from the U. S. 
 into South America. 
 
 8. Pilocereus. Distinguished from the large, colum- 
 nar forms of Cereus by the development of abundant 
 white hairs instead of rigid spines. About 45 species 
 are recognized, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. 
 
 9. Echinopsis. Like columnar species of Cereus, but 
 ver>' short (sometimes glol>ose) and many-ribbed, with 
 remarkably elongated calyx tubes. About 10 species, 
 restricted to southern S. Amer. 
 
 10. Echinocereus. Like cylindrical species of Cereus, 
 but small, and with weak spines and short calyx tubes. 
 About 30 species, found in both N. and S. Amer. 
 
 305. Flower of Phyllocactus. 
 
 6 species, all Mexican, one of which is found in the U. 
 S. The proper name of this genus is Ariocarpus. By 
 xnany it is considered as belonging to Echinocactus. 
 
 306. Fruit of Phyllocactus angrulieer. 
 
 BBBB. Stems flattened or winged, jointed. 
 
 11. Phyllocactus. Figs. 305, 306. Mostly epiphytic, 
 the joints flat, becoming thin and leaf-like upon cylin- 
 drical stems. About 12 species are recognized in Cent, 
 and S. Amer. 
 
 12. Epiphyllum. An epiphyte, with numerous hang- 
 ing, many-jointed stems. A single S. American species, 
 the other species usually referred to this genus belong- 
 ing to Phyllocactus. ^ * ^ 
 
 AA. Calyx tube not produced beyond the ovary : stems 
 branching and jointed. 
 
 13. Bhipsalis. Small, epiphytic forms, with joints 
 ribbed, cylindrical or flat, with or without bristles. A 
 genus of 50 species, chiefly developed in Cent, and S. 
 America. 
 
 14. Opuntia. Figs. 307. 308. Branching, jointed forms, 
 the joints flat or cylindrical, usually bristly and spiny. 
 A large genus of 150 species, ranging from central N. 
 Amer. to Chile. The cylindrical forms belong to the 
 more desert regions, while the flat-jointed forms, or 
 "prickly pears," as a rule occupy conditions not so ex- 
 tremely dry. 
 
 1"). Fereskia. Fig. 309. Climbing, woody forms, with 
 perfectly developed Ivs. About 15 species are known, 
 ranging from Mexico to Argentine. The name is ordi- 
 narily written Pereskia. 
 
 The completest monograph of Cacti, with descriptions 
 of species, is Schumannn's Gesammtbeschreibung der 
 Kakteen, Berlin, 1899. Jqhn M. Coulteb. 
 
CACTUS 
 
 CACTUS 
 
 205 
 
 CrLTrRE or Cacti.— To enable one to 
 hop*" to be fairly successful in the culti- 
 vation of a collecti<m of Cacti, it may be 
 well to observe the following sug^es- 
 tions : Always endeavor to secure plants 
 in May or early June, as at that time 
 any wVmnds caused by pa<king or in 
 transportation become quickly healed, 
 ami a perfect callus is formed, which 
 (reneraily prevents further decay. Again, 
 alwavH be sure that the plant is in per- 
 fect condition before it is potted. Plants 
 collected from their native habitats are 
 usually received without roots ; or, if 
 they have roots, they will be found, in 
 most cases, to be so injured that, for 
 the safety of the plant, they w^ould better 
 be takeu off close to the plant with a 
 sharp knife. This done, priweed to closely examine 
 the plant, and be sure that every part of it is per- 
 fectly free from all signs of sickness or rot. Plants 
 which have been on the roatl only a few days may arrive 
 with a certain percentage dead. Such plants undoubt- 
 edly looked good while being pa<'ked, but a careful 
 examination would have shown them to be unfit for 
 sale. If, on esaminatiim, any sign of sickness or decay 
 should be found, let the batl parts be at once taken out 
 until healthy tissue is re".ohed, after which place the 
 plants in full exposure to sun and wind, allowing them 
 to so remain until every atom of the treated part has 
 become covered with a dry and perfect callus. It may 
 sometimes be found necessary to use a hot iron where 
 decay is doing ver\' rapid work. When the plant re- 
 ceived 's very large and old, or the bottom has become 
 hard, dry and woody, or the roots injured, then at once 
 cut off the woody bottom up to living tissue ; and plant 
 only after the woun<l has been dried thoroughly. Treated 
 thus, the plant will produce, in most cases, an abundant 
 supply of new roots in a very short time, and thus give 
 a virtually young plant ; but if any old, woody part is 
 left on. the chances will be against the forming of new 
 roots. Never take the hard trunk of a plant for propa- 
 gating purposes, but choose the active, growing part, 
 in which the cells are full of life. 
 
 In preparing soil for Cacti, it will be found advisa- 
 ble to use one-half good, fibrous loam and one-half very 
 old lime rubbish, secured from some old, torn down 
 brick building, taking care to sift from it the fine, dusty 
 particles to ensure material of perfect drainage. To 
 this may be added good, clean sand. In potting Cacti, 
 it is generally supposed that a pot as large uo the body 
 of the plant is sufficient ; but it is better to select pots 
 of a rather larger size, for during the season of growth 
 the plant must be supplied with water, and when pots 
 are too small this cannot be done. In such case the 
 
 plant has to depend upon 
 its own resources. In the 
 process of potting, fill the 
 pot one-third with rough 
 lumps of coke or other 
 such material, on the top 
 of which place a liberal 
 supply of hnely broken 
 crockery. Now ' add the 
 soil, taking care to put the 
 coarsest soil directly on 
 top of the crocks, and then 
 the finer, on whicL to place 
 the cuttings or plants. 
 Take care to plant very 
 little below the surface. 
 Be sure that the soil is 
 fairly dry, and carefully 
 abstain from watering for 
 some time ; but if the 
 weather is verj' warm and 
 bright, a very light syring- 
 ing may be given once each 
 day. If pots are plunged 
 in open ground, this light 
 daily syringing will be 
 sufficient until the plant 
 307. Opuntia. shows signs of growth. 
 
 308. Leaf*Uke branches of Opuntia— Opuntia. or Nopalea, 
 coccinellifera. the cochineal plant. 
 
 It is a mistake to repot Cacti very often, unless the 
 roots have become infested with mealy bug or other 
 pest. Should this occur, the plant must be turned out 
 of the pot, roots thoroughly washed, and planted in a 
 new pot and in new soil. The condition of the soil in 
 each pot should be constantly and carefully examined, 
 and if the slightest sign of imperfect drainage is mani- 
 fest, the case should receive prompt attention. 
 
 In the summer season, some persons turn their plants 
 out of pots into the open borders. They may do well 
 during the season, but, as there is more or less danger 
 of bruising or injuring them in taking them up from 
 open ground and repotting, the practice is unwise. 
 Avoid inflicting any injury on the plants in the late fall 
 or winter. It will be found a much safer practice to 
 plunge the plants, in their pots, in late spring or as 
 soon as the cold spring rains are over. Any warm, well- 
 drained bed or border may be selected for this purpose, 
 where they may receive sunlight and perfect venti- 
 lation. 
 
 For winter protection, select a naturally damp house, 
 —one with floor sunken two feet or more. It should not 
 be made wet by constant syringing or by a leaky roof, 
 but by keeping the floor of the house damp, thus ren- 
 dering it unnecessary to be constantly watering the 
 plants. Let the temperature of the house be kept as 
 close as possible to 50°, promptly ventilating when the 
 heat begins to increase. Avoid all severe changes. Use 
 as mild a fire heat as possible to be safe from cold. 
 
 Cacti may be propagated from seed, by division of 
 large clumps, and by cuttings or offsets. The most 
 interesting, instructive and permanently successful 
 method is from seed. Plants grown in this way will 
 furnish the grower, in two or three years, with a fine 
 stock of thrifty plants which will be a permanent source 
 of satisfaction. Raising seedlings is better than import- 
 ing the plants from their native habitats if one desires 
 to secure a fine collection of Cacti. There would be 
 many n ore amateur collections of Cacti if persons 
 would sort by raising plants from seed. The most 
 
206 
 
 CACTUS 
 
 C^SALPINIA 
 
 desirable Cacti to be raised from seed are Peleoyphora, 
 Maniillaria, Cereus, EchinopHis and Echinocactus. When 
 raised from seed, any of these may be successfully 
 grown as window plants, with little danger of loss. 
 
 Perhaps the most easily grown of the Cactus family 
 are Opuutias, but these are not to be recommended for 
 
 •window culture, on account of their full equipment of 
 barbed spines. Vertus flugtlUfurmis, Rhipsalis, and 
 Epiphyllums on their own roots, flourish well and are 
 exceedingly attractive. But the best of all are the Phyl- 
 locacti ; these are without spines, grow vigorously, and 
 produce an abundance of blooms if they are given a 
 sunny window and the necessary amount of water. 
 Cactuses generally are subject to insects and fungous 
 troubles. One i>f the most common pests is a scale in- 
 sect. The safest way to rid the plants of these is to 
 clean them off with a small brush which has bristles of 
 only moderate stiffness. The mealy bug may be easily 
 disposed of by dissolving 5 grams castile soap in hot 
 ■water, and addinj; 1% quarts of alcohol ; then add 100 
 grams of fusel oil ; apply with a very fine spray. 
 
 _— James Gurney. 
 
 CADIA (Arabic name, Kadi). Legtimindsce, tribe 
 Sophdrvve. About ^ species of small evergreen trees of 
 Arabia and Africa, "'emarkable for their regular mallow- 
 like fls. : Ivs. pinnate : fls. axillary, mostly solitary, 
 drooping ; stamens 10, free. 
 
 purptirea, Forsk. (C rd ria, L'Her.), Lfts. 20-40 pairs, 
 ■very narrow : tls. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red, 
 pretty ; not spiny. Arabia. — Cult, in S. Calif. 
 
 C. Elliiiana, Baker, has few large lfts. and rose-colored fls. 
 Madag. B.M. 6685.— C pubescent, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs, 
 broad-oblong. Madag. 
 
 CJSSALFtNIA (Andreas Csesalpinus, 1519-1603, Ital- 
 ian botanist). Legumindscp. Brasiletto. Shrubs or 
 trees, with bipinnate Ivs. and racemes or panicles of 
 red or yellow tls., with obovate more or less clawed pet- 
 als, 10 stamens, and a very long style. The fls. are not 
 papilionaceous. The species, all tropical, are nearly 50. 
 The genus yields tanning materials and dye sti'ffs; and 
 most of the species are very showy in flower and are 
 favorites in tropical and semi-tropical countries. They 
 are grown rarely in warm glass houses. The botanical 
 status is confused. L. jj. 3_ 
 
 In Caesalpinia, propagation is readily effected by 
 seeds, which should be well soaked in warm water for 
 
 some hours before sowing, A sandy soil should b« 
 chosen for the seed-bed, and lightly shaded. After the 
 plant.s show the flrst true leaf, they should l>e potted 
 off into small pots of ordinary fcarden soil, not t(Mj rich 
 made light by the ddition of .sand if of a clayey nature! 
 The plants grow verj' rapidly, and must be shifted into 
 larger pots as their size requires for jfreenhouse cul- 
 ture, but in tropical climates may be transpjunti-d into 
 permanent positions outdoors after they reach a fair 
 size in pots. The dwarf species are elegant .sul.jt ctM f,,r 
 subtropical gardening during the sunmier months in 
 temperate climates, provided a sunny location is given 
 them, as they revel in rather dry, very warm soil, ami 
 do not require artiflcial watering after being established. 
 A rocky, sunny situation may be given C. puhherrimn 
 and its varietv flora, where they will bloom during 
 many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if 
 strong plants about a foot high are selected in early 
 Kumnier. Care should be taken to grmlually harden 
 off plants in the house, so that they may not be chilled 
 when transplanted outdoors. While they will do well 
 in a poor soil, an application of manure or chemical fer- 
 tilizer may be given them to advantage, causing them 
 to make a more vigorous growth and give better and 
 larger heads of flowers. In the tropics, and also in sub- 
 tropical climates, these shrubs and trees are ahvavs 
 admired and are commonly planted for ornament. The 
 R<»yal Poinciana (C Ji'^gia, but properly Poiuriana 
 Regia, which see), and also the Dwarf Poinciana, or 
 Flower -fence (C. pulcherrima), will thrive in close 
 proximity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in 
 exposed coast situations. e. N. Reasonek 
 
 A. Stamens long-exserted : fls. very showy: trees, 
 unarmed or nearly so. 
 
 Oilliesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many 
 small, elliptic pinnules : fls. light yellow, with brilliant 
 red stamens protruding 3-5 in., in terminal racemes ; 
 sepals hairv-f ringed. S. Amer. B.M. 4(M»(>, as Poinci- 
 ana Gilliesii, Hook. F.S. 1:61. R.H. 189:^, 400. G.C. 
 III. 15:73.— Endures mild winters. A very showy and 
 worthy plant. 
 
 ptUch^rrima, Swtz. Barbadoes Pride. Barbadoes 
 Flower-fence. Dwarf Poinciana. Shrub, with deli- 
 cate, evergreen, mimosa-like Ivs., few scattered prickles, 
 and very gaudy red and yellow crisped fls. on the ends 
 of the new growth : stamens and style red, and long- 
 exserted. Generally distributed in the tropics. B. M. 
 995. — One of the most popular shrubs in warm climates, 
 as S. Fla. and S.Calif. There is a var. flAva, with yel- 
 low fls. 
 
 aa. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, or 
 shorter. 
 
 B. Lfts. small, %~\ in. long, very obtuse. 
 
 C. Shrtib, unarmed. 
 
 panndsa, Brandegee. Shrub, 2-i ft., with slender 
 brtinehes clothed with white, r* jciduous bark : Ivs. de- 
 compound ; pinnae 2—4, each v. xth 4-6 oblong and retuse 
 lfts. : fls. yellow, showy ; '^^od glandular, 1-2-seeded. 
 Lower Calif..— A rapid-growing species, recently dis- 
 covered and introduced to the trade. 
 
 CC. Shrubs or trees, prickly. 
 
 D. Pod smooth : shrubs. 
 
 sepiiiria, Roxbg. Pinnules about 10 pairs, oblong, 
 rounded on both ends : fls. yellow. India.— Furnishes 
 dye wood ; also used as a hedge plant. 
 
 Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub, armed 
 with stout, recurved prickles : pinnules 7-9 pairs, ob- 
 long, very obtuse : fls, in large, panicle-like clusters, 
 canary-yellow, the stamens bright red. ,Tapan. Gn. 
 40: 837. J.H. Ill, 34: .531. -Endures the winters in some 
 parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus, 
 probably hardy as far north as Washington, D.C. 
 
 DD. Pod prickly : tree. 
 
 echin&ta, Lam. Tree, with prickly branches, blunt, 
 elliptic, shining, alternate lfts., yellow fls., and spiny- 
 pods ; stamens shorter than the petals. Brazil.— Yields 
 dye 770od. 
 
C.tSALPINIA 
 
 CALADIUM 
 
 207 
 
 BB. Lftt. IS in. long, acute or mueronulate : 
 pod prickly. 
 
 MIhax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnap 10, with 
 12-20 ovatf-lan-'eolate jrlabrous Ift.s., 1-1 Vi in. lonj? : ra- 
 cemes panicleil, nmny-t1(l., with verj' lar^e bra<"ts : fls. 
 white ami purple : pixls '-seeded ( seeds large and black ) , 
 spiny. China. 
 
 fidnduc, Roxbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly, pubes- 
 cent Ivs., oblong-ovate nmcronate Ifts., l^-.'{ in. long, 
 vellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds in a short, 
 prickly pod. Tropics ; S. Fla. 
 
 C. hijiiga. Swtz. (Acaria Bancroftlana. Bert.). Spiny shrub, 
 with ultimate Ifts. in 'J pairs : tls. paniculate. Jamaica.— C 
 Regia, L>ietr.=»Poinciana Kegia. 
 
 L. H. B. and Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CAHOUN. Consult Attalea Cohune. 
 
 CAJANUS (aboriginal name). Leguminbsce. Tropical 
 shrub with pinnate. ;{-foliolate Ivs., yellow papiliona- 
 ceous fls., an<l a small, hairy pod bearing edible seeds. 
 Several species described, probably all derivatives of 
 the following : 
 
 tndlcus, Spreng. A shrub with yellow and maroon 
 fls., blooming all through the year, and bearing a con- 
 tinuous crop of highly nut-'itious peas. Lfts. elliptic- 
 oblong. Plant more or less hairy. Grows from 4-10 ft. 
 high, very diffuse and spreading. Much cult, in the 
 tropics for the seeds or pulse. It varies greatly in 
 stature and in character of seeds : C. fl()ni.H. DC, has 
 yellow fls. and 2-;{-seeded pods which are not spotted ; 
 C. bkolor, DC, has red-striped fls., and 4-5-seeded pods 
 which are spotted : see B.M.G440 and R.H. 1874: 190. 
 Usually treated as an annual. Probably native to Chi- 
 nese territory. Known under many \or&\ names, as 
 Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Dhal, Toor, and others. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CALABASH OOTJBD. See Lagenaria, 
 
 CALADIUM (origin of name obscure). Ardideat. Her- 
 baceous perennials, arising from large rhizomes or 
 tubers, acaulescent, with beautifully marked, long- 
 petioled Ivs. with a deep basal lobe. Differs from Colo- 
 casia in floral characters. A dozen or less species in 
 Trop. Amer. Two of the species are immensely variable, 
 and many named horticultural varieties are in the trade. 
 Eugler in DC. Monog. Phan. 2: 452 (1879) ; also F.S. i:{. 
 
 In Caladium, propagation is effected by division of 
 the tubers at the beginning of the growing season, 
 which is about the first of March. The soil best suited 
 to them is a mixture of fibrous loam, leaf mold, peat, 
 and well-rotted cow or sheep manure in equal parts, 
 with a sprinkling of sand added. The tubers should be 
 potted at first in as small pots as will conveniently 
 accommodate them, and shifted on into larger pots as 
 they require it. But little water must be given at the 
 roots till active growth commences, when, as the plants 
 develop, they require an abundance. A warm, humid 
 atmosphere, such as is recommended for Alocasias, is 
 necessary for their best development. They must also 
 be sha«led from bright sunlight. As the leaves mature 
 in the fall, water should be gradually withheld, though 
 at no time mu.s't the tubers be alh)wed to become quite 
 dr%-. Caladiums should be kept for the winter in the 
 pots in which they have been grown, and stored away 
 in some convenient place in a temperature not less than 
 50° or more than 60°. E j Caxxing. 
 
 Fancy-leaved Cal.\diums.— As soon as the plants 
 begin to lose their leaves in the fall, water should 
 ffrailually be withheld until the leaves are all gone. 
 The pots should then be removed to a position under a 
 bench, and laid on their sides, or taken from the soil 
 and placed in sand. During the resting period they 
 should not be subjected to a lower temperature than 60° 
 F., and kept neither too wet nor too dry. Al)out the be- 
 ginning of March the tubers should be started for the 
 earliest batch to be grown in pots. Arrange the tubers 
 in their sizes, and keep each size by itself. The largest 
 sized tubers will start quickest, and it is desirable to be- 
 gin with these for pot plants. Start them in chopped 
 moss in boxes. The tubers may be arranged pretty close 
 together in the box, and merely covered over with the 
 
 moas to the depth of about an Inch. The new root.^ are 
 made from the top part of the tu)>er, so it is important 
 that this part should be covered to encourage the roots. 
 For starting, a heat varying between 70° and 85" will 
 suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots make their 
 appearance, the plants should >>e potted, usini; as small 
 sized pots as possible. The soil for this potting should 
 be principally leaf-mold, with a little sand. In a short 
 time they will need another shift ; the soil should on 
 this occasion l)e a little stnmger ; give a position near 
 the glass, and shade fnmi strong sunshine. New forma 
 are raised from seed, this operation being an exceed- 
 ingly easy one with the Cala4lium,as they cross-fertilize 
 very rea<iily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthu- 
 rium, are monoe<?ious, the females ripening first. To 
 pollinate them, part of the spathe must be cut away. 
 Seedlings at first have the foliage green, and it is not 
 until the fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that 
 they show their gaudy colorings. Pro]>a;ration of the 
 kinds is effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut sur- 
 faces of which should be well duste«i with powdered 
 charcoal to prevent decay. As bedding plants, the fancy- 
 leaved Caladiums are gradually getting more popular. 
 To have them at their best for this purpose, the ground 
 sh<mld be worked for sfmie time previous to planting 
 out, with a giKidly ({uantity of l>one meal incorporated 
 with the soil. The tubers are best put out in a dormant 
 state, as then they make very rapid progress, and eventu- 
 ally make finer plants than when they are first started 
 in the greenhouse, as by this system they are too apt to 
 sustain a check in the hardening-off process, and lose 
 their leaves. The fine, highly colored kinds are not so 
 well suited for outdoor work as those having green pre- 
 dominating in the foliage, but some of the kinds, such 
 as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remarkably well. Fre- 
 quent watering with manure water is absolutely neces- 
 sary to the development of the foliage, both outdoors 
 
 an«l in. G. W. OuvER. 
 
 The following species and varieties, most of which 
 are in the American trade, are here described, the syno- 
 nyms being in italic : albinerviiitn,5o; albomaculatum, 
 16; albostriatulum, 51 ; Alfred Bleu. 16; atnoentan, 17; 
 Appuui<inum,5(j; rtrj/«/r»7<'.'<, 57; argyroneuron, 5; argy- 
 rospilum, 36; Baraquinii, 12; Belleymei, 49; bicolor, 8, 
 II; Brongniartii, 32; Chantini, 17; Co^ntta-rtii, 17; cor- 
 datum,3; cuprenm,53; Curwa«llii,37; Devosiannm,2H; 
 Devosianum,28; di)tcolor.2*J; Duchartrei, 35; Ecklmrtii, 
 23; elegans,54; Enkeanum, 45; erythrteum, 3; e.^tr/i/cM- 
 /Mm=Colocasia Antiquorum esculenta ; firmnlum, 9; 
 G(rrdtii,\'y, gri.'feo-aryenteitm, 39; Haageannm. 17; 
 haematostigmatxinj, 29; hifmostigmatHm , 29: hastatum, 
 50; Hendersoni.24; Houbyanum,26; Houlletii, 18; Hum- 
 boldtii. 57; Ketteleri, 13; Kochii,38; Kramerianuni, 20; 
 Laucheaninn, 43: Lemaireanum, ,55; Leopoldii. 15: Lin- 
 deni.46; macroi>hyllum, 39; marginatum, 19: niarniora- 
 tura, 7; mannoreum,2; Martersfeigianum, 17; mirabile, 
 .33 ; Mooreanum, 18 ; myriostigma, 58 ; Neumanii. 40 ; 
 Ottonis, 28; Osyanum, .52; jiallidinervium, 30; pelluci- 
 dum, 27, 29; Perrierii, 22; pictum, 4, .34; picturatum, 48; 
 poecile, 30 : porphyroneuron, 53 ; punctafissimuw, 17; 
 Piirdieanum,9; pti.silhtm.d; regale, 31; Iteichinhachi- 
 anum.W; J^ogierii.lo; roseum, 14; rubellum,41; rubi- 
 cundum, 11; rubronerviitm,42; rubrovenium, 42; sngit- 
 tie folium, 31: Schmi(2ii.3; Scho'lleri.o; Schomburgkii, 
 1; Sieboldii, 25; splendens, 14 : Sprnceanuni, 9; Stan- 
 geanum, 21; subrotundum,6; Suriname».>(e, 31; thripe- 
 destum, 7: transparens, 10; Troubetskoyi, .56 ; Vellozi- 
 anum,9; Verschaffeltii.47; viridissimum, 5o; Wagneri, 
 31; Wallisi, 28; Wightii, 44. 
 
 It will be seen that most of the cultivated Caladiums 
 are considered to be forms of C. bivolor and C. pictura- 
 tum. Only 5 species are concerned in the following list: 
 Schomburgkii. 1 ; marmorotum, 7; bicolor. 8; pictura- 
 tum. 48; Humboldtii, 57. C odoriltum, Lodd.= Alocasia 
 macrorrhiza. 
 
 A. Blade not at all peltate, obliquely elliptical-ovate. 
 
 1. Schbmburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times 
 longer than the blade, sheathed % its length ; blf»;'.e 
 obliquely elliptical-ovate ; midrib and 4-5 acutely ascend- 
 ing primary nerves silvery, pale, or red ; sparsely spot- 
 ted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para. — Runs 
 into the following forms: 
 
208 
 
 CALADIUM 
 
 CALADIUM 
 
 (1 ) Veinn red. 
 
 2. Var, marmdreum, En»fl. Hlude dull green, with 
 brownish red lu-rves, bordered with yellow. 
 
 3. Var. erythrsenm, Engl. ( C. Schmitzii, Lem. C. eor- 
 datum, llort.). Midribs and ner\"eM red. I.H,8:2i>7. 
 
 4. V^ar. pictum, Engl. With white or red spots between 
 the red veins. S Anier. 
 
 (2> I'finx nilrery or green. 
 
 5. Var. argyronearom, Engl. (C. anfyroneuron, C. 
 Koch. C. tSchalleri, Lem.). 31idrib and veins silvery. 
 I.H. 8:297. 
 
 6. Var. BUbrotundum, Eugl. (C.aubrotumlum, Lem.). 
 Leaf-blade rounded at the base, or shortly cordate, with 
 white or red spots. Brazil. 
 
 AA. Blade digtinctly peltate. 
 B. Zieaf gagittate-ohlong-ovate . 
 
 7. marmor&ttun, Mathieu (AlocHxia Jf<fzlii, Bull. C. 
 thript'lf'sfKtti, Lem. ). Petiole cylindrical, 12-16 in. long, 
 twice as long as the blade, variegated; bimledark green, 
 with irregular gray, yellowish green and snow-white 
 spots, glaucous-green beneath, sagittate-oblong-ovate, 
 the upper lobe semi-ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal 
 ones unequal, % or % as long as the upper, connate 
 %-54 their length. Equwlor. I.H..^, p. .59. 
 
 310. Caladium bicolor. var. Chantini. (No. 17.) 
 
 BB. Leaf ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate. 
 
 8. bicolor, Vent, (jnim 6ico/or, Ait.). Fig. 310. Peti- 
 ole smooth, 3-7 times as long as the blade, pruinose to- 
 ward the apex ; blade ovate-sagittate, or ovate-triangu- 
 lar, variegated above, glaucous beneath; upper lobe semi- 
 ovate, narrowing gradually to a cuspidate point, the basal 
 ones }4 to but little shorter than the upper, oblong-ovate, 
 obtuse, connate 1-5- >3 their length. S. Amer. Intro- 
 duced into cult, in 1773. B. M. 820. — Very common in 
 cult., furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladiiims. 
 The marked varieties are as follows : 
 
 (1) Leaf-blade and I'eins of one color. 
 
 9. Var. Vellozi^nom, Engl. {C. Velloeidnum, Schott. 
 C. Purdieanum, Schott. C. pusillum, C. Koch. C. 
 Spruced nnm, Schott. C. firmnlum, Schott). Leaf- 
 blade dark green above ; basal lobes connate past the 
 middle. Brazil, Peru. R.B. 10:169. 
 
 (2) Leaf-blade more or less variegated. 
 
 (a) With a colored disc. 
 
 (b) Disc transparent. 
 
 10. Var. transp&rens, Engl. {C. transpdrens, Hort.). 
 Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disc ; mid- 
 rib and primary veins red-purple. 
 
 11. Var. rubitundum, Engl. (C. bicolor, Kunth). peti- 
 ole green, or variegated green and violet; blml»- irreen 
 with a re<l. tran^'parent, central disr, and a very uarrow 
 red line between the di.sc an«l the margin. 
 
 (bb) Disc opaque. 
 ((') Purple disc. 
 
 12. Var. Baraqulnii, Engl. (('. Baraqulnii, Hort.) 
 Petiole v'iolft ; blade with a purple-red disr; beautiful 
 green between the disc and margin; nerves and midrib 
 red-violet. Para. I.H. 7: 257. F.S. 13: 1378. 
 
 13. Var. KAtteleri, Engl. (C. KHteleri, Hort.). peti- 
 ole crimson, variegated toward the base ; bla*'" with 
 purple di.sc, midrib and primary vein ', sparsely marked 
 between the veins with many small, rosy spots. 
 
 (cc) Red disc. 
 
 14. Var. ipl6ndens. Engl. (C.rdseum, Hort. C.nph'n- 
 dens, Hort.). Petiole green below, red aJtove ; blade 
 with a red disc at the middle ; midvein and primary 
 veins red-purple ; green between the ner^•es and along 
 the margin. L. 4. 
 
 15. Var. Ldopoldl, Engl. (C. Leopoldi, Hort. G. 
 Oirrdtii, C. Koch. C. Rogieri, Ch. & Lem.). Petiole 
 violet beneath, red-purple alwve ; blade with a hroatl, 
 reddish disc ; margin green, red spotted ; midrib and 
 primary veins dark red-purple. Para, 1864. 
 
 16. Var. albomaculMum, Engl. {C. Alfred Bleu). 
 Petiole green ; blade green, with red disc, midrib ami 
 primary veins, and markeil clear to the margin with 
 many large, white spots between the nerves. 
 
 (ccc) Rose disc. 
 
 17. Var. Chintini, Engl. {C. Chantini, Lem. CCon- 
 lUfrtii, Hort. C. a ma num. Hort. C. Martersteigiiinum, 
 Hort. Cpunctatissimum, Hort. C. Haagehnum, Hort.). 
 Fig. 310. Petiole more or less violet ; blade broadly 
 red-puri)le along the midrib and primary nerves, ro!«iy 
 at the center, and with very numerous, "unequal spot;* 
 between the nerves clear to the marginal vein. I. H. 
 5: 185. F. S. 13: 1350. 1351. B. M. 5255. B. L. PI. 19 
 (1891). Para, 1858. A.F. 8:129. 
 
 (cccc) Light green disc. 
 
 18. Var. Hotdl^tii, Engl. ( C. HoulUtii, Lem. C. iln«r(- 
 dnum, Hort.). Petiole green, the sheath and a little of 
 the base violet-variegated ; basal lobes of the blade 
 somewhat introrse, rounded, connate % ; blade obscurely 
 preen toward the marprin, the midrib and primary veins 
 slightly reddish, and with a pale disc marked with many 
 Irreg^iiar white spots. 
 
 (aa) Without a colored disc. 
 
 (b) Margins colored throughout. 
 
 (c) Red margin. 
 
 19. Var. margriniitum, Engl. (C. marginatum, C. 
 Koi-h ) . Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer 
 
 ° ' (cc) Yvllow margin. 
 
 20. Var. Krameri^nom, Engl. (C. Krameridnum, 
 Hort.). Veins purple : yellow margin. 
 
 21. Var. Btangeanum, Engl. (C. Stangednum. C. 
 Koch). Blade reddish ; green along the narrow mar- 
 gin, yellowish toward the margin. 
 
 (ccc) Solid white margin. 
 
 22. Var. Perri6rii, Engl. (C. ^VrrtVW, Lem.). Petiole 
 violet-black ; blade dull green, with many red-purple 
 spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861. 
 
 (cccc) Spotted margin. 
 
 23. Var. fickhartii, Engl. (C. AVt^iaWti, Hort.). Peti- 
 ole violet-blotched at the base, g^een above the middle; 
 blade green, with few rosy spots along the margin, and 
 email white ones in the middle. 
 
 24. Var. H^ndersoni, Engl. (C. Hindersoni, Hort.). 
 Petiole variegated violet and green, reddish toward the 
 apex ; blade mostly green, reddish next the lower parts 
 of the nerves ; midrib and primary veins red-purple 
 spotted ; small red spots along the margin. 
 
 25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (6\ Sieboldii, Hort.). Peti- 
 ole violet and green, reddish toward the apex ; basal 
 lobes of the leaf somewhat introrse, connate /'s their 
 
CALADIUM 
 
 CALADIUM 
 
 209 
 
 lemrth, dark jrreen ; midrib an«l primary reins beautl- 
 fullv red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white bor- 
 der, marlipd with small, purple-red spots. A.F. 8: 127. 
 
 (ccccc) Purple margin. 
 
 •f^. V'ar. Eoaby4nam, Kn«l. {('. Houhydnum, Hort.). 
 Petitilf dirty green on the lower Hurface, bright red 
 above ; blade brigbt green, with large pale spotn, an<l 
 small red-purple ones between the midrib and primary 
 vein«* ; a re<l-puri>l« ^P**^ above the insertion of the peti- 
 ole, and a pale purple line around the margin. 
 
 .i,. Var. pelliiciduin, Engl. (C. pellHcidum, DC). 
 Petiole reddish, variegated with violet ; blade broa<lIy 
 iTiMioh purple spotteti along the midrib and primary 
 vfin". and more or less marked with transparent, red- 
 A\*h purple spots between the primary veins ; a contin- 
 uous purple line along the outer margin. 
 
 (bb) Onlff the margin of the basal sinus colored. 
 
 2S. Var. DevosUnum, Engl. {C. DevosiAnutn, Leva 
 C. Wdllisi, Hort. C. Ottdnin, Hort.). Petiole green; 
 blade bright green, with small, irregular white spots be- 
 tween the midrib and primary veins, and a narrow 
 crimson border at the sinus. Para. I.H. 9: 322. 
 
 •jy. Var. haBmatottlgmattun, Engl. {C. hiematostig- 
 wa/Mm, Kth. C. peUuriilutn,l)C). C. discolor, Hort.). 
 Petiole violet ; blwle dark green, with a purple line on 
 the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood-red 
 spots. Para. 
 
 3U. Var. pcBClle, Engl. (C.pctcMe, Schott. C. pallidi- 
 nhi'ium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely 
 streaked-variegated ; blade dark green ; midrib and 
 primary veins paler, often whitish ; a red-purple spot 
 where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar- 
 pned in the sinus. Brazil. 
 
 31. Var. regr&le, Engl. ( C. regdle, Lem. C. Wdgneri, 
 Hort. C. Suritunntnue, Miq. C. sagittigfolium, Sieb. ). 
 Blade bright given, purple-margined at the sinus, every- 
 where marked with small, confluent white spots. West 
 Indies, 1710. I.H.9:31G. 
 
 (bbb) No colored disc or colored margin. 
 
 {:) Variegated green blade. 
 
 32. Var. Bton^idrtii, Engl. ( C. Brongnidrtii, Lem.). 
 Very large ; petiole vari( jjated violet and green, red- 
 dish toward the apex ; blade green, except along the 
 ner\"es below, where it in colored reddish, paler green 
 between the primary nerves, deep green toward the 
 margin ; veins and nerves red-purple. Brazil-Para, 
 1S5«; F.S. 13:1.348, 1.349. I.H.5, p. 58. 
 
 33. Var. mir&bile, Engl. {C. mirdbile, Lem.). Petiole 
 firreen : blade bright green, densely covered with large 
 and small irregular pale green spots between the pri- 
 mary nerves and midvein. Para. I.H. 10: 354. 
 
 (cc) Blue-green blade. 
 
 34. Var. plcttun, Kunth (C. pictttm, DC). Petiole 
 greenish , variegated beneath ; basal lobes connate 1-5 
 their length ; blade thin, blue-green, marked with 
 iar;:e. irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish semi- 
 transparent spots. L. 43. 
 
 (ccc) Colorless blade. 
 
 35. Var. DuchArtrei, Engl. ( C. Buchdrtrei, Hort. ) . The 
 long petiole green above, variegated below the middle 
 with violet-black ; blade colorless, except the midrib and 
 all the veins, or here and there pale rosy or red spotted, 
 or even more or less dirty green. A.F. 8: 129. 
 
 (cecc) Solid green blade. 
 (d) Dark green. 
 
 36. Var. argyrdspilum, Engl. {C. argijrdspilum, 
 Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely 
 streaked ; blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson 
 spot at the middle, and with manv small white spots 
 between the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13: 1346,1347. 
 
 37. Var. CurwAdlii, Engl. {C. Curuddlii. Hort.). 
 Petiole gi'eenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the 
 base ; blade rc^ddish purple along the midrib and pri- 
 mary veins, marked between the veins with large white 
 spots, otherwiise dark green. 
 
 14 
 
 38. Var. Kdchii. Engl. {C. fC^rhii. Hort.). Leaf- 
 blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots 
 midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 18*)2, 
 
 39. Var. macroph^lltun, Engl. {C. marrophyllum. 
 Lem. C grinfiftnjenfttnn, Hort.). Peti(de green; 
 blade dark Kreen, marked everywhere with many small, 
 Hcarcely confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para, 
 1862. I.H. 9: 316. 
 
 40. Var, Netunannil, Engl. (C. XeHmannii, Lem.>. 
 Petiole green ; blade very beautiful dark green, with 
 scarcely paler veins, marked lietween the primary veins 
 with large and small white-margined, reddish purple 
 spots. F.S. 13: 13.'>2, i;{53. B.M.5199. 
 
 (dd) Light green. 
 (e) yot spotted. 
 
 41. Var. ruMllTUn, Engl. ( C. rubellum, Hort. C. Reich- 
 enbachitinnm, Stangl.). Blade green, with reddish 
 purple mi<lrib and primary veins. 
 
 42. Var. rubrovdniam, Engl. {C. rubrov^nium, Hort. 
 C.rubron^rviiim, Hort.), Petiole variegated green and 
 violet ; blade small, oblong-ovoid, the basal lobes some- 
 what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to the middle, 
 pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri- 
 mary veins ; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862. 
 
 (ee) Spotted. 
 (f ) With white spots. 
 
 43. Var. Laaeheintun, Engl. (C. Lauchednnm, C. 
 Koch). Blade bright green, with white spots at the 
 middle. 
 
 (flf) With purple and white spots. 
 
 44. Var. Wigrhtii, Engl. (C. Wlghtii, Hort.), Petiole 
 pale green ; blade very beautiful green, marked be- 
 tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and 
 small white spots. French (juiana. 
 
 311. Caladium picturatum, var. Belleytnei. (No. 49.) 
 
 (fff ) With red or crimson spots. 
 
 45. Var. Enke&num, Engl. (C. Kukednnm, C Koch). 
 Blade bright green, marked with large and small red 
 spots. 
 
 46. Var. Lindeni, Engl. (C. Lindeni. Hort,). Blade 
 bright green, with confluent small red spots. 
 
 47. Var. Ver8chaff61tii, Engl. (C. Verschafmtii, 
 Lem.). Petiole pale green ; blade very beautiful green, 
 with few irregular crimson spots. I.H.5: 185. B.M. 5263. 
 L.46. 
 
 BBB. Blade lanceolate -sagittate, 
 
 48. pictnratum, C Koch. Petioles usually green, 
 variegated below, elongated ; blatle lanceolate-sagittate, 
 cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe 
 nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal lobes 
 over half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate 1-6-34 
 their length, separated by a triangular sinus ; primary 
 
210 
 
 CALADIUM 
 
 CALAMOVILFA 
 
 lateral veins 4-7, erect-spreading or spreading. Brazil. — 
 V'ariable, furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladi- 
 ums. 
 
 (1) TrnnKp^.ent white blade. 
 
 49. Var. Belle^mei, Engl. ( C. Bellei)mii, Hort. ). Fig. 
 311. Petiole greenish above, vanegated violet beneath; 
 blade slenderly haste::e-sagittate, white, translucent ex- 
 
 312. Caladium Humboldtii. (No. 57.) 
 
 cept the green veins and nerves, with small green spots 
 along the margin ; basal lobes 1-5, or rarely ^i or % 
 connate. Para. I.H. 7:252. A.F. 8:127. 
 
 (2) Pale green blade. 
 (a) With transparent blotches. 
 
 50. Var. hast^tum, Engl. (C hastdtum, Lem.). Peti- 
 ole long, stout, white, violet-spotted ; lalade hastate- 
 sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes ; dull, pale 
 green, very irregularly marked with transparent blotches ; 
 basal lobe % connate, crimson margined in the sinus. 
 Para. 
 
 (aa) Opaque. 
 
 51. Var. albostri&tulam, Engl. Blade greenish white 
 along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted 
 between the nerves. 
 
 52. Var. Osyinom, C. Koch. Blade white along the 
 miilrib and primary veins, with purple spots between 
 the reins. 
 
 5.3. Var. porphyronetiron, Engl. (C. porphyroneuron, 
 C Koch. C cupreian, Hort. Alocdsia porphyrontura, 
 Lem.). Petiole pale reddish, variegated with dull vio- 
 let ; blade broadly hastate-sagittate, dull, pale green, 
 slightly reddish on the veins, opaque basal lobes 1-G-^^ 
 connate. Peru and Brazil. I.H. 8:297. 
 
 (3) Dark green blade. 
 
 54. Var. dlegans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish below, 
 variegated ; blade narrowly hasta<'e-sagittate, slightly 
 contracted abi -'e the lobes, dark green above, broadly 
 red or purple next the midrib and primary lateral veins ; 
 ba.^al lobes 1-5 connate. 
 
 55. V^ar. Lemaire4num, Engl. ( C. Lemairectnttm, Barr. 
 C. picturHtuin albinervium, C. Koch. C. pictitrdtum 
 viridissimutn,C. Kochl. Blade shaped like preceding, 
 dark green ; midrib and primarv veins pale green or 
 white. S. Amer., 1801. I.H. 9: 311. 
 
 56. Var. TrouWtskoyi, Engl. <C. Troub4tskoyi, Chan- 
 tin. C Appunianum, Hort.). Petiole red, variegated; 
 blatle very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly con- 
 tracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly 
 marked with pale red along the midrib and primary 
 veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or 
 rose spots. F.S. 13: 1379. 
 
 BBBB. Blade oblong-ovate, or oblong: plant small. 
 
 57. Humboldtii, Schott (C argyrltes, em.i. Fie 
 312. Petiole slender, variegated, 2-3 times onger than 
 the blade ; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblontr-ovate 
 or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and primarv 
 veins, with many large and small transparent spots he- 
 tween ; shortly and very acutely acuminate, tlw apical 
 lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the oblong or ovate- 
 triangular, obtuse basal ones ; basal lobes 3/, connate 
 separated by an obtuse triangular sinus, the :i-4 priniarv 
 veins of the apical lobe uniting in a collective nerv«» re- 
 mote from the margin. Brazil. I.H. 5:185. F.S.1;M345 
 Gng.3:279. A.F. 10: 197. L. 22. 
 
 58. V&T. myriostigma, Engl. (<7. myriosticjmn. c. 
 Koch). Blade marked everywhere with small white 
 spots. , 
 
 Jared G. Smith. 
 
 CALAMAGBOSTIS (Greek for reed grass). Grn- 
 minetp. Reed Bent-grass. A genus of perennial grasses 
 with running rootstocks. Very similar to Agrostis, but 
 spikelets usuaily larger. Can be distinguished from it 
 by the tuft of long hairs at the base of the rt.-^'lume, 
 and the flowering axis continued beyond the paletl 
 Spikelets 1-flowered (rarely an aborted or second tlower 
 present). Glumes 3, the first two nearly e(inal and 
 empty, the third, or il. -glume, awned on the back, usu- 
 ally below the middle. Species about 120. very widelv 
 distributed over the world in the temperate arid arctic 
 zones and on the high mountains of the tropics. For 
 C. brevipiJis, see CalamovUfa. 
 
 Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Very com- 
 mon in the northern and northwestern states, usually 
 growing in moist meadows and swales. Under such 
 conditions it yieMs a large amount of indifferent hav. 
 which is used in some places. It is not used for horti- 
 cultural purposes. This species grows 3-5 ft., and has 
 flat, glaucous-blue Ivs. : panicle oblong, becoming open: 
 upper glume weak-awned near the middle. 
 
 Stricta, Beauv. (C. neglecta, Gfertn.). Pony Grass. 
 A rather slender, erect perennial, with narrow leaves 
 and a contracted, densely-flowered panicle. \\-f, in. long:: 
 fl. -glume about % as long as the second empty glume, 
 and nearly twice the lentrth of the basal hairs ; awn 
 bent, exceeding the glume. Northern C S. — A varie- 
 gated form has been brought into cultivation for oma- 
 mental purposes. p g ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 CALAMlNTHA (Old Greek name, m^dmmg beautiful 
 mint). Lahiiit(f. Various species of herbs or very small 
 shrubs, 2 or 3 of them occasionally grown in borders for 
 their fls. and aromatic fragrance. Calyx 2-lipped, ol)- 
 long or tubular ; corolla with a straight tube, and gen- 
 erally exceeding the calyx, the throat commonly en- 
 larged ; ;stamens parallel under the upjjer lip : fls. in 
 whorls, which are usually arranged in a long interrupted 
 spike. Plants mostly of temperate regions, and of easy 
 culture. The cult, kinds are perennial, more or less 
 hairy, mint-like herbs, 1-3 ft. high. 
 
 grandifldra, Moench. Lvs. ovate, serrated : stems de- 
 cumbent, branching from the base : fls. in axillary 
 whorls, quite large. \% in. long, with a straight tube; 
 upper lip flattened, purple ; June-July ; h. 9-12 in 
 Europe ; this and C. alplna. Lam., which is smaller in 
 all its parts, are the two best species for garden use. 
 C. offieindlis. Moench, the common Calamint of Eu.. is 
 sometimes seen in gardens, being an old domestic medi- 
 cinal plant. It has long, ascending branches, ovate 
 crenate-serrate lvs., and few-fld. cymes : 1-3 ft. 
 
 J. B. Keller. 
 
 CALAMOVlLFA (Calamos, reed, and Vilfa, a kind of 
 ^rass). Gramine(v. A genus recently separatecl from 
 Calamagrostis. Distinguished from it only in that the 
 flowerini,' axis is not produced beyond the flower. Tall 
 grasses, with stout, horizontal lvs. and paniculate in- 
 florescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, with a ring of hairs 
 at the base of fl. -glume. Three known species, natives 
 of the temperate and subtropical regions of N. America. 
 
 brevipilis, Hack. {Calamagrdstis breviplUs. Gray). 
 PrRi'LE Bent-grass. Culms bar! wiry, 2-4 ft. hi^'h : 
 lvs. flat, with an open, purplish panicle.— A rare grass, 
 
CALAMOVILFA 
 
 CALANTHE 
 
 211 
 
 apparently limited to the sandy swamps 
 rens of New Jersey. Now in cultivati< 
 
 ren 
 
 mental grass 
 
 and pine bar- 
 ation as an oma- 
 
 P. B. Kennedy. 
 
 CALAMPfiLIS is Eccremocarpus. 
 
 CALAMUS (Greek for reed). Pnlmi)ee(w, tribe Lepi- 
 docdrpa. Slender, cespitose or climbinjr palms, with 
 pinnatisect Ivs.; Ifts. with reduplicate sides, acuminate, 
 entire. with parallel nerves : fr, of many carpels, clothed 
 with reflexed, shining, closely imbricated appressed 
 scales : spathes tubular, persistent, flowering annually. 
 Species about 150. Tropical Asia. 
 
 ciliirifl, Blume. Stem slender, climbing by means of 
 long, axillary, leafless branches, covered wit'a hooked 
 spines: Ivs. 1 ft. long, 6 in. vide; Ifts, numerous, hairy; 
 petiole 2 in. long, with fen' hooked spines. Malaya. 
 F.R. 1:607. G. C. III. 21: SG.-Introdi^ced into cultiva- 
 tion in 1809. 
 
 C. Andreanum, Hort.. P. & M.=?— T. caUcdrj'fts. Griff.= 
 Djemonorops oalicarpus. Mart.- -C. Xeimtdnu«,Griff.=Diemon- 
 orops Lewisianus, Mart. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 Calamus is an easily growr group of i alms, very 
 ornamental, even in a you:i;^ state. Some of the spe- 
 cies have stems several hundred feet long, which enable 
 them to unfold their leaves at the tops of the tallest 
 irees. The leaves are peculiarly well adapted to assist 
 the plant in climbing, having numerous hook-like pro- 
 cesses arranged on a long continuation of the midrib of 
 the leaf. Where accommodations can be given these 
 plants should be selected, as their growth is rapid, and 
 they are capable of furnishing a large conservatory 
 quickly. Numerous suckers are produced, so that when 
 the main stem ascends the lower part is clothed in foli- 
 age. Valiimus tenuis (or C liojileamis) and C.liotang 
 furnish the rattan canes. Malacca canes are furnished 
 by C. Scipioniim. Young plants thrive best in a root- 
 ing medium containing a c<msiderable quantity of leaf- 
 mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting nature; 
 a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may 
 be used to advantage. Old, well-furnished plants need 
 enonnons quantities of water. All of them require stove 
 temperature. G. W. Oliver. 
 
 CALAMUS or SWEET FLAG. See Acorxis Calamus. 
 CALANCHOE. See Kalimhoe. 
 
 CALANDKfNIA (J. L Calandrini, 
 Gtnevan botanist of last century). Por- 
 tuIacAcece. Fleshy, spreading, or nearly 
 trailing plants, with mostly alter- 
 nate Ivs. and red fls. of short dura- 
 tion. Petals 3-7; stamens 3-5-12. 
 A number of species in N. and S. 
 America and Austral. Sometimes 
 cult, in borders and rockeries, or 
 
 used for edgings in sunny places. Prop, from seeds, and 
 usually treated as annuals (which some of them are). 
 
 umbellita, DC. Four to 6 in.: Ivs. linear and hairy: 
 fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster, bright 
 crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853: 5. -This species is hardy in 
 many parts of the U. S., in our northern climate, it 
 should be planted in a well-sheltered position, or pro- 
 vided with ample prote'*tion in winter; sometimes it acts 
 like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced very freely, 
 young seedlings spring up constantly between the old 
 plants, and one does not miss the few which may decay 
 during die second year ; the plant forms a very neat, 
 slightly spreading tuft; flowers are produced in many- 
 flowered umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow- 
 ing crimson-magenta, saucer-shaped, very showy. June 
 to November. Full exposure to sun, atid light sandy 
 soil, ar? needed to bring out the rare beauty of these 
 plants. The flowers close up when evening comes, like 
 the annual portulacas, but they reopen on the follow- 
 ing day. In the sunny, sloping part of a rockery, even 
 when quite dry, or among other low plants in abed or 
 border, they are h!'?hly satisfactory. This is the only 
 species which we Imve'found to be tolerably hardy with 
 tia in the north as a perennial ; it may also be treated 
 like the annuals, as it flowers the firstsumnier just as 
 freely as afterwards. Can be prop, by cuttings. 
 
 discolor, Schrad. (C. /legans, Hort.). One to 2 ft,: 
 Ivs. fl»'shy and obovate, purple beneath : fls. bright 
 rose, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M. 3357. 
 
 caul^scens, HBK., var. M^nziesii, Gray (C. specidsa, 
 Lindl.). Three to 12 in. high, with green herbage, gla- 
 brous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or 8patuIate-«»blanceolate: 
 fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long-pedimcled 
 (petals J^ in. long). Calif., N. B. R. 1.598.- Variable. 
 There is a white-fld. var. advertised. 
 
 J. B. Keller and L. H. B. 
 
 CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful flnwr). Orrhidih 
 cetf. trilie Windiie. A jrenus of sub-epiphytal or terres- 
 trial orchids found in the eastern hemisphere, and spar- 
 ingly in the western hemisphere. Scapes erect, many- 
 flowered : Ivs. broad, plaited : fls. white or rose-colored, 
 rarely yellow : pseudobulbs angulate, with greyish 
 jrreen sheaths in the Vestitaj section, but absent in the 
 VeratrifoliiB section. Many species are known to orchid 
 fanciers. 
 
 vestlta, Lindl. (C.oculctta, Hort.). Lvs. broadly lan- 
 ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from greyish green pseudo- 
 bulbs : fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes; 
 petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping, 
 the former oval-ol)long, the latter oV)i>vate-oblong; label- 
 lum flat, large, three-lobed, the midlobe cleft ; a yellow 
 or crimson blotch in front of the short column ; 
 scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairv. Blooms in winter. 
 Malava. B. M. 4671. F. E. 9: 32*5. A. F. 0: G55. F. S. 
 
 8:816.— A most pop- 
 ular orchid. There 
 are many forms, of 
 which the following 
 are the most impor- 
 tant : Var. gigant^a, Hort. 
 Larger in all parts: fls. white, 
 with red eye. Var. nivalis, 
 Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. 
 Tumeri, Hoit. (C. Turneri, 
 Reichb. f. ). Fls. more numer- 
 ous, labellum with a crimson 
 blotch ; blooms later in the 
 season than the next. Var. 
 rtibro-ocul^ta, Hort. Label- 
 lum with a crimson -purple 
 blotch. October- February. 
 Var. lilteo-OCuUta, Hort. Yel- 
 low-blotched. Var. Begrni^rif I' | 
 Hort. (C Begnieri. Reichb. I ^ 
 f. C. Stevemti()tia. Regnier). * 
 Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a depression above the 
 middle, labellum rose-colored, with a purple blotch in front 
 of column, less deeply lobed than in the type. A.F. 6: (555. 
 
 veratrifdlia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2 
 ft. long, from a creeping rhizome : fls. white, in dense 
 
 VI" 
 
212 
 
 CALANTHE 
 
 CALATHEA 
 
 corymbose racemes ; petals obovate-spatulnte, sepals 
 obovate-oblong ; Jabellum 4-parted, the anterior lobes 
 usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes. 
 Blocms from May to July. Malaya. B.M. 2615. 
 
 Vditchii, Lindl. Fig. '.il'.i. A hybrid between C. rosea 
 and C. vestita : fls. rose-colored ; labellum with white 
 spot near the base. Winter-flowering. There is also a 
 white variety. This hybrifl was raised by Veitch, in 
 185(). B. M. o.'JTo. Forms of this are var. b^Ila, Hort., 
 with pink ris. ; var. Sajidhursti4na, Hort., with crimson 
 fls.; var. S^deni, Hort.. vith deep rose fls. C. Eyer- 
 manii, Hort. (G.F. 4: 17), is a hybrid of C. Veitchii and 
 C. vestita. Var. sup^rba, Hort., has richer color. 
 
 Mastica, Lindl. Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many- 
 ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segments over- 
 lapping ; deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet- 
 purple. Summer and autumn. N. ^ndia. B. M. I"41. 
 Var. gn^ndifldra, Hort., is of greater size throughout. 
 
 C. discolor. I AmW.. ami C Japonica. Blume, both of Japan, 
 have been offered by dealers in Japanese plants; but they are 
 unknown to general cultivatioc Oakes Ames. 
 
 CALATH£A (Greek for basket, the application not 
 agreed upon). Scitamindcece. Perennial foliage plauts 
 which are commonly cult, as Marantas. From Maranta 
 the genus differs chiefly in technical characters. In 
 Maranta the fruit is 1-seeded, in Calathea usually 3- 
 seeded; in the former the fl. -clusters are branched and 
 few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate or cone-like. Of 
 Calatheas there are 70 or 80 species, mostly of trop. 
 Amer., but a few of trop. Afr. The Ivs., for whicn the 
 plant is grown, are variously mirked with shaaes of 
 green, red, brown, yellow, and white. The Ivs. spring 
 from the very base of the short stem, just above the rhi- 
 zome. Sepals 3, free and equal : corolla tubular, with 3 
 spreading lobes : stamens 3, petal-like, 2 sterile an'i 1 
 bearing an anther on its side (compare Canna). L.H.3. 
 
 Calatheas are among the handsomest of ornamental- 
 leaved stove plants. They may be propaf.'ated by divi- 
 sion of the crowns, or in those species which iiiaKe sec- 
 ondary growths, by cuctiugs taken just below the node 
 and inserte«i in shar.> silver sand 'u thumb-pots and 
 plunged in a propagating box with 1 ottom heat. About 
 the beginning of April, or just b for^ active growth 
 commences, is the best time for { ropatiating and also 
 for repotting. The soil best suited to ♦^I.ca is one-third 
 good, ttbrous loam in small lumps, one-third flbrous peat 
 or chopped fern-root, and one-third leaf -mold and clean 
 silver sand, to which may be added a few nodules of 
 charcoal to keep the mixture s- .'cet. In repotting, the 
 old soil should be shaken from the roots, and the plants 
 potted loosely in the new mixture, using clean, well- 
 drained pots, or for the creeping and shallow-rooting 
 species, pans are preferable. All matured leaves should 
 be removed at this time, and after repotting they should 
 be placed in a close, warm, moist atmosphere and kept 
 shaded, to induce active root growth. As the leaves de- 
 velop they require an abundant supply of water at the 
 roots, f re<iuent s ..*aying witij a fine syringe, and to be well 
 shaded from di- ect sunlight. TIese conclitions should 
 be reduced on ht approa<"h of winter, but at no season 
 must the };lants be allowed to become dry. The tempera- 
 ture uuring winter should not fall below 00°. Strong- 
 gro" Ing species, as C. zehrina, do best planted out in a 
 palm house under the shade of palm trees, while the 
 low-growing or "reeping species are excellent sul)jects 
 for inside rockeries, where a warm, humid atmosphere 
 can be maintained. q^i^^ ^y Edward J. Caxnixo. 
 
 There ar«' many species of Calathea i. fancy collec- 
 tions, but ;he following list includes those which are 
 known to be in the Amer. trade. Since the plants are 
 often named and descrioed before the flowers are 
 known, it is not always possible to determine the proper 
 genus. Consult Mamnta, Phrifnimn, and Stronumthe. 
 For horticultural purp>ses, botanical cha-acters cannot 
 be used in classification of the species ; • ^^e following 
 scheme, therefore, i'? based on evident lea^ characters. 
 
 Index : C. albo-lineata, 3; Bachemiana, 9; Chimbora- 
 censis, 10; crotalifera. 20; eximia, 21; fasciata. 4; La- 
 geriana, 7; Layrrel liana, li); Lietzei, 11; Lindeniana, 12; 
 majestica, 3; Makoyana, 13; Marcelli, 25; me<li(»-picta, 
 22; m'cans,23; niteus, 14; of»i;am,13; ornata, 3; Prin- 
 
 ceps, 15; pulchella. 2; regalis,ti; rosea-lineata,6-, rosea 
 picta, 6; smaragdina, 5; tubispatha, 8; Vandenheckii 
 24 ; Veitchiana, 10 ; virginalis, 2.> ; }ya(jneri, ; Warl 
 scewiczii, 17; Wiotiana, 18; zebrina, 1. 
 
 A. Lvs. marked only by transverse bars. 
 
 1. zebrina, Lindl. (Maranta zebrina, Sims). Large 
 free-growing ])lant : lvs. 2-Mt. long, purple beneath] 
 satiny green above, with alternating bars of deep aud 
 pale green : fls. dull purple, on a very short scane 
 Braz. B.M. 1920. L.B.C. 5:494. R.H. "1805: 90. S.h! 
 1:104. L. 1. — The commonest species, occurring in 
 nearly all collections of warm greenhouse plants. 
 
 2. pulch611a, Kopm. Weaker grower than C. zebrina 
 the lvs. lighter colored, with two series (large and 
 small) of broad green bars. Braz. — By some considered 
 to be a form of C. zebrina. 
 
 3. oru&ta, Koem. (Maranta regdiis, Hort.). Dwarf: 
 lvs. oblong-acuminate, the stalks 1 ft. long and blades 
 usually shorter, red beneath, green abo\e and marked 
 with two bars bei»veen each of the transverse veins. 
 Colombia. — The transverse markings are usually bright 
 red. and this form is taken as the type of the'spedes 
 (I.H. 2: 74. L. 20). In var. ^Ibo-lineata, Hort. (Cala- 
 thea and Maranta dlbo-Unectta, Hort.), the lines are 
 white (F\S. 4:413. L. 55). Var. majestica, Hort. (J/. 
 majestica, Lindl.), attains a height of 4-5 ft. It has red- 
 striped lvs. I.H. 41: 1. 
 
 4. faaciita, Kegel & Koem. Dwarf: lvs. long-cordate, 
 the blade 10-12 in. long, pale green and purple-tinged 
 below, green above, with wh'te bands running off to the 
 margin. Braz. Gn. 2, p. 3. L. 23. 
 
 5. smaragdina, Lind. & Andr^. Two ft.: lvs. wide- 
 spreading, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, silvery 
 greeu below, dark green above with prominent bauds 
 of different shades of green, the midrib prominent. 
 S. Amer. I.H. 17: 16. 
 
 AA. Lvs. variously marked and blotched, often mar- 
 gined, or only the miaHb colored. 
 B. ATarkings red, parallel with the margin. 
 
 6. rdsea- picta, Kegel (C. rdsea-'inedta, Hort.? J/. 
 Wdgneri, Hort.). Dwarf: lvs. nearly orbicular, purple 
 beneath, the upper side dark green, the midrib red. aud 
 an irregular led zone (sometimes twj zones) two-thirds 
 of the distance from the midrib to^vards the margin. 
 Amazon. F.f^. 10:107.5-6. Gn. 2, p. i 
 
 BB. Markings in sJiades of bro'vn or bronze. 
 
 7. Lageriana, Hort. Lvs. large, dark red beueatl 
 the prominent veins rich bronze. 
 
 8. tubispitha. Hook. f. Two feet or ^ ^ high: lvs. 
 obovate-elliptic, short -acuminate o- ite, thin, 
 greenish beneath, lively green abov. iiked mid- 
 way between the rib and the margin wii. lighter green 
 and squarish patches of brown. W. Afr. B.M. 5542. 
 
 EBB. Marfcings in shades of yelloiv and green. 
 
 9. Bachemiftna, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral. cordate at 
 the base, long, smooth, finely striate, >'-:t.h parallel 
 greenish or whitish markings along the primary nerves, 
 purplish beneacn. Brazil. 
 
 10. Cbimborao^nsis, Lind. Dwarf : lvs. oblong-ovate, 
 8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a 
 very dark green white-margined band running length- 
 wise the blad« midway between the rib and each mar- 
 gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17:6. 
 
 11. Li^tzeif Morr. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, truncate or 
 shallow-cordate at base, undulate, purple beneath, deep 
 green -^ud shJv Ing above, with feather-like blotches of 
 deeper gre^n. iJrazil. 
 
 12. liindenlAna; Wallis (C. Undent, Wallis & Andr^). 
 Lvs. elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate ( 12 in. or less 
 long), deep gieen above with an olive-green zone either 
 side of the midrib, and bey md which is a darker zone 
 of green, the under side crunterfeiting ti e upper side, 
 but with purplish zones. Peru. I.H. 18::i2. — By some 
 considered to be a form of C. rosea-picta. 
 
 13. Makoy&.na, Morr. (Mardnta olivdris, Hort.). 
 Or»e to 4 ft. : lvs. broad-oblong, obtuse or somewhat 
 short-pointed, the stalks red, the leaf olive-green or 
 cream-colored above but marked against the midrib 
 
CALATHEA 
 
 CALCEOLARIA 
 
 213 
 
 with outspreading, dark green blotches of oblong, oral 
 or pvriform shape, the under surface similarly marked, 
 but "in red. Brazil. F.S. 20: 2048-9. G.C. 1872:1589. 
 Gn. 4. p. 87. 
 
 14. nltens, Hort. Dwarf : Ivs. oblong, glossy green, 
 on each side of the rib marked with oblong, pointed 
 greenish bars, which alternate with dark green lines. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 15. princeps, Regel. Leaf elongated or elliptical-lan- 
 ceolate. 7-10 in. long, .3-.3>2 in. broad, light green above, 
 with broad black-green, flaming, broken band along the 
 middle nerve, violet-purple below. Amazon. 
 
 314. Calathea Veitchiana. 
 
 16. VeitchiAna, Veitch. Fig. 314. Very handsome, 3-4 
 ft.: Its. large, ovate-elliptic, obtuse or nearly so, rather 
 thin, glossy, purplish below, dark, rich green above and 
 marked with one or two rows of light yellow-green 
 irretrular blotches running the length of the blade (often 
 shailinir into white). Tropical Africa. B.M. 5.535. G.C. 
 1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F. S. 16:1655-8.- Common ; 
 one of the handsomest and most serviceable species. 
 The darker parts of the blade are often bronze-brown. 
 
 17. Warscewlczii, Kcern. Rather large : Ivs. 2 ft. 
 lonff. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath, 
 dark, velvetv green above, but the midrib broadlv feath- 
 ered with vellow-green. Trop. Amer. F.S. 9:939-940. 
 Gn. 17:238. L. 17.-One of the best. 
 
 18. Wiotiina, Makoy {C.Widti, Hort.). Lvs. bright 
 green, with two rows of olive-green blotches. Brazil. 
 
 BBBB. Markings white or very neariy so. 
 
 19. Le^rellitoa, Regel. Leaf elliptical, pointed, 5-6 In. 
 long, 2-;jV^in. broad, above shining green, with broad, 
 ■white, flaming, broken middle band along the middle 
 nerve and numerous broken white linear small bands be- 
 tween the side nerves; lower surface whitish green and 
 marked with red and green Equador. — Neat species. 
 
 20. crotallIera,Wats. Rattlesnake Plant. Lvs.oval, 
 ahniptly acute at each end, 2 ft. or less long and half as 
 broad, yellowish green, with a white-maririned midrib; 
 petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, sheathing: peduncles 1 or 2 
 
 and 8-10 in. high, bearing distichous yellow-fld. sp?kes. 
 Guatemala.— Offered in Fla. 
 
 21. eximia, Kcern. (P/in/HiMm fj-fm /urn, Koch). Peti- 
 ole grooved, greenish, closely covered with soft hair and 
 naked only on the somewhat thickened end. Leaf sur- 
 face somewhat long-elliptical, pointed, in full-grown Ivs. 
 8-10 in. long and 4-5 in. broad, lightly shining blue-green, 
 and marked with broad white cross bands ; the under side 
 of the Ivs. covered with short, velvety hair, and of a 
 brownish purple color. S. Amer. Gt. 686. 
 
 22. mddio-picta, Makoy. Lrs. oval -lanceolate and 
 tapering to both ends, dark green, with the rib feathered 
 with white from base to summit. Brazil. 
 
 23. mlcans, Koem. Very small : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, ob- 
 long-lanceolate, somewhat acummate, green nnd shining 
 above, the rib in a feathered white stripe. Brazil. L, 49. 
 
 24. Vandenli6ckei, Regel. Lvs. dark green, shining, 
 red-purple beneath, the upper surface marked with two 
 concentric zones of white, and the rib margined with 
 white. Brazil ? 
 
 25. virgin^Iis, Lind. Lvs. soft-hairy below, broad- 
 oval, rather blunt, 7-9 in. long. 4-6 in. broad, upper sur- 
 face light green, and below, intheconmion form, whitish 
 gre^n and lighter zones shown, as on the upper surface, 
 
 — or in another form, which has been distributed in gar- 
 dens as C. (Maranta) Marcelli, under side shaded alight 
 violet and without zones. Brazil. A.F. 7: 611. 
 
 C. argyriea, Koem. Has been offered in the American trade. 
 
 — C. arrecta, Lind. and Andre. Tall : lvs. oblong, red 1>eneath, 
 green alx)ve, with the nerves all prominent. Equador. I. H. 18:77. 
 
 — C. Baraqitini, Regel. Lvs. oval-lance<ilate, green, witli bands 
 of white. Brazil.— C Fascinator. Hort. Dwarf: lvs. broad- 
 ovate-oV)long. purplish l)eneatb, green above and with blotches 
 of lighter color and transverse narrow bars of red. Brazil. 
 I.H. 41:104, as Maranta Fascinator. — C. hieroglyphica. Lind. 
 and Andre. Dwarf: Ivs. short -ov.-ite. short-pointe<l, purplish be- 
 neath, green aViove and marked by m-nnj' oblique bands or bars 
 of silvery white. Colombia. I.H. 2():l'i2-3.— C i7/»»^r/s, Hort. 
 (Marama ilhrstris. Lind.). Dwjirf : lvs. broad-ovate or some- 
 what obovate, pxirple beneatli. green above, with oblique bars of 
 lighter green and an encinding zone of shaded white. Equador. 
 I.H. 14: ol.!.— C. leopnnVinn, Kegel. Medium to large : lvs. ob- 
 long, olive-green, with blotches of deep green. Brazil.— V. MaS' 
 sangeana, Hort.=Maranta Massangeana.— C. pardhia. Planch. 
 & Lind. =»C. villosa.-C.rHfiT/dW^rt. Hook. f. Brown-hairy: lvs. 
 long-oblong or linear-oblong, bright green a hove, and bluish 
 greenand violet -tingetllieneath: lis. yellow. Brazil? B.M. 7560. 
 
 — C gplendens and splendidn, Hort. = Maranta splendida.— C. 
 villdsa, Lindl. Large : lvs. 10-20 in. long, oblong-ovate, pale 
 green, with dark brown angular blotches: fls. yellow. S. Amer. 
 F.S. 11:1101-2. as C. pardina ; also, L. .T2.— T. rittata, Koem. 
 Lvs. ovate-acuminate, less th.%n 1 ft. long, light green, with 
 many transverse bars of yellow-white. Brazil. L. .38. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 CALCEOLABIA (Latin calceohis, a slipper, alluding 
 to the saccate fl.). Scrophnlaridcecp. Many species of 
 herbs and shrubs, chiefly natives of S. Amer., but some 
 in Mexico and New Zealand. Corolla 2-parted nearly to 
 the base, the lower part or lip deflexed and inflated-.s'lip- 
 per-like, the upper lip smaller and ascending, but usu- 
 ally saccate ; stamens 2 or rarely 3, and no rudiments 
 (A, Fig. 315) : fruit a many-seeded capsule: lvs. usually 
 hairy and rugose, mostly opposite. Calceolarias are 
 grown for the variously colored and usually spotted 
 lady"s-slipptr-like fls. The colors are often very rich and 
 intense. The genus falls into two horticultural" sections, 
 the herbaceous kinds, and the shnibby kinds. The former 
 are the only ones generally known in this country. They 
 are grown from seeds. They are often known as the 
 hybrid Calceolarias (C. hyhrida, Hort.), since the com- 
 mon varieties are evidently the products of inter-crossing 
 and plant -breeding. L. H. B 
 
 Of the hybrid section, seeds are best sown at the end 
 of J'.me or beginning of July, in pans. Care should be 
 taken to have the pans thoroughly clean. Good drainage 
 is essential. A good soil is one composed of equal parts 
 of sand, leaf -mold and sod soil. This should be finely 
 sifted. After filling the pans, thoroughly dampen, and 
 allow to drain before sowing. It is unnecessary to cover 
 the seetls with soil, but a close-fitting pane of glass should 
 be placed over the pan until the little plants are well 
 started, when the glass should be gradually removed. In 
 the early stages, watering is best done by inmiersion, but 
 it i8 not advisable to keep the pans standing lu water. 
 
.X' 
 
 214 
 
 CALCEOLARIA 
 
 Prick oflf, when larp;e enough to handle, into pans or 
 shallow flats one inch apart. Same compost as for seeds 
 will suit. When plants begin to crowd, pot into thumb- 
 pots. This time the compost should have the addition of 
 a sixth part of finely sifted dried cow-manure. Subse- 
 quent shifts should be given as required, the last being 
 into 7-inch pots. Shade is necessarj- all along, but should 
 not be so heavy as to induce the plants to become drawn. 
 A house or frame with a northern elevation is most suit- 
 able for their culture, keeping the temperature as low as 
 possible during the warmer months. Later on, provide 
 a night temperature of 40° and a day temperature of 50° 
 to 55°. Water carefully, avoiding extremes, and when the 
 flowejT spikes begin to show, weak liquid manure may be 
 frequently use<i with advantage. Green-fly is the only 
 really troublesome insect enemy. This can be kept in 
 check by the free distribution of tobacco stems around 
 the benches where the plants are set. If it gets thoroughly 
 established, evaporate tobacco extract in the house. 
 
 The shrubby Calceolarias are grown extensively in 
 Europe, especially Britain, as a bedding plant, but the 
 heat of an American summer proves too much for them. 
 Propagation is effected chiefly by cuttings, which are 
 taken there the end of August, stnick, and wintered over 
 in cold frames protected from frost. 
 
 Wm. Scott, of Tarrytown. 
 
 Tlie herbaceous garden forms of Calceolarias cannot 
 often be referred to botanical species. In the following 
 account, the important stem species are described. Rodi- 
 gas considers the garden hybrids to be offshoots chiefly 
 of C. araeh)ini(ha and ere nati flora, and he has called this 
 race C. arachnoideo-crenatiflr'ra (f^e I.H. 31:528, 53G; 
 35: 54). Fig. ;{I5. C. crenatiflora seem? to have left its 
 impress most distinctly on the greenhouse forms. 
 
 -:^^^ 
 
 315. Calceolaria arachnoideo-crenatiflora. 
 
 A. HerbnceouH Calceolaria f, parents of the florists^ 
 varieties of this country. 
 
 B. Lvs. simple. 
 c. Fls. essentially yellow. 
 
 crenatifldra, Cav. ( C. phulu la , Sweet ) . One-2 ft. , t he 
 stem soft-hairy, terete: radical lvs. ovate and long peti- 
 
 CALCEOLARIA 
 
 oled {the petioles winged at top), undulate and dentate 
 sometimes obscurely lobed, rugose and pubescent, paler 
 beneath, of ten purplish towards the tip ; stem-lvs. shorter- 
 petioled and becoming sessile above : fls. in a forking 
 corymb, the slipper large, oblong or oblong-olK)vate, fur- 
 rowed or crenate, hanging, yellow, with orange-l»nnvn 
 dots. Chile. B.M. ir255.— From this species we seem to 
 have derived the spots of Calceolaria fls. 
 
 corymbdsa, Ruiz & Pav. One-2 ft., the stem 4-aiig;e(l: 
 radical lvs. ovate and sometimes cordate, obtuse or m-ariv 
 so, doubly crenate, rugose and hairy, whitish beneath- 
 stem-lvs. smaller and narrower, somewhat clasping, op'- 
 posite : fls. small (about half as large as in C. crmati- 
 flora), in a broad, somewhat loose corj-mb, the slipper 
 somewhat short-oblong, clear yellow outside and ruarked 
 with red lines inside. Chile. B.M. 2418. 
 
 amplezicaiilis, HBK. A ft. or two high: lvs. cordate- 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent 
 woolly beneath and deep-rugose above, claspinjr : fls. 
 small, in an upright corymb, pale yellow and spotless, 
 the slipper hoof-shape<I Equador, etc. B.M. 4300. 
 
 cc. Fls. purple. 
 
 purptirea, Grab. Stems erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft. : radi- 
 cal lvs. spatulate and acutish, with a strong midrib 
 sparsely hairy, rugose, dentate; stem-lvs. broad-cordate 
 and clasping, less toothed : fls. in loose corymbs, small, 
 purplish or reddish violet, the slipper somewhat fur- 
 rowed. Peru. B.M. 2775.— Supposed to have entered 
 largely into purt)le-fld. varieties. 
 
 araclinoldea. Grab. Stem a foot or two high, terete, 
 branchy, woolly, with appressed hairs : lvs. oblong or 
 lingulate, narrowing into long winged petioles, clasping, 
 obscurely toothed, rugose, woolly on both sides : pe- 
 duncles in pairs, forking: fls. small, dull purple, the slip- 
 per nearly globular and furrowed. Chile. B.M. 2874. 
 
 B. Ja'S. compound, or essentially so. 
 
 scabiosaefdlia, Sims. Often 2 ft., the stem terete, hairy 
 and leafy: lvs. opposite, with clasping petioles, cut nearly 
 or completely to the midrib : Ifts. varying from lanceo- 
 late to broad-oval, acuminate, ciliate, dentate : fls. very 
 small, in small hairy corjnnbs, pale yellow, the slipper 
 nearly orbicular ifi outline. Peru. B.M. 2405.— In es- 
 sentially pure form, this is sold by seedsmen as an annual 
 and bedding plant. 
 
 piiui&t%, Linn. Often reaches 3 ft. or more : lvs. pin- 
 natifld or completely compound, the divisions short and 
 nearly entire, obtuse or nearly so : fls. small, sulfur- 
 yellow. Peru. B.M. 41.- The first known garden spe- 
 cies, still sold as an annual. 
 
 AA. Shrubby Calceolarias. 
 
 integrifdlia, Murr. (C. rugdsa, Ruiz and Pav. C. 
 sal via folia, Pers.). Two ft. or less high, branchy 
 and bushy : lvs. glabrous, oval-lanceolate, crisped 
 ■""x and dentatp, the short petioles winged : fls. in ter- 
 minal clusters, small, yellow. Chile. B.M. 2523.— 
 Variable. Probably the chief source of shrubby 
 Calceolarias. 
 
 thyrsifldra, Grab. More shrubby : lvs. linear and 
 clustered, toothed, sessile, not hairy : tts. small, yel- 
 low, in a close, terminal cluster, (,'hile. B.M. 2915. 
 
 C. dUa, Ruiz & Pav. Shnilihy: lvs. linear, toothed above: 
 fls. sniiill, white. Chile. 15 M. 4157. 0.0.111.22:141. Gn. 
 51:1102. — C. And'tna, Benth. Shrubby, gl.tndnlar-pubesceut : 
 lvs. orbicular-ovate, t) k. ntgose. hairy : fls. small, yellow, the 
 slipper crenate. Chi B.M. "■{26.- C bi^olor, Ruiz A: Pav. 
 Shrubby: lvs. ovate, <; tate : fls. small, the slipper sulfur- 
 yeUovv above and white below. Peru. L? M.:Ui;{6. — <['. Jhhftidaei, 
 Hort. Handsome yellow-fld. hybrid of C Pavonii X (\ fuchsise- 
 folia. Gn. 47:1012. — *". flexwmi. Ruiz and Pav. Shrubby at 
 base : lvs. large-ovate, coarsely crenate-dentate : Hs. nither 
 large, clear vellow, with very lar^e green calices. Peru. B.M. 
 51.'>4. F.S. 22:2:«1. — C. fuchsiivfolia, Hemsl. JShrubby : lvs. 
 lanceol.'ite: fls. yellow, panided, upper lip very large. Peru? 
 Gn. 1.">:173. G.C. IT. l.'):26».— r'. Henrici, Hook. f. Shnibby, 
 evergreen : lvs. willow-like, small-toothe<l : fls. panided, clear 
 yellow, the upper lip large. Equador. B.M. .^772.— C. husum- 
 folia. HBK. Shrubby : lvs. erowde<l, small, lanceolate and 
 toothe<l, or at top of stem linear and entire, margins revohite: 
 fls. rather large, in many-fld. corymbs, pale sulfur-yellow the 
 slipper obovate-orbicular and crenate. Equador. B.M. 'tMS — 
 C. lf>bnta, Cav. Herbaceous : lvs. triangular-ovate, palniately 
 5-7-lobed, dentate : fls. in terminal clusters, clear, pale yellow, 
 
CALCEOLARIA 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 215 
 
 and spotted on the np-curved slipper. Pern, Bolivia. B.M. 
 (0^—C. Pavonii, Benth. Herbaceous : Ivs. large and wrinkled, 
 ovate, truncate or cordate at base, the radical ones winged, all 
 jagged and toothed : tls. large, clear yellow, the lip up-eiir\-ed. 
 Peni. B.M. 4i>2.'>.— C. Pisacomensia, Meyer. Shrubby : Ivs. 
 ovateconlate. nearly or quite obtuse, nearly sessile, irregu- 
 larly crenate, margins retlexed : tls. large, orange varying to 
 ml. the slipper up-cur^'e^l. Peru. B.M. 'iCTT.—f'. pJnnfowtHca, 
 Smith. Herbaceous, stemless : Ivs. ovate-spatulate, toothed at 
 top : scapes many, few-fld., the tls. large, yellow, the under 
 side of the slipper dotte<l with red. Chile. B.M. 280.5.— C. Sin- 
 elairii. Hook. Herbaceous, half-hardy : Ivs. oblong-ovate, 
 stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy : fls. small, lilac or flesh-col- 
 ored spotted within, the two lips nearly equal, not saccate. 
 New Zeal. B.M. 6.507.— f. tenella, Poepp. & Endl. Herba- 
 ceous, h."ilf-hardy. 6 in. high : Ivs. ovate or orbicular, small 
 {%m. longt, nearly or quite sessile : fls. yellow, spotte«l within. 
 Chile. B.M. 6231.— C. violacea, Cav. Shrubby : Ivs. small, 
 ovate-cordate, deep-tonthed, stalked : fls. yellow-salmon, 
 spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile. 
 B.M. 4929. L. H. B. 
 
 CALENDULA (Latin, calendce or calends: flowering 
 throughout the month.s ) . Compbsitce. Herbs of temper- 
 ate regii ns, of 20 or more species. Annuals or peren- 
 nials. With alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads 
 with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved akenes, 
 plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre 
 broad, with scales in one or two series. 
 
 officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Fig. 316. Annual: 
 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more 
 or less clasping, entire, thickish ; heads solitary, on 
 stout stalks, large with flat, spreading ravs, sliowv, 
 closing at night. 8. Eu. B.M. 3204. -One o'f the most 
 universal garden fls., running into many vars., distin- 
 guished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The 
 color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is 
 the Marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl. -heads are 
 sometimes used in oookerj', to flavor soups and .stews. 
 The Calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, 
 loose soil. The seed.s are usually sown where the plants 
 are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a 
 frame and the plants transplanted. The akenes are 
 large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the 
 whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a 
 hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom 
 most of the year. 
 
 soffruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses- 
 sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel- 
 low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles. 
 W. Mediterranean region.— Seeds are sold by American 
 dealers. 
 
 C. Pongei, Hort., and C. pluvialis, Linn., will be found under 
 Dimori>hotheca. L H B 
 
 CALICO BUSH is a Kalmia. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, HORTICULTURE IN. California oc- 
 cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a 
 vast area, nmch of which is peculiarly well-fitted to 
 horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, 31ai"ne, New Jersey, 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, 
 Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area 
 than California. The range of products grown suc- 
 cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as 
 that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea- 
 level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants, 
 such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but 
 on the sheltered uplands of California many species 
 which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home. 
 Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one 
 finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal- 
 nuts and prunes of France ; the olives, oranges, lemcms, 
 chestnuts, figs and pomegranates of Italy and Spain ; 
 the Acacias, Eucalypts, Casuariaas, and salt-bushes of 
 Australia; the melons of Turkestan; the cotton and to- 
 bacco of tiie south ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul- 
 berries, and other products of the more extreme north, 
 the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the 
 costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief, 
 examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural 
 productions of the temperate zones. 
 
 While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight- 
 ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi- 
 gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California 
 
 were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms, 
 and European grapes, about the early Missions. After 
 the American conquest, and the gold discoverv' of 1848, 
 horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands 
 below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its 
 gardens and its beginnings of orchards. Soon the 
 thoughts of men turned to the broad, fertile, untilled 
 valleys, and in a f.?w years the wheat farmer became the 
 typical Calif omian. Lastly, the state entered upon a 
 magnificent and still continuing period of horticultural 
 development, which well deserves to be written down in 
 history as one of the most important facts of modem 
 material progress. 
 
 Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of 
 California were considered "nearly all waste." Now, 
 
 O.^. 
 
 
 
 316. Calendula officinalis, double-flowered (X%). 
 
 one finds that forests, pastures, farms, gardens, so sug- 
 gestively occupy the land that, although there is room 
 for many more, it is difficult to call anything worthless 
 except the great heights that shelter and water the val- 
 leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams, 
 and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian 
 wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine, 
 modern India, are being repeated over large districts of 
 California. 
 
 The great valleys and nearly level lands of Califor- 
 nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise 
 about 40,000,000 acres of land; the foothill fruit-belts, 
 
216 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 CALLIANDRA 
 
 of Coast Range and Sierra, hardly as yet one-tenth oc- 
 cupied, comprise fully 25,000,000 acres; in timber and 
 fine grazing lands, capable of perpetual renewals, are 
 12.000,000 acres; high mountains cover some 13.000,000 
 acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri- 
 gation, or slowly conquered by neutralizing their super- 
 abundant alkali, occupy about 10.000,000 acres. Over 
 these greftt areas every wind current, every mountain 
 spur, eve; " alteration in slope or altitude, helps to make 
 a local climate. The complicated geological develop- 
 ment of California has produced soils almost as varied 
 as its local climates. Still, the state can be conveniently 
 divided into five characteristic oliraate-zones: in the 
 high Sierras the mean annual temperature is from 30'^ 
 to 44°; in the lower Sierras it is from 44° to 52°; near 
 the Pacific ocean it is from 52° to 67°; in the central 
 valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin it is from 60° to 
 68°, and in the southern counties from 68° to 72°. But 
 every part of California shows verj- sharp horticultural 
 contrasts upon farms not a mile apart. Local climate is 
 the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in- 
 stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val- 
 ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland 
 Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end; 
 groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and 
 rich alfalfa fields along the "bottoms "of the Sacramento 
 valley rivers. See Fig. .317. 
 
 Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul- 
 ture of California can be shown only by some of its re- 
 sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the 
 records. Take the well-known industry of raisin-mak- 
 ing. In 1873, 120,000 pounds were produced in Califor- 
 nia. By 1894 this crop had grown to 103,000,000 pounds. 
 The interstate shipments of fresh fruits, beginning late 
 in the seventies, rose by 1894 to nearly 180,000,000 
 pounds. The interstate shipments of dried fruits rose 
 between 1884 and 1897, from about 2.000,000 pounds to 
 150,000.000 pounds. During the same period of only 13 
 years, the product of beet-sugar increased from about 
 2,000,000 to over 70,000.000 pounds. Oranges, for many 
 years a noted California pro<luct, rose between 1884 and 
 1898, from 850,000 boxes to 4.«340.000 boxes. Turning to 
 some other separate industries, in 1897 the dried apricot 
 crop was over 30,000,000 pounds, the prune crop was 
 over 97,000,000 pounds, the dried peach crop was over 
 
 I UTAH 
 
 >>Kv38ARI Z O MA 
 
 Fiff. 317. Horticultural resions of California. 
 
 27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in 
 1897 was 34,500.000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit 
 in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful 
 tabulation of the area planted to fruit-trees and vines, 
 
 made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti- 
 mated as follows: 
 
 Kind Acreage 
 
 Citrus and semi-tropic 9.i.(M)fl 
 
 Deciduous fruits 2(M»!(MMt 
 
 Nut-l)earing trees 2.">.<KiO 
 
 drapes 19l!im 
 
 Small fruits oMl 
 
 Total Tsif.oii 
 
 At the usual distances of planting, this would give 
 48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines. 
 Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and ytt the 
 acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and 
 worn-out orchards have been destroyed. The area in 
 small fruits has nearly doubled. The citi-us and semi- 
 tropic fruits have somewhat increased in area. Tliere 
 have been seasons of heavy frosts and of litrht rainfall. 
 The industry has been less generally profitable «luring 
 recent years. A multitude of lesser horticultural occu- 
 pations have attracted attention. 
 
 Among these new horticultural industries of the last 
 decade or so are the extensive growth of tree, flower and 
 vegetable seeds, of cut-flowers, of vegetables and of dec- 
 orative plants. California has always had important 
 nurseries and large market-gardens, but there is now a 
 tendency to specialize more than ever before, and to 
 supply, in many departments, the markets of America 
 and Europe. Portugese, Italian, Chinese and Japanese 
 peasants have settled in larere numbers in the richer 
 districts of California, introducing their special horti- 
 cultural industries. Large farms and orchards are still 
 profitable, but every year the small, well-tilled plots in- 
 crease in number and relative importance. 
 
 Charles H. Shikn. 
 CALIFOENIA POPPY is Eschscholtzia. 
 
 is Emmennnthe 
 
 CALIPOBNIA TELLOW BELLS 
 
 penduliflora. 
 
 CALIMEBIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com- 
 pdsittv. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, but 
 horticulturally distinct, and differing from that frenus 
 in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal, 
 scarious -margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle 
 Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth, 
 suited to the border in front of stronger plants. C. Ta- 
 tarica is described in the genus Heteropappus. 
 
 inclsa, UC. (Aster incUus, Fisch. ). One to 2 ft., erect, 
 corymbose at the summit : Ivs. lanceolate, remotely in- 
 cise-dentate : scales of involucre red-margined :" fls. 
 large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered. 
 — Of easy culture in any good soil, making a display 
 throughout July and Aug. The commonest species, 
 
 Alt^icB, Nees {Aster Altdicus, Willd.). Lower, pu- 
 bescent or hispid : Ivs. linear-lanceolate and entire : 
 scales of involucre pubescent and white-margined : rays 
 narrow, blue. l_ g q^ 
 
 CALIPHEUBIA. See CaUiphruria. 
 
 CALLA (ancient np,me, of obscure meaning). Ardidea. 
 A monotypic genus, containing a native bog-plant with 
 a white spathe. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2- 
 ranked Ivs. Differs from Orontium in the parallel sec- 
 ondary and tertiary veins of the leaf -blade. S?e liU-h- 
 ardia for C ^thiopica, albotnacuhtta, ElUottiava. and 
 nana. The Calla of florists, or Calla Lily, is Richardia. 
 
 palustris, Linn. Fig. 318, Rhizome bearing many dis- 
 tichous Ivs. one year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the pe- 
 duncle : petioles c*-Iindrical, long-sheathed : blade cor- 
 date : spathe elliptical, or ovate-lanceolate, white. Eu., 
 N. Asia, and E. N. Amer. B. M. 18.31.— An interesting 
 little perennial plant, useful for outdoor ponds. 
 
 Jared G. Smith. 
 
 CALLIANDBA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu- 
 niindsre. Tropical American shrubs, distinguished from 
 Acacia by the presence of a thickened margin on the 
 pod. Lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. numerous: fls, usually borne 
 in glolK)se heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu- 
 merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, in 
 S. Calif., and prop, by cuttings. 
 
CALLIANDRA 
 
 CALLIRHOE 
 
 217 
 
 LambertiAna, Benth. (Acdcia Lambertidna, D.Don). 
 Unarmed : branches terete : Ivs. puberulous-villous : 
 pinnae 2-3-yoked : Ifts. 9-12-yoked, oval-oblong, obtuse 
 at both ends : petiole not glandular : peduncles 3-5, 
 racemose : heads roundish ; stamens 20-25, exserted. 
 Mexico. B.R.721 
 
 318. Calla palustris. 
 
 tetrdgona, Benth. {Achcia tetrdgona, Willd.). Un- 
 armed, glabrous: branches tetragonal : pinnae 5-6-yoked : 
 Ifts. l&-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger :' heads 
 pedunculate, axillary; fls. white : pod linear-obtuse, 
 thickened at the margiu. 
 
 Fortoricdnsis, Benth. {Acdcia Fortoric4nsis, V^'illd.). 
 Unarmed shrub, 10 ft. high: pinnte 5-yoked: Ifts. 15-25- 
 yoked, linear, obtuse; petioles not glandular: branch- 
 lets pubescent : heads globose, peduntulate, axillary : 
 calyx ciliate on the margin : filaments long, white : sta- 
 mens 20-25: pod straight, linear, tapering at the base. 
 West Indies. 
 
 CALLICABPA (Greek, heaitty and frttit). Verbend- 
 ceif. Shrubs or trees, mostly with rough, stellate hairs: 
 Ivs. opposite, usually dentate and deciduous : fls, small, 
 perfect, in axillary cymes ; corolla with short tube, 4- 
 lobed ; stamens 4: fr. a small, berr>--like drupe, red, 
 lilac or violet, with 2-4 seeds. About 30 species in trop. 
 and subtrop. regions of Asia. Australia. N. and C. Amer. 
 Some species are cult, chiefly for their decorative fr., 
 profusely produced in fall ; the hardiest are C. pur- 
 puren and C Japonicn, and they may be grown even 
 north in sheltered positions, if somewhat protected dur- 
 ing the winter. If killed to the ground, young shoots 
 spring up vigorously, and will produce fls. and fr. in the 
 same season. If grown in the greenhouse, they require 
 a sandy compost of loam and peat, and plenty of light 
 and air. Prop, readily by greenwood cuttings in spring 
 or summer under glass, also by hardwood cuttings, layers 
 and seeds. 
 
 ▲. Z(VS. tomentose beneath. 
 
 Americ&na, Linn. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with scurfy, downy 
 tomentum : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, ob- 
 tusely serrate, 3-6 in. long: cymes short-stalked; corolla 
 bluish, glabrous: fr. violet. .luly-Aug. Virg. to Texas 
 and W. India. — One of the handsomest in fr.,but more 
 tender than the Japanese species. There is a var. with 
 white fr. 
 
 AA. Lvti. glabrous beneath, hut glandular : corolla 
 glandular out aide. 
 
 Jap^nica, Thunb. Shrub, 2-5 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, ellip- 
 tic or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenately serrate, 
 2J'^-5 in. long: cymes peduncled, many-fld. : fls. pink or 
 whitish: fr. violet. August. Japan. P.F.G. 2, p. 165. 
 
 purpi^iTea, Juss. {C. gracilis, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrub, 
 1—4 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic or obovate, coarsely serrate 
 above the mid<lle, entire toward the base, lK-3 in. long: 
 cymes peduncled, few or many-fld.; fls. pink: fr. lilac- 
 violet. Augu.st. Japan, China. Gn. 23: 3i^2. — Closely al- 
 lied to the former, but smaller in every part. 
 
 C. cdna, Linn. Shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic, shining above 
 and whitish-tomentose beneath : fr. deep purple. E. India. 
 China. Philippine Isl.— C dichotoma, C. Koch = C purpurea. — 
 C. lanata, S<*hau.. not Linn.=C. peduneuJata.— C Ifu/iMrazflAri, 
 Sieb.=C. Japoniea.— C mollis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft.: 
 Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, tomentose beneath: 
 fls. and fr. pink. .JAj)&n.—C. jiednticvluta, R.Br. Shnib: Ivs. 
 oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, and rounded at the base, green and 
 slightly tomentose beneath: cymes slender-peduncled. E. Ind., 
 Austr. Sieb. Flor.d..I.ird. 4: 1)7.— C n/frt^iio, Lindl. Shrub or 
 small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ohlong, tomentose beneath: 
 fr. purple. Himal.. China. B. R. 11: 883. Y. S. 13: 1359 (as C. 
 purpurea). Alfred Rehdek. 
 
 CALLI6FSIS. Consult Coreopsis. 
 
 CALLIPHRtlEIA (Greek, beautiful prison; referring 
 to the spathe inclosing the flowers). Written also Cali- 
 j)huria. Amarf/lliddcetf. Tender bulbs from New 
 Granada, distinguished from Eucharis by the stamens, 
 the filaments being petalid, with three large linear teeth 
 on top, the middle one bearing the anther. The fls. ap- 
 pear with the Ivs. Prop, by offsets. J. G. Baker. Ama- 
 ryllideje, p. 112. 
 
 Hartwegi^na, Herb. Bulb ovid, 1 in. thick, stolonifer- 
 ous. with brown membranous tunics: Ivs. bright green, 
 firmer and more closely veined than in Eucharis, with 
 an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad, narrowed 
 into a petiole, which is flat above, and round beneath : 
 scape slender, 1 ft. long : fls. 6-8, in an umbel, white ; 
 perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota. B.M.6259. 
 Int. in 1889 by Reasoner, who has never flowered it. 
 
 C. subedentdta. Baker =■ Eucharis subedeutata. 
 CALLIPEC»EA is included in Brodio'a. 
 
 CALLtPTEBIS (Greek, beatitifulfern). Polypodidcece. 
 A genus of ferns allied to Asplenium, with elongate sori 
 formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins uniting 
 to form meshes or areolae. Some fifteen species are kno\^-n 
 from the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The follow- 
 ing is the only one in cultivation. Culture of tropical 
 Aspleniums. 
 
 prolifera, Bory {Asplenium decussdtum.S-wz.). Lvs. 
 2-4 ft. long besides the stalks, which are 1-2 ft. long, with 
 numerous pinnae 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply 
 crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the axils ; 
 veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous veins 
 uniting. Polynesia and Malaya. l^ jj^ Underwood. 
 
 CALLIEHOE ( Greek mythological name ) . Malvdcece. 
 Poppy-Mallow. Seven native species of hardy, showy 
 herbs of the easiest culture and deserving a much greater 
 popularity. The two kinds mentioned are chiefly prop, 
 by seeds, but the perennial species may also be prop, 
 by cuttings. The name is also written CaliirrhoS. 
 
 A. Annual: involucre ab»ent. 
 
 ped&ta, Gray. Fig. 319. Height 1-3 ft. : stem erect, 
 leafy : radical, and lower lvs. round-cordate, palmately or 
 pedately 5-7-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely toothed 
 or incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted, usually into narrow 
 divisions : fls. red-purple, cherrj' red, varying to lilac. 
 Common in Texas. R.H. 1857, p. 430. 
 
218 
 
 CALURHOE 
 
 CALLUNA 
 
 AA. Perennial: involucre present. 
 
 involucrJtta, Gray. Height &-12 in., i>lunt hitpute or 
 even hispid : root lar^e. napiform : stems procumbent: 
 lv8. of rounded outline, palmately or pedately 5-7-parted 
 
 Thuja. The small cones have 4-6 separatinjr woody 
 scales : Ivs. smaU and scale-like, persistent. Of 
 attractive habit 
 
 V( 
 
 •ry 
 
 
 319. Callirhoe pedata. 
 
 or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped, incised, the 
 lobes oblong to lanceolate : fls. crimson-purple, cherry 
 red or paler. All summer. Minn, to Tex. G.W.F. 26. 
 R.H. 1862:171, as C. verticUlata. 
 
 Var. lineariloba, Gray. Less hirsute than the type : 
 stems ascending: Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in. across, the upper 
 or all dissected into linear lobes.— An excellent trailer, 
 especially for rockeries. Thrives even in very dry soils, 
 the root penetrating to a great depth. A sunnv position 
 is preferable. j ^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^;^ ^, ^^ 
 
 CALLISTllMMA. CALLlSTEPHUS. See Aster, China. 
 
 CALLIST£:M0N (Greek. kaUos. beauty; stemon. a 
 stamen ; in must of the species the stamens are a beau- 
 tiful scarlet color). Mifrf<lceif. Bottle-brush. Au- 
 stralian shrubs : Ivs. evergreen, short : tts. in dense, 
 cylindrical spikes, at first terminal, but the axis grow- 
 ing out into leafy shoots ; anthers versatile, with par- 
 allel cells opening longitudinally : fr. persisting several 
 years. Prop, by ripened cuttings in sand under a hand- 
 glass, which flower when small ; or by seeds, but the 
 seedlings are slow in reaching the flowering state. 
 Rapid growers ; very ornamental ; greenhouse in the 
 north ; hardy in California, thriving in any soil and 
 without irrigation. 
 
 A. Lvs. flat, penni veined. 
 
 specidsuB, DC. Lvs. thick, narrow-lanceolate, pubes- 
 cent when young : spikes dense, large : fls. scarlet, the 
 calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens obscurely or very 
 shortly 5-adelphous. March-April. West Australia. 
 B.M. 1761, as Aletrosideros speciosa. Height 10 ft. 
 
 lanceolitus, Sweet. Fig. 320. Height 6-10 ft. : lvs. 
 crowded, thick, lanceolate, punctate, reddish when 
 young: spikeratherloose,of reddish fls. N.S.Wales. 6ft. 
 
 rlg^dus, R. Br. Lvs. linear or narrowly linear-lanceo- 
 late, rigid, almost pungent-pointe«l : spikes dense : fls. 
 red ; anthers dark. New South Wales. 4 ft. 
 
 AA. Lvs. channeled above, linear, nerveless or 
 
 1-nerved. 
 linearis, DC. Height 4 to 6 ft. : fls. dark or pale scar- 
 let : fr. more globular and more contracted at the mouth 
 than in C. rigidus. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 J. Bi'RTT Davy. 
 
 CALLlTBIS (from the Greek for beautiful). Conif- 
 er(f, tribe Cupress\ne(s. About 15 trees or shrubs, 
 growing in Africa and the Australian region, allied to 
 
 The only species in the Amer. trade 13 
 robiista, R. Br. Cypress Pine. Somewhat resemhUs 
 our native red cedar, but is conical in form and very 
 dense. It is a fine tree for tall hedges and windbreaks. 
 Young trees planted out in S. Fla. make fine specimens* 
 branching from the ground. In Ave years the plants 
 reach 10-12 ft. high. Little known in this country. 
 Queensland. L. H B ' ' 
 
 CALLt^NA (Greek, to sweep ; the branches are some- 
 times used for making brooms). Erichceo'. Heather. 
 Low evergreen shrubs with imbricated, scale-like lvs! 
 in four rows, the branchlets therefore quadrangular : 
 fls. in terminal racemes ; condla campanulate, 4-lobed 
 shorter than the 4-parted colored calyx ; stamens 8 : 
 fr. capsular. One species in W. and N. Eu., also in 
 Asia Minor ; in E. N. Amer. in some localities natural- 
 ized. For culture, see Erica. 
 
 vnlg&ris, Salisb. (tJr\ca vulgaris, Linn.). From 3^-3 
 ft.: lvs. oblong-linear, obtuse, sagittate at the base, 
 glabrous or pubescent : fls. small, in long, erect, rather 
 dense racemes, rosy pink, sometimes white. Aug.- 
 Sept. — Cultivated in many varieties: Var. 41ba (and 
 var. alba Hammondi), with white fls.; var. Alpdrti, of 
 more vigorous growth, with rosy carmine fls.; var. cor- 
 nea, with flesh-colored fls. ; var.'fldre-pl^no, with double 
 
 320. Callistemon lanceolatua. 
 
 rose-colored fls. ; var. p^gmsea, forming low, moss-like 
 tufts : var. tomentdsa, the branchlets and lvs. with 
 grayish tomentum. The Heather is a very handsome 
 
-.."- +,' 
 
 CALLUNA 
 
 small shrub, well adapted for borders of erer^een 
 shnibberies, or for dry slopes and sandy banks and 
 preferring sunny positions ; it is also found growing 
 well in swamps and in partly shaded situations. Cut 
 branches keep their life-like appearance for many 
 months. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CALOCHOBTUS (Greek for beautiful and grass). 
 Lilid,ceiv, tribe TuUpett. West American comious 
 plants, the occidental representatives of Tulipa. St. 
 usually branched, and fn-m a coated corm, more or less 
 leafy: perianth of unequal segments, the outer ones the 
 smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner ones 
 large and showy and bearing glands and hairs ; stigmas 
 3, sessile and recurved ; stamens 6 ; fls. showy, shal- 
 low-cupped on the inner segments, arching. Nearly all 
 the species are in cult. Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Joum. 
 Linn. Soc. 14: .'«)2-:{10 (1875); and bv S. Watson, Proc. 
 Amer. Aca<l. Arts and Sci. 14:2G2-2«)H (187!)). See also 
 Colochorti in the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen, 
 Erythea, 7: 13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea, 2: 1-2, 27-:{0. 
 
 Li. H. B. 
 
 Calochortuses are natives of western North America. 
 One or two extend into British America, and a few. be- 
 longing to a peculiar grou]», are found in Mexico ; the 
 remainder are natives of the United States, from Ne- 
 braska to the Pacific ocean. While the generic charac- 
 teristics are unmistakable, the species and even varie- 
 ties have the most variable tastes as to soil, exposure 
 and climate. The Colorado desert and the summits of 
 the Sierra Nevada, the heavy clay lands of Califomian 
 valleys, the volcanic soils of the foothills and the mead- 
 ows of the Northwest, each has its own representa- 
 tives of this beautiful tribe. The character of the genus 
 can be treated better under the various groups. Nearly 
 every known species is in cultivation to some extent. 
 Some are readily grown, others present considerable 
 cultural difficulties ; but while there are some which 
 will probably always be difficult to cultivate, there are 
 many species — and the number includes the very best— 
 which can be successfully grown by any one who is 
 willing to give a little special care to "their culture; and 
 there are a few which possess such vigor and hardiness 
 as to be adapted to extensive cultivation. All Calo- 
 chortuses are hardy in the sense of withstanding ex- 
 treme cold, but they will not withstand alternate thaw- 
 ing and freezing nearly so well ; and thus we have the 
 paradox of their going safely through severe eastern or 
 European winters and suffering the loss of foliage in 
 mild ones. They should l)e planted in the fall, and it is 
 better to plant late, so that leaf growth is delaye.l until 
 spring. Diverse as are their natural habitats, oae soil 
 will answer the needs of all. In my own experience, a 
 light loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered 
 charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. My very best re- 
 sults have been with a mixture of equal parts of a good 
 light loam and spent tan-bark, with a littl? broken char- 
 coal. Wallace, one of the most successful English 
 growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the 
 south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal 
 parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The 
 idea is a light, porous, not too stimulating soil, with 
 perfect drainage. Wallace recommends covering the 
 beds with reeds to throw off the heavy rains. I accom- 
 plish the same end by such thorough drainage that the 
 rains pass through quickly. It is better to lift the 
 bulbs as soon as they ripen, and replant in the fall. 
 Water sparingly at all times. They take well to pot cul- 
 ture with similar soils and treatment. While not to be 
 forced rapidly, they considerably anticipate their out-of- 
 door season. The same treatment can be used in cold- 
 frame culture, but do not coddle them too much. Under 
 suitable conditions they are really very hardy and tena- 
 cious of life, but excessive moisture, either in air or 
 ground, is not to their liking after the flowering season 
 arrives. Theoretically, all Calochortuses of Section A 
 (Star Tulips) should have shade, and all Mariposas (AA) 
 sunshine; but I find that the light shade of the lath-house 
 suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in the Mariposas. 
 The flowering season extends over three months, accord- 
 ing to species. Carl PrRDv. 
 
 Index: albus, No. 1 ; amoenus, 1, 6; apiculatus, 8; 
 atroviolaceus, 25 ; aureus, 22 ; Benthami, 4 ; cwruleus. 
 
 CALOCHORTUS 
 
 219 
 
 5; Cataline, 28; citrinus, 17,21; clavattis, 2.3; concolor, 
 21; elegans, t> ; flexuosus, 26 ; Oreenei, 14 ; Gunnisoni, 
 31 ; Howellii, 16 ; Kennedyi, 20 ; Leichtlinii, 30 : lilaci- 
 nus, 10; Lobbii, 6; longebarbatus, 15; luteus, 21 ^ 
 Lyallii, 6 ; macrocarpus, 32 ; Maweanus, 3 ; nanus, 6 ; 
 nitidus, 13 ; nudus, 12 ; Nuttallii, 29 ; Obispoensis, 19 ; 
 oculatus, 21 ; Palmeri, 27 ; paniculatus, 1 ; pictus, 24 ; 
 Plummerff», 18 ; pulchellus, 2; Punlyi,9; purpurascens, 
 24 ; roseus, 3, 24 : ruber, 25 ; sanguineus, 24 ; splen- 
 dens, 25 ; sulphureus, 24 ; Tolmiei. 7 ; uniflorus, 11 ; 
 venustus, 24 ; Vesta, 24 ; Weedii, 17. 
 
 Star TvhiPS. — BIntisoms or fruit more or less nod' 
 ding : inner perianth segments strongly arched. 
 
 Fls. subglobose, nodding: st. usually tall and 
 branching. Globe Tulips.— These have a single 
 long and narrow shining leaf from the base, and 
 slender, flexuous, leafy stems, the perfection of 
 grace in outline. The flowers are exquisite in deli- 
 cacy of tints. Woodland plants. 
 
 1. ilbus, Dougl. Fig. 321. Strong, 1 ft. high : fls. globu- 
 lar, pendent, 1 in. across, of a satinv texture, delicately 
 fringed with hairs. Calif. B.R. 1G61. F.S. 11: 1171.- 
 Chaste and delicate. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 321. Calochortus albus (XH)- 
 
 Var. paniculittus, Baker. Lower : Ivs. narrower, fls. 
 smaller. 
 
 Var. amoenus, Hort. Like C, albus, but rosy colored. 
 Cent. Calif. 
 
 2. pnlcMUus, Dougl. Similar, but fls. flatter, of pure 
 yellow, the edges of petals with a line of stiff hairs: 
 very handsome. Northwest Calif. B.R. 1662. 
 
 BB. Fls. bell-shaped, erect when open, mostly lined 
 with hairs, the pedicels becoming recurved: stem 
 mostly low, and fls. often more or less umbellate. 
 Star Tilips Proper. — Like the Globe Tulip, but 
 smaller as a rule, and the fls. dainty open cups. 
 All of the species resemble each other, and were 
 first included under C elegans. 
 
 3. Maweanus, Leichtl. Plant low (4-10 in.), usu- 
 ally branched : fls. white, purplish at the base, filled 
 with silky hairs, the gland covered by a broad semi- 
 circular scale : capsule long-elliptic. Calif. N. B.M. 
 ,5976 as C. elegans. — \i\r'vAh\e. Var. miLjor, Hort. Fig. 
 322. Twice as large in all its parts. Var. rdseus, Hort. 
 Fls. tinged rose. 
 
 4. Benthami, Baker. Resembles C. pulchellus : sts. 
 low : Ivs. narrow: fls. nearly erect, yellow, the segments 
 J^ in. lone: and brown at the base. Sierra Nevadas, in 
 Calif. J.H. III. 30:o49. 
 
220 
 
 CALOCHORTUS 
 
 CALOCHORTUS 
 
 5. cserfileafl, Wats. Similar to C. Mawfanu», but 
 lined and <lotte<l with blue : low, 2-5-fld., the pedicels 
 very slender : perianth ciliate inside: capsule nearly or 
 quite orbicular. Calif., in the Sierras. 
 
 6. ilegans, F*ursh. Similar to the last: petals greenish 
 white and purplish at base, bearded, little or not at all 
 ciliate: gland covered by a deeply fringed scale. Ore- 
 gon, Idaho. 
 
 Var. aoKBiias, Hort. Fls. lilac, large and showy. G.C. 
 III. 15:808. 
 
 Var. L6bbii, Baker (C. Ldbbii, Hort.). Dwarfer, 
 alpine: tis. straw-colored, with dark eye; anthers less 
 pointed. Ore. 
 
 Var. n&nus. Wood (C. Lyallii, Baker). Subalpine, 
 dwarf : petals narrow and usually more acute, more 
 hairy and ciliate. Mts. Calif., N. 
 
 BBB. Fls. bell-shaped : like be, hut fall (i ft. or more), 
 and stoutly erect, with several fine, erect cups, 
 similurto C.Mnweauus. Giant Star Tulips.— 
 In this splendid group we have the very dainty, 
 silky fls. and handsome, glossy Ivs. of the Star 
 Tulip, with a stout st. a foot or two high and 
 large fls. Unlike the others, they naturally 
 grow in open places, and have a vigor and 
 health which are a high recommendation. 
 
 7. TOimiei, Hook. & Am. Stout, a ft. high, generally 
 branched : petals often raor*' than an inch long, tinged 
 lilac, with pur]>le and white hairs : glan<l without a 
 scale : capsule broad-elliptic, acutish. Mt. Shasta, N.— 
 Remains a long time in bloom. 
 
 8. apicol^tUB, Baker. Taller and stouter, with umbel- 
 late straw-colored fls. N. Idaho. 
 
 9. Piirdyi, Eastw. Fls. silvery white, filled with blue 
 hairs. S. Ore. G.C. III. 23: 395. -Very handsome. 
 
 BBBB. Fls. bell-shaped, the petals naked or hairy only 
 at the base: low: leaf solitary. Meadow 
 Tl'LIPS. — These Calochortuses are natives of 
 wet meadows. C. lilacinus and C Vesta grow 
 well in all soils as long as well drained, and 
 as garden plants thrive everj'where. In habit 
 they are low, flexuous and leafy. The cups 
 are open, erect and numerous, an inch or so 
 in diameter. 
 
 10. lilacinus, Kellogg (C umbellhtus. Wood). A 
 handsome species, with large, clear lilac fls., hairj' only 
 at base : fls. 4-10, on long, slender scapes: capsule ellip- 
 tic, ob^-use. Grows naturally in wet meadows, and makes 
 offsets freely. N. Calif, and Ore. B.M. 5804 as C. 
 tinifldrus. Perhaps the same as the next. 
 
 11. Tinifldras, Hook. & Am. St. very short, bearing 
 bulbs at base, 1-2-fld. : petals lilac, with purple claw and 
 hairy on the lower half. Coast ranges, Calif. 
 
 12. ntidos, Wats, Low, delicate : leaf solitary : fls. 
 1-6, umbellate, small, white or pale lilac, not hairy, den- 
 ticulate. Calif., in the Sierras. 
 
 AA. MahiposaTwips.— Blossoms on stout, erect pedi- 
 cels, the stems stout and strict: fls. open-bell- 
 shaped. Excepting in B, the Mariposa or Butter- 
 fly Tulips have slender, grassy, radical Ivs,, 
 stiff, erect stems bearing cup-shaped fls., and 
 sparingly leafy and with an erect capsule. Bulbs 
 small. 
 
 B. Capsule actite-angled or winged : fls. lilac or vhite. 
 These are hardy species, growing in the meadows 
 from Oregon to Montana, where they endure 
 much cold. They form a connecting link between 
 the Giant Star Tulips and the true Mariposas. 
 Their Ivs. are like those of the Star Tulips— long, 
 broad and glossy. Like the Star Tulips, too, the 
 seed-pod is handsome, 3-cornered and winged. 
 The stems are stiffly erect: the fls. cup-shaped, 
 not so brilliant as the true Mariposas. but very 
 delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy and vig- 
 orous, and are to be highly recommended for 
 cold climates. 
 
 13. nltidus, Dougl. Scape erect, but not stiff : leaf 
 solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac, 
 yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the cen- 
 
 ter, lined with. yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to Mont. 
 — Very beautiful and showy. 
 
 14. Orednei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft., 2-5- 
 fld.: sepals with a yellowish hairy spot; petals lilac 
 barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish, luose- 
 hairy, not ciliate : capsule beaked. Calif, and Ore. 
 
 15. longebarb&tUB, Wats. Slen<ler, about 1 ft. hiirh, 
 bulb-beuring near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical 
 Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld.: fls. erect or nearly 
 so, lilac with yellow at base, scarcely hairy except the 
 long-bearded gland. Washington. 
 
 16. H6weUii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld.: 
 Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; p^-tals 
 yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly filiate 
 near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland" yellow- 
 hairy. Ore. 
 
 BB. Capsule obtuse-angled. 
 
 C. Color yellow or orange or orange-red, more or less 
 marked uith brown and purple {except in forms 
 of C. luteus) : in cult, forms running into other 
 colors. 
 
 17. We^dii, Wood. Radical leaf single, glossy, broad: 
 St. tall, leufy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted 
 with purple : petals triangular, square-topped : gland 
 small, hairv : bulb heavily coated with fiber. Calif. 
 B.M. 6200, as C. citrinus. G.C. III. 16: 183. -Varies to 
 white. 
 
 18. Flummeree, Greene. Similar, but purple and very 
 showy. Calif. G.C. III. 16: 133. J. H. III. 29: 289. Gn. 
 47:999. — A fine species, with fl. of large size and full 
 outline, lined with long, silky yellow hairs. It is the C. 
 Weedii, var. purpurascens, of Watson. 
 
 19. Obispo^nsis, Lemm, Tall and slender, branchins?, 
 very floriferous : petals yellow, verging to red at the 
 tip and less than half the length of the orange-brown 
 sepals. Calif. G.F. 2: 161. — Odd and bizarre. 
 
 20. Kennedy!, Porter. Bulb small and ovoid : st. 
 
 slender, 18 in., sometimes branches: Ivs. 
 
 linear, tufted from the branching of the 
 
 St. : fls. 2-5 ; sepals broad with a purple 
 
 spot ; petals red-orange to vermilion, not 
 
 ciliate nor prominently 
 hairy, purple-spotted at 
 the center. Desert spe- 
 cies of S. Calif, B.M. 
 7264. — Brilliant and desirable, 
 but difficult to grow. 
 
 21. ItteuB, Dougl. St. 1-10-fld., 
 bulb-bearing near the base : Ivs, 
 very narrow : sepals narrow-lan- 
 ceolate, with a brown spot : petals 
 2 in. or less long, yellow or orange, 
 brown-lined, slightly hairy below 
 the middle, the gland densely 
 hairy. Calif. B.R. 1567.-Varia'- 
 ble. Some of the forms are sold 
 as C. venustus. 
 
 Var. citrlniUB, Wats. {C.ventis- 
 tus.VAr. citrlntis. Baker). Petals 
 lemon - yellow, with a central 
 brown spot. 
 
 V'ar. ocul&ttu, Wats. ( C. venits- 
 Calochortus Maweanus, tus, var. oculdtus, Hort.). Petals 
 var. major (X ^). P^^^ or white, lilac or yellowish, 
 
 with a dark spot. 
 Var. cdncolor, Baker ( C. cdncolor, Hort. ) . Petals deep 
 yellow, marked with red bands, hairy below. Gn. 
 48 : 1043. 
 
 322. 
 
CALOCHORTUS 
 
 22. aiireuf, Wats. Very low: petals yellow, not hairy, 
 the hairy gland purple-bordered. S. Utah. 
 
 23. clavAtUi, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown, 
 the lower part bearing club-shape<l (or davate) hairs, 
 the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif.— 
 In this excellent sort we have the larjrest-riowered and 
 gtoutest-stennned of all Mariposas. The bulb is very 
 large, the sinjfle bare leaf 1 or 2 ft. lonj; : the st. is 
 heavy, stout and zigzag. The tts. are shaped like a 
 broad-based bowl, sometimes 5 or ti in. across. The 
 color in a deep, rich yellow, and the lower half is cov- 
 ered thickly with stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a 
 round translucent knob, and in the light like tiny icicles. 
 There are various strains : El Dorado, the largest, not 
 80 deep yellow ; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow ; 
 Obispo, like the last, but the up[>er half of the back of 
 each petal is olive brown, which shows through the deep 
 yellow of the inside, giving changeable shades. 
 
 CC. Color white or lilac: sometimes running into 
 
 yellows. 
 
 24. veniiBtTis, Benth. Butterfly Tulip. Stout, 6-36 
 in.: petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at 
 top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base : gland 
 large and oblong, usually densely hairy : capsule l-2^^ain. 
 long. Calif. B.R. 1669. P.S. 2: 104. Gn. 46, p. 395.- 
 Very variable. The yellow forms {ah var. sulphureus, 
 Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteus. To this 
 group of Calochortuses is properly applied the Spanish 
 name Mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly colored 
 fls., with eye-like spots on each petal and sepal, and 
 other delicate markings with dots, lines and hairs, which 
 are strongly suggestive of the wings of a brilliantly 
 colored butterfly. Botanists have variously divided this 
 great group of allied forms between C. luteus and C. 
 veniistus. Botanically all can be considered as either 
 strains of one variable species or as a number of closely 
 allied species. 
 
 Var. pictus, Wallace (G.C. III. 18, p. 14). Creamy 
 white, brilliantlv marked, often with a gold blotch. Gn. 
 48, p. 277. 
 
 Var. purpuriscens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur- 
 plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Strong 
 grower. Gn. 46:986. 
 
 Var. rdseus, Hort. (C. rdseus, Hort.). Creamy white 
 or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch 
 at apex. Gn. 46: 986. 
 
 Var. saagTiineus, Hort. Fls. deep red, with very dark 
 eye. ami without the rose blotch at the apex. Perhaps a 
 form of C. Inttus. 
 
 Var, V68ta, Hort. (C. Vista, Wallace). Tall, long- 
 stemmed, vigorous, bearing large white fls. tinged witn 
 lilac and beautifully marked. Produces large offsets, 
 which flower in 2 years. Gn. 46: 986. 
 
 25. spl^ndens, Dougl. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft. : fls. 2-3 
 in. across ; petals large, pale, clear lilac, paler below, 
 with a darker claw and scattered long, white hairs be- 
 low the middle. S. Calif. B.K. 1676. 
 
 Var. atroviol^ceus, Hort. Tall and slender: fls. 1-lJ^in. 
 across, of a deep purple color, with a dark spot on the 
 claw, and short hairs on the lower third. 
 
 Var. rtiber, Hort. As large as the type but deep, red- 
 dish purple, with a dark purple spot at base of claw. 
 
 26. flexudsuB, Wats. Related to C. splendens, but 
 with sts. so weak as to almost be said to creep. The 
 fls. are large and very brilliant, a dazzling purple, with a 
 darker purple eye, and yellow hairs below. S.Utah.— 
 Int. by Purdy in 1897. 
 
 27. P^lmeri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and flexu- 
 ous, 1-7-ttd., bulb-bearing near the base : sepals with 
 long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted; petals 1 in. or less 
 long, white (or yellowish below), with a brownish claw 
 and bearing scattered hairs about the gland : capsule 
 very narrow. S. Calif. — The C, Palmeri of dealers is 
 not always this species. 
 
 28. CatallnsB, Wats. Habit of C. venustus : st. 2 ft., 
 branching : fls. white to lilac, or deep lilac, very large 
 and handsome, a large round black spot at base of each 
 petal.— A lovely species between C. splendens and C. 
 fenustus. Remarkable for blooming with the Star Tulip 
 
 CALOPHACA 
 
 221 
 
 323. Calochortus 
 
 Gunnisoni. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
 section, fully a month before other Mariposas. Native 
 to Santa Catalina Isl., off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast. 
 
 29. Nattallii, Torr. & Gray. Seoo Lily. St. slender, 
 bulb-bearing at base, usually with only 1 cauline leaf, 
 1-5-fld. : sepals ovate-lanceolate, often dark-spotte<l ; 
 petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with greenish yellow or 
 lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow 
 base and hairy about the gland ; 
 anthers obtuse. Dak. to Calif, 
 and N. Mex. — There are no more 
 exquisitely beautiful fls. thnn 
 these Sego Lilies (the Morniof 
 name) of the Great 
 Basin. Most of them 
 are plants of the sage- 
 brush deserts. Thelvs. 
 are an ashy green, the 
 foliage scant, but the 
 great fls. are wonder- 
 ful in tintings. There 
 are sha<les in blue, 
 pink, lilac, and yellow- 
 ish; also white. 
 
 30. Lelchtlinii, Hook. f. 
 der alpine species (5-6 In. 
 by some regarded as a form of 
 C Nuttallii : fls. smoky white, 
 banded with green and marked 
 with dark brown. Sierra Nevadas. 
 B.M. 5862. F.S. 20:2116. 
 
 31. Gunnisoni, Wats. Fig. 323. 
 Much like C. yuttallii: anthers 
 acuminate : fls. light blue or al- 
 most white, delicate yellowish 
 green below the middle, purple- 
 banded at the base, and bearing a 
 band of green hairs across each 
 petal. Rocky Mts., Wyo. to New 
 Mexico. 
 
 32. macrocArptiB, Dougl. St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5: 
 fls. 1 or 2; sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals 
 2 in. or less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, some- 
 what hairy. B.R. 1152. N.Calif, to Wash, and Idaho.— 
 This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very 
 large bulb, a- stout almost leafless stem, and a laree 
 flower of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the 
 back with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed. 
 
 Oarl Purdy and L. H. B. 
 
 CALOD^NDBUM (Greek, beautiful tree). ButHceai. 
 One of the handsomest deciduous trees at the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cult, in northern greenhouses, and out- 
 doors in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Its great panicles of white 
 or flesh-colored fl«. are sometimes 7 in. across and 6 in. 
 deep. A monotypic genus. It is a symmetrical tree, 
 with attractive, evergreen foliage, an«l many interesting 
 features. Called "Wild Chestnut" in Africa. Prop, by 
 cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in heat. 
 
 Capensis, Thunb. Cape Chestnut. Height in Africa, 
 70 ft.: branches opposite, or in 3's: Ivs. simple, decus- 
 sate, ovate, obtuse, retuse or acute, parallel-nerved, 4-5 
 in. long, studded with oil cysts, which look like translu- 
 cent spots when held to the light : panicles terminal ; 
 peduncles usually trichotomous : calyx deciduous : pet- 
 als 5, linear-oblong, \% in. long, 2 lines wide, sprinkled 
 with purple glands : stamens 10, 5 alternate, sterile, 
 and petaloid : seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazel- 
 nut, black and shining. G.C. II, 19: 217. 
 
 CALOFHACA (Greek, kalos, beautiful, and phaka, 
 lentil). Lttjumindste. Deciduous shrubs or herbs, with 
 alternate, odd-pinnate, pubescent, and often glandular 
 Ivs.: fls. papilionaceous, solitary or in racemes: pod 
 pubescent and glandular, cylindrical. About 10 species 
 from S. Russia to E. India. The two cultivated species 
 are low, prostrate shrubs, with grayish green foliage, 
 and rather large yellow fls. in erect racemes. followe«l 
 by decorative, reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained 
 soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for bor- 
 ders of shrubberies and sandy or rocky slopes. Proj>. 
 by seeds, sown in spring ; the young seedlings should 
 have plenty of light and air, as they are very liable 'o 
 
222 
 
 CALOPHACA 
 
 CALTHA 
 
 damp-off if kept too moist and shady. Sometimes grafted 
 hiKh on Caragana or Laburnum, forming a very attrac- 
 tive, small standard tree. 
 
 Wolgiriea, Fisch. Two-3 ft.: pubescent and glandu- 
 lar : Ifts. 11-17, roundishovate or oval, H-J^ in. long : 
 racemes long-pedunded, with 4-7 tls. ; corolla over % 
 in. long. June--July. S. Russia, Turkt'stan. — C. f/ro »*(/»- 
 fldra, Kegel, is similar, >»ut Ifts. 17-2.'): racemes 10-16- 
 fld.; corolla 1 in. long. «. Russia. Ot. :«.'>: 12:U. 
 
 Alfred Rehdek. 
 
 CALOPHfLLUM (Greek, beautiful-leared). Gut- 
 tifrnU-rtf. Tropical trees, with shining, leathery, ever- 
 green prnninerved Ivs. and panicle*! fls. The following 
 is cTilt. outdoors in S, Fla. and S. Calif., and possibly in 
 >#liorthem warmhouses. Prop, by cuttings. 
 
 Inophyilum, Linn. Branches terete : Ivs. obovate, 
 usually niarginate : fls. white, fragrant, in loose, axil- 
 lary racemes; peduncles 1-rtd., usually opposite: sepals 
 4: fr. reddish, as large as a walnut. E. Tropics. — Int. 
 by Reasoner, 189.3. Also in S. Calif. A tall tree, with 
 beautiful glossy Ivs. and white tls. Oil is extracted from 
 the seeds. Has medicinal properties. 
 
 CALOFOGON (Greek, beautiful beard). Orvhiddcece. 
 One of our daintiest native orchids, with pink fls. an in. 
 across, grass-like Ivs., and a small bulb. The Up is on 
 the upper side of the flower, sprea<ling, distant from 
 the column, with a narrowed base. One of the choicest 
 hardy bog plants. A moist and shaded position and 
 very porous soil are most suitable for this pretty plant, 
 though I have seen it do admirably well on a rockery 
 only slightly shaded at midday, but here the plants were 
 watered very freely every day during hot or dry weatuer. 
 Prop, by offsets, separated from the old tubers, but the 
 old established plants should not be disturbed very 
 often. Collected clumps of all our native orchids are 
 offered at very reasonable figures, and these give imme- 
 diate satisfactory' results, while the small offsets would 
 not be strong enough to flower for several years, and 
 require much attention during the first year, or perhaps 
 longer. 
 
 pulchfiUus, R. Br. Height 12-18 in.: scape 2-6-fld.: 
 fls. pink, magenta, or purple : lip bearded with white, 
 yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, Newf. to 
 Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. G.W. F. 14. G. F. 10: 505. 
 J. H. in. 35: 45. B.M. 116, as Limodorum tuberosum.— 
 Eleven fls. on a scape is the average number in Penn- 
 sylvauia bogs. j g ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ 
 
 CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Ifyr- 
 tdceif. Australian shrubs somewhat similar to Calliste- 
 raon but more graceful in habit : Ivs. long, alternate : 
 fls, showy, usually red, in lateral clusters : stamens 
 united in bundles opposite the petals ; anthers erect, 
 attached by the base, oblong or linear ; cells parallel, 
 turned inwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Orna- 
 mental greenhouse shrubs. Hardy out of doors in Cali- 
 fornia. For cult., see Callistemon. 
 
 quadrifidus, R.Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete 
 or slightly flattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted: fls. 
 rich crimson, 4-merous ; calyx 2-lobed in fruit ; stami- 
 nal bundles nearly equal, of 15 to 20 or more filaments. 
 W. Austral. B.M*. 1506. j Burtt Davy. 
 
 CALF0ENIA (after Calpuniius, an imitator of Virgil, 
 because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Legumi- 
 nbsoe. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern 
 Afr. cult, out of doors in S. Calif. Lvs. odd-pinnate ; 
 racemes long, axillary and terminal : fls. yellow. 
 
 sylvAtica, E. Mey. Shrub, 6-10 ft. high : lvs. 2-6 hi. 
 long: Ifts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-elliptical, 
 retuse or obtuse : fls. ]/» in. long : ovary glabrous. 
 Caff raria.— Also rarely cult, north as a greenhouse 
 shrub. 
 
 lasidgyne, E. Mey. ( C. aurea, Benth. ) . A taller shrub, 
 with larger lvs. and fls., more coriaceous, more pulses- 
 cent, and exactly elliptical or oblong leaflets. The silky 
 ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal. 
 
 CALTHA (Latin name of the Marigold). Rnnuneu. 
 Idcetr. A genus of beautiful marsh plants, alxiut 10 
 species, of temperate and frigid regions. Succulent 
 perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle of strong! 
 flbi'ous roots : lvs. simple, rather rounded-cordate at 
 base : fls. yellow, white or pink ; sepals larire, dccid. 
 uous, petal-like ; petals none ; stamens numerous, car- 
 pels sessile, becoming follicles, with two rows of 
 8eeds. They flourish best in wet places near runninij 
 water. Though naturally Iwjg plants, they suci-eed ad- 
 mirably well in an ordinary border in rather rich soil. 
 They should be introduced more liberally into f lie flower 
 ganlen, where they flower very freely year after year, 
 and generally mature a second quite abundant croi» of 
 bloom in the fall. The flowers last a lonj; time in water, 
 and sell readily in the cut-flower market. M<»n«>Kr. by 
 G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zoiil.-Bot. Gesell- 
 schaft (Vienna, 1886), 36: 347-363 ; E. Hath, Monogr. 
 in Helios 9:69-74. 
 
 bifldra, DC. No true stem ; scape slender, usually 
 2-rtd. : lvs. as in C. palustris : sepals 6-9, nearly white 
 or sometimes bluish : follicles at maturity distinctly 
 stalked. Spring. Calif, to Alaska. Int. 1881. 
 
 leptos^pala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in.: lvs. all basal 
 or barely one on stem ; nerves at base nearly parallel, 
 otherwise like those of C.biflora: sepals 7-10, obi. mg, 
 becoming narrower, white; fls. solitary: follicles 
 scarcelv stalked. Mav-June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo. 
 Gn. 30:' 56.5. 
 
 palustris, Linn. Marsh ^Iariqold. Stem holfow. 1-2 
 ft., branching, several-fld. : lvs. cordate or reniform, den- 
 
 324. Calycanthus flor>..us. 
 
 tate, crenate or entire : fls. bright yellow, 1-2 In. broad; 
 sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, J-^ in. long. 
 Apr.-June. Wet ground. Carolina to Canada and west- 
 ward. Gt. 47, p. 6.30. D. 115, pi. 35. -Used before flow- 
 ering in the spring as "Cowslip greens." Var. mon* 
 
FF5- 
 
 CALTHA 
 
 itr6ia*pIino, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). An im- 
 pruv»imnt on the a»M)v«* : \U. larger, of jfreater sub- 
 gtsnce, and often much doubled. Very beautiful. 
 
 K. C. Davis and J. B. Kelmr. 
 CALTROPS. Trapa. 
 
 CALYCANTHUS | Kniyx and nnthnu, flower; the calyx 
 is lurjfe and conspicuous). ('nhjrnnfh<\ee(P, Cak«»lixa 
 AuLSPK'E. Sweet-scented Shrcb. Deciduous shrubs 
 of aromatic frajfrance : Ivs. opposite, petioled, entire, 
 usuullv rough aJ>ove : fls. terminal or axillarj', solitary, 
 rather lunre, with numerous sepals and no distinct petals; 
 8tanjens 5-2."{: fr. capsule-like, but not <lehisrent, like the 
 rose hip, forme<l l>y the calyx tube and containing nu- 
 merous akenes. Six species in N. America and E. Asia. 
 Oniamental shrubs, with rather large, handsome foliage 
 and mostly sweet-scented fls.; they are almost hardy 
 north, except V. oci-identalin and i\ priprnr. They grow 
 in almost any well drained and somewhat rich soil, and 
 succeed as well in shady as in sunny positions. Prop, by 
 seeds SO" ti in spring; also, increased by layers put down 
 in sumiii. r. and by suckers or division of older plants. 
 
 A. Winttr-hu(l» without xcaleit. very small: tin. brown, 
 
 in summer. 
 
 B. Lvs.denseb/ pubescent beneath. 
 
 fl6ridUB, Linn. Fig. .T24. Three-fi ft.: Ivs. oval or 
 broad-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or grpyish 
 green beneath, VA-3 in. l<mg : fls. dark reddish brown, 
 fragrant, about 2 in. broad. Va. to Fla. B.M. .')():}. — This 
 species is the most cultivated for its verj' fragrant fls. 
 
 BB. Lvs. glabrous beneath or nearly so: fls. slightly 
 or not fragrant. 
 
 f^rtilis, Walt. ( C. femx, Michx. C. Icevigdtus, Willd.). 
 Thnt'-l) ft. : lvs. usually elliptic or oblong, acute or acu- 
 minate, green beneath, 2-.5/4in. long: fls. reddish brown, 
 IVjin. broad. AUeghanies. B.R. G:481. 
 
 glaucufl, Willd. Fig. .325. Four-6 ft. : lvs. usually ovate 
 or oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous beneath, 2-4^in. 
 long: fls. reddish or yellowi.sh brown, l^in. broad. Va. 
 to Ga. B.R. 5: 404. — Var. oblongifdlios, Nutt., with 
 oblong-lanceolate lvs, 
 
 occidentilis, Hook. & Am. {C. macrophylhis,H.OTt.). 
 Tu 12 ft. : Iv.s. usually rounded at the base, ovate or ob- 
 long-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly pubes- 
 cent. 4-<> in. long : fls. light brown, 3 in. broad. Calif. 
 B.M. 4808. F.S. 11:1113. R.H. 1854: 341. 
 
 CALYITROCJVNE 
 
 223 
 
 Calycanthus 
 
 Blaucus (X ^). 
 
 AA. 
 
 Winter-buds with scales: fls. before the lvs., axil- 
 lary, with 5 fertile stamens, i Chimonanthus. ) 
 
 praecox, Linn. {Chimonanthus frAgrans, hindl.). Lvs. 
 elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, green and 
 glabrous beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls very fragrant, 1-1 J^ in. 
 broad, outer sepals vellow, inner ones striped purplish 
 brown. China, Japan. B.M. 466. B.R. 6:451. L.B.C. 
 
 7:617. O.C. in. 11: 213. -Desirable for temperate regions 
 for its very early, sweet-scented fls. 
 
 The newly intrtnluced C. nitens, Oliv., from China, 
 allied to C. priprox, has the lvs. coriaceous, long-acumi- 
 nate, shining and smooth above. Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 326. Calypso borealis. 
 
 CALTGOTOME {Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut ; 
 calyx looks as if cut oflf ). Legumindsai. Low, spiny, 
 divaricate shrubs : lvs. 3-foliolate, deciduous: fls. papilio- 
 naceous, yellow, fascicled or in short racoraes ; calyx 
 truncate, obscurely denticulate. Four species in the 
 Mediterranean region, of which two are sometimes culti- 
 vated ; not hardy north. They prefer a sunny position 
 and well drained soil. For prop., see Cytisus. 
 
 villdsa, Link. Two— 4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomen- 
 tose: leaflets obovate, densely silky beneath, under %m. 
 long : fls. %m. long, 3 or more, fascicled : pod villous. 
 May, June. — It is excellent for dense, low hedges. 
 
 spindsa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger 
 in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods : 
 fls. solitary or few. B.R. 32: 55. Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 CALYTSO (from the Greek goddess, whose name sig- 
 nifies concealment ; referring to its rarity and beauty). 
 Orchiddcea?. One of our rarest and most prized native 
 orchids, a delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in. high, with a small 
 bulb, one roundish or ovate, striated leaf, and one pink 
 flower with a spotted sac. A monot\'pic genus. For 
 culture, see Calopogon; but more diflicult to grow than 
 that plant. 
 
 bore41is,'Salisb, Fig. 326. Leaf an inch wide and 
 long : scape li-i in. high, with about 3 sheaths : sepals 
 and petals similar, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 pink : lip larger than the rest of the fl., with brown 
 spots in lines and purple and yellow markings, woolly- 
 hairy within : column petal -like, ovate, bearing the lid- 
 like anther just below the apex. Maine to Minn, and N. ; 
 also Eu. Abundant in parts of Oregon and Washing- 
 ton. B.M. 2763. 
 
 CALYPTE6GYNE (Greek-made name). Palmdcece, 
 tribe A recetje. Spineless stoloniferous palms, with short 
 orlongcaudices, ringed below: lvs. terminal, unequally 
 pinnatisect : segments a few joined together, narrow or 
 broad, falcate, very long-acuminate, plicate ; margin 
 
224 
 
 CALYPTROGYNE 
 
 CAMBIUM 
 
 recurved at the base ; nerves numerous : ,»i;tiole very- 
 short : sheath short, open; spadices simple or branched 
 at the base, lontf-pedunculate ; spathes 2, narrow, the 
 lower much shorter than the peduncle, split at the apex, 
 the upper deciduous, elonjjrated, split its entire length ; 
 bracts -'onnate, borderinf? the lower lip of the flower- 
 bearing cavity ; bractlets minute : fr. small, oblong or 
 obovoi«l. Species 8. Trop. Amer. 
 
 limesbrechtiina, H. Wendl. [Geonbma Ghiesbreghti- 
 ihia. Lindl. & H. Wendl.). Stem short or almost none : 
 petiole 5 ft. long : Ivs. elongate-oval ; segments in 6 
 pairs, unequal, almost opposite, rather remote, lanceo- 
 late, very long-acuminate, falcate, the two uppermost 
 on each side very wi«le. Chiapas. Mex, 
 
 C. gpicfgera, H. Wendl. Stem evident : Ivs. irregidarly pin- 
 nate, 3 ft. or less long, the stalks flat on upper side. Guate- 
 mala.— (7. S^odrtzii, Hort., is a Geonoma. 
 
 Calyptrogj'nes are handsome palms, seldom seen out- 
 side of large collections. Special care must be given to 
 the soil so that it will be sweet and porous, especially 
 after the plants leave the seed-pan. Well-drained pots 
 and a little charcoal mixed wiAi the soil, and the plants 
 kept in a uniformly moist state, are conditions essen*ial 
 to the healthy growth of the plants. 
 
 In this genus, C. Ghienhrechtiana is the most widely 
 known species, another garden name for which is 
 Geonoma Verschaffelti. These are shade-loving palms, 
 having leaves of comparatively thin texture, and con- 
 sequently are subject to attacks of red spider unless 
 properly cared for in regard to moisture. Calyptrogynes 
 are most useful in a small state, old plants in general 
 being rather leggy and poorly furnished. 
 
 Jared G. Smith, G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin. 
 CALYSTfiGIA. See Convolvulus. 
 CALYX. The outer floral envelope. See Flower, 
 
 327, Camassia esculenta. 
 
 CAMASSIA(^Mamas/«or Camass is the Indian name). 
 Lili>)ct'(r'. Fls. blue, purple, or whitish, with (i spread- 
 ing, ;{-7-ner\'ed sepals, ami «i filiform stamens, filiform 
 style, and 3-angled, 3-vaIved, several-seeded capsule. 
 
 The Camassias are bulbous plants, found only in the 
 temperate regions of N. Amer., and closely allied to 
 Scilla, Bulb, as in Sciila ; the many lance-shaped Ivs. 
 sheathing at base : st. erect, many-fld., bracted beluw 
 each flower, and flowering in long succession from the 
 bottom. The genus has not been carefully studied, and 
 many forms are confused under the same names. 
 Mouogr, bv J. G. Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. V,i:'>M; S, 
 Watson, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Hr'itO. On 
 questions of nomenclature, consult Coville, Proc. Biol 
 Soc. Wash, 11: (>1. 
 
 Camassias are natives of rich meadows, very wet in 
 winter and spring but dry in summer. They do well in 
 any good loam, avoiding too rank manures. They are 
 perfectly hardy. Bulbs should be set in ep.rly fall," at a 
 depth oi-i-ii inches, and left undisturbed. As cut-flowers, 
 they open in long succession. The bulbs produce off' 
 sets very sparingly. Seeds grow readily, and seedlings 
 bloom in three to four years. 
 
 A. Plant S ft. or more high, robust: fls. very many 
 
 (30 or more). 
 
 Gtisickii, Wats. Bulb very large (weighing 4-8 oz.): 
 Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat undulate (15 
 in. long, often 1^2 in. wide): st. often 3 ft. high : fls. 
 30-100, very pale, delicate blue ; segments spreading, 
 crinkled atthe base, faintly 3-5-nerved. Ore. G.F. 1:174. 
 —One of the best of the genus, "^^iffers from C. f.scit- 
 lenta in its larger bulb, more num:;. us h.. and stouter 
 and more clustered habit. Grows on drier land. Hardy 
 in New £ng., and grows well in good garden soil. 
 
 i>..* Plant usiialli, less than 2 ft. high, with shorter 
 spikes : fls. fewer. 
 
 escul6nta, Lindl. Camass. Fig. 327. Not very stout, 
 1-2 ft. : Ivs. i^in. or less broad : fls. 10-40, dark blue or 
 purple, the perianth irregular (5 segments on one side 
 and 1 on the other, and deflexed); segments 3-5-nerved 
 and a little longer than the stamens, narrow and chan- 
 neled at the base : pedicel not exceeding the fls. : cap- 
 sule ovate to ob' .ng, obtuse, transversely veined. Calif. 
 toUtahandN. B.R. 18:1486. F.S. 3: 275. Gn. 4G, p. 3;}9, 
 983. — Bulb cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls. 
 vary to white. 
 
 Lelchtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. high: fls. cream- 
 colored, ranging to white, nearly regular, the stamens 
 and style ascending; segments broad aad flattened at the 
 base, usually 5-7-nerved : capsule oblong-ovate, eniar- 
 ginate. obliquely veined. Mts., Calif.. N. B.M. ()2^7 
 as C. esculenta, var. Leichflinii, Baker.— ^^urple-fld. 
 Camassias are sometimes referred to this species, but 
 it is doubtful if they belong with it. 
 
 Hdwellii, Wats. Bulb rather small : Ivs. few, 1 ft. 
 long and less than J^ain. wide : st. often 2 ft. high, many- 
 fld., with spreading pedicels twice or more longer than 
 the linear bracts : fls. pa.le purple, opening in the after- 
 noon, the segments 3'2iu. long, .3-5-nerved : capsule 
 small, broadly triangular-ovate and very obtuse. Ore. 
 -Int. 1892 by P'lkington & Co. 
 
 Fr&sen, .orr. Scape 12-18 in. high : Ivs. keeled : fls. 
 light blue, smaller than in C. esculenta ; segments 3- 
 nerved : pedicels mostly longer than the fls, Penn., 
 W. and S. B.M. 1574, as Scilla esculenta. 
 
 Var. angr^sta, Torr. (C. angtista, Hort.). Very slen- 
 der, and Ivs. narrower (^iin. wide): fls. smaller, % or 
 J^in. long. La. and Ark. to Tex. 
 
 L. H. B. and Carl Plkdy. 
 
 CAMBIUM is a nascent layer of tissue between the 
 wood and bark of trees and shrubs. From it is developed 
 secondary wood and bast. The thickening of stems and 
 roots is mainly due to activity of the cambium. It is 
 most evident in June and July, when tissues are rapidly 
 forming. Woodsnun take advantage of this to peel bark. 
 Boys also take advantage of the readiness with which 
 bark and wood separate at the cambium to make whistles 
 of l)t>sswood or willow. Trees are more easily bruised at 
 this time in the year than at any t)ther. The cambium 
 plays an important part in the healing of wounds upon 
 steins. It is the union of the cambium layers of cion and 
 stock that makes grafting possible, y^^ w. Rowlee. 
 
CAMELLIA 
 
 CAMELLIA 
 
 225 
 
 CAMELLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus, 
 aMoravian Jesuit, who traveled i; Asia in the seventeenth 
 century). Temstraemidceo'. Evergreen trees or shrubs: 
 Ivs. alternate, short-petioled. serrate: fls. large, axillary 
 or terminal, usually solitary, white or red ; sepals and 
 petals 5 or more: stamens numerous, connate at thel»ase: 
 
 fr. a 3-5-eelled, dehis- 
 cent capsule, wit4i 
 large, globular or 
 ovoid seeds. About 
 10 species in trop.and 
 subtrop. Asia, di- 
 vided into the sub- 
 ffenera EncnmeUin 
 and Thea, considere<l 
 by some to be distinct 
 genera, by some all 
 united under Thea. 
 The species of Eu- 
 
 329. Camellia 
 Japonica — 
 Lucida. 
 
 32S. Camellia 
 
 Japonica — 
 Abby Wilder. 
 
 camellia, especially ('. 
 
 Japonica, are popular 
 
 decorative shrubs, with 
 
 very showy fls. About 50 
 
 years ago one of the most 
 
 appreciated greenhouse 
 
 shrubs, and several hun- 
 dred varieties were culti- 
 vated. Of the second 
 
 subgenus, C. Thea is 
 
 cultivate J in nearly all subtropical coun- 
 tries and in the mountainous regions of 
 
 the tropics for its leaves, which yield the 
 
 well-known tea. and are an article of great 
 
 commercial importance. There is a mono- 
 graph of this tfenus by Seemann in Trans. 
 
 Linn. Soc. XXII. p. X^T-.'ia'J. Illustrated 
 
 monographs of the horticultural varieties 
 
 are: Curtis, Monogr. of the genus Camellia 
 
 (1819); Baumann, Bollweiler Camellien- 
 
 saramlung (1828); Chandler, Camellie^ 
 
 ( 1831 ) ; Berl4se, Monogr.du genre Camellia 
 
 a(18,3iM; Verschaffelt, Nouvelle Mono- 
 
 graphie du Camellia ( 1848-<)() ) : the last 
 
 with 57G and the foregoing with 300 colored 
 
 plates. 
 
 A. Fh. sesKile, erect, terminal and aril- 
 lary: calyx-lobes deciduous. Camel- 
 lia proper. 
 
 Jap6nica, Linn. Figs. 328-331. ^ • » 
 or tree, sometimes to 40 ft., ^:i- us 
 Ivs. very shining and dark green ^' " . 
 ovateor elliptic, acuminate, sharply 
 fls. red in the tvpe, ;*-,'> in. across •. 
 ish. China. Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. .••-. 
 Var. ilba, Lodd. Fls. white. L.B.C. /: 
 24:5. Var. 41ba pl^na, Lodd. Fls. white, double. L.B C 
 3:2ti!». Var. anemonifldra, Curtis. Fls. red, with 5 large 
 petals, the stanit-iis changed into numerous smaller and 
 narriiw petals; the whole ti. resemb'ing that of a double 
 Aiumone. L.B.C. 537. B.M. 16,54. For the numerous 
 other garden forms, sev ♦he above mentioned mono- 
 graphs ; also. Flore des Sv rres, L'lllustration Horticole, 
 and other older horticultural publications contain a 
 larire nunibei of varieties with illustrations. 
 
 reticulata, Lindl. Large shrub, glabrous : Ivs. dull 
 preen, not shining above, reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong, 
 acuminate, serrate, .'{-5 in. long : fls, .5-7 in. across, pur- 
 plish rose; petals 1.5-20, obovate.looselv arranged. China. 
 B.R. 1:{:107'' B.M. 2784. P.M. 3il01.-Var. pWna, 
 Hort. Fls. with twice as manv petals, and more regularly 
 arranared. B.M. 4976. F.S. l"2:127{»-80. 
 
 Sasanqua, Thunb. Shrub of loose, straggling habit, 
 with the branches pubescent when young : Ivs. elliptic, 
 
 15 
 
 bluntly pointed at the apex, crenate-serrate. shining, 
 dark green and hairy on the midrib above, li^-3 in. long: 
 fls. 1^-2 in. across, white ; petals 5 or more, obovate or 
 oblong. China, Japan, (in. .54:1 IHO. !S.Z. 83 (except the 
 red vars.). — Var. semiplena, Hort. Fls. seniidouble, 
 white. B.R. 1:12 and 13:1091. Var. anemcnifldra. Seem. 
 Fls. large, double, outer petals white, iinicr ones much 
 smaller, yellow. B.M. 5152. Var. oleifera, Kehd.i (\ oleif- 
 era, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ivs. and ihe 
 single white fls. larger than in the tvpe. B.R. 11:942. 
 L.B.C. 11:106.5. 
 
 AA. Fls. pedicelled, nodding, mostly axillary : calyx- 
 teeth persisttnt. Thea. 
 
 Thda, Link. (C. theifera. Griff. Thea Sinensis, Linn.). 
 Tea. Shrub, sometimes tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lance- 
 olate or obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, 
 sometimes pubescent beneath : fl. white, fragrant, 1- 
 1 J4in. broad; petals 5. China. India. — Usually two varie- 
 ties are distinguished: Var. Boh^a ( Thea Bohea, Linn. ). 
 Lvs. elliptic, dark green, to 3 in. lon^: branches erect. 
 B.M. 998. L.B.C. 3: 226. Var. viridis (Thea viridis, 
 Linn.). Lvs. pale green, lanceolate, to 5 in. loiij; ; 
 branches sprea<ling. B.M. 3148. L.B.C. 3:227 and 19: 
 1828. The black tea, however, and green tea of commerce 
 do not come from certain varieties, but are the result 
 of different treatment of the leaves after gatherine. 
 
 C. axillaris, Roxb.= Gordoaia anomala.— C. drupifera. Lour, 
 (C. Kissi, Wall.). Shrub to 8 ft.: lvs. elliptic, long acuminate: 
 fls. iK'n. wide, fragrant, white: petals olx)vate. Himal., India. 
 L.B.C. 19:1815.— (J. euruoidfs, Lindl. (Thea eur5-oides. Booth). 
 Shrub to 4 ft.: lvs. ovate-lanceol.'ite. silky l)eneath : tls. white, 
 nodding. axUlary, rather small. B.R. 12:983. L.B.C. 1j:149.-5.— 
 C. euryoides, Hort.= C. rosiflora. var. malitiora.— C. rosi'ldra. 
 Hook. (C. .Sas.inqaa. fl. rubro. Sims). Shrub: lvs. ovate, acumi- 
 nate : Ha. pink : petals 5. obcordate : ovar>- glabrous. China. 
 B.M. .T044. Var. maliflora, Rehd. (C. malitioni, Lindl.). Fls. 
 
 dotible, ^)ink. B.R. 
 7:.547. L.B.C. 12: 
 11S4. B.M. -JOSO. 
 
 Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 Camellias are 
 not hard to grow, 
 either the well 
 known C. Japon- 
 ica or the lesa 
 common V. Sa- 
 sanqua, and C. 
 Thea, the Tea 
 Plant. They re- 
 rjuire a coolhouse, 
 not too dry an 
 atmosphere, and 
 
 330. Camellia 
 
 Japonica — 
 
 h A. Downing 
 
 1;^ 
 
 u.long: 
 round- 
 : 20:2121.- 
 ,>J6. Gn. 54, p. 
 
 must never suffer 
 from dryness at th« 
 roots ; a somewhat 
 shady position is 
 helpful, and good 
 ventilation is essen- 
 tial. A night tem- 
 perature of 45°-50'^ 
 F. is best for them 
 while at re.st ; this 
 is also the time of 
 blooming, but it 
 may be increased 
 tluring the period 
 of growth ; the <lay 
 temperature should be from (;o°-70° F. The soil for es- 
 tablished plants should be made mainly of well rotted 
 Hods, to which should be added some leaf -mold, rotted 
 cow-manure, and enough sand to instire goo«l drain- 
 age ; sod and leaf-mold should be unsifted. For young 
 plants, the Dutch growers use a rather fine soil of 
 peat, leaf -mold and sand ; the Japanese gardeners use 
 
 331. Camellia 
 
 Japonica — 
 
 President Clark 
 
226 
 
 CAMELLL\ 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 a heavier soil, appiirently containing some clay. The 
 pots and tubs should be well drained with potsherds and 
 charcoal, the drainage being protected by sphagnum to 
 insure durability, the older plants not requiring frequent 
 shifts. Potting should be done just Ijefore new growth 
 starts, when the flowering is about over; the exact time 
 can be determined by noting the beginning of the root 
 ,'Xrowth, which generally precedes th" e:;i>anding of the 
 le^if-buds. The soil should be moi«t. r jt wet, and made 
 firm. Large shifts should be avoided: .u a.»^»..- oases, by 
 renewing the drainage and removing the surf ce soil, a 
 larger pot will be found unnecessary. After pt ;ting, the 
 temperature may be increased, and the plants should be 
 kept close until a new growth is established. 
 
 When the weather in May becomes settled, they should 
 be pla<'ed in summer quarters. This may be a cool green- 
 house, well shaded, or, preferably, a position in the open 
 air, protected from sun and wind. Lath screens may be 
 employed, or the shade of trees or fences. In any case 
 there must be j '"^nty o light and air. Great care must 
 always be given to watering, but especially at this time, 
 while they are nfaking and rpening their growth ; the 
 dr()pi)ing of flower buds in ^November is often the result 
 of careless watering in summer. Plenty of water must 
 be given to the roots, never in driblets, and the foliage 
 should be syringed night and morning in dry weather. 
 The forcible application of wate.'in the form of spray not 
 (mly keeps the plant in good c<mdit' - checks mealy- 
 
 bug and red-spider. In September tu M be prt in 
 
 the cool e.id of the coolhouse, or they c jred in a 
 
 pit and brought in later. The Camellia is nearly hardy, 
 but should not be exposed to actual frost. Large speci- 
 mens can be planted out in a coolhouse or winter gar- 
 den. They thrive wonderfully in the evenly moist soil 
 of such a position, and give an abundant bloom at Christ- 
 mas and New Year, when flowers are scarce; the foliage, 
 too, can be freely cut, since growth under these condi- 
 tions is so much improved. 
 
 Propagation is now ejected by cuttings and grafts. 
 Formerly inarching an(i even layering were employed. 
 Cuttings shoo.ld be ma«le, November to January, fn^m 
 wood of the previous season's growth, from 1)^-2 or 2J4 
 inches long, each having from 1-3 eyes ; in single-eye 
 cuttings the leaf is left entire, in others 1 or 2 leaves are 
 removed. Plant firmly in sharp sand, keeping them cool, 
 well watered and carefully shaded for the first few weeks. 
 Sometimes they will be sufiiciently rooted in June for 
 potting in thumbs, but at others they will not be ready 
 until ()ctol)er. Shift on the young plants as their gTo\\-th 
 requires, never giving them too large pots; they make a 
 surprisingly good growth when once established. Flower 
 buds should be picked from young stock ; sometimes 
 there is trouble from blind eyes, but a new bud will 
 eventually form. Grafting is done in November, Decem- 
 ber and January, using the improved veneer graft ; a 
 close frame is not necessary, but is often used, in which 
 case great care must be given to watering and ventila- 
 tion. If raflia is used for tying, it should be smeared 
 with grafting wax to prevent decay; the process of unit- 
 ing is lengthy. Stock can be obtained from seed or by 
 cuttings of easily rooted varieties. Mealy-bug and red- 
 spider can be avoided by proper syringing ; thrips and 
 aphis are kept down by tobacco fumigation; scale must 
 be checked by washing and spraying; a troublesome leaf- 
 eating insect is only removed by hand picking. 
 
 Consult Practical Camellia Culture, by Robert Halli- 
 day, Baltimore, 18^0. lUus. The only other American 
 book on Camellias is an American edition of The Abbe 
 Berlese's Monography of the Genus Camellia, by Gen. 
 Dearborn; Boston, Ib'AS. For a list of varieties, see also 
 Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias, Amit, Verschaffelt 
 Fils; (Jhent, 1856-()0. Illus. B.M.Watson. 
 
 Camellias are general favorites with most people, and, 
 when well-grown, have few equals among hardwooded, 
 cool, greenhouse plants. They may be propagated by 
 seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting or inarching ; the 
 two latter methods are best for the double forms, as 
 they succeed better when grafted or inarched on the 
 single forms than on their own roots, the operation be- 
 ing performed immediately after the flowering season, 
 or just as soon as new growth is about to commence, 
 asd the method known as "side-grafting" is best if this 
 means of propagation is used. The single species arc 
 
 best propagated by seeds, if these can be obtained fresh. 
 They should be sown in early spring, in 4-inch pdts* 
 containing a mixture of peat, leaf-mold and sand, in 
 equal proportions. The pots should be placed in a 
 warm temperature, where they will usually germinate 
 in from 4 to G weeks. If propagated by cuttings, the 
 half-ripened wood should be chosen, and the cuttings 
 inserted around the edge of 4-inch pots containing a 
 sandy, peaty mixture, pressed very firm. The j.uts 
 should be placed in a shaded, close position, where an 
 even teniperature of about 60° can be m-iintaine*!. The 
 pots plunged in a half-spent hotbed woul«l be an ideal 
 place. If carefully attended to, they should be rooted 
 in about two months, after which they should be potted 
 singly, in small pots, and grown on as rapidly as possi- 
 ble. When of suitable height, stopping should be at- 
 tended to, to induce a bushy habit. As the plants in- 
 crease in size, a slightly heavier soil should be used 
 when potting, a mixture of equal parts loam, leaf-niolj 
 and fibrous peat being most suitable. Camellias re- 
 quire at all seasons a good supply of water at the roots 
 and during the flowering season they should have an 
 abundance. If allowed to become dry, the flower liuds 
 will fall off. They also require to be shaded from direct 
 sunlight during the spring and summer months. A 
 lean-to greenhouse, with a north a.^pect, is an ideal one 
 in which to grow Camellias. In such a house they niijrht 
 te planted out, providing an abundance of air conhl he 
 given during the summer ; they make nmch lareer 
 plants and flower more freely when planted out than 
 when grown in pots or tubs. The flowering season is 
 usually from the beginning of February to the middle 
 of April, if grown in ordinary cool greenhouse tempera- 
 ture, but they will staml gentle forring if the flowers 
 are wanted earlier. After tlowerine:. they should be kept 
 syringed to encourage the new growth, and also to keep 
 them free from thrips. If grown in pots or tubs, they 
 should be placed in a sheltered, shaded position outside 
 
 for the summer. „ . „ 
 
 Edward J. Caxninc, 
 
 CAMEL'S THOBN. See Alhagi. 
 
 CAMPANULA (Latin, a little bell). Campanuliicra. 
 Bell Flower. A genus of about 300 species, confined 
 to the northern hemisphere, and containing some of the 
 most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her- 
 baceous perennials. The root-lvs. are usually larjrer 
 than the stem-lvs., and often of different shape, and 
 more or less transitorj*. Fls. blue, violet or white; calyx 
 5-fid ; corolla 5-lobed or 5-fid ; stamens 5, free ; liia- 
 ments wide at the base, memb.anaceous ; stigmas 3 or 
 5, filiform : capsule 3-.')-valved, dehiscing laterally hy 
 \\-Ti valves : seeds ovate, complanate, or ovoid. Allied 
 genera of garden value are Adenophora. Canarina, Jasi- 
 one, Lightfootia, Phyteuma, Platycodon, Speculuria, 
 Symphyandra, Trachelium, and Wahlenbergia. in which 
 genera many species originally described as Campanu- 
 las may be sought. Of these, perhaps the two host 
 known cases av^ Platycoflon qmndiflorutn, the ''Balloon 
 Flower," with its chara<'teristic inflated buds, dark 
 green, glossy leathery Ivs,, and Specithiria <Sy>tr»/«>H 
 {C. Spectiln>rt), "Venus' Looking-glass,"a pretty annual, 
 which grows in the grain flehls of S, Europe, and is 
 cult, .^r its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx tube 
 of Specularia is much longer, proportionately, than in 
 any Campanula, 
 
 Botanically, Campanulas are divided into two impor- 
 tant groups, based on the presence or ab,-«ence of calyx 
 appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen- 
 dages, and Eucodon lacks them. In straiirht* ning oat 
 one's garden labels, the calyx appendages are one of 
 the first things to be looked for, and they are often 
 minute and disguised. In cultivation. Campanulas tend 
 to become taller and more robust, less hairy, more 
 branched, and more floriferous. A very few have white 
 or yellowish fls.. with no blue or violet forms. Any blue 
 or violet-flowere«l form is likely t«» have white varieties, 
 and double an<l semi-double forms are common in 
 3 or 4 of the most popular species. All flowers tend to 
 become larger and more numerous on a stem. In culti- 
 vation, the 3-celle«l species are likely to have .'» stiirnias 
 instead of 3, and .5-celled capsules, often along with 
 normally constructed tls, on the same plant. The height 
 
CAMPANULA 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 227 
 
 is the most variable feature of all, and in the scheme 
 below C. Carpatica and C. punctata especially will seem 
 wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by 
 De CandoUe in vol. 7, part 2 of the Prodromus are well- 
 nigh useless to the gardener, and nothing else but a 
 distinction of height can bring out the two important 
 cultural groups of Campanulas, viz: Border or tall 
 kinds, and rock-garden or dwarf kinds. The best gar- 
 den monograph of Campanulas is by F. W. Mover, in 
 The (Jarden, 48:294-299 (189.")). See, aLso, The Garden 
 for May 1.'^ 1899, and 8: 17.'i-180 (1875). 
 
 The most popular of all Campanulas is the Canterbury 
 Bell (C. Medium and its var. calt/ranthemn). Of all 
 wild forms the best known is certainlv C. rotnndifoUa, 
 the true "Hairbell," or " Blue Bells of Scotland." Of the 
 border kinds, the 6 most popular are probably C. Me- 
 dium, C. rotnndifoUa (in its many forms), Cpi/ramid- 
 alis, C. persici folia, C. glomerata and C Carpatica. 
 Of the rock-garden kinds, the most popular in America 
 are possibly C. Carpatica, Cccespitosa, and C.rotundi- 
 folia. The greatest curiosities are C. punctata, C. mac- 
 rostyla, C. Zoifsii and C. rotund ifolia, var. soldaneUai- 
 flora. For exhibition and for pot-culture, C.pyramidalis 
 la most used. For pendent effects in rockeries, baskets 
 or window boxes, C. fragilis is best. For edgings, C. 
 Carpatica is perhaps the favorite. For large, isolated 
 specimens, C. pyramidal is, the tfUest species, is best. 
 F. W. Meyer's choice of varieties and classification 
 should be consulted by all who intend to import Cam- 
 panulas. England is probal)ly the most favored spot in 
 the world for the culture of Bell-flowers, and the Eng- 
 lish dealers offer the greatest variety. Unfortunately, 
 Campanula-culture is at a low ebb in America to-day, 
 partly because the plants are less hardy here, and also 
 because rock-gardens an<l amateurs' collections are less 
 frequent than in England. Many failures with Campan- 
 ulas, however, are directly traceable to ignorance of 
 their natural term of life. Some opecies are perennial 
 in the wild, but practically biennial in cultivation, and 
 each kind must be studied by itself. Unless otherwise 
 specified, they are presumed to be perennial. C. Me- 
 dium may be treated as a hardy annual or biennial, or 
 as a tender annual or biennial. The general rule is that 
 Campanulas give the most and best flowers in the sec- 
 ond year, but C. Medium can be sown indoors in early 
 spring and set out later, with the expectation of getting 
 the best bloom the same year. As a rule, all border 
 C mpanulas that are propagated by division should be 
 divided every year, or every 2 years at most. Mr. Cam- 
 eron recommends several species which are not de- 
 scribed below, as they can be obtained only through 
 botanic gardens. W. M. 
 
 The genus Campanula is a very important one, and 
 contains many showj- and useful plants. Their cultiva- 
 tion is very easy, and most of the strong-growing kinds 
 can be grown in any rich, well-draine(l garden soil, 
 while the dwarf kinds can be grown in the rockery, and 
 many of them in the front row of the mixed border. 
 Propagation is done either by division, cuttings or seeds. 
 The genus can easily be divided into three groups — 
 annuals, biennials, and perennials. 
 
 The annuals can be raised in the border by sowing 
 the seeds late in April or May, or raised in the green- 
 house and then transferred to the border. The best of 
 the annuals are C. ramosi.ssima and var. alba, C. dra- 
 bifoUd, C. Erinus, C. macrostyla, and C. Americana. 
 
 Of the biennials, many will flower the first season if 
 the seeds are sown early in spring in the greenhouse 
 and the plants put out-of-doors when the weather is 
 favorable. One of the most important is C. Medium 
 (Canterbury Bells), and its numerous varieties. Its 
 variety calycanthema is so named because the calyx has 
 broadened out into a saucer-shaped secondary flower, 
 which is very showy and interesting. Canterburj- Bells 
 are generally raised from seeds, which can be sown in 
 April. May or later, in pots, boxes or beds, and can then 
 be transferred into sonu* sheltered place where they can 
 be slightly protected during the winter, and then trans- 
 planted in spring to their permanent places into good, 
 rich soil, where they will make a great show if they 
 have ol)tained the right treatment. A few other good 
 biennials are O. primulce folia, C. Siiiirica, C. spicata, 
 and C, thyrsoides. 
 
 Of the J iinial species, the best border plants are 
 the followny:: C. Carpatica and vars. alba and turbi- 
 nata ; C. gr/omerafa, especially var. Dahurica ; C. lac- 
 liflora ; C, lat ifolia, especially its vars. eriocarpa and 
 macrantha ; C. nobilia (about 2 ft. in height); C.per- 
 sici folia and its nimierous vars., especially the white 
 kinds ; C. punctata (about V/i ft.); C. pyramidalis, a 
 very showy plant when well grown, but not quite relia- 
 ble in the eastern states as to hardiness ; makes a good 
 pot-plant for the cool greenhouse ; C. rapunculoides, 
 which spreads rapidly and must be so placed that it will 
 not crowd out the other plants that are near it ; C. ro- 
 tundifolia; C. Trachelium ; C. Van ITouttei, a hybrid, 
 
 and one of the best bell 
 flowers. 
 
 The following are the best 
 low -growing kinds for the 
 rockery : C. Carpatica and 
 its varieties, C. Caucasica, 
 C. fragilis (which needs 
 protecticu, but makes a 
 good pot-plant), C. pnlla in 
 sheltered position, C. Por- 
 tenschlagiana, C. rotund i- 
 folia, and C. pusilla. Many 
 of the larger-growing kinds 
 are also good for the rock 
 garden. r. Cameron. 
 
 332. Canterbury Bells — 
 
 Campanula Medium. 
 
 Alphabetical list of species described : C. alliarisefo- 
 lia, 3 ; Allionii, 23 ; alpina, 26 ; Americana, 7 : bar- 
 bata, 24 ; Bononiensis, 1(5: cjespitosa. 41 ; Carpatica, ,35; 
 celtidifolia, 11 ; divaricata, 21 ; Elatines, 1; excisa, 41; 
 floribunda, 'AG ; fragilis, 29 ; (iarganica, IIO ; glome- 
 rata, 10; yrandis, 9 ; Grossekii, 5; Ilohenackeri, 27; 
 Hostii, 39 ; isophylla, .3(5 ; lactiflora, 11 ; lamiifotia, 3 ; 
 Langsdorffiana,iO : latifolia, 15 : latiloba, 9; linifolia, 
 var. Scheuchzeri. 40 ; macntntha, 15 ; macrnphylln, 3 ; 
 macrostyla, 1 ; Medium, 2 ; mirabilis, 6 ; mollis, 25 ; 
 muralis, 32 ; nobi I is, 22 ; persicifolia, 8; Portenschla- 
 giana, 32 ; pulla, 38 ; pumila, 41 ; punctata, 22 : pu- 
 silla. il: pyramidalis, 14 : Rainerii, .33; rapunouloides, 
 19; Rapunculus, 43; rhomboidalis, 17; rotundifolia, 39; 
 Huthenica, 16; Sarmatica, 4; Scheuchzeri, 40; Scou- 
 leri, 37; Sibirica, 27; Soldanella. .39; Tenorii, 34; 
 thyrsoides, 12 ; Trachelium, 18 ; tnrbinata, 35 : nrtici- 
 fnlia, 18; Vnldensis, 40; versicolor, 20; Vidalli, 13; 
 Waldsteiniana> 28 ; Zoysii, 42. 
 
 A. Tall or Border Campanulas, a foot or more high. 
 
 B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each sinus. 
 
 c. Capsule 5-celled : stigmas 5. 
 
 D. Style excessively long, the stigma an inch or more 
 
 long. 
 
 1. macrdstyla, Boiss. & Heldr. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, 
 branched from the base, hispid with rigid, spreading, 
 scattered bristles : branches stout : Ivs. scattered, 
 small for the size of the plant, sessile, bristly on both 
 surfaces ; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute ; upper ovate- 
 lanceolate; recurved, cordate, eared at the base : caljrx 
 
228 
 
 CA.MPANULA 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 tube hidden by the bladdery appendapes, small, broader 
 than lonj; : fls. solitary, on stout peduncles. 2-2% in. 
 broad ; corolla very broad and open, pale purple with- 
 out, dull purple within marked with violet and hairy to- 
 ward the bottom ; lobes verv broa<l, short an«l acute. 
 Mt. Taunis in Anatolia, (in. 15: 178 and 12, p. 209. 
 B.M. (k{94. — Easily told from all other species i»y the 
 very lonj; exserted style, which is brown and spin«lle- 
 shaped before spreading open. Self-sown seeds some- 
 times wait a year before sprouting. 
 
 i>D. Sft/h not excesKii'elif long. 
 
 2. Medium, Linn. C'AXTERBfRV Bells. Fig. 'M2. 
 Biennial, 1-4 ft. high : plant pilose : st. erect ; Ivs. ses- 
 sile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, crenate-dentate ; peti- 
 oles not marginal : ra<'eme lax. many-fld. : calyx lobes 
 ovate-m'uniinate. the api>endages half as long as the 
 ample, ovate, obtuse lol»es : corolla verj- large, bell- 
 shaped, inflated. S. Eu. Much less cult, than var. caly- 
 c&nthema, Hort. CrPAV)»SAr("ER. Hose in Hose. Has 
 the calvx colored like the corolla. A fair per ceitt come 
 true fn'.m seed. (J.C.III. 24: «>.-. R.H. 1897, p. 2:{8. R.H. 
 18!H>::U)1. (ing. ,"): 88. (in. 48. j). 295. F.S. 19, p. 152.- 
 Canterlniry Bells are probably the oldest and most popu- 
 lar of all Campanulas. They are most commonly treated 
 as hardy biennials, the seed being sown in the open 
 border, but they do not flower the first year. They can 
 also be treated as ten<ler annuals, the seed being sown 
 in<loors in early spring and the 'plants set out May 1- 
 15. They will then flower well the first season, but 
 always better the second year. Double forms are very 
 popular and interesting, 1-^ perfect bells being formed 
 one within another. The name Me<liuni has no reference 
 to size of plant or flower, but was the name of an old 
 genus, now a subgenus of Campanula. 
 
 or. Capsule S-celled : stigmas S. 
 
 DD. Corolla uifh a curiouf projection at the base of 
 
 each sinus. 
 
 3. alliariaefdlia, Willd. (C lamiifdlia, Bieb. C. mac- 
 rophf/lla, 8ims). Fig. 3:}:{. Height 1J4-2 ft.: stem 
 erect, striate, woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs. 
 large, heart-shaped, crenate, tomentoae : stem-lvs. on 
 petioles which gradually shorten upwards, the highest 
 
 being sessile: fls. white, nod- 
 <ling. on short stalks, borne 
 singly in the axils of the floral 
 Ivs. as in C. Har- 
 matica, but the 
 floral Ivs. larger 
 and broader : 
 calyx a third or 
 a fourth shorter 
 the corolla, with nuir- 
 rolled back, and appen- 
 dages less minut<» than in C, 
 Sarmatica : corolla always 
 whit*, 2 in. long, ciliated at 
 the margin, and with charac- 
 teristic tooth-like processes 
 at the base of each sinus, 
 which are especially interest- 
 ing in the bud. Caucasus, 
 Asia Minor. B.M. 912. -Int. 
 into England about 1805 by 
 Loddiges. No blue-fid. form 
 seems to be known. Prop, by 
 seeds, 
 
 4. Sarm^tica, Ker - (tawl. 
 Height 1-2 ft. : stem simple, 
 striate, pubescent : Ivs. re- 
 markable for their gray color, 
 harsh, leathery, wrinkled, to- 
 mentose, oblong-cordate, cre- 
 nate, the lower long-petioled, 
 the upper sessile : calyx with minute reflexed appen- 
 dages, and a short, <lensely hairy tuft : fls. about (i on 
 a stem, nod<ling ; corolla about 1 in. long, and \% in. 
 across, marked with 5 hairv lines. Caucasus, subal- 
 pine portions. B.M. 2019. L.B.C. 6: 581. 
 
 5. Ordssekii, Heuff. Has the habit and inflorescence 
 of t'. Trimhtlium, but the calyx is appendagt'd. Height 
 
 33. Campanula 
 alliariaefolia. 
 
 2'^ ft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivg. 
 hispid, the lower cordate unequally petioled, doubly 
 crenate-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed 
 into a petiole : calyx setose-ciliate, lobes lanceolate 
 spreading, reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate! 
 a third shorter than the lobes ; corolla hispid, 2 or 3 
 times longer than the calyx lobes : fls. large, bell- 
 shaped, violet, in a long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p. 
 477. f. .55. — A rare plant. 
 
 6. mir^bilis, Correvon. Height 1 ft. or more. "The 
 leaves forming the rosette are somewhat thick and 
 fleshy, the lower ones spreading otit to a diameter of 
 about 9 or 12 inches, the succeeding leaves snmller and 
 arranged in an overlapping manner." Upper Ivs. ovate- 
 serrate : fls. pale blue, hair)-, 2 in. across, bell-shaped, 
 sometimes stronglv angled : raceme lax or dense. Cau- 
 casus, (i.e. in. 24 :.•{:?. Gt. 47:192. Gn. 54. p. 454.- 
 Int. in Europe in 18% by Leicthlin. Very rare and in- 
 teresting. Probably a biennial rock plant. Slow from 
 seed. 
 
 BB. Calyx without an appendage at the base of 
 each sinus. 
 
 c. Fls. rotate or wheel shaped. 
 
 7. Americ&na, Linn. Annual and biennial : height ;}-6 
 ft.: St. erect, simple: Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pi- 
 lose, root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate ; stem- 
 lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends : calyx 
 tube long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost 
 entire, spreading shorter than the 5-fid, wheel-shaped 
 corolla : fls. light blue, 1 in. br<»ad, in long spikes. soH- 
 tary or in 3's ; corolla shallow, lobes pilose outside 
 and at the apex ; style long, strongly declined and up- 
 wardly cui^'ed : capsule cylindrical, grooved. Shaded 
 low ground western N. Y. t«> Iowa, south to (ia. and 
 Ark. Rarely cult. It is possible that Phyteuma cnies- 
 cens is still cult, as C. Americana. 
 
 CC. Fls. saucer-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, i. «., 
 the tube shallower and the limbs more widely 
 spreading than the bell-shaped. 
 
 D. Stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, crenulate . 
 
 8. persicifdiia, Linn. Fig. 334. Height 2-3 ft. : stem 
 erect : Ivs. glabrous, rigid, crenulate ; root-lvs. lanceo- 
 late-obovate ; stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatulate, 
 often 3 in. long : calyx lobes acuminate, wicle at the 
 base, entire, half as long as the broadly bt U-shaped 
 cor<dla : fls. blue or white, pedicelled, solitnry, terminal 
 and axillary, often \% in. long, 2 in. broad : capsule 
 ovoid, ;{-grooved. Eu. B.M. .397. Var. macr4ntha is a 
 large-fld. form with fls. all along the stem. ( Jt. 44. p. 148. 
 Gn. 48, p. :m\. A.F. G :38;{. S.H. 1 : 131. Var Alba grand- 
 ifldra and var. BAckhousei are among the p-tpular wiiite- 
 fld. forms. Ther<' are double and semi-double forms in 
 blue and white. The double white is useful for cutting. 
 The var. alba grandiflora is F. W. Meyer's favorite 
 of all Campanulas. This species occasionally nins wild, 
 especially in England. The Ivs. are very characteristic, 
 and, once seen, are never forgotten. Var. coron^ta, 
 Hort., is a semi-double white form. F.S. 7:G99. The 
 pictures in B.M. and F.S. show distinctly saucer-shaped 
 flowers. 
 
 DP. Stem-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed. 
 
 9. latiloba, DC. (C. grdndis, Fisch. «k Mey. Height 
 l-lVaft.: glabrcms : stem erect, simple, terete: stem- 
 lvs. .'{-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at 
 both ends, crenate-serrate : calj-x lobes ovate-acute, 
 broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly 
 bell-shape<l corolla : fls. blue, with a white fonn, often 
 2 in. wide, sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, 
 pometimes equaling the ovate-acut«, dentate bracts. 
 Mt. Olympus. P.M. 10: 31. -Fls. like C. persicifolia. 
 Quickly forms a dense carpet. Int. into Eng. about 1842 
 from St. Petersburgh. 
 
 ccc. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, n. t saucer-shaped. 
 V. Inflorescence a dense roundish head. 
 
 10. glomer&ta, Linn. One of the most variable : 
 DeCaudoUe makes 8 botanical varieties. Height 1-2 ft.: 
 typically pubescent : stem erect, simple, terete : Ivs. 
 serrulate, lower ones rough, with very short, stiflf 
 
i^ 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 229 
 
 hairs, lK-3 in. loni?, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate, ovate- 
 oblon? blade shorter than t\w petiole : upper ones ses- 
 sile, ovate, acute : tls. in dense heails or itrlonies, 15-20 
 in the terminal heads, fewer in the axillary ones. Eu., 
 
 Armenia, Persia, Siberia. 
 B.M. 2649 is var. epecidsa, 
 which has the largest tis. 
 L.H.C. 6:505 is var. sparsi- 
 fldra, with much smaller 
 dusters. — This is one of the 
 earliest tloweriuff and easi- 
 est of cultivation. Fls. typi- 
 cally dark purple, with no 
 recorded white varieties. 
 Var. Dahiirica, Hort., is 
 probably the commonest 
 form. Terminal clusters .'{ 
 in. or more thick ; a very 
 characteristic inflorescence. 
 The fl. has a longer tube 
 than C. lactiflora and thyr- 
 suides. 
 
 I)D. rnfloreseence a spike 
 or racem*', dense or loose. 
 
 Color of fls. normally 
 
 white or yellowish. 
 
 P. Corolla small, short- 
 tubed. 
 
 11. lactifldra.Bieb. Heifrht 
 2J^-5 ft. : stem erect, branch- 
 ing : Ivs. sessile, ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, acutely serrate : 
 calyx lobes very broad, 
 acute, serrulate, one-half 
 shorter than the broadly 
 bell-shaped corolla: tls. in a 
 loose or dense panicle, vhich 
 may be 3% in. long and 
 thick ; corolla wh'te or pale 
 blue, 1 in. long, nearly 1}4 
 in. broad : capsule ovoid, 
 erect. Caucasus, Siberia. 
 B.M. 197.}.- Not advertised 
 in Anier. at present. C. 
 (eltidifolia, Boiss., referred to the above, may be a 
 strongly marked variety. A plant once cult, at Harvard 
 Botanic (Jardens has very characteristic, perfectly el- 
 liptical Ivs., blue tls., and more open inflorescence. 
 
 12. thyrsoldes, Linn. Biennial: height l-lj^ft.: 
 stem grooved : Ivs. all covered with long hairs at t! 
 margin ; root-lvs. sessile, spatulate or obtusely lanceo- 
 late, 2% in. long, % in. wide, in a dense rosette, lying on 
 the ground ; upper Ivs. more narrow and acute : fls. 
 40-oO, sulfur or creamy yellow, in a dense thyrse-like 
 spike, which mav be 6 in. long and 2*2 in. broad : stvle 
 exserted. B.M. 'l290. L.B.C. 17: 1644.-lntenningied 
 with the fls. in the spike are Ivs. which are longer than 
 the Hs., which is not true of C. lactiflora. Should not 
 be confounded with C. thyrsoidea, Lapeyr., which = 
 C. speciosa. No blue or purple fonns are known. The 
 picture in B.M. shows a characteristic red-tipped calyx. 
 
 FF. Corolla lartje, long-tubed. 
 
 13. VidAlli, H.C.Wats. Perennial: height 1-2 ft.: 
 stem branching from the base : some branches short, 
 sterile, others tall, fl<»rifer«»us, all groove<l, clammy, 
 glossy : Ivs. 3-4 in. long, oblong spatulate, coarsely ser- 
 rate, thick, fleshy. Arm, viscid, the upper ones gradually 
 becoming bracts : fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a 
 loose terminal raceme; calyx lobes triangular, thick, one- 
 fourth shorter than the corolla ; corolla tubular, swelled 
 below, con.stricted above, with a yellow base. Azores. 
 B.M. 4748. F..S. 7:?29. A.Fl. 3: 116. Gn. 54, p. 299. 
 G.C. III. 18: 95. -Very distinct. 
 
 n. Color of fls. normally blue or purple, with white 
 
 varieties. 
 
 F. Size of fls. large, 
 
 o. Raceme pyramidal, usually dense. 
 
 14. pyramidiilis, Linn. Chimnev Campamla. Figs. 
 335,330. Ulabrous : Ivs. glandular-dentate, lower petio- 
 
 334. Campanula persicifolia. 
 
 (There are fonus with more 
 broadly bell-shai)ed flowers.) 
 
 lat«, ovate-oblong, snbconlate ; stem-lvs. sessile, ovate- 
 lanceolate : calyx lobes acuminate, spreading, half a.s 
 long as the broadly beU-shaped corolla : fls. num.'rous, 
 in pvramidal riweraes. Austria, near Adriatic, (in. 45, 
 p. 67 ; 48, p. 306 ; 51, p. 221 (a staked pot plant). K.H. 
 1897, p. 238. Gn. 53, p. .535 (with extensive cultural 
 not^s). 
 
 Var. compActa, Hort. S.M. 2:97. Gn. 47, p. 86 (with 
 very full cultiiral notes). The tallest of Campanulas 
 and one of the ohlest. Much grown in pots for exhibi- 
 tion. The compact variety is very floriferous an«l con- 
 venient for conservatory, but lacks the chara«'teristic 
 tall, pyramidal liabit. 
 
 <j<j. liaceme not pyramidal, usually looser. 
 
 15. latifdlia, Linn. Height :J— I ft. : ivs. large, doubly 
 serrate ; root-lvs, sometimes 6 in. long, petiolate, cor- 
 date, covered with soft hairs : stem-lvs. sessile, more 
 acurainate : pedimcle 1-fld. : calyx lobes long-acuminate, 
 one-third shorter than the corolla : fls. 6-15 in a loose 
 sp^ke or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large, 23^ 
 in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia. Var. 
 macrtotha, Sims {C. tnacnintha, Fischer) is commoner 
 in cult, than the tj-pe, a little hairier, with a glabrou.s 
 calyx and very large fls. B.M. 2.55.3 and 3.347. K.H. 
 1897, p. 2.39. Var. erioc&rpa, DC, has the stem and Ivs. 
 pilose and more pallid, an«l a hispi<l calyx tube. There 
 is a white-fld. form. It is native to England, and is 
 easily naturalized in their wild gardens. The stem-lvs. 
 are probably the largest of any of the garden kinds, 
 often 3K in. long and 2 in. wide. 
 
 FF. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long. 
 
 16. Bononi^nsis, Linn. Height 2-23^ ft.: scabrous: 
 stem simple : Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, palli<i be- 
 neatlf; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate ,• upper Ivs. clasping: 
 calyx lobes acuminate, one-fourth shorter than the fun- 
 
 nei-shape<l corolla: 
 tis. normally pur 
 plish, in a long, 
 loo.se, pyramiilal 
 spike, which may 
 be 2 ft. long, with 
 60-100 small fls.; 
 corolla /<iin. long 
 and broad. E. Eu., 
 W. Siberia, and 
 Caucasus. Var. 
 
 Buth^nica (C. liu- 
 the'nica, Bieb. ) has 
 Ivs. wider and to- 
 mentose beneath. 
 Caucasus and Tau- 
 ria. B. M. 2(5."i.3. 
 There is a white- 
 fld. form. The fls. 
 are much smaller 
 than in C lati folia, 
 and the raceme is 
 much larger. 
 
 
 335. Pot plant of Campanula 
 pyramidalis. 
 
 336. Nearer view of flow- 
 ers — Campanula pyramidalis. 
 
 17. rhomboldalis, Linn. Height 1 ft., sonu'times 2 : 
 stem simple, erect : Ivs. sessile, ovate-acut.', serrate : 
 calyx IoIh's awl-shaped, one-half shttrter than the bell- 
 shapeii corolle : fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose ra- 
 ceme, the lower pedicels of which may be 3 in. long, the 
 
230 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 uppermost 1 in. or less : corolla purplish blue, with a 
 white variety, 1 in. long and a little wider. Mts. of Eu. 
 B.M. 551. as C. azurea. — \X flowers in July and August, 
 after which the stems and Ivs. die down quickly. 
 
 18. Trach^lium, Linn. Fig. 337. Height 2-3 ft. : stem 
 angular, covered with dense, short hairs : Ivs. rough, 
 acuminate, coarsely crenate-dentate; root- 
 Ivs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked : caljTi 
 lohes erect, triangular - acuminate, one- 
 third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla: 
 peduncle 1-3-fld.: fls. erect at first, at 
 length tending to droop, in a loose raceme, 
 which may be 12-18 in. long : capsule 
 nodding. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan. 
 R.H. 1897, p. 2.'i9. 
 There is a double-fld. 
 form. — One of the 
 commonest and hardi- 
 est of the border per- 
 ennials, often running 
 out the other Campan- 
 ulas, and hence pass- 
 i n g under many 
 names, especially C. 
 'tirticifolia. 
 
 19. rapunculoldes, 
 Linn. Height 2-4 ft.: 
 stem a little rougher 
 than in C. Troche- 
 lii'.in : Ivs. rough, 
 ovate-acuminate ; root- 
 Ivs. petiolate, cordate, 
 crenulate ; stem - Ivs. 
 serrulate : calyx a lit- 
 tle rougher than in C. 
 Trachelium: lobes lin- 
 ear-lanceolate, at 
 length reflexed. one- 
 fourth shorter than the 
 funnel-formed corolla: 
 fls. solitary, nodding, 
 in long, racemose 
 spikes. Eu., Caucasus, 
 Siberia. 
 
 20. versicolor, Sibth. 
 & 8m. Height 3-4 ft. : 
 plant glabrou- : stem 
 ascending : s. ser- 
 rate ; root-lvs. long-petioled, ovate-acute, subcordate ; 
 stem-lvs. short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate : 
 calyx-teeth acun inate. spreading, at length reflexed, one- 
 half as long as the corolla : fls. in long, spicate racemes; 
 style exserted : capsule spheroid. Greece.— Rare. 
 
 DDD. Inflorescence an optn, compound panicle. 
 
 21. divaric^ta, Miehx. Glabrous: height 1-3 ft.: stem 
 erect, slender, paniculate above : branches slender, di- 
 vergent : Ivs. sparse, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate at both ends, coarsely serrate : calj'x-lobes awl- 
 shaped, one-half shorter than the tubular, bell-shaped 
 corolla : fls. small, nodding, blue, in a very open and 
 com}>ound panicle : style st raight exserted. AUeghanies, 
 from Va. to Gp. — Rare in gardens. 
 
 AA. Jjou'-grou'ing or rock-garden Campanulas, less 
 than a foot high. 
 
 B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each simts, 
 often minute or disguised in form. 
 
 c. Throat of corolla spotted violet. 
 
 22. punctata, Lam. (C.ndbilis, Lindl.). Named from 
 the spotte<l corolla, the purplish spots being inside and 
 showing through faintly in the fresh fl. but more plainly 
 in the dried specimen. Height 1 ft.: stem with longer 
 and looser hairs than in C. alliari(efolia : upper h's. 
 nearly sessile, and more sharply toothed than the lower: 
 calyx-lobes one-third as long as the corolla, longer, looser 
 and hairier than in C. allinriafnlia, and the margins much 
 more recurved: peduncle 1-4-rtd. : fls. nodding; corolla 
 cylindrical. 2% in. long, white, spotted within, strongly 
 ribbed. Siberia, Japan. (■. nobilis has been considered 
 distinct. In F. S. 3: 247 the cor -11a is dark violet with- 
 out, the limb hairy, while in B. M. 172'6 {C, punctata ) the 
 
 337. Campanula Trachelium 
 
 corolla is white outside and not bearded. In F.S.6:.'563 
 (C. nobilis, \Ar. alba) the limb is not bearded aiid the 
 stem is red, and not hairy. The three pictures show 
 great differences in foliage, pubescence and appendages 
 This is one of the most interesting of all Campanulas 
 and is, unfortunately, usually considered more quaint 
 than beautiful. Cannot be use<l for cutting. The spot- 
 ted throat readily separates it from all Campanulas 
 See supplementary list for C. Van Uouttei, a supposed 
 hybrid. 
 
 CO. TJiroat of corolla not spotted. 
 
 D. Stems 1- flowered. 
 
 23. Ailidnii, Villars. Height .3-5 in. : rootsto<k slen- 
 der, creeping underground, sending up stems at inter- 
 vals of %-l in. : Iva. few, about 7 on a stem, 1-2 in, long, 
 linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib 
 distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones 
 similar but more erect : calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as 
 long as the corolla, the appen<lages ovate, reflexed. one- 
 third the length of the calyx-lobes : fls. purple, with a rare 
 whit« variety, only one on a stem, inclined or nodding, 
 1% in. long, and as broad across the mouth, the largest 
 for the size of the plant of any Campanula. A verv 
 local species, found only in the Alps of Piedmont anil 
 Savoy. B. M. 6588. — No white-fld. form is known. Int. 
 into Eng. about 1879 by G. Maw. "It is an excellent 
 rock-plant, and, though requiring plenty of raoi.sture, it 
 shouhl have a well-drained position, an<l is therefore 
 best grown in a narrow crevice filled with sandy loam 
 and an abundance of ^small stones and grit."— i^, W 
 Meyer. 
 
 DD. Stems several -flotvered. 
 
 E. Margin of corolla bearded. 
 
 24. barb&ta, Linn. Height 6-9 in.: stem pilose: Ivs. 
 villous, entire or nearly so; root-lvs. tufted, lanceolate; 
 stem-lvs. few, ligulate? : raceme loose, :{-4-fld. : fls. nod- 
 ding, pale blue ; calyr appendage ovate, obtuse, half as 
 long as the lobes ; corolla bell-shaped, shorter than in 
 C. Allionii, and with a beartied mouth. Alps. L.B.C. 
 8 :788. Gn. 48, p. 297. - ''here is a white-fld. form, but ap- 
 parently no purple. Readily told fnmi C. Allionii by 
 the different colored, bearded and smaller fls., which 
 are rarely borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of 
 the stem. Commonest species in the Alps. "In the 
 rock-garden it should be grown in poor, stony soil, as it 
 is apt to become somewhat coar>e when grown in rich 
 soil."-.?\ W. Meyer. 
 
 EE. Margin of corolla not bearded. 
 F. Fls. erect. 
 
 25. mdllis, Linn. Perennial : velvety gray : height 
 6-8 in. : stems procumbent, about 2-fld. : root-lvs. tufted, 
 obovate or spatulate ; stem-lvs. ovate or rotund : tls. 
 loosely panicled ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect, half 
 shorter than the glabnms, bell-shaped corolla ; appen- 
 dages minute, shorter than the calyx tube; corolla erect, 
 dark purplish blue or lavender, with a white throat, the 
 tube long, segments short, broad, spreading, acute. 
 Spain, Crete. B.M. 404. — Rock or border plant; not adv. 
 in America. 
 
 FF. lis. nodding. 
 
 26. alplna, Jacq. Height .3-8 in. : stem furrowed : 
 Ivs. smaller than in C. barbata, more narrowly lanceo- 
 late, entire, hairy : fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped, 
 with broader and shorter segments than in C. barbata : 
 calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the 
 fl.-imd, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely 
 spreading. Swiss and Austrian Alps. B.M. 957. J.H. 
 III. 29: 5. —There is a white-fld, var. Int. into England 
 about 1805 by Loddiges. The plant has a characteristic 
 shaggy appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult. 
 
 27. Siblrica, Linn. (C. HUhenackcri, Fisch.), Seta- 
 ceous-pilose : stem erect, simple, panicled above : ivs. 
 crenulate ; root-lvs. petioled, obovate, obtuse ; stem- 
 lvs. lanceolate-acuminat« : calyx hairy, the lobes long- 
 acuminate, a third shorter than the corolla : calyx ap- 
 pendages like the lobes but half shorter and reflexed: 
 fls. 25 or more, violet, with a longer and narrower tube 
 than in C. alpina, and longer divisions of the limb. 
 N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu. B.M. (;.')9. R.H. 1861: 4.'?I.- 
 The type is rare, but var. ezimia, Hort., is somewhat 
 
CAMPANITLA 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 231 
 
 eoTDTnoner. It is dwarf er. much branched, with long, 
 scabrous Ivs. and pale bluish to violet Ha. See Mottet's 
 translation of Nicholson. Diet. Gard. Var. divdrgrens, 
 Willd., has lart;er fls. and broader Ivs. than the type. 
 G.(\ HI. l«i:597. C. Sibirica usually does best when 
 treated as a biennial. 
 
 BB. Calyx without appendages. 
 
 c. Fls. very wide-itpreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped, 
 
 almost flat. 
 
 D. Blossoms all erect. 
 
 28. Waldsteiniiina, Roem. & Schult. Perennial : 
 heijrht 4-0 in. : stems rigid, glabrous : Ivs. fleshy, ses- 
 sile. s;ray-green, lanceolate, slightly serrate-dentate, the 
 lower obtuse, the upper long-acuminate : calyx lobes 
 awl-shaped, spreadiuff or recurved, one-tourth shorter 
 than the corolla : fls. 5-i) in a corymbose raceme 1^ in. 
 bng, ?4in. wide, pale purplish blue ; corolla rotate, al- 
 most starlike, with a dark spot in the throat : pistil 
 large, white, twice the length of the corolla, with a yel- 
 low stigma. Hungary. Gn. 8, p. 173.— Not advertised 
 in America at present. 
 
 DD. Blossoms not all erect. 
 E. Habit trailing or pendulous. 
 
 29. frdgilis, Cyrill. Perennial : height 4-6 in, : stems 
 diffuse, trailing : root-lvs. long-petioled, roundish-cor- 
 date, obtusely dentate, or crenat<*ly lobed ; stem-lvs. 
 sm;»ller, scattered, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate : fls. 
 pale purplish blue with a white center, IJ^in. wide, in 
 loose corymbs ; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, erect, almost equaling the corolla; stvle exserted: 
 capsule ovoid. Italy. B.M. r..")04. P.M. 11:25. Gn. 8, 
 p. 174, and 47, p. 278. Var. hirstita, DC, is a hairier 
 fonn.— This is the best species for hanging baskets, 
 window and veranda boxes, and for covering large 
 stones in the rockery. Prop, by cuttings in spriufr, the 
 roots being too fragile to divide well. Not so hardy as 
 C. Garganica. 
 
 31). Garganica, Tenore. Height .Vfi in. : stem diflFuse: 
 lower Ivs. renifomi-cordate, crenate-dentate ; upper Ivs. 
 ovate-acute, dentate : raceme lax : peduncles 1-2-fld. : 
 cahTC tube spheroid, the lobes spreading, a third or 
 fourth shorter than the glabrous corolla. Mt. Gargano 
 in Italy. B.R, 21 : 17G8, Gn. 48, p. 295. and 4.?. p. 25. Var. 
 hirstita, Hort., is a hairier form. Gn. 4«J, p. 253, and 48, 
 p. ■_".>7. — "Owing to the pendent character of its flower- 
 ing branches, its proper place is against a rocky ledge, 
 over wliich its masses of flowers may hang."— J^. C. 
 yiven. Half -shaded position. Prop, by cuttings or by 
 division. 
 
 EE. Habit not trailing or pendulous. 
 
 .11. Elatlnes, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubescent: 
 height o-d in. : Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den- 
 tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute : raceme lax : 
 calyx tube spherical, the lobes spreatling, linear-lanceo- 
 late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate 
 corolla : style exserted. Piedmont. — Rare rock plant for 
 light, stony .soil. 
 
 ;t\ Portenschlagriina, Roem. & Schult. (C. murdlis, 
 Port.). Heitrht (>-8 in.: stems somewhat erect : Ivs. all 
 alike petiolate. cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den- 
 tate: calyx tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a third 
 shorter than the infundibuliform corolla : fls. racemose. 
 Dalmatia.— Allied to f. 6^ar(7«w/r<i, but the corolla not 
 so deeply 5-cut. Little known. For conflicting descrip- 
 tion.s, see Gn. 8, p. llli, and 48, p. 297. 
 
 cc. Fls. broadly bell-shaped, less widely spreading 
 than in C, wider than in CCC. 
 
 D. Height 2-3 in. 
 
 :^.'!. R^nerii, Perpenti. Height2-3in.: stems suberect, 
 branchinfr; branches l-:{-rtd. : Ivs. subsessile. ovate, dis- 
 tantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate: calyx tube 
 olxonical, the lobes lonff-acuminate. erect, half shorter 
 than the broadly infundibulifonn corolla: fls. large, soli- 
 tar}, erect, dark purplish blue ; style short, not exserted : 
 capsule obovate. 3Its. near Lake Como. F.S. 18:1908.— 
 One of the choicest roc": plants, but somewhat rare. 
 Several fonns of the hybrid Campanula G. F. Wilson 
 are often cult, under this name, but their Iva. are lighter 
 
 green and less tomentose than C. Rainerii. Enjoys a 
 well drained, sunny position. 
 
 DD. Height more than ?-3 in. 
 
 34. Tendril, Moretti. Height 8-12 in., glabrous : stem 
 a.scending or prostrate : Ivs. leatherj'; root-lvs. long-peti- 
 oled, ovate, subcordate, irregularly serrate ; stem-lvs. 
 petiolate, ovate-acute, coarsely serrate : calyx lobes 
 linear-lanceolate, spreading, half as long as the broadly 
 bell-shaped corolla : fls. racemose : capsule spherical. 
 Naples. — This is now referred to the Grecian species 
 C. versicolor, which is typically taller. In the garden, 
 C. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in foliage and 
 flower, but is shorter. 
 
 E. Style not exserted. 
 
 35. Carpitica, Jacq. Fi>f. .'{.{8. Height 9-18 in., gla- 
 brous : stem branching : lowr Ivs. thin, long-petiole<l, 
 ovate-rotund, c<»rdate, coarsely dentate, undulate: upper 
 ones shorter petioled, ovate-acuminate: peduncles long, 
 terminal and axillary, 1-fld. : fls. large, often 1 Hin. wide, 
 deep blue or white: calyx tube obconical, the lobes a<'ute, 
 wide at thf base, subdontate, erect, a third or half as long 
 as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : .style not exserted : 
 capsule ovoid-cylindrical. Carpathian Mts. of Austria. 
 B.M. 117. Gn. 48, p. 297. Var. turbin^ta, Hort. ( C. turbi- 
 v(ita. Schott), is dwarfer, more compact, with fls. more 
 bell- or top-shaped, and often 2 in. across, purplish blue. 
 It also has larger Ivs. and more decumbent hal)it. ( in. 45, 
 p, 171, A form with pallid fls, is rarer, Var. Q. F. Wil- 
 son, Hort.. is a hybrid of var. turbinata antl C pulla, 
 with the large fls. of the former and the handsome dark 
 foliage of the latter. It is compact, dwarf, and small, 
 ovat«, very hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin. O. 
 Haylodginsis, Hort., is a garden hybrid, probably be- 
 tweerfC Carp'itica and C cwspitosa. Raised by Ander- 
 son Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in. : 
 root-lvs. tufted, roundish cordate, slighcly dentate: stem- 
 Jvs. light green, ovate-cordate, con- 
 spicuously t<K)thed : fls. light blue, 
 bell-shaped, few, at the ends of 
 8tems. Var. pelvif6rmi8, Hort., 
 from Crete, has very large, pale 
 lilac. almost saucer- 
 shaped fls. PH. 1882, 
 
 &509. Var. Henderson!, 
 ort.. is generally re- 
 ferred to var. turbinata, 
 b'lt is more robust. Lvs. 
 ovate and ovate-cordate, 
 IK in. long, ^in. broatl, 
 slightly huiry on both 
 sides, folded upwards, 
 serrate: petioles 1-1 Vain, 
 long: fls. dark blue, 1 J^-2 
 in. wide, in short, 6-9- 
 fld. racemes. — This spe- 
 cies is among the ttrst 
 dozen in popularity, and 
 is very variable in 
 height and in shape 
 of flowers. 
 
 EE. Style exserted. 
 
 .36. isoph^lla, Moretti 
 {C. floribunda, Viv,). 
 Stem suberect : lvs. all 
 alike, petiolate, round- 
 ish cordate, crenate-den- 
 tate: calyx lobes acumi- 
 nate, haif shorter than 
 the broadly bell-shaped 
 corolla: fls. pale blue, 1 
 in. or more wide, corym- 
 bose ; style exserted :' capsule ovoid. Italr. B.M. 5745. 
 Gn. 49, p. 483: 48. p. 297. -An excellent basket or rock 
 plant in sun or half shade. The white variety seems 
 to be more popular. Fls. may be saucer-shaped. 
 
 CCC. Fls. bell-shaped. 
 
 D. Style exserted. 
 
 37. ScoWeri, Hook. Height 8-12 in.: stem simple or 
 branched : Iv.-. acutely serrate, somewhat hirsute ; lower 
 ones ovate-acute, petioled ; middle ones ovate-lanceo- 
 
 338. Campanula Carpatica . 
 
232 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 CAMPANULA 
 
 lat»' : upper linfar-latireolate. sessile : calyx lobes awl- 
 shaped, erect, (uie-third shorter than the eorolla : Hs. 
 racemose, or more or less panicled : style exserte<l : 
 capsule ovoid. C'olunihia river. — The capsular valves 
 are a little above the middle, while in C. Carpatieti and 
 (\ pernicifolia they are near the apex. A rare western 
 American species. 
 
 DD. Style not exserted. 
 
 E. Color ft-ry dark purple. 
 
 38. polla, Ijinn. Height '.Wt in.: stem normally 1-fld.: 
 Ivs. triabrous, crenulate-dentate ; 
 lower ones short-petioled, ovate- 
 rotund : upper sessile, ovate- 
 acute: calyx lobes long-acuminate, 
 erect, a half shorter 
 than the b e 1 1 - 
 shaped, nodding 
 corolla. Mts. of 
 Austria. In B.M. 
 2492 the calyx lobes 
 are short - acumi- 
 nate, a sixth as long 
 as the corolla. L.B.C. 
 6 : 5i>4. — Darkest flow- 
 ered of all Campanu- 
 las. 
 
 339. "Blue Bells of Scotland"— 
 Campanula rotundifolia. 
 Natural size. 
 
 EE. Color }tot very dark purple. 
 
 .39. rotundifdlia, Linn. Hair- 
 bell. Hakebell. Bue Bells 
 OF Scotland. Fit,'. 3:}i>. Height 340. Campanula rotundifolia. 
 (>-r2 in. Root-lvs. petiolate, var. soldanellaeflora. 
 
 cordate, crenate-dentate : stem- 
 
 Ivs. iiiiear or lanceolate, usually entire: cah-x lobes awl- 
 shape 1. erect.a third shorter tluln the bell-shaped corolla: 
 tl. Inids <rect. Eu., Siberia, W. N. Amer. On. 53: 1153, 
 — This is one of the most cosmopolitan of all Campanu- 
 la-. im<\ The true hairbell or bluebell of literature. In 
 the wild it is sletiderer and taller than in the garden. 
 In sliady woods it often gi-ows 2 ft. high. The type has 
 a white-fid. variety which is much less popular, but 
 G.C. LMU:098 shows an excellent pot-plant of it. Var. 
 Hostii, Hort. (C. Ildxtii, Baumg.), has larger fls. than 
 the type and stouter stems. The lower stem-lvs. are 
 lanceolate, remotely dentate, the upper linear entire : 
 calyx lobes lontrer than in the type, a half shorter than 
 the contUa. The white-tld. form is not as vitrorous. 
 The most pronounced form is var. floldanellsefldra, 
 Hort. (C. sohlanella, Hort.). Fig. 340. With semi- 
 double blue rts. split to the base into about 2.") divisions. 
 F.S. 18: 1880. — This curious variation is unique in the 
 genus. The alpine soldanellas are famous among trav- 
 ellers for melting their way through the ice. They have 
 fringed blue fls. The name of this species seems singu- 
 larly inappropriate until we have sought the root-lvs. 
 in early spring. 
 
 40. Schetichxeri, Vill. (C. ihii folia, var. Seheiichseri) 
 Height 4-12 in.: stem 1-4-Hd., usually 1-Hd.: rwt Ivs 
 roundish, ovate, or cordate : stem Ivs. linear or nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, sessile, denticulate, the lowest stem 
 Ivs. spatulate : calyx lobes slender, linear-awl-shapeU. 
 nearly as long as the bell-shaped corolla. Alpine and 
 subarctic regions of Newfoundland, Labrador, Alaska 
 F.S. 21: 220.*), not L.B.C. 5: 485, which DeCaudolle states 
 most emphatically is C. rotundifolia and nothing else. 
 The stem-lvs. of C. Scheuchzeri are 'Mstinctly serrate! 
 while in C rotundifolia they are entire ; the tl«»wer- 
 buds jhhI in the former, but are erect in the latter. The 
 calyx lobes are relatively longer in C. Scheuchzt ri, and 
 perhaps the l)ell is deeper. 
 
 41. caespitdsa. Scop. (C. pftmila. Curt. C. pusilJn, 
 HH>nk. I. Height 4-4J in. : root-lvs. tufted, short-petioled! 
 ovate, glandular-dentate, shining : calyx lobes linear] 
 erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : tls! 
 no«lding, pale blue or white: p<dlen violet-colore<l. B M 
 512. Gn. 43 : 892. (in. 48. p. 297. - Dwarfer than C, roiun'. 
 difolia, with root-lvs, never renifonu, shorter-petioled, 
 and lasting until after tls. have gone. Perennial, quickly 
 forms a dense mat. Border, edgings, or nM;kery. The 
 European trade catalogues usually t>fter C. cii^spHonu 
 and C. punilla separately, and doubtless plants of dis- 
 tinct horticultural value are passing under these names, 
 but there seem to be no botanical or horticultural de- 
 scriptions that will distinguish them. 
 
 42. ezclsa, Schleich. Perennial, glabrous: height 4-5 
 in.: stems slender, 1-fld.: roct-lvs. spatulate: upper Ivs. 
 linear: calyx lobes bristly, spreading, at length retlexed, 
 a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : Hs. pale 
 blue, divided to about half their depth, with a round hole 
 at the base of each sinus, which easily distinguishes it 
 from C. pulla and all other Campanulas. Rare in Alps. 
 B.M.73i>8. L.B.C. 6: 561. — A rare rock plant. Likescool, 
 moist air, and not too full exposure to sun. Not adver- 
 tised in America. 
 
 occc. Fls. long-tubular, abnormal. 
 
 43. Z6yBii, Woif. Height 3-4 in. : plant tufted, gla- 
 brous : stems few-fld. : root-lvs. entire, crowded, petio- 
 late, ovate-obovate, obtuse: stem-lvs. obovate-lanceolate 
 and linear: peduncles 1-fld, terminal, rarely axillary i 
 cahT: lobes linear, awl-shaped, spreading, a fourth shorter 
 than the corolla : corolla long-cylindrical, constricted at 
 the apex, wider at the base, sharpiv angled. Austrian 
 Alps. Gn. 8,p. 173. G.C. III. 20: 183.'- A rare and abnor- 
 mal species. "Fls. large in proportion to the size of the 
 plant, azure blue. * * * terminated before expansion by 
 a pretty stellate process, arising from the infolding of 
 the segments of the corolla after expansion. These are 
 seen to be densely bearded, forming a mass of hairs sur- 
 rounding the large capitate stigma."— J'. C. JViven. 
 
 AAA. Kitchen garden vegetable: roots radish-like. 
 A salad plant. 
 
 44. Bapuncnlus, Linn. Rampion. Biennial: height 2-3 
 ft. : root spindle- or long-radish-shaped, % in. thick. 
 white : stem erect, sulcate : lower Ivs. obovate, short- 
 petiided, somewhat crenate: stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, 
 entire: fls. lilac, in a spike or n-c ne: calyx tube obconi- 
 cal, lobes glabrous or brist?\ - ."i't, awl-shaped, a half 
 shorter than or nearly equal ' v tiie funnel-shaped corolla. 
 Eu., Orient, N. Asia, N. . \. The roots and Ivs. are 
 eaten as a salad. The seem, which are the smallest of 
 any kitchen garden vegetaule, are sown in the open 
 ground in early May either broadcast or in drills. A little 
 sand mixed with the .seed gives an evener sowing. Press 
 flrmly, and water carefully. Thin out the seedlings if 
 necessary. Water freely in hot weather. A fresh sowing 
 may be made in June, as early sown plants may run to 
 seed. Roots are gathered in October, and may be stored 
 in sand for winter use. Rapunculus means a little tur- 
 nip. Vilmorin-Andrieux, The Vegetable (iarden. 
 
 C abiet}na, Griseb. Rare, tiiftetl. rookerj- plant, with slender. 
 wiry stems 9-15 in. high : tls. light blue in loose, branchiiiK 
 spikes. July-Aug. E. Eii.—CcalycdntheitM. Hort. = C Me- 
 dium, var. calycunthema. — r. i'enisia, Linn. A rare rofk plant 
 from Mt. Cenis and other mts. of the Alps, is a rare tufted 
 
 rock plant with solitary deep blue tls. on stems 2 in. 
 
 high. 
 
 Root-lvs. obovate. obtuse : stem-lvs. ovate-oblong : all Ivs. 
 sessile-entire : calyx hirsute, the lol>es linear-lanceolate, li half 
 shorter than the deeply jHiut, spreadiuK corolla,— C. Dahdrica, 
 
CAMPANULA 
 
 CANADA 
 
 233 
 
 Hort. Plants sold under this name are likely to b« C. glom- 
 •rata. var. spe<-iosa.— C Erlnus, Linn. Annual : plant hispid : 
 lieight :H>in.: Ivs. small, glossy, %-%\n. broad, coniate, deeply 
 eat, the iMiinted lolies conspicuous : lis. sessile, pale blue with 
 alight i-enter. tubular (or star-shaped.'), ^in. broad, with 
 acutf narrow lobes ; style long, conspicuous, colored like co- 
 rolla : racemes long, semi-prostrate, lO-2t)-rtd. Metliterranean. 
 Bare shortlived rock plant. Also for edgings and iwts.— 6*. 
 gramlUlora, Jacq.==Platyco<lon granditlorus.— f '. Lamdrckii, 
 D. hietr.— Adenophora Ijamarckii. — C. nitida, Ait.=C. plani- 
 HQff^—C, planiflora, h&m. ((.'. nitida. Ait.). Glabrous: height 
 3-flin.: stem simple: Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining: root-lvs. 
 crowded in a dense rosette, ovate or ol>ovate-ol>tuse, crenulate, 
 l^in. long: stem Ivs. linear-lunceolate, acute, nearly entire: 
 fls. blue or white, with double varieties, in spicate racemes ; 
 eaiyx l<)l)es ovate, acute, broad, erect, a third shorter than the 
 broa'JIy bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla. Not American, 
 though commonly so state<l. Habitat unknown. J.H. III. 
 33: 2h:j. RiM'k plant, for sunny position.— <'. specioga, Pourr., is 
 a rare species. Most of the plants passing under this name are 
 likely to he C. glomerata. B.M. 2t>49 is < . glomerata, var. sj»e- 
 ciosa.— r. Sfteeultim, Linn.=Si>ecularia Speculum. — C. tirtiri- 
 fblia. This name is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C 
 Trachelium. — r. Van Houttei, Carr. Height 2 ft.: root-lvs. 
 longpetioled, roundish cordate, more or less lobed ; stem-lvs. 
 sessile, oval-lanceolate, irregularly bi-dentate, 2H^ in. long, 
 more or less villous, strongly ner\-e«l : fls. usually solitary-, 
 nodding at the end of a small branchlet, 2 in. long, half as 
 broa»i, indigo blue, or violet ; calyx lol)es linear, spreading, 1 
 in. long. A garden hybrid resembling ('. punctata. Int. into 
 France ISTXby Thibaut and Keteleer. R.H. 1878, p. 420(descr. ). 
 Var. j>allida has pale lavender fls. \y t^j^ 
 
 CAMFHOBA (from camphor, made from its juice). 
 LaHrileece. The Camphor Tree {Camphb^nt officintilis, 
 Steud. ) is native to China and Japan, but it is now in- 
 troduce«i into S. Fia. Botanically, it is very closely al- 
 lied to the cinnamons, and is often referred to that 
 genus (a.s Cinnamomum Cuniphora), hut it diflFers in 
 its scaly buds, membranaceous calyx, and leaf characters. 
 Comphora officinalis attains a height of 40 ft., and en- 
 dures light frosts. It has alternate, ovate-elliptic, en- 
 tire, thick Ivs., and axillary panicles of small, yellow 
 fls. The whole plant contains camphor. The gum is 
 obtained from the extracted juice. 
 
 CAMPION. See Silene. 
 
 CAMPSIDIUM. See Tecoma. 
 
 CAMPTOSOBUS (Greek, bent sort, alluding to the 
 irrejTular arrangement I. Polypodidcecp. A small genus 
 of hardy ferns, with simple, pointed Ivs., which take 
 root at the apex, and are hence known as ''Walking-leaf 
 Ferns.'' A single species is na- 
 tive mostly on lime-bearing 
 rooks, and an allied species is 
 known from Japan and N. Asia. 
 
 rhizopli^lluB, Link. Fig. 341. 
 Lvs. simple, tapering from a 
 heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long; 
 veins forming meshes near the 
 midrib ; sori irreg- 
 ularly scattered. 
 Canada to Alabama. 
 —Sometimes grown 
 in rockeries and 
 wiW gardens. 
 
 L. M. Under\vooi>. 
 
 CAMPYLOBO- 
 
 TEY8, See Hoff- 
 
 mminia. 
 
 CANADA. Figs. 
 342-4. The most 
 important fruit re- 
 gions of Canada are 
 those surrounded 
 wholly or in part by 
 bodies of salt or 
 fresh water. In the 
 extreme east the 
 Atlantic ocean with 
 its indentations, is 
 the influencing climatic factor. In central Canada the 
 great lakes. Ontario and Erie, serve the same usefiil 
 oflace, while in the extreme west the Pacific ocean, with 
 
 Camptosjfuj inizophyllus. 
 
 its gulf stream, tempers tlu* climate of British Colum- 
 bia, and gives sutlicifnt atmospheric moisture, so that 
 all but tropical and citms fruits may W grown in the 
 most favored localities. It is interesting to note that 
 while on the eastern Atlantic coast apples are success- 
 fully grown as far north as the 47th parallel north lati- 
 tude, and in British C«dunibia as far north as the 52d 
 degree north latitu<ie, yet in the interior of Ontario and 
 Quebec they have not succeeded north of the 4<ith par- 
 allel. 
 
 The fruits of Cana<la of to-day are attributalde to .'» 
 main sources : 1. Seeds, brought by tb-^ first Frencli 
 missionaries and English coh>nists. ]>. Seeds antl plants 
 obtained from Virginia and New England. .'}. Plants and 
 seeds brought in by United Empire Royalists. 4. Chance 
 seedling pro<luction. ,5. Recent importation from Europe, 
 and systematic plant-bree<ling. 
 
 In order to obtain an idea of the character of fruits 
 cultivated in the Dominion, it will be necessary to con- 
 sider the provinces separately : 
 
 Prince Edward Islaxi*. — Latitude, 4G degrees to 47 
 degrees north, area about one and a quarter million acres. 
 The surface is undulating, the whole island eminently 
 agricultural and pastoral. Soil, a reddish loam, some- 
 times sandy and (M-casionally clayish. Tlu- climate is 
 sufficiently mihl to a<lmit of the cultivation of pears and 
 of plums of the Prunns domentica type. The winters are 
 long and tedious, with heavy snowfalN. and freijuent 
 fogs and sleety rains. The first fruits introduce<l were 
 apples, by French colonists. Later, the English and 
 Scotch settlers brought other apples and pears, in addi- 
 tion to Kentish cherries. It is probable, also, that some 
 of these early fruits were introduced by the Acadian 
 French, We still find on the island a few of the old 
 Freneh orchards of apples and cherries. Cherries have 
 been cultivated — in fact, they have taken care of them- 
 selves—with success since the time of their first intro- 
 duction. They belong to the Kentish type, and ripen in 
 that locality a month later than do the same varieties 
 grown in eastern Ontario. Black-knot has lately ap- 
 peared, but is being attended to. Apple-growing is on 
 the increase. The better practices in fruit-growing are 
 being introduced; a few large orchards are already 
 established and are bearing satisfactorily. The climate 
 has an important effect upon the keeping properties of 
 apples and pears. Such late-maturing varieties as Ben 
 Davis, Stark, and Missouri Pippin do not, as a rule, at- 
 tain full size and perfection. The autumn and early 
 winter apples of the west are the most suitable varie- 
 ties. Of these are Ribston, Blenheim Pippin, Hubbard- 
 ston and Grimes Golden. The same is true of pears. 
 The early and midseason varieties do best. Clapp, 
 Bartlett, i Howell, and Aujou are doing well. Among 
 plums, Moore's Arctic, Early Damson and Lombard are 
 favorites. Peaches cannot be grown successfully unless 
 artificially protected during winter. 
 
 bmall-f ruits are grown successfully in all parts of the 
 island. The most important of these is the cranberry. 
 The area devoted to this fruit is extending rapidly. Tlie 
 product is shipped to England. There is undoubtedly a 
 future for fruit-growing on this island, with its natural 
 under-drainage in many parts, its equable climate, and 
 its proximity to the European market. 
 
 Nova Scotia ant* Cape Breton.— The Dominion owes 
 very much to this province for the good pioneer work 
 done in advertising the fruit-growing capabilities of 
 ('anada in the European markets. The best advertise- 
 ment that could be given by any country was afforded bv 
 the magnificent display of fruit made by the Province of 
 Nova Scotia through its Fruit Growers' Association at 
 the Indian and Intercolonial exhibition in London in 188(5. 
 As early as the middle of the last century, the Acadian 
 French, who then peopled Kings and Annapolis counties, 
 cultivated apples and pears with great success. When 
 these lands fell into the hands of Connecticut and Eng- 
 lish immigrants in 17t>0, old pear and apple trees wen- 
 found in many places; some of the latter exist at the 
 present day. It must not be supposed that the apple 
 growing of Nova Scotia is restricted to the Annapolis 
 valley. This valley is only one of several, and the con- 
 tiguous fertile valleys of the Comwallis and Gaspereaux 
 rivers are equally well adapted and equally productive. 
 The protection afforded in this, the best fruit section of 
 
2^ 
 
 CANADA 
 
 CANADA 
 
 the pn>vince, by the low parallel lines of hills, known as 
 the north and south mountain ranjfes, is important and 
 valuable as windbreaks. The numerous bays and inlets 
 assist in etjualizing temperatures, and exercise a marked 
 intiuence upon the longevity of the apple tree in this 
 region. The soil consists of sand, sandy loam and clay, 
 overlaying sandstone formation. The enormous rise and 
 fall of the tiiles have pro<luced extensive deposits con- 
 stituting the present marsh and dyked lands. These 
 marsh lands serve the purpose of supply in tr an abundant 
 annual supply of herbage, in addition to > 'ding an in- 
 exhaustible store of cheap, natural fertili/.er, used by 
 fruit-growers with great advantage upon the upland 
 orchard areas. Figs. '.U2, 'MA. 
 
 Fruit Regions and i-VMiVs. — Kentville, Wolfville, and 
 Berwick are important fruit pro<lucing centers. Here 
 are found many of the old English types of apples, such 
 as Golden Pippin and Devonshire Quarrenden. Good 
 apples are grown in nearly all parts of the province, but 
 the valleys already mentioned contain the major portion 
 of the bearing orchards. The total orchard area is esti- 
 mated at 80,000 acres, and is rapidly increasing, i'ears 
 have long been cultivated, but the industry has not grown 
 like the apple. Plums are widely cultivated. Doniesticas 
 and Japans do well; Moore's Arctic is the favorite of the 
 former class and Burbank of the latter. 
 
 The export of apples to Britain began in 1875, and has 
 been steatiily on the increase since that time. The mar- 
 ketable crop of apples in 1896 amounted to 500,000 
 barrels, nearly all exported to Britain. The characteris- 
 tic apple of the province is Gravenstiin. This, with 
 Ribston Pippin, was imported from England by Hon. 
 Charles Ramage Prescott, between 18ii0 and 1835. Col. 
 John Burbidge introduced the Nonpareil Russet. Doctor 
 Inglis, the first bishop of Nova Scotia, introduced Yellow 
 Bellefleur to the Annapolis valley, where it is now known 
 by the name of Bishop's Pipjiin. 
 
 The cranberry industry is developing rapidly. In 1890 
 the output from the cultivated bogs amounted to 400 
 barrels; in 1898 it had nearly reached 4,000 barrels. The 
 varieties cultivated are selected from the wild marshes. 
 
 The fruit-growers of the province are intelligent and 
 energetic. The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association, 
 the oldest in the Dominion, assists in maintaining a hor- 
 ticultural school, which was established at Wolfville 
 and is affiliated with Acadia College. 
 
 The fruit-growing industry- in Cape Breton is yet in 
 its infancy. The climate and soil resemble that of Prince 
 Edward island, and practically the same class of fruits 
 are being tested. 
 
 New Brunswick.— The climate of this province fa- 
 vors a mixed husbandry. Wild raspberries, strawber- 
 ries, blueberries and cranberries grow in wild profusion, 
 and have to some extent hindered the growing of culti- 
 vated forms. Apples may be grown successfully for home 
 use in nearly all parts. Commercial orchards are now 
 
 tftWDfT 
 
 342. Ontario. Quebec and 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 I, 1, peach and grape regions; 2. mixed 
 truit zone: 3 general agriculture, ami 
 apples. Nova Scotia : 1, plums, pears, apples; 2, apples. 
 
 being planted in the valley of the St. John river, at 
 and about Woodstock. Damson and Moore's Arctic 
 plums are grown to a considerable extent. A few grow- 
 ers have found it profitable to protect their plum trees 
 in winter by planting them in such a manner as admits 
 of the trees being reclined on the ground in the autumn. 
 
 The snowfall is heavy, and is a sufficient protection. 
 Thomas A. Sharpe, of WtiodsttK'k, is a pioneer in this 
 work. Of apples, the following varieties have l)een 
 most successful in the St. John river valley: Duche!«s 
 Wealthy, Fameuse, Pewaukee, Longfield, and Scott's 
 Winter. The small-fruit harvest is h week later than in 
 Nova Scotia. New Brunswi<-kers are therefore enahled 
 to place their berries upon the Boston market at a tijne 
 when competition from other <iuarters is light in these 
 classes of fruits. Native raspberries and wild cranber- 
 ries (VacriHiitm I'ifi.s-lthpu) are gathered and shi[»|K'd 
 in large quantities to Boston. T. Vifi>t-l<Jmi is com- 
 monly known in New Brunswick as Wolflierry or Low- 
 bush Cranberry. In the past, lumbering, fishing and 
 mining have absorbed much attention in New Bruns- 
 wick, but fruit culture is constantly receiving increased 
 attentum. Bright minds are at work in the province. 
 What to grow, and how to grow it, are questions receiv- 
 ing earnest attenti >n. 
 
 QiEBEC. — The climatic conditions in eastern Quebec 
 approach quite closely those obtaining in many parts of 
 New Brunswick. We find the principal fruit areas ly- 
 ing south of that great artery of commerce, the St. 
 Lawrence river. Here and there, not on the low clav 
 flats, but on the higher middle elevations, with gravellv 
 subsoil affonling natural drainage, we find (orchard's 
 made up of "La Belle Fameuse," Pomme Gris. and St. 
 Laurent, truly Canadian an<l truly delicious ai)ples. In 
 the lower St. Lawrence region, especially on the north 
 side, the keeping season of apples is very much ex- 
 tended — or rather, the ripening season is very much re- 
 tarded. At ('hicoutmi,on the Saguenay, Red Astrachan 
 ripens about the end of September and Wealthy is late 
 winter. 
 
 In L'IsIet county, about 70 miles northeast of the city 
 of Quebec, plum-growing has become a somewhat spe- 
 cialized industry during its evolution, which covers a 
 period of a century and a quarter. Varieties of Reine 
 Claude and of Orleans plums have originated, and are 
 now peculiar to that district. Reine Claude de Mont- 
 morency is a fine flavored strain of the parent gnmp. 
 All plums gi'ow in stocky form, with widely spreading 
 branches, and are very protluctive. The trees are 
 grown in sod, with little pruning and fertilizing. 
 The marketing season extends from September 15 to 
 October 15. Hardj- forms of Kentish cherries have also 
 been developed. The season is a month later than at 
 C)ttawa, Out. Between Quebec and Montreal, along the 
 St. Lawrence river, plums and apples are grown to a 
 limited extent only. The heavy blue clay of the re^'ion 
 between the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers is uu- 
 suited to the cultivation of fruits. A wild fniit which 
 is being grown by the French habitant of the Richelieu 
 and its tributaries is the choke cherry, Priinus Mr- 
 gin iana, Linn. The fruit is eaten 
 raw, but is also made into jellies 
 and conserves. A yellow variety is 
 common to gardens in the vicinitv 
 of St. Hyacinth, Que. The Island 
 of Montreal is undoubtedly the 
 cradle of the fruit industry of the 
 province. Here a truly intensive 
 style of fruit-growing prevails. 
 Apples. plums and pears are staples. 
 Strawberries, gooseberries, and 
 other small fruits are largely culti- 
 vated. Convenient market facili- 
 ties, both at-home and abroad, assist 
 the fruit-grower. The hardier types 
 of Primus dome.stica, such as Dam- 
 son and Orleans plums, succeed 
 except in seasons of unusual se- 
 verity, when their fruit buds fail. Japan plums have 
 not yet been sufficiently tested on the island, with the ex- 
 ception of Burbank, which fruits uncertainly. So far as 
 can be ascertained, the Island of Montreal is the home 
 of the Fameuse and St. Lawrence, and possibly Pomme 
 Gris. About the foothills of those curious outcrop- 
 pings of the Vermont moimtains th^t we find in the 
 Richelieu valley and in the eastern townships — locali- 
 ties peopled by U. E. Loyalists — fruit - growing is a 
 leading branch of rural labor. Beloeil, Rougemont 
 and Abbotsford are well known to Quebec fniit-growera 
 
T'Srr-i 
 
 CANADA 
 
 M leadinjf fruit-growins: centers of the province. The 
 gtandard coniiueroial apples of Ontario and New York, 
 as GreeniuK. Baldwin and Spy, do not succeed. Faineuse, 
 Wealthy and Duchess, with Canada Baldwin and Win- 
 ter St. Lawrence, do well, the latter two beinj? natives 
 of the Province, and much appreciated. The fruit area 
 along the New York bound - 
 ar>- line is rapidly extending?. 
 Apples and plums are sta- 
 ples, while pears and lurrapes 
 are grown for home use. 
 The earlier varieties of 
 grapes only are grown. Con- 
 cord does not ripen with 
 certainty everj- year. Dela- 
 ware, Lady and Moore's 
 Early are generally reliable 
 in this western region. 
 
 Gibbland Farm, once the 
 home of Charles Gibb (de- 
 ceased 1890), a prominent 
 amateur fruit-grower and 
 philanthropist, is Undated at 
 Abbotsford, Que., and con- 
 tains a large collection of 
 Russian fruits. These fruits 
 were widely distributed in 
 Quebec through the efforts 
 of Mr. Gibb. A few of the 
 summer varieties have su- 
 perseded older kinds. The 
 only winter Russian apple 
 which has become at all 
 well known in Quebec is 
 Arabka of Ellwanger & Barry 
 
 CANADA 
 
 235 
 
 to 200 acres of land for a cow, but found no buyer. This 
 land is now valued at from $;{()() to $500 per acre. The 
 improvement of native fruits began in 1830 by the in- 
 tro4iuction of foreign varieties, and by the establishment 
 of home nurseries. 
 
 Cntnmercial and statisficnl.^The peach industry of 
 
 Apple orchards in the Annapolis valley. Nova Scotia. 
 
 Longfield is also suc- 
 cessful in eastern Quebec, where it keeps till midwinter. 
 Unless carefully managed, this variety soon deteriorates 
 by overbearing. 
 
 Montreal is the chief apple shipping port during Sep- 
 tember and October. Later in the year Ontario and 
 Quebec apples go to Europe via Halifax, Portland or 
 Boston. For a number of years past fruit-growers in 
 the vicinity of Montreal have shipped Duchess and 
 Alexander apples to Liverpool and Glasgow. The un- 
 satisfactory feature about the commercial side of fruit- 
 growing in Quebec is the scarcity of good winter export 
 apples. The old standards are not reliable and de- 
 sirable substitutes have not been found. Canada Bald- 
 win, Scott, Winter ano Pewaukee are generally rec- 
 ommended. 
 
 OxTARio. — Prom the star.lpoint of a fruit-grower, the 
 province may be divided as follows : 
 
 1. An apple-growing region in the extreme east, on 
 the north side of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 2. A pear, plum and apple-growing region between 
 Toronto and Kingston, along the shore of Lake Ontario. 
 
 3. An extended and distinctively apple-growing area 
 between Toronto on the south, Owen Sound on the 
 north. Haliburton on the northeast, and Lake Huron on 
 the west. [In the vicinity of Owen Sound, on the south 
 shore of Georgian Bay, plums of P. domestica class are 
 extensively cultivated.] 
 
 4. A peach, grape, pear, ])lum and small-fruit region 
 in the Niagara peninsula, between the overlapping ends 
 of Lakes Erie and Ontario. 1, Fig. .'U2. 
 
 5. A peninsula in the west, between Lakes St. Clair 
 &Q(I Fiiie— an area where fruits similar to those noted 
 in the last are cultivated. Pelee Island, in Lake Erie, 
 might be included in this fruit zone. 1, Fig. '542. 
 
 Historical.— Along the banks of the Detroit river, in 
 the extreme southwest, are gigantic pear trees. These 
 are from seed planted probably by French missionaries. 
 One of the oldest trees is said to date from 170.^. These 
 trees are productive, but the fruit is not valuable. The 
 planting of apple orchards began in this region about 
 the year 1784. The planting of vineyards, for which the 
 region is not^d, dates back about 40 years. The Niagara 
 Peninsula was settled somewhat later than the Essex 
 region. Here, between 1780-90, the United Empire Loy- 
 alists received grants of land from King George, and 
 planted seeds of apples brought from their homes in 
 the United States. Here we are told that John Smith, 
 in the early part of this century, offered to sell his claim 
 
 the Leamington district, in the west (5), is growing 
 rapidly. Though not more than 20 years has elapsed 
 since its inauguration, the present annual output is 
 very large. In lh94, 3.'), 000 baskets of peaches were 
 shipped from Leamington station, Essex county ; in 1895 
 more than double that fjuantity was sent out. In 189(i, 
 more than half a million peach trees were planted in 
 that region. In the Niagara district the output of 
 peaches is much larirer, and the fruit industry is more 
 uniformly diversitied. The Niagara fruit-grower is 
 strictly up-to-date. Electric cars run every half hour 
 past the doors of the fruit-growers residing between 
 Hamilton and Beamsville ; telephones connect their 
 homes, and bring daily market reports. During the 
 shipping season, a fruit train leaving Niagara Falls 
 daily and, running to Hamilion, carries away such 
 peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, pears and berries as 
 are not .^hipped by boat from St. Catharines, Port Dal- 
 housie, or Niagara on the Lake. 
 
 The standard varieties of apples of the province are 
 Spy, Greening and Baldwin. Ben Davis, York Imperial 
 and Ontario are being widely planted — the latter a native 
 of the province. It is a cross between Northern Spy and 
 Wagener, produced by the late Chas. Arnold, of Paris. 
 Princess Louise and 5lcIntosh Red, supposed seedlings 
 of Fameuse, are becoming well known in the eastern 
 parts of the province. Among other fruits produced in 
 the province are the Moyer and Jessica grapes, the Fitz- 
 gerald and Longhurst peaches. 
 
 C. C. James. Deputy Minister of Agriculture for 
 Ontario, gives the following estimated statistics regard- 
 ing fruits and fruit areas in the province in 1895. Area 
 in orchard, garden and vineyard, .'520.122 acres; number 
 of apple trees of bearing age, 5,91:5.900; young trees not 
 bearing, 3,548,053. In 1896, the yield of apples in the 
 province was estimated to amount to 20,000,000 barrels. 
 
 The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association has a mem- 
 bership of 5,000, and publishes a monthly Journal of 
 Horticulture. Secretary and editor, Linus Woolverton, 
 Grimsby, Ont. 
 
 A series of fourteen fruit experiment stations has re- 
 cently been estal)lished, so located as to cover the va- 
 rious climatic divisions of the province. The object is 
 to test and report upon all fruits, old and new. These 
 are under the joint control of the Ontario Agricultural 
 College and the Ontario Fruit-growers' Associaticm, 
 with L. Woolverton as executive officer, whose duty 
 it is to make an annual report of the whole to the Min- 
 ister of Agriculture, 
 
 I 
 
236 
 
 CANADA 
 
 CANADA 
 
 MANrTOBA AND THB NORTHWEST TeKRITORIES. — As 
 far as the tret* fniits are concenied, those whioh can bo 
 jfrown sucofssfuliy in these rejfioMs without ext.aordi- 
 nary care have yet to be produced. A few Huxsian 
 apples and Siberian crabs have survived and have pro- 
 «luced some fruit in southeastern Manitoba. Pyrun 
 fntccdta (the Iwrried cnibof Europe) is hanly at the Doni. 
 Experiment Stations at Brandon, Man., and Indian Head, 
 N. W. Terr. This has been crossed with the hardiest 
 Itussian apples in the hope? that the resultant seedlinj^s, 
 of which there are now many thousands, will prove 
 hardy in tree, and pnwluce fruit of edible size. 
 
 With the protection afforded by belts of timber, small 
 fruits of nearly all kinds — grapes, however, beinsr a »'<'- 
 table excej)tion — are grown with a nnnlerate degree of 
 success. The natural obstjwles are appreciably less in 
 Manitoba than in the Provinces of Assinil>oia, Alberta 
 and Saskatchewan, where late .spring frosts, high winds 
 and perioils of summer <lrought utid severe winter cohl 
 make the cultivation of the hardiest fruits, such as 
 gooseberries and currants, difficult and precarious. Na- 
 tive types of these fruits are cultivated. Juneberries 
 are much appre«'i.ited. Without doubt the rancher and 
 wheat grower of these northwest provinces will be de- 
 pendent for his fruit supply upon Ontario and British 
 Columbia for many years to come. The chief sources of 
 horticultural information in this region are the l)t>- 
 minion experiment stations already referred to. 
 
 344. British Columbia. The fruit regions are lietwfeu the itarallel series of dotttnl lines. 
 
 British Colcmbia.— Fig. 344. I am indebted to 
 J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the 
 province, for much of the following data. British Col- 
 umbia is wonderfully diversified, and has great fruit- 
 growing possibilities in its deltas, its coast line, its 
 valleys, its benches, its irrigated lands. Great climatic 
 variation means a corresponding widening of the possi- 
 bilities of fruit-culture, and tliere is here undoubtedly 
 a more extended range of therniometric variation and 
 atmospheric moisture than' is found in any other prov- 
 ince of the Dominion. 
 
 fl^<*7or/<vf/. — Regarding the early history of fruit- 
 growing, and some of its later developments, Mr. An- 
 •lerson writes as follows : 
 
 "It was soon discovered by the early settlers in and 
 about the old Hmlson's Bay C'ompany's forts of Victoria 
 and Langley. that apple trees would mature and bear 
 fruit. Tliere was, however, a deep-rooted belief that the 
 greater part of the country wouhl not produce fruit, or, 
 indeed, for that matter, crops of any kind. However, 
 gradually trials were nia<le by adventurous spirits, 
 miners, packers, and others (probably never by practi- 
 cal farmers or fruit-growers ), and it gradually da'wned 
 upon the sparse population that apples and field crops 
 would grow in most parts of the coast line of the 
 province, and of that part known as the dry belt lying 
 between the Coast Range and the Rocky mountains. 
 Then it appeared to occur to the residents that other 
 fruits might do, and thereupon trees and plants were 
 
 procured from California, and in mogt caaef^ all were 
 found to be successful. Up to this time (between 1855 
 and 1800), most of the fruit was the produce of seed- 
 lings, the offspring of seeds procured from other coun- 
 tries, which being acclimatized, with a gmxl climate 
 freedom (»f insect pests and diseases, pro«iuced womler- 
 ful crops without the trouble of cultivating, pruning and 
 spraying. Now, however, fruit trees of a superior «jual- 
 ity began to be imported, and for Home time throve 
 equally well as those of humbler origin, but by an<l hy, 
 f«)r some unacct)untable reas«»n. the trees did not hear 
 as well as formerly, nor was the fruit as gooil or &g 
 large as it use«l to be, and old-timers w<mdered what was 
 the matter, and so things went on from ba«l to worse 
 until people of a new generation began to settle in the 
 province, who so<m ascertained the cause of failure to 
 be due to the importation with the trees, from the 
 neighlH)ring states and pn»vinces, of pests and dis- 
 eases hitherto unknown in the province. It was then 
 that the legislature enacted the Horticultural Boanl Act 
 which provides for the appointment of a "Board," whose 
 duties are, inter alia, to inspect all fruit and fruit trees 
 entering the province, and orchanls within the province, 
 and to make such recommendations in the interest of 
 fruit-growers as they may <leem necessi r>'. It has fol- 
 lowed, as a matter of course, that in consequence of the 
 stringent regulations, a better class of nursery stock is 
 now imported into the province, anil although it is quite 
 impossible, even with the strictest in- 
 spection, to detect all infestations, and 
 although people have been slow in 
 adopting even those measures best cal- 
 culated for their benefit which have been 
 recon mended by the Board of Horticul- 
 ture, there is a marked improvement 
 in the state of the orchards of the j>rov- 
 ince, and of the fruit pro- 
 duced. 
 
 The young orchards 
 planted out since the inau- 
 guration of the newer and 
 more intelligent methods, 
 are likewise coming into 
 bearing. The production 
 of fruit Is even now in 
 many lines in excess of 
 local demands, and hence, 
 in view of the line of a<'tion 
 pursued by the Board of 
 Horticulture, which now 
 prevents this province 
 from being the dumping 
 ground for the refuse fruit 
 of the neighboring states, 
 it may reasonably be concluded that the imports of 
 fruits will be restricted in the future to those early fruits 
 which mature in the south, or to the production of the 
 antipodes at a time when those of this country are not 
 in season. 
 
 Fruits. — "The principal fruits produced in the 
 province are apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, and 
 all the small fruits. Other fruits, such as peaches and 
 grapes, have not been produced in sufficient quantities 
 to meet the demand, those like the first named havine: 
 been at first considered unsuitable to the country, but 
 are now found to do excellently in many parts." 
 
 Fruit Sections. — Some of the i)est fruit lands are to 
 be found along the mountains and foothills on either 
 side of the numerous valleys of the province. This is 
 particularly true of the region along the Eraser river 
 between Chilliwack and Hope. The region along the 
 Eraser river from Agassiz to the coast is one abun- 
 dantly supplied with water and now producing large 
 quantities of plums, apples and berries. Some of the 
 interior valleys are eminently adapted to the require- 
 ments of the tenderest tree fruits. Peaches are being 
 successfully cultivated here and there on the lower 
 bench lands. The accompanying map shows the princi- 
 pal fruit-producing areas of the province. At Vernon, 
 in the Okanagan valley, the Earl of Aberdeen, a late 
 governor-general of Cana<la. has an extensive orchard 
 of 200 acres. Here an irrigation plant, while not deemed 
 absolutely essential to fruit-growing, is thought to be a 
 
CANADA 
 
 CANNA 
 
 237 
 
 J43. ttecils of Canavalia ensiiormis. 
 Full size. 
 
 desiraMe adjunct. This valley is producing apples, 
 pf»rH iintl plums of gtwtX quality. 
 
 M'lrkfts. — "The t-xportatiou (»t' fresh fruit to the North- 
 west Territory and Manitoba, which is the natural mar- 
 ket of the prov- 
 in4*e, is asstiminfc 
 larjife proportions, 
 more especially in 
 jilunis, for which 
 British rolunihia 
 is specially noted. 
 The markets of 
 the Orient and 
 Australia will in 
 the neai future 
 also be outlets for 
 the surplus fruits 
 of the country. 
 Canneries and 
 fruit - preserving 
 establishments of 
 various kinds also afford means of disposing of some 
 of the surplus fruits which are not in a condition to 
 be t'xported. The high price of labor, and the compe- 
 tition which has to be met, in the matter of the cheap 
 jams and other products, adulterated with foreign sub- 
 stances and glucose, which come from the east and 
 California, are, however, verj' serious factors which mil- 
 itate atfidnst the success of such establishments." 
 
 Pestn. — ^loHt of the pests which have caused such 
 serious loss to the orchardists of other countries have 
 made their appearance in the province, but, thanks to 
 the efforts ma<le for their suppression, the codlin moth 
 and curculio are notable exceptions. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of the coast is most equable. 
 The temperature seldom falls to zero nor rises above 
 75° or 80°. In the interior the variations are naturally 
 greater, but even there, in the coldest part of the win- 
 ter, the temperature does not long remain at or below 
 zero. On the coast, the precipitation is almost entire'v 
 in the form of rain, which is sufficient for the moiit 
 
 346. The parts 
 
 of the 
 Canna flo^ver. 
 
 (SeeCanna, p. 238.) 
 
 part for agricultural pur 
 poses, the .objection be- 
 ing that little or none 
 falls (luring the summer 
 months. In the interior, 
 where the preciriiation 
 is mostly in the shape 
 of snow, it is so light 
 that irrigation has to be 
 resorted to. John Craig. 
 
 CANASINA (from the Canary Islands). Campnnu- 
 Ideetf. Three species of tropical herbs closely allied to 
 Campanula, but with the tubes of the calyx and corolla 
 grown together, and the floral parts in 6's. C. cnm- 
 panulata, Linn., is a tender plant from the Canaries, 
 
 with drooping, inflated buds and solitary, hell shaped 
 ttn. more than 1 in. long and 1'.^ in. wide, dull yellow, 
 Hushed and veined with «lull purplish bn>wn. Lvs. has- 
 tate. B.M. 444. -Not in tlie Amer. trade. 
 
 CANABT-BIBD FLOWEB is a Tropaolum. 
 
 CANABT 0BA8S is a Phnlari». 
 
 CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Lequminf^Htp. 
 Trailing or twining iierbs : tis. in axillary riwemes, 
 with bell-shaped, 2-lippe*l calyx, papilionjweoujs corolla, 
 9 stamens united and 1 free for most of its length : 
 po<ls large and ribbed on edges. Several species, 
 widely distributed in warm countries. 
 
 eniilbrmii, DC. {C. ylafUAta, DC.). Jack Bean. 
 Chickasaw Lima. Figs. 197. :M.'». Grown in the s<.uth- 
 ern states for stock, but the pods make passable snap 
 beans when not more than 4 or t» in. I«>ng. In warm 
 countries it is a bushy plant, with ^ 
 
 little tendency to climb. The pods 
 reach a length of 10-14 in., the walls 
 being very hard and dense when ripe. 
 The halves of the po<l. when split 
 apart, roll up spirally, often into an al- 
 most perfect cylinder. The large white. 
 
 347. Old-time Canna. 
 
 348. Modern floAArering Canna. 
 
 turgid beans, bearing a very prominent brown seed- 
 scar, are prcked crosswise the pod, imbedded in a very 
 thin white, papery lining. The tlowers are sniHil and 
 light purple, resembling those of the Cow-pea (though 
 larger) and of various species of Dolichos. The leaflets 
 areli, large and broad (5-8 in. long and half or three-fifths 
 as broad ), strongly veined and dull, dark green, abruptly 
 pointed and smooth. Tropics. A. G. 14:84. B.M. 4027.— 
 Beans said to be used as a coffee substitute, i^ jj g^ 
 
 CANDLEBEBBT, CANDLENUT. See Alenrites. 
 
 CANDYTUFT. See Iberis. 
 
 Species of Arnndinaria (treated 
 
 CANE-BBAKE. 
 
 under Bamboo). 
 
 CANfSTBUM. See ^chmea. 
 
 CANNA (name of oriental origin, of no application). 
 Scitamindcetp. Stout, unbranched, large-leaved tropi- 
 cal and warm -temperate herbs of both hemispheres, with 
 large and ornamental foliage. Fis. mostly red or yellow, 
 
238 
 
 CANNA 
 
 CANNA 
 
 in a tprminal raceme or panicle, very irregular : capsule 
 3-locule(l and st'veral-many-seeded (p, Fig. AM't) ; sepals, 
 «, 3 and small and usually p-een ; petals 3, cce, mostly 
 narrow and pointed, green or colored ; style single and 
 lonir. e ; the stamens are represented hy petal-like, oh- 
 lanceolate bodies or staininodia. (iiii;l>, 2 or 'A of which 
 are usually much pro»luced and broadened, and one is 
 deflexed and narrower and forms the lip of the flower, 
 /*; the pollen is borne in a sinijle-loculed anther, f, borne 
 on the side of a narrow and more or less coiled stami- 
 nodiuni. 
 
 A generation ago, ('annas were grown for their 
 foliage or mass-effect. Th«'y were tall and long- 
 jointed, with small and late tlowers (Fig. 'M~). 
 The parent of the old-time garden race of tall 
 Oannas was C Ann<ri, raised by M. Ann^e, of 
 France, from seeds of C. yt- 
 pahHsia, sown in 1848. The 
 flowers from which the seeds 
 were taken probably had betn 
 pollinated by some other spe- 
 cies, most likely with C ghnica . 
 In 18(>;{, a new race appeared, 
 as the result of the union of C 
 ifi'liflora with C Warsci'U'icsii. 
 This hybrid was known as ('. 
 Eh<'nutntn (and C. iridiflont 
 hyhrida). This was of interme- 
 diate stature, with showy foli- 
 age and t»ettt'r drooping flow- 
 ers. Under this name plants are still sold, butthoy 
 may not be identical with the original C. L'.'k - 
 m'tniii. This race has been variously crossed with 
 other species and forms, and from innumerable 
 see<llings there have been selected the ilwarf and 
 large-Howered raunas (Figs, .'US, 341>), which have 
 now practically driven out the old, tall, snutU- 
 flowered forms. These dwarf Cannas are often 
 known as Frendi t'anuas, from the country of their 
 origin ; also, as Crozy Cannas. from the most re- 
 nowned breeder of them. Within recent years, 
 another nK-e of Cannas h:is arisen from the anml- 
 gamation of our native i'nund rfacvuhi with the gar- 
 den forms and with C. iridi flora. These Iiave 
 come mostly from Italj' and are known as Italian 
 Oannas; also, as orchi«l-flowered Cannas. The tt«»w- 
 ers are characterized by soft ,nd flowing iris-like 
 outlines, but they are short-lived. Of this class 
 are the varieties Italia (Vis. ;{.")0), Austria, Bavaria, 
 Burgundia, America. Pandora, Burbankaud others. 
 For a sketch oi' the evolution of the garden Cannas, 
 see J. G. Baker, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc, Jan., 1894: 
 also, Bailey, Plant-Breeding, 140 ; also, particu- 
 larly for the history of the Italian race. Revue 
 Horticole, 1895, 516, and Gardeners' Chronicle, 
 Dec. 14, 1895. 
 
 The culture of Cannas is simple and easy. They 
 demand a warin, friable, rich and moist soil. They 
 are injured by frost, and therefore should not be 
 planted <mt until the weather is thoroughly settled. 
 For mass ef ects, set the plants not more than 1 
 foot apart each way: but if it is desir'^d to show 
 individual plants and their flowers at the best, 
 give three times that annmut of room to a single 
 plant. Pick the flowers as soon as they wilt, to 
 prevent the formation of seeds { which causes the 
 plant to lessen flowering), ajid keep the plants in 
 tidy condition. If the best ]tlants are desired, give 
 the soil and treatment which produce the best re- 
 sults with Indian coi-n. 
 
 "New varieties are raised from seeds. The seeds 
 usually germinate slowly, an<l sometimes not at all, 
 unless the hard integument is cut or filed, or is 
 softened by soaking in water ; these pri'caution.s 
 taken, they germinate quickly. Sow late in winter, in 
 rather strong bottom heat, either in flats or pots. Prid; 
 out, and give ]>lenty of room as they grow. Commonly, 
 Cannas are propagated by dividing the rootstock. This 
 rot)tstock is a branchy mass, with many large buds. If 
 stock is not abundant, as many pi mts may be made from 
 a rootstock as tl ere ire buds, although 1;lae weak buds 
 produce weak pb >t •. Leave as mucb> tissue as possible 
 Willi each bud. These 1-bud partts usually give best re- 
 
 >^- 
 
 349. 
 
 Flowering or 
 
 FrenchCanna 
 
 — Prince 
 
 Hohenlohe. 
 
 suits if started in pots, so that the plant is 6-12 in. high 
 at planting time. The commercial Canna plants are grown 
 mostly in pots. If one has suflicient roots, however, it 
 is better not to cut so close, but to leave several strong 
 buds on each piece (as shown in Fig. 351). These pieces 
 may be planted dir iotly in the ground, although more 
 certain results are to be secured by starting them in the 
 house in boxes or pots. If strong effects are desired, 
 partictilarly in shrub borders, it is well to plant the en- 
 tire stcol. In the fall, when the plants are killed by 
 frost and the tops have dried a f 3w days, dig the roots, 
 and let them dry as if they were potatoes. 
 Then store them on shelves in a cellar 
 which will keep Irish or rotind potatoes 
 well. Take care that the roots do not be- 
 come too warm, particularly be- 
 fore cold weather sets in ; nor 
 too moist. Well cured roots 
 from well matured plants usu- 
 ally keep without difficulty. 
 
 Cannas are commonly used 
 only in formal beds, but most 
 excellent effects may be se- 
 cured by scattering them singly 
 or in very small clumps in the 
 hardy border or amongst shrub- 
 bery. Against a heavy back- 
 ground of green, the gaudy 
 flowers- show to their best, and 
 the ragged effect of the dying 
 flowers is not noticed. They also make 
 excellent center-pieces for formal beds. 
 The tall-growing Cannas, with small aid 
 late flowers, have given way almost 
 wholly to the modem race of Crozy or 
 French dwarf Cannas, which usually 
 remain under 4 ft. high, and give an 
 abundance of large early flowers. The Canna al- 
 ways must be used for bold planting effects, be- 
 cause the flowers have not sufficient durability to 
 be useful as cut flowers. As individual blooms, 
 the flowers are not ustially attrttctive, but they are 
 showy and interesting in the mass and at a dis- 
 tance. The new race of Italian or Flaccida Cannas 
 has more attractive flowers, buu even these are 
 most useful when on the plam. Of varieties there 
 are legion, and many new ones are imported each 
 year, chiefly from France: and there are so many 
 new aspirants each year that it is not worth while 
 to enumerate varieties in a cyclopet'ia. 
 
 The garden Cannas are now so nmch varied and 
 inter-bred that it is no longer possible to classify 
 them by the characters of the species. One of the 
 best cicssificaiorv schemes is the following ( adapted 
 from G. C. III. 14:432): 
 
 I. Tall varieties. 
 A. Foliage green. 
 
 B. Self-colored varieties. 
 
 c. Minor flower-segments narrow, 
 cc. Minor flower-segments broad. 
 BB. Bicoior fonns, in which the lip is of a dif- 
 ferent color from the other segments. 
 Divi<led into c and cc, as above. 
 BBB. Spotted varieties. Including c and cc, as 
 above. 
 Blt)tched varieties. Including c and co. 
 Margined varieties. Including c and co. 
 AA. Foliage pvirple. Divisions as under a. 
 II. Dwarf varieties. Divisions as under I. 
 
 BBBB. 
 BBBBB. 
 
 To many of the garden forms and hybrids spe- 
 cific Latin nai^^'S have been given: but the follow- 
 ing synopsis (aeapted from Baker's 'Synopsis of 
 the Species of Cannas," n G.C. 111. 13: 42, 70, KU, 
 190) gi'*es a general view of the original species. The 
 names here accounted for are ; aurantiaca. 14: aureo- 
 rittnta, 4; camea, 15; ('inniib<triHft,{>: coc<'inea, (J; com- 
 mufata, 14; compm'ta, 13; crocen, 14; densifolia,^', de- 
 nHdata, 20; discolor,19; divaricata. 20: edulis. U; Khren- 
 bergii, 5 ; e.H ulenta, 9 ; excelsa, 20 ; fxigna, 5 ; Fintol- 
 manni, 3; f^.accida, 21; flavescens, 5: florihutida. 4; 
 fonnoxn, 6 : fuhjida, iS ; tjiganfta, 7 ; glauca. 10 ; heli- 
 coniwfolia, IJ ; humiliHf o; liidica, 1; iridilJora, l^ ; 
 
CANNA 
 
 CANNA 
 
 239 
 
 Roscoe). 
 
 ItgUt, 4 ; tagnnensin, 14 ; Lamberti, 2 ; lann^nosa, 12; 
 latifoliii. 7; leptocheila, 16; lencocarpn, 14; liliiflora, 
 23: linibata, 4 : lonqiMia, 10; lutea, 14; mnrrorarpa, 
 14; mitrrophtiUn, 7; maculnta, 14; Mexiran(i, 10; 
 iIorit^i<ina, 14; jyepalenniH. 16; occidentalis, 4; ori- 
 eatalis, 5 ; pallida. 14 ; paniculata, 20 ; patens, 4 ; pe- 
 (lunoulata, 8 ; polycla<la, 17; poffjuwrpha, Hi ; Porfori- 
 cf «»*."<, 6 ;/>«?'•/"■".•> : recurvata, -i; Ifeevesii,2\; Ho.s- 
 foearia, 14 ; rubra, t'*; saturate-riibra, i ; Schlechten- 
 dahlinnn, 3 ; Selloirii, 4 ; spfciosa. 16 : specfnbilfs, 4 ; 
 slolonifera, 10 : sulphiircn, H ; Siirhinnien.'ii.'<, d : syl- 
 vestris. 6 ; Texensis, 4 ; Tinei, 14 ; variabilis, 15 ; va- 
 rieijiita. 4; vetitrico.sa, 4; vitellina, 
 14 ; Warscewiczii, 18. 
 
 A. EUCASNA. — Corolla lobea and 
 xtfiminodia iiuifed into a short 
 tube : two or three of the upper 
 stamhiodia petal-like. 
 
 B. Three upper staminodia petal- 
 like. 
 c. Lt'S. of ordinary consistency or 
 thickness. 
 
 D. Lip entire. 
 
 1. tndica, Linn. Indian- 
 Shot. Stem slender, gla,- 
 bnms. green. ;}-.") ft.: Ivs. 
 oblong and aeute gree- 
 half as broa<i as long [i 
 ft. long): raeenies simple 
 and lax, some of the lis. 
 in pairs, the bracts green 
 and nearly orbicular : fls. 
 S3iall ; sepals oblonc, and 
 green, ^4 in. long; petals 
 
 lanceolate, pale green, about Ij^ in. long ; 3 upper 'W'/M'> 
 starainodia bright red. entire, 2 in. long but nar- '^'^'f' 
 row ; lip linear, red-yellow, spotted with red; cap- ' 
 
 suie irlobose, 1 in. in diam. W. Indies and Guiana. 
 
 2. Lamberti, Lindl. Stem stout, green and gla- 
 brous. 12-14 ft.: Ivs. oblong, green, acute: raceme 
 simple or forked, lax and fe\v-dd.,the !*racts large 
 and oblong, green : sepals lanceolate, pale green, 
 i^in. long ; petals lanceolate, 2 in. long, reddish ; 
 staminodia entire, scarcely longer than the petals, 
 brieht crimson; lip bright crimson: caosule oblong, 
 large. W. Ind., 8. Amer. 
 
 3. Fintelmanni, Bouche. Stem green and glau- 
 cous, 4-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong and acute, green and 
 glaucous : raceme few-tiu. and lax. the bracts green 
 and oblong: sepals oblong, fain., green; petals lan- 
 ceolate, pale green, IJain.; staminodia obtuse and 
 entire. 2-3 in., yellow; lip oblanceoiate, vellow, 
 mottled red : capsule large. Trop. Amer. ' — Pos- 
 sibly a hybrid of C. glauca and C. Indica. C. 
 Schlechtendahli()na, Bouch^, is similar, but has the 
 staminodia spotted red. 
 
 DD. Jjip emarginate. 
 
 4. pitens, Roscoe. Stem slender, green and gla- 
 brou.-i. 4-5 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute, jjrreen. the 
 lower 1 ft. long: raceme few-tld., simple and lax, 
 the bracts orbicular and green, the fls. s^igle or in 
 pairs : fls. small ; petals lanceolate, pale irrecn. 
 about lyUw. U»ng ; upper staminodia l>right red, 
 entire, 2 in. long, and narrow , lip bright red-vellow. 
 with minute red dots : c"psule globose, l' in. in 
 diam. Tr.>p. Anu-r. B.M. 1.54 as (\ Indica. 
 
 Var. limbita, Baker (C. limbcMa, Koscoo. C. 
 m/eo-vitf()f>i.hiHh\.). I'l^per staminodia bright red.wilh a 
 borderof bright yellow .-To ('. paten.^ Baker would re/er 
 the following: ('. fl»ribundu, lata, rerurvata, saturate- 
 nibru. Sellowii, spectabilis, Texensis, variegata and 
 ventricosa of Bouch^. C. occidentalis, Roscoe, has only 
 2 staminodia, petal-like. 
 
 5. orientalis, Roscoe. Stem slender, glabrous, ;j-4 . . : 
 lys. oblong-lanceolate, a fo(»t or more long : raceme lai, 
 simple or forked, the bracts oblonir : sepals oblong- 
 lanceolate, green, ^2in. or less long ; petals lanceolate, 
 p^enish. ll^in. long; upper staminodia 2'.2in. or h ss 
 long, bright red, often emarginate; lip red-vellow: cap- 
 sule globose and very sniali. Old Worhl tropics. 
 
 Var. flavSscens, Baker (C flnv^scens. Link), tapper 
 staminodia and the lip entirely yellow. — With C. orien- 
 talis probably belong C. densifolia, Ehrenbergii, exiguu, 
 humilis and pulchra of Bouch^. 
 
 6. coccinea, Miller (C. rM^m,Willd.) . Stem slender, 
 green, 4-6 ft. : Ivs. longer than those of C. Indica , oblong 
 and acute: raceme simple and lax, with small, green, or- 
 bicular br.Hcts: sepals lanceolate, J^in. or less long, ti.iged 
 with red; petals lanceolate, H'^in. long, tinge<' with red; 
 staminodia 2 in. long and narrow, often emarginate; lip 
 red-yellow: capsule globose and .small. Trop. Anier. — To 
 this species Baker would refer C. cinnabari. , rmosa, 
 fulgida, Portoricensis and Snrinamensis 
 of Bouch^. 
 
 Var. 8ylv68tris, Baker (C. sylvan fris. 
 
 Staminodia longer, plain deep 
 crimson, that and the lip with 
 a long claw. Trop. Amer. 
 
 7. latifdlia, Miller (C. gi- 
 ijanthi, DC C. macrophylla, 
 Bouch^). Stem stout and pu- 
 bescent, 10-16 ft. : Ivs. oblong 
 and acute, green, the lower 
 ones often 3—4 ft. long: fls. in 
 several racemes forming a 
 panicle, the bracts oblong or 
 the lower ones becoming sev- 
 <'ral inches long ; sepals oli- 
 long and green, ]4 in. long ; 
 
 ■^^ petals lanceolate, 2 in. long, 
 
 tinged with red; staminodia 3 
 in. or less long, entire or emar- 
 ginate, bright red ; lip bright 
 red: capsule large. S. Anier. 
 B.M. 2316. 
 
 8. peduccul^ta, Sims. Stem 
 slender, green and glaucous, 
 glabrotis. 5-6 ft. : Ivs. oblong- 
 lanceolate, green and glau- 
 cous, 1-2 ft. long and 3-4 in. broad : fls. in a 
 many-fld. lax raceme, with a hairy rachis and 
 long-spreading pedicels, the linu-ts small, ob- 
 long and obtuse ; sepals oblong, small and 
 green; petals lanceolate, green, reflexed, 1 in. 
 loiig; staminodia emarginate. about 1 in. long, pale 
 vellow ; lip oblancei.late, plain vellow : ca])sule 
 globose, small. S.Brazil. B.M. * 2.323. -Probably 
 not in cult, 
 
 ;». 6duli8, Ker. (('. tsculenta, I..odd.). Rootstt»ck 
 thick and edible: stem stout. 8-12 ft., purple: Ivs. 
 oblong, green or bronze. 1-2 ft. long : raceme lax, 
 forked or .simple: fls. usually in pairs; bracts or- 
 })icuhir or oblmg: sepals oblong-lanceolate, %\n. 
 long, tinged with red; petals lanceolate, lK-2 
 in.; stamino<iia entire or emarginate, 2K2in. long, 
 bright red or orange; lip bright red or yellow-red: 
 capsule large. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2498. — Starch 
 is procured from the roots, and for this purpose 
 the plant ' ■ wid«'ly cult, in the tropics. 
 
 10. glatlc^ Linn. Stem green and glaucous. 5-<) 
 ft.: Ivs. {.reea and glaucous, oblong-lanceolate and 
 very acute, tapering both ways (the middh* of the 
 dade about 4 in. wide): raceme lax, simple or 
 forked: sepals lanceolate, green, Vain, long; petals 
 lanceolate, yellow-green, l%-2 in.; staminodia en- 
 tire, 2*E-3 in., yellow, not spotted; lip linear, emar- 
 ginate, pale yellow: capsule oblong, l'2-2 in. long. 
 Italia Canna. Trop. Amer.— The (\ longi folia, Mexicana and 
 stolonifera of Bouch^ belong here. 
 
 vv. Lrs. thin and papery. 
 
 1 1 . heliconieefdlia, Bouch^. Stem 6-8 ft. : Ivs. oblor 
 green, 2-3 ft. long (resembling those of Heliconia) : tts. 
 in a panicle formed of several lax racemes; sepals lan- 
 ce<date. %m. long; petuls lanceolate, '.in. long, colored; 
 statuinodia not much lunger than th»' petals, scarlet; lip 
 scarlet: capsule ellipsoidal. \9^*^iq. Mex, 
 
 Two upper staminodia petal-like. 
 c. Ste.A icooUy-pubescent. 
 
 sa, Roscoe. Stem green, woolly, 4-<» ft.: 
 te, green : raceme 1 1^ nv-lld., simple 
 
 350. 
 
 BB. 
 
 12. lanugi 
 lv8. oblong, 
 
240 
 
 CAyNA 
 
 CANTERBURY BELL 
 
 or forke«i. the bracts obtuse, small and p^een : sepals 
 lanceolate, green. %m. or less lonj; ; petals lanceolate, 
 \}4 in. lonpr, tinfre<l with re<l ; staminodia « : tire, red or 
 red-yellow ; lip the same color, oblanceolattr and emar- 
 ginate. Brazil. 
 
 cc. Stem glabrous. 
 D. Leaves green. 
 
 V.i. comp^cta, Roscoe. Stem stout and green : Ivs. 
 broad, oblong and acut«' : ra«'eme simple and manj'-fld.. 
 dense : sepals lanceolate. Vgin. long ; petals unequal, 
 lanceolate. l\» in. long, red-yellow ; staminodia slightly 
 enian;inate. 1 H-2 in. lontr. bright crimson; lip emar- 
 ginate, red-yellow. Trop. Anicr. 
 
 351. Stool of Canna, showing how it may be divided. 
 
 14. Ifitea, Miller. Stem slender and green, 3-4 ft.: 
 Ivs. oblong an«l acute : raceme lax, simple or forked, 
 the small green bracts oblong and obtuse: sepals green- 
 ish, oblong. Sjin.; petals lanceolate, pale green, 1-1 J4 
 in. long : staminodia pale yellow, often emarginate, 
 \yi-2 in. long; lip linear, pale yellow, emarginate. 
 Trop. Amer. 
 
 Var. p&llida, Roscoe. Staminoaia and lip pale yellow, 
 spotted red. 
 
 Var. aurantlaca, Roscoe {C. Tlnei, Todaro). Petals 
 tinge<l red ; staminodia red-yellow ; lip red-yellow and 
 red -spot ted. — To C. lufea are to be referred C cnmmu- 
 tata, teiivocarpa, Moritsiami. and Nn.sroea na , of Bouchi^; 
 C. croeeaf Lag.; C Luguuensis, Lindl. ; C. inarulafa, 
 Link ; 0. moerocarpa, sulphurta and vitelUna, of Hora- 
 ninow. 
 
 15. varidbilis.WiHd.fC. crfrwert, Ro.scoe). Stem green, 
 3-4 ft.: Ivs. obiong and acute : raceme simple antl lax, 
 the small bracts oblong and obtuse : sepals lanceolate, 
 green, S^in. long; petals lanceolate, 1% in. long, pale 
 green : staminodia pale red, entire; lip linear and entire. 
 Brazil. 
 
 l«t. specidsa, Roscoe (C. leplocheUa and polymSrpha, 
 Bouche ), Stem green, .'i-O ft. : Ivs. broad-oblong, acute: 
 tls. in a deeply forked, long-branclied panicle ; sepals 
 lanceolate, i'^in. lonir. pale red : petals lanceolate. 2 in. 
 long, pale re«l ; staminodia '.\ in. long, em.arginate, bright 
 red ; lip emarginat", bright red-yellow. Himalayas. 
 B.M. 2317. — C.Af/j«/«''»«j.s, Wall., has 3 upper staminodia. 
 
 DD. Lvs. bronze or brown, at least on the margins. 
 
 17. polycl&da, Wawra. Stem tall and slender : lvs. 
 oblong and acute, base rounded. brown-edge<l : fls. 
 (often in pairs) in a long, much -branched panicle, the 
 bnwts nearly orbicular : sepjils lanceolate, 3'2in. long ; 
 petals lanceolate and uiiequ!.!, the longest 2 in., tinged 
 red; staminodia acute, not longer than the petals, brigiit 
 crimson : lip ohlanceolate. the claw yellow-spotted, the 
 limb bright crimsou. Brazil. 
 
 18. Wancewiczii, Dietr. Stem claret-ptirple and 
 glaucous, 3-4 ft. : lvs. oblong and acute, more or less 
 claret- or bronze-tinged : raceme simple an<l rather 
 dense, with ovate, brown, glaucous bracts : sepals lunce- 
 oblong, V-jin.. glaucous ; petals lanceolate. 2 in. long 
 reddish and glaucous ; staminodia (sometimes 3) entire 
 or nearly so, 2 V„-:{ in. long, bright scarlet ; lip oblan- 
 ceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet. Costa Rica. B AI 
 4854. 
 
 19. discolor, Lindl. Stem stout, 6-10 ft., purple and 
 glaucous : Ivs, broad-oblong, acute, brown-tinted, the 
 lower ones sometimes 3 ft. long : fls. in a deeply forked 
 panicle of lax racemes, the bracts small and orbicniar ; 
 sepals lance<date, Kin. long, green : petals lanceolate, 
 l}4 in. long, pale green ; staminodia entire. 2H in. l«.ni;[ 
 bright red ; lip lanceolate and emarginate, brick-red. 
 Trop. Amer. 
 
 AA. DlSTEMOS. — Corolla tube short: vpper statu i- 
 nodia suppressed. 
 
 20. panicul^ta, Ruiz & Pav. {C. denudhta, Roscoe. 
 (\ exc^lsa, Lodd. C. divaricdta, Klotsch). Stem tall 
 and slender, glabrous : lvs. oblong and acute, green and 
 glabrous : racemes lax. disposed in » large panicle ; 
 sepals lanceolate, Kin. long ; petals lanceolate, yellow- 
 green, 2-3 in, long ; lip rather longer than the petals, 
 crimson. S. Brazil. 
 
 AAA. EvRYfiTYLVS. — Corolla tube 2-S}4 in. lomj : 3 
 staminodia produced, clawed : lip orbicular. 
 
 21. fl&ccida, Salisb. (C. Reei'esii, Lindl.). Stem preen 
 and glabrous, 4-5 ft,, very leafy below : lvs. oblonp- 
 lanceolate, green : raceme simple, lax and few-fld.. the 
 bracts very small : sepals lanceolate, 1 in. loi.g, green ; 
 corolla lobes lanceolate and reflexed. nearly as lontr as 
 the tube ; 3 upper staminodia obovate. sulfur yellow, 
 2-3 in. long by 1 in. broad ; lip large, yellow. Swamps. 
 S. Car. to Fla,, near the coast, L,B.C. : 562. - Useful 
 for its good habit and iris-like lis. 
 
 AAAA. AcnimviA.— Tube of corolla and staminodia ns 
 long as the blade : fls. large and pendulous. 
 
 22. iridifldra, Ruiz & Pav. Stem green. 6-10 ft.: lvs, 
 oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath : ra- 
 cemes paniculate, drooping : sepals lanceolate. 1 in, 
 long, green ; corolla lobes lanceolate, red-brown. 2'oin. 
 long ; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer than the 
 corolla lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in, broad, rose- 
 crimson ; lip narrow, deeply emarginate. rose-crimson. 
 Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. R.H. 1861: 110. 
 
 23. liliilldra, Warscew. Stem robust, green. S-10 ft.: 
 Ivs. many, oblong, green, li— 4 ft. long, spreading from 
 the stem at a right angle : fls. in a corymbose panicle ; 
 septals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla 
 lobes lance<date, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of 
 equal length ; .3 upper staminodia white, xmited into a 
 tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread- 
 ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the staminodia. Colom- 
 bia. R.H. 1884: 132, F. S, 10: 1055-<i.- A flne species. 
 The white fls. finally become tinged with brown ; loni- 
 cera-scented. L. H. B. 
 
 CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Crticdcea?. 
 Hem?, a single species, probably native to central Asia, 
 and now widely cult, as a fiber plant. Hemp is also grown 
 occasionally as an ornamental plant, being grown from 
 seeds and treated as a half-hardy annual. It makes ex- 
 cellent screens in remote places. It thrives best in a rich, 
 nither moist soil. C. sativa, Linn., is the only species, 
 but various forms have received specif" names. In par- 
 dens, the form known as C. gigauten is commonest; this 
 reaches a height of 10 ft. and more. The seeds are usu- 
 ally sown where the plants are to stand ; but if (piick 
 effects are wanted, they may be started indoors in pt;ts or 
 boxes. Hemp is di»pcious. The staminate fls. aic in 
 axillary panicles, and have .'» sepals and 5 drooping sta- 
 mens. The pistillate fls. are in short spikes, with 1 sepal 
 folding about the ovary. Lvs. digitate, with ,>-7 nearly 
 linear, coarse-toothed leaflets. The plant is annnal, 
 nmghish and strong-smelling. L. H. B. 
 
 CANTERBURY BELL. See Campanula Medium. 
 
CANTUA 
 
 CAPSICUM 
 
 241 
 
 CANTUA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). Polemonih- 
 ce(f. Ten species of South American flowering shrubs 
 with very variable foliagre and showy, tubular fls. of va- 
 rious colors. C. biixifolia is cult, out of doors in S.Calif., 
 and is recommended in Europe as a coolhouse shrub. 
 Probably no tenderer than Fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings. 
 
 buxifdlia, Lam. ( C. dependens, Pers. ) . Much branched 
 shrub, about 4 ft. high ; branches more or less downy : 
 Ivs. very variable, generally oblong-obovate, acut€, taper- 
 injr at the base, entire or serrate, downy or glabrous : 
 fls 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy, termi- 
 nal corjTub ; calyx pale, membranous, green-streaked, 
 5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla tube; corolla 
 long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2Kin. long, red, usually 
 streaked ; limb of fringed, obcordate, crimson lobes : 
 stamens included. Peru. B.M. 4.")82. F.S. 7:650. R.H. 
 1858. p. 294. — One of the choicest of European green- 
 Louse plants. Very liable to red spider in our climate. 
 
 C. bicolor, Lem. Distinguished from the above by the entire 
 Ivs., which are shorter, about 1 in. long, and the solitary fls. . with 
 a short, yellow tube, the limb not fringed. The lis. droop, but 
 not vertically. Pern. B.M. 4729. F.S.4::J43. Probably less de- 
 sirable than the above.— C. pyrifdlia, Pers. Lvs. generally 
 broader and more toothed than in C. bicolor: fls. as many as 17, 
 in an erect, terminal, compound corymb ; calyx reti-tipped, 
 nearly half as long as the yellow corolla tul)e ; corolla about 
 l^in. long, with a white limb : stamens long, exserted. Peru. 
 B.M. 4:i86. F.S. 4:383. W. M. 
 
 CAPE 
 
 Treated 
 Bulbs. 
 
 BULBS. 
 
 under 
 
 CAFE CHEST- 
 NUT is Calod en- 
 drum Ca pen sis. 
 
 CAPE GOOSEBEKBY is a 
 
 Phyaalis. 
 
 CAPE JESSAMINE. 
 
 Gardenia. 
 
 See 
 
 CAPE PONDWEED. See 
 
 Aponogeton. 
 
 CAPEB. See CappaHs. 
 For Caper-spurge, see Euphor- 
 bia Lathy rus. 
 
 CAPPARIS (Greek, caper). 
 Capeu-bish, or Caper Tree. 
 Cappariddcece. Capers are 
 pickles made by preserving 
 the flower buds of C. spinosa, 
 a straggling shrub which 
 grows out of old walls, rocks, 
 and nibbish in Mediterranean 
 regions and India. Also rarely 
 cult, as a greenhouse flowering 
 shrub. The genus is large and 
 polymorphic, and none of its 
 relatives are familiar north. 
 Prop, by cuttings in green- 
 houses, and by seeds south. 
 
 spindsa, Linn. Spiny shrub, 
 3 ft. high : lvs. rotmdish or 
 ovate, deciduous : fls. borne 
 singly, alternately, and fading 
 before noon ; sepals 4 ; petals 
 4, oblong, clawed, wavy, white, 
 IHin. long: stamens 40-50: 
 filaments purple above, per- 
 haps the chief beauty of the 
 plant. B.M. 291. —What seema 
 to be the long stylo 
 with a short, un- 
 opened stigma, is 
 really the elon- 
 gated peduncle or 
 torus topped by 
 the pistil, which has no style and a minute stigma. 
 
 W. M. 
 CAPKIFOLIUM. See Lonicera. 
 
 CAPBlOLA (the wild goat, which feeds upon this 
 grass). Gratnine(P. Low, creeping perennials, with 
 short, flat leaves and slender spikes, which spread out at 
 the apex into finger-like branches. Spikelets 1-fld., 
 awnless, sessile, in two rows along one side of a slender, 
 continuous axis. Glumes .'{. the first 2 narrow, keeled, 
 usually acute, empty; the third or floral glume broader 
 and usually a little longer than the t mpty ones. Species 
 4. One distributed throughout the tropical and warmer 
 temperate regions of the world. 
 
 Ddctylon, Kuntze {Cynodnn Ddctylon, Pers.). Ber- 
 muda Grass. Fig. 352. A widely dispersed grass, with 
 a '•reeping habit of growth, extending rapidly over the 
 surface of the ground and rooting at the joints. Used 
 extensively in the south for lawn-making, where Ken- 
 tucky blue grass and the bent grasses cannot be success- 
 fully grown. Except in the far south, however, it is not. 
 a desirable lawn grass, as it quickly turns brown upon 
 the approach of cold weather, and is rather late 'n be- 
 coming green in the spring. A variety known as St. Lucie 
 Grass is regarded as a more desirable form for lawns 
 than the species. Experiments made in central Michi- 
 gan by Heal seem to show that Bermuda Grass is val- 
 uable to mix with June grass for a lawn where the 
 soil is rather thin, the June grass occupying the soil 
 from early spring until hot, drj- vreather, when the Ber- 
 muda covers the ground. In the cool autumn, June grass 
 
 appears again at the surface. 
 
 P. B. KE>rNEDV. 
 
 353. Normal '2-loculed fruit of 
 Capsicum, in cross section. 
 
 Capriola Dactylon. Nat. size. 
 
 CAPbXCUM (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from 
 kapfo, t^) bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or 
 pericarp; or from capsa, a chest, having reference to the 
 form of fruit). Solandcea;. Red Pepper. Cayenne 
 Pepper. Herbs or shrubs, originally from trop. Amer., 
 but escaped from cultivation in Old World tropics, where 
 it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stam branchy, 
 1-6 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate or subel- 
 liptical, entire, acuminate : fls. white or greenish white, 
 rarely violaceous, solitary or 
 sometimes in 2's or 3's ; 
 corolla rotate, usually 5- 
 lobed ; stamens 5, rarely 6 
 or 7, with bluish anthers de- 
 hiscinglongitudinally ; ovary 
 originally 2-3-loculed : fr. 
 a juiceless berry or pod. 
 extremely variable in funn 
 and size, many-seeded, an«i 
 with more or less pungency 
 about t!ie seeds and peri- 
 carp. Hg. 3.")3. The fruit be- 
 comes many-loculed and 
 monstrous in cultivation. 
 About 90 species have been 
 named, most of which are 
 
 now considered forms of one or two species. Monogr. by 
 Irish, 9th Ann. iJept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For culture, see 
 Pepper. 
 
 A. Annual or bien Ilia I. 
 
 innuum, Linn. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, grown as 
 annuals in temperate climates, but in warmer latitudes 
 often treated as biennials. All of the leading commer- 
 cial varieties in the United States readi'y find clast;ifica- 
 tion within the types or b( tanical varieties. The species 
 has never been found wild. 
 
 B. Pruit oblong-linear. 
 
 C. Calyx usually embracing base of fruit. 
 
 Var. conoldes, Iri.sh (C conoldes. Miller). Suffrutes- 
 cent: lvs. numerous, rather small, 2-3 in. long, %-2 in. 
 wide: peduncles slender, straight, erect: fls. small; calyx 
 obconicalorcup-shi>ped, usually embracing base of fruit; 
 corolla greenish »"hitt, spreading, ?^-5'8in. : fr. erect, sub- 
 conical or oblong cylindrical, about 13^in. long or less, 
 usually shorter than the peduncles an«l mostly borne 
 above the 'vs.. very acrid. Coral Gem, Tabasco. 
 
 Var. faaciculitum, Irish (C. fasciculcttum, Sturt. ). 
 Stem herbaceous, round or nearly so: branches few: lvs. 
 clustered or crowded in bunches about the summit, ellip- 
 tical-lanceolate, pointed at both ends: fr. also clustered, 
 erect, slender, alxmt 3 in. long by Hin. in diam., very 
 acrid. This is the Red Cluster Pepper. 
 
 IS 
 
242 
 
 CAPSICUM 
 
 CARAGANA 
 
 Var. actiminitnm, Fingerh, (C. ChiUnse, Hort.). Her- 
 baceous. veryl>rani'hy. about 2!^ft. high, beariner a dense 
 mass of foliage : li. medium size, spread ]4-% in. : fr. 
 larger than the preceding, either erect or pendent. 
 Chile. Long Cayenne. 
 
 CC. Calyx not usually embracing base of fruit. 
 
 Var. Idngum, Sendt. ( C. dnnuum, Linn. C. h'nigum, 
 DC). Plants herbaceous, about 2J^ft. high, with com- 
 paratively few branches : Ivs. large, often 4 in. long by 
 2>^in. wide: fl. large; corolla* spreading. "^-iHin., dingy 
 white ; calyx usually paterifonn or funnel-form, rarely 
 embracing base of fruit: fr. often a foot long by 2 in. in 
 diam. at base : flesh thick and in some varieties very 
 mild. Black Nubian, County Fair, Elephant's Trunk, 
 Ivory Tusk. 
 
 BB. Fruit of various shapes, btit not oblong-linear. 
 
 Var. grrdssum, Sendt. (C. grossum, Linn.). Fig. 354. 
 Herbaceous, about 2 ft. high, with few branches : Ivs. 
 very large, often 3 by 5 in., sometimes coriaceous, lower 
 one's usually pendent ; petioles deeply channeled : pe- 
 duncles stout, about 1 in. long; corolla large, spreading, 
 %-l34in.: fr. large, oblate, oblong, or truncated,' 3-4- 
 lobed. usually with basal depression, more or less sulcata 
 and rugose; "flesh tb'ck, firm, and of a mild flavor. Em- 
 peror, Monstrous. Bell, Sweet Mountain, Golden Dawn, 
 
 334. Foliage and flowers oi Capsicum annuum, var. grossum. 
 
 Ruby King, Golden King, Brazilian Upright, Golden 
 Upright, Fquash. 
 
 Var. aborevi&tum, Fingerh. (C umbilicdtum. Veil. C. 
 litteum, L^m.). SutTrutescent: Ivs. broadly ovate, 2-4 in. 
 long: peduncles slender, straight or curved, as long as or 
 longer thsn the berry: fr. about 2 li:. long or less, varj'- 
 ing niuch in the different horticultural varieties, in gen- 
 eral ovare, quite rugose, except in one variety, sometirnes 
 tnrhitijite. While this variety is used to soir>e extent for 
 pickling, it is noted more as an ornamental plant. Celes- 
 tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled. 
 
 Var. cerr'sifdrme, Irish (C. eerasiforme, Miller). Fig. 
 355. Sufl'rutesccnt : Ivs. medium size, ovate or ol)long 
 acuminate, ubout l%-3}4m.: calyx seated on base of 
 fruit ; corolla large, spreading, %-lKin.: fr. spherical, 
 Bubcordate, oblate, or occasionally obscurely pointed or 
 slightly elongated, smooth or rarely minutely rugose or 
 sulcate ; flesh firm, one-twelfth-* « in. thick, extremely 
 pungent. Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart. 
 
 AA, Perennial. 
 
 frut^scens, Linn. Fig. 356. Shrubby, perennial,. V6 ft. 
 high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled 
 stem and branches: branches loosely spreading or trail- 
 ing: Ivs. broadly ovate acuminate, 3-6 in. long. 2-3J4in. 
 wide: peduncles slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu- 
 ally longer than the fruit : calyx cup-shaped, embracing 
 
 335. Capsicum annuum, var. 
 eerasiforme (X K). 
 
 base of fruit ; corolla often with ocherous markings in the 
 throat : fr. red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, ^-H^in. 
 long, ^-%'m. in diam., very acrid. — Cultivated only in 
 the south, as the seasons in temperate latitudes are not 
 long enough to mature the fruit. 
 
 Var. baccatnm, 
 
 Iriii^h (C. bacc()tuui, 
 Linn.). Plants not 
 as tall, but more 
 erect than the spe- 
 cies : branches slen- 
 der, fastigiate, flex- 
 uose: corolla small, 
 spreading, about K 
 
 in. : fr. ovate or sub- ASA ^ MKfmssa£:% X\ 
 round, about J^in. in 
 diam. 
 
 H. C. Irish. 
 
 CABAGANA (Car- 
 agan, its Mongolian 
 name). Legumindsit>. 
 Pea Tree. Shrubs 
 or .small trees : Ivs. 
 deciduous, abruptly 
 pinnate, often with 
 spiny - pointed and 
 persistent rachis ; Ifts. small, entire, mueronulate ; 
 stipules deciduous or spiny and persistent : fls. papilio- 
 naceous, axillary, solitary or fascicled, usually yt-llow : 
 fr. a linear pod. About 20 species from S. Rus>*ia to 
 China. Ornamental shrubs, with handsome yellow lis., 
 appearing late in spring or early in summer ; quite 
 hardy, except a few Himalayan species. They grow in 
 almost any soil, but best in a sandy soil and sunny 
 position, and are well adapted for shrubberies. V. ar- 
 borescens is the only one which grows into a small tree, 
 and is of upright habit, like C. frutescens, which is about 
 half as high and more graceful ; all the other species 
 are low shrubs, of usually spreading habit. Prop, by 
 seeds sown in fall or in spring ; if kept dry durintr the 
 winter, soaking in tepid water for 2 or 3 days before 
 sowing will be of advantage ; also, increased by root- 
 cuttings and layers, or by grafting on seedling stock of 
 C arborescens in spring. 
 
 A. Lfts. 8-lS: rachis of the Ivs. deciduous. 
 arbor68cen8, Lam. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. : lfts. 
 8-12, obovate or oblong, sparsely pubescent beneath or 
 glabrous at length, >2-l in. long : fls. 2-4, pale or brif^ui 
 yellow, %in. long ; pedicels usually lunger than the lis. 
 May, Jime. Siber., Manchuria. — There are some varie- 
 ties, of which var. pendttla, Hort., with pendulous 
 bn nches, is the most remarkable ; it should be grafted 
 high. 
 
 microph^'lla, Lam. (C Alta- 
 g(ino , Poir. ) . From 4-6 ft. : lfts. 
 12-18, obovate. pubescent when 
 young, one-sixth- >3 in. long: 
 f s. 1 or 2, yellow, •>4in. long; 
 pedicel about as long as the fl. 
 Siber.. China. L. B.C. 
 11 : 1064. — Under this 
 name a dwarf form of 
 the former is often cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 AA. Leaflets 2-4. 
 
 B. Sachis of the '.vs. de- 
 ciduous: pec icelsas 
 long as or longer 
 tJian the fls. 
 
 frutescens, DC. { C 
 fritter, C. Koch). Fig. 
 .357. From 6-10 ft. : lfts. 
 4, approximate, nearly 
 digitate, cuneate, obovate 
 or oblong, rounded or 
 emarginate at the apex, 
 glabrous, ^3-l in. long : fls. solitarv, %-l in. long, yel- 
 low. Mav. S. Ru.^sia to China. G't. 10:348. S.B.F.G. 
 3 : '.ViT.— Var. grandindra, Hort. Fls. somewhat larger: 
 lfts. usually large and broad. 
 
 356. Capsicum 
 
 frutescens {XH). 
 
CAR AG AN A 
 
 CARDIANDRA 
 
 243 
 
 Caraeana 
 frutescens. 
 
 BB. Bachis persiatent, spi-.ry • pedicels shorter 
 than the fis. 
 
 Chamlagru, Lam. Shrub, 2-4 ii.: spines long: Ifts. 4, 
 in 2 somewhat remote pairs, chartaceous, obovate, emar- 
 
 ginate or rounded at the 
 apex, glabrous, 34-% in. long: 
 fls. solitary, reddish yellow, 
 l?4in. long. May. N. China. 
 
 pygmaea, DC. One to 3 
 ft.: spines short, Min. : Ivs. 
 nearly sessile ; Ifts. 4, ap- 
 proximate and almost digi- 
 tate, cuneate, linear-elliptic 
 or linear-lanceolate, gla- 
 brous, %-)'^ in. long: fls. 
 solitary, %in. long, golden 
 yellow. Cauc. to Siber. 
 and Thibet. B. R. 12: 1021. 
 — Grafted high en C. arbo- 
 rescens, it forms a graceful, 
 standard tree, with pendu- 
 lous branches. 
 
 grandifldra, DC. Similar 
 to the former. Lfts. cuneate- 
 oblong : fls. IMin. long ; 
 calyx gibbous at the base. 
 Cauc. — Under this name 
 mostly a variety of C. frutes- 
 cens is cultivated. 
 
 C. Altagdna, Poir.=C. miero- 
 phjila.— C. arboresceits arend- 
 ria, Hort.=C microphyUa.— C. 
 arendria, Dipp.=C. aurantiaca, 
 Koehne.— C. arendria, Loud., 
 see C. cuneifolia.— C auranti- 
 aca, Koehne. Allied to C. pyg- 
 maea. Fls. orange-yellow: calyx 
 a<5long as broad: ovary glabrous. Siber.— C brei:i8jnna, "Royie. 
 Spines 2-3 in. long: lfts. I'J-ie, pubescent: fls. 2-4, on a common 
 peduncle. Hiiial. P. F.G.2: 184.— (7. cuneifolia, Dipp. t'C. Ke- 
 dowskii, Hort., not D*^.). Probably var. of C. arborescens. Stip- 
 ules spiny: lfts. small, cuneate ; pe<licels shorter, p\ibescent : 
 seeds brown, spotted black. C. arenaria. Loud. (B. M.1886), 
 seems to be the same.— C. friitex, €. Koch=C. frutescens— C. 
 Gerariidna, Royle. Spines 13^-2 in. long: stipules large, scari- 
 ous: lfts. 8-12, densely pubescent: fls. 1-2, short-pediceUed. 
 Hitnal.— C\ gracilis, Hort.= C. pygmwa— C jubdta. Pall. 
 Branches spinj', villous, thick, with rounded Ivs.: "^ipules 
 large, scarious : lfts. 8-10, villous beneath : fls. whitish, * ort- 
 pedieelled. Siber. F.S. 19:2013. L.B.C. 6:522. Gt. 10:331. A 
 very distinct and curious looking species; hardy.— ('. Hedi^tv- 
 skii. Hort., not DC.=cuneifolia, Dipp.— C spinosa, DC. Spines 
 1 in. long: lfts. 4, rarely more, approximate, ciuieate-lanceolate, 
 glabrous: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled. Siber.— C spinosissima, 
 C. Koch = C. spinosa.— C. tragacatithotdes, Foir. Spiny: lfts. 
 4-8, cuneate, oblong, ptibescent : fls. solitary, short-pedicelled; 
 calj-x \'illous-pubescent. Himal.— C triflora, Lindl.=C. brevi- 
 spina.— C. vulgaris, Hort.=C. arborescens. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CAKAGUATA. By the latest monographer referred 
 to Guzniania, which see. 
 
 CARAMBdLA. See Averrhoa. 
 
 CAEAWAY iCi)rum Curui, Linn.). UmhellifercB. 
 A hieunial or annual herb grown for its seeds, which 
 are used in flavoring bread, cakes and cheese ; also oc- 
 casionally for the young shoots and leaves, which are 
 eaten. It grows a foot or two high, has finely -cut, pin- 
 natt'ly compound foliage, and small white flowers in 
 umbels. It is of the easiest culture. The seed is usu- 
 ally sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the fol- 
 lowing year. It thrives in anv garden soil. The plant 
 occasionally runs wild. See C'arum. 
 
 CARB£NIA (name of doubtful meaning). Compds- 
 it<f. BLE8SEU Thi.sstle. a monotypic genus allied to 
 Centaurea, and distinguished from it botanically by 
 involucre, achenes, pappus and anthers. Its habit in 
 the garclen is very different from the Bachelor's But- 
 tons, being thistle-Uke, and more interesting than oma- 
 niental. A hardy anntial. low-growing herb, rough, 
 branching and pilose. Once thought to counteract poi- 
 son. Culture easy. Fit for wild gardens and rockeries. 
 
 benedicta, Adans. {Cdrduus benedtctus, Authors. 
 Cnicus benedictus, Itinn. Centaurea benedicta, hinn.). 
 Fig. 358. Height 2 ft. : Ivs. alternate, sinuate-pinnatifid, 
 the lobes and t^jeth spiny: fls. terminal, yellow, 1 in. 
 wide. Mediterranean regions and Caucasus, Sometimes 
 cult. ; also rarely seen in waste places of southern Atlantic 
 states and Calif, as a weed adventive from Eu. 
 
 CABDAMINE (Greek name of a cress). Crucifer<x. 
 Small perennials growing in low, rich land, blooming in 
 spring or early summer. Petals obovate or spatulate ; 
 pods linear and straight, the wingless seeds in 1 row. 
 
 prat^nsis, Linn. CrcKOO Flower. Plant slender and 
 usually g'abrous, 12-20 in., somewhat branched : Ivs. 
 pinnately divided; lfts. of root Ivs. small and rounded 
 (% in. or less across), those of the upper stem-lvs. ob- 
 long or even linear and entire or somewhat toothed : 
 fls. % in. long, in a corymb, white or rose-color, pretty. 
 Eu. and Amer., in the northern parts. — In the gardens 
 it is chiefly known in the doublf-fld. form, which prob- 
 ably has been obtained from European rather than 
 American sources. There are other forms of it. It is 
 an excellent little plant to grow in moist places, particu- 
 larly along creeks and about springs. It is also useful 
 in drier places, as in rockeries. 
 
 angul^ta, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-folio- 
 late, the lfts. ovate or oblong and the middle one usu- 
 ally coarsely toothed : fls. rather large, white, in short, 
 few-fld. racemes. Mts. of Ore. and Wash. — Int. 1881 by 
 Gillett. 
 
 C. gemmdta, int. by Pilkington, 1892, is evidently Dentaria 
 macrocarpa. j^^ g^ g^ 
 
 CAROAMON. See Amomum and Elettaria. 
 
 358. Carbenia benedicta. 
 
 CABDIANDBA (Greek, heart, and manor stamen: 
 alluding to the shape of the anthers). Sarifraqdcece, 
 Low deciduous shrub, allied to Hydrangea, with alter- 
 nate, rather large Ivs.: fls. in terminal, loose corymbs, 
 small, those of the margin large, radiant and sterile. 
 One species in S. Japan and China. Tender and suffruti- 
 cose, thriving in any good garden soil ; be.si; in a partly 
 shaded position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under 
 glass. 
 
 altemifdlia, Sieb. & Zuce. 1-3 ft.: Ivs. broadly ellip- 
 tic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short 
 
244 
 
 CARDIANDRA 
 
 CAREX 
 
 petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana- 
 ceous, 3-7 in. long : fls. white, tinged red. Summer. 
 S.Z. 06, 67. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CABDINAL FLOWER. Lobelia cardinalis. 
 
 359. Balloon Vine — 
 Cardiospermum Halicacabum. 
 
 CAEDIOSPfiEMUM (Greek, heart-seed, from ti 
 white heart-shaped spot or the round black seed; hen; 
 the plant was thought a c .re for heart diseases). Sa 
 pinddce(e. Thirty tropical American species of climbing 
 herbs, with alternate, bitemate Ivs., coarsely serrate 
 Ifts., and small white fls. in axillary racemes orcorj^mbs. 
 The most popular is the interesting Balloon Vine, which 
 is a rapid-growing, tender annua!, curious for its in- 
 flated seed-vessels. 
 
 Halic&cabum, Linn. Fig. 359. Height, 10 ft.: stem 
 and branches grooved: balloons an inch or more thick. 
 E. and W. Indies. B.M. 1049.— A general favorite, es- 
 pecially with children. "W. m. 
 
 CABDOON {Ctfndm Cardiineulns, Linn.). A thistle- 
 like plant of southern Europe, cult, for the thick leaf- 
 stalk and midrib. It is thought to be of the same spe- 
 cies as the artichoke, and to have been developed from 
 it by long cultivation and selection. The plant has been 
 introduced int:) South America, and has run wild exten- 
 sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti- 
 vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the 
 Cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in talker and 
 more prickly growth and snuiller heads. The Cardoon 
 is perennial, bxit it is not hardy, and is treated as an 
 annual. Seeds are sown in spring, either in pots under 
 glass or in the open where the plants are to si and. 
 The later sowing is usually preferred. The plants are 
 given rich soil and should have abundant moisture sup- 
 ply, for they must make continuous and strontj growth. 
 When the leaves are nearly full grown, they are tied to- 
 gether near the top, straw is piled around the head, and 
 earth is banked against it. This is to blanch the plant, 
 for it is inedible unless so treated. From two to four 
 weeks is required for the blanching. The procedure is 
 not very unlike that adopted for the blanching of celery 
 or endive. If the plants are late, they may be dug just 
 before frost and blanched in a storage pit. The plants 
 are usually grown from 2-3 ft. apart in rows which are 
 .4 ft. apart. They are sometimes grown in trenches, after 
 the old manner of growing celery. Cardoon is almost 
 unknown in America, except amongst foreigners. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CABDUUS. For C. benedictus, see Carhfinia. 
 
 CABEX (name of obscure origin). Cyperacea?. 
 Sedge. Hundreds of grass-like plants in temperate cli- 
 mates. Fls. unisexual, in spikes, the staminate naked 
 and subtended by a bract or scale, the pistillate com- 
 prising a single pistil enclosed in a thin sac or perigyn- 
 ium. The two sexes may be in the same or separate 
 spikes ; and rarely they are on different plants (plant 
 dicecious). Carices are very abundant in cool temperate 
 regions, both in species and in indivi' .-d plants. Many 
 of them grow on dry land, but the largest species grow 
 in low grounds and swales, and often form much of the 
 bulk of bog hay (Fig. 3(50 ). The spe«'ies are very diffi- 
 cult to distinguish because they are very similar, and 
 the study of them is usually left to specialists. Some of 
 our broad-leaved native species make excellent borders 
 and interesting clumps in comers about buildings and 
 along walls. Many of the lowland species are excellent 
 adjuncts to the pond of hardy aquatics. Others hnve 
 very graceful forms, with drooping spikes and slender 
 culms ( Fig. 3G1 ) . The following native species have been 
 offered by collectors: aurta, ehiirnea, flava, Grayi, 
 hystricina, lupulina and its var. peduncuhifa, lurida, 
 Magellanica , Pennsyli'anica, plantaginea, Pseudo-Cy- 
 pertis, retrorsa, Bichardsoni. riparia, Tuckermani, 
 iitriculata, vulpinoidea. The following species are in 
 the Amer. trade : 
 
 362. Carex Morrowi. 
 
 C. t 
 
 <wi, Boott. {C. Japdnica, Hort., not Thunb. 
 '.ssima, Hort. C. acutifdlia, Hort.). Fig. 362. 
 
 I 
 
CAREX 
 
 CARICA 
 
 245 
 
 Lvs. stiff and evergreen, long-pointed, in the common 
 garden form with a white band near either margin : 
 culm 1 ft., with a terminal staminate spike and two or 
 three slender pistillate spikes (1 in. long) from sheaths: 
 perigvnium small and firm, somewhat excurved, 2- 
 toothed. glabrous. Jap. G.(MII. i:i:17:{. R.B.20, p. 9. 
 —A very handsome plant, suited for pots or the border. 
 The stiff, clean, white-edged foliage keeps in condition 
 for months, making the plant useful for decorations 
 in which pot-plants are used. It is perfectly hardy in 
 central New York, holding its foliage all winter. A use- 
 ful floristij' plant. 
 
 teniria, Hort. (C. f/nera, Hort.). Slender but stiff: 
 Ivs. narrow, rolling more or less when dry: staminate 
 spikes long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short- 
 stalked, short, with few large-turgid, tapering, shining 
 
 
 Oaadichaudiiina, Kunth (C. vulgaris. Pries, var. 
 GandichamUdind, ^ootX). Culms erect. 1-2 ft. : Ivs. long 
 and grass-like : staminate tls. in terminal spikes : pis- 
 tillate tis. in 2-3 cylindrical, 
 sessile or subsessile spikes : 
 perigynium lenticular, small, 
 very short beaked, ol)scurely 2- 
 toothed, finely nerved, longer 
 than the narrow scale. Jap.. 
 Austral., N. Zeal. — Useful for 
 bog planting. 
 
 Fr^seri, Andrews. Lvs. 1 in. 
 or more broad, stiff, but with 
 no midnerve, flat and thick, 
 evergreen : culm 16 in. or less 
 high, bearing at its summit a 
 single whitish spike which is 
 staminate at top : perigynium 
 ovoid, thin and inflated, liich 
 mountain woods, Va. B.M. 1H91 
 as C. I'raseriana. — 'Ra.re, and a 
 very remarkable plant. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CABiCA (a geographical 
 name). Passiflor&cece. Papaw. 
 Small trees, mostly with un- 
 branched trunks, the juice 
 milky. Lvs. near the top of the 
 trunk, alternate, large and vari- 
 ously lobed, soft, long-stalked: 
 plant usually <licpcious: fls. in 
 racemes from the leaf-axils, the 
 Btaminate funnel-shaped and 
 bearing 10 anthers on the throat, 
 the pistillate larger and with 5 
 distinct petals and 1 pistil with 
 5-rayed stigma. There are about 
 20 species, in tropical Amer. 
 They have somewhat the aspect 
 of palms. Under glass in frosty 
 countries, the common C. Pa- 
 paya is frequent, and 
 is grown for its foliage 
 and interesting habit 
 (Fig. 363). In frost - 
 less countries, this spe- 
 cies is grown for its 
 fruit ( Fig. 3()4 ) , wuich 
 is oblong or egg- 
 ehaped, a foot or so 
 long, orange - yellow 
 when ripe, thick-skin- 
 ned, with many small 
 black seeds. The young 
 fruit is cooked and 
 eaten, and the ripe 
 fruit is eaten by nc- 
 tives. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 The soil most suited 
 
 361. Carex loneirostris (X 3^). 
 
 360. Carex lurida. one of the common boe species. 
 
 (Natural size.) 
 or, staminate spike; b, b, pistillate spikes. 
 
 perigynia and awl-like, rough-pointed scales. Probably 
 Japanese. -Cult, for its stiff foliage. Grows 18-30 in. 
 ttigh. Allied to the N. Amer. C. bullata, Schk. 
 
 for Caricas is a rich loam, having perfect drainagre. 
 As the stem is succulent and tender," great care is nec- 
 essary to avoid bruising ; hence pot-grown plants are 
 much to be preferred to seedlings from the open 
 ground. Seeds should be selected from the best and 
 largest fruits and sown in a well-worked bed under a 
 Blight shade. If seeds art^ quite dry or old, they should 
 be soaked in warm water before sowing. The seed- 
 ling plants are delicate, and require close watching at 
 first to avoid damping-off. So<m as plants are well 
 up remove the shading, and after the third le»i ap- 
 pears they maj- be pricked o"* into a larger bed, or bet- 
 ter, potted off in fairly rich soil. After plants are a 
 few weeks old, and have been shifted once into larger 
 pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in the 
 tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow up- 
 rim:ht like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail- 
 able. Sometimes small branches form, and these m:*y 
 be cut off and as readily rooted as most tropical x' -co- 
 ratire plants. provide<l the cutting is not too ycung 
 and tender. In temperate climates, Caricas have l>een 
 
246 
 
 CARICA 
 
 CARLUDOVICA 
 
 found to be prood decorative plants for both conserva- 
 tory and summer beddinj?, the deeply cut. palmate leaves 
 forming a striking contrast to ordinary vegetation. In 
 bedding out, select open, sunny exposure, with perfect 
 drainage, and make the soil rich and friable. Constant 
 cultivation with a light hoe will cause a luxuriant growth 
 under these conditions, and 
 the planter will be amply re- 
 paid for his trouble by beau- 
 tiful, showy specimens as 
 unique and tropical-appearing 
 as palms. 
 
 Cult, by E. N. Reasoner. 
 
 Papjiya, Linn. Pap aw. 
 MEL.ON Papaw. IVIf.lon Za- 
 PoTE. Figs, [ifui, ;it>4. Trunk 
 reaching 20 ft.: 1 vs. often 2 
 ft. across, palmatt'ly 7-lobed: 
 fr. 6-12 in. long and half as 
 thick, hanging from the lower 
 axils of t? e pistillate plant. 
 Trop. Amer., but widely natu- 
 ralized. Grows spontaneously 
 in the wild in S. Fla. B.M. 
 2898-9. A. G. 18: I'M.- The 
 
 plant seems sometimes to be polygamous (to bear 
 both kinds of flowers}. The fruit is used as a 
 vermifuge and a cosmetic. The juice of, the fruit 
 or the macerated leaves, if rubbed on animal flesh, 
 make it very tender. It is best to roll the meat 
 and leaves together for a few hours. The fruits are 
 made into sauces or conserves, and are son:. rimes 
 eaten raw. The Papaw is variable. C. pyrifdrmis, 
 Hort., has pear-shaped fr. V. atrovioldcen, Hort., 
 with purple fr., is evidently only a form of il, 
 
 grrdcilis, Hort. Larger than C. Papaya, with 
 finely cut palmate Ivs. with pink veins. A form of C. 
 Papaya f 
 
 Candamarc6nsis, Hook. f. (C. Cundinamarc^nsis , 
 Lindl. I. Lv^. numerous, dark green above and pale 
 beneath, pubescent below, circular-cordate in out- 
 line (1% ft. across), r)-lobed to the middle, the lobes 
 more or less pinnatitid: fls. green and pubescent: fr. 
 small, obovoid and pointed, contracted at the base, 
 5-angled, golden yellow, 5-loculed. Equad<»r. B.M. 
 6198.— "Probab!y the most hardy of all Papaws ; 
 ID .Kes rapidly a bold foliage plant, the sweet-scented 
 jellowish flowers being produced here all the year." 
 —Frunceschi, S. Calif. 
 
 quercifdlla, Benth. & Hook. ( Vasconcella qtterci- 
 folia, St. Hil. ). Lvs. shaped like those of the Eng- 
 li'jh oak, palmatt ly 3-nerved, ovate or ovate-lance- 
 olate and sometiiiifs obscurely cordate, the margin 
 undulate or inequally few-lobed, the lobes 
 obtuse or the lower ones acute. S. Braz. 
 and S. — "A quick-growing, hardy kind, 
 with small fniits, but its large halberd- 
 shaped leaves contain a higher percentage 
 of papaine, row much used in medicine 
 in preference to pepsin. "—^ra«rf«cftj. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CARtSSA (aboriginal name). Apocynd- 
 cfif . About 20 very branchy spinose shrubs 
 of the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for 
 ornament or for t'.ifc edible berry-like fr. Fls. white, 
 solitary or in cymes ; lobes of calyx and corolla 5, the 5 
 etamens free and included in the throat, the ovary 2- 
 loculed : lvs. opposite and thick, simple. In the Old 
 World sometimes cult, in warmhouses, but in this 
 country known only in the extreme !S. Prop, by seeds 
 and cuttings of ripe wood. 
 
 CarAndas, Linn. Caraunda. Christ's-Thorn. Ever- 
 green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or 
 elliptic mucronate entire lvs., strong axillary spines 
 (which are often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clus- 
 ters of 2-.'{, the corolla twisted to the left in the bud : 
 fr. the size of a cherrv (1 in. in diam.), reddish, pleas- 
 ant-tasted. India. L.B.C. 7: «6:i.-Reaches 20 ft. Half 
 hardy in central Fla. The fruits are eaten from the 
 hand when ripe, and pickled wh«a green. Might serve 
 lor hedges. 
 
 Ardulna, Lam. Amatunoula. Maritzoula. Spines 
 strong, often 2 in. long : lvs. ovate and subcordate, 
 mucronate, glabrous and entire : fls. white, the corolla 
 tTvisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. — A choice ever- 
 green shrub, rather hardy, with thick camellia-like lvs,, 
 very glossy: fls. large, fragrant, .vhite, and borne pro- 
 fusely: fr. dark red, 1-1}^ 
 in. long, resembling in fla- 
 vor red raspberries, and 
 having a papery skin and 
 few small seeds. A fine 
 pot shrub. Well worth ex- 
 tensive planting in S. Fla. 
 and Calif. The fruit is said 
 to bj unsurpassed for jam 
 making. 
 
 actunirita, DC. Spines 
 weak: lvs. oiuwUer, ovate- 
 acute, subcordate, mucro- 
 nate : peduncles short, 
 forked, axillary : fls. with 
 lance-acuminate calyx 
 lobes, the corolla twisted 
 to the right in the bud. S. 
 Africa. 
 
 grandifldra, DC. Natal Plum. Spiny shrub : 
 lvs. ovute-acute, tapering to the base : fls. large, 
 white, fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to 
 the right: fr. red, size of a cherry, good. S. Afr. 
 B.M. 6307. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B. 
 
 CABLINA (said to have cured the army of Charle- 
 magne [Carolinus] of the plague). Compdsitie. Some 
 15 or 20 species in the Mediterranean region. Low. 
 rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with 
 thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a 
 feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle. 
 
 acatilis, Linn. A small and very dwarf hardy plant: 
 height 3-6 in.: lvs. glossy, pinnatitid, divided, with 
 spiny ends: fl. arising barely above the foliage, soli- 
 tary, very interesting, the scales surrounding the 
 flower-head being long and narrow and riy- or petal- 
 like, silkv, shinv: head 6 in. across when expanded. 
 June, July and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720, 721. -Cult.: 
 an open, sunny place and ordinary garden soil are all 
 they require. They are capital for the sunny part of 
 a rockery. Prop, by cuttings or seeds. 
 
 J. B. Keller. 
 
 CAELUDdVICA (Charles IV., and his Queen 
 
 Louisa, of Spain). Cyclanthhcece. Palm-like plants 
 
 of Trop. Amer., allied on the one hand to screw 
 
 pines and on the other to aroids. The plants are 
 
 monoecious, the two sexes being on the same spadix, 
 
 which is enclosed in a 4-leaved spathe. 
 
 Staminate fls. with many stamens and niany- 
 
 lobed calyx, 4 of them surrounding a pis- 
 
 363. Carica Papaya 
 
 364. Carica Papaya ( X 1-6) . 
 
 tillate fl. — the latter have a 4-8ided ovary, \ bar-en sta- 
 mens, and 4-lobed calyx: fr.a 4-sided, many-seeded berry. 
 The Carludovicas are usually regarded and treated as 
 palms by gardeners. They are useful tor decoration. 
 The family Cyclanthace® is exclusively American, of 
 
 t^jjaamttatmaammm 
 
 mm 
 
CARLUDOVICA 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 247 
 
 35-40 species an«l 4 geuera (Stelestylis, Carludovica, 
 Lu('ovia. Cyclauthus); it is often united with the Pan- 
 danaceie or screw pine family. l. H. B. 
 
 Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently 
 met with under cultivation. Under favorable conditions 
 it jrrows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the kinds 
 need stove treatment during the winter months ; in 
 summer they may be used for subtropical bedding with 
 good results. They have a certain palm-like appear- 
 ance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any of 
 the palms. They may be propagated by division, choos- 
 in? theearly spring for the operation. C. palmata seeds 
 freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental appear- 
 ance for a short time after bursting open. The seeds 
 are very small, and should be carefully washed free from 
 
 365. Carludovica palmata. 
 
 the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of finely 
 chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes place in 
 two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist heat. 
 The species are not particular as to soil, but the drain- 
 age must be perfect, as the plants require an abundance 
 of water when growing. (j. y^^ Oliver. 
 
 A. Lvs. S-5-lobed. 
 
 palmita, Ruiz & Pav. Fig. 365. No trunk : petioles 
 3-(i ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed ; blades 
 4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segments, dark 
 green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar- 
 gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 10. -The common species, and 
 a very useful plant. Panama hats are made from this 
 plant. 
 
 rotnndildlia, H. Wendl. Much like the last, but more 
 compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but 
 growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent: 
 leaf-blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-Iobed. Costa Rica. 
 B.M.7083. 
 
 ^legans, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which 
 are very deeply cut into straiglit strap-like divisions. 
 Probably of horticultural origin. 
 
 AA. Lvs. s-lobed. 
 
 atrdvireni, H. Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and 
 very deep, rich green (whence the name, dark green), 
 glabrous. Colombia. 
 
 htunilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf : blades angular, 
 2-lobed at the summit, the segments more or less jagged 
 but not divided, <^ foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H. 
 1869, p. 327. -One of the best. 
 
 Fliunerii, Kunth (C. palmoffdUa, Sweet). Caudez 
 erect : blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions, 
 bright green above and pale beneath : spadices pendu- 
 lous. Martinique. 
 
 imperi&lis, Lind. & Andr^. Caudex short and pros- 
 trate : blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segments, 
 with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide 
 and shining green; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid 
 at the base. £quador. I.H. 21:166 (by error 165). 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CARNATION (Ptrfnfftus Caryoph^lhis, Linn.). Cary- 
 ophijlldcut. Figs. 366, 367. Half-hardy perennial, her- 
 baceous suffrutescent at base : height 2 ft. : stem 
 branching, with tumid joints : lvs. linear, gkiucous, 
 opposite : tls. terminal, solitary ; petals 5, tlesh-col- 
 ored, very broad, .. rdless margins toothed ; calyx 
 cylindrical, v^'ith Si .ly bracts at base. June-August. 
 Native of southern Eu. ; occasionally met in the wild 
 state in England, where it was introduced through cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years B.C., gave 
 the name Dianthus ((ireek Dios, divine; aitthos, flower) 
 to the genus, probably suggested by the delightful fra- 
 grance. The specific name Caryophyllus ((Areek, Caryon, 
 nut; and phyllon, leaf) has betw applied to the clove 
 tree {Cartfophi/tliix aromaticus), and because of the 
 clove -like fragrance of the Carnation, this name was 
 applied to the species ; otherwise it would have no sig- 
 nificance. The name Carnation (Latin, carnatio, from 
 cam, carnis, flesh) has reference to the flesh-color of 
 the flowers of the original type. This plant has been in 
 cultivation more than 2,000 vears, for Theophrastus 
 (History of Plants, 300 B.C.) says : "The Creeks cul- 
 tivate roses, gillyflowers, violets, narcissi, and iris," 
 gillyflower being the old English name for the Carna- 
 tion. It was not, however, until the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century that the development of the Carnation 
 into numerous varieties made an impression upon its 
 history. The original flesh-color of its flowers was 
 already broken up into its component colors, red and 
 white. The gardeners of Italy, France, Germany, Hol- 
 land and England, with their respective ideals of beauty 
 in this flower, contributed so many varieties that in 
 1597 Gerard wrote that "to describe each new variety of 
 carnation were to roll Sisyphus' stone or number the 
 sands." 
 
 There were many attempts at classification, but most 
 of them, like the varieties they serve, have disappeared. 
 Two of them are as follows : The French scheme ar- 
 ranged all varieties into three classes, thus : — Greuadins 
 (Fig 368), including those with strong perfumes, flow- 
 ers of medium size, either single or double, petals 
 fringed, an«i of but one color ; Flamands, including 
 those with large flowers, round and double, rising in 
 the center to form a convex surface, petals entire, either 
 iinicolored or striped with two or more colors ; Fancies, 
 including those with colors arranged in bands on light 
 grounds the petals toothed or not. The En.'jlish classi- 
 fication of these varieties makes four categories : Selfs, 
 or those possessing only one color in the petals ; Flakes, 
 or those having a pure ground of white or yellow and 
 flaked or striped with ^ne color, as scarlet, purple or 
 rose ; Bizarres. or those having a pure ground marked 
 as in the Flakes, but with two or three colors : and 
 Picotees. or those having a pure ground of white or 
 yellow, id each petal bordered with a band of color at 
 the mart,in. This last class h\^ been regarded with the 
 distinction of a race. 
 
 In tbe early part of the ninetec nth century English 
 gardeners exercised very great care, in the growing of 
 Carnations, to mature only perfect flowers. Imperfect 
 and superfluous petals were extracted with forceps ; 
 petals appearing out of place were arranged in a per- 
 
248 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 feet imbrication ; the calj'x tube was cut partly down 
 between the teeth, to prevent excessive splitting at one 
 side and to pive more freedom to the expansion of the 
 
 366. Section of Carnation flower. 
 c, d, bracts; 6, calyx; a, style. 
 
 flower. These and many more tedious details seem to 
 have wrought the downfall of this sweet tlower about 
 the middle of the nineteenth century. 
 
 All the foregoing has reference to those types of Car- 
 nations which are but little known or grown in America 
 at the present day. The varieties so common in Europe 
 are usually kept in coldframes or coolhouses during 
 the winter, and as spring approaches the plants are 
 brought into their blooming quarters, for no tiower is 
 expected to appear until the month of Julj', when there 
 is a great profusion of blossoms, but for a short season. 
 Therefore, they can all be classed as a summer race. 
 They are also grown permanently in the open. 
 
 PERPETrAL-FLowEKiNG CARNATION ( Remontant, 
 Monthly, or Tree). — The Carnations so common in 
 America, and grown so extensively under glass for win- 
 ter cut-tlowers, originated about 1840 as a distinct race 
 of Perpetual-flowering Carnations. A French gardener, 
 M. Dalmais, according to M. Jean Sisley, of Lyons, ob- 
 tained the first real constant-blooming Carnation, which 
 was called Atim, and sent out in 1844. It was the result 
 of artificially crossing Oeillet de Mahon, or St. Martin, 
 because it was regularly bloomed in November, vrith 
 pollen from Oeillet Biohon. The first gain was crossed 
 with Flemish Carnation with repetition. In 1846 he 
 obtained a great number of varieties of all colors. 
 M. Schmitt, a distinguished horticulturist of Lyons, fol- 
 lowed in the work, and obtained several fine varieties, 
 like Arc-en-ciel and EtoUe Pohtire, which were culti- 
 vated for several years. The next enthusiast who aided 
 materially in the development of this new race of Car- 
 nations was i\I. Alphonse Alegatiere, who, by careful 
 crossing, obtained varieties with stiff stems. About 
 1866 the number of such varieties was increased, and as 
 a class they received the name of Tree Carnations, but 
 in America they were more generally termed the Monthly 
 Carnations. The earliest importation of this race of 
 varieties into America seems to have been made in 1868, 
 and included such varieties as Edwardsii, President 
 Degraw, La Purite and Variegated La Purite, and for a 
 period of ten years were grown as pot plants for sum- 
 mer or winter blooming. About 1875 bench culture was 
 
 introduced in coolhouses, and was attended with such 
 marked success that soon entire greenhouses were de- 
 vote<l to the cultivation of the Carnation, and there arose 
 the carnation specialist, or carnationist, the latter title 
 » being used first, in 1892, with such men as Starr, 
 f Swayne, Tailby and Dorner. There are now about 500 
 distinct varieties in this country, all of American origin. 
 The winter forcing of Carnations is now more liijfhly 
 develope«l in America than anywhere else in the world. 
 For sketches of the evolution of the Carnation, particu- 
 larly of the American cut-ttower race, see Bailey, "Sur- 
 vival of the Unlike." 
 
 ProprtfiTrt/toM. — The perpetual-flowering Carnations are 
 propagated by cuttings ( Fig. 369) . The best " wood " for 
 this purpose is found in the lateral shoots at the base of 
 thrifty branches ; shoots appearing high on the flower- 
 ing stem are not desirable. No cuttings should be taken 
 from stems bearing small, sickly, or poorly colored 
 flowers. Diseased plants, and plants which have been 
 greatly stimulated and forced in a high temperature, 
 should also be avoided in propagation. The material for 
 cuttings is pulled from the plants by a lateral move- 
 ment, and in this condition, — that is, without farther 
 cutting or trimming, — is considered by many propaga- 
 tors as ready for the sand-bench ; others remove a por- 
 tion of the leaves or the tips of the long ones. Cuttings 
 are successfully made from December 1 to May 1. 
 Growers choose different portions of this Y)eriod for 
 the best results. February is, perhaps, most frequently 
 chosen. The cuttings are usually planted in sand- 
 benches to be rooted, either in a separate propagating 
 house or upon a portion of bench prepared for the pur- 
 pose in the regular Carnation house. For a limited num- 
 ber of cuttings, "flats" may be used and placed where 
 they will receive proper treatment. The temperature in 
 which cuttings are best rooted is 50° F. for the first few 
 days, then increased to 55° or 60° F. During sunshine 
 the young cuttings are shaded, and at all times mois- 
 ture" is carefully regulated, to avoid the "damping off" 
 funsrus and the'flagging of the cuttings. In about four 
 weeks a good bunch of roots will be formed, and the 
 cuttings are transplanted into small pots or flats. They 
 are then kept in coolhouses (45 to 50° F.) until it is 
 possible to plant them in the field. Propagation by lay- 
 
 367. Showing the anthers becomine leaves.— a stage 
 in the doubling of the Carnation. 
 
 ering is practiced abroad (Fig. 370), but is too slow for 
 American conditions. Plants are grown from seed only 
 when it is desired to obtain new varieties. 
 
.*'/^ 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 249 
 
 Summer Treatment.— The young plants are carefully 
 hanlened in the sprintr, to enable them to be planted 
 in the open field in May. Various soils have Kiven 
 good results. A sandy soil yields fine plants if a drouj?ht 
 does not prevail ; a clay soil will make short, stiff 
 
 plants, which are slow to 
 yield flowers in the fall ; 
 a sandy loam is the best 
 soil. 
 
 The field soil is well pre- 
 pared by applying a liberal 
 quantity of well- 
 rotted manure or 
 an equivalent in 
 commercial ferti- 
 lizer, plowing 
 deeply and har- 
 rowing thorough- 
 ly. The plants are 
 then set, as soon 
 as danger from heavy frosts is 
 past, putting them 10 inches 
 apart, in rows 12 inches apart 
 if to be worked entirely by 
 hand, and 3 feet apart if to be 
 worked with horse and culti- 
 vator. Throughout the summer 
 tlje plants are kept free from 
 weeds and frequently culti- 
 vated. No blossoming by plants 
 intended for winter flowering 
 is permitted. All rising shoots 
 are cut back to 2-4 inches as 
 fast as they appear. Such prun- 
 ing ceases about August 1 to 10. 
 In the month of September the 
 plants are lifted and planted" 
 upon the benches. Some grow- 
 ers transplant with "balls" of 
 ground, others without any soil 
 clinging to the roots. 
 
 Vi^inter Tre<^tfment.— The Car- 
 nation house usually stands east 
 and west, and is provided with 
 both raised and solid benches. 
 Much experience and a long 
 controversy have resulted in 
 the conclusion that some varie- 
 ties of Carnations should be 
 planted on raised benclics and 
 others on solid benches. The 
 soil is prepared some time pre- 
 
 368. Grenadin Carnation. lio"\ ^^ its use, with three- 
 (><^ 2y J fourths loam and one-fourth 
 
 — well-rotted manure, turning 
 several times to thoroughly mix the elements. About 
 September 1 it is placed on the benches, enough to be 
 4 or 5 inches deep when settled. The plants are set 8 
 to 12 inches apart each way, watered thoroughly, and 
 syringed frequently until established. Staking is nec- 
 essary to keep the branches off the ground and the flow- 
 ers above the foliage. Various arrange- 
 ments of wires and strings are devised. 
 The use of plant-stakes has been universally 
 abandoned. 
 
 The temperature of the Carnation house 
 is maintained at 50 to 55° F. at night and 
 about 10° warmer in the daytime, during 
 the whole winter. The proper use of water 
 maintains a healthy growth, ensures sub- 
 stantial flowers, and prevents red spider. 
 On bright days the houses are freely; 
 syringed. Fertilizers are used with great j 
 liberality on the plants in the benches, and! 
 with good results. Liquid manures from^ 
 horse, cow, sheep or hen droppings, diluted 369. Cama- 
 to the color of weak tea, are applied about ^lon cutting. 
 once a week, beginning about January 1, 
 or a mulch of well-rotted cow manure is put over the 
 ground after the plants become well set. Disbudding is 
 practiced to produce ge flowers on stiff stems. 
 
 Carnations are not very seriously annoyed by insects 
 or fungous diseases. The red spider is usually kept 
 
 under control by syringing judiciously with water, and 
 the greenfly by fumigation with rose-leaf extract or the 
 use of tobacco stems on the floor of the house. Three 
 fungouH diseases have recently become annoying ; viz., 
 rust (Uromycea carynphylliuus, Schr. ), anthracnose 
 ( yoliitella sp.), and spot or blight {Septoria Dianthi, 
 Desm). The best treatment is to destroy diseased plants 
 and to spray the rest with Bordeaux mixture. 
 
 Varieties are constantly changing. The following 
 represent the common range of variation: 
 
 White— Lizzie Mc<iowan (Fig. 372), Ivory, Alaska, 
 Uncle John, Flora Hill. White Cloud. 
 
 Pink-WnK Scott Daybreak (Fig. 374), Albertini, 
 Bridesmaid, Delia Fox, Triumph, Victor. 
 
 Scarlet— Hector. Portia, Dazzle, Jubilee (Fig. 373). 
 
 Variegated — Minnie Cook, Helen Keller, Mrs. Geo. 
 M. Bradt, Armazindy. 
 
 Yellow— Eldorado, Buttercup, Mayor Pingree, Gold 
 Nugget. 
 
 Crimson— Meteor, Tidal Wave, Cartledge. 
 
 Carnations in Pots. — For pot culture, the Carnation 
 is propagated and treated as previously described in 
 field culture up to the time of lifting the plants, when 
 they are taken up and planted singly in pots,— 4-, .*>-, 
 
 i>' J'^^, * 370. l„ayer of Carnation. 
 The parent stem was severed at S. 
 
 6-, or 7-inch sizes, suitiug them to the size of the plants. 
 If the heading-back was not continued too late in the 
 field, many plants may be in bud in October and be 
 excellent specimens for fall sales. The bulk of the 
 potted plants, however, are intended for spring sales, 
 and are carried over the winter in well-built coldframes, 
 left uncovered as long as flne weather will permit ; 
 frosts and even light freezes will not hurt the plants. 
 At the approach of severe weather, sashes are covered 
 over the plants, but on mild days liberal ventilation is 
 given, and during extreme winter cold af'Jitional cov- 
 ering is placed over the frames. About the first of 
 March these plants are brought into a coolhouse. and 
 one month later they are graced with a profusion of 
 buds and blossoms ; with proper care they will continue 
 to flower throughout the summer. The varieties pre- 
 ferred for pots are those of dwarf habit, with stems stiff 
 enough to hold up the flowers without staking. In 
 color, the varieties known as " fancies " are usually more 
 salable than those with single colors. Varieties recom- 
 mended for pot culture are Portia, Mrs. Fisher, Grace 
 Wilder, Buttercup, American Flag. Robert Craig, 
 E. G. Hill. 
 
 Other Carnations. — Aside from the forcing Carna- 
 tions, the following groups receive attention in this 
 country : 
 
 Carnation, Ma Imaison. — This is a group of varieties 
 grown in Europe. It is said ( Revue Horticole, 1888) that 
 the original variety of the group was taken from La Mal- 
 maison in the time of Napoleon I, It was pure white in 
 color, but now all the shades of red are in the group. 
 The flowers are very large, even 6 inches in diameter 
 with good culture. The plants are dN-'arf , very florlfer- 
 
250 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 ous, but not constant bloomers, never seeding. The 
 stems are strong and straight. Csually propagated by 
 cuttings or layers. 
 
 Carnation, Victoria. — A group of varieties under this 
 name originated with M. Benary, Erfurt, Crermany^, in 
 1879 (Revue Horticole. 1890), probably descendants 
 from Souvenir de la Malmaison, which it closely re- 
 sembles, but of greater merit because of a firmer calyx. 
 All the colors of Carnations are represented ; petals are 
 large, finely fringed. The plant is dwarf, not remontant. 
 Propagated by layers or cuttings. The members of this 
 group, as of the preceding, liave not r^eived much 
 attention in this country. 
 
 Carnation, Marguerite (Fig. 371). — A comparatively 
 new class of Carnations. Origin not definitely known; 
 supposed to have been in somewhat obscure cultivation 
 in Italy and Algeria a very long time. The plants are 
 generally raised from seed, and blossom in about four 
 months. A very large majority of flowers come double 
 or semi-double, strongly clove-scented, deeply fringed ; 
 color red, pink or white. The plant is dwarf, 10-15 
 inches high, compact, erect, branching. It is a constant 
 bloomer, but in quality the flowers are far inferior to 
 the Perpetual-flowering Carnation. The Marguerite 
 Carnations are highly prized for massing in summer 
 beds, and are treated as annuals. George C. Butz. 
 
 Commercial Carnation Culture. — Carnation cul- 
 ture can be divided into three parts or periods — propa- 
 gation of the young plants during the winter ai<d early 
 spring months ; the summer culture, generally carried 
 on in the field or garden, for the growing of the young 
 plants to a stage of maturity suitable for the transfer 
 to the houses in the fall : and the wii -r or house cul- 
 ture, which is often prolonged througij spring and early 
 summer, depending on the condition of plants and va- 
 riety. Of late, experiments have been made with summer 
 culture under glass, a subject which is treated below. 
 
 To make the mode of cultivation more comprehensi- 
 ble, it will be well to speak first of the habit of the Car- 
 nation in general, for there is a great difference in 
 growth and blooming of the different varieties, without 
 making one variety or the other less profitable. Al- 
 though the same treatment may be applied, a slight 
 deviation from general rules may often be practical and 
 more fitting to certain varieties. We find among our 
 present varieties some with a more spreading, straggling 
 growth, as Daybreak, while others grow more compact, 
 as Jubilee. We find early and late bloomers ; some 
 that are continuous bloomers, as Mrs. Geo. M. Bi-adt, 
 and others that show a tendency to "crop", while with 
 some varieties the coiuing-off crop and the new coming- 
 in are so linked together that it will only benotice*. by a 
 less quantity and smaller flowers, as in White Cloud; 
 with others it is so marki d that often an interval of from 
 four to six weeks, or an entire cessation of blooming, 
 will take place, as in Bridesmaid. In the aggregate, 
 the continuous bloomer and the cropper may furnish 
 the same number of flowers through the season, and, 
 under circumstances, one may be as profitable as the 
 other. 
 
 Propagation can be carried on from January to May. 
 Early propagation is preferable, as often in April warm 
 weather will interfere with good results. When the 
 plants are expected to commence to bloom early in fall 
 
 371. One form t the Marguerite Carnation {X%). 
 
 and furnish a good quality of blooms, early propagation 
 is a necessity. Late-blooming varieties, when propa- 
 gated early, advance their time for blooming consider- 
 ably. Late-propagated plants may have to be trans- 
 ferred from the propagating bed to the field at a time 
 when the hot weather will prove very severe on the 
 little plants ; they are deprived of the advancing spring 
 growth, and consequently make little headway through 
 the hot summer months, but will make gool plants for 
 late blooming, or, when not allowed to bloom, will fur- 
 nish excellent cuttings for early propagation. 
 
 Any young shoots not advanced into bud formation, 
 but seeming to be capable of producing a good flower in 
 time, will, as a cutting, make a good plant. If the bud 
 has commenced to form, even only to half the size 
 of a pinhead, it is bound to develop ; it retards root 
 formation, and when eventually roots ar^s formed, all 
 the nourishment taken up is used to mature that bud. 
 Such cuttings, doubtful at their taking, but which will in 
 time develop a flower-bud, are not to be necessarily 
 classed as bad cuttings if, at the first symptoms, the 
 bud is removed ; when left to develop it may still make 
 a plant after a lapse of two or three months, but time is 
 lost. In general, the strongest and best cuttings are 
 found at the base of the flower-stem; those that appear 
 upon the flower stem are of an inferior quality, and will in 
 time show symptoms of degeneration; the same will be 
 the case when taken from exhausted blooming plaats. 
 For this reason the late-propagated plants, whose growth 
 has been made through the late fall months, and where 
 the flower stems are removed as fast as they appear, 
 and the whole strength thrown into the young shoots 
 appearing below the break, will furnish the best cut- 
 tings. The plant is in quite a different stage of growth 
 when producing new shoots, and when young shoots- 
 cuttings— are produced only in connection with the ma- 
 turing of flowers. This will lead to the conclusion that to 
 produce the best cuttings, a separation of the culture for 
 flowers and the culture for cuttings is the best solution. 
 A cutting should have an average length of 4 inches, 
 with at least 1-inch clean stem. When taken off close from 
 the branch or stem out of the axil of a leaf, no further 
 trimming of the heel is necessary except an occasional 
 removing of some wood fibers that may adhere from the 
 break. When the shoot is too long and demands a cut 
 with the knife, the cut should be made ai or right above 
 a joint, so that the two leaves can be peeled off and leave 
 a clean heel. If cut too high above a joint, the stem gets 
 too hard ; if below, the bark v.-ill be peeled off with the 
 leaves, and gives occasion to rot. Leaves should be re- 
 moved as far as the cutting is inserted in the sand, 
 and the top of the lea -es shortened, so as not to give too 
 much surface to evaporation. 
 
 The propagating bed should be filled with 3 inches of 
 clean, sharp sand, not too coarse, and well packed. 
 When the cuttings are to be inserted, a line should be 
 drawn with a knife to the required depth of about 1 
 inch, the cutting inserted and the sand pressed on. A 
 tile or brick bottom in the propagating bed is much su- 
 perior to a common wooden bottom ; it assures better 
 drainage and less danger of fungus. The utmost clean- 
 liness should be observed in a propagating house, and 
 no decaying matter be allowed to lie around. Water is 
 needed every two or three days when the bench has 
 good drainage. The house should be shaded either from 
 the outside with a whitewash of white lead and 
 coal oil, or on the inside with a light white mus- 
 lin. Ventilation is advisable whenever the 
 temperature comes near to 00°; general tem- 
 perature 5'i°, and all available means should be 
 employed to keep it at that point. Day tem- 
 perature may be two or three <legrees above, 
 end night temperatui'e as much below. 
 
 Average time to root Carnation cuttings is 
 four weeks, and depends much on the variety. 
 Mary Wood may root '.n two weeks, while it may 
 take six weeks to root Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt. In 
 p. higher temperature, cuttings wUl root more 
 quickly, but it is not advisable, as it increases 
 the danger of cutting-bench fungus and soft- 
 ens the young plants. 
 
 As soon as rooted, transplant into a light soil 
 enriched with well decomposed manure— none 
 
CARNATION 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 251 
 
 other should be used— in a light, well- ventilated house, 
 either on benches, in flats or small pots, the latter pref- 
 erable, as early-rooted plants can be shifted into larger 
 pots, and the later-rooted be just in good shape for the 
 transfer to the field. Temperature the same as in the 
 propagating house, but when the young plants become 
 well established may be kept 5° lower. 
 
 The ground for the field or summer culture sh ould be 
 well prepare.!, and any working in it be avoided when 
 too wet: planting to be done as soon as the weather will 
 permit. A grood spring growth is of the greatest advan- 
 tage, especially if good plants are wanted for early fall 
 blooming. Late spring frosts will not injure the plants, 
 and a cool atmosphere is more congenial to a good 
 growth than the hot summer weather, when growth is 
 comparatively slow ; plants to stand at least 15-18 
 inches apart each way, or at any greater distance, as 
 
 through a drought than when resort is had to watering. 
 Watering, unless it can be done thoroughly and kept 
 up, should not be resorted to, and only as a last measure 
 in a sever*, drought. 
 
 When the plants attain the height of 5-6 inches, top- 
 ping should be 
 
 commenced and , j,i(i/fiii/. 
 
 be kept up as .Wi^ 
 
 long as the ■*' ' 
 
 plants remain in 
 the field. This 
 operation is for 
 the purpose of 
 removing the 
 top shoots 
 w h e re buds 
 are forming, or 
 
 373. Carnation, Jubilee. 
 
 374. Carnation, Daybreak. 
 
 the mode of cultivating the 
 soil to be adopted may re- 
 ijuire. From the time of 
 planting, as soon as a crust 
 forms after a rain it 
 should be broken and the 
 surface of the soil kept in 
 a mellow condition to a 
 depth of 2 inches through- 
 out the summer { any 
 deeper cultivating is in- 
 jurious rather than bene- 
 ficial to tht plants. A 
 thorough cultivating will not only destroy weeds, but 
 v^ill keep the soil in condi'ion in which it retains mois- 
 ture the longest, an<'i will carry the plants much better 
 
 372. Carnation. 
 
 Lizzie McGowan. 
 
 where a part of the plant grows out of proportion to 
 the other, to force the plant to grow into a symmetrical, 
 bushy form. At the same time, care must be taken not 
 to cut any more than the purpose of topping calls for, 
 for the plant is just as dependent on all its leaves as on 
 its roots. Any bloom is at the expense of the fall and 
 winter crop, for it retards the growth of the plant and 
 use> up energy that is wanted at a more desi-ed time. 
 The transfer from the field tc the house for the fol- 
 lowing winder cn.lture is at ordeal to the plants and 
 much anxiety to the grower. If early flowers are wanted, 
 an early transfer has to be made— as early as the latter 
 part of August and begin; ing of September. Late- 
 rooted plants, that had not the chance of any sprinfi; 
 growth, should be given the benefit of a fall growt'^ and 
 be transferred laUar. 
 
252 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 CARNATION 
 
 The preparation of the soil for the benches in the 
 bouses should be commenced the year before. If pos- 
 sible, select a piece of sod — but other ground will au- 
 swer— give it a good coat of stable manure and plow- 
 under. In the spring, add more manure or any fertilizer 
 that the soil may mostly require, especially bone, wood- 
 ashes and lime, if not already in the soil, plow again, 
 and repeat the plowing two or three times during the 
 summer. As to the texture of the soil, a loam that con- 
 
 tains some clay without making it too heavy, is prefer- 
 able. It requires a rich soil and, therefore, the prepara- 
 tion has to be commence*! in time, so that the manures 
 become decomposed and well incorporated, ready for 
 assimilation. 
 
 Light, roomy houses, with j»ood ventilation, are re- 
 quired to insure a bountiful crop. Whether solid or 
 raised benches, especially for the latter, fresh soil is re- 
 quired every season. Good drainage and an even fill- 
 ing and packing of the soil insures an even, healthy 
 Krowth. Strong-growing varieties should be planted 
 12-15 inches each way, less strong ones closer ; any 
 crowding, when rot diminishing the quantity of flowers 
 to the square foot, will certainly degraue the quality of 
 the same. Transplanting is an ordeal for the plants, 
 and has to be done with the greatest care and dispatch. 
 
 especially as the ordeal is often aggravated by hot 
 weather during early transplanting. Points to be ob- 
 served are, in the first place, a careful lifting. When the 
 ground is sandy and loose, the ground may be shaken 
 off, but when hard and baked, so there is danger of 
 breaking the roots, it is better to leave a ball. In setting, 
 plants should be cleaned of all decaying leaves, and 
 buds removed. Place the plants in a natural position by 
 spreading the roots out over a little mound formed in 
 the excavation made for the plant, and press the ground 
 on firmly. Any deeper planting than the plants have 
 stood in the fields invites stem-rot. Water well after 
 transplanting, after that more sparingly, as a too wet, 
 cloggy soil will retard root-formation. Other precau- 
 tions to facilitate the establishing of the plants are 
 shading of the house, and reduction of ventilation to a 
 minimum. A moist, cool air, even if close, that other- 
 wise would be injurious, has to be employed to prevent 
 a too strong enervating evaporation from the leaves — in 
 other words, to prevent wilting. An occasional syring- 
 ing two or three times a day will give enough moisture 
 to the soil after the first watering, and keeps a moist 
 atmosphere. When plants showing signs of having 
 formed new roots become established, any of the pre- 
 cautions employed to gain this end become injurious. 
 The shading is to be gradually removed, ventilation in- 
 creased, syringing reduced, and a norm-il treatment of 
 growing plants assumed. House culture may be summed 
 up as follows: Average night temperature 55°, day tem- 
 perature on cloudy days 60° to 05°. When over 60°, ven- 
 tilation should be given, and increased when necessary 
 to retain the desired point. Fresh air is a necessity, 
 and ventilators should be opened whenever it is practi- 
 cable to do so. All syringing is to be avoided and the 
 water applied to the soil below the plants. W^ater should 
 be given freely when needed, and care be taken to make 
 the watf'rir.gthorough,reachingthe bottom of the bench. 
 Glass roof should be kept clean, so the plants will de- 
 rive the benefit of every moment's sunshine. Cultivat- 
 ing the soil, with the exception of a mere scratching, is 
 of more injury than benefit, as it will destroy the white 
 roots coming near the surface in quest of food. 
 
 The principles of support are to hold the body of the 
 plant off from the soil for a free circulation of air un- 
 derneath, and to support the flower stems in a way so 
 as not to impair the plant in its freedom of growth, and 
 leave free access to cut the blooms with any desired 
 length of stem. 
 
 The Carnation is rather a heavy feeder, and quantity 
 and quality of blooms depend largely on the nourish- 
 ment supplied. The necessity for feeding depends on 
 the richness of the soil, and to avoid a disastrous over- 
 feeding, food has to be applied judiciously— rather weak 
 and often than too strong at a time. Feeding can be 
 done with a mulch of well decomposed manure, or best, 
 with prepared liquid n^anure. If it can be arranged so 
 a part of the liquid manure could be given with each or 
 every other watering, best results will follow and danger 
 of overfeeding be avoided. In the preparation of liquid 
 manure, it is best to take fresh cow-manure as a base 
 and add any other ingredients desirable, as chieken 
 manure, bone meal, sulfate of potash ; but avoid any- 
 thing that contains lime, as lime will set free the valua- 
 ble ammonia. 
 
 Summer culture under glass has been experimented 
 with in late years, but with no generally satisfactory re- 
 sults. The hot, close, greenhouse air is against it ; the 
 plants grow, as greenhouse plants do, soft and drawn, not 
 to be compared with the sturdy, short-jointed, hardier 
 outdoor growth, so productive of a good crop. Indoor- 
 grown plants lack the foundation gained in the field. 
 True, the plants will not have the set-back of a trans- 
 planting, but better results have to be shown before 
 this mode of summer culture will become general. 
 
 Every year new varieties are produced and introduced, 
 superseding older ones. A list of the varieties grown 
 at present may be useless in three or four years, so we 
 mention only the best grown now. Among the whites, 
 Lizzie McGowan (Fig. 372) has been a standby, but White 
 Cloud now stands as the best. Maceo is the best deep 
 red or maroon yet produced ; a very free and continu- 
 ous bloomer. In the scarlets. Jubilee (Fig. 37;{) wants 
 first place, but indications are that it will bo superseded 
 
Plate IV. Carnations. 
 Types of the American winter-rtowering Carn.ition. H.ilf size. 
 
CARNATION 
 
 CARRIE.ilA 
 
 253 
 
 by G. H. Crane. Among the light pinks, Daybreak 
 (Fig. 374) is still a standby, but there are some among 
 the new ones that will, to all appearance, push it into 
 the background. In the dark pinks, Scott yet claims the 
 honors, but Mrs. Francis Joost, as the newer variety, 
 may succeed to its place. In yellow, Gold Nugget is 
 conceded the best. Mayor Pingree is a good large tlower, 
 but rather of a pale color, and a shy bloomer. The 
 Carnation par excellence is Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt, white 
 striped scarlet — an even, continuous bloomer through- 
 out the whole season ; a fine, large flower, admired 
 wherever grown. 
 
 long: fruit-clusters peduncle^', 2— 4 in. long: bracts ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in. long, with 2 broad and short 
 inequal lateral lobes, and a much longer middle lobe, 
 usually serrate only on one margin. E.N. America, west 
 to Minnesota and Texas; also, in Mexico and C. Amer. 
 S. S. 9:447. Em. l:iyy.-Bushy tree, with dense, but 
 
 Fked Dobneb. 
 
 CABOB. See Ceratonia. 
 
 CABOLINA ALLSPICE. See Calycanthus. 
 
 CABPEL. One of the separable or component parts 
 of a compound pistil. See P lower. 
 
 CABP£NT£BIA ( after Professor Carpenter, of Louisi- 
 ana). Saxifrugciceff. Evergreen shrub, with rather large 
 opposite Ivs.: tls. large, in terminal, loose corymbs; calyx 
 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens nu/.ierous ; ovary almost 
 superior, 5-0-celled : fr. a many-seeded dehiscent cap- 
 8U1.;. One species in Calif. A highly ornamental ever- 
 green shrub, with very large, white and fragrant fls., 
 but not hardy north. It requires a well-drained, light 
 and sandy soil, and sunny, somewhat sheltered position; 
 it especially dislikes moisture during the winter, and its 
 perishing is often more due to an excess of moisture 
 than to the cold. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under 
 glass in summer, and by suckers, which it produces 
 freely; also, bv seeds, sown in spring. 
 
 Cali!6mica, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceo- 
 late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above, 
 whitish-tomentose beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. pure white, 
 2>^-3 in. in diara., fragrant ; petals orbicular, concave. 
 June, July. B.M.6911. Gn. 31: 581, and 54, p. 248. G.C. 
 11,26:113. K.H. 1884,p.365. J.H. 111,29: 251. 
 
 Alfb^d Rehdee. 
 
 CABPET BEDDINO. See Bedding. 
 
 CABPlNUS (ancient Latin name). Cupuliferw (or 
 Bettdacexe). Hornbeam. Tree, of medium size, some- 
 times shrubby: Ivs. decidi i, petioled, alternate, ser- 
 rate; stipules deciduous: fls. in catkins, appearing with 
 the ivs.; starainate catkins pendulous, each scale bear- 
 ing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex ; pistillate cat- 
 kins terminal, slender, each scale bearing two ovaries, 
 the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large, 
 leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small, 
 nut -like fruit at the base. About 8 species in C. and E. 
 Asia. 2 in Europe and W. Asia and 1 in N. and C. Amer. 
 Hardy, ornamental tree, usually with dense, round 
 head, and of somewhat slow growth. The wood is very 
 hard and close-grained, and much used in making tools 
 and other small articles. The handsome foliage is rarely 
 attacked by insects, and assumes a yellow or scarlet 
 color in fall. The most beautiful are C cordata, with 
 large ivs., and C. Japonica, of graceful habit and with 
 elesant foliage. The Hornbeam bears severe pruning 
 well, and is very valuable for high hedges, and the 
 European species was formerly much used in the old 
 formal gardens for this purpose; the latter makes, also, 
 an excellent game cover, as it retains its withered foli- 
 age almost throughout the whole winter. They grow in 
 almost any soil, and even in dry, rocky situations. 
 Prop, by seeds, sown usually in fall, germinating very 
 irregularly ; if they do not spring up the first rpring, 
 the seed bed should be covered until the following 
 spring with moss or leaf-mold, to keep the soil moist. 
 If intended for hedges, the seedlings should be trans- 
 planted after the first year, and allowed sufficiert spr.ce 
 to prevent them from growing into slender, tall plants, 
 unfit for hedgei. The varieties of rarer species are 
 grafted in spring under glass, or in the open air on 
 seedlings of one of the common species. 
 
 Carolini&na, Walt. ( C. A mericdna , Michx. ) . American 
 Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Fig. 376. Bushy tree, rarely 
 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, usually rounded at the b^oe, 
 acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous at 
 length, except in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-i in. 
 
 376. Carpinus Caroliniana (X %). 
 
 slender and often somewhat pendulous branches, and 
 dark bluish green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange- 
 yellow in fall. 
 
 Bdtulos, Linn. European Hornbeam. Tree, to 60 or 
 70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or 
 rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat 
 thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above: 
 fruit-clusters 3-5 in. long : bracts over 1% in. long, with 
 ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate 
 middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den- 
 ticulate. Europe to Persia. — The most remarkable of the 
 garden forms are the following: Var. incisa, Ait. (var. 
 que.. 'fdli(t,Dest.). Lvs. incised or lobed, smaller. Var. 
 fa'^tigljita, Hort. Of upright growth. Var. purptirea, 
 Hort. Lvs. purplish when young, green at length. It 
 grows into a taller tree than the American species, though 
 the former is of more vigorous growth when j'oung ; 
 the foliage turns yellow in fall, and remains on the tree 
 throughout the winter. 
 
 C. Amerirdna, Miehx.=C. Caroliniana.— <7. corddta, Blme. 
 To 40 ft. : lvs. deeply cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate, with 14-20 
 pairs of veins, 4-7 in. long. Japan, Manchuria. G. F.8: 295. 
 The most beautiful species, and quite hardy.— -C duineimis, 
 Scop.=C.orientalis.— C'.t/apoHica, Blme. To 50ft.: lvs. slightly 
 cordate or rounded, oblong-ovate, 3-4 in. long, with a)>out 20 or 
 more pairs of veins. Japan. G.F. 6: 365 (as Carpinus Carpinus). 
 R.H. 1895:427. A very graceful species.— (7. laxiflora, Blme. To 
 50 ft.: lvs. ovate or elliptic-ovate, long acuminate. 2 3 in. long, 
 with 10-14 pairs of veins. .Japan. Very attractive in fall, with 
 its long and slender catkins.— C. onVHfa/i«, Mill. Bushy tree, 
 to 15 ft. : lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 1^-2 in. long, with about 
 10 pairs of veins. S. E. Europe to Persia.- C Turczaninoici, 
 Hanee. Shnihby tree: lvs. ovate, acute, 1-2 in. long, with 10-12 
 pairs of veins. N. China.— (7. Virginiana, Michx. f.=C. Caro- 
 liniana.— C. F^do^n*i», Maxim. Small tree: branchletsand lvs. 
 beneath pubescent : lvs. ovate-elliptic or ovate- lanceolate, with 
 about 12 pairs of veins. 2-3 in. long. Japan. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CABBI£BIA (after E. A. Carrifere, prominent French 
 horticulturist and botanist, died 1896). Bixdce(p. De- 
 ciduous trees, wiih alternate, long-petioled, glabrous 
 Ivs., resembling in appearance the genus Idesia. Two 
 species, recently discovered in China, of which one, C. 
 calycina. Franch., has been introduced. It is a tree to 
 .50 ft. high, with rather l^rge, oval or obovate lvs, and 
 apetalous fls. with 5 large sepals in few-fld. terminal 
 racemes. It will be probablv of the same hardiness and 
 culture as Idesia. K. H. 1896, p. 4r8. 
 
 Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
254 
 
 CARROT 
 
 CARYOPTERIS 
 
 CARROT (Da MfKS Crtrd/a, Linn.)- UmheUlfern. A 
 native of the British Isles, and one of the bad intro- 
 duced weeds of eastern North America (Fig. Ml). The 
 improved succulent-rooted garden varieties are believed 
 to be descended from the same stock, though this has 
 been denied. It seems probable that the horticultural 
 improvement of the species was begun in Holland, and 
 it is said that the cultivated forms were introduced 
 thence into the gardens of England during the leign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. The Carrot is now very generally, 
 though not extensively, cultivated everywhere, both fur 
 culinary purposes and for stock-fee<ling. It is some- 
 times forced under glass, but to no great extent. Car- 
 rots are most useful in culinary practice for soups, 
 stews, and salads, and as this class of cookery has 
 never been reasonably popular in America, this vege- 
 table has not received the attention it deserves. 
 
 To*' Carrot requires a loose, friable, warm soil, in the 
 very uest mechanical condition, and especially for the 
 early ".rop of tender spring roots, this needs to be lib- 
 erally fertilized with well-rotted stable manure and 
 some rapidly available potash fertilizer. Seed for the 
 first crop of Carrots should be sown as soon as the 
 ground is warm and dry enough, in rows 1-2 feet 
 apart. As they germinate slowly, the land should be 
 free of weeds. When they are large enough to be 
 thinned, the plants are decimated to stand 2-'.i inches 
 apart in the rows. Careful, clean cultivation is requi- 
 site, and drought is to be especially avoided, even at the 
 cost of any practicable irrigation. Later crops, and 
 Carrots grown for stock feed, may be sown in May or 
 early June, and treated like the early sowing. When 
 the young roots are ready for market they are pulled 
 and tied in bunches of six or ten or a dozen (Fig. 378). 
 In the early spring, when a considerable appetite for 
 green stuff can be depended on, a great many young 
 Carrots are shipped north from 
 Well-ripened roots of the fall cro^ 
 pits or in the root-cellar. The Cari«^ 
 importance. 
 
 The varieties of Carrots differ chiefly in respect to 
 size and grain, wiib differences in earliness closely cor- 
 related. The following are favorite varieties: 
 
 French Forcing (Earliest Sh'T* Horn). — One of the 
 smallest and earliest ; root ; maU> almost globular, 
 orange-red. 
 
 2>ani'ers.— Cylindrical stump-rooted, medium large, 
 dark orange, fine-grained ; the favorite all-purpose 
 variety. 
 
 Oxheart. — Medium size, oval, rather light colored, 
 ^ne grain and flavor ; recently introduced from France, 
 and qtiite ^n.'cessfnl. 
 
 CARTHAMUS (Arabic name, alluding to the color). 
 Comji<'tsit(P. Hardy annuals 2-:{ft. high, with spiny Ivs! 
 Involucre with spreading and leafy outer scales and the 
 inner ones more or less spiny : receptacle chaffy : 
 akenes glabrous, mostly 4-ribbed, the pappus none or 
 scale-like. Of easiest culture, from seed. 
 
 southern gardens, 
 may be stored in 
 bas no enemies of 
 
 377. Last year's umbel of wild Carrot. 
 
 Half-long Scarlet. — Top small, roots medium size, 
 cylindrical pointed : much used for bunching. 
 
 Early Scarlet Horn. — Top small, roots half -long, 
 somewhat oval, smooth, fine grain and flavor; a favorite 
 garden sort. 
 
 Large White Belgian. — Very 'arge and rather coarse, 
 whitish; principally grown for stock-feeding. 
 
 F. A. Wauqh. 
 
 378. A bunch of Carrots. 
 
 tinet'^TitiB, Linn. Safflower. False Sappkon. 
 One to oft. high, glabrous, branched: Ivs. ovate, spiny- 
 toothc ; • fl. -heads with upward-tapering involucre, and 
 a globular i -own of orange florets. Asia. — The flowers 
 furnish a 'Ke material, which is used in place of the 
 true,3affion (which is a Crcvjus). ^ H. B. 
 
 CAEUM (Caria, in Asia Minor). UmhelUfera>. Gla- 
 brous annual or perennial herbs, widely distril)uted in 
 temperate and subtropical regions. Lvs. pinnate, or 
 ternate and pinnately decompound : fls. while or yel- 
 lowish, small, ill compound umbels, the calyx-teeth 
 small : fruit ovate or oblong, sometimes compressed, 
 more or less ribbed, glabrous, or sometimes hispid. 
 Roots often tuberous. Fifty or more species. 
 
 C&rtii, Linn. Caraway (which see). Stem slender 
 but erect, furrowed, 1-2 ft. : lvs. pinnately decompound, 
 with thread-like divisions. Old World. — Sometimes runs 
 wild. 
 
 Fetrosellnum, Benth. & Hook. f. {PetroseDnum so- 
 fUvtwj^Hoffm.). Parsley (which see). Erect, 1-3 ft.: 
 lvs. ternate-pinnate, the Ifts. ovate and 3-cleft (much 
 cut in the "curled" garden vars.). the upper ones nar- 
 rower and nearly entire : fls. yellowish. Old World. 
 — Much cult., and occasionally runs wild. 
 
 G^irdneri, Gray. Stem solitary, 1-4 ft. : lvs. mostly 
 simply pinnate, with 3-7 linear or thread-like Ifts., tbe 
 upper Ifts. usually entire, but the lower ones often di- 
 vided: fr. with long style. Dry hills, in Calif, and Nev. 
 —Int. 1881 by Gillett as an ornamental plant. Roots 
 tuberous and fusiform. l. H. B. 
 
 CARI^MBIUM. See Homalanthus . 
 
 CARYA is treated under fficoria. 
 
 CARTOFHt^LLUS, the Clove Tree, is now referred to 
 Eugenia. 
 
 CARTdPTERIS (Greek for nut and tcing). Verbe- 
 ndcea. Small shrubs with deciduous opposite lvs. and 
 blue or violet tis. in axillary cymes : corolla 5-lobed, 
 
CARTOPTERIS 
 
 CASIMIROA 
 
 255 
 
 one segment larger and fringed ; stamens 4, exserted ; 
 fr. separating into 4 somewhat winged nutlets. About 
 6 species in E. Asia. Free-tlowering, small shrubs, very 
 valuable for their late blooming season ; not hardy 
 north; even if well protected they will be killed almost 
 to the ground, but the young shoots, springing up freely, 
 will flower profusely the same season. They require 
 well-drained and sandy soil and sunny position ; if 
 fjrown in pots, a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil or 
 loam will suit them, and they will Hower in the green- 
 house until mi<lwinter. Prop, readily by cuttings of 
 half-ripened wood in summer or fall under glass, and 
 by seeds sown in spring. 
 
 Mastac^nthus, Schauer ( C. inedna, Miq. C. Sinensis, 
 Dipp. ). Fig. 379. SuflTruticose, 1-5 ft.: Ivs. petioled, 
 ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, imbescent above, 
 grayish tomentose beneath, 2-'' h\ long: cymes pe- 
 duncled, dense-fld.; fls. small, violec uIuh »>r lavender- 
 hhie. Aug.-Nov. China, Jap. B.R. 32:2. B.M. G7J)9. 
 R.H. 1892:324. R.B. 19:273. G.C. II. 21:149. Mn. 5:5. 
 S.H. 2, p. 89.— Known in the nursery trade as "Blue 
 Spiraea." There is also a new variety with white tls. 
 
 C Mnngblica. Bunge. Lvs. lanceolate, almost entire : cymes 
 with fewer but larger fls. R.H. 187'J:4.')0. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CAEYOTA (old Greek namcj. Palmace<f, tr'ihe A recece. 
 Fish-tail Palm. Spineless, monocarpic palms, with 
 tall, stout, ringed halms, at length bearing suckers. Lvs. 
 disposed in an elongated terminal fringe, ample, twice 
 pinnately divided ; segments dimidiate-flabelliform. or 
 cuneate, entire, or split, irregularly dentate, plicate, 
 folded back in the bud : midnerves and primary nerves 
 flabeilate : petiole terete below: sheath keeled on the 
 back, fibrous along the margins : ligule short ; spadices 
 usually alternately male and female : peduncle short, 
 thick : branches long, pendent : spathes '.V-o, not entire, 
 tubular ; bractlets broad : fls. rather large, green or 
 purple : fr. the size of a cherry, globular, purple. Spe- 
 cies, 12, Malaya, New Guinea, Australia. 
 
 Remarkable for the delta-shaped or flsh-tail-shaped 
 leaflets, which make the graceful, spreading fronds very 
 attractive. They are excellent warmhouse palms, very 
 useful for decoration, particularly when young. They 
 are frequently planted out in protected places for the 
 summer. Prop, by seeds and suckers. For culture, see 
 Palms, 
 
 There being so many different genera to choose from 
 in selecting plants for moderate-sized conservatories, 
 the members of this genus are not very popular for 
 providing small specimens. In a hi^h, roomy structure, 
 however, they are among the most ornamental of the 
 tribe. They are quick-growing, with large, broad leaves, 
 finely cut up, the small divisions resembling the tail of 
 a fish ; hence the name "Fish-tail Palm." After reaeh- 
 injjr maturity the plant begins flowering at the top, and 
 continues downwards until the vitality of the stem is 
 exhausted. Suckers are freely produced by 
 some species, but these, as a rule, do not 
 become so robust as the parent stem, owing 
 probably to the soil becoming exhausted. 
 Seeds are offered by most dealers. The 
 young plants should be grown in a warm, 
 moist atmosphere, the soil consisting of 
 loam with about one-third of its bulk leaf- 
 mold and sand in equal parts. They some- 
 times lose their roots if kept too cool and 
 wet in winter. 
 
 mitis, Lour. (C. soboUfera, Wall.). Caudex 15-25 ft. 
 high, 4-5 in. in diam., soboliferous : petioles, leaf- 
 sheaths and spathes scurfy -villous ; lvs. 4-9 ft. ; pinnsa 
 very obliquely cuneiform, irregularly dentate, upper 
 margins acute ; pinnules 4-7 in. long. Burma to Malaya. 
 
 tirens, Linn. Wine Palm. Toddy Palm. Caudex 
 stout, 30-40 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, not soboliferous : lvs. 
 18-20 by 10-12 ft.; pinnae 5-G ft., curved and drooping, 
 very obliquely truncate, acutely serrate, the upper mar- 
 gin produced and caudate; pinnules 4-8 in.: petiole 
 very stout. India, Malaya. A. F. 12:295. Gng. 5:131. 
 
 Bnmphi&na, Mart. Lvs. 2-pinnate, several feet long, 
 the pinnules thick, sessile, 6 in. long or nearly so. ob 
 long. Malaya.-Var. Albertii.Hort. (C'.J[Z6er<it,M.uelL), 
 
 is in the trade. It is large and free-growing, the lvs. 
 being ir>-18 ft. long and two-thirds as broad ; If. -seg- 
 ments fan-shaped and obli(jue, toothed. 
 
 C. Blanedi, Hort.. from the Philippines, is in the Amer. trade. 
 It is probably a form of C. urens. 
 
 Jabed G. Smith and G. W, Ouvkb. 
 CASHEW is Anarardium oecidentate . 
 
 CASIMIROA (named in honor of Cardinal Casimiro 
 (iomez). Hutat'en'. Evergreen trees : lvs. alternate, 
 long-petioled, digitate, :i-7-foliolate ; Ifts. petiolulate, 
 lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, smooth or pubes- 
 cent beneath : fls. regular, polygamo-dicfcious ; calyx 
 5-parted, small ; petals 5, ob'ong, valvate, apex in- 
 curved ; disc inconspicuous, circular ; stamens 5, free; 
 filaments subulate ; anthers cordate : ovary sessile, on 
 disc, globose, 5- or occasionally (»-8-lobed, 5-celled : 
 stigma sessile, 5-lobed : ovules solitary in the cells, ax- 
 illary : fr. a drupe, large, depressed-globose ; pulp 
 agreeable to taste, edible : seeds oblong, compressed, 
 exalbuminose. Mexico. Two species, of which the fol- 
 lowing only is in cultivation : 
 
 6dulis, LaLlave. White Sapota. Coohil Sapota. 
 Large tree : trunk ashen gray, with warty excrescences : 
 lvs. dark green, glossy: fls. greenish yellow, small: fr. 
 greenish yellow when ripe, with strong, thick epicarp, 
 Kin. thick, about the size of an orange : seeds nearly 
 1 in. long and half as wide. Mex. Cultivated to a lim- 
 ited extent in Calif. — The fruit of this species is said 
 to have a delicious flavor, similar to that of a peach. 
 They are used in Mexico as an aid in inducing sleep, 
 and the leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea. Trees 
 grown at Santa Barbara, Calif., are said to have reached 
 an age of over 80 years and to have borne fruit regu- 
 
 .•.r> 
 
 379. Caryopteris 
 
 Mastacanthus. 
 
 larly, though entirely neglected. The tree would prob- 
 ably succeed well in southern Texas, Louisiana and 
 Florida. It grows on the const of Mexico to an altitude 
 of about 7,000 feet. It does not root well from cuttings, 
 but may be raised from s<?'ds. jj^ j, Webber. 
 
256 
 
 CASSABANANA 
 
 CASTAXEA 
 
 CASSABANANA. See Sieana. 
 
 CASSANDRA. See Cham^f daphne. 
 
 CASSAVA. Consult Manihot utillissima, 
 
 CASS£BE£RA (from a Qerman botanist). Polypo- 
 du\ci<p. A small genus of small Brazilian ferns allied 
 to the maidenhair, but rarely seen in cultivation. 
 
 CASSIA (ancient Greek name). Legumindsce. Senna. 
 Several hundred herbs, shrubs or trees in many parts 
 of the world, of which a very few are iu cult in Amer., 
 mostly as border plants. Lvs. even-pinnate: Hs. nearly 
 recrular (not papilionaceous), with the nearly equal 
 calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube ; corolla of 5 
 spreading, nearly equal clawed petals: stamens 5 or 10, 
 frequently unequal, and some of the anthers abortive : 
 fr. a stalked pod which is either flat or terete, contain- 
 ing numerous seeds. The Cassias delight in a snnny 
 exposure. Most of those which are cultivated here are 
 herbs or herb-like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut 
 foliatre and the showy tls. Some of them are cultivated 
 only in the extreme south. Prop, mostly by divisions 
 and" seeds,— the annual species always by seeds. 
 
 Senna leaves, used in medicine as a cathartic, are de- 
 rived from various species, chiefly from C. acutifolia of 
 Eeypt, and C. angustifolia of India and other Old 
 World tropics. The "Cassia lignea" of drug stores is 
 made from a Cinnamomuni. 
 
 A. Hani y border plants : leaflets C or more pairs. 
 
 MaryUndica, Linn. Wild Senna. Perennial, glabrous 
 or nearly so, stems nearly simple : Ifts. 6-10 pairs, ob- 
 long or lance-oblong and entire, short-acuminate or 
 nearly obtuse; fls. in axillary racemes near the tops of 
 the stems and often appearing as if panicled, bright 
 yellow, wide open. New Eng. to Mich, and south, 
 mostly in wet soil. — Grows 3-4 ft. high, and has attrac- 
 tive light green foliage. 
 
 Chamaecrlsta, Linn. Partridge Pea. Annual, erect 
 or spreading, 2 ft. or less high: Ifts. lO-l.'j pairs, small, 
 narrow-oblong, mucronate, sensitive to the touch : fls. 
 large, 2-5 together in the axils, canary-yellow and 2 
 of the petals purple-spotted, — Dry soil, Maine S. and W. 
 
 AA. Tender plants, (frown far smith, or tinder glass: 
 
 Ifts. mostly fewer. 
 
 B. Tree, with very long, woody, indehiscent pods. 
 
 Fistula, Linn. Pudding Pipe Thee. Lvs. large, the 
 Ifts. 4-6 pairs, and ovate acuminate : tls. in long lax ra- 
 cemes, yellow : pods cylindrical, black, 3-furrowed, 1-2 
 ft. long, containing 1-seeded compartments. India, but 
 introduced in W. Ind. and other tropical countries. 
 Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. — Furnishes the Cassia pods 
 of commerce. 
 
 BB. Shrubs or herbs, with shorter and n-^re or less 
 dehiscent pods. 
 
 Soph^ra, Linn. (C. schinifdlia, DC). PL ;^, 6-10 ft.: 
 Ifts. t\-\0 pairs, lanceolate-acute : fls. ^^110%. ■ li many- 
 flfl. axillary and terminal peduncles, which are shorter 
 th.ui the lvs.: pod thin, tardi]> dehiscent. Oriental 
 tropics. Int. in S. Calif. 
 
 tomentdsa. Linn. f. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs, 
 oval-oblong and obtuse, white-tomentose beneath : fls. 
 vhIIow. Mex. — Said to be a good winter bloomer in S. 
 Calif. 
 
 corymbdsa, Lam. Shrub, half-hardy in middle states, 
 4-10 ft. : Ifts. S pairs, oblong-lanceolate and somewhat 
 falcate, obtuse or nearly so: fls. yellow, in long-stalked, 
 small axillary and terminal corymbs. Argentina. B.M. 
 6:W. Gn. 50, p. 139. — The best known stove species. 
 
 artemesioldes, Gaud. Tree-like shrub, soft-canescent 
 and cray all over : Ifts. 3-4 pairs, very narrow-linear : 
 racemi's axillary, .VS-Hd., the fls. deep yellow. Austral, 
 — Int. in S. Calif. Withstands drought. 
 
 bifldra, Linn. Shrub. 4-8 ft.: Ift.s. 6-8 pairs, broad- 
 oblong, very obtuse : fls. Itrge. yellow, on 2-4-fld. pe- 
 duncles, which are shorter than the lvs. S. Amer. B.M. 
 810. — Sparingly cult, in greenhouses. 
 
 C. Schraderii, "yellow, dark spctteil fls. in racemes, 2-3 ft.," 
 is offered, but its systematic position is doubtful, l. H. B. 
 
 CASSlOPE (Greek mythological name). Ericdeecg. 
 Low, procumbent, evergreen, heath-like shrubs .- lvs! 
 small, usually imbricated and opposite : fls. solitary* 
 nodding; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; stamens lo' 
 Included : fr. capsular. Ten species in arctic region^ 
 and high mountains of N. Amer., N. Eu., X, Asia and 
 Himal. Graceful, delicate plants, adapted for rockeries 
 flowering in summer. They are of somewhat difficult 
 culture, and require peaty and sandy, moist but well- 
 drained soil and partly shaded situation, though C. hyp- 
 noides grow best in full sun, creeping amongst grow- 
 ing moss. l>rou;;ht, as well as dry and hot ajr, is fatal 
 to them. Prop, readily by cuttings from mature wood 
 in August under glass ; also by layers, and by seeds 
 treated like those of Erica. Formerly included under 
 Andromeda. 
 
 C. fastigidta. Don. Ascending: lvs. imbricate, in 4 rows, with 
 white fringed marKin : tls. axillars', white. Himal. H..\I.47t<6. 
 — G. hiipiwtdes, I>on, Creeping: lvs. line sir, loosely imbricate: 
 fls. terminal, deeply 5-cleft. Arctic region. . B.M 29;<6. I. HO. 
 20: 194(5.— C ilertengidna, Don. Erect or »» 'oiuling to 1 ft. liigh: 
 lvs. imbricate, in 4 rows, carina e on the back : fls. axillarj-, 
 white or slightly tinged rosy, bitka to Calif.— C. tetrdnona, 
 Don. Similar to the formi r. but lower, and the lvs. with a 
 deep furrow on the back. Arctic regions. B.M. 3lsi. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 CASTANEA (ancient Latin name). Cupuiiffrip (or 
 
 Faijdce(p). Chestnut. Deciduous 
 trees or shrubs, with alternate 
 serrate lvs.: fls. monoecious, the 
 staminate ones with 6-parted 
 calyx and 10-20 stamens, in long, 
 erect, cylindrical catkins ; the 
 pistillate ones on the lower part 
 of the upper catkins, usu- 
 ally 3 together in a prickly 
 involucre: fr. a large brown 
 nut, 1-7 together in a prickly 
 involucre or bur. Five spe- 
 cies in the temperate re- 
 
 /I 
 
 380. Castanea Americana. 
 (X>i.) 
 
 381. Castenea sativa. 
 (X H.) 
 
CASTANEA 
 
 CASUARINA 
 
 257 
 
 gions of N. E. Amer., Eu., N. Afr, and Asia. Hardy 
 ornamental tre*s or shrubs with handsome foliage, 
 whifh penerally is not injured by insects or fungi; very 
 attractive when in bloom. C. Americana and C. sativa 
 are lartje-sized trees, while C pumila and C. crenata 
 usually remain shrubby. The coarse-grained wood is 
 much used for furniture, railway ties and fence-posts, 
 as it is very durable in the soil. The Chestnut is exten- 
 sivelv cultivated in Europe and E. Asia for its edible 
 fruit! It grows best in well-drained soil on sunny slopes, 
 and even in rather dry and rocky situations, but dis- 
 like.'^ limestone soil. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall where 
 there is no danger of them being eaten by mice or squir- 
 rels ; otherwise they should be stratified in boxes and 
 buried 1 or 2 feet deep in a warm soil until early spring, 
 when they are sown in rows about 3 inches deep. If 
 growing well they can be transplanted the following fall 
 or spring 2 or '.i feet apart from each other, and planted 
 where they are to stand after three or four years. They 
 are also increased by layers in moist soil. Varieties are 
 usually worked on seedling stock or on sprouts by 
 whip-grafting above the ground when the stock is just 
 beginning to push into leaf. Crown-grafting, root-graft- 
 ing and budding f»re also sometimes practiced, but no 
 method gives wholly satisfactory results, and usually 
 only one-half take well. See Chestnut. 
 
 A. Lrs. glabrous or nearly so at maturity. 
 
 Americ4iia,Raf. (C. d<'M^>^^B<)rkh.). Fig..380. Tree, 
 occasionally 100 ft.* Ivs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate,' coarsely serrate, nearly glabrous when 
 young, (»-10 in. long and somewhat pendulous : ris, of 
 heavy fragrance, in June or July : nuts Va-l in. wide. 
 S.Maine to Mich., south to Ala. and Miss. S.S. 9:440-41. 
 Em. 187. G.F. 10:37;?.— The tallest, most vigorous-grow- 
 ing and hardiest species. The nuts, though smaller, 
 have a better flavor thau the European varieties. 
 
 sativa, Mill. ( C. v^'sca, GUrtn. ) . Fig. 381. Tree, 50-80 
 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, slightly 
 pubescent or tomentose beneath when young, nearly 
 glabrous at length, .5-9 in. long, erect : nut over 1 in. 
 wide. June. From S. Eu. and N. Afr. to China. On. 50, 
 p. S89. (tug. 3:209. —There are some garden forms witl* 
 variegated Ivs., and others, of which var. asplenifolia, 
 Lodd., with laciniately cut and divided Ivs., is the most 
 remarkable. Of several varieties cultivated for their 
 fruit. Paragon, a precocious Kind, and Numbo, a variety 
 with very large fr., are the most ejctensively planted iu 
 this country. See Chestnut. 
 
 382. Ja.)anese 
 Chestnut— 
 
 Castanea crenata. 
 
 crenAta, Sieb. & Zucc. iC.JapAnicn, Blumei. Fig. 382. 
 Shrub or tree, to ;{0 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oblung-lanceo- 
 late, usup.lly rounded at the base, acuminate, crenately 
 serrate, or the teeth reduced to a long, bristle like 
 point, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous at 
 length or only pubescent on the veins beneath. .'J-7 in. 
 long, erect: nutover 1 in. wide. Japan, China. — Shrubby 
 and very precocious ; it usually begins to fruit when 
 about six years old. Hardy as far N. as Mass. 
 
 AA. Lfs. whitish tomentose beneath. 
 
 ptimila, Mill. Chinqiiapin. Shrub or small tree, 
 rarely 50 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-oblong or oblong- 
 obovate, acute, serrate, teeth often reduced to bristle- 
 like points, 3-5 in. long : fr. usually solitary, ovate, 
 small, about Vain, wide and %-\ in. long. May, June. 
 From Pa. to N. Fla. and Texas. S.S. 9: 442-43. -Cseful 
 for planting on dry and rocky slopes ; attractive when 
 in flower, and again in fall, with its abundant light green 
 burs among the dark foliage. The closely allied C. nhti- 
 folia, Nutt., in the S. states, grows only a few feet 
 high, and has larger Ivs. and fr. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CASTANEA of commerce. The nuts of lierthoUetia. 
 
 CASTANOPSIS (Castanea and opsis, chestnut-like). 
 Cupuliferw (or Fagdceo'). Evergreen trees or shrubs, 
 closely allied to Castanea and in some degree also to 
 Quercus, with sometimes entire Ivs. and spiny or tuber- 
 culate involucre. About 25 species, chiefly in the trop. 
 and subtrop. mountains of Asia, and 1 in W. N. Amer., 
 which is the hardiest, and is sometimes cultivated. For 
 propagation, see Castanea. 
 
 chrysophyila, DC. {Castdnea chrysophylla, Hook.). 
 Tree, to 150 ft., shrubby at high elevations : Ivs. ovate- 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 
 entire, da»'k green above, coated with minute golden 
 yellow scales beneath. 2-«» in. long : nut about ^ain. 
 wide, usually solitary in the spinv involucre. Summer. 
 Ore. to Calif. S.S. 9:4.19. B.M. 49.13. G.C. III. 22:411. 
 F.S. 12:1184. R.B.7:240.-A highly 'ornamental tree 
 with beautiful foliage, hardy only in the warmer tem- 
 perate regions, but the shrubby form is much hardier. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CASTANOSF^BMUM ( Chestnut seed, because of the 
 taste of the seeds). Leguminf>s(f. One tall Australian 
 tree, with odd-pinnate Ivs., the Ifts. broad, thick, entire; 
 tts. large, orange-colored, in lateral racemes : petals 4 ; 
 stamens free: ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled: seeds 
 larger than Italian chestnuts, globular. C. austrile, 
 Cunn. & Fraser, is the species known locally as "More- 
 ton Bav Chestnut." The seeds are roasted and eaten. 
 Int. in S. Calif. 
 
 CASTILL£IA (a Spanish botanist, D. Cnstillejo). 
 Scrophulari<)ceiF. Painted Cuf. Herbs, with small, 
 solitary fls. in terminal, gaudy-bracted spikes, mostly 
 N. Amer.: corolla tubular, sometimes flattened laterally, 
 2-Iipped ; lower lip smaller, more or less 3-toothed : 
 stamens 4 : Ivs. alternate, entire or cut. C. rocrinea, 
 Spreng., the common Painted Cup of the E. states, 
 has been offered by collectors. It has showy laciniate 
 bracts. Castilleias are little known in gardens. They 
 are of simple culture. 
 
 indivisa, Engelm. Annual, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. lance-linear 
 and entire (or sometimes 2-3-lobed): bracts not lacini- 
 ate, bright red and showy. Texas. — Blooms early in 
 spring. 
 
 afflnis, Hook. & Am. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. narrow- 
 lanceolate, entire or the upper ones toothed at apex : 
 fl. -bracts becoming short and broad, red : spike lax be- 
 low. Calif., in moist soils. — Int. 1891 by Orcutt. 
 
 folioldsa, Hook. & Arn. Woolly perennial, 1-2 ft., the 
 base woody: Ivs. small (1 in. or less long), narrow- 
 linear, crowded or fascicled : bracts 3-parted : spike 
 dense. Calif., in dry soils.— Int. 1891 by Orcutt. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CASTOR BEANS are discussed under Bicinus. 
 
 CASUABiNA, said to be derived from Casuarius, the 
 Cassowary, from resen lance of the branches to the 
 feathers). Casuarindcece. Beefwood. She Oak. A 
 
 17 
 
258 
 
 CASUAKIXA 
 
 CATALPA 
 
 score or more of trer i and shrubs in the Australian re- 
 jfion and the Indies, beinjjthe only plants of the family. 
 They are usually clasMiHe*! near the walnut and hickory 
 tribes, although very unuke them — or other known 
 plants — in botanical characters. They are jointed and 
 leaHess plants, somewhat suggesting Equisetums in 
 gross appearance of branches. The Hs. are unisexual. 
 The starninat' are in cylin<lrical terminal spikes, each 
 fl. consisting of a stamen inclosed in 4 scales, 2 of the 
 scales being attached to the filament. The pistillate tls. 
 are in dense heads borne in the axils, and this head 
 ripens into a globular or oblong cone ; they are com- 
 posed of 1-ovuled ovaries subtended by bracts. The 
 fruit is a winged nutlet. The branches are long and 
 slender. Beefwood is planted in the extreme south for 
 its very odd habit, and also to hold sands of the sea 
 coast. The wood burns quickly, and is very hard and 
 durable. The redness of the wood has given the popu- 
 lar name, Beefwood. Kemarkuble for rapid growth. 
 They grow well in brackish and alkaline soils. Prop, 
 by seeds and cuttings. 
 
 equisetiiolia, Linn. Tree, becoming 150 ft. high in 
 favorable climates, and a most rapid grower. Branches 
 drooping, pale green, simple, G-8-angled or terete, the 
 internodes very short (less than >iin.): sheath-teeth 7 
 ((»-8) lanceolate and appressed : staminate cone nearly 
 terete : pistillate cone short-peduncled, ellipsoidal, 
 about 12-sided. Widely distributed in Old World 
 tropics, and the best known species in this country 
 (S. Fla. and Calif.).— The wood is valuable for many 
 purposes. 
 
 early summer or by grafting on seedlings or on roots 
 under glas-s in spring ; also incre.ised sometimes by 
 layers and root cuttint;s. 
 
 383. Catalpa speciosa in fruit. 
 
 stricta, Dryand. Becoming 20-30 ft. high : branches 
 erect, simple, G-7-angled, scarcely green, internodes 
 short, as in the latter : sheath-teeth usually 7, ovate- 
 lanceolate and appressed: staminate cone slender; pis- 
 tillate cone nearly sessile, oblong ( sometimes staminate 
 above), about 14-sided. Austral. 
 
 toruldsa, Dryand. {C tenuissima, Sieber). Reaches 
 70 or 80 ft. : branches erect, capillary, mostly terete, in- 
 ternodes short : sheath-teeth 4. very short, triangular 
 appressed : staminate cones filiform : pistillate cones 
 ellipsoidal, 8-10-sided. Austral. l. H. B. 
 
 CATALPA (the Indian name of C. hignoninides). 
 Bignon ideeir. Deciduous trees with opposite or whorled, 
 long-petioled, large an<l simple h's.: fls. in large, showy 
 panicles; corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped, with 2 
 smaller upper and 3 larger lower lobes; calyx 2-lipped: 
 fertile stamens 2 : fr. a very long, cylindrical capsule, 
 separating into 2 valves, with numerous small, oblong, 
 compressed seeds bearing a tuft of white hairs on each 
 end. Eight species in N. Amer., W. India and E. Asia, 
 of which 4 are hardy in the colder temperate regions. 
 Highly ornamental trees with large, bright green fo- 
 liage and beautiful white or yellowish fls. in large, 
 showy panicles. The coarse-grained and soft «vood is 
 very durable in the soil, and, therefore, much valued 
 for fence-posts and railway ties. They grow in almost 
 any somewhat moist t:oil, and are hardy as far north as 
 New England. Prop, bj seeds sown in spring, in the 
 north, best with slight bottom heat, or by cuttings from 
 ripe wood, the varieties often by softwood cuttings in 
 
 384. Catalpa speciosa. Natural size., 
 
 A. Fls. white, with two yellow stripes inside, and 
 spotted purplish brown. 
 
 bignonioideB, Walt. (C. syringifolia, Sims). Tree, 
 »iO-50 ft,: Ivs. often whorled. cordate-ovate, abruptly 
 acuminate, sometimes with 2 lateral lobes, pubescent 
 beneath, 5-8 in. long, of unpleasant odor : panicles 
 many-fld.; fls. about 2 in. in diam., thickly spotted in- 
 side : pod 6-20 in. long, M-% in. thick. June, July. 
 S. states, north to Tennessee, often naturalized else- 
 where. B.M. 1094. L.B.C. 13:1285. S.S. G: 288-89. 
 Ong. 6: 118-119. G. P. 3:537, 5;i9. J. H. III. .{2:121. 
 G.C. III. 21:298.-Usually low tree, with very wide- 
 spreading branches. There are some ganlen forms. 
 Var. atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. nina, Hort. (C. 
 Biingei, Hort., not C. A. Mey.). Forms a dense, round 
 bush, often grafted higl . Gng. 3:195. Var. purpiiiea, 
 Hort. Lvs. purple when youiig, green at length. 
 
 specidsa, Warder. Fig. 383,384. Tree, to luu ft.: lvs. 
 cordate-ovate, long-acuminate, pubescent beneath, 8-12 
 4ti. long: panicles usually few-fld.: fls. about 2^ in. in 
 diam., inconspicuously spotted inside: pod y^-%m. 
 thick. June. From 30Uthern Illinois and Indiana to 
 Louisiana and Mississippi. S.S. 6:290-91. R.H. 
 1895:136.— A very desirable ornamental tree, closely al- 
 lied to the former, but taller and hardier. 
 
 38S. Catalpa ovata in fruit 
 
 h^bridft, Spath. (C. bignonioldesXovdta). Teas* 
 Japan Hybrid. Large tree, intermediate between the 
 parents: the lvs. resemble more those of C. ovata, &iid 
 are purplish when unfolding, but much larger and 
 
 liitfiiMiiliii^^ 
 
CATALPA 
 
 CATTLEYA 
 
 259 
 
 fliuhtly pubescent beneath, while the fls. are more like 
 a. biij'nonioides, with the inflorescence often twice as 
 |)ng. Ori(?inated at J. C Teas' nursery, at Baysville, 
 Ia«i..a»)Out 20 years a^o, G.F. 2::{05. Gt. 47:1454. -A 
 very valuable tree, flowering profusely; of rapid growth 
 ami hardy. Seedlin>rs usually resemble C. ovata. 
 
 AA. Fla. yellow, Htriped inside orange and spotted dark 
 violet, about I in. in diam. 
 
 Ov4ta, Don (C. Ktempferi, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 385. 
 Tree, to 20 ft. : Ivs. broadly cordate-ovate, abruptly acu- 
 niinate, often 3-5-lobed. nearly glabrous at length, with 
 fdiiish spots in the axils of the veins beneath, 5-8 in. 
 long: panicles many-tld., 4-7 in. long, fragrant. June, 
 (.hina, much cult, in Japan. B.M. 6611. I.H. 9:319.— 
 Hardier than the American species. 
 
 C.Bungei,i-\ X.yiey. Allied to ('. ovata. Lvs. tmncatr at 
 tlie base, long ac-umiuate. ;{-5 in. long: Hs. large, nearly white, 
 iiifew-fld. paniclen. China.— ('. Bviujri. Hort.=t'. biifnonoides, 
 vir. nana — C Inngissiina, Sim.s. Tre«>, to nO ft.: lvs. oblong- 
 ovate, coriaceous: fls. small, white. W. Ind., often planted as 
 siade tree in Cuba. Alfked Rehdeb. 
 
 CATASANCHE (Greek name, referring to ancient 
 custom of using the plant in love-making). Comp^aitce. 
 A half dozen annual or perennial herbs of the Medi- 
 terranean region, with the lvs. crowded at the base of 
 ttiestem, and linear or lanceolate. Head long-peduncled. 
 Hue or yellow. Akene oblong, ribbed and generally vil- 
 bae or setose. Pappus of J>-7 scales. Of easiest culture 
 ia any garden soil, particularly if lighu Useful for 
 cutting. 
 
 caenUfja, Linn. Perennial, 2 ft.: lvs. tomentose, lanceo- 
 late ann fow-toothed : H. -heads 2 in. across, with wide, 
 t!at-tootued blue rays, on long, slender stems. Blooms 
 in June. July and Aug. S. En. B.M.21)3. R.H. 1890, p. 
 .•>23. Var. ilba, Hort., has white tis. Var. bicolor, 
 Hort.. has white margin and blue center. Often used as 
 Everlastings. Prop, by seeds and division, l^ jj_ b_ 
 
 CATASfiTUM (Greek for downward or backward, 
 Mxt\.hristle). OrchiiWceiP, tribe Vdndeff. Flowers globose 
 or expanded; labellum fleshy; column erect; poUinia 2. 
 Stems short fusiform ; lvs. plaited, membranaceous ; 
 scapes basal, fls. in racemes; the column provided with 
 sen'^itive appendages which, when touched, cause the 
 pollen-masses to fly out. There are about 50 or 60 ?T)e- 
 cies iii the Amer. tropics, either terrestrial or epiphytic. 
 The fls. are in racemes or spikes, firm in texture, and 
 white or in shades of green, yellow, brown or purple. 
 Catasetums are not much cultivated, since most of the 
 species are not showy, but they are interesting to the 
 botanist and amateur because of the striking ejection of 
 the pollen-masses. Gardeners often have trouble with 
 Catasetums, but they are not difficult to grow if given 
 good care. They need a high temperature, long period 
 of rest, and free supply of water during the growing 
 season. They are grown in both pots and baskets. 
 Readily propagated by dividing the plants at the base; 
 also from very ripe pseudobulbs cut in pieces and 
 put in sand. The genus includes Monachanthus and 
 Myanthus. 
 
 A. Flowers tvhite. 
 
 Bungerdthii, N. E. Brown. Stems 8-9 in. tall; sepals 
 larger than the petals, nearly 2 in. long; labellum tend- 
 ing toward concave, roundish ; appendages thickish. 
 Equador. B.M. 6998. G.C. III. 1:142. I.H. .'17:117; 
 34:10. Gn.33:646. A.P. 6: 633. -A striking plant. 
 
 AA. Fls. yellowish, more or less marked with brown 
 
 or red. 
 
 macrocirpum, Rich. ( C. Cldveringi, Lindl. C. triden- 
 tatum. Hook.). Fls. large, nearly 3% in. across ; petals 
 and sepals j-ellow, verging on green, spotted with red- 
 dish brown; labellum yellow. Guiana. B.M. 2559, 3329. 
 I.H. .33: 619. 
 
 fimbriittim, Lindl. & Paxt. P.seudobulbs. 2-3 in. long: 
 raceme pendulous, 8- or more-fld. : fls. 2H in. across ; 
 sepals whitish or pale vellow, closely barred with red. 
 Braz. B.M. 7158. A.F.''.:609. 
 
 longifdlium, Lindl. " seudooulbs deflexed : lvs. nar- 
 row and glaucous, reaching 3 ft. : fls. on drooping, com- 
 pact spikes ; sepals and petals greenish yellow tipped 
 
 with dull red; lip helmet-like, orange-yellow. Guiana. 
 Epiphyte. 
 
 AAA. Fls. essentially red or brownish. 
 
 decipiens, Reichb. f. Fls. IHin. across ; sepals and 
 
 petals lanceolate, red-brown and spotted ; lip saccate, 
 
 yellowish outside and red-brown inside. Venezuela. 
 A. F. 6:609. 
 
 AAAA. Fls. many-colored, grotesque. 
 
 OndmoB, Andr4. Pseudobulb. oblong-ovate and alter- 
 nate, articulated: fls. in a long loose raceme on slender 
 pedicels; sepals greenish and purple-barred; 2 lateral 
 petals spreading, concave, purple ; lip bluntly conical, 
 olive-green spotted outside, ivory white within, fringed 
 above. S. Amer. I.H. 24:270. A. F. 12:293. 
 
 C.barbatum, Lindl. Fls. green, blot<'he<i withi-.irple. Guiana 
 — C. calloauiti, Limll. Odd: fls. with chocolate-brown, narrow- 
 lanceolate sepals and petals ; lip greenish, 8i)eckled with red. 
 Venezuela. B.M. 4Jiy, 6648.— C. CArt»<waniiJ»i, Reichb. £. Se- 
 pals and petals usn.il!y chooolate : lip (n'eenish yellow, purple 
 fringe-'. S. Amer.? G.C.III. 1H:B17.— C. df«co<or. Lindl. Fls. 
 purple. An old sort, now rarely seen. Brnx.— C. Gamettianum, 
 Rolfe. Allied to (.'. barbatum : fls. small ; sepals and petals 
 veTT narrow, green, with large bars of red-brown : lip white, 
 fringed. Amazon. B.M. 7(169.— C. imperiale, Lind. & Cogn. 
 Sepals aad petals ovate-aoute, white, purple spotted ; lip orbic- 
 ular-cordate, purple in center and white margined. (i.C III. 
 17: 329. S.H. 1. p. 369. J.H. III. ;«l:2.5.- C. Lindeni, Cogn. Fls. 
 large (as of C. Bungerothii) : sepals and petals yellow, with 
 purplish spots and bars: Hp yellow, 8p<»tted at ba.se. tJ.C. III. 
 17:329. S.H. 1, p. :««».— C. mirdlnle, Cogn. Fls. very large, the 
 sepals and petals oblong-lan<*eolate, and yellowish, with purple 
 spots and bars; lip kidney-shaped, bright yellow with 2 purple 
 spots, tootheil. (i.e. III. 17:3J9. S.H. 1, p. ;«59.— C. ictJrra, 
 Reichb. f. Compact : fls. fragrant, yellowish white, green- 
 veined; lip 3-lo>>e<l. Guiana. <i.C. 11.7:304, :{0.j.— C. «/>/^/jden», 
 Cogn. Intermediate between C. Bungerothii and C. macrocar- 
 pura: sei- greenish white with purplish center; petals white 
 with many imrple spots : lip cream-color, purple-marked. 
 Runs into many forms : Var. album, Lind. & Cogn., white or 
 nearly so. Var. Alicije. Lind. & Cogn. Fls. large ; .sepals and 
 petals purplish ; lip white, toothed. Var. aureo-maculatum. 
 Bossch. Yellow. I.H. 43: .'>4. Var. atropurpureum , Hort. 
 Blackish purple.— C iraracewiczu, Lindl. & Paxt. From Pan- 
 ama. Now rareb- seen. Oakes Ames. 
 
 CATCHFLY. Consult Silene. 
 CATECHU. See Acacia Catechu. 
 
 CATEEPILLABS. The worm-like pods of Scorpiitnis 
 vermicul(ita, Linn., iS. subvilldsa, Linn., and others 
 {Leguminosfr}, are sometimes used as surprises in 
 salads and soups ; and for that purpose they are cult, 
 in parts of Europe, and seeds are sold in this country. 
 They are sometimes catalogued as Worms. They are 
 annuals of the easiest culture. The pods of Medicdgo 
 scutelld.ta, Mill., and others are known as Snails. The 
 pods are not edible. European plants. A.G. 13: 681. 
 
 r TT R 
 
 CATMINT or CATNIP. See Nepeta. 
 
 CAT-TAIL. Typha. 
 
 CATTLEYA (William Cattley, an early English nat- 
 uralist). OrchiddceiP, tribe tJpidendrecf. Epiphytes of 
 tropical America. Pseudobulbous : leaf '". ides 1-3, cori- 
 aceous: fls. usually terminal, large, flesliyor membrana- 
 ceous ; petals and sepals nearly equal, or the former 
 much broader : labellum cucullate, usually trilobed, 
 proximal part inclosing the fleshy, clavate column, 
 except in G. Aclanduf and C. bicolor: pollen masses 4 
 {2 pairs), with short appendages. A genus generally 
 cultivated for its large, showy flowers, which for inten- 
 sity of ccior have few, if any, equals in the family of 
 orchids. Most of the species do satisfactorily under 
 ai^iflcial conditions, although there is an opinion preva- 
 lent ♦hat they degenerate or " run out.'' Naturally, some 
 kinds are difficult to grow, since the horticulturist is 
 not well enough informed concerning their require- 
 ments, but there is no reason why the majority of the 
 species should degenerate if properly treated. The 
 genus Cattleya was founded on C. labu;ta by -John 
 Lindley in 1824. As a genus, it is very closely allied to 
 Laella, being distinguished by having two pollinia (4 
 pollen masses), whereas that genus has four (or 8 pollen 
 masses.) Oakes Ames. 
 
260 
 
 CATTLEYA 
 
 C.^TTLEYA 
 
 The Cattleyas are indigenous to the western hemi- 
 sphere only, Central and S. America being the regions 
 where they abound, particularly in the latter, from the 
 different countries of which large quantities are im- 
 ported yearly. During the last few years the collecting 
 and importing of Cattleyas into the U. S. has assumed 
 large proportions, owing to a continually and steadily 
 increased demand, not only by amateurs but also by the 
 trade in genercl. There are two particular reasons for 
 this increased demand : First, the exquisitely beautiful 
 flowers, combined with size and marvelous colors, and 
 adapted for ilscorations at all sorts of functions, they be- 
 ing never out of place ; second, their easy culture. Flor- 
 ists and amateurs alike are beginning to realize that, 
 after all, orchids are only plants, an«l if only treated in a 
 common-sense way they are by far easier to grow than 
 a good many plants, and especially so the Cattleyas, 
 provided some attention is paid to their requirements. 
 
 Cattleyas in g^^neral dalight in a genial, moist atmos- 
 phere and a temperature ranging all the way from 55° 
 to 70°. They all require an abundant supply of water, 
 accompanied by a 1 —l supply of air and light, dur- 
 ing their respective ^ ■ 'ng seasons. A Cattleya house 
 should, if possible. ^ bottom and top ventilators, 
 which when open produce a current of fresh air impos- 
 sible to obtain or imitate in any other way, and in which 
 these plants delight. The glass should be shaded with 
 a thin coat of naphtha and white lead, enough to pre- 
 vent the sun from burning the plants, for, while they 
 enjoy all the light possible, the full sun in our climate 
 is too strong for them, and they are liable to dry and 
 shrivel, and thus iv^st their natural luxuriance. The 
 shading, however, may be removed entirely during the 
 dullest winter months. Cattleyas will grow equally well 
 in baskets, pots, or on boards ; the former are prefera- 
 ble where limited quantities are grown, inasmuch as 
 they are easily managed and may be hung up or taken 
 down or moved from one place to another with the 
 greatest ease. The large blocks or boards are to be rec- 
 ommended where large quantities of plants are grown 
 for cut-tlowers. being more economical in every sense 
 of the word. Wlien boards are used, the width ought 
 not to be less than 10 inches, as the plants would very 
 soon grow over the sides of the boards ; the length may 
 be adjusted to suit the house, but should not ^^ceed 5 
 feet— anything larger is liable to be too clumsy to han- 
 dle conveniently. 
 
 The best potting material is soft, fibrous peat, with a 
 sprinkling of live sphagnum intermixed. Too much 
 stress cannot be laid on soft peat, as frequently too 
 coarse material is used, resembling amass of wire, with 
 the result that the water benefits the plants but very 
 little, and root-action is slow, if taking place at all. 
 One thing is imperative in the cultivation of Cattleyas, 
 in whatever receptacles they are grown : they must be 
 firm, without going to the extreme of ramming in the 
 stuff too hard. A plant lying loose in a basket or a poi 
 will never grow well, but will gradually dwindle away 
 to nothing. Where boards or large blocks are used, the 
 plant"* are fastened on by means of galvanized staples, 
 inserting a piece of peat between the staple and the 
 rhizome, so as to keep the staple from burning while 
 new. In this way freshly imported Cattleyas may be 
 fastened on to clean boards or blocks, and by liberal 
 overhead syringing the roots soon appear, when a mix- 
 ture of chopped peat and sphagnum may be shaken in 
 between the plants to cover the roots. In using baskets, 
 it is advisable to use them shallow and less material, 
 the compost thus keeping fresh and sweet for a consid- 
 erable period of time. Cattleyas, as previously n.en- 
 tioned. enjoy a copious supply of water during their 
 respective growing seasons. In our climate the best 
 method is to use the hose, and water overhead, which, 
 if adhered to. will cause the plants to soon assume a 
 natural green color and luxuriance coraujon to them in 
 their native habitats. Besides, the overhead watering 
 will keep down vermin, such as scales, etc. By the so- 
 called resting season of Cattleyas is generally under- 
 stood the time after the plants have finished the flow- 
 ering bulb, and until they begin to send up the next 
 growth. During this time, when they are, in a sense, 
 dormant, the quantity of water should be diminished, 
 which causes the new eyes to move slowly and break 
 
 strong. As soon, however, as the new breaks are fairly 
 under way they should be encouraged in the way of 
 moisture, when the new roots will soon appear and the 
 plants go ahead with renewed vigor. If the plants ire 
 in baskets, suspended under the roof, they should he 
 taken down at intervals an«l dipped thoroughly. Hand- 
 in-hand with a copious watering must go a liberal sup- 
 ply of light and air at all times. In order to obtain the 
 best results, the plants should be placed as near to the 
 light as possible— say, from 1-3 feet from the glass, 
 according to kinds and to the space available in the 
 house. Kinds such as C. TriaHcti, C. labiata, C. Men- 
 delii, C. Mossice and C. Hurrinoniana will grow and 
 flower well in any part or position of the house, pro- 
 vided they have plenty of light and air, but 3 feet is 
 the maximum distance from the glass at which any of 
 the Cattleyas should be placed, to be successfully grown. 
 A capital illustration of the above is, for instance, C. 
 gigas, which does admirably suspended under the ridge 
 of the house, where it receives the full benefit of air 
 and light, in which position it flowers profusely, while 
 if growr on a bench or stage it rarely flowers. 
 
 The best twelve varieties of Cattleyas for commercial 
 purposes, and, indeed, for amateurs also, are the fol- 
 lowing: C. Triansei, flowers -Jan. -March; Schrcederiana, 
 fls. March, April : Mossiae. fls. April, May; Men'elii, 
 fls. Apri', May; VVarneri. fls. May, June; gigas, fls. 
 June, July ; chrysotoxa, fls. June, -July ; Gaskelliana, 
 fls. Aug., Sept.; Harrisoniana, fls. Sept., Oct.; labiata, 
 fls. Oct., Nov.; Bowringeana, fls. Oct., Nov.; Percival- 
 iana, fls. Dec. 
 
 With a number of plants of each of the above kinds, 
 it will be seen that it is possible to have a succession of 
 flowers from one en*', of the year to the other. 
 
 John E. Lagee. 
 
 Index : Aclandiie, 18 ; amethystina, 21 ; amethysto- 
 glossa, 25; aurea. 2; autumnalis, lf> ; bicolor. 19; 
 Bluntei, 6 ; Bojotensis, 1 ; Bowringesna, 16 ; bullosa, 
 30; Candida, 2^ ; Carrierei, 1; Chocoensis, 9; chryso- 
 toxa, 2 ; citrina, 17 ; Dawsonii, 5 ; d->losa. 91 ; Dowi- 
 ana, 2 ; Eldorado, 3 ; Ernesti, 1 ; Foruesii, 22 ; Gas- 
 kelliana, 4; gigas, 12; gloriosa, 1; granulosa, 26; 
 guttata, 24 ; Harrisonice, 23 ; Harrisoniana, 23 ; Hol- 
 fordi. ',iO; itnperialis, 1; intermedia, 21 ; Keteleerii, 25; 
 labiata,!; Lawrenceana, 14; Leeann,!; Lemoniana,l; 
 Leopoldii. 24; Loddigesii, 23; Luddemanniana, 5; 
 luteola. 30: Masxangeana, 1; maxima, 13; Mendelli, 
 6; Morgance, 1; Mossiae, 7; Nalderiana, 1; nobilior, 
 31 ; pallida, 1 ; Parthenia, 21 ; Peetersii, 1 ; Perci- 
 valiana, 8 ; Perrinii,\ ; Primii, 25; punctatissima, 21; 
 quadricolor, 9 ; Reineckiana, 7 ; Raezlii, 1 ; Bollis- 
 soni. 1 ; Sanderiana, 12 ; Schilleriana, 29 ; Schofieldi- 
 ana, 27 ; Schroederiana. 9 ; Skinneri, 15 ; speciosis- 
 sima, 5; splendens. 28; superba, 28; Triansei, 9; 
 Victoria-Regina, 20; violacea, 28 ; virginali.t, 1 ; Wng- 
 neri, 7 ; Walkeriana, 31 ; Wallisii, 3 ; Warneri, ID ; 
 Warocqueana, 1 ; Warscewiczii. 11. 
 
 The following Amer. trade names belong to Laelia : 
 crispa, lohata, marginata. pumila. See, also, the list 
 of hybrids at the close of Cattleya. For C. aiirantiaca, 
 see Epidendrutn. 
 
 Of several of the following species, there are named 
 vars. in the Amer. trade, varying in stature, habit, and 
 particularly in the color of tlie flowers. 
 
 A. Blossoms from a leafy pseitdobulb. 
 B. Fls. membranaceous, not fleshy. 
 c. yumber of fls. not more than 5, or rarely G: 
 pseudobulb 1-leaved. 
 1. labi^ita, Lind. Pseudobulbs 4-8 in. high, com- 
 pressed, from stout creeping rhizomes : leaf-blades 
 broadly ovate or oblong, about G in. in length: tls. 2-5, 
 ransjina: in color from rosy mauve to white; petals 
 3V2in. long, 2H in- wide, ovate-oblong, several times 
 broader than the sepals ; labellum 2%-3}i in. lon^'. ex- 
 panded portion 2 in. across, blotched or veined with 
 crimson or magenta-purple, the margin crispeit aud 
 paler; the posterior part stained with yellow and veined 
 with crimson-purple. Blooms in autumn. B.M. 3998. 
 P.M. 4:121. an.51:1107. G.C III. 19: 13. R.B.22:25. 
 A.G. 17:65: 19:811. F.R. 1:8; 2:.531. Ong.2:275. F.E. 
 9:327. A.F. 6:607. -Int. in 1818 from the Organ moun- 
 
CATTLEYA 
 
 CATTLEYA 
 
 261 
 
 tains of South America. It was lost for many years and 
 became exceedingly rare, but recently its rediscovery 
 bus made it a common orchid, and many beautiful varie- 
 ties are in cultivation. Some of the varieties have here- 
 tofore been regarded as species, but as the points of 
 distinction are too slight to be specific, it has seemed 
 best to put such forms as C. Wameri, C. Triatupi and 
 C. Mosskt in their proper place under the original 
 species. C. labiata is probably the most useful species 
 of orchid. Immensely variable : some of the leading 
 varieties are described below. These forms are regarded 
 variously as species, varieties or sub-varietie«, by dif- 
 ferent authors. Besides the names given below, the 
 following are to be referred to C. labiata^: C Bogotin- 
 sis, Lind. ; C. Carrierei, HouU. ; C. Emesti, Hort. ; 
 C.ijloriosa, C&rr.; C. iinperidlis, O'tirien ; C.Leedna, 
 Hort. ; C. Lemon idna, Lindl. ; C. Massangedna, Reichb. 
 f. ; C. M^rganif, Warner; C. Nalderictna, Reichb. f. ; 
 C. pallida, Lindl. & Paxt. ; C. Peetersii, Andr^ ; C. 
 Pe'rrinii, Endl. (not Lindl. ) ; C. Boeslii, Reichb. f.; C. 
 Bollissonii, ^loore ; C. I'irgindlis, LimU. & Andr^ ; C. 
 Warocquedna. More than 100 other specifically made 
 names are referred to this species. There are white- 
 fld. forms of nearly all the vars. 
 
 2. Var. Dowi&na, Veitch {C.Dowidna, Batem.). Fls. 
 nankeen-yellow, except for the disproportionately large 
 labellum ; petals about twice as wide as the sepals, 
 about the same length as the labellum, wavy margined, 
 obtuse ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; labellum amply ex- 
 panded, margin crisped, surfpoe velvety, dark purple, 
 beautifully and finely eined with golden yellow lines, 
 which radiate from tli3 median line. Strong plants 
 produce 3 or more lis. on each peduncle. B.M. 5618. 
 R.H. 1869:30. — Di-scovered in Costa Rica by Warscewicz. 
 Little was known about it until 18<)4, when Mr. Area 
 found plants and sent them to England, where they 
 flowered in the autumn of 1865. There are now several 
 geographical varieties of this orchid, the one called 
 aiirea or chrysotbxa i l.H. 30:493. J.H. III. 31 :253. R.H. 
 lo'J? : 492. A . F. ti : 503 ; 12 : 10. F. R. 1 : 76 ) , being more 
 eaay lO grow. This variety is recognized by having 
 deeper yellow petals and sepals, and more copious vein- 
 ing on the labellum. The fragrance of this orchid sug- 
 gests vanilk, °nd renders it readily distinguishable 
 fr&m other varieties. 
 
 3. Var. Eldorfldo, Veitch (C. EMorddo. Linden). Fls. 
 pale rosy lilac, except for the more or less tubular la- 
 bellum. which bears at its distal end a border of crimson- 
 mairenta, which shades into an orange-yellow disc ; 
 petals narro vly ovate ; sepals lanceolate. Int. in 1866 
 from Braz. F.S. 18:1826. — The frajrrance of this orchid 
 is very characteristic, while its tls., which are much 
 smaller than in the type, are r—duced in July and Aue. 
 There are several recognizee, torms. Sub-var. crocata 
 is paler in the sepals and petals. Sub-var. Wallisii is 
 a white form (A. ir(//?i.sit, Linden). 
 
 4. Var. Gaskelli^na, Hort. Petals and sepals usually 
 narrower than in the type, perhaps paler. Blooms from 
 June to Aug. The usual forms are net distinct enough 
 to be varietal. Venezuela. l.H. 33:613. A. F. 6:185. 
 Gng.5:72. 
 
 .5. Var. Luddemanni^na, Hort. (C. Luddemannidua, 
 Reichb. f. (\ D'hvsmni, Warner. C speciosis.-iima, 
 Hort. ). Petals and sei»als delicate rose color or pink-lilac, 
 petals much broader than the sepals; labellum w ,» y or 
 crisped at the margin, compressed dorsiventrally, apex 
 deeply divided, front lobe deep crimson-purple, the color 
 carried back into the throat in streaks, front part of the 
 lateral lobes nearly white, margined with blush-rose ; 
 throat yellowish. Venezuela. 
 
 C. Var. M6ndellii, Backhouse ( C. MevdiUii, Hort.). 
 Fig. 386. Petals and sepals pale rosy mauve to white ; 
 labellum blotched with crimson-purple, throat yellowish. 
 Blooms in May and June or earlier. Of this varietv 
 tliere are many beautiful forms. Eastern Cordilleras", 
 New Granada. S.H. 2:413.- (7. lihhiffi, Hort., is a pure 
 white form with a beautifully fringed lip. 
 
 7. Var. M6ssiae. Hook, f C. M6ssi(f, Parker). Habit as 
 in type, or very similar; petals broadly ovate; lanellum 
 broad in expanded part, crisped at the usually whitish 
 
 margin; throat yellow lined with purple, expanded por- 
 tion mottled with crimson ; frequently much inter- 
 mingled with orange-yellow. La Guavia. B.M. ;!669. 
 R.H. 1857, p. 322. S.H. 1:149. A. (J. 14:' 70. A.F.6:563. 
 — C. Wdgneri, Hort , is a white form of this Cattleya. 
 C. Reineck^Ana, Reichb. f., is the most beautiful form. 
 It has white sepals and petals and a richly colored 
 labellum. 
 
 8. Var. Percivali&na, Reichb. f. (C. Percivalidna, 
 O'Brien). Fls. rather small ; petals and sepals deeper 
 colored than in the type species' ; labellum relatively 
 
 ^i5v^^^ 
 
 386. Cattleya labiata, var. MendelUi. 
 
 small, pale at margin; throat deep yellow streaked with 
 crimson, expanded part crimson-purole. F.R. 1:298, 
 J.H. III. 32: 179. 
 
 9. Var.Triinaei, Veitch (C Trinncpi. Lind. & Reichb. f. 
 C. qnadricolor Lindl.). Fig. 388. Foliage more robust, 
 perhaps, than in the type species, though, of course, 
 cultivation has much to do with this ; petals broader 
 than in the typts specie.s, ovate-rhomboid ; exceedingly 
 variable in color; expanded portion ( not usually so wide 
 or spreading as in C. labiata) crimson-magenta, the 
 margin less wavv than iu the other varieties. New 
 Grenada. B.M. 5504. R.H. 1860, p. 40&-7. A.G. 17:177. 
 Gng. 3:151. A.F. 6:607; 13:715. F.E. 9:325. F.R. 
 1:672-3. S.H. 1:11,27; 2:403, 405. -The fls. are pro- 
 duced .3-5 on the stout peduncles. Sub-var. Alba. 
 White fls., yellow blotch in throat. Sub-var. Choco^n- 
 sis, Hort. Verj' similar to the above, but the fls. have 
 the appearance of not wholly expanding, (^olonibia. 
 l.H. 20:120. A.F. 6:563. Sub-var. SchroederiAna, Hort. 
 (C. St-hr'fderidun, Reichb. t.). Fragrant ; petals and 
 sepals vary from white to pale rosy mauve ; labellum 
 has more orange-yellow than usual. Blooms at about 
 the same time with the above, and on account of its pale 
 fls. is a valuable variety. G.C. III. 20:73. A.G. 15:211. 
 F.E. 9:331.-C. Trinncei is probably the most popular 
 single garden orchid. 
 
 10. Var. Wameri, O'Brien (C. TlVrn^r/, Moore). Very 
 similar to C. bibiata itself, diflferinsr from it, perhaps, 
 onlv in its blooming season. May. June and Julv. S. 
 Brazil. A.F. 6:.")63. 
 
 11. Var. Warscewiczii, Reichb. f. Fls. large ; label- 
 lum yellow in the throat, streaked with magenta-red, the 
 infoldinir portion similar in color to the expanded por- 
 tion, whieh is uniformly crimson-ptirple. New (iranada. 
 G.C. III. 22: 163. -At the entrant" to the throat there 
 are usually two yellow blotches, or ves." 
 
262 
 
 CATTLEYA 
 
 CATTLEYA 
 
 12. Var. Sanderiina, Hort. (C. glgas, Lind. & Andr^). 
 Pig. 387. A noble-fld. form, which, besides being rich in 
 color, is larger than the usual varieties of C. labiata. 
 New Grenada. I.H. 21:178. Gn. 45, p. 445. G.F. 1:437. 
 A.G. .July 23, 1898. Suppl. F.R. 1:77 and 674. F.E. 
 10: 892. — This is a form of var. Warscewiczii. 
 
 13. maxima, Lindl. Plants about 1 ft. high : sepals 
 and petals pink-lilac ; labellura oval-oblong, obscurely 
 3-lobed, richly veined with crimson, expanded part 
 crisped at the margin, a vellow median band on the 
 disk. Equador. B.M. 4902.' F.S. 20:21.36. F.R. 1 :298. 
 
 14. Lawrence&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 12-15 in. 
 high, frequently brownish, rarely green : sheath red- 
 dish brown : tls. few, about 4 in. across ; petals oblong, 
 blunt at the apices ; sepals pale mauve, narrow; label- 
 luiii purple shaded with maroon. March. British Gui- 
 ana. B.M. 7133. 
 
 cc. Number of fls. usuaUy more than 6: 
 pseudobulh 2-3-leaved. 
 
 15. SWnneri, Batem. Stems about 1 ft. high, attenu- 
 ated at base, 2-lvd.: fls. (J-S. sometimes more, a'>out 4 
 in. across, rose-mauve ; disk of labellum whitish, bor- 
 dered with deeper rose-mauve or deep purple. Guate- 
 mala. B.M. 4270. P.M. 11:193. R.B. 22:201. G.C. III. 
 20:t">. G.F. 3:201. — Common, and a favorite. Runs into 
 wh t -fld. forms. 
 
 16. !,^0WTinge§ina, Veitch (C. autumnAUs, Hort.). 
 Pseudobulbs about 18 in. tall, Kin. in diam., subcylin- 
 drical, jointed, nodes about 6, base swollen, 2-3-lvd.: 
 fls. 5-30, on stout peduncles 1 ft. long. double-sheathed; 
 petals 1}4 in. long, deep rose-mauve: labellum maffenta- 
 purple at distal end. deeper colored toward sulfurous 
 yellow throat. Blooms in autumn. Honduras. R.B. 21:37. 
 
 R. H. 1890:300. -Undoubtedly a variety of 
 the preceding. 
 
 Fls. not membranaceous, fleshy, 
 thick: usually S-leaved. 
 
 c. Peduncles pendent. 
 
 17. citrina.Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 
 not erect, with membranaceous 
 whitish sheaths: If.-blades 
 glaucous, about 6 in. long : fls. 
 
 Cattleya 
 labiata, var. 
 Sanderiana. 
 
 neverj fully expanding; sepals and petals very thick, 
 lemon yellow: labellum yellow, anterior margin crisped 
 and white. Mex., at high elevations. B.M. 3742. .I.H. 
 HI. .30:399. - Not an especially easy orchid ' grow. 
 Fragrant. 
 
 cc. Peduncles erect. 
 D. Lateral lobes of labellum practically teanting. 
 
 18. AcUndisB, Lindl. Dwarf : sts. slender, 4 in. tall : 
 Ivs. elliptical: peduncle 1-2-ttd. : fls. about 4 in. across; 
 sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong, yellowish verg- 
 ing on green, spotted and blotched with dark purple 
 (much less distinct on dorsal surface): labellum with 
 small lateral lobes that do not include the column, pale 
 purple, with dark veins and a yellow line under the 
 fleshy column. Brazil. B.M. 5039. 
 
 19. blcolor, Lindl. Sts. nearly 3 ft. high, 2-lyd. : Ivs. 
 oblong-lanceolate, about 6 in. long : peduncle 2-5-fld., 
 sometimes more : fls. 4 in. across ; petals and sepals 
 greenish brown, sometimes spotted with brown ; label- 
 lum tongue-shaped, crimson or deep rose-mauve, mar- 
 gins recurved ; lateral lobes do not cover the column, 
 Brazil. B.M. 4909. 
 
 DD. Lateral lobes of labellum inclosing column. 
 
 20. Victdria-Eegina, O'Brien. Pseudobulbs slightly 
 clavate : Ivs. elliptical-oblong : peduncle short, 2-3- or 
 more fld. : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inferior 
 ones tinged with yellow at the base, otherwise pink- 
 lilac ; petals undulate, similar to the sepals in color ; 
 labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes whitish, with purple- 
 violet blotch near summit, midlobe rounded on distal 
 margin, crimson ; disk yellow, striated with crimson 
 Pernambuco, 1891.— A hybrid between C. labiata and 
 C. Leopohli, var. Pernambucensis. One peculiarity 
 that tends to show this origin is the variability in the 
 number of leaves, sometimes 1, sometimes 2 being 
 borne on a stem. 
 
 21. intermedia, Graham (C. amethystina, Morr. ). 
 Pseudobulbs 18 in. high, jointed, rarely 3-lvd.: Ivs. 
 narrowly ovate, serrulate on basal margins : fls. white, 
 suffused with pale rose-lilac : labellum distinctly 3-lobed ; 
 throat whitish streaked with crimson-magenta, midlobe 
 rather narrow, crimson-magenta. Rio de Janeiro. B.M. 
 2851. P.M. 1:151. — Var. pimctatissima, Sander, is simi- 
 lar to the type, but the petals and sepals are peppered 
 unevenly with crimson spots of various sizes. Var. 
 Parthenia, Reichb. f., is white throughout. Brazil. 1886. 
 
 22. Fdrbesii, Lindl. Fls. about 5 ; sepals oblong, ob- 
 tuse, pale greenish yellow ; petals oblong-lanceolate, 
 
 undulate, same color: labellum trilobed, lateral lobes 
 pale yellow without, brighter yellow within ; the 
 midlobe rather dentate, pale yellow ; the disk 
 britrhter yellow, spotted with reddish purple toward 
 " the base. Braz. B.M. 3265. 
 
 "^- 23. Ldddigesii, Lindl. (C. cdndida, Wil- 
 liams). Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high : 
 If.-blades ovate, 5 in. long : fls. 
 2-4, pale pink-lilac; sepals elliptic- 
 oblong: petals very similar: label- 
 lum 3 lobed, throat and inner sur- 
 face of lateral lobes whitish, colored 
 on the outside like the petals, the 
 midlobe colored like the petals, 
 spreading, base yellowish : column 
 closely pressed to the labellum. 
 Brazil. — This Cattleya was form- 
 erly called Epidendrnm riolaceum. 
 and as an horticultural species is 
 much older than C. labiata, -which is often 
 considered the oldest species in the group. 
 Var. Harrisoni^na, Hort. (C. Harri- 
 soni(ina, Batem. C. Hdrri.sonice, Paxt.). 
 Surface of the labellum more corrugated. 
 
 ,'en to be a 
 variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 4^:1040. 
 24. guttita, indl. Pseudobulbs fusiform, 2-3-lvd.; 
 If.-bladefe elliptic-oblong : peduncle stout, bearing sev- 
 eral large flls. : sepals oblong-lanceolute ; petal."- rather 
 broader, all yellowish irreen (metallic), spottea with 
 brown-purple : labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes pmk- 
 lilac, midlobe large, cuneiform, deeper colored. Kio de 
 .Taneiro. Var. Ldopoldi, Hort. (C. Leopoldii. ^ersch. 
 & Lera.). has smaller and more aumerousfls. £.H.2:h9. 
 ''» amethyBtoglbssa. Linden & Reichb. f. {C. guttata. 
 
 '■■W-,";--"v.'5, 
 
 ^s^i-jf^^*tlvA^^.^ Really too like the preceding ev< 
 £^>ry±r-JrL~~ - " variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 48:104 
 
 var. 
 
 Prima, Reichb. f. C. Prlmii, Hort. C. guttdta, 
 
 # 
 
CATTLEYA 
 
 CAULIFLOWER 
 
 263 
 
 var. Keteleerii, H« .'"»t.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate : ra- 
 cemes many-tld. : \. .tala and sepals about equal, the 
 former obovate, the latter narrower, all suffused with 
 rose and spotted with deep crimson ; labellum 3-Iobed, 
 lateral lobes white outside, the reflexed apices crimson, 
 miillobe broad, deep crimson, disk corrugated and pap- 
 illose. Bahia, Brazil. B.M, 568.3. R.H. 1869:210. 
 
 4<n 
 
 388. Cattleya abiata. var. Triansei. 
 
 2r>. gn^anulosa, Lir dl. Foliage verv- similar to that of 
 the preceding speci s: peduncles stout, bearing several 
 large tls.: sepals ol long, olive-green, spotted with red; 
 
 fietals obovate-obl( ng, undulate, margined, otherwise 
 ike sepals ; lahellu u ,"J-lobed. lateral lobes yellow inside, 
 wiiiiish outside, i lidlobe attenuated toward the disk, 
 expanded part sul reniform, white, covered with numer- 
 ous purple papills'. Guatemala. 
 
 27. Schofieldiir a, Reichb. f. Lvs. 2. dark green, 6 in. 
 lony: and 2 in. w.de : sepals and petals light greenish 
 yellow, the petals very narrow at the base and very 
 broad and blunt at the top ; lip niui-h like that of C. 
 granulosa, the s.de lacinife whitish, the middle laciniro 
 purple-amethysf. Brazil. G.O. IlL 22 :2.")2. — Fls. larger 
 than in C. gran tlosa, and the lip is granulated. 
 
 28. 8up6rba, I^indl. {C.violdcea,l{ort.). Sts. clavate, 
 about 1 ft. hich : lvs. ovate-oblong, very thick : fls. 
 about (>, 5 in. i, cross ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceo- 
 late, about equal, deep rose color, pale at the base ; 
 labellum ;{ lobed, lateral lobes deep, rich crimson out- 
 side ; midlobf broadly margined with same color, pass- 
 ing abruply iito vellow. veined with crimson British 
 Guiana. B.:^.. 408:5. P.M. 9:26.'). J.H. IIL :{1::*21. 
 A.F. 11:1351.— This plant is reputed difficult to grow. 
 There is a form called var. spldndens, Hort. It is pal?r 
 in color thar the type. 
 
 29. SchilUriina, Reichb. f. Sts. 5 or 6 in. high, red- 
 dish brown, 2-lvd.: lvs. elliptical, dark above, brownish 
 purple beneath: peduncles usually 2-ti(l.: Hs. several 
 in. across ; petals and sepals equal, oblong lanceolate. 
 
 purple-brown, spotted with deeper brown : labellum 
 3-lobed, lateral lobes infolding the column, whitish 
 without, yellow veined with purple within ; midlobe 
 reniform, deep rose-mauve wilh whiti.sh veins, throat 
 yellow. Braz. B.M. 5150. F.S. 22:2286. A.F. 6:563. 
 
 30. lutdola, Lindl. (C. H6lforiU, Hort.). Lf. 1, short 
 and broad (3 in. long), the pseudobulb compressed : 
 peduncle short, 5-6- or more-tld. : ♦is. ver;'^ small, yel- 
 low, the sepals pnd petals unif<»rm and i-2-in. long and 
 obtuse ; lip about as long «.., he petals, 3-lobed, vel- 
 vety T7ithin. Brazil. B.M. 5 i. F.S. 23:2479. 
 
 >A. Blossoms from a leafliss pseudobtdb. 
 
 31. Walkeriiina, Garuner ( C. hulbdsa, Lindl. ) . Steins 
 2-5 in. tall, 1-2 Ivd. : lvs. oblojfc, 3-5 in. long; peduncles 
 come from the rhl'.omenear th2 base of the folia-stems, 
 anil are leafless; fls. large, 1 or 2; petals and sepals rosy 
 mauve or pink-lilai ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes 
 erect, partially infoldi-^g the column, midlobe spread- 
 ing, anterior end deeper rose-mauve; posterior end yel- 
 lowish, striated with rose-mauve. Braz. A. G. 11:159.— 
 This Cattleya is distinct from all others in producing 
 its fls. from a leafless shoot. 
 
 Vpr. doldsa, Vei^ch (<?. doldsa, Reichb. f. ). Peduncles 
 produced from between two lvs. This variety, together 
 with several others, must be regarded as perpetuated 
 anomalie of ('. IVdkeriana. 
 
 Var. nobllior, Vei'ch (C, vobUior, Reichb. f. ). Large 
 and handsome : front lobe of lip spotted with creamy 
 white. I. H. 30:485. 
 
 Some of the hybrid Cattleyas are the following : C. A Ihertii 
 
 =int€rmvdia X siiperba : C. ^a/ZanhaHu—Trianwi X Warsce- 
 
 wiczii : C. ^raJ)fi/i^V«'= LoddigesiiX Aclandiae ; C. Brpmeriana, 
 
 Reichb. f.=supposed natural hybrid of superbaX Eldorado ; 
 
 f^. (7as«dndr«=^^^LoddigesiiXLa"liaelegans; C. Chainberlainiana 
 
 =LeopoIdiiXDowiana ; C. I>or»>janjdna= Laelia puniilaX 
 
 Cattleya bicolor?; C. Exo7iien»is,Yeitch(hfp\i& Exoniensis) 
 
 -^sxipposed natural hybrid of C MossiieXLa?liapurpurata; 
 
 C. AjH-8^a=LoddigesiiX Exoniensis ; C. Hardyana, doubtful 
 
 parentage, probably=DowianaXgiga8(F.R. 1:78); C.Hdrrisii= 
 
 LeopoldiiXMendellii; O.Ayftrida ;>tr?a=guttataXintennedia; C. 
 
 Kraineridna, Reichb. f., is a supposed natural hybrid of inter- 
 
 mediaXForbesii ; C I/0?prj/dna=intermediaX Fori)esii ? ; C. 
 
 lfdnff/cs«i==Lu<idemannianaXrjoddigesii; C. MdrdelU=hndde- 
 
 manuiana Xrj<elia elegans; 0. Mdrstersonife^hoddigeanXlf^- 
 
 biata : C. Jfertx?<r*'»M=Aclandiaj X Walkeriana ; C. vplfitina, 
 
 Reichb. f.. is probnblv a hy>)rid with bicolor and some other 
 
 species (Gt. 44:1 4-'0. G.C. III. 24::{:W) : <'. Wh)tei, Reichb. f., a 
 
 supposed natural hvbrid of labiataXSehilleriana.' C. Zenbbia 
 
 =LoddigesiiXLa'lia elegans. Oakes Ames. 
 
 CAULIFLOWER (Brdssica olerdcea, Linn., var. 
 hotrytis, DC. ). One of the cabbage tribe, of which the 
 head is composed of the metamorphosed flowers and 
 flower-cluster (Fig. 389). (See Cabbage.) The Cauli- 
 flower is one of those crops in the culture of which the 
 unskilled amateur is liable to stumble upon success, 
 and the more experienced professional to meet with 
 failure. One can undertake to grow ths crop intelli- 
 gently and with some assurance of a fav .rable outcome 
 only when he thoroughly understands the particular 
 requirements of this fastidious vegetable. These 
 requirements mean especially a high degree of soil 
 fertility, perpetual moisture with proper drainage, and 
 protection from an excess of direct sun heat. In the 
 heat of raid-season. Cauliflowers seldom head well, ex- 
 cept in more than ordinarily favorable locations or sea- 
 sons. For this reason, the early crop is usually expected 
 to head before midsummer, while the late crop is 
 planted with the expectation to have it come to a hea I 
 after the hottest summer weather is over. In all cases, 
 try to select the richest land for Cauliflower, giv- 
 ing a rich pasture or clover-field the preference. A 
 strong loam, neither too clayey nor too sandy, is best. 
 Plenty of good manure, horse manure being considered 
 best, must be well incorporated with the soil, and the 
 latter ite brought into the highest state of tilth. 
 
 For the early crop, start the plants from best seed ob- 
 tainable, under erlass, as early as the early cabbage plants 
 are started. This can be done in a greenhouse or a 
 hotbed. The possessor of the greenhouse, of course, 
 has the advantage that he is sure to be in position to 
 plant, and that no postponement will be necessary on 
 account of the weather. The aim is to have the seed- 
 
264 
 
 CAULIFLOWER 
 
 CEANOTHUS 
 
 lings pricked out into a coldframe and prrown to pood 
 transplanting size, and also well hardened off by expo- 
 sure, by the time that the soil can be brought into good 
 working order in early spring. With properly hardened 
 plants, late spring frosts are not much to be feared. 
 Liberal applications of good commercial fertilizers, say 
 up to a ton per acre, ancl made either before or after the 
 
 
 
 389. Cauliflower, trinuned for market. 
 
 plants are set, are often of material help ; and an 
 ounce or two of nitrate of soda scattered aro .nd each 
 plant soon after setting seldom fails to show marked 
 or even remarkable results. Salt, lime, kainit, or muri- 
 ate of potash frequently tend to aid the plants in mak- 
 ing increased growth. No application, however, can be 
 more necessary or more useful than that of cultivator 
 and hoe. The soil at all times should be kept loose and 
 mellow. 
 
 The best demand for Cauliflower is usually during 
 the pickling season, in September and October. Plants 
 can be started from seed and transplantetl to the field 
 at the same time that we start and set late cabbage 
 plants, or a little later. In a general way, the crop is 
 handled similarly to the early crop. It is not always au 
 easy task, however, to get the plantation started during 
 the hot and dry weather of July. A favorite method 
 of raising late Caulitlower is to sow a few seeds right 
 in the hill where the plants are wanted to grow. Put 
 the soil in perfect tilth previously, then mark out rows 
 3 feet apart, drop the little pinches of seed about 2 or 
 2}^^ feet apart in these shallow marks, and lightly cover 
 with the foot, firming well by stepping on each hill. 
 Later on the plants are thinned to one in the hill. The 
 soil must be kept stirred frequently, unless — and this is 
 a much better plan, and one which we always try to 
 practice— the soil is kept well covered with a mulch of 
 fresh manure, thick enough to keep down all weed 
 growth. In dry weather, water may be poured upon 
 this layer of manure, and will furnish both food and 
 drink for the plants. 
 
 Of the enemies of the crop, none is more formidable 
 than the cabbage root-magirot. This seems to have a 
 special liking for the Cauliflower. The protective 
 measures which are used for early cabbages are all the 
 more necessary for early Cauliflower. Among such 
 measures, that of enveloping each plant with a tight- 
 fitting collar of tarred felt, and the other of injecting 
 aliout a teaspoonful of bisulfide of carbon into the soil 
 under the roots of each plant, are probably the best and 
 most surely effective. Plant lice are another serious 
 pest of this crop. Effective reniedios are dusting with 
 fine tobacco dnsr, or spraying with strong tobacco tea or 
 kerosene emulsion. At times we have had fair success 
 by dashing hot soap-suds upon the plants. 
 
 Varieties.— There are no typical or very marked 
 differences between any of our most popular variftics. 
 Most of them are selected strains of the Early or Earli- 
 est Dwarf Erfurt, Among these are Alabaster, Best 
 Early, Gilt Edge, Ideal, Lackawanna. La ('rosse Fa- 
 
 vorite, Long IslaBd Beauty, Sea Foam, Snowball, Snow- 
 storm, ::nd others. AU these may be planted for early 
 as well as the late crop. A large form of the Early Er- 
 furt (and a little later) seems to be slightly better 
 adapted to growing in warm weather. Early Paris and 
 Half-early Paris are varieties well suited to summer 
 conditions. Autumn Giant or Giant Naples is a rptber 
 late sort, which gives good satisfaction in some of our 
 coast states. 
 
 The hot summers of the United States are not favor- 
 able for the production of Cauliflower seed, so that, 
 until quite recently, almost every pound of seed used 
 here was imported from Europe. Now, however, a con- 
 siderable portion of it is being grown on the Pacific 
 coast (i^'uget sound), and seems superior to the im- 
 ported in plumpness and vitality. We have always se- 
 cured especially strong plants from this American- 
 grown seed. For seed-trrowing purposes, sow seed dur- 
 ing July, transplant, and winter the partially-developed 
 heads over in coldframe or cellar, to be set in open 
 ground again in early spring, and otherwise to be 
 handled similarly to early cabbage when grown for seed. 
 
 T. Greiner. 
 CAVAN is .4 ca cm Cavenia. 
 
 CEAKOTHUS (ancient Greek name). New Jersey 
 Tea. J*hamndceif. Shrubs or rarely small trees, some- 
 times spiny: Ivs. alternate, sometimes opposite, serrate 
 or entire, and usunlly 3-nerved at the base : fls. perfect, 
 5-merou3, white, blue or purplish, small, but in showy, 
 often paaicled clusters : f r. a3-celled drupe, dry at length 
 and separating into 3 stones. Thirty-six species in N. 
 America, chiefly Pacific coast region. Ornamental, free- 
 flowering shrubs, some especially valuable for their late 
 flowering period. Many of them are only hardy in the 
 warmer temperate regions, but C . A mericanus ,C.ov(itus, 
 and G. Fendleri are hardy north, while the numerous hy- 
 brids of C. America )U(s are only half hardy, and even if 
 protected they are killed to the ground in the north, but 
 the young shoots will usually flower the same season. 
 The safest way, however, to have good, free-flowering 
 plants of these beautiful hybrids will be, in the north, to 
 dig them up in fall, store them away in a frost-proof pit 
 or cellar, and to plant them out again in spring. Pruning 
 of the late flowering species will be of advantage; about 
 one-half of last yearVi growth may be taken away. They 
 grow in almost any so I , but best in a light and well drained 
 one, and most of tho Californian species prefer a sunny 
 position. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and by cuttings 
 of mature wood in autumn, inserted in a coldframe or 
 greenhouse ; softwood cuttings also grow readily if 
 taken in early spring from forced plants. Sometimes 
 increased by layers, and the varieties and hybrids by 
 grafting on roots of C. A mericanns under glass in early 
 spring ; the cions must be fresh and with leave:?, taken 
 from plants kept in the greenhouse during the winter. 
 
 A. Lvs. alternate. 
 
 B. Margins of lvs. serrate or erenate. 
 
 c. Fls. white. 
 
 D. Foliage deciduous. 
 
 Americ^nus, Linn. Fig..S90. Low.&rect shrub.to.'ift.; 
 lvs. ovate, usually acute, finely and irregularly serrate, 
 bright green and dull above, paler and pubescent or 
 nearly glabrous beneath, lJ^-3 in. long: fls. in terminal 
 and axillary panicles on slender peduncles, forming 
 large, corvnibose panicles. July-Sept. From Canada to 
 S. Carolina and Texas. B.M. 1479. - Common in dry 
 woods and making a profusion of bloom, which, how- 
 ever, is short-lived. Many hybrids have been raised 
 from this species in Eu. (see C hi/bridus). Var. inter- 
 medins, Trel. ( C. intermedins, I*ursh ) . has smaller, ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and the fls, in small, very slen- 
 der, peduncled, short racemes or panicles. Tennessee to 
 S. Carolina. 
 
 ovitus, Desf. (C.ovdlis, Bigel.). Low shrub: lvs. ellip- 
 tic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-ser- 
 rate, nearlv glabrous, glossy above, 1-2 in. long: inflores- 
 cence like the former, but usually smaller. New England 
 to Colorado and Alabama. 
 
CEANOTHUS 
 
 CEDRELA 
 
 265 
 
 languineas, Pursh (C. OregHnns, Nutt.). Tall shrub, 
 with purple or reddish j^labrous branches: Ivs. orbicular 
 to ovate or obovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous, 
 1-3 in. long: fls. in rather long, narrow panicles, on stout, 
 leafless peduncles, axillary, from branches of the previous 
 year. May, June. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 5177. 
 
 i)U. Foliage persistent, shining above, canescent 
 
 beneath. 
 
 velutinus, Dougl. Tall shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic, 
 mostly subcordate, obtuse, serrate, dark .?rreen and gla- 
 brous above, 2-'i in. long : tls. in large, compound pani- 
 cles at the ends of tlip branches. .June, July. Brit. 
 Columbia to Colo, and ('alif. B.M. 51 65. 
 
 cc. Fls. blue, purplish or pink • Ivs. half rvergreen. 
 
 hirsfltns, Nutt. Shrub or small tree, with villous 
 brauehes: Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, rounded or cor- 
 date at the base, obtuse or acute, with glandular teeth, 
 villous and usually green beneath, }4-2 in. long : fls. 
 deep blue to purplish, in narrow panicles, 1-2 in. long. 
 April, May. Calif.- Var. drcutti, Trel. ( C. Orcutti, Tor- 
 rey). Fls'. blue, paler: fr. loosely villous, 
 
 thyrsifldrus, Eschsch. Shrub or small tree : Ivs. ob- 
 long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous, 1-lJ^in. 
 Ions:: fls. blue, rarelv white, in narrow panicles, about 
 3 in. long. May-rJufy. Oregon to Calif. B.R. 30:38. 
 S.S. 2: G4. G.C. Ill, 20: 363. -A very fine, free-flowering 
 species of beautiful blue color. Probably natural hybrids 
 of this species are : C. I'eifchidnus. Hook. (C. thyrsi- 
 flornsxrigidus), wit* 'eep blue fls. in dense panicled 
 clusters; B.M. .')127 .S. 13:1383, and C. Lobbidnus, 
 Hook. {C.thf/rs 'itsxdentntus), with deep blue fls., 
 in oval, pedunc! solitary clusters. B.M. 4810 (4811 by 
 error). F.S. 10;. -16. 
 
 390. Ceanothus Americanus (X K)- 
 
 hi^bridus, Ilort. Hybrids of garden origin, chiefly be- 
 tween V. Americanus or C.ontfus and C. thyrsiflorus 
 or Ca;ii»-eH.*(, mostly raised in French nurseries. Some 
 of the most distinct are : Alhus-plenns, with «louble 
 white ds. ; Atroc(rriileus pnrpurt'us. tis. blue, foliage 
 purple when young: Arnoldi. Hs. sky-blue, in large 
 panicles; Gloire <Je r*'rsa Hies, with bright blue, large 
 panicles; Gloire de Planti^res, fls. dark blue, in larjje 
 panicles ; Marie Simon, fls. flesh-colored ; Mdseus, fls. 
 pink. R.H.1875:30. 
 
 BB. Marfjins of Ivs. entire or nearly so: half evergreen. 
 
 Fendleri, Gray. Low, prostrate and spiny shrub: Ivs. 
 oval, roumied or nearly actite at both ends, entire, rarely 
 finely serrulate, grayish green, minutely tomentose be- 
 neath, J'^-l in. long: fls. white, in short racemes, termi- 
 nal, on sho.-t, lateral branchlets. June, July. From S. 
 Dakota to New Mexico and Arizona. — A very graceful 
 and free-flowering shrub of almost creeping habit, well 
 adapted for covering dry, sandy banks ; half evergreen 
 and hanly north. 
 
 int8g6rrimu8, Ilook. & Arn. Tall, erect shrub, with gia- 
 brosceat branches : Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, spar- 
 ingly hairy or glabrous, bright green beneath, 1-3 in. 
 long : fls. blue, sometimes white, fragrant, in 3-6-in. 
 long, narrow panicles. April-June. Washington to Calif . 
 and S. E. Arizona. 
 
 divaric&tus, Nutt. Tall, erect shrub, with usurilly glau- 
 cous branches and often spiny : Ivs, ovate, obtuse or 
 nearly acute, glaucous and glabrous or grayish tomen- 
 tose, ^^-1 in. lonir: fls. pale blue, sometimes whitish, in 
 2-3-in. long, narrow panicles. April-June Calif. 
 
 AA. Lrs. opposite, persistent. 
 
 cuneitus, Nutt. Tall, much-branched shrub: Ivs. spatu- 
 late or cuneate-obovate, mostly obtuse, entire, minutely 
 tomentose beneath, M-l in. long : fls. white, in small 
 clusters along the branches. March-May. Oregon to 
 Calif. B.H. 8: 170. 
 
 prostritns, Benth. Procumbent shrub : Ivs. cuneate, 
 obovate or spatulate, coarsely and pungently toothed, 
 sometimes only 3-pointed at the apex, often minutely 
 silky when young, }4-\ in. long : fls. blue, in dusters, 
 terminal on short branchlets. Spring. Washington to 
 Calif. 
 
 C. Africdntis. Linn.=Noltea Africana. — C. atrocaerfileus pur- 
 pfireus, see C. hybridus.— C. azureus, Desf. Low shrub : Ivs. 
 membrau»<'eous. oblong, serrate, putrescent : tls. blue, in large 
 panicles. Summer. Mexico. L.B.C.2:110. B.K.4:2yl. P.M. 
 2:74. Under this name a hybrid of this species with C Ameri- 
 canus is often ciiltivated.- C bicolor, HBK.= C. azureus.— C. 
 cceriileus, Lag.==C. azureus.— C. dentdtus, Torr. & Gray. Low 
 shrub : Ivs. oblong, penninerved. dentate, glandular-papillate 
 aOove, loosely hairy : fls. blue, in i)ediuicled ('lu.ster= Calif. 
 F.S. 6:567. 2. B.H. 3:101.— C. dentdtus, y&r. floribiin. us. Trel. 
 (C. tloril)undus. Hook.). Fl. -clusters numerous, ne»riy sessile: 
 Ivs. sm.-iller. B.M. 4S(»6. F.S. 10:977. I.H. 7:238. B.H. 5:129. 
 C. foliosus. Parry. Tjow shrub : Ivs. small, broadly elliptic, 
 glandular-toothed, slightly hairy, pale or glaucous beneath: lis, 
 deep blue, in numerous small clusters. Calif.— C. intermedins, 
 Pursh=C. AmericAnus, var. intermeilius.— C. Icevigdtus, Dougl. 
 Tall shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic, serrate, glabrous, glaucous ^- 
 neatb: tls. yellowish white, in large panicles. Calif.— C. Lobbi- 
 dnus. Hook., see C. thyrsitlorus.- C microphyllus, Michx. Low 
 shrub: Ivs. very small, obovate or elliptic, nearly glabrous: fls. 
 white, in small, short-pedimcled clusters. Florida.— C. Ore- 
 gdnus. Nutt.= C. sangiiineus.— C. Orcutti, Pan-y = C. hirsutus, 
 var. Orcutti.— C. papillosus, Torr. & Graj'. Low shrub: Ivs. 
 narrow-oblong, dentate, glinulular-papillate above, villous be- 
 ne;tth : tls. deep blue, in pe<hincled, axillary oblong chisters. 
 Calif. B.M.4.S1.-). F.S. 6:.Vj7, 1. P.F.G. 1. p. 74. R.H. 18,-H):;rJL— 
 C. Fdrryi. Trel. Large shrub: Ivs. elliptic or ovate, denticulate, 
 co])webby beneath : tls. deep tdue, in peduncled, narrow panicles. 
 Calif.— (\ riijidns, Nutt. ilifid, mu<-h-l)ranchetl shrub : Ivs. 
 opposite, cuneate-obovate, d*" iilate, usually glabrous, s lall: 
 fls. blue, in small, nearly ses. ... . axillary clusters. C.ilif. B.M. 
 4660 (as V. verrucosus) and 4(i<54.— C. Veitchidnus, Hook., see 
 C. thyrsiflorus.- (\ verrucosus. Nutt. Low shrub: Ivs. mostly 
 alternate, roundish obovate, emarginate. denticul.-ite, nearly 
 glabrous, small: fls. white, in small. axillaiT clusters along the 
 branches. Calif.— C. verrvcdsus, Hook.= C. rigidus. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 C£DB£LA (from Cedrus, the wood resembling that 
 of Cedrus). Melidceiv. Tall trees, with alternate, usu- 
 ally abruptly pinnate Ivs., without stipules; Ifts. petl- 
 oled, entire or slightly serrate : fls, inconspicuous, whit- 
 ish, usually perfect. 5-merous, in large, pendulous, termi- 
 nal panicles; the 5 petals formintj a tube with spreading 
 limb : fr. a capsule, dehiscent, with 5 teeth, with many 
 flat, winded seeds. Eisrht species in trop. Amer. and 8, 
 forming the subgenus Tooiia, in E. India and Australia. 
 Tall, ornanjental trees, and well adapted for avenues ; 
 only hardy in S. Calif, and in the Gulf states, except 
 C Sinensis. The wood of some species is known as 
 cedar wood, and much valued for making furniture and 
 boxes. They thrive best in rich loam, and are prop, by 
 seecls or by cuttings of mature wood, and, also, by root- 
 cuttings, all with bottom heat. 
 
;--, 1^5. ^ ■ 
 
 266 
 
 CEDRELA 
 
 391 
 
 Leaflets of Cedrela and 
 Ailanthus. 
 
 Cedrela in the right (X >^). 
 
 A. Lfts. 10-25, quite glabtous. 
 
 Sinensis, Ju8s. Fig. 391. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. long- 
 petioled, 10-20 in. long ; lfts. 10-22, oblong or obioug- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, slightly and remotely serrate, 
 4-8 in. long : fls. white, in very long, pendulous ra- 
 cemes : fr. oblong or obo- 
 vate, about 1 in. long. June, 
 China. K.H. 18yi. p. 574-75, 
 and 1875, p. 87. Gng. 4:l.— 
 S5:--_.^^^|C^_ / \_----|^ \ Ornamental tree, with large, 
 ^^^f / -,C^ \ feathery foliage; very valu- 
 able for avenues; similar to 
 Ailanthurf, and nearly of the 
 same hardiness, but of more 
 regular and dense growth, 
 and without the disagreeable 
 odor when flowering. Ailan- 
 thus can be easily distiu- 
 gui hed by the few coarse 
 teeth near the base of the 
 ifts., each bearing a large 
 gland beneath (Fig. 391). 
 
 Berrita, Royle. Tree, to 
 70 ft. : Ivs. usually odd-pin- 
 nats, 15-20 in. long : lfts. 
 15-25, ovate-lanceolate or 
 ovate-acuminate, irregularly 
 serrate, glaucous beneath : 
 panicles long, pendulous : 
 lis. fragrant. Himalayas.— 
 This is probably the hardi- 
 est of the tropical species. 
 Closel> killed to this species is C. Toona, Roxb., from 
 E. India, but Ivs. abruptly pinnate, and lfts. usually 
 entire. 
 
 odorAta, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft. : Ivs. 10-20 in. long; lfts. 
 12-20, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire, 4-<5 in. 
 long: panicles shorter than the Ivs.: fr. obloug, almost 
 \% in. long. W.India. — The cedar wood comes mostly 
 from this species. 
 
 AA. Lfts. 6-10, finely ciliate. 
 
 Dug^ai.Wats. Tree: Ivs. 10-15 in. long; lfts. cuneate, 
 ovate- lanceolate, long and slender acuminate, nearly 
 entire, shining above, 4-6 in. long: panicles rather com- 
 pact, much shorter than the Ivs. Mexico. 
 
 Alfred Rehdek. 
 
 CEDRONfiLLA {a little Cedar, from the odor of C. 
 triphijlht, a species from the Canary Islands, sometimes 
 called "Balm of Gilead"). Labihtas. Eight species of 
 nerbs or shrubs, allied to Dracocephalum. The two na- 
 tive kinds described below are compact, free-flowering 
 border perennials, with aromatic Ivs. and numerous 
 showy, purplish pink fls. with blue stamens, and borne 
 in dense whorls on long racemes or spikes. They are 
 not quite hardy north, and should have a sheltered, 
 sunny position, or some winter protection. 
 
 cAna, Hook. Height 2K-3 ft.: stems hard, square, 
 subshrubby : branches numerous, especially at the basr, 
 opposite, hoary with a minute pubescence: upper Ivs. 
 small, %-\% in. long, entire, hoary, numerous near the 
 fls., ovate ; lower Ivs. larger, cordate-ovate, dents' e- 
 serrate : spikes numerous : whorls dense, 15 or ni' .e 
 fld,: corolla 1 in. long, limb 5-cleft, the lowest '< i»e 
 largest, crenate, revolute. June-Oct.'* Mex. and N. Mex. 
 
 Mexicana, Benth. (GanJdquia betonico)(1es, Lindl.), 
 Height l-.{ ft.: root creeping: Ivs. lK-234 in. long, 
 ovate-l?nceolate (the lower ones cordate), crenate-den- 
 tate, becoming purplish below, petioled : fls. very like 
 above, bright pink. Mex.. Mts. S. Ariz. B.M, 3800.— 
 Rarer in cult, than above. Lvs. larger, longer and fewer. 
 
 triph^lla, Mceneh (Dracoc^phahim Canarifn.^e, Linn.). 
 Balm of Gilead. Shrubby: leaflets 3, oblong or lanceo- 
 late : fls. purple or white, in loose spicate whorls. Aro- 
 matic plant from Canary Is. Three to 4 ft. 
 
 J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 C£DBUS (Kedron, ancient Greek name). Coniferr. 
 Cedar, Large evergreen trees, with quadrangular, stitf, 
 fasciculate lvs.: fls. monoecious, forming cylindrical cat- 
 kins: cones ovate, 3-5 in. long, with broad.'closelyimbri- 
 
 CEDRUS 
 
 cate bracts, attaining maturity in two or three years ; 
 seeds winged. Three closely allied species in N. Africa, 
 Asia Minor and Himalayas. Large ornamental Conifers, 
 with wide-spreading branches, very distinct in hal>it 
 from most other Conifers ; not hardy north, but the 
 hardiest, €. Atlantica, may be grown as far north as 
 New York in sheltered positions, while C. Deodaru can 
 be only grown safely in Calif, and S. states. The very 
 durable and fragrant wood of all species is highly 
 valued. The Cedars prefer well-drained, loamy soil, 
 and will also grow ?n sandy clay, if there is no stagnant 
 moisture. Prop, by seeds, sown ju spring ; thtf vurietk-b 
 by veneer grafting, in late summer or in fall, on ^fed- 
 lings of C. Atlantica; or, in warmer regions, on C. 
 Deodara ; they grow also from cuttings, if the small 
 shoots are selected which spring occasioUtJly fron. the 
 old wood. Plants of this genus tre the true Cedars; 
 but trees of other genera are often called Cedar. See 
 Ciiamcecypari/t,Junip€nts,&ud Thuya; also Cedrela. 
 
 A. Branches stiff, not droopin<j : cones truncate, 
 and often concave at t.ie apex. 
 
 Atlantica, Manetti. Fig. 392. Large, pyramidal tree, 
 to 120 ft., with upright leading shoots : lvs. mostly less 
 than 1 in. long, usually thicker than broad, rigid, glau- 
 cous-green : cones 2-3 in. long, light brown. N. Africa. 
 Gng.2:163. G.F.9:417. R.H. 1890, p. .T2. Var. glauca, 
 Hort. Foliage glaucous, with silvery hue ; a very de- 
 sirable and vigorous form. Var. fastigiata, Carr' Of 
 upright columnar habit. R.H. 1890, p. 32. 
 
 Lib^ni, Barr. Large tree, with wide spreading, hori- 
 zontal branches, forming a broad head when older, lead- 
 ing shoot nodding : lvs. 1 in. or longer, broader than 
 thick, dark or bright green, sometimes bluish or silvery: 
 cones 3-4 in. long, brown. Lebanon, Taurus, S. Ana- 
 tolia and N. Africa. Gng. 5: 65. Mn. 1 : .{9. G.F. 8: :{:}5. 
 Gn. 48, p. 237. Var. arg^ntea, Loud. With blue or sil- 
 very hue. Var. n&na, Loud. Dwarf foim. 
 
 
 392. Ccdrus Atlantica. 
 
 AA. Branches and leading shoot pendulous ; 
 cones obtuse. 
 Deodara, Loud. Tall tree, of pyramidal habit, to 150 
 ft.: lvs. 1-2 in. long, dark bluish green, rigid, as thick 
 as broad : cones 3^-5 in. long, reddish brown. Hinial. 
 
CEDRUS 
 
 CELERIAC 
 
 267 
 
 Gng. 2:8. Var. arg6ntea, Hort. Lvs. Antth silvery hue. 
 Var. viridis, Hort. Lvs. bright green. Var. robHsta, 
 Hort. Lvs. about 2 in. long, very rigid. 
 
 Alfred Rehdek. 
 CEIBA. See Eriodendron. 
 
 CELANDINE. See CheUdonium. 
 
 CELASTEUS (A'f/ajj/ro.t, ancient Greek name). Celas- 
 trAceiF. Shrubs, usually climbing, with alternate, peti- 
 oled, usually deciduous and serrate glabrous lvs.: fls. 
 polygamous, .5-merous, inconspicuous, greenish white, 
 in axillary or ♦erminal panicles or racemef : fr. a cap- 
 sule, dehisceiit inio '.i values, eich containing 1 or 2 
 seeds, enclosed in -x fieshy crimson anl. A'»out 26 spe- 
 cies in S. and E.Asia. Australia and America. Hardy 
 ornamental shrubs, very effective by their bright-colored 
 fruit remaining usually throughout the winter ; they 
 are very valuable for covering trellis-work, trees or 
 rocks and walls. They grow in almost any soil and 
 situation, and as well in shaded as in sunny positions. 
 Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified, and by root- 
 cuttings or layers ; suckers are freely produced, and 
 become sometimes a nuisance in nurseries ; they can be 
 also increased by cuttings of mature and of soft wood. 
 The species with perfect fls. in axillary cymes and with 
 evergreen lvs., being rigid and often spiny shrubs, are 
 now included under Gymnosporia, which see. 
 
 BCindens, Linn. False Bitter Sweet. Fig. 393. 
 High, climbing to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate, ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 2-4 in. 
 long : fls. in terminal, mauy-fld. panicles or racemes : 
 fr. about J^in. in dium., orange-yellow, with crimson 
 3eeds. Canada to S. Dakota and N. Mexico. Em. 545. 
 A. 0.11:29,31. G.F.5:569. Gng. 5:119. 
 
 orbicul&tus, Thunbg. ( C. articuh'itus, Thunbg. ). High 
 climbing shrub : lvs. cuneate, suborbicular to oblong or 
 obovate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, 2-3 in. 
 long : fr. globular, orange-vellow, with crimson seeds. 
 Japan, China. B.M. 7.599. G.F. 3: ."S-iO. A.F. 9:.')34. G. 
 cm, 23: 29. Gng. 5: 119. Var. puncUtus, Rehder (C. 
 piit'ctdtus, Thunb.). A less vigorous grower, with 
 smalle", e'liptic lvs. C orbiculatus is of more vigorous 
 growth than ihe former species, and fruits very pro- 
 fusely, but the fruits are hidden by the foliage, and are 
 not very- conspicuous until the lvs. have fallen, while (^. 
 scandens bears its fruits above the lvs. 
 
 J'r». bruits ol 
 Celastrus scandens. 
 
 (X Vs.) 
 
 paniculitus, Willd. (C. dependens,^^^]}.). Branches 
 with white lenticels, pendulous: lvs. ovate-oblong or 
 obovate : fls. in terminal pendulous panicles. Himalayas. 
 Not hardy N. 
 
 C.7tutan8, Hort. Reasoner, not Roxbg.=Quisqu.ilis Indica.— 
 C. Orixa, Sieb. & Zucc.=Orixa .laponica. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CELEBIAC (Apiiim graveoJens, Linn., var. rapd- 
 C€Mm, DC). Umbelllferce. Fig. 394. An offshoot of the 
 celery species, producing an edible root instead of 
 edible leaves. Just how long Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted 
 Celery, has been in cultivation is unknown. Its history 
 as a garden vegetable can be traced definitely as far 
 
 back as the middle of the seventeenth century, although 
 writers for a century or more previous to this time made 
 references which would seem to relate to this vegetable, 
 but the identity is ob.scure. Itn origin was probably the 
 same as that of the common garden celery, of wh'ch it 
 
 
 
 
 394. Celeriac {X%). 
 
 is doubtless a state wherein the root has become en- 
 larged and edible. This form is supposed to be the one 
 most remotely removed from the wild state. 
 
 Celeriac is very little grown in this country, and to 
 Americans is almost unknown, but it is much prized in 
 Europe. It is cultivated chiefly where there is a Ger- 
 man population. Fifteen or 20 varieties are mentioned 
 in the seed catalogues, but there is very little difference 
 in the various sorts, some seedsmen even making no 
 distinction between varieties, but catalogue the plant 
 simply as Celeriac. 
 
 In general, the culture is the same as for celery, ex- 
 cept that no blanchinjtr is required, since it is the enlarged 
 root which constitutes the edible portion. Sow the seed 
 during the sprintr in a w»'ll-prepared seod-bed. prefera- 
 bly in a more or less shaded location. A coldframe or a 
 spent hotbed is a good pltice. The seed is slow to ger- 
 minate, and must be kept well watered. When the 
 plants are 2 or 3 inches tall, they ought to be trans- 
 planted ; about 3 indies apart each way is a good dis- 
 tance to place them at this handling. Later, again 
 transplant them to the open ground, in rows about 2 
 feet apart and (J or 8 inches distant in the row. The 
 soil should be a rich, light loam well supplied with 
 moisture. 
 
 The seed may be sown where the plants are to remain, 
 and thinned to the required distance, but stronger, 
 more stocky plants are obtained by transplanting as 
 above directed. 
 
 Plants thus treated will be_ ready for fall and winter 
 tise. If they are desired for earlier use, the seeds may 
 be sown in a mild hotbed and transplanted to the open 
 as soon as the ground is in good condition in the spring. 
 Aside from frequent tillage, Celeriac requires but little 
 attention during growth. It is a frequent practice 
 among growers to remove a little of the earth from 
 about the plants aftertheroot has become well enlarged, 
 and to cut off the lateral roots. This tends to make the 
 main root grow larger, smoother and more symmetrical 
 in shape. 
 
 For winter use, the plants may be protected with 
 earth and straw sufficient to keep out frost, or packed 
 in moist sand and placed in a cool cellar. 
 
 The principal use of Celeriac is for the flavoring of 
 soups and stews, but it is also served in several other 
 
268 
 
 CELERIAC 
 
 CELERY 
 
 ways. It may be bulled and eaten with a white sauce, 
 like cauliflower ; as a salad, either first beintr cooked 
 as beets or turnips, or else cut up into small pieces and 
 used raw ; when boiled, sliced und nerved with oil and 
 vinegar, it forms the dish known as "celery salad." An 
 extract may be obtained from it which is said to have 
 certain medicinal properties. u. p. Gould. 
 
 C£L£H7 (ApiutH (jraveoh'tiH, Lir.n.), rmhfUiferce. 
 Annual or biennial plants: leaf-staiks G-15 in. long, 
 bc"- Aig 3 pairs and a teiminal leaflet, ail of 
 which are coarsely serrate and more or less 
 ternately Iobe<l or'div'ded: tiower stalk 2-3 
 ft. higj, branched aud leafy, beari'^g nu- 
 ■Tiejous "ither small compound umbels of 
 ■ conspic lous white tlov ^^rs: fruit small, 
 flattened on the sides, broader than long. 
 An ounce contains between 60,000 and 
 70,000 seeds. 
 
 Celery is known in America only as a 
 garden vegetable, and is cultivated mainly 
 for the leaf stalks, which are blanched and 
 eaten raw with salt, made into salads, or 
 boiled and served like asparagus. Celery 
 roots, leaver aud seeds are also used in '. ^- 
 voring soups, meats, etc. The garden 'orm 
 resembles wild celery, which grows over a 
 wide range in Europe and Asia, but the 
 plants are less acrid and pungent and the 
 leaf-stalks are much larger and more meaty aud solid. 
 Ancient writers left litile definite information about this 
 plant, and it is doubtful if its cultivation as a staple gar- 
 den vegetable really began until after the Middle Ages. 
 Previous to that time it does not appear to have been 
 clearly distinguished from parsley, which was mainly 
 used at funeral ceremonies, and not at all as a salad 
 plant. It is supposed that the Selhwn mentioned by 
 Homer in the Odyssey was wild celery, and it has also 
 been stated that Dioscorides distinguished between the 
 wild and the cultivated forms of this plant, but later 
 writers were singularly silent about garden celery until 
 the seventeenth century. In 1029 Parkinson wrote that 
 "sellery"was a rarity in England. It seems to have 
 been introduced there from Italy, where its cultivation 
 as a garden vegetable probably began. In 1(599 John 
 Evelyn wrote of "sellery"as Apiutn Italicnm, and de- 
 scribed it as a hot and more generous form of Mace- 
 donian parsley or smallage, which, he stated, fo»- its 
 high and grateful taste was ever placed in the middle 
 of the Grand Pallet at the great men's tables and 
 Praetors' Feasts as the grace of the whole board. Dur- 
 ing the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries celery was 
 frequently called smalhuje in England and arhe in 
 France, but now these names have fallen into disuse. 
 Until about 18.")0 celery was grown in trenches; later 
 level culture was gradually adopted. For 20 or 25 years 
 following 18.50 celery was used almost entirely as a win- 
 ter vegetable. The plants were only partially blanched 
 
 The demand for earlier crl'>ry increased after 1875 or 
 1880. 1 he introduction of two new kinds of celery a few 
 year?? later, namely the White Plume and the Paris 
 Golden, both with distinct self-blaL 'hmg ti..;'Je^:'"ie9 
 gave a frosh impetus to the cultivation and the cjn' 
 sumption of early celery. These new kinds were -.uore 
 atti active aj vabl< decorations, and they were also more 
 easily grown and blanche<i than any varieties previously 
 cultivated. Soon after their introduction l>oards began 
 to be used in the place of earth in blanching early 
 
 
 ---'i?*>-v!t — C__ / 
 
 395. Celery planted thick, and the patch edged with 
 
 boards. 
 
 in the field, then lifted and placed in trenches or celery 
 pits, where they remained until the blanching process 
 was completed, being taken out from time to time dur- 
 ing the winter. Celery is reported as naturalized on the 
 coast of southern California, and as escaped from culti- 
 vation in southeastern Virginia. 
 
 396. The laat earthine-up oi Celery. 
 
 celery. This proved a decided advantage to growers 
 because the rows could be from 2>a to 3 feet apart in- 
 stead of 4 or 5 feet, as was necessary before, and also 
 less labor was required in caring for the crop and pre- 
 paring it for market. With the new varieties and im- 
 proved methods of blanching, early celery began to be 
 grown on a large scale after 1885, and now la'"ge markets 
 are supplied with Celery throughout the entire year. 
 
 Staktinmj! the Plants. — Celery seed is usually sown 
 in frames where there is but little artificial heat. The 
 seeds germinate slowly, and the seedlings require about 
 three months after the seed is planted to mature suffi- 
 ciently to be set in the field. Sowings for the early crop 
 betrin in January, and those for the late crop about the 
 mitldle of March in the northern states. The seed is 
 sown broadcast, and when the plants are large enough 
 to handle they are transplanted into other frames, being 
 set 2 or 3 inches apart each way. The soil in these 
 frames, aud also where the seed is sown, is made very 
 fertile, to insure a strong growth 
 of both roots and foliage. After 
 being transplanted the plants 
 are allowed to remain in the 
 frames only long enough to 
 send out u new set of roots and 
 leaves. If for any reason the 
 plants remain in the frames too 
 long, they often go to seed pre- 
 maturely when set in the field. 
 This is much more likely to oc- 
 cur with the early than with the 
 late crops. 
 
 Field CtTLTTRB. — Moi.st, 
 peaty soil is preferred, but cel- 
 ery is succes.sfully grown on 
 clayey and even sandy soils, 
 when these are highly fertilized 
 and irrigated. Level culture is 
 now generally practiced, the old 
 method, in which plants were 
 set in sinjrle or double rows in 
 trenches (Fiir. ,'597) being nearly 
 obsolete. The plants are set 
 from «) inches to a foot apart in the rows, and the rows 
 from 2% to 'M4 feet apart. Early and late varieties are 
 often set in alternate rows. Boards are used to blanch 
 the plants tltat mature first, and when these are out of 
 the wav^ there is room to bank the remaining rows with 
 earth (Fig.:i96). 
 
 Celery plants are also set 7 or 8 inches apart each way 
 in beds. This method requires intensive culture. The 
 plants must be frequently fertilized and copiously 
 watered during their growth. In this case the crowding 
 of the leaves is sufficient to blanch the stalks of the 
 
 397. The old method 
 of growing Celery 
 in trenches. Plants 
 are sometimes stored 
 for winter *a t>uch 
 trenches. 
 
CELERY 
 
 CELERY 
 
 269 
 
 Paris Golden, which is the variety generally grown in 
 this way, and boards are used only around the outside 
 of the beds (Fig. 395). This method is known as the 
 "New Celery Culture," or Niven's method. 
 
 Blanching. — When the weather is warm in summer 
 I" le'"v "I'ten blanches In two weeks after boards are set 
 ' side the rows, but later in ♦he fall it takes three or 
 f«' ,' eeks, and the winter varieties are often banked 
 with *th considerably longer than this and 'hen placed 
 in eele* ' pits, where the blanching process continues. 
 Hemlock boards an inch thick, u foot wide and 12 feet 
 long, a e largely used for bianching summer celery. 
 These are placf 1 ou edge beside the rows and drawn 
 nearly together at the top, where they are held by small 
 wooden cleats. When thus placed the boards enclose 
 the entire plants, with tl e exception of ends of scatter- 
 ing leav es, which project above them. In market gar- 
 dens these boards are mc ed from one field to another 
 after the crops mature, ana '.•«'pt in constant use from 
 the middle of June until late in .'ovember. When freez- 
 ing weather is expected, the remaining plants of the 
 early varieties are lifted and set in beds in the field, 
 where they are enclosed on the sides and covered as 
 closely as circumstances may require with the boards. 
 
 Late celery is blanched mainly by banking with earth, 
 the earth being thrown up against the plants at two or 
 three different times; first, the base of the bank is 
 thrown up about one foot high, the leaves being held 
 together during the operation to prevent the soil from 
 tilling in between the stalks. The top of this bank is 
 left broad and dishing so that the plants can be watered 
 Two or three weeks later the bank is raised 8 inches or a 
 foot higher, and often it is again raised, the top of the 
 highest banks being about 3 feet above the ditches be- 
 tween the rows The plow is used in loosening the soil, 
 but the banking is mainly done by band. The old method 
 of growing celery in trenches ( Fig. 397 ) in order to bleach 
 it is now entirely obsolete in this country. A well-hilled 
 field is shown in Fig. 396. 
 
 Celery is sometimes blanched by wrapping the plants 
 in thick paper (Fig. 398), or by placing large pieces of 
 drain tile over them. 
 
 Pkeparation fok Market.— After pulling, the celery 
 is trimmed, then taken to the packing room, where it is 
 washed and tied in bunches, the bunches being from 3 
 to 4 inches in diameter and containing from 2 to 6 
 '•heads" or plants. The root is cut to a point, as shown 
 in Fig. 399. After bunching, it is packed in cases of 
 various patterns which hold from 2 to 5 dozen bunches 
 each. A common style of celery crate, for the marketing 
 of trimmed plants, is shown in Fig. 400. Sometimes 
 celery, especially the early crop and for nearby markets, 
 is not trimmed at the roots; but the roots are left intact, 
 the plant washed and stripped of its dead and broken 
 leaves and then shipped in a tray which holds water. 
 Fig. 401 shows Niven's tray, used for this purpose. This 
 tray or crate will hold 24-30 roots. The sides, A A, are 
 20x40 in. ; B B. 14Kx40 in. ; top pieces, C, IKin. wide by 
 ■^sin. thick: posts, D, 1x1x12 in. The joints are mitered 
 and painted before nailing. The inside of the tray is 
 painted white. 
 
 Va'ji eties. — Not less than 50 kinds of celery, which are 
 more or less distinct, are catalogued by American seeds- 
 men. The plants vary in size from the Paris Red Ribbed, 
 which is scarcely a foot high, to the Giant Pascal, which 
 is fully three times as tall: and in color of the foliage 
 from the deep green of the Boston Market to the 
 golden yellow of the Paris Golden and the almost pure 
 white of the White Plume. Some kinds are turnip- 
 rooted (see Celeriac), others have red leafstalks, and 
 still others are very bitter and pungent: yet all of these 
 variations seem to have resulted from high cultivation 
 and. possibly, in some cases, from crossings of the differ- 
 ent kinds. A half dozen leading types may be described. 
 
 Paris Golden or Golden Self-blanching. — 1h\fi\Vir'w\y 
 was raised by M. Chemin in his market-gardens near 
 Paris. France, and it was introduced into the United 
 States about 1885. It was entirely distinct from all 
 other varieties, and it gained favor among growers rap- 
 idly. Since 1892 or 1893 it has been the leading summer 
 kind, and more generally planted in market-gardens 
 than any other. The plants are stocky, they can be 
 planted closely, conveniently blanched with boards, 
 
 packed ^n small space when bunched, the bnnches keep 
 remarkably well, are exceptionally attractive when ex- 
 posed for sale in the market, ancl the stalks are never 
 disagreeably bitter. Leaf-stalks below the lower pair 
 of leafiets 6 to 8 inches long and from \% to \% iueheH 
 in circumference, generally with 9 distinct ridges and 
 13 rather small flbn)vascular bundles, the latter not im- 
 bedded in green cells, the ridges flattened and the 
 furrows between them shallow; leaf-bearing part of the 
 stalk 12 to 14 inches long, with a decided constriction 
 where the lower pair of leaflets unite with it; leaflets 
 thick, sharply serrate, usually wedge shaped at the base 
 and with characteristic yellow specks, which increase in 
 
 398. Blanching Celery by wrapping it with paper. 
 
 numbers as the plants mature until the entire foliage 
 appears to be of a light golden hue. 
 
 The Paris Red Ribbed celery is a very dwarf variety, 
 having thick leaflets with yellow specks in them like the 
 Paris Golden, but the plants are smaller, not so full in 
 the centers and the leaf stalks are shaded with red. 
 Another variety of recent introduction, known as the 
 Broad Ribbed celery, is evidently nearly related to the 
 preceding kinds. The foliage shows the yellow specks, 
 the leaf stalks are large and rounded on the edges, at.d 
 the plants mature early, but they are open in the center. 
 Some strains of this variety have reddish leaf stalks. 
 
 White P^um^. — Introduced by Peter Henderson in 
 1884. For several years this variety was more generally 
 grown than any other kind. The plants are distinctively 
 
270 
 
 CELERY 
 
 CELERY 
 
 self-blanchint^ aim beautiful, and it has been claimed 
 that thin variety surpa-snes all others as a table decora- 
 tion. Leafstalk below the lower pair of leaflets 8 to 10 
 inches long, 1 to 2 inches in circumference, ' :ht green, 
 becoming pure white w^hen blanched, ridges 9, flbrovas- 
 cular bundles I'A imbedded in green cells; leaflets large, 
 borne on slender divisions of the main stalk, turning 
 light colored and sometimes nearl.v pure white when the 
 
 399. Celery plant trimmed lor market. 
 
 plants approach maturity. This variety often requires 
 artificial ripening to reduce the strong flavor, in addition 
 to what is necessary to whiten the stalks. 
 
 The Pink Plume is a nearly related variety, having 
 reddish stalks but is hardly equal to the preceding kind. 
 
 Bosto)i M(tfkft. — Xn old variety, that has been grown 
 in the vicinity of Boston since about \i<'y{). Plants low and 
 spreading, very dark green and glossy, forming numer- 
 ous secondary crowns, leaf -stalks short and stout, ridges 
 9 or 11 , with shallow furrows between them , ttl)rovascular 
 bundles 13 or 15, imbedded in green cells; leaflets thick, 
 rounded in outline, deeply cleft, serrations shallow, each 
 terminating in a whitish point. There is a constriction 
 where the lower pair of leaflets unite with the stalk, and 
 the stalk is lighter colored here than elsewhere; above 
 this point the central stalk ta])ers rapidly to the end. 
 
 The Early Arlington celery is a sub-variety of the 
 Boston Market. 
 
 Golden ^Tear^ — A popular kind before the introduc- 
 tion of the self-blanching varieties, but now placed in 
 the background with the Golden Half Dwarf, White 
 Solid, Schumacher, Perle le Grande, and Alpha. 
 
 ^ose. — A tall, red variety, better known than any other 
 kind of this class. It was introduced in 1880 by Peter 
 Henderson, but it never has been extensively grown for 
 market. Leaf-stalk red or purplish, 10 to 15 inches 
 long, 13^ to 2 inches \\\ circumference, ridges 9, fibro- 
 vascular bundles 13; leaflets dull green, thin, and the 
 edges inclined to turn upward; the whole plant tall, 
 slentler and rather hard to blanch. The young stalks 
 retain the red color when blanched, and are exception- 
 ally attractive in appearance, crisp, and have th« nutty 
 flavor that is so highly prized in choice celery. It was 
 formerly supposed that the red varieties of celery kept 
 better than the others, but the supposition does not seem 
 to be well founded. 
 
 Other varieties of this class are the Crimson Boaquet 
 Pink Ar'-matic. ami Convent Garden Rose. * 
 
 (Jianl PnscuL — 'Vh'x^ variety is peculiarly a<lapted to 
 the proiluction of a large amount of e«lible matter. The 
 stalks are of the largest size, tender, and never pungent, 
 even before they are blanched ; grown both in private 
 gardens and f«ir market. Leaf-stalks very large, long 
 and thick, generally with 12 flattened ri(li,'es arid 10 
 tibrovasfular bundles; leaflets dark green, thick, deeply 
 cleft and coarsely serrate. Plants with full centers anil 
 usually with«»ut secon<lary crowns. 
 
 Although the variety is much, the value and appear- 
 ance of the plant depend much upon the growing. There 
 are clifferent ideals in different parts of the country. 
 in the west, a plant of the type of Fig. 402 is wanted. 
 About Boston, a broad-based and thick-set plant (ob- 
 tained by much transplanting and less crowding) is 
 demanded (Fig. 403). 
 
 Fekti I. izeks.— Celery rarely makes satisfactory growth 
 on land of ordinary fertility ; it is a crop that must have 
 liberal treatment to yield good returns. Organic ferti- 
 lizers rich in nitrogen are mainly used, although gener- 
 ally in market-gardens these are supplemented with pot- 
 ash and other salts. It is customary to apply the organic 
 fertilizers in a decomposed condition and plow them in 
 before the plants are set. Later, when the plants are 
 about half grown, some commercial fertilizer is scattered 
 along tb'^ rows before each hoeing. It is important that 
 the fertilizers used should not njakethe land too porous. 
 They should increase its capacity for holding moisture. 
 and not hasten evaporati(m. When coarse, litrht manures 
 must be used for this crop, it is better to pliice them on 
 the surface as a mulch than to plow them in. 
 
 Diseases. — Of diseases, there are two or three serious 
 blights or rusts, but there are no widespread and serious 
 insect depredators. (.See Duggar. Bull. 132, (.'oruell 
 Exp. Sta., and reports from stations in Conn.. N. Y. 
 (state), N. J., Dei>t. Agric, etc.) The best general 
 treatment is to start with healthy seed on land which 
 has not bred the disease, ami then spray early snid fre- 
 quently with Bordeaux mixture, or other fungicide. 
 The treatment should all be done early in the life of 
 the crop. 
 
 Storing.— If celery is to be kept for winter use, it 
 must be cool and moist. It is usually set out again, so 
 that the roots take sufficient hold upon the earth to pre- 
 vent the plant from wilting. For home use, the plants 
 may be set in an old shoe case, in which there are a few 
 inches of earth in the bottom, the top of the box being 
 left uncovered. If the box is as deep as the height of 
 the Celery, holes should be made in the side of the box 
 to admit of ventilation. The box may now be kept in a 
 cool cellar. Taking similar precautions, Celery may be 
 stored in barrels in ^ 
 
 the cellar. For mar- 
 ket. Celery may be 
 set in trenches, as 
 shown in Fig. .397. 
 Two boards are then 
 leaned over the 
 plants, to forn a ga 
 bie roof; and as cold 
 weather approaches, 
 straw is brown on 
 top. In large cel^^ry 
 areas, however, the 
 crop is now stored in 
 sheds or cellars made 
 for the purpose. In 
 these sheds, the cel- 
 ery is planted out, 
 and the temperature 
 is kept above hard 
 frost. Full discussion of this method will be found 
 under Storing. 
 
 For further information, see Greiner's "Celery for 
 Profit"; Vaushan's "Celerv Manual': Van Bochove's 
 "Kalamazoo Celery"; Hollister's "Livingston's Celery 
 Book." L. F. Kinney. 
 
 Commercial Celery Culture. -The increasing de- 
 mand for this delicious vegetable has interested both the 
 gardener and farmer in studying its needs. They have 
 
 400. Celery crate. 
 
CELERY 
 
 CELKKY 
 
 271 
 
 iuc!Ct»eded so well that th« quality has be«n improved 
 anii the leujrth of the market season increased to such 
 an extent that instead of tlndinx it for sale only durint; 
 the fall and winter mouths, we now have it the greater 
 part of the year. The greater part of the crop is pre- 
 pared for Hbippinn^ by trimmin}^ off the outer stalk:* 
 
 401. Water-holding Celery crate. 
 
 and roots, \. shin*; and tying in bunches of one dozen 
 roots, and packing in boxes contaiuinir from 4 to 8 dozen, 
 accordinj; to the size of the roots. The California and 
 some of the Michijran and New York growers ship with 
 the roots on unwashed, and load in refrigerator cars, 
 with two decks put in and the bunches placed on the 
 decks. A car contains by this process from 1 ,2(10 to l.-lOO 
 dozens, while a car loaded with the boxed product con- 
 tains from L.IOO to 2,000 dozens. 
 
 The seeds are very small and slow to germinate. The 
 first leaves are small and digest foo(l slowly, which 
 makes it necessary to have plant-food available at all 
 times during the growth <»f the plant, so that nature msy 
 be assisted in her work cf building it up and giving to 
 it a constitution strong enough to resist disease, which 
 sometimes comes in the shape of a fungus which attacks 
 the leaves, and, with the plant in its weak condition, 
 absorbs the sap and destroys the digesting surface of 
 the leaf to such an extent that the outer stalks, and 
 sometimes the inner ones as well dry up, and the crop 
 is a total loss. Fortunately, the climatic conditions for 
 the developni nt of the fungi do not remain more than 
 3 or 4 days at a time, and, with means for irrigation and 
 with food containing the different materials that the plant 
 desires, this ditKculty is successfully met. In Colorado 
 and other parts of the west, they expect to demonstrate 
 that the disease cannot exist, on account of irrigation 
 keeping the plant well supplied with food, the large 
 amount of lime the soil contains, the bright sunlight, 
 and cool nights, as all these are to the advantage of the 
 plant and against ;he development of fungi. 
 
 The soils best adapted to the plant are cranberry bogs 
 and low marshes, filled with a deposit of decayed" vege- 
 table matter from 2 to 15 feet deep, which, when drained 
 by open and tile drainage, cleared of trees and roots. 
 
 the surface cut with dl^k-harrow, smoothed and pulver- 
 ized wirh common harrow and roller, are then ready for 
 a crop of corn or millet the tlrst season. The following 
 season the surface is treat'^d with a ton of air-slaked 
 lime to the acre, which is turned under to hasten the 
 <lecay of the vegetable matter and correct the accumu- 
 lated acidity which abounds from the decay of such 
 large quantities of vegetables. The lime also destroys 
 fungous growth and tends to strengthen the constitution 
 of the plant. The siirface is then dressed with a ferti- 
 lizer composed of 1 ton of tine raw t)one, 40 bushels of 
 wood ashes, and 500 pounds of salt to the acre. Where 
 barnyard manure can be had, the raw bone is reduced 
 l.(H)0 pounds, and 20 loads of manure are applied. la 
 Florida the amount of bone is increased to .'{,000 pounds, 
 and 200 pouudsoi high-grade potash adde<l and the ashes 
 omitted. In Colorado, where the soil contains 10 per 
 cent of lime, it is not necessary to use lime. With ferti- 
 lizers containing 10 per cent of potash, 4 per cent of 
 nitrogen, and 10 percent phosphoric acid, applied at the 
 rate of 1 ton to the acre, and with the physical conditions 
 of the land improved by turning under green crops, 
 such as corn or alfalfa, success is anticipated. Celery 
 is also raised on samly loatn, but unless 50 loads of 
 coarse manure is plowed under, and water plentifully 
 supplied during growth, either by rains or irrigation, 
 the crop is poor in quality and light in quantity. 
 
 In the north and middle states, the early plants are 
 started on hotbeds March 1, and transplanted in cold- 
 frames March 10-12, then into the open tlehl after May 10. 
 For the late or main crop, the see<l is sown ia the open 
 ground .tvpril 1, and by June 1 the plants are large 
 enough to cut back to the heart leaves. This makes 
 them stocky and increases the root-growth, and by .June 
 10 they are large enough to be removed to the field, 
 where they are cultivated frequently by both horse and 
 hand cultivators. In Florida, plants are all started 
 under a half shade in August, and transplanted under 
 another half sha<le made by setting posts in the ground, 
 5 feet high and 12 feet apart, on the tops of which a 
 board is nailed, forming a rest or frame, and 3-inch slats 
 nailed on 3 inches apart, thus protecting the beds from 
 the bright sun in day time and cold at night. The plai ts 
 are removed to the open field after September, ani 
 planting is continued until about February 1. In Colo- 
 ra<lo the early plants cannot be grown successfnlly with 
 glass close to the plants. The bright sun penetrates the 
 soil and takes up the moisture so fast that germination 
 is retarded and takes place very unevenly. By covering 
 the glass with plant-cloth, tacked on the inside, the light 
 is subdued and success attained. For the month of 
 April, beds covered 
 •with plant-cloth alone 
 do very well. It is not 
 practical to sow late 
 plants in the open ,^ 
 
 ground without the \, 
 
 liikM 
 
 402. A good Celery plant of the middle and western states. 
 
 'V 
 
 403. The Boston ideal. 
 
272 
 
 CELERY 
 
 CELTIS 
 
 pUul-cloth protection uRaiuAt the bright sunlight an'l 
 frequent winds thmt prevail during April and Ma> in 
 this latitude. Close watching and spraying twice each 
 day will bring tho seed up, and, after the fourth leaf 
 is well started, the cloth is removed for a few hours 
 toward night each day until the plants are 2 inches 
 high: th<Mi the cloth is removed during the night after 
 May 10, and the plants aru hardened. 
 
 From 20, (KH) to 30,0()<) plants are set on an acre. In 
 sixty days plants are large enough to blanch for the 
 early market. IMne boards 1 foot wide, 1 inch thick, !(> 
 feet long, dressed on both sides, are placed against the 
 celery on both sides of ♦*. plants, and are held in an 
 upright position by a piecv, of wire bent at each end so 
 as to form a double houk. The lumber exclutles the 
 light, inducing the heart of the plant to grow rapidly 
 and blanch at the same time, and in 15 to IM days 
 after the lumber is put up, the celery is ready to 
 market. Lumber induces a taller growth, but the tlavor 
 is not quite as tine as that blanched with earth. The 
 lumber is safer for early blanching for the r«Mison that 
 the disease commonly called rust is liable to attack the 
 stalks if earth is used before September 10. Earthing 
 up becomes a necessity after September 20, as frost may 
 appear any night after this date and damage the crop 
 where th" lumber is used, while that with tlie earth up 
 to it is protected. The process of earthing up with a 
 spade i» seldom seen nowadays, as there are banking 
 plows with attachments that push the leaves into an 
 upright position and turn the earth up at the same time, 
 one horse handling the plow very easily. 
 
 In harvesting the crop, leadii.g growers have washing 
 machinery to clean and cool toe stalks, which adds to 
 its keeping qualities during transit and delivery from 
 market to the consumer. Great pauis is taken to sort 
 and grade the different sized roots, bind them into 
 bunches, and pack them into neat new packages made 
 for the purpose. Large quantities are marketed from 
 September 20 to October 20, to save the expense of stor- 
 ing in the winter houses, as the loss in those is liable to 
 be great from evaporation, disease and consequent de- 
 cay. California and Florida shipments come in Novem- 
 ber, and all through the winter months the leading 
 markets are supplied with this appetizing vegetable. 
 
 The popular varieties are : First, the White Plume, 
 which is early and makes a very fine appearance, quality 
 medium; and next the Dwarf Golden Heart, which is a 
 little later but much hardier than the former, also pos- 
 sessing much better Havor. The best for winter use are 
 the old reliable Boston Market and its half brother, the 
 Giant Pascal. These two, when grown to perfection, are 
 good keepers and of excellent quality. 
 
 E. J. HOLLISTEB. 
 
 CELOSIA (Greek, kelos, burned ; referring to the 
 burned look of the lis. ^n some species). AmarantHceie. 
 Cockscomb. The genus containing the common Cocks- 
 comb of old-fashioned gardens has about 42 species, all 
 tropical and mostly annual herbs, with alternate, entire 
 Ivs. narrowed into a petiole, various in form, and with 
 fls. borne in dense spikes. There are two main types of 
 Celosias, the crested form and the feathered or plumy 
 ones. The crested Cockscomb is very stiff, formal and 
 curious, while the feathered sorts are less so, and are 
 used to some extent in dried bouquets. The plumy 
 sorts are grown abroad for winter decoration, especially 
 under the name of C. pyramiddUs, but to a small extent 
 in America. The crested Cockscomb is less used as a 
 summer bedding plant than formerly, but it is still com- 
 monly exhibited in pots at small fairs, the object being 
 to produce the largest possible crest on the smallest 
 plant. For garden use, the seeds are sown indoors in 
 early spring, and the plants set out May 1-15. If the 
 roots dry out the Ivs. are sure to drop off. The Cocks- 
 comb is a moisture-loving plant, and may be syringed 
 often, especially for the red spider, which is its greatest 
 enemy. A light, rich soil is needed. 
 
 A. Spikes crested, monstyous. 
 
 cristata, Linn. Cockscomb. Heitrht 9 in. or more ; 
 stem very glabrous : Ivs. petio ate, ovate or somewhat 
 cordate-ovate, acute, glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. wide: 
 spikes crested, subsessile, often as wide as the plant is 
 high: seeds small, black, shining, lens-shaped. Tropics. 
 
 Gn. 1.1, p. 231. R.H. 1894, p. 58. -There are 8 or 9 well 
 marked colors in either tall or dwarf forms, the chief 
 colors being red, purple, violet, crimson, amaranth and 
 yellow. The forms with variegated Ivs. often have less 
 dense crests. A. Japouira, .Mart., little known to IxAti- 
 uists, is said to be a distinct garden plant with branch- 
 ing, pyramidal habit, each branch bearing a ruflled 
 comb. 
 
 AA. Spikes plumy, feathery, or cylindrical. 
 arg^ntea, Linn. Taller than the above: Ivs. shorter- 
 stalked, narrower. 2-2^3 in. long, 4-4i lines wide, linear- 
 lanceolate, acute: spikes 1-4 in. long, erect or droo|: ing, 
 long-peduncled, pyramidal, or cylimlrical. India. — This 
 species is considered by Voss (in Vilmorin's Blunien- 
 gartnerei), to be the original one from which the crested 
 forms are derived. He makes 9 botanical forms, to one 
 of which he refers C. cristata. The range of color is 
 even greater in the feathered type than in the crested 
 type, as one form has whitish lis. The spikes are very 
 various in form and habit. Va.*ious forms are sjiown in 
 Gn. 0, p. 513 ; 9, p. 149 ; 17, p. 331. R.H. 1857, p. 7H and 
 18}M», p. 522. 
 
 Hottoni, Mart. Height 1-2 ft.: habit bushy, pyra- 
 midal : stem sulcate-striate : Ivs. reddish or crimson, 
 lower ones lanceolate, subsessile : spikes red, cylindri- 
 cal, oblong, obtuse, l}^ in. long: perianth segments ob- 
 long (not lanceolate, us in C. argentea). ,Iava. G.C. 
 I. .{2:214.- A foliage plant, and less common than the 
 two species above. ^_ jj^ 
 
 C£LSIA (Olaus Celsius, 1670-1756, a Swedish oriental- 
 ist). ScrophHluriiiceir. Herbs, with yellow fls. in termi- 
 nal racemes or spiKes, closely allied to Verbascum, but 
 has only 4 stamens, and they are of two sorts. There are 
 many species. Only C. Cretica, Linn.f., is known in 
 Amer., and that very sparingly. It is a hardy or half- 
 hardy biennial, wi*h alternate Ivs., of which the lower 
 are pinnate and the upper toothed and clasping : tls. 
 large and rotate (nearly 2 in. across), yellowish, with 
 dark markings in the center and conspicuous deflexed 
 stamens. Stout, hairy plant, 3-6 ft. high, from Crete. 
 B.M.964. 
 
 C£LTIS (ancient Latin name). Urticdcecp. Nettle 
 Tree. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate, petiolate. stipu- 
 late, deciduous or persistent, usually oblique at the base 
 and 3-nerved : fls. polygamous-monoecious, inconspicu- 
 ous, apetalous, 4-5-merou8, staminate in small clusters, 
 pistillate axillary and solitary : fr. a 1 -seeded, small 
 drupe, edible in some species. Sixty species in the tem- 
 perate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere, 
 of which few hardy ornamental species are cultivated; 
 they are valuable as shade trees or as single specimens 
 on the lawn, mostly with wide spreading head and light 
 green foliage, which is rarely seriously injured by insects 
 or fungi; they thrive in almost any soil and even in dry 
 situations, they are of vigorous growth when young, and 
 are easily transplanted. The straight-grained wood is 
 light and elastic, easily divided, and n "h used for the 
 manufacture of small articles and for furniture; that of 
 C. australis is valued for carving. Prop, by seeds, sown 
 after maturity; also by layers and cuttings of mature 
 wood in fall ; rarer kinds are sometimes grafted on 
 C. occidentalis. 
 
 A. Lvs. entire, or rarely icith few teeth, thin, 
 at length glabrous. 
 
 Mississippi^nsis, Bosc {C.la>vigdta. 'WiUd. C. integri- 
 fblia, Nutt. I. Tree, 60-80 ft.: Ivs. unequally rounded or 
 cuneate at the base, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, acumi- 
 nate, usually falcate, smooth above. 2-4 in. long : fr. 
 orange-red, nearly globular, Kin. thick, on slender pedi- 
 cel, longer than the petiole. From S. Illinois to Texas 
 and Florida, west to Missouri. S.S. 7:318. G.F. 3:41, 
 figs. 9-11. Mn. 7: 225. 227. — Var. reticulata, Sarg.^Lvs. 
 smaller, ovate, usually cordate, rough above. S.S. 7:319. 
 
 AA. Lvs. serrate. 
 B. Foliage scabrous above, membranaceous, more or 
 
 less pubescent. 
 occident^ilis, Linn. Large tree, occasionally 120 ft.: 
 lvs. oblique and rounded at the base, ovate, acuminate, 
 pubescent when young, light green, 2-4 in. long : fr. 
 
CELTIS 
 
 CENTAUREA 
 
 273 
 
 ortintre-red. Hin. lonf;, on slender pedicel, lon^rer than the 
 petiole. S.S.7::il7. (i.F. .'J: 40, 43. Em. :{(>4. Mn. 7: i:;U, 
 2;j;{,-V'ery %'ttriabl** specifs. V'ar. crassifdlia, C. Ko<*h. 
 h»H firm, very rouifh and Itirjfe Ivh., to i'» in. U*ng, iiHunUy 
 cortlHtc at base. Mirlix. Hist. Arb. .1: 228. Var. ptunila, 
 Orav, is a dwarf form with Hmaller Ivs, 
 
 auftrilii, Linn. Tree, to (»0 ft. : Ivm. oblique, cordate 
 or roiin<<(-d at the ba.se, o^'ate ul>lun^:, acuminate, pubes- 
 cent lieueath, '2%-5 in. lon»f : fr. over }',in. lonjr, <l»rk 
 purple, sweet : pedicels 2-'.i times longer than the peti- 
 oles. Mediter. region to Persia.— Not hardy north. 
 
 83. Foliage umooth and g!onsy above, gfabrout, or 
 nt-arly no, leathery. 
 
 Sin^nsil. Pers. ( C. Japdn ica , Planch. » . Tree, to 30 ft. : 
 lv8. usually rounde«l or cordate at the buse, broadly ovate 
 to ohIonK ovau, acuminate, serrate-d iniate, puliescent 
 when young, pale or glaucescent and p •ominently reticu- 
 late beneath, 2-4 in. lonsr : fr. dull oraage-red ; pedicels 
 rather stout, not much longer than the petioles. China, 
 Japan. — Not hardy north ; often the following is culti- 
 vated under this name. 
 
 Bongreina, Blum^ {C. Davididna, Carr.). Tree: Ivs. 
 narrow or rounded . t the base, ovate or narrow elliptic, 
 ftciiiiiiiiate, crenate-serrate. nearly glabrous when young, 
 green and shining on lM)th sides, 2-4 in.: fr. purplish 
 black, small : pedicels 2-.'} times longer than the petioles. 
 N. China. — Hardy, and a very distinct species, with dark 
 green and glossy foliage. 
 
 Krausaiina, Bernh. Tree : Ivs. oblong ovate, usually 
 rounded ut the base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, pubes- 
 cent on the veins beneath, seniipersist.'nt: ovary tomen- 
 tose: fr. mostly pubescent, slender pedicelled. S.Africa 
 to Abyssinia. -Hardy only south. ^^^^^^ Rehdek. 
 
 CEIIETEBY. See Landscape Gardening. 
 
 CfNCHRUS (ancient Greek name). Gramlnea. An- 
 nual or perennial grasses, with spreading or erect culms 
 bearing f.n intlorescence of globular, spiny burs. Spik- 
 lets 1-tld., 1—4 together, with an ovoid or globular invo- 
 lucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles, forming 
 spiny burs, which fall oflf at maturity. Glumes as in 
 Panicnni, awnless. Species about 12, in the tropical and 
 warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres. 
 
 tribuloides, Linn. Sand -bur. BrR- grass. Culms 
 ascending, branching, 1-2 ft. long, with spikes composed 
 of 10-15 coarse, spiny burs, which readily attach them- 
 selves to passing objects. It is one of the worst of annual 
 weeds wherever it becomes abundant. It is distributed 
 more or less throughout the United States in sandy dis- 
 tricts, and said to be perennial in the southern states. 
 
 P. B. Kennedy. 
 
 C£NIA (Greek for empty, in allusion to the hollow 
 receptacle). Comp6sit(f. Low herbs from South Africa, 
 with the aspect of Mayweed. Head small and rayed, the 
 ray tis. pistillate, the disc tis. compressed and 4-toothed, 
 the receptacle gradually enlarged from the top of the 
 peduncle, and hollow. C. turbin&ta, Pers., is a common 
 weed in Cape Colony, and it is occasionally seen in Amer. 
 gardens. It is annual, diffusely branched, and a foot or 
 les'- high, with finely dissected, soft, almost moss-like 
 foliage, and loag-peduncled, small, yellow heads. Of 
 easy culture. " l H. B. 
 
 CENTAURfiA (a Centaur, famous for healing). 
 C'lmpoKitce. Cr:KTACRY. Dusty Miller. Bachelor's 
 BiTTON. Corn Flower. Knapweed. Annuals or 
 half-hardy perennials ; fine for bedding, vases, baskets 
 and pots, and for borders and edgings. Differs from 
 Cnicus in having the achenes obliquely attached by one 
 side of the base or more laterally. Species about 400, 
 much confused, mostly in Eu., Asia and N. Afr., 1 in 
 N. Amer., 3 or 4 in Chile. The involucre is ovoid or 
 globose, stiff and hard, sometimes prickly. Receptacle 
 bristly. The marginal Horets are usually sterile and 
 elongated . making the head look as if rayed. Several 
 Old World species have become weeds in this country. 
 
 The following species of Centaurea are here described, 
 the synonyms being in italics : Americana, 7 ; argen- 
 tea, 2 ; atropurpurea, 13 ; Babylonica, 14 ; Benedictass 
 
 18 
 
 (Tarbenia benedicta; caloeephala, 13; randidinnima, 1; 
 Cineraria, 1 ; Clementei, 3 ; Cyanus, 4 ; tiealbata. 12 ; 
 declinata,\{i; t lore -pie no, \; g^'nuuM'urpa, 2; imperialin, 
 r* ; leucophylla, 10; macrocephala. H ; Maryaritart'a,6; 
 Atitrgarit(i>,7t; montana. II; moschata, .~>; nigra. 9; of/or- 
 ata, 5 ; plHmona, 2 ; splendens, (> ; nuavrolena, 5; varie- 
 gata, y ; Victoria, 4. 
 
 A. Dusty MiiA.KH.— White-tomentoite low plant*, uned 
 for bedding or for the sake of their foliage. 
 
 I. Cineriiria, Linn. (C.r«in(/i(ii.^.s{M((i, Lam.). Fig. 404. 
 Perennial : sts. erect, 3 ft., branched, the entire plant 
 white-toraentose : Ivs. almost all bipinnate (except the 
 earliest), the lower petioled, all the lobes linear-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse : scales of the ovate involucre appressed, 
 with a membranous black margin, long-ciliate, the api- 
 cal bristle thicker than the others: Hs. purple. S. Italy, 
 Sicily, etc. — Much used as 
 a bedding plant, not being 
 allowed to bloom. The 
 first Ivs. of seedlings are 
 nearly entire (as shown in 
 Fig. 404), but the subse- 
 quent ones become more 
 and more cut. (Jrownboth 
 from seeds and cuttings. 
 Seedlings are very apt to 
 damp off unless care is 
 taken in waterincr. 
 
 404. Lower leaf 
 from a young 
 plant of Cen- 
 taurea Cinera- 
 ria (Xj^). 
 
 405. Radical leaf of 
 Centaurea Kymnocarpa. 
 
 2. grymnocArpa, Moris & DeNot (C. arghxtea, Hort. 
 C. plnnuisa. Hurt.). Fig. 40,'). Perennial: entire plant 
 covered with velvety white pubescence : sts. lJ^-2 ft. 
 high, erect: Ivs. bipinnatisett; segments linear, entire, 
 acute : fl. -heads small, in a close panicle, mostly hidden 
 by the Ivs.: lis. rose-violet or purple. Caprea. — Very 
 ornamental on account of its velvety tinely cut Ivs. 
 Much used, like the last, for low foliage bedding ; Ivs. 
 more compound, and usually not so white. 
 
 3. Clementei, Boiss. Perennial, the entire plant 
 d usely white-woolly : sts. erect, branching, with few 
 1 s. : root-lvs. petioled, pinnate, the lobes ovate-trian- 
 gular, sharp-pointed : st.-lvs. sessile : fl. -heads termi- 
 nal on the branches, globose : involucre scales with 
 scarious, ciliate margins, scarcely spiny : fls. yellow. 
 Spain. 
 
 AA. Corn Flower, or Bachelor's Button. — Tall- 
 growing annual, with very narrow Ivs., grown 
 for the showy fls. 
 
 4. Cyanus, Linn. Blusbottle. Bluet. Bachelor's 
 Button ( see also Gomphrena ] . Corn Flower. Ragged 
 Sailor. Fig. 406. Annual, slender, branching, 1-2 ft. 
 
274 
 
 CENTAUREA 
 
 CENTAUREA 
 
 h?e:h, woolly-white when young : Ivs. linear, entire, or 
 the lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : tts. blue, pur- 
 ple or white, the heads on long, naked stems : involu- 
 cral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short, scarious 
 teeth. S. E. Eu. Ut. 38, p. 641: :J9. p. 537.- One of the 
 most popular of garden tts., running into many v'arieties. 
 It is perfectly h.nrdy, bloominer until frost and coming 
 up in the spring from self-sown seed. The following are 
 
 '*') Centaurea Cyanus (X 3^. 
 
 varieties of this: Pure White; Victoria, a dwarf, for 
 pots and edgings; Emperor William, fine dark blue; 
 flore plena, with the outer disc fls. converted into ray 
 fls. ; nana compacta , dwarf. 
 
 AAA. Sweet Svi.ta'ss. — Straight-grotving, smooth an- 
 nuals or perennials, with dentate Ivs., grown 
 for the large fragrant heads. 
 
 5. m08Ch4ta. Linn. {C. suai'eolens, Linn. C. odordta, 
 Hort. C. Amberbdi, Mill. Amberboa moschdta, hess.). 
 Sweet Sultan. Fig. 407. Annual : sts. 2 ft. high, 
 branching below, erect : whole plant smooth, bright 
 green : Ivs. pinnatifid, the lobes dentate : fl. -heads long- 
 petioled ; invol. round or ovate, smooth ; only the in- 
 nermost of the invol. scales with scarious margins : fls. 
 white, yellow or purple, fragrant. Orient. Mn. 4: 149. 
 Gn. .54: 1195. l.H. 42, p. 106. Gng. 4:147. 
 
 Var. ^Iba, Hort. (C, Margarita, Hort.). Fls. white. 
 Gn. 19, p. 337 ; 54 : 1195. A.G. 13 : 607. This form, known 
 
 a 
 
 pin,. 
 
 as C. Margarita, is pure white and very fragrant. It was 
 int. by an Italian firm in lb91. 
 
 Var. rtibra, Hort. Fls. red. Gn. 54: 1195. A popular, 
 old-time garden flower, with long-stalked heads; of easy 
 culture. It does not bear transplanting well. 
 
 V. imperitilis, Hort., is the offspring of C. moschata 
 and C. Mnrgaritcf, int. into the American trade in 1899. 
 Plants are said to inherit the vigorou.s, free growth of 
 C. moschata, being of the same easy culture an<i forming 
 clumps 3— 4 ft. high. The fls. resemble C. Margarit'F. but 
 are twice as large and abuiidantly borne on long stems 
 from July until frost. They range through white, rose, 
 lilac and purple, are frairrant, and if cut when first open 
 will keep 10 days. C. Mtiriif, Hort., int. 1899, resembles 
 C. imperialis, but the fls. open s ilfur-yellow, become 
 lighter, and are tipped with rose 
 
 AAAA. Other CENTAtREAS of "jriotis kinds, occa- 
 sionally grown in hatuy borders for their fls. 
 or imposing stature. 
 
 B. Foliage green on both sides, 
 c. Lvs. pinnate or bipinrMte. 
 'pl^ndens, Linn. I/J. margaritdcea. Ten.). Peren- 
 sts. erect, branched : lvs. smooth, the lowest bi- 
 .e,the upper pinnate, all with very narrow, linear, 
 entire, acute lobes : fl. -heads subglobose ; scales of the 
 involucre with a rounded, almost entire, rather lax tip ; 
 fls. purple. Spain, Italy. 
 
 cc. LfVS. entire or dentate, not pinnatisect. 
 
 7. Americ&na, Nutt. {Plectocephalus Ameriednus, 
 Don). Basket Flower. Fig. 408. Hardy annual, nearly 
 smooth : sts. stout, simple, 2-5 ft., thickened under the 
 naked head . lvs. mostly entire, oblong-lance-shaped : 
 involucre }4-l% in. in diam., its bracts all with fringed, 
 scarious appendages ; fls. rose or flesh-colored ; disc 
 1-3 in. diam. ; narrow lobes of the ray 
 
 flowers often 1 in. long. Ark. to Ariz. 
 F. S. 4: 327. S. H. 2: 223.- Very attractive. 
 
 8. macroc6phala, Puschk. Perennial : 
 stems simple, erect, swollen below the 
 flower-head, leafy, 2J^-3 ft. high : lvs. 
 ovate-lanceolate, slightly decurrent, sca- 
 brous, acute, somewhat serrate, gradually 
 diminishing upwards to the base of the 
 single terminal head : head subglobose, 
 larger than a hen's egg, often 3-4 in. in 
 diam.; involucre of 8-12 rows of ap- 
 pressed, scarious-margined, rusty, fringed 
 scales : fls. vellow, the marginal and disc 
 alike. Armenia. B. M. 1248. J. H. Ill, 
 33: 331. — Often grown from seeds. 
 
 9. nigra, Linn. Knapweed. Hard 
 Heads. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high : sts. 
 branching, rough pubescent: lvs. lance- 
 shaped and entire or lower 
 sparingly toothed : invo- 
 lucral bracts with pecti- 
 nate-ciliate-frdnged black 
 appendages: fls. all alike, 
 the disc and marginal ones 
 of the same size. Europe, 
 — Var. varieg&ta, Hort. 
 Lvs. edsred with creamy 
 white, tufted. Avery strik- 
 ing border plant. 
 
 Foliage white or to- 
 mentose, at least be- 
 neath {often green 
 above). 
 
 , Stems low, weak, 
 not strict. 
 
 BB. 
 
 407. Centaurea moschata. 
 
 (X H.^ 
 
 10. leucophJ^lla,Bieb.(<7. 
 deolinUta, Bieb.). Peren- 
 nial : stems short, decum- 
 bent, with vei J *ew lvs. : 
 root-lvs. petioled, tomen- 
 tose-woolly on both sides, pinnate, the ovate lobes un- 
 dulate, sparsely cut-lobed or sinuate-toothed : fl.-head 
 with few bracts, solitary, terminal ; scales of the ovate 
 involucre lanceolate, acuminate, brown, long-ciliate : 
 fls. purple. Caucasus. 
 
CENTAUR E A 
 
 CEPHALANTHUS 
 
 275 
 
 408. Centaurea Ameri 
 
 cana(X J4). 
 
 11, mont&na, Linn. Mountain Bluet. Perennial : 
 sts. low, stoloniferous, unbranched, 12-lG or rarely 20 
 in. liigh : Ivs. decurrent, the young ones silvery white, 
 oval-lance-shaped : involucre of 4 or 5 rows of scales, 
 black-ciliate along the margins; fls. blue, the marginal 
 ones 1 in. long, disc-fls. very short, becoming purple. 
 Europe. B. M. 77. Var. 41ba', Hort. Fls. white. Var. 
 rdsea, Hort. Fls. rose-colored. Var. citrlna, DC. (var. 
 sulphitrea, Hort.). Disc-fls. brown, rays yellow. Ar- 
 menia. B.M. 1175. 
 
 CC. Stems erect, simple or branched. 
 
 12. dealbita, Willd, Perennial : sts. sub-erect, 8-24 
 in. high : Ivs. white-villous beneath, glabrous above, 
 
 the lower ones 1-1>4 ft. !ong, pet- 
 ioled, pinnate, the obovate lobes 
 coarsely cut-toothed or auricled at 
 the base; stem-lvs. sessile, pinnate, 
 with oolong-lance lobes : fl.-head 
 solitary, just above the uppermost 
 leaf : fls. red, those of the di.sc 
 rosy or white : outer scales of the 
 involucre ^ith lanceolate tips, the 
 middle rounded, deeply fringed, 
 ciliate. Asia Minor, Persia. 
 
 13. atropurptirea, Waldst. & Kit. 
 {C. calocvphaJn, Willd.). Peren- 
 nial sts. erect, branched, about 
 2-3 It. high, the branches white- 
 woolly at the summit : Ivs. bipin- 
 nate, lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate ; lowest Ivs. petioled, upper- 
 most pinnatifid: fl. -heads without 
 tracts ; invol. scales with fringed 
 ciliate white lanceolate tips, the innermost ones rounded, 
 scarious-margined : fls. black-purple. Hungary. 
 
 14. Babyldnica, Linn. Silvery white perennial : sts. 
 simple, stout, erect, 6-10 or 12 ft. high : Ivs. long, coria- 
 ceous, strongly decurrent on the stem, xhQ r".dical lyrate, 
 the lower stem-lvs. oval or oblong-acute, entire or undu- 
 late, the upper lance-acute : fls. yellow, the globular 
 heads almost sessile in the axils of narrow bract-like 
 Ivs.; ^s-J'a of the stem flower-bearing: involucre-scales 
 with a short, recurved tip. Asia Minor, Syria. Gn.2,p.73; 
 8. p. 263. R. H. 1859, pp. 540-1. -Tall, stout and striking 
 
 P**°*- Jared G. Smith and L. H. B. 
 
 CENTAUElDIUM. See Xanthisma. 
 
 CENTRAClSNIA (Greek for toothed gland, alluding to 
 the anther glands). Melastomdcea?. Four species in 
 Mexico and Central Amer., grown in warmhouses for 
 their showy -colored Ivs. and pretty fls. They are herbs 
 or shrubs, with angled or winged branches, petiolate, 
 opposite lanceolate or ovate-entire, ribbed Ivs., and fls. 
 with 4-lobed calyx, 4 petals, 8 stamens, and a 4-loculed 
 ovary. The blossoms are pink or white, in axillary or 
 terminal clusters. Prop, by cuttings. Very showy and 
 desirable plants. Stems often colored. Centradenias 
 like rich leaf-mold with sharp sand, and brisk heat. 
 Give a light but shady position. Strong plants are much 
 benefited by liquid manure, and such applications give 
 better colors in both flowers and fruit. Monogr. by 
 Cogniaux, DC, Monographi® Phanerogamarum, 7: 116. 
 
 grandifdlia, En^l. Branches 4-winged : Ivs. ovate- 
 lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved. brilliant red beneath, 
 long-pointed and curving at the end: cymes many-fld., 
 shorter than the Ivs., the fls, light rose, rotate, the 
 petals very obtuse, the stamens unequal, B.M. 5228.— 
 The plant grovra 2 ft. high, and blooms in winter. Very 
 showy. The cut branches hold their color a long time, 
 making the plant useful for decorations. 
 
 florihdnda, Planch. Branches obscurely angled, pu- 
 bescent, red: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering below. 3- 
 nerved, red-nerved below : fls. pink, in terminal pani- 
 cles. F.S. 5:453. — Smaller than C. grandifolia. 
 
 inaequilaterilis, G. Don ( C. rdsea, Lindl. ), Lvs, ovate- 
 lanceolate, unequal-sided, entire, ciliate. reddish be- 
 neath: fls. pink, in terminal corjmb'^se racemes: dwarf. 
 Mex. B.R. 29:20. l. h. B. and H. A. Siebrecht, 
 
 CEHTRANTHUS (Greek, spurred flower). Valerian- 
 dcf(T. A few annui'' and perennial herbs of the Medi- 
 terranean region, with dense clusters of .small red or 
 white fls. terminating the branches, and opposite entire 
 or cut lvs.: calyx cut into 5-15 narrow divisions, en- 
 larging after flowering; corolla slender-tubed, 5-parted, 
 spurred at the base: stamen 1: fls. with a pappus-like 
 crest. Of easiest culture. 
 
 ruber, DC, Red Valerian. Jupiter's Beard. Per- 
 ennial, 1-3 ft., smooth and glaucous, forming a compact 
 and floriferous, bushy plant : lvs. ovate to lanceolate, 
 some of them toothed at base: fls. very numerous, deep 
 crimson. — A very handsome old garden plant, too much 
 neglected. It blooms all summer. Excellent for cut- 
 ting. Increased by division; also by seeds. There is a 
 white-ttd. form (var. dlbus). 
 
 macroslphon, Boiss. Annual, of easy culture in any 
 good soil: 1-2 ft.: lvs. ovate, glaucous, toothed : fls. 
 larger than in the last, red. Spain. — There are white- 
 fld, (var. dlhus) and dwarf (var. ndnus) forms. Excel- 
 lent for rockeries and borders; also good for lawn vases. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CENTEOPOGON (Greek kenfron, spur, and pogon, 
 beard, referring to the fringed stigma). Campanu- 
 lAce(f. About 36 tropical Amer, sub-shrubs or shrubs, 
 often scandent, with alternate, mostly dentate lvs., and 
 long, tubular fls. whi(?h are violet, purple, red, or orange, 
 and usually borne singly on long peduncles : bracteoles 
 very small or wanting. Warmhouse perennial, prop, by 
 cuttings. ^ 
 
 LucyAntlS, HouUet. Height 1-2 ft. : stem somewhat 
 woody: lvs. short-petioled, finely toothed: fls. rose, win- 
 ter; hemispherical, with lanceolate segments recurved 
 at the tips. R.H. 1868:290. -Said to be a hybrid of C. 
 fastiiosHS and SiphocampyluK bet uhv form is, hut seem? 
 to show little influence of the latter, which has longc-i 
 petioles and peduncles, more coarsely t/>ctl.^x! 'v3 , 
 longer calyx-segments, and a yellow-tipped corolla, 
 
 fastudsus, Scheidw. Lvs, peach-like, oblong, acute, 
 bordered with glandular teeth, very glabrous, short- 
 petioled: fls. rose-colored, winter; calyx hemispherical, 
 with 5 lanceolate, denticulate segments. Mex, R.H. 
 18.53:181. \v. M. 
 
 CERTEOSllMA (Greek, spurred-standard). Legu- 
 mindscB. Butterfly Pea. Twining herbs (at least 
 those in cult.), with pinnate. .■J-7-foliolate lvs., and 
 showy white or reddish fls in the axils, Fl, papiliona- 
 ceous, the standard spurred on the back, the keel broad, 
 and the style bearded at the apex. Species nearly 40 in 
 tropical Amer, and 2 in U. S. 
 
 Virgini^num, Benth. Roughish, climbing, 2-6 ft,: 
 Ifts. ovate to linear, shining, sti^itate : fls. 1-4 in the 
 axil, 1 in. long, violet and splashed, showy: pod straight 
 and l'„r^ pointed, 4-5 in. long. Md. S., in sandy lands. 
 A.G. 13:649 —Int. to cult, many years ago. but again in- 
 troduced in 1892 (as C. grand if lorttm), and much adver- 
 tised. It is a hardy and desirable perennial vine, bloom- 
 ing the first season from seed. There is a white-fld. var. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CENTITEY PLANT. Con.-iult Agave. 
 
 CEPHALANTH£RA (Greek for head and anther). 
 OrchiddceiT, tribe jS'tdttieo'. About 10 species of small, 
 temperate-region terrestrial orchids, allied to Epipactis, 
 Pogonia, etc. Some of them are western N, American, 
 and others are European, Sepals 3: petals small, ovate: 
 lip saccate : lvs. (sometimes wanting) lanceolate or 
 oblong: fls, mostly small (sometimes showy), m an open 
 spike. The species are scarcely known in cult,, but two 
 Japanese species have been offered by importers. These 
 are £. falc^ta, Blume, yellow, and E. er6cta, Blume, 
 white. 
 
 CEPHALANTHUS (Greek, head and flower : fls, in 
 heads), Bttbiiicea?. Button Bush. Shrubs with oppo- 
 site or whorled, entire, stipulate lvs.: fls. small, tubu- 
 lar, white or yellowish, 4-merous, with incluf'.ed stami ns 
 and long, exserted style, in globular heads : f •. dry, sepa- 
 rating into 2 nutlets. Six species in Amer. Africa and 
 Asia, of which only the one North AmericM species is 
 
276 
 
 CEPHALANTHUS 
 
 CERASTIUM 
 
 cult. Hardy ornamental shrub, with handsome glossy 
 foliage and very attractive with its tiower balls appear- 
 ing late in summer. It thrives in any good garden soil, 
 best in a sandy, somewhat moist one. Prop, by seeds or 
 by cuttintrs of ripened wood in fall, and also by green- 
 wood cuttings taken from forced plants early in spring, 
 occident^lis, Linn. Shrub, .1-12 ft.: Ivs. long-petioled, 
 oviite or oval, acimiinate, glossy above, glabrous or 
 slightly pul)escent below. .'MJ in. long: heads about 1 in. 
 in diain., long-pedunded, .'{ or more at the end of the 
 branches. Julv-Sept. From New Brunswick south, 
 west to Ontario and Calif . Em. 394. R.H. 1889, p. 280.- 
 Var. angustildlia, Andr6. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, usu- 
 ally in 3's. R.H. 1889. p. 281. Alfred Rehdee. 
 
 CEFEALABIA (Greek for head, alluding to the capi- 
 tate fower-clusters). Dipscicece. Coarse annual or per- 
 ennial herbs of Europe, Africa and Asia, much like 
 Dipsacus, but the heads less spiny. The heads are ter- 
 minal and globular, bearing many 4-parted yellowish, 
 whitish or bluish florets. 
 
 Tatarica, Schrati. Perennial, G ft., rank, with striate 
 stems, suited to the rear border, where strong effects are 
 desired, with showy cream-white flat heads in July and 
 Aug. : lvs. pinnate, the Ifts. broad-lanceolate and ser- 
 rate. Grows readily, and is increased by seed or divid- 
 ing the clumps. * L. H. B. 
 
 GEFHALOTAXUS (Greek, /lead; raj'M.<»-like plant, 
 with fls. in heads or clusters). Coniferiv, tribe Taxdcece. 
 Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, pointed lvs. 
 with 2 broad, glaucous* lines beneath, arranged in 2 
 rows: fls, dioecious, staminate in 1-8-fld., short-stalked 
 clusters, pistillate consisting of a small cone with sev- 
 eral bracts, each bearing 2 naked ovules. Seed enclosed 
 in a fleshy envelope, drupe-like, about 1 in. long, reddish 
 or greenish brown. From allied genera it may be easily 
 distinguished by the resin-canal in the center of the 
 pith, and by the glaucous lines beneath from Taxus, 
 which has the lvs. yellowish green beneath, and from 
 Torreya by the glaucous lines being broader than the 3 
 green lines, while in Torreya the glaucous lines are 
 narrower than the green ones. Six closely allied spe- 
 cies from Himal. to Jap. Ornamental evergreen shrubs, 
 iu appearance very like a yew. but of more graceful 
 habit. Not hardy north, or only in very sheltered posi- 
 tions. They thrive best in a somewhat moist Imt well- 
 drained, sandy loam, and in partly shaded situations. 
 Prop, by seeds, stratified and sown in spring: imported 
 seeds usually do not germinate until the second year ; 
 increased also by cuttings in August, under glass, and 
 fey veneer-grafting in summer, on one of the species or 
 
 409. Cepnalotus tollicularis (X ^6)- 
 
 on Taxus baccata. For cions and cuttings, terminal 
 shoots should be selected, which form regular plants 
 with whorled branches like seedlings, while cuttings 
 from lateral branches grow into irregular, low. spread- 
 ing shrubs. 
 
 A. ZfVS. SS in. long : branchlets yellowish green 
 pendulous. 
 
 F6rttinei, Hook. Lvs. tapering gradually into a sharp 
 point, usually falcate, dark green and shining above : 
 fr. greenish brown, obovate. N. China, Jap. B.M. 44!»9! 
 F.S. 6:5.'w. R.H. 1878, p. 117. — This is the most grace- 
 ful species, with Umg and slender branches, attaining in 
 its native country 50 ft. in height, in culture usually re- 
 maining a shrub. 
 
 AA. Zrt'S. 1-3 in. long. 
 
 peduncul&ta, Sieb. & Zucc. With spreading, often 
 somewhat pendulous branches, dark green when young: 
 lvs. to 2 in. long, narrowed into a sharp point, shining 
 and dark green above : fr. ovoid, rounded at both ends, 
 rarely giobulfifr. Jap., China. G.C. HI. 18: 71<j.-In 
 Japan, tree t© 25 ft. high, usually shrub in culture. A 
 remarkable form is var. fastigiata, Carr. (Podocdrpus 
 Koraiclna, Sieb. & Zucc), of columnar habit, with up- 
 right branches and spirallv arranged lvs. G.C. II. 
 21:112. S.H. 2:450. Gng. 2:.341. 
 
 dmp&cea, Sieb. & Zucc. Branches spreading, stiflf, 
 usually light green when young : lvs. about 1 in. long, 
 abruptly pointed, narrow and straight, often upturned: 
 fr. usually oi)ovate. narrowed at the base. Jap. O.C. 
 III. 18:717. — This is the dwarfest species, usually form- 
 ing a low bush with stiff, spreading branches, 
 
 Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 CEFHALOTUS (Greek, in a head, referring to the 
 crowded stamens). Saxifragdceie. One species in 
 Australia. Lvs. all radical, of two kinds, the ordinary 
 foliage lvs. being spatulate or elliptic, hairy, and entire, 
 the others being pitchers with purple tints and a netted 
 and veined lid. The fls. are borne in an interrujited 
 spike, on an erect scape; they are apetalous, and have 
 a white, 6-parted calyx, 12 stamens in two sets, and 6 
 1-seeded carpels. The species is C. follical&ris, Labill. 
 (Fig. 409). It is cult, in coolhouses for its odd insec- 
 tivorous pitchers, which are 1-3 in. long and beautifully 
 lined and shaded with purple and green. The plant is 
 grown in peat and moss, after the manner of Drosera 
 and Dionapa. Delights in plenty of moisture, mounted 
 on sphagnum moss. Give a cool and shady position. 
 Prop, bj' seeds (allow only one seed vessel to mature) 
 and also bv division. A most interesting plant. R.B. 
 23:233. I. H. 27:391. J.H. III. 35:260. 
 
 L. H. B. and H. A. Siebrecht. 
 
 CEBASTIUM (Greek for horn, alluding to the shape 
 of the pod). Caryophylh\ceit>. Decumbent annuals or 
 perennials, with weak, slender stems, small, opposite 
 lvs. and small white fls.: differs from Aren aria in the 
 shape and dehiscence of the capsule: sepals 5 or 4; 
 petals as many, often 2-cleft: stamens 10 or less. Valu- 
 able in rockeries or for bedding and borders. Species 
 about 100, of world-wide distribution. 
 
 A. Lvs. green, merely pubescent. 
 
 arv^nse, Linn. (var. oblongifolium, HoU. & Britt. ). 
 Starry Grasswort. Fig. 410. Perennial, low, much 
 branched and matted; stems 8-12 in. long; lvs. oblong or 
 lanceolate, pale green, pubescent, obtuse, ^i-lH in. long, 
 34 in. wide: fls. very numerous, appearing in April and 
 May; petals 5, deeply bifid ; capsules twice as long as 
 the calyx. On magnesian rocks, N. Y. to Va. and west- 
 ward. Bui. 74. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., from which Fig. 410 
 is adapted. — Recommended as a bedding plant, for its 
 mat-like habit, covered with white bloom. 
 
 aa, ^Lvs. silvery or grayish. 
 B. Capsule equaling the calyx. 
 grandifldnim, Waldst. & Kit, Creeping perennial : 
 lvs. linear, acute, the margins reflexed ; inflorescence 
 dichotomous : fl. -stems (»-8 in. high : petals oval, 2- 
 parted, transparent white, twice as long as calyx. E. 
 Europe. 
 
 BB. Capsule much longer than the calyx. 
 Bidbersteinii, DC, Stems 6 in., creeping, diifuse, 
 branched : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tomentose-wool'y ; pe- 
 duncles erect, dichotomous ; capsule ovate-cyliiuirical. 
 Tauria. B.M. 2782. -Like C. tomentosum, but with 
 larger lvs. Fine for edgings. 
 
CERASTIUM 
 
 Boissifirii, Gren. Low: Ivs. silvery, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acutf". entire, sessile; peduncles 4-12 in, high : inflores- 
 cence a dichotoraous cyme : fls. large, white. Spain. 
 
 CERATOZAMIA 
 
 277 
 
 410. Cerastium arvense. 
 
 tomentd8tt.ni, Linn. Low, creeprog, branched: Ivs. ob- 
 long, spatulate, grayish woolly, upper Ivs. lanceolate ; 
 peduncles G in. high, erect, dichotomous : capsule cylin- 
 drical. Eu.- Much used for edgings. 
 
 J ABED G. Smith. 
 
 CfiEASUS. Consult Pninus. 
 
 CEEATIOLA (Greek, a little horn, referring to the 
 4-branched, serrate stigma). £mpetrdce(S. A heath- 
 Hke evergreen, much-branched shrub from the sand 
 barrens of Ga. and S. C. ; rarely cult. N., but not hardy. 
 Only 1 species. 
 
 ericoldes, Michx. Height 2-8 ft. : branches subverti- 
 cillate, marked with scars of numerous fallen Ivs., the 
 younger and upper ones only retaining foliage : Ivs. 
 crowded, almost whorled, }4-% in. long, linear, rigid, 
 shining, pale, rounded above, grooved beneath: fls. in- 
 conspicuous, dioecious, of peculiar structure : berries 
 round, orange-yellow. B.M. 2758. 
 
 CEBATOLOBUS (Greek for homed pod). Palmdceat. 
 Spiny Javanese palms, with pinnate Ivs., sometimes 
 seen in fine collections, but not in the Amer. trade. 
 The species are C. c6ncolor, Blume ; C. glauc^seens, 
 Blume; C. Micholitzidna, Hort. G.C. IH. 23:251; C. 
 Findleydnus, Hort., A. G. 15:169. Treated the same as 
 Calamus. 
 
 A small genus of warmhouse palms, natives of Java 
 ami Sumatra. The members of this genus are slender- 
 growing, spiny palms, with pinnate leaves, one of the 
 best being C. Micholitziana, which has rather short 
 pinnffi irregularly grouped along the rachis. A shaded 
 house, with a night temperature of 65° to 70°, a moist 
 atmosphere, and plenty of water at the root, are the most 
 essential points in their culture. 
 
 L. H. B. and W. H. Tapun. 
 
 CEBATONIiH (Greek for horn, in reference to the 
 large pod ». Lfgnminds(f. A tree of the Mediterranean 
 basin, belonging to the Cassia tribe. The petals are 
 wanting; stamens 5 ; pod long, tilled with a pulpy sub- 
 stance. C. Sillqua, Linn., the only species, is now 
 widely distributt'd in warm countries, being grown both 
 for shade and for the edible po<ls. It reaches a heierht 
 of 40-.50 ft. It is evergreen. Lvs. pinnate, shining, the 
 Ifts. oval and obtuse. It thrives well in S. t.'alif. and S. 
 Fla. The pulp about the seeds is sweet and edible, but 
 the fruit is used chiefly for feeding stock. In Europe 
 these pods are much prized for the fattening of swine. 
 The dr}- pods are occasionally seen in the fruit stands 
 in northern markets. Var. longlssima diflFers only in 
 having very long pods. The Ceratonia is known as Al- 
 garoba, Carob, Karoub, Caroubier, and St. John's Bread. 
 The last name records the notion that the seeds and 
 sweet pulp are respectively the locusts and wild honey 
 which St. John found in the wilderness. The dry 
 valves or pods have been supposed to be the husks 
 which became the subsistence of the prodigal son. See 
 G.F. .S:318, 323. L. H. B. 
 
 CEBATOFTEBIS (Greek, horn fern). Ceratopteri- 
 ddceoe. A genus of aquatic tropical ferns, forming the 
 type of a distinct family. The plants root in mud, and 
 the sterile lvs. either float on the surface or are carried 
 above the surface of the water. The sporophylls are bi- 
 tripinnate, with pod-like ultimate segments, entirely 
 unlike the sterile lvs. Only a single species is known. 
 C. thalictroides, Brongn. Tropical waters of both hemi- 
 spheres, rare in Florida. — Useful in ponds and aquaria. 
 Must be taken indoors on approach of cold weather. 
 Best grown when planted in loam and leaf -mold topped 
 with spagnum, and tied in a pan or crib and set into a 
 tub in medium temperature, with the crown on top of 
 the water. To propagate, pull out several of the center 
 leaves, and new crowns will form; these can be divided. 
 
 L. M. Underwood and H. A. Siebrecht. 
 
 CEBATOSTlGMA ( Greek, homed stigma). Plunibagi- 
 ndcea. Different from Plumbago in having no glands 
 on the calyx, stamens adnate to the corolla tube. fls. in 
 dense clusters rather than spicute, and other technical 
 characters. There are 3 or 4 species in warm regions of 
 the Old World. Herbs or sub-shrubs, with alternate, obo- 
 vate lvs. and blue or rose-red fls. 
 
 plombaginoides, Bunge (Plumbago Ldt^entct, Lindl. 
 Valorcidia plumbaginoides. Boiss.). Perennial herb, 
 6-12 in., the stem red and branchy: lvs. entire, strongly 
 ciliate on the edges : fls. slender- tubed, with a wide- 
 spreading, deep blue limb, the 5-lobes minutely toothed, 
 collected in dense heads or umbels. China. B.M. 4487. 
 F.S. 4 : 307. —A hardy bedding plant, producing profusely 
 of its deep blue fls. late in fall. Very valuable. Need's 
 covering in winter in the N. l^ jj^ 3^ 
 
 CEBAT0TH£CA {Greek for homed capsule). Pedalid- 
 cecf. Tropical African herbs of 3 or 4 kinds, with usually 
 opposite lvs. which are ovate. 5-parted calyx, 2-lipped 
 corolla, fls. solitary in the axils, and a 2-horned capsule. 
 C. triloba, Meyer, is occasionally grown in S. Fla., and it 
 may be adapted to glasshouses. It is a tall herb (5 ft.), 
 with the habit of foxglove, probably biennial, hairy: lvs. 
 stalked and crenate-dentate : fls. 3 in. long, blue, pubes- 
 cent, deflexed, the lower lobe prolonged. Handsome. 
 B.M. 6974. 
 
 CEBATOZAMIA (Greek, homed Zamia ; referring to 
 the homed scales of the cones, which distinguish this 
 genus from Zamia). Cycadclce(t. Handsome Mexican 
 foliage plants, with Cycas-like lvs., but less comraonly 
 cultivated in American palm-houses than Cycas. Best 
 raised from young imported plants, but rarely prop, by 
 seeds, or by offsets from the slow-growing trunk. Bum 
 out the center of the plant with a hot iron, and a num- 
 ber of offsets will spring from the trunk and the crown; 
 these may be used for propagation. 
 
 Mezic&na, Brongn. Trunk thick, short, covered with 
 the remains of fallen leaf-stalks : lvs. rich, dark green, 
 pinnate, on prickly petioles 5-6 in. long, which are 
 shaggy when young ; leaflets very numerous, 0-12 in. 
 
278 
 
 CERATOZAMIA 
 
 CERCOCARPUS 
 
 long or more, lanceolate : cones produced annually on 
 separate plants; female cones 9-12 in. long, 4-6 in. thick, 
 the scales 2-horned ; male cones narrower, longer, on a 
 hair>' stalk, the scales with two small teeth. Mex. Gn. 9, 
 pp. .'WS, 309. — An excellent decorative plant, best grown 
 in sandy loam. Give freely of water and heat in spring 
 and summer, but keep cooler and dryer in winter. 
 
 H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M. 
 
 CERCIDIPHtLLUM (Cercis and phjjUon/le&t ; the 
 Ivs. resemble those of Cercis). Trochodendrdcece. Tree, 
 with deciduous, usually opposite, petioled and palmately 
 nerved Ivs. : fls. dioecious, inconspicuous, apetalous, soli- 
 tary, staminate nearly sessile, bearing numerous stamens 
 ■with slender filaments, pistillate pedicelled, consisting of 
 3-5 carpels, ending in long, purplish styles and developing 
 into about %in. long, dehiscent pods, with many seeds. 
 One species in Japan. Hardy, ornamental, shrubby tree 
 of pyramidal and, when young, almost fastigiate habit, 
 with handsome, light green foliage, purplish when un- 
 folding, turning bright yellow or partially scarlet in fall. 
 It prefers rich and moist soil, and grows rapidly when 
 young. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring, and by green- 
 wood-cuttings, taken from forced plants in early spring, 
 or by layers ; cuttings from half-ripened wood in sum- 
 mer, under glass, grow also, but not verj' well. 
 
 Jap6nicum, Sieb. & Zucc. Bushy tree, usually 20-.10 f t. , 
 but sometimes rising to 100 ft., with slender, glabrous 
 branches : Ivs. opposite, occasionally alternate, slender 
 petioled, cordate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse, cre- 
 nate-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 2-.1 in. long. 
 Japan. G.F. 7:106, 107. and 0: 5.3. Mn. :}:74. Gng. 5:1.35. 
 — A very desirable tree, one of the best of the newer 
 iotroduetions from Japan. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 C£RCIS ( KerkiH, ancient Greek name). Legtimindso'. 
 Judas Tree. Red Bud. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu- 
 ous, alternate, petioled, palmately nerved, entire : fls. 
 papilionaceous, pedicelled, pink or red, appearing before 
 or with the Ivs., in clusters or racemes from the old 
 
 411. Cercis Canadensis (X 34)- 
 
 wood: calyx 5-toothed, red: petals nearly equal, the up- 
 permost somewhat smaller : pod compressed, narrow- 
 oblong, narrow-winged on the ventrical suture, many- 
 
 seeded. Seven spec'.es in N. America, and from S. Europe 
 to Japan. Very ornamental trees or shrubs, with hand* 
 some, distinct foliage an<l abundant showy fls. in spring, 
 very eflfective by their deep pink color. They are well 
 adaped for shrubberies or 
 as single specimens on 
 the lawTi, and attain rarely 
 more than 20 or 30 ft. in 
 height, forming a broad, 
 irregular head when older. 
 Only C. Canadensis is 
 hardy north, while none of 
 the othc-s can be grown 
 successfully farther north 
 than New York. They 
 grow best in rich, sandy 
 and somewhat moist loam, 
 and should be transplanted 
 when young.as older plants 
 can be hardly moved with 
 success. Young plants, 4 
 or 5 years old, produce fls. 
 freely and may be recom- 
 mended for forcing, espe- 
 cially C. Chinen sis, -^hich 
 is the most beautiful of 
 all. Prop, by seeds, sown 
 in spring, best with gentle 
 bottom heat ; sometimes 
 increased by layers, or by 
 greenwood cuttings from 
 forced plants in early 
 spring ■,C.Chinen sis grows 
 also from greenwood cut- 
 tings in summer under 
 glass. 
 
 A. Lvs. abruptly and short 
 acuminate, usually 
 slightly pubescent 
 near the base beneath. 
 
 Canadensis, Linn. Fig. 
 411. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. 
 roundish or broadly ovate, 
 usually cordate, 3-5 in. 
 long : fls. rosy pink, Jain, 
 long, 4-8 in clusters: pod 
 2J4-3J4Jn. long. From New 
 Jersey south, west to Mis- 
 souri and Texas. S. S. 
 3: 13.3-34. A. F. 13: 1370. 
 Gng. 0:290. F.E.9:593.-. 
 tree for the northern states, 
 double fls. 
 
 Chin^nsis, Bunge ( C. Japdnica, Sieb.). Fig. 412. Tree, 
 to 50 ft., shrub in culture: lvs. deeply cordate, roundish, 
 with a white, transparent line at the margin, sul)coria- 
 ceous, shining above, 3-5 in. long: fls. 5-8, purplish pink, 
 ^in. long : pod 3-5 in. long, narrow. China. Japan. 
 F.S. 8:849. Mn. 2:139. G.F. 6: 476. -The most beautiful 
 species, with the fls. nearly as large as those of C. Sili- 
 quastrum and more abundant. 
 
 AA. Lvs. rounded or emarginate at the apex, usually 
 broader than long. 
 
 occidentillis, Torr. {C. Calif6mica, Torr.). Shrub, to 
 15 ft. : lvs. cordate, roundish, glabrous, about 2 in. wide: 
 As. rose-colored, Kin. long: pod 2-2>.iin. long. Calif.— A 
 closely allied species is C.rc«j7«5rm/.s. Engelm. {C.Tex- 
 ^nsis, Sarg. ). Small tree: lvs. subcoriaceous, .T-5 in. 
 wide, sometimes pub^'scent beneath : pod 2-4 in. long. 
 Texas, N. Mexico. S.S.3:135. 
 
 Siliqn&stmm, Linn. Tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. roimdish, 
 deeply cordate, glabrous, 3-5 in. wide : fls. ;{-<>, purplish 
 rose, %\n. long : pod 3-4 in. long. S. Europe, W. Asia. 
 B.M. 1138. Gn. 42: 879, and 52, p. 5. -There is a variety 
 with white fls. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CERCOCARPUS (Greek, tail and fruit; the fruit with 
 along, hairy tail). Rosd.ce.ce. Small trees or shrubs, with 
 alt4?rnate, persistent, rather small lvs.: fls. inconspicu- 
 ous, apetalous, whitish or reddish, in the axils of fas- 
 cicled lvs.: fr. an akene, surmounted by the persistent, 
 
 412. Cercis Chinensis. 
 Natural size. 
 
 very desirable ornamental 
 There is also a variety with 
 
 \ 
 
CERCOCARPUS 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 279 
 
 lonp and hairy style. Small genus of about 4 species, in 
 the Rocky Mts. from Montana south to Mexico; without 
 decorative value, but probably valuable for covering dry, 
 rocky or gravelly slopes in arid temperate regions, as 
 they thrive under very unfavorable condititms. The 
 verV heavy and close-grained wood is manufactured into 
 sm:ill articles, and valued as fuel and for making char- 
 coal. They may be cultivated in a peaty and sandy, well 
 drained soil in sunny positions, and prop, by seeds or by 
 cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass. C. ledifdliOB, 
 Nutt., is the hardiest, and stands frost to zero. It has 
 narrow, entire Ivs., while the Mexican C. f other ^lloldes, 
 HBK., has the Ivs. somewhat larger, sernit«* and tomen- 
 tose beneath, and clustered fls. C. parvifolius, Nutt., has 
 cuneate-obovate. coarsely serrate Ivs. D. M. Andrews, of 
 Colorado, who handles this shrub, writes of it as follows : 
 "Mountain Mahogany, (> feet. A nearly evergreen rosa- 
 ceous shrub of peculiar and attractive liabit of growth. 
 Fli>wers white, early, followed by the long, plumose 
 akenes, which are h-'t in. long, strangely curled and 
 twisted, arranged above and on each side of the slender 
 branches, so that at a little distance they have an appear- 
 ance suggestive of ostrich plumes. Easily transplanted, 
 and thrives anj-where." Alfred Rehder. 
 
 C£B£nS (from the Latin ; some think it comes from 
 the word for candle, in allusion to the shape of the stem; 
 others that it comes from the word for pliant). Cactd- 
 Cf<r. A genus of varying habit, from stout -columnar to 
 almost globular, deflesed or creeping or slender-climb- 
 ing, generally ribbed. The fls. are borne singly on the 
 side of the stem ; they have a long tube which, with the 
 ovary below it, is beset with scales or bracts ; petals 
 numi-rous and spreading. The sts. bear numerous tuber- 
 cles or woolly tufts, which bear spines ; these spines 
 are usually of two kinds or groups,— the interior ones, 
 or "centrals," which stand at nearly right angles to the 
 stem, 8'id the outer ones, or "radials," which are vari- 
 ously spreading. The largest Cacti are Cereuses. A 
 genus of about 100 sp icies, extending from the arid 
 regions of southwestern U. S. southward through Mex. 
 and Cent. Amer. into S. Amer. Formerly the genus was 
 made to include the numerous species of Echinocereus, 
 but these are now regarded as forming a distinct genus. 
 Those who miss well known Cereus forms from the 
 following list should look under Echinocereus. Not all 
 of the specific names to be found in the trade cata- 
 logues can be accounted for at present, but the following 
 synopsis contains the most important in the Amer. 
 trade : and the unidentified names will be found in the 
 supplementary list. See Cactus. 
 
 John M. Coulter. 
 
 The Night-blooming Cereuses are the only species 
 (except C. flagelliformis) which are generally culti- 
 vated. The sts. of the Night-blooming Cereus are either 
 cylindrical or angled, and are trailing or climbing in 
 habit. Some species grow to a great height. They are 
 excellent for growing against pillars or rafters in the 
 greenhouse. They grow most luxuriantly where they 
 receive abundant light and a good circulation of air. 
 They are not particular about soil, but do well in any 
 open, porous compost. Great care should be taken that 
 the drainage is perfect, as stagnation at the roots of 
 such fleshy succulent plants is sure to r - -« disastrous. 
 During the summer months the •'em<- . be syringed 
 
 twice a day ; but during thb wiu, , . ire no syr- 
 
 inping and very little water. Goo vr oe grown 
 
 in pots, using a compost of ont .lai ' ^v • . •■ js loam 
 and the other half lime rubbish, broken biich und sand. 
 The best species are C. grandifiorns, C. 3facDonald<p, 
 C. nycticaliis, and C. triangularis. At the Harvard 
 Botanic Garden is a very large plant of C. triangularis, 
 which has often had as many as 65 to 70 flowers open in 
 one night. The flowers of ail the species open but once. 
 They collapse when the sun strikes them. 
 
 RoBERi Cameron. 
 
 The following Cereuses are here described : Alacri- 
 portanus, 22; Alamosensis, 8; atropurpureus, 4."); 
 azureus, .34 : Bauminni. 27 ; Belienli, 24 ; Bonplandii, 
 44; Baxaniensis, iW', Bridgesii, 33 ; csesius, 35; can- 
 delabrum. 24 ; candicans, 4 ; Cavendishii, 29 ; cha- 
 lybsBus, 25; ChUensis, 7; Chiotma, 10; coccineu8,'il ; 
 
 Cochal,21; c»rulescens, 32; colHhrinu8,21', Donkelff>ri, 
 49; Dumortieri, 10; Dyckii, 11; ebumeus, 19; edulis, 
 19; Emoryi. 39; eriophorus, 30; enua, 41; euphorbi- 
 oides, 12 ; extensus, .59 ; Ferna mbucetmis , 42 ; flagelli- 
 formis, 47 ; formoKus, 42 ; gcmtnatus, }'> ; geometri- 
 zans, 20 ; giganteus, 1 ; grandiflorus, .'lO ; grandis, 42 ; 
 Greggii, 36 ; gummosus, 40 ; haniatus, m] ; Hankea- 
 nus, 17 ; inermis, a't ; isogonus, 28 ; Jamat!uru, 23 ; 
 lageniformis, 3^i ; lamprochlorus, 5 ; Landbecki, 32 ; 
 leptophis, 47 ; MacDonaldiap. 61 ; macrogonxis, 18 ; 
 Mallisoni, 48 ; marginatus, \'i ; Martianus, 53 ; Mar- 
 tinii, 46; Maynardii, 51 ; Mexicanus, .38; monacanthus, 
 46 ; monoclonos, 22 ; Napoleonis, 58 ; nycticalus, 54 ; 
 Olfersii, 12 ; Pasacana, 3 ; Pecten-aboriginxun, 18 ; 
 Pernamhucennis, 42 ; Peruvianus, 22 ; Pitajaya, 42 ; 
 platygonus, 31, 48 ; princeps, 43 ; Pringlei, 1 ; pruino- 
 sus, 19 ; pngioniferus, 20 ; Queretarensis, 9; Regelii, 
 57; repandus, 30; Roeziii, 13; rostratus,'^{)\ Schrankii, 
 37; Seidelii,3i ; serpentinus, 26; Smithii, 48; Spachi- 
 anus, 6; specinsxisimus, 37; speciosus, 37; spinulo- ' 
 sus, 52 ; splendens, 29; stellatus, 11; tephracanthus, 
 14; Thurberi, 2; Tonelianus, 11; tortuosus, 45; tri- 
 anerularis, 60 ; uranos, 50 ; validus, 23 ; variabiliSf 
 42, 43. 
 
 A. Sts. erect, S in. or more in diameter. 
 
 B. yew growth green, not pruinose (i. e., not covered 
 with a bloom or glaucum). 
 
 C. Hibs of stem 10 or more. 
 
 1. ^gant^UB, Engelm. Suwarro. Fig. 413. A stout 
 form, 25-60 ft. high, simple or with a few erect branches 
 shorter than the main st. : ribs 12-15 below, 18-21 above, 
 often almost obliterated and spineless on older parts: 
 spines straight, bulbous at base, white or straw-color, be- 
 coming ashy or dark, the 6 centrals stout, the 11-17 outer 
 ones setaceous : fls. yellowish or whitish : fr. oval or 
 pear-shaped, 2-3 in. long and 1-2 in. in dirnn. In rocky 
 valleys and on mountain sides from Ariz, into Sonora 
 and L.Calif. B.M. 7222. A.G. 11:451, 528. -The best 
 known of the tret* forms. The young plants are globu- 
 lar for several years. Forms the cordon forests of the 
 Sonoran region. Runs into crested or cristate forms. 
 
 C Pringlei, Wats., is one of the cordon Cereuses of 
 N. Mex. Not so tall as C. giganteus, ribs fewer, and 
 fls. scattered. Not in cult. G.F. 2:65. 
 
 2. Thdrberi, Engelm. Several stems arising from the 
 same root, becoming 10-15 ft. high, fasciculate-jointed: 
 ribs 1.3-16, very slightly prominent: spines 7-16, slender 
 and rigid or almost setaceous, very unequal in length : 
 fls. greenish-white : fr. globose, 1-3 in. in diam., olive- 
 color, with crimson pulp. Southwestern Ariz., through 
 Sonora and L. Calif. 
 
 3. Fasactoa, Weber. A gigantic species, reaching a 
 height of 20-.30 ft., and sometimes even 50 ft., and a 
 diam. of 12-16 in.; sparingly brar-hing above ; in new 
 growth dark green, becoming gr , or bluish : ribs 15- 
 20, or in young plants only 9-10: areolae %-% in. apart, 
 large, brown, becoming yellowish and finally gray: ra- 
 dial spines 10-13, about 1 in. long, the under one or 
 lowest pair straight, subulate, the others curved ; cen- 
 trals mostly 4, the under and upper ones the longest, 
 reaching 2 in. in length, straight or curved; the young 
 spines are cleai' brown, often with alternating rings of 
 light and dark tissue, later gray, bulbose at the base : 
 fls. from the lateral areolae, about 6 in. long, white. 
 Argentine Republic — This is the giant Cereus of the 
 Argentine desert, as C. giganteus is of the Mojave 
 desert. 
 
 4. candicans, Gillies. Stems upright, low, cylindri- 
 cal, bright green, 214-3 ft. high by r>-8 in. in diam.; 
 freely branching from the base: ribs 10, obtuse angled: 
 areolae %-%m. apart, large, depressed, white, becoming 
 gray : radial spines 11-14, spreading, at first thin, 
 needle form, later stronger, stiff, straight, about % in. 
 long ; central solitary or later, 3-4 atlditional ones ap- 
 pearing above, stronger, reaching a length of l^in., 
 sometimes somewhat curved ; all the spines horn-col- 
 ored, with tips and bases brown, later becoming gray: 
 fls. long, funnel form, re><embling those of Echinopsis, 
 10 in. long by 6 in. in diam.: fr. spherical to ellipsoidal, 
 about 3 in. in diam., red, somewhat spiny, flesh white. 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
280 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 5. lamprochldros, Lera. Related to C. candicans : of a 
 taller growth, cylintlrical, 3-4iV^ ft. high by about 3 in. 
 in diani., at first simple, but later branching at the base; 
 in new growth bright green, later dirty gr^en : ribs 
 10-11 or occasionally 15; conspicuously crenate, later 
 blunt and but little crenate: areolae medium size, about 
 34in. apart, yellowish white, becoming gray; above each 
 areola two radiating grooves form a letter \ : radial 
 spines 11-14, spreading, straight, sharp-pointed, about 
 %in. long, clear to dark amber color; some are strong 
 and rigid, while others are bristle-form; centrals mostly 
 4, somewhat longer, stronger and deeper colored, with 
 brown bases, becoming dark gray, about ^in. long : fls. 
 from the previous year's growth, about 8-10 in. long by 
 6 in. in diam., white. Argentine Republic. 
 
 6. Spachi^nns, Lem. Stems upright, at first simple, 
 later profusely branching at the base, branches ascend- 
 ing parallel with the main stem, 2-3 ft. high by 2-2J^ in. 
 in diam., columnar: ribs 10-15, obtuse, rounded : areolae 
 about 34 in. apart, large, covered with curly yellow wool, 
 becoming white : radial spines 8-10, ^-% in. long, 
 spreading, stiff, sharp, amber-yellow to brown; central 
 solitary, stronger and longer; all the spines later be- 
 coming gray: fls. about 8 in. long by about 6 in. in diam., 
 white. Argentine Republic. 
 
 7. Cliil6nsi8, Colla(C.C/ji7o«f«st.<?,DC.). Stems strong, 
 upright, simple (so far as known), about 2% ft. high by 
 3 '-2-5 in. in diam., cylindrical to somewhat clavate, 
 bright, clear green: ribs 10-12, obtuse: areola* about an 
 inch apart, large: radial spines straight, sharp, rigid, at 
 first 9, but later 4 others appear above these; centrals 
 mostly 4, seldom but a single one, bulbose at the base; 
 the young spines are brown honey-yellow, becoming 
 white, with dark tips, and finally gray : fis. from the 
 upper lateral areola», about 6 in. long, white, resembling 
 those of Echinopsis. Chile. 
 
 CC. Bibs of stem 7-9. 
 
 8. Alamos^nsis, Coult. Upright columnar, about 2 ft. 
 high by about 2 in. in diam., several stems arising from 
 a common root-crown: ribs 7-9, compressed and slightly 
 crenate: areolae prominent, about 1-1 ?4 in. apart, hemi- 
 spherical, densely covered with short, reddish brown 
 wool: radial spines 15-18, slender but rigid, rather un- 
 equal, spreading, straight or curved, %-\ in. long, ashy 
 gray; centrals commonly 4, much stouter and longer, 
 the three upper ones erect or divergent, the lowest (usu- 
 ally the longest and somewhat flattened ). porrect or 
 dettexed, all more or less angular, sometimes teretish, 
 134-2 in. long, when young yellowish, with dark brown 
 base, finally becoming gray: fls. from the upper lateral 
 areolae, funnel-form, about 134 in. long, red. Northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 9. Queretar^nsis, Weber. Arborescent, with a trunk 
 about 3 ft. high by about 14 in. in diam. ; the much- 
 branched crown has a diameter of 12-16 ft., the total 
 height of a plant being about 20 ft. ; branches dark 
 green, in young growth frequently of a peculiar violet- 
 brown: ribs 6-7, separated by sharp grooves, which later 
 become much flattened, and the stem consequently more 
 cylindrical : areolae depressed, dark brown : radial 
 spines 6-9, the lower ones the longest, about 13i in. 
 long : centrals 4 (often but 2), reaching 134 in.: fis. nu- 
 merous from the upper part of the branches, about 4-5 
 in. long : fr. yellow to red, alxmt 2 in. long, covered with 
 dark yellow to brown spines, about 1 in. long, and bul- 
 bose at the base. Mexico. 
 
 10. Chiotllla, Weber. Arborescent, stem reaching a 
 diameter of 16 in., freely branching from the base up- 
 ward, the whole plant reaching a height of 16 ft., with a 
 crown 12-14 ft. in diam., branches 8 in. in diam., dark 
 green: ribs mostly 7 (seldom 8): areolae elliptical, 
 pointed above and below, large, gray : radial spines 
 10-15, straight, very stiff, radiate, V^-Ys in. long ; cen- 
 trals 1-2, rarely 3-4, the under one long and \> ry strong, 
 about 2 in. long, curved downward, and eiti ■ to the 
 right or to the left, the others about half as long ; all 
 the spines are horn colored ; the narrow groove con- 
 necting the areolae bears a few bristles : fls. from the 
 lateral areolae, near the end of the branches, 134-134 in. 
 long, sulphur-yellow: fr. spherical, little more than an 
 inch in diameter, scaly, brown-red, with a violet flesh 
 within. Mexico. 
 
 11. Stellitufl, Pfeiff. (C. Dyckii, Mart. C.TonelliAnus 
 Lem.). Stems upright, c«)lumnar, 10-14 ft. high, light 
 green : branches upright, 2-3 in. in diam.: ribs 7-10 
 rarely 15 : areolae 3^-1 in. apart, sunken between adja- 
 cent swellings of the rib: radial spines 8-10, about %in. 
 long; centrals 3-5, the upper ones upright or divergent' 
 the under one porrect, alx)Ut 34-:'4 in. long ; all the 
 spine" bulbose at the base, rigid, white, and sonntimes 
 with dark tips, turning gray with age : fls. forming a 
 crown at the end of the stem, about 2 in. long, li^jht 
 pink : fr. spherical, 134 in. in diam., red outside and 
 carmine-red within. Central Mexico. — Fruit edible and 
 common in the Mexican markets. 
 
 12. euphorbioides, Haw.(6'. 6//fr.'*i/, Otto). Columnar, 
 simple, 10-16 ft. high by about 434 in. in diam., in young 
 growth pale green, changing with age to gray-green ; 
 ribs 8-10, separated by sharp grooves, sharp-angled, be- 
 coming flattened in older growth : areolae about %in. 
 apart, small, white to gray: radial spines mostly 0, the 
 under one the longest, reaching a length of over an 
 inch, strong, yellowish brown to black, the upper ones 
 shorter and bristle form ; central solitary, in young 
 plants twice as long as the radials; all the spines finally 
 become gray: fls. from near the crown. 334-4 in. long, 
 beautiful flesh-red, remaining open for 24 hours. Brazil 
 R.H. 1885,p.279. 
 
 13. Soezlii, Haage. Upright, columnar, about 3 in. 
 in diam. : ribs 9, separated by sharp, somewhat serpen- 
 tine grooves, obtuse; above the areolae, two radiating, 
 slightly curved grooves form a letter V: areolte %-% 
 in. apart, comparatively large, slightly sunken, yellow- 
 ish, later gray: radial spines 9-12, ra<liate, nearly 3oin. 
 long, straight, subulate, tolerably sharp, slightly thick- 
 ened at the base, clear brown, with darker stripes : cen- 
 tral solitary, reaching 134 in. in length, straight, porrect, 
 later somewhat dettexed, clear brown ; later all the spines 
 become gray. Andes of Peru or Equador. 
 
 14. tetrac^nthus, Lab. Upright, arborescent or 
 bushy, freely branching, young branches leaf-green, 
 later gray-green : ribs 8-9, low, arched : areol» me- 
 dium sized, slightly sunken, about 34in. apart, white to 
 gray: radials 5, later 7, radiate, ab<.ut %in. long, '^traij.' c, 
 subulate, stout, white, with brown tips and basest !a;or 
 ashy gray; centrals 1-3, under one largest and .onect, 
 when young yellow and translucent, later gray . fls re- 
 semble those of C. tortuosus. Bolivia. 
 
 ccc. Bibs of stem S-€. 
 
 15. margin&tus, DC. (C. gemmdtus, Zucc). Simple 
 or branching at apex, 2-3 in. in dian;.. with 5-6 obtuse 
 ribs, which are woolly their whole length: spines short- 
 conical, rigid, 7-9, all nearly alike: fls. brownish purple, 
 about 134 in. long: fr. globular and spiny. Mexico.— 
 Frecjuently used for hedges in S. Mexico. The stem is 
 often covered with a woody crust. 
 
 16. Dumorti^ri, Salm-Dyck. Tall, strong, 6-angled, 
 columnar stems, much resembling C marginatux, but 
 with the confluent areolae armed with slender, needle- 
 form, yellow spines: radials about 9-15, radiating, about 
 '%-% in. long ; centrals 1-4, the under one longest, 
 reaching 13^ in. in length : fls. numerous, funnel-fonn, 
 about 2 in. long, opening to about 1 in. in diam.. white. 
 Mexico. 
 
 17. Hanke&nns, Weber. Upright, robust, not branch- 
 ing ( so far as known ) , young growth bright green, later 
 dark green, about 2 in. in diameter: ribs 4-5, compressed, 
 about \% in. high, conspicuously crenate, with an S-forra 
 line passing from each areolte toward the center of the 
 stem : areolae %-l in. apart, horizontally elliptical to 
 heart-shaped, brown, becoming gray below and yellow 
 above: radial spines 3, needle-like, stout, sharp-pointed, 
 about %in. long, amber-colored when young, turning to 
 brown ; central solitary, straight, porrect, -Kin. long, 
 stronger than the radials, horn-colored ; later ail the 
 spines become gray: fls. 4-5 in. long, white. S. Araer. 
 
 BB. New growth blue, white- or gray-pruinose 
 {i.e., covered with a bloom). 
 
 C. Sibs of stem comparatively broad and low ; more or 
 less triangular in transverse section. 
 
 18. macrdgonus, Otto. Arborescent, sparsely branch- 
 ing, reaching a heigh of 20 ft. (in cultivation, 6 ft. high 
 
CEREUS 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 281 
 
 by 3-5 in. in diam.), branches 
 columnar : ribs mostly 7, stl- 
 dora 8-9, thick, slightly umhi- 
 late, obtuse and with convex 
 faces, about 1 in. high, bluish 
 preen, frequently having a de- 
 pressed line near the areolse: 
 areoI» about }4in. apart, large, 
 gray: radial spines (>-9, radi- 
 ate or spreading, strong, sub- 
 ulate, :^4in. long, horn color, 
 later black ; central spines 
 1-3, somewhat stronger and 
 longer than the radials, more 
 or less conspicuously porrect: 
 fls. from the lateral areola?, 
 near the end of the branches, 
 2^-3 in. long, tolerably fleshy, 
 white : fr. depressed-globose, 
 2 in. in diam. by little more 
 than 1 in. long. Brazil. 
 
 C. Pic ten - (I horig in u m , 
 Wats., is closely allied to the 
 above. It is Sonoran, but not 
 known to be in cult. G. F. 
 7:335. 
 
 19. ebfimeuB, Salm-Dyck 
 (C. pridndnus. Otto. C. edit- 
 lis, Hort.). Stem simple and 
 glaucous, with 7-10 ribs : 
 spines subulate, rigid, ivory- 
 white, with black tip (purplish when young), 
 radials 8-10, central usually solitary (some- 
 times 3-4): fls. purplish. 'W. Ind., Mex. 
 Cent Amer., S. Amer. 
 
 20. geom6tTizan8,Mart. (C. pusrionf^^rM.?, Lem.). Sim- 
 ple. 4 in. in diam., with 5-9 obtuse ribs with broad in- 
 tervals : spines 3-6, unequal, stout and blackish, the 
 solitary central one (sometimes wanting) very long and 
 stout : fls. pinkish white, about 1 in. long and 2 in. broad. 
 Mexico. 
 
 21. C6chal, Orcutt. Stout at base, and repeatedly 
 forking above, becoming 4-10 ft. high: ribs 4-8, obtuse, 
 with wide, shallow intervals : spines few and stout, the 
 solitary central one stoutest : fls. purplish green, 1-1 >2 
 in. long : fr. the size and shape of an olive, not spiny, 
 red (frequently grayish or yellowish brown ) . L. Calif. — 
 The short and stout woody trunk is often 1ft. in diam., 
 the long branches 2-8 in. in diam. 
 
 cc. Ifibs of stem strongly compressed laterally. 
 
 22. Peruviinus, Haw. (C. monoclonos, DC). Hedge 
 Cactus. Tall, 30-50 ft., branching freely toward the 
 base, columnar, 4-8 in. in diam. , new growiih dark green 
 and glaucous, becoming a dull green with age, and, in 
 old stems, becoming corky: ribs o-8, compressed : are- 
 ola yi-l in. apart, in new growth covered with con- 
 spicuous, curly brown wool, becoming gray: radial spines 
 about iy-7, about %-% in. long ; central solitary, reach- 
 ing a length of 2% in. ; the number of spines increases 
 with age to as many as 20, all are rigid, brown : fls. 
 abundant, from the lower part of the stem, white, noc- 
 turnal, 6-7 in. long by 5 in. in diam. Fla., W. Ind., Mex. 
 and S. Amer. G.C. Ill, 24: 175 ( var. monstrosus). 
 
 Var. AlacriportAnus, K. Sch. (C. Alacriporthnus, 
 Mart.). Of somewhat weaker growth, low, and less con- 
 spicuously pruinose in the new growth, which is con- 
 sequently nearly clear green. S. Brazil. 
 
 23. Jamac&ra, Salm-Dvck (C. vdlidns. Haw.). Stems 
 upright, robust, rigid, 12-16 ft. high by as much as 6 in. 
 in diam. ; young growth azure-blue, turning dark green 
 with age, glaucous: ribs4-«, thin, compressed, crenate: 
 radial spines 5-7, stiff, needle-like, clear vellow with 
 brown points, or brown and finally black, about H-%'\n. 
 long; centrals 2-4, somewhat stronger, porrect, =^4-3 in. 
 lone: fls. large, 10 in. long by 8 in. in diam., white noc- 
 turnal. Braz., Venezuela. 
 
 24. candel&brum, Weber {C. Belie fdi, Hort.). Tall, 
 columnar, simple or branching only at the base, dark 
 green with a faint trace of blue, 30 ft. high by 4 in. in 
 diam.: ribs 9, blunt, strongly compressed, %iQ. high, 
 slightly crenate : areolaB 1-2 in. apart, ovate, large, 
 
 yW 
 
 413. 
 Cereus giganteus 
 forest 
 in Arizona. 
 
 white: radial spines mostly 9, the under ones longest 
 and about an inch long, laterally compressed, the upper 
 ones shorter, round, all bulbose and black at the base, 
 ivory-white above ; central solitary, very large, .3-4 in. 
 long, dagger-like, laterally compressed and faintly an- 
 gled, porrect, ivory-white to gray, base black and 
 strongly bulbose : fls. from the lateral areolae, 3-4 in. 
 long, white: fr. the size of a small orange, covered with 
 small scales, in the axils of which are wool and bristles 
 Mexico. 
 
 25. chalybaas, Otto. Stems upright, branching above, 
 arborescent, azure blue and pruinose, later dark green, 
 l>^-4 in. in diam.: ribs 6, in young growth very much 
 compressed, later depressed till the stem is nearly cy- 
 lindrical : areolae about 5^^in. apart, dark gray -brown ; 
 radial spines mostly 7, about }4 in. long: centrals 3-4, 
 similar but somewhat stronger and a little longer ; all 
 the spines are pointed, stiff, when young are black, 
 later brown to gray with black tips, bulbose at the base: 
 fls. very similar to those of Cccerulescens. Argentine 
 Republic. 
 
 AA. Stems erect, less than 2 in. in diam. 
 
 B. liibs of stem 10 or more. 
 
 26. serpentlnus, DC. Stems columnar, tall, slender, 
 flexuose, 5-8 ft. high by 1-1 V^ in. in diam., tapering at 
 the point : ribs 10-13, low, obtuse : areolae about %in. 
 apart: radial spines 10-12, slender,needle form, stiff,%in. 
 long ; centrals 1-4, pink and white when young, later 
 gray ; the number of spines increases by new ones ap- 
 pearing later : fls. from the upper lateral areolae, slen- 
 der, green, spiny tube with funnel-shaped corolla, about 
 6 in. long by 3 in. in diam., white, nocturnal: fr. ovoid, 
 red, covered with deciduous spines. Cent. Mex. B.M. 
 3566. 
 
 27. Batimannii, Lem. (C. colttbrlnus. Otto). Stems 
 dark green, slender, flexuose, columnar, reaching a height 
 of 6 ft. and a diam. of 1-1 J4 in., the few branches ascend- 
 
282 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 ing slender, parallel with the main stem : ribs 12-16, 
 roundeu: areolae close together, brown; spines tine, slen- 
 der, very sharp, 15-20, fascicled, white to yellow or dark 
 brown, about ^ in. long; sometimes a single one from the 
 center reaches a length of % in. : fls. numerous, tubular, 
 zygomorphous, 25^-3 in. long by about J^in. in diame- 
 ter throughout, red or stiraetiraes with orange-red petals 
 and red tube. Cinguay, Paraguay and Argentine Re- 
 public. 
 
 28. isdgonus, K.Sch. Stem upright, columnar, about 
 1-1/i in. indium., in young growth light green to \ fllow- 
 green, later darker : ribs 15-16 : areolae approximate, 
 white, turning gray: radial spines as many as 20, 
 spreading, at lirst clear or dark yellow, becoming white, 
 and tinaily gray, bristle form, flexible, about %in. long; 
 centrals 6-8; two of these are somewhat stronger and 
 stiffer, about % in. long, one directed upward and one 
 downward, yellowish brown to dark honey-color ; later 
 gray, as in the radials. S. Amer. 
 
 29. spldndens, Salm-Dyck. Columnar, slender, short, 
 rigid, more or less branching from the base, reaching a 
 height of about 2 ft. and about l-l^ain. in diara., light 
 to yellowish green : ribs about 10-12, rounded : areolae 
 prominent, about ^ in. apart, tawny, becoming white, 
 tomentose : radial spines 8-12, radiating, yellow and 
 light brown, becoming gray; centrals 1-3, scarcely 
 larger than the radial, yellowish to white; all the spines 
 slender, bristle form, about %-%\n. long.— This may 
 be but a lower, stouter form of C. rfpandnn. C. Caven- 
 dishii has been referred to this species, but with some 
 question. 
 
 BB. Bihs 3-10. 
 
 30. repdnduB, Haw. (C. eridphorns, Pfeiflf.). Stem 
 simple. 20 ft. high, tapering at summit and jointed, 
 with 8-10 obtuse ribs: spines 9-12, needle-shaped, white 
 with black tips : large white, funnel form flowers, the 
 calyx-tube covered with long wool. W. Indies. 
 
 31. platygonus, Otto. At first upright, later some- 
 what reclining, branching, at the base about 1 in. in 
 diam., tapering in the new growth: ribs 8, low, arched >' 
 areolae about ^ in. apart, very small, yellow, becoming 
 gray, subtruded by a small 3-angled bract ; radial 
 spines 12-15, spreading, bristle form, little more than 
 % in. long; central solitan.'. slightly longer and stronger; 
 all the spines at first yellow-brown, changing to white 
 or gray with age. 
 
 32. c8Brul68cen8, Salm-Dyck (C. Ldndbecki, Phil.). 
 Arborescent or shrubby, 3-5 ft. high: stems 1-1 >^ in. in 
 diam. : ribs usually 8, obtuse : areolje approximate, white 
 bud soon becoming black : spinas rigid ; radials 9-12, 
 M->2 in. long, black ; centrals 4, % in. long, stronger, 
 black or white : fls. from the siSe of the stem, slightly 
 curved, 6-8 in. long by 6 in. in diam., tube bronze-green, 
 corolla white or occasionally rose-pink: frs. ellipsoidal, 
 pointed at both ends, about 3 in. long and half that in 
 diam., bright red, with blue glaucous covering. Argen- 
 tine Republic. B.M. 3922. 
 
 33. Bridgeaii, Salm-Dyck. Upright, tall, columnar, 
 simple or lat«r branching at the base, bright green when 
 young, becoming blue to gray-green, 1^-2 in. in diam.: 
 ribs 5-7, very broad and low : areolae %-%m. apart, 
 yellowish to gray: spines .S-5, radiating, the under one, 
 or seldom the upper one, the longest, 1^ in. long, stiff, 
 sharp, straight, dark honey-yellow, with brown tips, be- 
 coming gray with age. Bolivia. 
 
 Var. lagenifbrmis, K. Sch. (C. lagenif&rmis , Forst.). 
 Spines more numerous, somewhat longer. 
 
 34. azureus, Parm.(CSeid<'?ti, Lehm.). Stem upright, 
 tall, slender, columnar, branching from the base, in the 
 young, fresh bluish green, later dark green with gray, 
 glaucous covering, about .'i-4 ft. high and about 1 in. in 
 diam. ; ribs 5-7, rounded, enlarged at th areolae : 
 areolae about ^-1 ft. apart, elevated, large, aoundantly 
 woolly when young : spines 8-18, nearly alike, about 
 ^-%in. long, stiff, slender, needle-form to bristle-like, 
 black; the 2--4 central ones somewhat longer: fls. 8-12 
 in. long, obliquely attached to the stem, slightly curved, 
 white. Braz. 
 
 35. caesios, Otto. Upright, columnar, branching at the 
 base, somewhat tapering above; in new growth, beauti- 
 
 ful light blue, pruinose ; later, light green to slightly 
 bluish, about l^ain. in diam.: ribs 5-6, separated by 
 sharp grooves, about % in. high, compressed, faintly 
 crenate, becoming depressed in older gfrowth : areol® 
 about % in. apart, small, yellow at first, later becoming 
 white and finally gray : radial spines 8-10, sonietime^ 
 more appear later; nwliate, light amber-color, brown at 
 the base, the lower pair the longest, mostly about % in. 
 long ; centrals 4-7. like the radials but usually some- 
 what stronger, longer and darker ; all the spines thin, 
 needle-form, flexible, sharp ; later, light horn-color! 
 finally gray. S. Amer. ( ?). 
 
 3';. Ordggii, Engelm, Slender and branching, 2-3 tt. 
 high and '%-\ in. in diam., from an extraordinarily 
 large, tuberous root (often 6-10 in. long and 4-6 in, in 
 diam. ) : ribs .'Mi, acute : spines subulate from bulbous 
 base, very short and sharp, 7-11, 1 or 2 being central: 
 fls. white or yellowish. 6-8 in. long: fr. ovate, alternate 
 at base and apex, bright scarlet, fleshy and edible. 1-2 
 in. long. Southwestern Tex. to Ariz., and south into 
 Chihuahua and Sonora. Generally in gravelly or hard, 
 clayey soil. 
 
 37. specidsus, K. Sch. (C. coccineus, Salm-Dyck. C. 
 Schrdnkii, Zucc. C. .<tpecioMlsnimus, DC). Slender, 
 much branched from toward the base; stems about 2 ft. 
 in length by about 1 in. in diam., sometimes having 
 aerial roots near the young growth: ribs 3-5, serrated: 
 areolae occupy the short upper side of the serrations, 
 large, copiously white, woolly : spines fascicled, 5-8, 
 more in age, spreading, slender, stiff, sharp-pointed, the 
 under one bristle-form, about % in. long, yellow : fls. 
 appearing from the older growth of the stems ; large, 
 6 in. in diam., remaining open several days, purple-red, 
 with Irridescent, bluish center : fr. ovoid, with a few- 
 scattering scales, lJ^-2 in. long. Mex. and Cent. Amer. 
 B.M. 3822. I.H. .32:548. Gn. .53, p. 153.-This species is 
 commonly hybridized with other species of Cereus and 
 of Phyllocactus, giving rise to numerous horticultural 
 varieties. 
 
 38. Mexic4nU8, Lem. Said by Lemaire to be a garden 
 hybrid between C. speciosus and some other species not 
 mentioned. 
 
 AAA. Stems prostrate. 
 
 39. £mor3ri, Engelm. Prostrate, cylindrical, 2-4 ft. 
 long, with ascending or erect branches 6-10 in. high and 
 1-2 in. in diam.: ribs 15. tuberculate : spines slender 
 and rigid, interlocked, yellow ; radials 40-50, very slen- 
 der; central usually solitary, stouter and much larger : 
 fls. greenish yellow, 1-2 in. broad : fr. globose, very 
 spiny, 1-lHin. in diam. Rocky hills, S. Calif, into L. 
 Calif, and adjacent islands.— Grows in thick masses, 
 covering patches 10-20 ft. square. 
 
 40. gumrndsos, Enge'm. (C. gummindstis, Hort.). 
 Prostrate and assurgent, 1-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. in diam., 
 dull purplish green: ribs (on young branch) 7-9, tuber- 
 culate: spines stout and rigid, black, from a strong, 
 bulbous base; radials about 12; centrals 3-6, stout and 
 angled: fls. purple, 4-5 in. long: fl. subglobose, about 3 
 in. in diam., spiny, bright scarlet with purple pulp 
 ("color of ripe watermelon"), acid and pleasant. L. 
 California. 
 
 41. ernca, Brandegee. Prostrate and stout, single or 
 slightly branched, 2-4 ft. long. .V7 in. in diam., rooting 
 from the under surface, generally in patches of 20-30 : 
 ribs Ki-21 : spines stout, ashy, interlocked ; centrals 5-8, 
 stouter, the lowest flattened and strongly deflexed : fls. 
 4-5 in. long, reported to be yellow: fr. globular, 2 in. in 
 diara., somewhat spiny, dull red, with purple pulp. Sandy 
 plains, coasts of L. Calif, and adjacent islands. — A plant 
 of curious and uncouth habit, often in large masses, and 
 from a distance "looking like a lot of firewood thrown at 
 random on the ground." 
 
 AAAA. Stems weak, clambering over rocks or other plants 
 for support; without aerial roots. 
 
 42. Pitaj^ya, DC. (C Pemambticensis [Femambu' 
 censis], Lem. C. formdsus, Salm-Dyck. C. varidbilis, 
 Pfeiff . ) . Stems at first simple, later branching, in young 
 growth light green, turning grayish green with age, 
 pointed, 54-1 >iin. in diam.: ribs 3-5, commonly 4 : areola 
 about 1 in. apart, large, bearing a conspicuous amount of 
 
CEREU8 
 
 eurlyhair, about Hin. lonj?, in new arrowth: radial spines 
 5-7 and a solitary central one, uniform, about ^-^^in. 
 long, amber color to brown and finally gray: ds. from the 
 older growth, large, about 8 in. long, Hlightly curved, 
 white, nocturnal. Uruguay, Brazil, Columbia. B.M.4084. 
 -C. grandin, Haw., according to Dr. Weber, is but a 
 larger form of this species. 
 
 4,3. princeps, Pfeiflf. {C. Barani^nsis, Karw. C. varid- 
 biliit, Engelm.). Erect, .3-10 ft. high, 2 in. in diam., and 
 3- or 4-angled: spines 4-6, stout an i radiant, unequal, the 
 larger 1-lHiu. long: fls. white, long-tubular, 7-8 in. long: 
 fr. oval, spiny, 2-3 in. long, scarlet, and with luscious red 
 pulp. Lower Rio Grande, on Mex. side. — The young 
 shoots are said to have 8 ribs and more numerous slen- 
 der spines, and in cultivated forms the spines are often 
 much longer than given above. 
 
 44. Bdnplandii, Farm. Stems at first upright, later 
 clambering over rocks and bushes, about 1-1 Vain, in 
 diam., branching and spreading, in new growth com- 
 monly of a bluish or purplish green, later gray-green : 
 ribs 4-('>, sharp, cttmpressed, crenate, separated by broad, 
 concave faces; later the ribs become much depressed, so 
 that the stem is sometimes nearly cylindrical ; the ribs 
 commonly run spirally around the axis of the stem : 
 areolsB J^-lJ^in. apart, at first considerably depressed, 
 later shallower, white, becoming gray : radial spines 
 4-*i (later 1-4 more appear), straight, spreading, the 
 largest about %-l in., stout, subulate, pointed, the under 
 one needle form and shorter ; central solitary, straight, 
 stronger, 1 in. long, deflexed or porrect ; the stronger 
 spines are white, with tips and bases brown, when young 
 beautiful ruby-red, later all are gray, with black tips and 
 bulbous bases: tls. from the lateral areolae, about 10 in. 
 long, white, nocturnal : fr. nearly spherical, about 2 in. 
 in diam., mammate, dark carmine-red. Paraguay, Brazil, 
 and Argentine Republic. 
 
 45. tortuosue, Forbes (C atropurpureus, Haage). 
 Stems slender, weak, at first upright, but later reflexed, 
 reaching a length of 3-4 ft., and 1-1 j^in. in diam. : ribs 
 commonly 7, sometimes but 5, rounded, low, separated by 
 regular serpentine grooves : areolae about 1 in. apart, 
 large: radial spines 5-8, about '%-\ in. long: centrals 1-4, 
 about %-i'^in. long ; all the spines slender, rigid, red- 
 brown when young, becoming ashy with age : tts. from 
 the previous year's growth, about 6 in. in length, trum- 
 pet-shaped, tube olive.- green and 
 spiny, in the axils of 'the reddish 
 green scales; outer petals pale green, 
 tinted with brown ; inner petals 
 clear white : fr. spherical, bril- 
 liant red without and white within, 
 mammate, bearing a few spines on 
 the summits of the lower mammas. 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 46. Mtirtinii, Lab. {C. monacdn- 
 thiis.lLoTt.). At first upright, later 
 requiring a support; freely branch- 
 ing from the base, branches long, 
 reaching nearly 5ft., %-\ in. in diam., 
 slightly tapering, dark green : ribs 
 5-6, separated by serpentine grooves, 
 contracted between the areola? ; some- 
 times the ribs are not evident, when 
 the stem is cylindrical: areolae about 
 \-\M in. apart, white: radial spines 
 5-7, reddish, short, bristle-fonn, with 
 bulbous bases or short conical, usu- 
 ally about % in. long ; central soli- 
 tary, mostly deflexed, J^-1 in. long 
 (in young growth, frequently not 
 longer than the radial), subulate, 
 robust, light brown or white, with 
 bases and tips black : fls. from the 
 older growth stems, 8-9 in, long, clear white, noc- 
 turnal : fr. spherical (very similar to C. tortuosiis), 
 pointed, dark carmine-red, about 2 in. in diam., mam- 
 mate, a few spines on the mammas, toward the base 
 of the fr. Argentine Republic. R. H. 1860, pp. 658-9. 
 -This species is commonly sold under the name of 
 C. platygonus. 
 
 CEREU8 
 
 283 
 
 AAAAA. Stemft more or lens climbing, attaching them- 
 Hflves to trees, tcalls, etc., by meana of aerial 
 roots. 
 
 B. Sibs of stem 5 or r\ore. 
 
 47. flagollifdrmis, Mill. Rat-t.*il Cactus. Creeping 
 or pendent, slt-uder and very branching, cylindrical, 
 %-\ in. in diam., branches 1 ft. long or more: ribs 10-12, 
 tuberculate : spines short, rather rigid ; ra<lials 8-12, 
 reddish brown ; centrals 3 or 4, brown, with golden tip: 
 fls. funnel-form, crimson, 2-3 in. long : fr. globose, 
 }^in. in diam., reddish and bristly, the pulp greenish 
 yellow ("with the taste of a prune"). W. Ind., Mex., 
 Cent. Amer., S. Amer. — This is commonly hybridized 
 with other species. It is a ver>' common window plant. 
 
 Var. l^ptophis, K. Sch. (C. leptophis, DC). Of more 
 handsome appearance : new spines on the gTt)wing point 
 carmine-red : ribs at the most 8: fls. somewhat smaller 
 and lighter. 
 
 48. MAllisoni, Hort. (<7. Smithii, Lindl.). This is a 
 gar<len hybrid of V. flagellifnrmia on C. speeiosus. Habit 
 of C. fiagelliformis, but stouter : fls. more like those of 
 C. speciosns. B.M. 3822. 
 
 49. Donkeldteri, 8alm-Dyck. A bushy epiphyte, richly 
 branching, clinging to the bark of trees by aerial roots, 
 commonly in company with orchids ; branches very 
 long and thin, scarcely 5^(iin. in diameter, cylindrical or 
 inconspicuously 6-angied, or rarely 7-8-angled : areolae 
 ver>' close together, small, white : spines 10-15, very 
 short, snow-white ; sometimes 2-3 short, stronger 
 spines appear in the center of each cluster : fls. resem- 
 bling those of C. grandiflorns. Brazil. 
 
 50. finrandifldros, Mill. Fragkaxt NiGHT-BLooMixa 
 Cereus. Fig. 414. Diffusely creeping, with very long 
 and flexuous climbing 5-7-angled branches, %-! in. in 
 diam., with bunches of white bristles associated with the 
 5-12 short spines: fls. white and fragrant, 6-8 in. broad. 
 W. Ind., Mex. B.M. 3.381. — Long cultivated in gardens as 
 the "Night-blooming Cereus," and made to vary widely. 
 C. Uranos, Hort., is but a form of this species. 
 
 51. H^ynardii, Lem. ( C. grandiflbnis,x&T. Mdynardii, 
 Hort.). A garden hybrid of C. grandiflortis on C. spe- 
 ciosns. Habit of C grandiflorus, but red colors of C. 
 speciosus. 
 
 414. Cereus Brandiflorus. one of the niKht-blooming Cereuses (X %). 
 
 52. spinuldsus, DC. Stems slender, climbing, reach- 
 ing a height of 8-10 ft., %-l in. in diam., branches more 
 slender : ribs commonly 5, sometimes 6, sharp, becom- 
 ing obliterated with age : areolae small, about J^in. 
 apart : radial spines about 8, very short, bristle-form, 
 brown, becoming gray ; central solitary, somewhat 
 longer: fls. 5-6 in. long by 3-4 in. in diam., white, flushed 
 
284 
 
 CEREUS 
 
 CEROPEGIA 
 
 with pink, nocturnal. W. Ind. and Mex.— The plant 
 nuu'h n-seml*!*'!* f . tjrnntlifl(>rH», hut is easily distin- 
 guishe*! by its siuuller and different colored tls. 
 
 5.'i. Marti^ntiB, Zucc. Of hushy fjrrowth. brancliini;, 
 reachinir a liei^lit of W ft. and more ; branches sh-nder, 
 provided here and there with uerial roots, cylindrical. 
 alMtut •,'4in. in diuiu : ribs <-<tiiiiiii>nly ^, straight, sepa- 
 rate«l by sharp trnMives, very low : areola* U-.'h in- 
 apart, small, white : ra4lial spines t»-10, bristle-form. 
 Hpr«'u«lin>r, clear honey-yellow, at base brownish. Inter 
 whitish and becomintj irray. a)>out )4in. lc»n»f ; centrals 
 3-4, similar, only somewhat stouter and <larker : H». 
 usually abundant, straiirht or slijrhtly S-shaped, +-5 in. 
 lontr, scarlet-n-d : fr. spherical, red<iish K'"»'t-*n» covered 
 with bristles. Southern Mex. B.M. MiM. 
 
 BB. Ribs of stem 3-o. 
 
 54. nyctic^luB, Link. Ni<}HT-buk)min« Cerei's. Sub- 
 erect, very lonK-j«»inted, li-l in. in diam. : joints vari- 
 able, some cylindri<-al, others 4-43-anKle«l : ribs jwute 
 at first, obtuse later : spines 1-4, and very small : tls. 
 white and frairrant. about 7 in. lonif. Me.\. — The com- 
 monest Nii:ht-blouming Ceretis, 
 
 55. in^rmis, Otto. Sts. branching, clirabinj?, branches 
 4-5-an>;led, sharp-wintfed. yellowish ^een, later darker, 
 slightly crenate : areohe in the depressions, small, 
 bearing a few bristles when young, but soon naked. 
 Venezuela. 
 
 56. liam^tas, Scheidw. (C. rostrdtus, Lem.). Stems 
 slender, weak, climbing, bright green, less than I in. in 
 diam., reaching a length of 10 ft. : ribs remotely serrate, 
 the serrations repand, and bearing on their anterior 
 edge the small areola>: spines 5-<), l)ristle-fonn, whitish 
 to brown, very short and partly deciduous : tls. large, 
 10-l(i in. long and nearly the same in diameter, white, 
 nocturnal. Central Mexico. 
 
 415. 
 
 Cerinthe retorta. 
 (X><.) 
 
 57. B6gelii, Hort. This form is ver>' common in the 
 trade; is a very excellent plant, with good, fixed char- 
 acters ; is a slender climbing plant. Its origin is ob- 
 scure, but, from its vegetative characters, as well as 
 floral, it is apparently closely related to either C. hama- 
 tus or C Mac Dona Id i(B, with one of which it may be a 
 hybrid. 
 
 56. Hapolebnis, Graham. Suberect and long-jointed 
 the joints :i-angled an«l with tlat sides, 12 in. or more 
 long, %-\ in. in diam. : spines ;< or 4, subulate. un»'(jual, 
 black; sometimes a few white l>ristles: Hs. snowy white 
 M in. long and (i in. broad: fr. bluish and spinv, :i bv 4 
 in. W. In<l., Mex. B.M.:{458. 
 
 59. ext^nsus, Salm-I)y«k. Climbing : stems richly 
 branching, alM)ut 'A ft. long by about •,'4in. in diam.. dark 
 green, soon becoming covered with gray-yellow, rorkv 
 Hakes: M-anuled, angles blunt, later beconiintr depressed, 
 so that the older stems are cylin<lrii-al : aretdu' \i-2\i 
 in. apart, white, becoming gray: spines 2— 1, ver>' short 
 and stnmg, straight or very slightly cur\-ed, dark brown, 
 V»ecoming gray with age : t\-i. from the sides of the 
 branches, H-D in. long, rose-re<l. Trinidad. B.M. HH'Ai. 
 
 60. trianKulAris, Haw. Stems jointed, hm:; and si.-n- 
 der, cliinl)ing : ribs 3, c»»mpressed. thin, and about 1 in. 
 or more high, crenate, with a corneous maririn connei-t- 
 ing the areola*: areola* alxiut 1-1.'^ in. apart: radial 
 spines 2—4. bristle-form, sh«)rt, s(K*n deciduous ; cent rah 
 l-'A, c«)nical from a bull>ous base, dark colored : tls. 
 large, about 1 ft. long by about the same diameter when 
 fully open, white, n«H'tunial, tube covered with large, 
 leaf-like scales : fr. large. covere«l with the perxi<tttit 
 large scales. Mexico and West Indies. B.M. l8^4 Mn. 
 6:5.— The fniit is edible and very refreshing, and is 
 common in the Mexican markets. 
 
 BBB. Ribs inconHpicuous or wholly absent. 
 
 61. MacD6naldiae, Hook. Climbing, and of rapid 
 growth, richly br:in<"hing, branches very lontr. cylindri- 
 cal or with here and there vt-ry obtuse an<l not continu- 
 ous angles, dark green : are<ilae elevated c»n tubercles 
 which are arranged spirally on the branches, snudl : 
 spine solitary (or rarely 2), short, porre^-t, iimwn or 
 black, inccmspicuous: tis, lateral, about 14 in. Iong,white, 
 
 nocturnal. Honduras. B.M. 4707. 
 
 The following horticultural names, in the Amer. 
 trade, are not iwcounteti for in the foregoing synop- 
 sis: C. Childsii, C. dirrrgispina, ('. ereetus, <'. furi- 
 nonus, C. frdgilis, V. Uebaeri, C Guadalupdnus, C. 
 Znticaedri. 
 
 The following names, in the Amer. trade. Itelong 
 to E<'hincM'ereus: ('. lierlandi^ri. C. ca-gpifi^sun. ('. 
 chlordnthus, C curcinfiis, ('. conoidftis, C. cteiwidfi, 
 C. das!i<icunthus. ('. dubius, C. Eugel- 
 manni. C. enneacdnthiis, C. Fendleri, (,'. 
 gonacdnthus, C lonpisetus C. ifnjn- 
 vinsit, C. paucisplnua, C. pectindtiit, 
 C. phirnieeus, V. procitmbena. V. Hert- 
 teri, C. Scheeri (Schlini). C.straminfua, 
 C tuberdsiia, C riridiflorua. 
 
 C. eylindrieua is Opuntia. C. Sickeltii 
 and C.aenilia are I*ilocereus. 
 
 John M. Coilter and 
 C. H. Thompson. 
 
 CERlNTHE (Greek, A-*' ro.*, wax; 
 anthos, tlower : the ancients be- 
 lieved that the bees visit«'d the 
 flowers for wax). Boragiu<)ce(P. 
 About 6 species of annuai cr per- 
 ennial herbs from Europe and Asia 
 Minor, with alternate, glauc<ms Ivs. and showy pnrj>Ie 
 bracts. The best species is C. retortn , which has a uni(iue 
 appearance in the garden, and is strongly recommended 
 for more general cultivaticm. It is a hardy annual of 
 easy culture. For a garden review of the other Honey- 
 worts, see Gn. 41, p. 212. 
 
 retdrta, Sibth. & Sm. Hoxevwort. Fig. 415. Height 
 l}4-2 ft.: Ivs. glaucous, often spotted white or red ; 
 lower Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; upper Ivs. amplexicaul. 
 with 2 round ears, on the flowering branches gradually 
 becoming smaller and closer together until they pas.> into 
 purple bracts, which form the chief attractive feature of 
 the plant : fls. when full-blown protruded beyond the 
 bracts : corolla tubular-club-shaped, yellow, tipped pur- 
 ple, with 5 small, spreading teeth. Greece. B.M. 5204. 
 Gn. 41:847. W. M. 
 
 CES0F£6IA (Greek, wax and fountain, the tlo\yer9 
 having a waxy look). Asclepiaddcece. Greenhouse vines 
 of Africa and Asia, not in the Amer. trade. A dozen spe- 
 cies are known in Old World collecti<ms. Many of them 
 have tuberous roots, and need a season of rest and dry- 
 ness. Prop, by cuttings. Odd and handsome. 
 
CEROXYIiON 
 
 tuAM.KHATIA 
 
 285 
 
 CEBdXYLON NIVEUM, Uort.= Diplothemium. 
 
 CESTBUM (ol't <irpok namr). Sjm., TTahroihiimnnn. 
 S,./.< »*.)<•♦<». (irffuhouse shnibs of many J«^K■^•i«'^*, in trop- 
 ical Anier. S«»me of tJu-m hav«« a climbing habit. The 
 tubular Hs. an- in axillary <»r terminal cym*'-*, re«l. yellow, 
 ifreeniob or white, ofttii very frujjrant, Lvs. alternate 
 and entire. UHiially rather narrow. Fniit a berry. (V««- 
 tniniH are amonjf ♦he mont useful of bright riowerinj?. 
 shrubby. jfreenhou«e pbujts. and they may be irrown 
 either as iM>t plants, or planted out a>rain«>t the back wall 
 or supports of a jfreenhous.', where, if jf'ven a liwrht jm)- 
 sition, they will produce an abundance of flowers from 
 .January to April. The Mexican species will do well In 
 A w inter temperature of 4.")' to .'»0°, hiit the species from 
 Central America re^piire stove temperature. They are 
 propatrated bv euttinifs taken in Febniary or early in 
 March, and insirted in sand in a wann temp«'rature. 
 kc'iiimr them somewhat close until n»oted. when they 
 ghoiild be potted in a litfht soil, after wht<-h they may be 
 grown in pots, shiftintjon as often as required, or plantetl 
 
 416. Cestrum eleeans (X K)- 
 
 out in the open ground towards the end of May in a stinny 
 position, where, if kept pinched back to in«luce a bushy 
 ^owth and attention is paid to watering;, tlu-y will make 
 tine plants by the first of September. They should then 
 \n' lifted and potted in a lii;ht. rich soil and kept close 
 and sha<ie<l for a few days, and then transferred to tlieir 
 winter (juart«Ts. After tiowerintr. the plants should be 
 triven a rest for a month or six weeks, trra<lually reducing 
 the supply of W!it«'r to induce the leaves and wmxl to 
 ripen, after which they should be cut well biu'k.the ohl 
 soil shaken off. and the roots trimmed l»ack, and then 
 either potted again or plante«l out forthe summer. While 
 in the greenhouse, C'estrunis are very subject to the 
 attacks of insects, especially the mealy bug ( t'orrM.i 
 a>h)>ii(Iiim). To keep these in check they should be given 
 an occasional spraying of kerosene emulsion. The t'es- 
 trunis are much grown in warm countries, and they 
 hli)(»m continuously. Following are the only species 
 known to be in the Amer. trade : 
 
 A. Fls. red. 
 
 ^legans, Schlecht. {Hafrrothdmnus Heganx, Brongn.), 
 Fip. 41t>. Tall and slender, half-climbing, the branches 
 pubescent: Ivs. ovate, lanceolate, long-acuminate, of 
 medium size, puV)eHcent beneath : tis. red-purple, swollen 
 near the top of the tul)e, in loose clusters, which nod at 
 the ends of the branches, the lobes ciliate. Mex. F.S. 
 2:82.— One of the commonest and best of greenhouse 
 shrubs, blooming almost continuously. There is a form 
 with variegate<l Ivs. 
 
 fasciculatum, Miers. Spring bloomer, with larger fts. 
 than those of ('. elei/aus, an<l more compact, nearly 
 globular fi. -clusters, the cluster subtended by small Ivs. 
 as if an involucre : Ivs. ovate. Mex. B.M. 4183 (and 
 probably the C. elegann, B.M. 5t>59. ) 
 
 Newelli, Hort. {H. Newelli, Veitch). Fls. bright 
 crimson, larger and more brilliant than those of C. ele- 
 gam and C. fasciculatum. Gn. 34: 660. — A free-growing 
 plant, originating from seed by Mr. Newell, I)t)wnham 
 Market, Eng. Evidently an offshoot of one of the pre- 
 ceding species. 
 
 A A. Flu. (tritnqe. 
 
 aarantiaeam, Lindl. Of half-<'limbing habit : Ivs. 
 oval to ovatf. more or less undulate : fls. s«'ssile. in a 
 panicle, orange-yellow. Ouat<-mala. H.H. 1858, p.2.'M. 
 
 AAA. Fl». white, greeninh, or cream-ytlloie, 
 
 P4rqui, L'Her. Shrub, half hardy : Ivs. lanceolate, 
 petioled. short. a<'uminate: tis. long, tubular, with a wide- 
 Hpreading liml*. in an t»pen panicle, greenish yellow, very 
 fragrant at night. Chile. B. M. 1770. 
 
 didmnm, Linn. Quick-gr<»wing evergreen shrub: Ivs. 
 «>blong and short-a<'ute. thicki>h ami glabrous, shining 
 above: fls. white, very sweet-scented by day, in axillary 
 long p«'dtincled spikes: fr. white. W. Ind. 
 
 nocttimam, Linn, .Shrub »»-() ft. : branches bn)wnish, 
 very slender or flexuosc. glabrous or nearly so : Ivs. 
 thinner, ovate or elliptic, prominently acuminate : tls. 
 creamy yellow, very fragrant by night. Jamaica. 
 
 E. J. Canning and L. H. B. 
 
 CHANACTIS (Greek, gaping ray: the marginal 
 corollas often ray-like). Comp6»ittp. West American 
 herbs or under-shrubs, with alternate and mostly dis- 
 sected Ivs.. an<l yellow, white or flesh -coloreil fls. «»n 
 solitary' peduncles or in I' »se cymes. Florets of one 
 kind, but the marginal ones with a more or less en- 
 larged limb: involucre campanulate: n-ceptacle Hat and 
 generally naked : pappus «»f scales (wanting in 1 spe- 
 cies). Three species have been introduced as lM»nler 
 plants, but they are little known to gardeners. Of easy 
 culture. Pr<»p. by seeds or division. 
 
 A. PappuH of entire or nearly entire persintent »calea. 
 
 tenuifdlia, Nutt. Small, tufted annual, white pubes- 
 cent wb«Mi young but becoming nearly or«|uite glabrous: 
 1 ft. : Ivs. oace or twice pinnately parted, the lobes linear 
 or filiform: heads ^ain. high, lemon-yellow. S.Calif. 
 
 Doilglasii, Hook. & Am. Biennial or perennial. '.\-\3 
 in. high, usually white-w«»olly when young: Ivs. broad, 
 pinnatfly parted into short an<l crowded, obtuse lobes: 
 heads %-%\n. high, white or whitish. Mont. S. and W. 
 — Variable. 
 
 AA. Papptia of fimbriate and deriduoun scales, or even 
 
 wanting. 
 
 arteoiiBisefdlia, Gray. Tufted annual, 1-2 ft., rusty- 
 pubescent and somewhat sticky : Ivs. 2 or 3. pinnately 
 parte«l into short-linear or obhmg lobes : heads % in. 
 high, the jnv<»lucre viscid, the florets white or cream- 
 color. S. Culif. L. H. B. 
 
 CH.»N0M£LES. Cydonia. 
 
 CH^NOSTOMA {gaping month, in allusion to the 
 shape of the corolla). Srrophularitirftf, About .30 
 African herbs or sub-shrubs, with sim|de Ivs. mostly 
 opposite, and axillary or teruiinal-rm'emose. showy fls.; 
 stamens 4. in 'J's, attached to tin* throat of the corolla, 
 more or less exserted: style tllifr>rni and club-shaped, 
 and obtuse at the apex : corolla tubular, swollen in the 
 throat, with a .'i-lobed spreading limb. 
 
 hispidum, Benth. Small perennial, with opposite, oval 
 or oblong-toothe<l Ivs.. and blush-white, star-iike fls. 
 % in. across, in dense (-lusters. .S. Afr. .J.H. 111. 33:0.3»). 
 —An old and deserving greenhouse or pot plant, but 
 rarely seen at present. It blooms almost continuously, 
 the fls. sometimes hiding the f<»liage. Prop, by seeds or 
 cuttings, either in fall or spring. Begins to bloom when 
 4-<» in. high. To bo recommended for windows, and for 
 summer vases. 
 
 GHAM£BATIA (Greek, dwarf, and bramble, allud- 
 ing to its bramble-like fls.). Jio.tdrefr. Low shnib, 
 clothed with glandular pubescence: Ivs, alternate, stipu- 
 late, tripinnatittd, persist<'nt : fls. in terminal corymbs, 
 white, with .1 petals and numerous stamens: fr. a small 
 akene. One species in Calif. Ornamental shrub of 
 agreeable aromatic o<ior, with graceful foliage and 
 showy white fls. in June and July; hardy only in warmer 
 temperate regions. It thrives best in sandy, well- 
 drained soil and sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown 
 in spring and by greenwood cuttings under glass. 
 
286 
 
 CHAMiEBATIA 
 
 CHAMiECYPARlS 
 
 lolioI^W, Benth. Two to 3 ft.: lv». nearly iiesnil©, 
 oval or ovate -oblonjf. cloj<ely triplnnately disserted, 
 lH-2Hin. lonjf : lis. white, ^ In. wide. In 4-8-fld, 
 
 corymbs. B.M. 5171. 
 GHAXJEBATIABIA. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 See Sorbaria. 
 
 ana, are readily inereaiKHl In this way, while the typical 
 forms of C. yntkarn/n. , btuna Vkini ."phiPrnitUa ih> ny^ 
 grow well from cutting!*; therefore for most varietiei 
 veneer grafting on seedling stock during the winter la 
 
 CHAX2C£SA8U8. See Lonicera. 
 
 CHAMJ£CtPARI8 (chamai, dwarf, and kuparUion, 
 0>i>rf.H.s; ret'iTriiiK to its affinity), i'onifenr. Evergreen 
 trees, with opposite, scale-like Ivs. in 4 rows, densely 
 cloOiing the coniprenscd branchlets : fls. mona'cious, 
 small ; pistillate inconspicuous, glotxise ; staminate yel- 
 low or red, oblimj?, often conspicuous by their abun- 
 dance : cones small, globular, with 6-8 bracts, each bearing 
 2- or rarely 5-winged seeds, ripening the first season. 
 Closely allied to Cupressus, which diflF«-rs by its larger 
 cones maturing the second year, th«; bracts containing 
 4 or more seeds, and by its quadrangular branches and 
 minutely denticulate Ivs. Five species in N. Amer. and 
 Japan, all very valuable timber trees in their native coun- 
 tries. Highly ornamental evercreen trees oi pyramidal 
 habit, of which only C sphit-roidea is fully hardy north, 
 while the Japanese species are hardy in sheltered 
 positions north to New England, and C Launoni- 
 ana only from New York south. They grow best in 
 somewhat moist but well-drained, sandy loam and in a 
 partly shaded position, sheltered against dry winds. 
 ('. Lau'Honinna and C. ohtu»a like more dr\-, the others 
 more moist situations, and C sphofroidea grows well 
 even in swamps. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring ; in- 
 creased also by cuttings from mature wood in fall, in- 
 serted in a sandy soil and kept in a coolframe or green 
 house during the winter; if in early spring gentle bottom 
 
 ^17. Cbatnstcyparis pisifera. 
 
 heat can be given, it will hasten the development of roots 
 considerably. All the so-called Retinosporas and the 
 dwarfer forms, and most of the varieties of C. Laicsoni- 
 
 418. Chamscyparis pisifera, var. plumoaa. 
 
 greenhouse is preferred, but dwarf forms always should 
 be grown from cuttings, as they often lose their dwarf 
 habit if grafted. The so-callt»d Retinosporas of the gar- 
 dens, withlinear, spreading Ivs., are juvenile forms, which 
 have retained the foliage of the seedling state. There 
 are similar forms in Thuya. For their distinguishing 
 characters, see Retinonpora. For the numerous garden 
 forms, see Beissner, Handb. der Nadelholzk., pp. 64-99. 
 
 A. Lvs. green on both sides or paler beneath. 
 
 Bpheeroidea, Spach (CuprSssus thuyoldes, Linn.). 
 White Ckdak. Tree, to 70 or 80 ft., with erect, spreading 
 branches : branchlets irregularly arranged, spreading, 
 not pendulous, very thin and slender, flattened : lvs. 
 closely imbricate, glaucous or light green, with a con- 
 spicuous gland on the back, fragrant: cones small, mn. 
 in diam., bluish purple, with glaucous bloom. From 
 Maine to Florida, west to Mississippi. S.S. 10: 529.- Var. 
 ericoldes, Beissn. & Hochst. ( C. ericoldes, Carr. Jfetinds- 
 pora ericolden, Hort.). Compact shrub, of erect, dense 
 habit : lvs. linear-lanceolate, spreading, with two glau- 
 cous lines beneath, coloring in winter usually reddish 
 brown. Var. Andely6n8i8, Carr. (Hetindspora hptochlda, 
 Hort. ) . Intermediate form between the former and the 
 type; bluish green, and of erect growth, with loosely ap- 
 pressed, lanceolate lvs.; often some branchlets with lvs. 
 of the type and some with lvs. of the var. ericoldes. 
 R.H. 1869, p. 32, and 1880, p. 36. Var. glatca, Endl. (var. 
 Kewdnsis, Hort.). Of compacthaMt,very glaucous, with 
 silvery hue. Var. varieg^ta, Hort. Branchlets partially 
 colored golden yellow. 
 
 Nutka^nsis, Spach {Ci4pr4ssus JYootkatinsis, Lamb. 
 Timydpsis boredlis, Hort.}. Yellow Cedae. Tree, to 
 120 ft., with ascending branches, pendulous at the ex- 
 tremities : branchlets distichously arranged, slightly 
 flattened or nearly quadrangular, pendulous : lvs. densely 
 imbricate, usually dark green, acute, mostly without 
 glands : cones subglobose, nearly J-^in. in diam., dark 
 red-brown, with glaucous bloom. From Sitka to Oreeron. 
 S.S. 10:530. R.H. 1869,p.48.-Var. glatica, Hort. With 
 very glaucous foliage. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Distinctly 
 pendulous. There are some forms with variegated lvs. 
 
CHAMiEOYPARIS 
 
 CHAM.«DAPHNE 
 
 287 
 
 Gn. 50, p. 88. C. NHtknen$i» is almtit an hardy an the 
 Japanese apecies. 
 
 AA. /^»'*. Ti/^ glaneoun or whitinh mnrica beneath: 
 braneheM with horizontally gprtading ramifications. 
 
 Lawtoni4xUi« Purl, {('upr^snun Ln\cnnnii\nn , yXwrr.). 
 Trf«'. tw jot) ft., with horizontally spreadint; and usually 
 p^nduioujii brancheH : hranchlets frond-like arranged, 
 flattened : Iva. closely apprej*sed, obtuse or somewhat 
 
 419. Chamaecyparis pisifera, var. squarrosa. 
 
 aeate, usually bright green, with a gland on the back : 
 starainate catkins bright xed ( yellow in all other species ) : 
 cone globose, about /^ain. across, red-brown and often 
 glaucous. From Oregon to Calif. S. 8.10:531. Gng.2::{27. 
 —This is one of the most beautiful Conifers and very 
 variable, about 60 garden forms being cultivated in 
 European nurseries and collertions. The following are 
 some of the best : Var. 41bo-Bplca, Hort. Tips of branch- 
 lets creamy white, of slender habit. Var. Altimi, Hort. 
 Of columnar habit, foliage very glaucous, with a bluish 
 metallic hue. The best blue columnar form. Var. ar- 
 g6ntea, Hort. Of slender habit, with very glaucous, 
 almost silvery foliage. Var. er6cta viridis, Hort. Dense, 
 columnar habit and bright green foliage. One of the most 
 beautiful varieties, but somewhat tender. Var. electa 
 glatica, Hort. Similar in habit, but with glaucous foliage. 
 Var. fili!6rmi8, Hort. Branches elongated, somewhat 
 pendulous, with few lateral branchlets, of low, globular 
 habit. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage of metallic glaucous 
 tint. One of the hardier forms. Var. gracilis, Hort. 
 (xdiT. gracilis pendula, Hort.). Elegant light green form, 
 with graceful, pendulous branchlets. Var. intert6xta, 
 Hort. Glaucous form, of vigorous growth, with remote, 
 pendulous branches and distant, thickish branchlets. 
 Var. Itltea, Hort. Of compact habit, young growth clear 
 yellow. G.C.m. 20:721. Var. ntoa, Hort. Dwarf , glo- 
 bose habit ; with some variegated and glaucous forms. 
 There are also different variegated forms with the habit 
 of the type. 
 
 obttsa, Sieb. & Zucc {Ctipr^ssus ohfusa, Koch. Bet- 
 indnpora obtiisa, Sieb. & Zucc). Hinoki Cypress. 
 Tree, to 120 ft., with horizontal branches : branchlets 
 frond-like arranged, flattened, pendulous : Ivs. bright 
 green and shining above, with whitish lines beneath, 
 thickish, obtuse, and very closely appressed, with a gland 
 on the back: cones globose, nearly >^in. in diam., brown. 
 Japan. S. Z. 121. G.C. 11. 5 : 236. R. H. 1869, p. 97. - 
 
 Vnr. Albo-fplea. Hort. Tips of branchlnx \^hir1sh. Var. 
 atur«a. Hurt. Golden yellow. Var. brevir^mea, Kehder 
 (<7. brei'irdmea. Max. Vat. filicoldes, Hort.). Of slow 
 growth, with short and densely fr«>inl-likf» arranged 
 branchlets. O.C. II, 5: 2.'{.'). Var. griciiit atirea, Hort. 
 Graceful form, foliage bright golden yellow whi-n young, 
 changing later to grt-enish yt-llow. Var. lycoiXMiioldei, 
 Carr. Low form, of somewhat irregular habit, with 
 spreading, rigid branchi-s and thick, m-arly (jiiadrangu- 
 lar, dark green brunchlt'ts. Var. n4na, Carr. Low form, 
 of slow growth, with short, deep green branchlets. Var. 
 p^ndola, Beissn. (C. p^-ndula, Maxim.). Branches elon- 
 gated, thick an«l threa<l-like, p«'ndulous, with few distant 
 branchlets. V^ar. pygmaea, ( 'arr. Ver>' dwarf form, with 
 horizontal, almost creeping branches, <lensely frond-like 
 branched. Exceetlingly interesting form for rockeries. 
 
 pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc. {Ciipr^ssus pxntfern, Koch. 
 Httindnpora pinifera, Sieb. & Zucc). Sawaka Cy- 
 press. Fig. 417. Tree, to 100 ft., with horizontal 
 branches : branchlets flattened, distichously arranged 
 and somewhat pendulous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
 shining aliove, with whitish lines beneath: cones gloim- 
 lar, l4-% in. in diam., brown. S.Z. 122. G.C. II. 5:2.17. 
 — This is, next to 6'. sphcnroidea, the hardiest species, and 
 some varieties are nuK-h cultivated, while the type i.i 
 less planted. Var. aurea, Hort. Yellow foliage. Var. 
 filifera, Hort. {lietinospora filifera, Hort. C.obtusa fili- 
 fern, Hort.). Branches elongated and slender, thread- 
 like, grace 'uUy pendulous, with distant branchlets and 
 Ivs. Very ecorutive forms. G.C. II. 5: 237. Var. plu- 
 mdsa, Hort. Fig. 418. Of dense, conical habit : 
 branches almost erect, with slender branchlets of 
 feathery appearance: Ivs. subulate, pointed and slightly 
 spreading, bright green. Intermediate between the 
 type and v&r. squarrona. G.C. II. 5:2.36. Var. plumdsa 
 arg6ntea, Hort. Tips of branchlets whitish. Var. plu- 
 mdsa aurea, Hort. Young growth of golden yellow color. 
 A very showy form. Var. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst. 
 {Retinospora sqtiarrona, Sieb. & Zucc. H. lepfoclada, 
 Zucc). Fig. 419. Densely branched, bushy tree or 
 shrub, with spreading, feathery branchlets: Ivs. linear, 
 spreading, glaucous above, silvery below. A very dis- 
 tinct and beautiful variety. S.Z. 123. R.H. 1869, p. 95, 
 and 1880, p. 37. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CHAMJBDAFHNE (chamai, dwarf, and daphne, the 
 laurel in ancient Latin, alluding to its dwarf habit and 
 evergreen Ivs.). Syn., Cassandra. Uricdcea^. Leather 
 Leaf. Low shrub with evergreen, alternate small Ivs. : 
 fls. nodding in terminal, leafy racemes : 
 corolla urceolate-oblong, 5-lobed, with 
 5 included stamens: fr. a capsule. One 
 species in the colder regions of the 
 northern hemisphere. Low, hardy, 
 ornamental shrub, valuable for the 
 earliness of its pretty white fls. It 
 thrives best in a peaty and sandy, 
 moist soil. Prop, by seeds 
 sown in sandy peat, only 
 slightly or not covered, and 
 kept moist and shady ; also 
 by layers and suckers and 
 by cuttings from mature 
 wood in late summer under 
 glass. 
 
 calycul^tta, Moench (Cas- 
 sandra calyculdta, Don). 
 Fig. 420. Shrub with spread- 
 ing or horizontal branches, 
 1-3 ft.: Ivs short-petioled, 
 oblong, obtuse, slightly ser- 
 rulate and revolute at the 
 margins, dull green above 
 and rusty-lepidote beneath: 
 fls. short-peduncled, nod- 
 ding; corolla white, oblong, 
 about H in. long. B.M. 1286. 
 L. B. C. 6: 530; 15: 1464; 
 16:1582. Em. 423. - Var. 
 angustifdlia. Gray. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, undulate and 
 crisped at the margin. Var. n4na, Lo<ld. One foot or 
 less high, with horizontal branches. L.B.C. 9:862. 
 
 Alfred Rekder. 
 
 42(X Chameedaphne 
 calyculata (X j'a). 
 
 * 
 
288 
 
 cham.*:dorea 
 
 CHARD 
 
 CHAMSD0B£A (Greek, (Uvarf and fjift). Palmdee<f>, 
 tribe Arec^. iSpineler.s. erert, procumbent or rarely 
 climbing palms, the trunks solitary or cespitos<t>, slen- 
 tler or reed-like. Lvs. simple, bitid at the apex or va- 
 riously equally-pinnatisect : lobes broad or narrow, 
 straight or oblique, acuminate, plicate-nerved, usually 
 callous at the base, the basal margins folded back or 
 recurved : petiole usually cylindrical ; sheath tubular, 
 oblique at the throat; spmlices among or below the lvs., 
 .simple or paniculately bram-hed; spathes 3 or many, 
 alternate, sheathing, elongated, split at the ape\, mem- 
 branous or coriaceous, usually t)er.«istent : pistillate i\s. 
 very small : fr. small, of 1-3 fe.obose or oblong-obtuse 
 carpels, coriaceous or fleshy. Species about GO. Mex. 
 to Panama. 
 
 Peat or leaf -mold, loam and sand in equal parts, with 
 a little charcoal added, form the best soil. The species 
 common in cultivat'on are quick-growing. They are 
 well suited for planting out in greenhouse borders. 
 The sexes are on different plants, therefore several 
 should be planned in a group if the handsomely colored 
 fruit is desired. All of the kinds require warm tempera- 
 ture in winter. Increased from seeds. Of the many 
 species, only the following appear in the Amer. trade: 
 
 A. I/vs. simple. 
 
 dlegans, Mart. Stem strict, 6 ft. . closely ringed : lvs. 
 narrow'.v lanceolate, acuminate, straight : fr. globose. 
 Mex. G.C. 1.33:508! 
 
 Emeati-Augusti, Wendl. Stem 3-4 ft., reedy, erect, 
 radicant at base; blade oi ovate, cuneate !at the base, 
 deeply b^fld, coarsely serrate along the margins ; petiole 
 shorter than blade; sheath amplexicaul: steri'e snadix 
 8-9 in., the simple branches 6-8 in., attenuate, slender : 
 fertile spadix simple : fls. red. Venezuela. B.M. 4837. 
 G.C. 1.33:508. 
 
 AA. Lvs. pinnate. 
 
 B. Plant becoming of climbing habit. 
 
 desmoncoides, H. Wendl. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with 
 drooping, narrow Ifts. a foot long, and glaucous 
 petiole : plant tending to climb after ic becomes a few 
 feet high. Mex. 
 
 BB. Plant not climbing. 
 
 c. Stem or trunk evident. 
 
 bjirtorii, Liebm. Stem 8-14 ft., ringed, clothed above 
 with leaf -sheaths : lvs. S-3% ft. long ; petiole terete, 
 sulcate, dilated at the base ; sheath, petiole and rachis 
 white on the back: Ifts. 12 in. long, m-2 in. wide, alter- 
 nate, falcate, acuminate, narrowed at the base. Mex. 
 
 Tepejildte, Liebm. Stem 4-C ft. high, closely ringed: 
 lvs. 4 ft. ; Ifts. 1-nerved, close, alternate, falcate, acute, 
 narrowly linceolate, 13-15 in. long, 1% in. wide : rachis 
 convex on the back, canaliculate above. Mex. B.M. 
 
 (}030. 
 
 glaucifdlia, H. Wendl. Stem 20 ft. : lvs. long, pinnate; 
 Ifts. narrowed, long and slender, dark green, glaucous. 
 (Guatemala. G.F. 8:507. 
 
 Arenbergi&na, H. Wendl. {C. latifblia, Hort.). Stem 
 slender, .5-(» ft., green : lvs. erect-spr'^ading; Ifts. 10-15 
 ])airK. alternate and drooping, very loi:g-pointed, pLcate 
 and many ribbed. Guatemala. B.M. 6838. 
 
 cc. Stem or trunk none. 
 
 Pringlel, Wats. Acaulescent or nearly so ; lvs. erect, 
 pinnate. 3 ft.; Ifts. 12-15 on each side, linear-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, 6-8 in. long, "%-% in. wide ; rachis tri- 
 anirular ; spadix simple, 8 in. long. San Louis Potos., 
 
 ^^^^ Jared G. Smith and G. W ..iver. 
 
 CHAM^SFEt^CE. Now referred to Cnicus. 
 
 CHAMwKRANTHEMUM {dwarf and flower, from the 
 Greek). Acanthdicem. Three or 4 Brazilian small herbs, 
 allied to Eranthemum, but readily distinguished by the 
 4 ( instead of 2 ) stamens. Lvs. large and membranaceous, 
 entire, variously marked. Fls. showy, white or yellow, 
 in bracteate clusters. Grown chiefly for the beautiful 
 foliage. Cigneum, Regel {Erdnthemum igneum, Lind.), 
 is in the Amer. trade. It is a low, spreading, warmhouse 
 plaut (culture of Eranthemum and Justicia), with dark 
 
 green lvs. and veins, richlv banded with orange or vel- 
 low. Fls. small. F.S. 17:1722. 
 
 CHAM^BOFS (Greek for dwarf bush). Palmdrece, 
 tribe C'lrffphen'. Low, fan-leaved palms, with cespitose 
 caudices branched from the base and clothed with the 
 bases of the leaf-sheaths. Lvs. terminal, rigid, semi 
 orbicular or cuneate-flabillate, deeply laciniate, the lohes 
 narrow, bifid, plicate ; n-* rachis ; ligule very short ; 
 petiole slender, bi-convfx, the margins smooth or 
 roufJTh; sheath split, reticulate, fibrous; spadices short, 
 ere-t compressed : branches short, densely flowered : 
 spathes 2-4, broa<l, thickly coriaceous, the lower ones 
 split, theupr * entire; bracts ismall, subulate; bractlets 
 none : fls. small, yellow : fr. globose or ovoid, 3-sided 
 tosvard the base, brown or yellow. Species 2. Mediter- 
 rai^ean region. The common C. humtlia is widely cult., 
 and V ery variable. Many of the specific-made names of 
 the ge'i'is are forms of this species. Of such cases are 
 evidentl> the garden names C. arborescens, argentea, 
 Canariens.'s, elata, elfgans, farinosa, gracilis, Utlo- 
 ralis, nivex , 
 
 Fibrous lo im two parts, leaf -mold and sand one part, 
 with good I rainage. Prop, by suckers and by seeds! 
 These ^29 r uong the hardiest of all palms, and are well 
 suited to g -eenhouses where a high temperature is not 
 kept up. 
 
 htunilis, Linn. (Phlenix Hancedna, Hort.). Fig. 421. 
 Stem 1-13^ ft. high : lvs. ragged, fibrous ; margins of 
 the petioles armed with stout, straight or hooked spines; 
 blade suborbicular, truncate or cuneate at the base, 
 rigid, palmately mu 'id ; segments acuminate, bifid. 
 Mediterranean. B.M. 21.72. R.H. 1892:84 (showing 
 habit and a colored plate of the fruit). Reaches 20 ft. 
 
 421. Chamaerops humilis. 
 
 C. Biroo, Sieb.=»Livistona rotundifolia.— C. B^rrho, Hort.= 
 Livistona rotundifolia.— C excelsa, Thunb.=Trachyc;irpus ex- 
 celsus.— (7. Fortunei, Hook.=Tr!ichyearpus. — C. hitmiUsX 
 Uystrix, Hort. Said to be a "choice garden hybrid of Florida 
 origin."— C Hijstrix, Fras.=Rhapidophyllum Hystrix.— C. 
 stauracantha, Hort.=Acanthorhiza aculeata. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 
 CHAMOMILE. Consult Anthemis 
 
 CHAFMAN, JONATHAN. See Appleseed, Johnny. 
 
 CHAPXALIA (J. A. C. Chaptal, agricultural chemist). 
 ComposiioE. American low perennial herbs, with white 
 or purplish fls. on naked scapes, blooming in spring and 
 summer. Heads radiate, the ray-fls. pistillate, and the 
 disk-fls. perfect, but some or ail of them sterile: invo- 
 lucre carapanulate or turbinate, of appressed and imbri- 
 cated bracts: pappus of soft capillary bristles: akenes 
 oblong or fusiform, narrowed above. 5-nerved. The only 
 species in the Amer. trade is C. tomentdsa, Vent..of N. 
 Car. and S. Of this the scape is 1 ft. or less high, and 
 the heatis are purple-rayed: lvs. spatulate or lanceolate, 
 entire or nearly so, rather thick, white tomentose be- 
 neath. Introduced as a border plant. 
 
 CH.<^jiD {ch pronounced as in charge). A form of the 
 plant {Beta vulgaris) which has produced the common 
 beet. Often known to horticulturists as Beta Cycla. 
 
CHARD 
 
 C«EILANTHES 
 
 289 
 
 See Beet and Beta. The beet plant has given rise to two 
 general typt o :* varieties : those varieties with thicken'.-d 
 roots (the Leei of America, the beet-root of European 
 literature) ; and those with large and pulpy or thickened 
 leaves (but whose roots are small and woody). The lat- 
 
 422. Chard, or Sea-Kale beet. 
 
 tertype is known under the general name of leaf-beets. 
 These leaf -beets may be ranged into «^hree sub-groups: 
 (1) common or normal leaf-beets, or spinach beets, in 
 which the leaf-blade is large and pulpy, and is used as 
 spinach is; (2) Chard, in which the petiole and midrib 
 are very broad and thick (Fig. 422); (.3) ornamental 
 beets, of which the foliage is variously colored. 
 
 Chard is of the easiest culture. Seed is sown in 
 spring, as for common beets. The broad petioles, or 
 Chards, may be gathered from midsummer until frost. 
 These broad white stalks or ribs are used as a pot-herb; 
 and. if desired, the leaf -blades may be cooked with them. 
 Tlie tlish is usually more attractive, however, if only the 
 Chards are cooked. This vegetable is also known as 
 Sea-kale Beet and Swiss Chard. l_ jj_ g^ 
 
 CHARLOCK. Consult Brassica ; also Saphanus. 
 
 CHASTE TREE. See Mtex. 
 
 CHEAT, or CHESS. Bromus. 
 
 CHECKERBERRY. Gaultheria. 
 
 CHEESES. Vernacular for Malva rotundifolia. 
 
 CHEILANTHES (Greek, lip-ilotver, alluding to the in- 
 dusiiiin). Polypodihcetf. Semi-hardy or hothouse ferns 
 of small size, often hairy or woolly, with the sori termi- 
 nal on the veins and covered with a roundish indLsium. 
 Some 00 or 70 species are known, nearly a third of 
 which are natives of the west and southwest, one spe- 
 cies as far east as Connecticut, They are of easy cul- 
 ture, enjoying a position near the glass, and disliking 
 strong, close heat and syringing or watering overhead. 
 
 A. Lvs. pentagonal-deltoid, the indusiam confined to a 
 single veinlet. 
 
 Calif 6mica. Mett. (^lypdZt-pM Califdniica, Hook.). 
 Lvs. densely cespitose from a short creeping rootstock 
 2-4 in. each way, on stems 4-8 in. long, quadripinnatifld; 
 ultimate segments lanceolate, incised or serrate. Calif. 
 
 meifdlia, D. C. Eaton. Lvs. cespitose, with slender 
 brown stems 5-7 in. long, the lamina 2-3 in. each way, 
 3-4-pinnatifld, with finely cut segments 1-10 of an in. 
 wide. Mex. 
 
 AA. Lvs. temately divided, with dark polished stems. 
 
 ped^ta, A. Br. Lvs. cespitose, on long (9-12 in. ) stems, 
 about 6 in. either way, the .3 divisions bipinnatitld ; 
 sori numerous, placed on both sides of the segments. 
 Jamaica, Cuba. 
 
 AAA. Ia's. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 B. Segments flat: indusia extending over the apices of 
 sevtral veinlets, but not continuotis. 
 
 r. Surfare of lvs. smooth. 
 
 microphylla, Swz. Lvs, 4-10 in. long, on stems nearly 
 as long, from a short, creeping rootstock, bi-tripinnate: 
 stems gli . rusty-pubescent on the upper side. Fla. 
 and Ne«v x. southward. 
 
 cc. Surface of lvs. viscid-glandular. 
 
 viscida, Davenp. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, oa stems of the 
 same length, tripinnatifid ; segments toothed, every- 
 where glandular. Calif. 
 
 ccc. Surface of lvs. hairy, not troo,'''. 
 
 hirta, Swz. Lvs. densely cespitose, with sht -t, caly 
 stems which are brownish, like the rachides; piUL.te nu- 
 merous, rather distant bipinnatifld, the segr.ients with 
 much incurved margins. The Iv.. are iisually 6-15 in. 
 long. Cape of Good Hope. — Var. Ellisi^tna is more com- 
 monly cult, 
 
 landsa, Wats, (C. jT«/)frt. Swz.). Fig, 423. Cespitose, 
 with stems 2-4 in. long, slightly hairy, as are the seg- 
 ments : lvs. tripinnatifid, 4-10 in. long. l-2J^'n. wide, 
 the pinnsB lanceolate-deltoid : indusia formei of the 
 ends of roundish or oblong 
 lobes. Conn, to Kan. and 
 Ala, — Hard 5'. 
 
 Codperae.D, C.Eaton. Lvs. 
 
 3-8 in. long, bioinnate, the ^^^ 'A 
 
 stems covered with nearly ,5,^---- 
 
 white hairs, each tipped with ,Jy^}^ ^Sr^Ji^il-'kA-i 
 
 a gland ; pinnules roundish 
 
 ovate, crenate and incised. 
 
 Calif, to Mex. 
 
 BB. Segments bead-like, mi- 
 nute : indnsium usu- 
 ally continuous. 
 
 D. Lvs. hai-y or woolly 
 beneath, bu' not scaly. 
 
 E. Upper surface of seg- 
 
 ments smooth. 
 
 ^acillima, D. C. Eaton. 
 Lace Fern. Lvs. cespitose, 
 1-4 in. long, besides the 
 nearly equal dark brown 
 stems, bipinnate ; pinnae 
 with about nine pinnules, 
 finally smooth above. Idaho 
 to Calif. — Hardy. 
 
 Cl^velandii, D. C. Eaton. 
 Lvs.4-i> in. long, tripinnaie. 
 dark brown beneath, with 
 closely imbricate, ciliate 
 scales, which grow on both 
 the segments an<l the rach- 
 ides ; segments nearly 
 round, the terminal larger. 
 Calif. 
 
 EE. Upper surface of segments pubescent. 
 
 tomentdsa, Link. Lvs. 8-! 5 in. long, on stems 4-6 in. 
 long, everywhere covered with brownish white hairs, 
 tripinnate ; terminal segments twice as large as the 
 lateral. Va. to Ariz. 
 
 DO. Lvs. covered beneath with scales, but not woolly. 
 F^ndleri, Hook. Lvs. 3-6 in. long besides the chaffy 
 stems, risinar from tangled, creeping rootstocks, tripin- 
 nate : rachides with broadly-ovate white-edged scales, 
 which overlap the subglobose segments. Tex. and 
 Colo, to Calif. 
 
 423. Cheilanthes lanosa. 
 
 (X3^.) 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 CHEILANTHES 
 
 CHENOPODIUM 
 
 DDD. Lva. covered beneath with both scales and wool. 
 
 myrioph^Ua, Desv. (C. 4legans, Desv,). Lvs. densely 
 cespitose from short, erect, scaly rootstocks, 3-9 in. 
 long, beside the chestnut-colored scaly stems ; tri- 
 quadripinnatifid : ultimate segments minute, innumer- 
 able. Tex., Ariz, and Trop. Amer. 
 
 Another native species worthy of cultivation is C. 
 leucopdda, Link, from Tex., with broadly deltoid -ovate 
 leaves. L.. m. Undkewood. 
 
 CHEIBANTHUS (derivation in dispute, but probably 
 from (Treek for hand and flower). Cruciferce. A dozen 
 or more Old World herbs, with large purple or yellow 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 Cheiri (X K). 
 
 fls., entire lvs., and a strict or upright habit. Lateral 
 sepals sac-like at the base : valves of the pod with a 
 strong midnerve. Much confounded with Matthiola, and 
 the genera are not sufficiently distinct. In Cheiranthus, 
 the lvs. are acute, stigma deeper lobed, pod more flat- 
 tened and seeds not thin-edged. 
 
 Cheiri, Linn. Wallflower. Fig. 424. Perennial, 
 slightly pubescent, 1-2^ ft.: lvs. lanceolate and entire, 
 acute : fls. large, mostly in shades of yellow, in long, 
 terminal racemes. S. Eu.— An old garden favorite, 
 blooming in spring. Although a woody perennial, it is 
 best to renew the plants from seed, for they begin to 
 fail after having bloomed one or two years. Seedlings 
 should bloom the second year. There are dwarf and 
 
 double-fld. varieties, and innumerable forms in varions 
 shades of yellow, brownish, and even purple. Not 
 prized so much in Air..r. as in Eu. It thrivei in any 
 good garden soil. 
 
 C. dnnuus, Hort.== Matthiola, but early-blooming forms of 
 C. Cheiri seem to pass under this name.— C. Mmziesii, Benth 
 & Hook.=Parrya. L. H B 
 
 CHELIDONIUM (Greek for the swallow: the fls. 
 appear when the swallow comes). Papaverdcece. Cel- 
 andine. One or two loose-growing herbs, with fl.-buds 
 nodding, and small yellow fls. in small umbel-like clus- 
 ters : sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 16-'' *■ : style verv 
 short, the stigma 2-lobed; pod slender, L Ived, open- 
 ing first at the bottom. C. m^jos, Linn.. a European 
 plant, now run wild in waste places, an*, often seen in 
 old gardens. It is biennial or perennial, with brittle, 
 hairy stems and pinnately-parted lvs., the lobes rounded 
 and toothed (or, in var. lacinidtum again dissected). 
 The plant has yellow juice. Lvs. light-glaucous under- 
 neath. 
 
 CHELONE (Greek for tortoise or turtle: the corolla 
 fancied to resemble a reptile's head). Scrophuhindce(e. 
 Turtle Head. Several North American perennial herbs, 
 some of which are now sold by dealers in native plants. 
 Allied to Pentstemon. Corolla more or less 2-Iipped or 
 gaping, white or red: anthers 4, woolly, and a rudiment 
 of a fifth stamen : seeds winged: lvs, opposite, serrate: 
 fls. large and showy. Half-shaded places are preferable 
 for these easily cultivated plants. Very dr}- ground should 
 be avoided, from the fact that they are best in swampy 
 places. In the ordinary border they should have a very 
 liberal mulch of old manure in their growing season : 4 
 to 5 in. thick is none too much ; the surface roots will 
 feed in this compost, and the plants are not so liable to 
 suffer from drought when thus protected. 
 
 A. Fls. in terminal and axillary close spikes. 
 B. Lvs. broad-orate, long -pet ioled. 
 L^oni, Pursh, Plant, about 2 ft. high: lvs. often cor- 
 date at base, thin, evenly serrate: fl. -bracts minutely cili- 
 ate; fls. rose-purple. Mts., N. Car. and S. 
 
 BB. IfVS. lanceolate or oblong, short-petioled. 
 
 obliqoa, Linn. Two ft. or less : lvs. 2-5 in. long, broad- 
 lanceolate or oblong, very veiny, sharp- or deep-serrate: 
 fl. -bracts ciliate: fls. deep rose. Damp grounds, 111. and 
 Va., S. 
 
 glabra, Linn. (C. obllqua, var. dlba, Hort.). Vne-2 
 or more ft. high : lvs. narrower, acuminate, appressed- 
 serrate, nearly sessile, not very veiny: fl. -bracts not 
 ciliate : fls. white or rose-tinged. Wet grounds •• com- 
 mon. 
 
 AA. Fls. in a loose thyrse or panicle. 
 
 nemordsa. Dough. Two ft. or less high, of unpleasant 
 odor : lvs. ovate and acute, sharp-dentate, sessile or 
 nearly so: fl. -bracts none; corolla 1 in. long, violet-pur- 
 ple. Calif, and N. 
 
 C. barbata of gardens is Pentsti-mon barbatus. 
 
 J. B. Keller and L. H. B. 
 
 CHENILLE PLANT. A proposed name torAcalypha 
 hispida, better known as A. ISanderi. 
 
 CHENOPODIUM {goose-foot, alluding to the shape of 
 the lvs.). ChenopodiUcece. Widely dispersed weedy 
 herbs, with very inconspicuous greenish fls. in glome- 
 rules or spikes. Spinach, beet, and orach are allied 
 plants. Fls. perfect; calyx 4-5-parted; petals wanting; 
 stamens usually 5; styles 2 or 3. The caljrx sometimes 
 enlarges and becomes succulent and colored, enclosing 
 the fr., and the glomerules may then look like berries, 
 as in the common Strawberry Elite ( C capitatumy^'&X^.. 
 or Blittim eapitatum, Linn.). This plant has been in- 
 troduced to the trade as a pot-herb. It is an annual of 
 easiest culture, with hastate-ovate toothed lvs. and 
 fleshy red glomerules. The common pigweetis are 
 Chen'opodiums of several kinds, the commonest being 
 C. album, Linn. This species and others are used as 
 jot-herbs or greens in the country. The Good-King- 
 Henry is C. Bonus- ffenricHs, Linn. It is a perennial, 
 often cult, for its succulent spring shoots and lvs., which 
 
Plate V. Cherries. 
 Showing several eonimen'ial varieties of sweet ami sour kinds. 
 
CHEXOPODIUM 
 
 CHERRY 
 
 291 
 
 are used as greens. In American gardens it is usually 
 known as Mercury (the name is sometimes corrupted to 
 Markery). Lvs. triangular-ovate, with very long, wide- 
 spreading basal lobes ; margins entire ; plant mealy. 
 The plant is of the easiest culture; 1-2 ft. high. Other 
 Chenopodiums of economic interest are the Quinoa (C. 
 Quinoa, Willd. ), of S. Amer., of which the large seeds 
 are used as footl (it is an annual, with aspect of the 
 common pigweed, C. album ; seeds sold by European 
 dealers. B.M.3641); C. ambrosioides, Linn., Mexican 
 Tea, affords a medicinal extract; C. antJielmintictim, 
 Linn., Worraseed, affords a vermifuge. The Feather 
 Geranium or Jerusalem Oak of florists is C. Botrys, 
 Linn. It is annual, glandular-pubescent and aromatic, 
 1-3 ft. high, with pinnatifld lvs. and long, feather-like, 
 enduring spikes, for which it is used in vases and 
 baskets. Pretty. L. H. B. 
 
 425. Cherimoya. 
 
 CHEBIMOTA, CHERIMOTEB {Anona Cherimolia, 
 Mill.). Fig. 42.'). The Cherimoya is considered by many 
 to be the finest of the subtropical fruits, and that not 
 only by the natives of the countries where it grows, but 
 also by Europeans. It is somewhat like the Sweet Sop 
 (A. squamosa); both are excellent when grown in cli- 
 mates that suit them; but the Cherimoya has a decided 
 acidity, which is most agreeable and grateful to the taste. 
 See A nona . The fruit isTounded, but irregular in shape, 
 weighing from 3 to 5 lbs., and even double that under 
 cultivation. There is a thin, greenish rind, marked off 
 by somewhat raised lines into pentagonal or hexagonal 
 spaces. Beneath is a white pulp, embedded in which are 
 the black seeds, radiating from an internal central stalk. 
 The white pulp is the edible portion ; it is of the con- 
 sistence of a corn-flour pudding. If picked when full- 
 grown, thej' will ripen gradually, and can be kept 7 or 
 8 days before eating. 
 
 The tree is from 15 to 30 feet in height, with a broad 
 spreading head and pendent branches. The leaves are 
 oblong, with velvety down on the under surface. The 
 flowers have 3 outer petals, which are oblong-linear 
 in shape, and keeled on- the inner side ; the 3 inner 
 petals are minute, alternate with the outer. It is found 
 growing spontaneously at certain elevations in Central 
 America, and western South America, as far south as 
 Chile, but it is quite uncertain where it is truly wild in 
 all this region. De Candolle, in his " Origin of Cultivated 
 Plants, "considers it most probable that it is indigenous 
 in Efjuador, and perhaps in the neighboring part of 
 Peni. It was introduced into Jamaica in 1786 by Mr. 
 Hinton East, and is now of spontaneous growth in a 
 limited area at a cert-ain elevation on the southern slopes 
 of the Blue mountains, corresponding fairly well with 
 the district in which the far-famed Bli'e Mountain coffee 
 is cultivated. The altitude at which it is frund is be- 
 tween 2.500 and 5,000 feet. In Madeira, the Cherimoya 
 has taken the place of the grape vine ju many of the 
 «states on the warm southern slopes oi the island. The 
 
 cultivation is systematic. The 2-year-old seedlings 
 are grafted. The trees are pruned and trained, and 
 manure is regularly supplied. The result f^i careful 
 selection is that there are varieties with scarcely any 
 seeds, and weighing 12 to 16 lbs. Ordinary fruits, 
 weighing 3 to 8 lbs., are sold in the London market at 
 $1.50 ; large ones are sold at $2.50, and even $3. 
 
 "W. Fawcett. 
 
 CHEBBT. Cultivated tree Cherries have probably 
 sprung from two European species, Prunua Avium, 
 Linn., and Prunus Cerasiis, Linn. The domesticated 
 forms of Prunus Avium are charac- 
 terized by a tall, erect growth (Fig. 
 426) ; reddish brown, glossy bark, 
 which separates in rings ; flowers 
 generally in clusters on lateral spurs, 
 appearing with the limp, gradually 
 taper-pointed leaves ; fruit red, yel- 
 low, or black, generally sweet, spher- 
 ical, heart-shaped, or pointed ; flesh 
 soft or firm. Sour Cherries are low- 
 headed and spreading (Fig. 427); 
 flowers in clusters from lateral buds, 
 appearing before the hard,stiff,rather 
 abruptly pointed, light or grayish 
 green leaves. The following is the 
 latest classification ( Bailey, Bull. 98, 
 Cornell Exp. Sta. ) : 
 
 Pnnius Avium has four represent- 
 atives in the United States : 
 
 I. The Mazzards, or inferior seed- 
 lings; fruit of various shapes and 
 colors; common along roadsides. In 
 the middle Atlantic states, the wild 
 Mazzard trees often attain great age 
 and size, particularly in the Dela- 
 ware - Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 
 428). 
 
 II. The Hearts, or heart-shaped, .., _ ,,^ ^ .. 
 soft, sweet Cherries, light or dark, «6- Tall, erect Rrowth 
 represented by Black Tartarian and o* Sweet Cherry. 
 Governor Wood. 
 
 III. The Bigarreaus, or heart-shaped, firm-fleshed, 
 sweet Cherries, like the Napoleon and Windsor. 
 
 IV. The Dukes ; light-colored, somewhat acid flesh, 
 such as May Duke and Reine Hortense. 
 
 From Prunus Cerasua two classes have sprung: 
 
 I. The Amarelles, or 
 light - colored sour 
 Cherries, with color- 
 less juice, represented, 
 by Early Richmond 
 and Montmorency. 
 
 II. The Morellos, or 
 dark -colored sour Cher- 
 ries, with dark-colored 
 juice, like the English 
 Morello and Louis 
 Philippe. 
 
 The following spe- 
 cies also have horticul- 
 tural value : Primus 
 Mahaleb,&nO]' World 
 type, bardie; and 
 smaller, on which oth«^r 
 Cherries are largely 
 worked; Primus Pen n- 
 si/Iranica, the native 
 
 427. Low-headed and spreading 
 srrowth of Sour Cherry. 
 
 wild red, pin, or bird Cherry, whose hardiness may adapt 
 it as a stock for the Plains .states; Primus Pesseyi and 
 Prunus pumila, the native sand or dwarf Cherries, the 
 former represented by the Improved Dwarf Rocky 
 Mountain Cherry. See Pruuus. 
 
 The Cherry is not cultivated as a leading industry east 
 of the Rocky mountains, except in western New York, 
 where the sour varieties are grown for canning. The 
 sweet Cherry is confined mostly to door-yard and fence- 
 corner plantings. Sour kinds are found in orchard blocks 
 in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Kansas and Nebraska. Sweet Cherry 
 culture, however, is adapted to the states between the 
 
292 
 
 CHERRY 
 
 CHERRY 
 
 39th and 44th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 86th 
 degrees of longitude, and to contiguous areas having 
 similar climatic conditions. Spontaneous forms of it 
 attain great size on the Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 428). 
 The sour Cherrv may be grown with profit between the 
 35th and 45th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 100th 
 degrees of longitude. 
 
 The Mazzard is the best stock for both sweet and sour 
 Cherries in the east. The Mahaleb is more widely u^ed 
 for the sour kinds, however, as it is easier to bud, and 
 it is free from leaf blight in the nursery. The Mazzard 
 forms a better root system, stronger union, a longer 
 lived tree, and is sufficiently hardy. For the Plains 
 states the hardier Mahaleb stocks should be used. 
 
 The Cherry likes an elevated, naturally light, dry, 
 loamy, retentive soil. The sour kinds need more mois- 
 ture,'and will thrive in heavier land. A soil not natur- 
 ally dry mav be corrected by under-draining, and on 
 light, dry knolls, the moisturecapacity may be increased 
 by green manures and surface tillage. 
 
 The sweet Cherries should be set 28 feet to 30 feet 
 apart each way; the sour kinds, from 16 feet to 18 feet. 
 The trees are generally set at two years from the bud. 
 
 The sweet kinds are started with 3 to 5 main arms, 
 with no central leader, about 3% feet high, and the 
 branches are i)runed to side buds for a few years to in- 
 duce a spreading, rather than a spire-like form. The 
 top of a sour Cherrv is made like that of a peach tree. 
 
 Plow the Cherry orchard lightly in the early spring, 
 and cultivate it everv ten days, or after every rain, till 
 the middle of June of the fir^t of July. Seed at the last 
 cultivation with a winter i over-crop. Stimulate the 
 trees with leguminous cover-crops when needed, but 
 the sweet Cherrv is a gross feeder and a rapid grower, 
 and undue stimulation must be avoided. Keep the 
 orchard in sod and pasture it with sheep, along the 
 southern and western limits of profitable sweet Cherry 
 culture, and withhold nitrogenous manures. 
 
 Nitrogen, potash, an<l phosphoric acid are the three 
 essential fertilizers. Nitrogen may be supplied in legu- 
 minous crops; potash as muriate, at 150 lbs. to 300 lbs. ; 
 and phosphoric acid in dissolved rock, at 300 lbs. to 
 500 lbs per acre. 
 
 Cherries should be picked by the stems into small 
 baskets a few davs before ripe. Sort out all stemless, 
 small and imperfect fruits. Face the perfect Cherries 
 in small, attractive boxes or baskets, and pack these in 
 small cases or crates. The choicer the fruit, the more 
 strikinglv it should be displayed. Guard against break- 
 ing the fruit spurs in picking the sweet Cherries. Fruit 
 for canning is less laboriously packed, but may be as 
 carefullv picked. 
 
 The profits depend on the varieties and markets, but 
 
 428. Old Sweet Cherry tree on the Chesapeake peninsula. 
 
 largely on the personality of the grower, and on his skill 
 as a salesrran. The range of profit for the sour Cherry 
 is from $,30 to $100 per acre, and from $50 to $300 or 
 more for the sweet. 
 
 The varieties adapt themselves to a wide range of 
 territory. An imperative need, however, is the develop- 
 ment of varieties with striking features for local adapta- 
 tion. In the prairie states and the extreme north, the 
 hardier Amarelles and Morellos comprise the profitable 
 kinds. Formally the dark-colored, more acid Monllos 
 were most sought after; now the milder Amarelies are 
 demanded by both canners and consumers. In the fol- 
 lowing lists, the varieties are named more for the pur- 
 pose of illustrating the different types than for recom- 
 mending specific varieties. 
 
 Amongst Amarelles, the Early Richmond and Mont- 
 morency are the leading types. 
 
 Early Richmond {Tig. 429).— Size medium; pit large: light 
 red; poor quality; vigorous growth. Ripens June 20 iu New 
 York. 
 
 Montmorency.— huTge. broad, flattened ; pit medium; light 
 red ; flesh nearly colorless ; juice moderately sour : vigorous 
 growth : generally pro«luetive. Two weeks after Early Rich- 
 mond. Most valuable Amarelle for the east. 
 
 Among the Morellos, Ostheim, Louis Philippe and 
 English Morello are important types. 
 
 Ostheim (Fig. 430).— Dark red; roundish; flesh dark, tender; 
 juice mild, dark; productive; hardy; growth slender. A week 
 after Early Richmond, smaller. Too early for the east. 
 
 Louis Philippe.— Size of Montmorency, and ripens with it ; 
 round; acid; skin and flesh dark. Rather shy bearer in the 
 east, but valuable in the west. 
 
 English Morello.— Two weeks later than Montmorency; more 
 open, drooping habit: fruit medium, roundish; re<l-blaek; very 
 sour, slightly astringent ; flesh and juice dark, purplish 
 crimson. 
 
 Among the sweet Cherries, the firm-fleshed red or 
 black Bigarreaus are the most profitable. The light 
 Bigarreaus and Hearts are more susceptible to the fruit- 
 rot, and sell less readily. Representative types of 
 Heart and light Bigarreau Cherries are the following: 
 
 Black Tartarian. — The most valuable Heart Cherry, Produc- 
 tive ; vigorous, hardy, early ; large ; dark red or black ; flesh 
 dark purplish; ver>- juicy, sweet. 
 
 Napoleon (Fig. 431) . — One of the best light Bigarreaus. Emit 
 large; flesh hard, brittle, colorless; light lemon yellow, with 
 reddish cheek: heavy bearer; rots if not pif-ked before ripe: 
 splits in wet weather. A week before Black Tartarian. 
 
 From the dark Bigarreaus the following are among the 
 best types : 
 
 Robert's Red Heart.— Bright, dark red, with an under mot- 
 tling; as large as Napoletm ; flesh pinkish; juice nejirly color- 
 less, subacid ; heavy, regular bearer in Hudson river valley. 
 Ripens with Napoleon. 
 
 Mezel.—harge, heart-shaped obtuse, flattened at both sides; 
 uneven skin, dark red to black ; firm, but heart-like ; juicy ; 
 very sweet ; stem loag and tortuous ; heavj- bearer locally. 
 Ripens with Napoleon. 
 
 IFind^or.- Large ; roundish-oblong; firm; juicy: mottled 
 dark red ; flesh pinki.sh white ; stem medium, set in slight, 
 broad depression ; heavy bearer, vigorous, upright. Ripens 
 two weeks after Napoleon. Very profitable. 
 
 Zh'Jteman.— Large, heart-shaped, obtuse, flatteneti on one side: 
 black, with extremely firm, reddish flesh': subacid, reddish 
 juice : stem medium, in a slight, broad depression ; vigorous. 
 Ripens three weeks or more after Windsor. A variety of great 
 value. 
 
 Diseases and insects. — The brown rot {MoniUa 
 fructigena), which attacks the fruit at the ripening 
 period, and particularly during sultry weather, can be 
 largely avoided by picking the fruit a few days before 
 ripe. It' may also fatally attack the flowers, 
 leaves and twigs. In localities wehre the 
 Cherry blooms, but does not fruit, the trees 
 should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture be- 
 fore the buds unfold, again when the fruit is 
 set, and two or three times thereafter, with a 
 colorless fungicide. 
 
 Black knot (Plowrightia morbosa, Sacc). 
 See under Plum. 
 
 Leaf blight (Cylindrosporium Padi, Karst). 
 See under Plum. 
 Powdery mildew (Podosphcera oxycanthar 
 
 
CHERRY 
 
 CHERRY 
 
 293 
 
 " . '-r^i-'-r^i 
 
 '•i:- ; "S^i 
 
 r^\ 
 
 • -'i^'*>r*^ 
 
 
 ■'^'/'•'''i f^ 
 
 ■t 
 
 '■^''' /A 
 
 ^^ 
 
 * 1_^ 
 
 ■ ^1^-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 :'V.'"'" :/ "" 
 
 -^ •-m 
 
 3l. 
 
 429. Early Richmond 
 Cherry (X >^). 
 
 De Bray) is often severe in the sour Cherry, but can 
 be checked by thorough applications of a fungicide. 
 
 The aphis {Myzus cerasi, Linn.) appears in the early 
 part of the season on the young shoots, the leaves, the 
 
 stems, and less frequently on 
 the body of the fruit of the Fweet 
 Cherries. It excretes honey -dew 
 abundantly. The leaves curl up- 
 ward and inward. Spray with 
 kerosene triuulsion, 1 part to 6 
 of water; or with fish-oil soap, 
 1 pound to 6 gallons of water, 
 before the leaves curl. 
 
 The curculio (Conotrnchelus 
 nenuphar). See same on P/h»j. 
 
 Climatic injuries. — Suh- 
 srald and bursting of the bark. 
 — The sweet Cherry is liable to 
 a fatal injury from sun-scald in 
 the south and prairie states. 
 The trouble occurs in the spring, 
 when the rays of the sun cause 
 alternate freezing and thawing 
 of the growing tissues on the 
 south and west sides. In these localities, the bark 
 of the tree frequently bursts open, and large quantities 
 of gum exude. A rich garden loam, a summer drought 
 followed by fall rain, excessive wood stimulation, violent 
 changes of temperature in the winter, or other factors 
 unfavorable to the maturing of the wood, aggravate the 
 diflScuIty. The bursting of the bark is probably caused 
 by the freezing and thawing of the tissues under these 
 unfavorable conditions. Both troubles are more injuri- 
 ous to trees with exposed trunks. A low-headed and 
 spreading top, soils not too rich, and cultural methods 
 which favor the early maturity of the wood, lessen the 
 danger. The trunks may also be protected by a board, 
 matting, or screen of some kind on the sunny side dur- 
 ing the spring months. G. Harold Powell. 
 
 The Cherry in California.— In commercial impor- 
 tance, the Cherry is least of the fruits of the temperate 
 zonegrowninCalifomiaonacommercial scale. This is not 
 because the finest Cherries cannot be grown, but because 
 the avenues for the disposition of the product are not as 
 wide as for other leading fruits. Recently there are 
 indications that these avenues will be widened, for last 
 year (1898) about 300 car loads were profitably shipped 
 in a fresh state to eastern markets, and a product of 
 150,000 cases of canned Cherries was disposed of to ad- 
 vantage; but until it is demonstrated that such distant 
 demands will increase, present plantations will not be 
 largely extended. Cherries are costly in picking and 
 p:u!king, and to incur 
 the chances of a local 
 market, over supplied 
 when ever the trees do 
 their full duty, the 
 grower does not enjoy. 
 Cherry drying has 
 never seemed war- 
 ranted on a large scale, 
 because of the large 
 amount of labor re- 
 quired to the pound 
 of product ; and the 
 grower has had no re- 
 course when the canner 
 and local consumer 
 would only pay the cost 
 of picking and boxing. 
 A good shipping de- 
 mand seems, therefore, 
 the measure of the ex- 
 tension of California's Cherry interest, and the early 
 ripening of the fruit, which permits its sale during the 
 blooming season of eastern Cherry trees, is the leading 
 surety of such demand. On several occasions early va- 
 rieties have been shipped from the Vacaville district 
 overland, on March 31, but the usual opening date is 
 about two weeks later, and thence onward later varieties, 
 and from later regions, may be shipped until July, if 
 found profitable. 
 
 430. Ostheim Cherry (X3^). 
 
 But, though there is plenty of good land upon which 
 to multiply the present total of half a million trees, the 
 Cherry regions of California are restricted. It is one of 
 the most exacting of all trees, and is only profitable when 
 its requirements are respected. About one-half of the 
 present acreage lies in valleys opening upon the bay of 
 San Francisco, where deep and moist, but well drained 
 alluvial soil foste' •« strong and sound root-growth, and 
 modified atmosph ic aridity favors leaf and fruiting. 
 On similar deep ai moist soils, however, the tree enters 
 the hot interior va^. ys to certain limits, chiefly along 
 the river bottoms. It abhors dry plains. In dry air it 
 usually refuses to fruit, although if the soil be moist, 
 it may make stalwart tree growth. In foot-hill valleys 
 it sometimes does admirably, both in growth and fruit- 
 ing, and in mountain valleys, above an elevation of 2,000 
 feet, on good soil, and in the greater rainfall, and even 
 with the snow flurries, which are experienced every year 
 at proper elevations, the tree becomes very thrifty and 
 profitable to the limits of local markets. The tree seems 
 to have no geographical limitations in Calif ornia ; where- 
 ever suitable soil and weather conditions occur, it accepts 
 the situation— the Dukes and Morellos succeeding under 
 conditions too trying for the Hearts and Bigarreaus, but 
 the latter comprise all the varieties that are of commer- 
 cial account. 
 
 Cherry trees are grown by budding upon Mazzard and 
 Mahaleb seedlings— the latter chiefly imported. It is cus- 
 
 431. Napoleon Cherry (X J^). 
 
 tomary to plant out in orchards at the end of the first 
 year's growth from the bud, though 2-year-old Cherry 
 trees can be more successfully handled than other 2- 
 year-olds. The trees are headed at 1 to 2 feet from 
 the ground, cut back to promote low branching for two 
 years, and then allowed to make long branches, and 
 not usually shortened-in, so long as thrifty and healthy. 
 The tree, in a good environment, is, however, a very 
 hardy tree, and will endure pruning to almost any 
 degree. We have many trees which have made a very 
 broad but not usually high growth, bearing 1,000 lbs. of 
 fruit to the tree, and a few others which have even 
 doubled that figure, while others have been dwarfed ind 
 trained en espalier. The commercial orchards are, how- 
 ever, uniformly of low trees, approximately of vase 
 form in exterior outline, and with branches curving 
 outward without shortening. 
 
 The Cherry is very readily grafted over by the usual 
 top-grafting methods, and large orchards have been thus 
 transformed into varieties more acceptable for canning 
 or shipping. Comparatively few varieties are grown. 
 Early Purple Guigne, Guigne Marbre,and Knight's Early 
 Black are grown in early ripeniLg localities. Black 
 Tartarian and Lewelling are the main stay for black 
 Cherries. The Napoleon Bigarreau (locally known as 
 Royal Ann) is the ideal for a white Cherry, and almost 
 excludes all others, though the Rockport Bigarreau has 
 some standing. Of all the varieties grown, the Black 
 Tartarian and Napoleon Bigarreau, constitute 70 per 
 cent of the crop, and probably 90 per cent of the amount 
 marketed. 
 
 California-grown Cherries attain large size; the can- 
 ner's requirement for fancy fruit is a diameter not less 
 than % of an inch, and for No. 1, not less than % of an 
 inch. Wholesale prices usually ranee from $40 to $60 
 per ton for black and $80 to $120 for white, but this 
 
294 
 
 CHERRY 
 
 CHESTNUT 
 
 year (1899) canners have paid as high as $160 per ton 
 for white Cherries. The higher rates can only be ex- 
 pected during years of short crops. 
 
 Edward J. Wickson. 
 
 CHERVIL. A term applied to two umbelliferous plants 
 which produce edible parts, neither of which is well 
 known in America. The name is sometimes applied, also, 
 to the sweet cicely. 
 
 Salad Chervil or Leaf Chervil is Scandix eerefoUum, 
 Linn., a native of S. Eu. It is annual. The neat and 
 aromatic Ivs. are used like parsley, which they much 
 resemble. The ivs. are decompound, with oval cut leaf- 
 lets; and there are varieties with much cut and curled 
 foliage. The cultivation of Salad Chervil presents no 
 diflSculties. Leaves are ready to use in 6 to 10 weeks 
 from seed sowing, and any good garden soil is congenial. 
 It thrives best in the cooler and nioister part of the year. 
 
 Tuberous or Turnip-rooted Chervil is Ch(wrophyllnm 
 bitlbosum, Linn., of S. Eu. It is biennial or plur-annual, 
 like the radish and carrot. The roots are like small 
 carrots in shape (4-5 in. long), but are gray or blackish, 
 and the flesh is of different flavor. The roots are eaten 
 as carrots are, either boiled or in stews. The one diffi- 
 culty in the growing of Tuberous Cher^•il is the fact that 
 the seeds gemiinate very tardily, or even not at all, if 
 kept dry over, winter. It is customary, therefore, to sow 
 them in the fall, although they do not germinate until 
 spring. If they are to be reserved for spring growing, 
 they should be stratitied (see Scrdage) or kept in sand. 
 In four or five months after germination, the roots are 
 fit to use, although they improve in quality by being 
 left in the ground. 
 
 L. H. H. 
 
 CHESS, or CHEAT. Bromus. 
 
 CHESTNUT. Three species of tree or true Chestnuts 
 are cultivated in this country for fruit. — the European 
 Castanea saliva, the American Castaiua Antericana, 
 the J a,i*tkne»e Casta nea ere Hata. (See Castanea). The 
 horticultural characters which distinguish these three 
 types are as follows: 
 
 European Chestnut!^.— Tme large, with a spreading 
 but compact head, stocky, smooth-barked twigs and large 
 glossy buds of a yellowish brown color; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, abrubtly pointed, with coarse sometimes in- 
 curved serrations, thick and leathery, generally pubes- 
 cent beneath when young, but green on both sides when 
 mature. Burs verj' large, with long, branching spines, 
 and a thick, velvety lining. Nut larger than American 
 Chestnut, sometimes very large, shell dark mahogany 
 brown, pubescent at tip, thick, tough and leatnery ; ker- 
 nel enclosed in u thin, tough and astringent skin : 
 quality variable from insipid, astringent to moderately 
 
 432. Native wild Chestnuts. Nearly nattiral size. 
 
 sweet. The leaves remain on the trees until late in 
 autumn, but are more susceptible to the attacks of fungi 
 than the American and Japanese species. At least one 
 variegated and one cut-leaved variety are grown as orna- 
 mentals. This species is variously known as European, 
 French, Spanish and Italian Chestnut ( Castanea sativa ), 
 
 and Sweet Chestnut of English writers. It is an inhabi- 
 tant of mountain forests in the temperate regions of 
 western Asia, Europe and north Africa. Esteemed for 
 its nuts in Spain, France and Italy, where they have con- 
 stituted an important article of food since an early day. 
 Introduced to the United States by Ir^n^e Dupont, at Wil- 
 mington, Del., in 180.1, though recorded by Jefferson, 
 under the desijfnation ''French Chestnut, "as grafted by 
 him on native Chestnut near Charlottesville (Monticello), 
 Va., in 177.3. 
 
 American Chestnut (C. Amerieana). — Tig. i?2. A tall, 
 straight, columnar tree, in forests reaching a height of 
 100 ft. and a diameter of 3 to 4 ft. ; when grown in the 
 
 433. Japanese Cbestnuts (X ^2). 
 
 open, forming a low, round-topped head of slightly pen- 
 dulous branches. Leaves thinner than in Castanea sat- 
 iva, oblong-lanceolate, acute, long pointed at the apex, 
 coarsely serrate excei)t toward the wedge-shaped base, 
 green and glabrous on both surfaces, changing to 
 bright, clear yellow late in autumn. The staniinate 
 flowers open in June or July, after leaves have attained 
 full size, and exhale a sweet, heavy odor, disagreeable 
 to many persons, and sometimes causing sj-mptoms of 
 hay fever. The 2- or 3-flowered involucres of pistil- 
 late flowers are on short, stout peiluncles at the bases 
 of androg^tTiotis anients which bear toward their tips 
 scattered clusters of staniinate flowers. Burs smaller 
 and spines sharper than in C. sativa. The nuts, usually 
 2 or 3, rarely 5 to 7, are usually broader than long. 
 and much compressed by crowding, though some- 
 times nearly oblong and approaching cylindrical. They 
 are of a bright brown color, covered at the apex with 
 thick, pale tomentum, which sometimes extends nearly 
 to the base of the nut. The nuts are sweet and agree- 
 able in flavor, the best among Chestnuts, and are 
 marketed in large quantities from the forests of the 
 Appalachian region, eastern North America, Me. to 
 Ga., westward to Michigan, Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 Gradually receding from its southern areas from causes 
 not yet understood. A few selected forms have been 
 propagated by grafting. 
 
 Japa neseiChestnut (C. C}'enata). — Fig. 433. A dwarf- 
 ish, close- headed tree of slender growth, said to attain 
 a height of 50 ft. in Japan, with small buds : leaves 
 smaller than other Chestnuts, lanceolate-oblong, usually 
 pointed, with a truncate or cordate base, finely serrated, 
 with shallow, sharp-pointed indentations, whitish tonien- 
 tose beneath, pale green above, less subject to injury by 
 fungi than other species. Burs small, with a thin, pa- 
 pery lining and short, widely V)ranching spines. Nuts 
 large to very large, glossy, usually 3, sometimes 5 or 
 7 in a bur, usually inferior to the other Chestnuts 
 in quality, though good when co(»ked, and in a few- 
 varieties excellent in the fresh state. 3Iany cultural 
 varieties are recognized. Introiluced to the United States 
 in 1876 by S. B. Parsings, Flushing, N. Y. 
 
 Aside from these three types, there are certain dwarf 
 and small-fruited Castaneas known as Chinquapins. The 
 two native Chinquapins may be contrasted as follows: 
 
CHESTNUT 
 
 CHESTNUT 
 
 295 
 
 Common or Tree Chinquapin {Castanea pumila).— 
 Tig. 434. A shrub 4 or 5 feet tall, rarely a tree, at- 
 taininsr a height of 50 feet, with slender branchlets 
 marked with numerous minute lenticels, and coated 
 with a pale tomentum, whit-h disappears during the first 
 winter. Leaves oblong, aoute and coarsely serrate at 
 apt" X. bright yellowish green, changing to dull yellow 
 before falling in autumn. Flowers strong-smelling, the 
 catkins of staminate ones appearing with the unfolding 
 leaves in May or June, the spicate, androgj'nous aments 
 later, with pistillate flowers in spiny involucres, produc- 
 ing solitary, cylindrical nuts % to 1 inch in length and 
 % inch in diameter, with sweet seeds. This species oc- 
 curs in dry lands from southern Pennsylvania to Florida 
 and Texas, and its nuts, which ripen earlier than the 
 American Chestnut, are esteemed for food and marketed 
 in considerable quantities. Apparent intermediates be- 
 tween this species and the American Chestnut, probably 
 of hybrid origin, are reported from several localities 
 in Virginia and Tennessee. This species attains truly 
 arlK>rescent proportions in southern Arkansas and east- 
 em Texas. The shrub form is sparingly introduced to 
 cultivation, and is being somewhat used in its native 
 regions as a stm-k on which to graft improved Chestnuts. 
 It promises to become useful for this purpose, but has 
 the troublesome habit of throwing up numerous suckers 
 or stolons. One named variety, the Fuller, has been 
 published. Fig. 4.'U is adapted from the Nut Culture 
 bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agric. 
 
 Bush Chinquapin {Castanea aInifoUa). — A shrub, 
 rarely more than 3 ft. in height, forming small thickets, 
 by means of stolons, in sandy barrens. South Atlantic 
 states, westward to Lousiana and Arkansas. Distin- 
 guished from C. pumila by larger, oval-lanceolate, 
 mostly obtuse leaves, which are but slightly tomentose 
 beneath, and by its larger nuts, which ripen earlier. 
 
 The cultural range of Castanea in America is not well 
 defined, but extends from Florida and Texas to Massa- 
 chusetts and Wisconsin, and on the Pacific slope. The 
 3 species cultivated in America thrive best on dry, 
 rocky or gravelly ridges or silicious uplands, failing on 
 heavy clays and on limestone soils unless deep, dry 
 and rich. 
 
 Propagation of species is by seeds. Certain types re- 
 protluce their striking characteristics in their seedlings, 
 but varieties are perpetuated by grafting: occasionally 
 by budding. Seeds for planting should be free from in- 
 sect larvae, and should not be allowed to dry out before 
 planting. They may be planted in drills in fall on deep 
 and well-drained loam, or, to avoid damage by rodents, 
 may be stratified in damp sand until spring. Nuts held 
 in cold storage at 1.5° F. from October to April have 
 germinated well at Washington, D. C. Young trees des- 
 tined for removal to orchard should be transplanted in 
 nurser}- at one year old, to promote symmetrical develop- 
 ment of root system. Grafting may be done on any of 
 the species of Castanea, and on some of the oaks, 
 notably the Chestnut Oak, Quercus Prinus, though the 
 durablity of grafts on the oak is questionable. Where 
 the Chestnut is indigenous, bearing orchards of im- 
 proved varieties are quickly secured by cutting down 
 and removing the timber and grafting the young sprouts 
 which spring up in aVjundance about the Chestnut stumps 
 (Fig. 43.1). Recently the Chinquapin has been similarly 
 used with good success where Chestnut does not occur. 
 Grafting may be by splice method on 1-year-old seedling 
 roots ; by splice or cleft at crown on 2- or 3-year trees in 
 place ; or by veneer, splice or cleft methods on 1- to 
 3-year-old sprouts or branches. Top-working of old 
 trees is uncertain and only practiced in special cases. 
 Cions should be dormant, and work may V>e done at any 
 time after freezing ceases, but in trunk and branch 
 pn\fting best results are obtained by most grafters if 
 work is done alter leaves begin to unfold. Two- or 
 3-bud cions are preferred. The fitting of cion to cleft 
 or splice and the waxing should be carefully done. 
 If strips of waxed nuislin are wrapped about the stubs 
 the danger of loss by summer cracking of wax is 
 lessened. In deft-grafting young sprouts or seedlings, 
 the stub should be cut 2 or 3 inches above the depar- 
 turp of a branch. *o prevent too deep splitting of 
 cleft. Two or three weeks after growth begins the wax- 
 ing should be inspected and repaired if cracked. If 
 
 grafts make rank and brittle growth they should be 
 checked by pinching, and if in exposed situations, tied 
 to stakes to prevent breaking out of cions. Budding 
 is sometimes practiced, usually by use of dormant buds 
 inserted in shoots of previous year, when the bark 
 "slips " after growth has begun in spring. 
 
 The Chestnut is admirably adapted to ornamental 
 planting, either singly or ir. groups on suitable soils. 
 The native species is successfully used as a roadside 
 tree in many sections outside of its natural range. It re- 
 quires a space of at least 40 feet for development when 
 thus used ; the European species 30 feet and the 
 Japanese 20 feet. If in orchard, the last mentione*! may 
 be planted as close as 20 feet, and thinned when the 
 trees begin to crowd, thus securing several crops of 
 nuts from land otherwise unoccupied. 
 
 Care of Orchards. — Planted orchards are yet few in 
 America, most of the extensive commercial efforts hav- 
 ing consisted in the grafting of sprouts on rough lands 
 where the American Chestnut is indigenous. On such 
 lands no cultivation is attempted, the brambles and un- 
 desired sprouts being held in check by occasional cut- 
 ting in summer, or by pasturing with sheep. Much care 
 is necessary to protect against damage of the sprouts by 
 fire on sucli land. Clean cultivation, at least during the 
 
 Chinquapin. Nut and bur natural size. 
 
 first few years, is probably best in planted orchards, 
 though heavy mulching may be found a satisfactory 
 substitute. The Japanese and some of the American 
 varieties of the European species require thinning of 
 the burs on young trees to avoid over-bearing, with its 
 consequent injur>' to the vitality of the tree. 
 
 Leaf diseases are apparently sxibject to control by 
 Bordeaux mixture, but for the weevils, which dam- 
 age the nuts previous to maturity, no satisfactory rem- 
 edy has yet been discovered. 
 
296 
 
 CHESTNUT 
 
 CHESTNUT 
 
 The varieties of the three species, though possessing 
 many points in common, differ sufficiently in important 
 characteristics to justify separate grouping for cultural 
 discussion. As Chestnut culture is new in this country, 
 it seems best to append descriptions of all the varieties 
 
 CaK^ 
 
 
 
 
 435. Chestnut sprouts two years ^I'a^ted. 
 The cion was insertiHl where bninching liegins. 
 
 which are in the American trade. For fuller discussion 
 of cultivated Chestnuts, see Nut Culture in the United 
 States (Bull. Div. of Pomologj-, U. S. Dept. of Agric), 
 from which Fig. 434 is adapted ; Nut Ctilturist, A. S. 
 Fuller, 1896 ; European and Japanese Chestnuts in 
 Eastern U. S.. G. Harold Powell (Bull. De'. Exp. Sta- 
 tion), 1898; Nut Culture for Profit, Jno. R. Parrj-, 1897. 
 
 Amebican Groitp.— Though the wild nuts exhibit wide varia- 
 tions in size, form, quality, productiveness, aud season of rii)en- 
 ing, but few varieties have l>een dignified by names and propa- 
 gated. Solitary trees are frequently sterile, thoiigh producing 
 both staminate and pistillate tlowers, apiKirently reqxiiring 
 cross-fertilization to insure fruitfulness. This is especially true 
 of planted trees of tliis species on the Pacific slope, where pro- 
 ductive trees are reported to be rare. The susceptibility of the 
 species to injury by leaf diseases, as iwinted out by Powell, and 
 the injury to nuts by la^^•aB of we€\-ils, are drawbacks to its ex- 
 tensive ciUtnre. 
 
 The following varieties are propagated to some extent : 
 
 i>»/a/j<'i/.— Bowling Green, Ky. Large, and of fine quality. 
 Original tree productive, though isol:ite<l. 
 
 (/riW/i.— Griffin, Ga. Alarge,very downynut. of good quality. 
 
 Hathairay. —hittle Prairie Ronde. Mich. A large, light 
 colored, sweet nut, annually productive, frequently having 5 to 
 7 nuts to the bur. 
 
 AV^c/iam.— Mountain\-ille. N. Y. A1)ove nie<lium in size, ob- 
 long, tomentose, sweet. Tree productive an»i \igorous in heavj- 
 sod at 50 years of age. 
 
 Jfurre/i.— Coleman's Falls, Va. A large, high flavored nut, 
 bearing 3 nuts to the bur. 
 
 <)tto.— Otto, Teun. Large, oblong, very downy at tip, very 
 sweet, and rich. 
 
 Watson.— Tay, Pa. Medium to large, slightly downy, com- 
 pressed, very good. 
 
 ErROPEAX GRorP.— It is a significant fact that, during the 
 century that h,is elapsed since the introduction of this species, 
 the imported nameil varieties of Europe have not found favor 
 in eastern America. Seedling trees have been found produc- 
 tive and profitable at many points in New .lersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Delaware, and Maryland however, and these form the basis of 
 the culture of tht» species east of the continental <li%ide. West 
 of the Rocky moxmtains, several of the choice French " Mar- 
 
 rons" are -eported to snccee<l in California and Oregon. Amon^ 
 the more important varieties of the European group in .tVanrica, 
 are tne foll«>wing : 
 
 .4H(/<^''f»/t.— Flushing, N.J. Bur medium to small; nntn of 
 meilium size, bright reiidish brown. pul»escent at the tip and 
 over half of the nut. Tree a strong grower, with medium to 
 small l?»athery leaves. Very pr<Kltictive. 
 
 ^arfram.— Milltown. Pa. Bur meiiium to small; nutme<limn, 
 thickly pubescent at tip, dark, reildi.>«h mahogany color; :< m a 
 bur ; unusually free from Insect attack ; quality good. Tree 
 \igorous, spreading, with large leaves: prtxluctive. 
 
 Chalon (syn., Marron Chalon Early).— France. Sparingly 
 grown in California. Nut of medium size, early, productive, 
 precocious. 
 
 CotuhaU (Marron Corobale).— France. A large and handsome, 
 bright brf)wn striped nut, with but little tomentiun at tip; usa' 
 ally 2, .sometimes btit 1, in a bur. .Somewhat grown in Cali- 
 fornia, where it was introduce*! from France a^K>ut 1870. 
 
 Cor«o«. — Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Bur large, with thin husk; 
 nuts large, usually 3 in a bur; <lark bntwn. ridgeil, heavily 
 pul>escent at tip; quality veo' good. Tree vigorous, spreading. 
 very productive. 
 
 Z^fltfcr.— Camden, Delaware. Bur medium; nut medium to 
 large, dark brown, thickly tomentose, usxially 3 in a hur; 
 quality good. Tree \igorous, spreading, productive; a seedling 
 of Ridgoly. 
 
 X>arii/tf7toii.— Wilmington, Del. Bur medium to small: nnt 
 medium to large, usually 3 in a bur ; dark distinctly stripe<J. 
 thickly tomentose at tip; sweet, good. Tree vigorous. One of 
 the earliest to rii>en of this group. 
 
 Ltjon ( Marron de Lj-on ).— France. A large, round nut of fair 
 quality, grown in a small way in California, but less protluctive 
 than Combale, which it resembles. 
 
 Jfarrort.— This term is used by the French to designate the 
 larger cultivated Chestnuts, most of whi'h have relatively few 
 nuts, often only 1 in a bur. 
 
 iloncur. — Dover, Del. A see«lling of Ridgely. Bur medium; 
 nuts medium, of light color, heavily tomentose; tree vigorous, 
 spreading, very productive. 
 
 yoiizillard.—Friinee. A large, handsome variety from cen- 
 tral France, and there considered very productive and valuable. 
 Has been tested in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and California, 
 without marked suc<'ess in an>- locality. 
 
 JV(//h6o.— Morrisville, Pa. tFig, 11, PI. 14.) Bur medium, 
 conical ; nut large, from 2 to 3 in a bur : bright brown, 
 striped, thinly tomentose. of good quality. Tree compact and 
 drooping; rsither uncertain in l»earing. 
 
 Paragon (syn.. Great American).— Germantown, Philadel- 
 phia, Pa. Bur very large; niit large, usually 3 in a bur, broad, 
 plump, thickly tomentose at the tip, and thinly over two-thirds 
 of surface, color dull brown, quality very goo«l. Tree hanly. 
 spreading, vigorous, with narrow, coarsely serrate leaves hav- 
 ing a narrow base; subje<'t to leaf blight, but very produftive. 
 The most widely planted and most uniformly successful variety 
 of Chestnut yet cultivated in the United .States. Possibly a 
 hybrid with C dentata. Fig. (photo) 4-yr. grafted tree in fruit. 
 Mich. 
 
 Querey (syn., Marron Qxiercy).— France. A Iteantiful. me- 
 dium sized nut, commended in i>ortionsof California for pre- 
 cocity, earliness, productiveness and quality. 
 
 Ridijely Uyn., Du Pont). — Wilmington, Del. Bur medium ; 
 nut metlium to large, moderately tomentose, dark, of ver>' gfMvl 
 quality; tree vigorous, with narrow leaves free from blight; 
 spreading, veiy prtxluctive, hardy. (Fig. 12, PI. 14.) 
 
 iS'coff.— Burlington, N. J. Burmeiiium: nut medium, slightly 
 IMjinted, usually 3 in a bur ; glossy, dark brown, slightly 
 tomentose at the tip. Tree open. sprea<ling, very -troductive; 
 said to be comi)aratively free from attacks of weevil. 
 
 Sfj/f r.— Concordville, Pa. Bur medium : nut med'um pointed, 
 dark brown. strii)ed, tomentose at tip, I to '.'> in a bur. Tree 
 -.eT vigorous, upright, with large, dark green leaves free from 
 disease. 
 
 Jap.\n"ESE Grovp.— Though most of the imported Japanese 
 Chestnuts have been found of poor qtmlity for eating in the 
 fresh state, the product of many imported seedling trees, and of 
 a numl>er of American-grown seedlings of this tj-pe.is equal to 
 the Europe,<in nut in flavor. The Japanese varieties in general 
 have the advantage, also, of greater precocity and productive- 
 ness, larger size and e.irlier mattirity of nut, greater freedom 
 from injury by le.af diseases and nut-eating insect lanse. -^s 
 productiveness and earliness are the most important point.s in 
 Chestnut culture .it the present time, this lype is the most 
 important to commercial nut growers. The most important 
 named varieties are as follows: 
 
 Alpftflt.- New .Jersey. Bur medium: nuts me<lium to large. 
 generally 3 in a bur, dark, of f.iir quality, ripening very early. 
 Tree upright, verj' \igorous and productive. 
 
 Beta.—'Sevr .Jersey. Bur small; nut medium, light brown. 
 smooth, sligluly tomentose at tip: good; ripening just after 
 Alpha. 
 
 Biddle.—'Se\y Jersey. First fruited in Maryland. Bur me- 
 dium: nut large, bright brown, broad, rather thickly tomen- 
 tose, 2 to 5 in a bur : of medium season and fair quality. 
 Tree regular, round-headed, vigorous. 
 
 Black (syn.. Dr. Black),— New .Jersey. First fniite<i in 
 Maryland. Bur large ; nut me<lium to large ; 3 to 7 in a 
 biu:, consequently irregular in shape ; dark brown, slightly 
 
CHESTNIT 
 
 CHICORY 
 
 297 
 
 totn«»ntow». rery PiiTly ainl of good qualSty. Tree ronnd. 
 <rlo«e-he»dwl. vigorDUs, prtMludive. 
 
 t'o#.— i'alifornia. A Iiirice, very swe^t variety, but re- 
 cently dlsiemlnated. Tree upright, somewh:.. opread- 
 
 ing. 
 
 Felton.—'Sew Jenwy. First fmlted in Delaware. Bur 
 ■mall: not meilium, dark lirown, slightly tomentose, 
 rather early and of excellent quality. Tree round- 
 heaiied and fairly prmluotive. 
 
 tfianf.— Japan. A trade name, under which a num- 
 ber of varieties have )>eeu imported from Japan. See 
 Parry. 
 
 Hale (sjm.. Eighteen Months) . — California. A newly 
 intnxliiced variety, having a large, dark brown nut of 
 exfvllent quality. Very precocioJia. 
 
 Kent Isyn., Extra Early).— New Jersey. First fruited 
 in I)elaware. Bur small; uut nie<]ium to large, dark, 
 usually 3 in a bur: very early, of good qiiality. Tree 
 ronnd-headed, i)re<'o<'iou8, pr<Mluctive. 
 
 AVrr.— New Jersey, First fruite«l in Mar>'land. Bur 
 small; nut meilium to large, dark brown, broad, 3 in 
 a bur, early, and of excellent quality. Tree vigorous, 
 symmetrical, rouiid-hei«le«l, verj- pr»j<luctive. 
 
 Killen.Sew Jersey. First fruite«l in Delaware. Bur 
 ver>- large; nut very large, brojul, light brown, slightly 
 ridgetl, of excellent quality, mid.Heason. Tree upright, 
 open, spreatling. nnxlerattly vigorous, productive. The 
 largest Chestnut yet brought to notice. 
 
 Mammoth.— A tnwle name for the imported Japanese 
 nnt« and trees, not restricte*! to any particxxlar variety. 
 
 it'irtin (syn.. Col. Martin).— New Jersey. First 
 fniitnl in Maryland. Bur large; nut large to 
 verj" large, broad, iiright nMldish brown, slightly 
 tomentose. '.i to 5 nuts in a bur. Midseason; of 
 goo<l quality for cooKing. Tree vigorous, open, 
 spreading, pro<lucti' e. 
 
 J/ffar7n/»rf.— I'alifomia. Bur very large: nut 
 large, and of fine quality; early. Tree spread- 
 ing, very prmluctive. A newly disseminateii 
 variety of great promise. 
 
 Parrj/— Japan. Bur very large; nxit ver5' ' 
 
 large. 1 to 3 in a bur. Inroad, witli apex some- ^ 
 
 times depres8e<l; dark brown, ridged, of fair 
 quality. Tree mwlerately vigorous, open.sprea«l- 
 ing. with large leaves. One of tlie largest and 
 most l»eautiful of this group. Selected for prop- 
 agation as the best of 1.000 imported grafted 
 Japanese Chestnuts. (Fig. Vi, PI. 14.) 
 
 Prolific. — Japan. Bur small ; nut medium, 
 rather long, striped, 'i in a bur ; early. Tree 
 vigorous, compjict, with small narrow leaves. 
 
 Reliance. Sew Jersey. Bur me<lium ; nut 
 medium to large, rather long, light brown, 
 ridge<l: midseason. and of fair quality. Tree 
 dwarfish, spreading, drooping, very precocious 
 and pnHluctive: incline<l to overbear, and needs 
 thinning. Seetlling of Parry. 
 
 Success. Sevf .Jersey. Bur very large; nut 
 very large, usually 3 in a i»xir ; midseason ; of 
 rather pf>or quality until cooked. Seedling of 
 Parry. Tree upright, productive. 
 
 Superb (sjTi., Parry's Superb).- New Jersey. 
 Bur large; nut large, broa<i. brown, usually ',i in 
 a btir, early, and of fair quality. Tree vigorous 
 and very productive. -^V. A. Taylok. 
 
 CHEVALlfiKA. CHEVALlfiKIA, 
 CHEVALLI£RA. CHEVALLI£RIA. The 
 species in the American trade are 2Ech- 
 meas. 
 
 CHICK-PEA. SeeCicer. 
 
 f^i 
 
 CHICKWEED. 
 
 Sfellaria. 
 
 See Cerastium and 
 
 CHICORY, or SUCCORY ( Cichorium In- 
 tyhus, Lmn.). Compdsita. Fig. 436. A 
 native of Europe, naturalized in America 
 and familiar to many as a weed, is a pot- 
 herb, a salad, and theleading adulterant of 
 coflFee. It has come prominently before 
 the public since 1897 a.s an American farm 
 crop. Prior to that year, its cultivation as 
 an a«iulterant and substitute for coffee 
 was largely prevented by the prejudice of 
 the principal consumers, our foreign-bom 
 population, who insisted that American 
 was inferior to European root, and also by 
 the low tariff, which allowed the root to 
 enter duty free, or with a verv small im- 
 post. During 1898 and 1899 advantage has 
 been taken of a protective duty, and sev- 435. Flowers 
 
 eral factories hare been erected, for which farm- 
 ers have shown a willingnes.'* to grow the roots. 
 It is probable that within the next few years our 
 home market will bi' fully supplier! from Ameri- 
 can fields, in which development reliance is placed 
 in the substitution of horse-power for manual 
 labor, improved plows and cultivating implements 
 for crude ones, machine-digging of the roots for 
 hand-digging, efficient slicing machines, and im- 
 proved evaporating kilns. 
 
 Chicory will probably succeed wherever the 
 sugar beet is grown in this country*, the climatic 
 requirements being similar. In general, it may 
 be said to thrive upon all stone-free soils that 
 will proiluce paying staple crops, except clays, 
 lightest.sands and mucks. The first are too hard, 
 the second too dry, the third too rich in nitrogen 
 and too sour. The surface layer of soil should be 
 deep, the subsoil o{>en and well drained. If the 
 water supply be sufficient, high land is as g(XMl 
 as low land of the some texture, though if too 
 dry for profitable grain growing, the former may 
 yet be made to produce paying crops of Chicor)-; 
 but if too wet for cereals, the latter will generally 
 be found unsuitable for this root. The fertilizing 
 of the land shoulil be the same as for other root 
 crops, nitrogen being used sparingly, potash and 
 phosphoric acid rather freely— 1^4 to VA 
 times as much of the former and 2>3 times 
 the latter as has been removed by the pre- 
 ceding crop. It is best to apply these 
 fertilizers to preceding crops that do not 
 make heavy demands upon them. In rota- 
 ^N^^^j— ' tion, Chicory is classed with rf»ot crops, and 
 
 should be preceded by a small grain, since 
 this is har\-ested in time for fall plowing. 
 Clover should not immediately precede, 
 since it leaves t<»o much nitrogen in the 
 soil. The ground being warm, fairly moist, 
 thoroughly prepared by deep plowing, har- 
 rowing and scarifying with a weeder. the 
 seed, which must be fresh and clean, is 
 sown rather thickly but covered thinly, in 
 drills 18 inches apart. 
 There are but few well-flefined varieties 
 L«ii^ of this plant used for field culture, and 
 
 even the garden sorts are not as stable as 
 could be desired. Of the former group, 
 Magdelmrg, Brunswick and Schlesische 
 are the principal; of the latter, Witloof 
 (so-called). Red Italian, Broad-leaved, 
 Improved Variegated and Curled-leavt^d 
 are best known. Witloof and Barbe de 
 Capucin can be produced from any va- 
 riety, the difference being brought about 
 by the method of growing. 
 
 Chicory has no specific enemies in this 
 country, and is troubled by only a few of 
 the general-feeding insects, such as cut- 
 worms and wire -worms. 
 
 FVom 6 to 10 tons is the general crop per 
 acre, though with good management. 15 
 tons miy be produced. The cost of grow- 
 ing and the returns are about as follows: 
 Rent, wear of tools, etc., $5 ; preparation 
 of land, $4.50; seed. 75 cents; cultivating 
 and tending, $15: hairesting and deliver- 
 ing, $12 ; total, $.37.25. Average price per 
 ton, .$7. 
 
 From a purely horticultural standpoint, 
 C lioory is of interest as a root, a pot-herb, 
 and a salad plant. The young, tender roots 
 are occasionally boiled and served with 
 butter, pep;)er and salt, like young car- 
 rots, but they have never become widely 
 popular in this form. As a pot-herb, the 
 young leaves are equal to those of dande- 
 . . iion. They are cut when 6 or 8 inches long, 
 
 |w«f5 boiled in two waters to remove the bitter 
 
 flavor, and served like spinach. As a 
 salad. Chicory is famous in three forms: 
 Common Blanched, Barbe de Capucin and 
 Chicory (X }4). Witloof. Barbe de Capucin is comprised 
 
298 
 
 CHICORY 
 
 CHIOCOCCA 
 
 of Amall. blanched le»Te». WItloof la a more solid 
 hea<l. The pink, red and curie 1 varieties make a verv 
 pretty appearanre, and if well grown and nervpd frenh 
 are delicious, there being only a slightly bitter flavor. 
 The method of growing In the same &» for endive. 
 
 For Barbe and WItloof, well grown roots are dug in 
 October, trimmed of unneee»s«ary rootn and of all but an 
 Inch of top. For Barbe, the roots are laid horizontally 
 in tiers in moist earth, the whole forming a sloping heap, 
 the crowns of the r<M>t8 protruding an inch or so. Since 
 darkness is essential, a warm veg«^(able cellar is the 
 usual place selected to g-')w this vegetable, which re- 
 quires 3 or 4 weeks to produce its tine white leaven. 
 These are cut when about 6 inches long, eaten as a salad, 
 boiled like kale or cut up like slaw. If undisturl)»'d, the 
 roots will continue to pnnluce for some time. The most 
 rapid way to produce Witloof is to plunge the roots 
 (shortened to 5 inches) in spent tan bark, or such ma- 
 terial, and cover with 2 feet or more of manure, the 
 space under a greenhouse bench being used. In about 
 2 weeks, heads resembling cos lettuce may be dug up, 
 boiled like Brussels sprouts, or served as salad. If the 
 roots be left in place, protected from the light, but un- 
 covered, a crop of leaves resembling Barbe may be gath- 
 ered. Sowing and other cultural management is the same 
 as for other garden roots, as beets and carrots. It is a 
 pity that these vegetables are so little known in this 
 coifntry. 
 
 Chicory has run wild along roadsides and in dry fields 
 in many parts of the country, and is considered to be a 
 bad weed. However, the handsome sky-blue flowers 
 (Fig. 4'M), which open only in sunshine, are very at- 
 tractive. M. G. Kains. 
 
 CHlLDSIA W£RCKL£I. See Hidalgoa. 
 
 CHILIANTHUS {a thousand flowers). Loganidcece. 
 Four or 5 South Aifrican trees or shrubs, very closely 
 allied to Buddleia, from which it differs in having sta- 
 mens exserted from the short tube: Ivs. opposite, entire 
 or dentate: tls.very numerous, in dense, terminal cymes 
 or panicles. Unknown to the Amer. trade. The plants 
 known as Buddleia salicifolia, Jacq., and B. saligna, 
 Willd., are ChilinnthuH arboreiis. Benth. (which is prob- 
 ably identical with C. oleaceus, Burch.). 
 
 CHILOPSIB (Cireek, lip-Uke). Bignonidcea>. One 
 shrul) or low tree, C. 8aUgriia< Don (known also as C. 
 lineHriii, DC), growing in dry districts from S. Texas to 
 Calif., and in Mex. From its narrow-lanceolate or linear 
 Ivs.. it is known as Desert Willow; also called Flowering 
 Willow and Mimbres. It is a continuous-blooming plant, 
 valuable for our extreme southern districts. It grows 
 from 10 to 20 ft., bearing slender branches, opposite or 
 verticillate lower Ivs., and handsome, Bignonia-like fls. 
 in a short, terminal raceme. The corolla is 1-2 in. long, 
 5-lobed and crimped, the tube and throat lilac, and two 
 yellow stripes inside. Anthers 4 ; rudiment of a fifth 
 stamen. L. H. B. 
 
 CHIMAFHILA (Greek, winter and friend; green in 
 winter). EriciLce(v. Pipsissew^a. Half shrubby or her- 
 baceous, with creeping stem: Ivs. evergreen, serrate, in 
 irregular whorls: fis. nodding, forming a terminal, few- 
 fid, umbel, on a long, naked peduncle: petals 5, spread- 
 ing; stamens 10: fr. a dehiscent, r)-celled capsule. Four 
 species in N. America, Europe, and N. Asia to Japan; 
 formerly united with Pyrola. Low, evergreen plants, 
 with pretty white or reddish fls. in summer. They grow 
 best in a light, sandy soil, mixed with peat or leaf-mold, 
 and prefer a half -shady position. Prop, by division of the 
 creeping rootstock. Cseful in wild borders. 
 
 ombell^ta, Nutt. (C corymhbm, Pursh). Five-H in.: 
 Ivs. 3-<i in a whorl, short-petioled, cuneate-lanceolete, 
 sharply serrate, dark green and shining above, 1-2 in. 
 long: fls. 4-7, white or reddish, %-%\n. wi«le. N. Amer., 
 from Canada to Mexico, Europe. Japan. B.M.778. L.B.C. 
 5:46:i. Mn. 7:161. 
 
 maculata, Pursh. Fig. 4;{7. Lower and less branched 
 than the foregoing : Ivs. usually in 3's, ovate or oblong- 
 lauceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate, vax'iegated with 
 
 white along the nerves, 1-2 in. long: fls. 2-5, white, ^jn. 
 
 wide. From Canada to Ueorgia and Mississippi. B..M 
 
 897. Mn.9:l. a,„„.^ d 
 
 Alfreo Rbhdbs. 
 
 CHIXOHANTHUI is Catycantkua. 
 CHIHE8E LAHTEBir PLAHT. See PhysaH$. 
 CHIMESE SACBED LttY. Consult Narcissus. 
 
 437. Chimaphila maculata. 
 Natural size. 
 
 CHIOCOCCA. Rubidcea. Snowbebry (which the 
 name means in (ireek). Shrubs, mostly climbing, of 
 tropical Amer., and one in extreme S. Fla. Fls. in axil- 
 lary panicles, the corolla funnel-form and 5-parted; sta- 
 mens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments 
 cohering at base; style filiform, the stigma club-shaped: 
 ovary 2-.'Moculed, becoming a small, globular drupe. 
 C. racemdsa. Linn., of ^he Florida Keys and S., is some- 
 times cult, in hothouses for its panicles of yellowish 
 
f '■•Wl.f 
 
 •1 
 
 CHIOCOCCA 
 
 whtt« fl«. »Tid thp white fr». Lvs. OTAi« to lanceolate, 
 thick and HhiniDg, t;Dtii«) : dnip«ii Hin. in diani. Twin- 
 iBJC ; (flabroui. L. H. B. 
 
 CHI60ENE8 (Greek, nnnw, offgpring : referring to 
 tbennow-white berrifH}. Kric^etot. Trailing evergreen, 
 with Hniall alternate lv8. and inconHpicuuuH axillary Hm.; 
 con>nft 4-cleft ; stamenii 8, included : berry white, hir- 
 sute. Two species in the colder regions of N. Amer. and 
 Japan. Slender trailing f vergreenH, in appearance much 
 like the cranberry, rarely cultivated. Thriving be»t in 
 moist and peaty soil, in a shaded position, creeping 
 amongst growing moss. Prop, by seed.M, by division or 
 bv cuttintrs in Auirust under glass. The America»^ spe- 
 cies, C. hiipidttlft.Torr. & liray { C. serpyllifdlia , Salisb. ) , 
 has hirsute branches and ovate, ^->ain.-long ciliate 
 lv8. and greenish white fls. Alfred Rehdcr. 
 
 CHIONANTHUB (Greek for »«om and flower: allud- 
 ing to the abundance of snow-white fls.). Oledcecf. 
 Fkinoe Tkee. Shrubs or low trees, with deciduous, op- 
 posite and entire lvs.: fls. in loose panicles from lateral 
 buds at the end of last year's branches, white ; corolla 
 divide<l nearly to the base in 4 narrow petals ; stamens 
 2. short : fr. a l-seeded oval drupe. Two species in E. 
 N. Araer. and China. Ornamental shrubs, with large, 
 dark green foliage, and very showy white fls. in early 
 Slimmer. The American species is almost hardy north, 
 but requiring a somewhat sheltered position ; the Chinese 
 may be more tender, but it thrives in W. New York. 
 They thrive best in a somewhat moist and sandy loam, 
 and in a sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown in fall 
 or stratified; increased also by layers and by grafting 
 under glass or budding in the open air on ash seedlings 
 (in Europe Frarinus Ornus is preferred); sometimes 
 by cuttings from forced plants in early spring. 
 
 Virginica, Linn. Fig. 438. Large shrub or slender 
 tree, to ."W ft. : lvs. oval or oblong, acuminate, pubes- 
 cent beneath when young, mostly glabrous at length, 
 4-8 in. long : panicles 4-6 in. long, pendulous ; petals 
 1 in. l<mg : fr. dark blue, oval, 1 in. long. May, June. 
 From Penn. to Fia. and Tex. L.B.C. 1.3: 1264. Gt. 16:564. 
 Mn.2:l.i4. (i.F. 7: irj.'». — Variable in shape and pubes- 
 cence of the lvs., and several varieties have been dis- 
 tinguished, but none of 
 them sufficiently distinct 
 for horticultural uses. 
 Handsome shrubs. 
 
 C. rftusa, Lindl.(€. Chinen- 
 8i8, MaxJ. Lvs. obovate, ob- 
 tuse or acute, sometimes 
 emarffinate : petals shorter 
 ami hroatler, oblong; panicles 
 more compact, shorter and 
 erect. China. P.F.G. 3,p.85. 
 G.C. n. 23:821. Ut. 35, p. 667. 
 A.G.1.3::J74. Mn. 2:157. G.F. 
 7:327? A.G. 2():107. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CHIONODOXA (Greek, 
 snow&uikglory). Liliclcecf. 
 A small genus of hardy 
 bulbous plants. Natives 
 of Crete and Asia Minor 
 (Mt. Tauru.**). Very closely 
 allied to Scilla, but differs, 
 among other characters, in 
 having r. short tube to the 
 corolla. Fls. small and 
 blue (ninning into white and red forms), with recurved- 
 spreading acute segments, dilated filaments, and small 
 or capitate stigma. These are among the best of early- 
 flowering plants, blooming in February, March and April, 
 according to the locality, with the early Snowdrops an(i 
 Scillas. Since their introduction to cultivation by Mr.Maw 
 in 1877, they have been widely cultivated under the 
 popular name of "Glorj- of the Snow/' in allusion to their 
 early blooming habit. C Lucilim is the most widely 
 cultivated species. This varies much in color, the type 
 having tls. whose petals are more or less deeply tipped 
 with blue, shading to white at their bases. CLucilice 
 also occurs with pure white fls., and in re<ldish and 
 pink forms. C, Sari'^nsis has smaller fls. of a deeper 
 
 CHIONODOXA 
 
 299 
 
 tone of blue and without the white markings of the petals. 
 There are two varieties of this, one with white and 
 the other with black stamens. Chionodoxaa hybridize 
 
 438. Chionanthus Vireinica. 
 
 (XH.) 
 
 439. Chionodoxa Luciliae (X >^). 
 
 with Scilla, and the hybrids are sometimes known as 
 Chionoscillas. 
 
 Chionodoxas thrive in any fertile soil, well drained 
 and not too heavy, and in any exposure, the main requi- 
 site for growth being that they have light and an ade- 
 quate supply of moisture while growing and till the 
 foliage is ripened. The bulbs should be planted about 
 3 inches deep, and closely, say an inch or two apart. Lift 
 and replant about third year. They need no winter 
 covering. They flower well in pots in winter in a cool- 
 house temperature. Must be forced only genth% and 
 given abun<lance of air, light and moisture. They are 
 increased by offsets and seeds, which they produce 
 freely. Under favorable conditions, they increase rapidly 
 by self-sown seeds. Preferably, seeds should be sown 
 in a frame, and may be expected to germinate the follow- 
 ing winter. C. Tmoltisi, Uort., is a lat :-blooming form, 
 bright blue and white. 
 
 Luciliae, Boiss. Glory of the Snow. Fig. 439. Bulb 
 ovoid, brown-coated : lvs. long and narrow two or three 
 with each stem : scape 3-6 in. high, bearing a dozen or 
 less bright blue, more or less hanging, white-centered 
 fls. Asia Minor and Crete. B.M. 6433. Gn. 28, p. 179.- 
 Runs into several forms, one of which has white fls. C. 
 gigantht, Hort., is evidently a larger form of it, distinct 
 in habit. C. grandiflbra, Hort., is the same. 
 
 Sard6n8is, Hort. Fls. smaller, much darker blue, with 
 no white in the eye. Sardis. Gn. 28 : 50.5, — Probablv a 
 form of the preceding. 
 
300 
 
 CHIONODOXA 
 
 CHLOROGALU>I 
 
 Critica, Boiss. & Held, ^'ender : fls. smaller and 
 fewer (1-2 on a scape) than Lucilice, white or ver>' 
 pale blue. Crete.— Of little horticultural value. 
 
 ^Alleni, Hort. (Chionoscllla 
 Alleni, Hort.). Perianth seg- 
 ments cut to the base : habit of 
 C Lucilm, but the white eye 
 is indistinct. Supposed natu- 
 ral hybrid of Sell la bi folia and 
 Chionodoxa Lucilice. G.C. HI. 
 21:191. 
 
 J. N. Gerard and L. H. B. 
 
 these usually several together, and digitate at the apex 
 of the culm. Species about 40, widely distributed through 
 the warmer countries of the world. Several are culti- 
 vated for ornament. 
 
 Regans, HRK. (C. cf?6a, Presl). Fig. 440. An erect 
 perennial 2-3 ft. high, with slightly inflated sheaths, 
 
 CHIONOSCtLLA. 
 
 Chionodoxa. 
 
 Consult 
 
 CHINA ASTEK. See Aster. 
 
 CHINA 
 MtUa. 
 
 TBEE. 
 
 Consult -T- 
 
 CHINKAPIN, CHINQUAPIN. See Chest- 
 nut and Castanva. 
 
 CHIBlTA (Hindostani name). Gesnerhcece. 
 Plants much like Gloxinias and Streptocar- 
 puses ; none of them in the Amer. trade. They 
 are natives of eastern Asia. Fls. in shades 
 of purple and blue, tubular, in clusters on 
 the tops of short scapes. 
 
 CHIVES. See Cive. 
 
 CHLIDANTHUS {delicate flower, from the 
 Greek), AmaryllidAcece. Two or three S. 
 Amer. bulbs, flowering in advance of the Ivs. Allied to 
 Zephyranthes. Fls. yellow, in a small umbel, terminat- 
 ing a solid scape, long-tubed, with 
 wide-spreading segments : Ivs. 
 lonsr and strap-shaped. C. fr^- 
 grans. Herb,, is the species in 
 cult. It bears fragrant fls. 3-4 in. 
 
 l\l^l .^ ^^'^ { E' ^^^f^' ^^ summer, on scapes 15-18 
 ^ 3 1 «i MR'M'", fe' in. high. It is increased by off- 
 sets or by seeds. The bulbs 
 should be kept drj- and cool dur- 
 ing winter and in spring started 
 in a moderately warm house. 
 After flowering, care must be 
 taken to have the bulbs make 
 their annual growth. They may 
 either be grown in pots plunged 
 in ashes, or planted out where 
 they can be watered occasionally 
 during dry weather. Like other 
 similar plants, they will benefit by a 
 mulching of spent hops or rotted ma- 
 nure. G, w. Oliver and L. H. B, 
 
 CHLORANTHUS {green flower). Chlo- 
 ranthdceie. The type genus of a small 
 family (25 species) of tropical herbs, 
 shrubs or trees. Chloranthus has about 
 8 species. They are perennial herbs or 
 evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems, 
 opposite, simple Ivs.. and small, incon- 
 spicuous fls,, in slender, terminal spikes. 
 Perianth represented by a single scale, 
 in the axil of which is the 1-loculed 
 ovary, and 3 united stamens {the side 
 stamens sonietiuies obsolete), C, brach^- 
 stachys, Blume. from Ind. and China, is 
 in the Amer, trade. It is a shrub used 
 for pot-growing, reaching a height of 
 1-2 ft., bearing glossy foliage and small, 
 yellow berries There is a variegated- 
 leaved form. L_ g_ B^ 
 
 440. Chloris 
 elesans. 
 
 CHLORIS (Greek for green). Gra 
 minrp. FiNGER Grass. Usually peren- 
 nial gresses, with flat Ivs. and attractive inflorescence: 
 spikelets 1-fld., awned, sessile in two rows along one 
 side of a continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes, 
 
 
 flat blades and 8-12 silky-learded 
 spikes, clustered or um'be late at 
 the apex of the culms. — In cult, as 
 an ornamental grass. Annual in 
 the northern states. 
 
 trtmcita, R. Br. {C. barbata 
 vera, Hort.). Fig. 441, A peren- 
 nial with jointed, creeping culms: 
 sheaths compressed and hairy at 
 the ape:* : inflorescence consist- 
 ing of digitate spikes, widely 
 spreading ; the spikelets 2-fl(>\v- 
 ered and long-awn^l. Austral.— 
 In cult, as an ornamental grass, 
 
 verticill&ta. Nutt. Windmill 
 Finger Grass, A low. spread- 
 ing perennial with upright culms 
 6-20 in, high. The dark bnnvn, 
 awned spikelets are arranged on 
 slender spikes, which are in 
 whorls near the summit of the 
 culm. Both fl. -glumes and empty 
 glumes awned. — It is a good 
 turf -former, and is sjioken of by 
 some as a good grazing grass', 
 and one not easily trampled out. The arrangement of 
 the spikes gives it an odd and pleasing appearance 
 making it useful as an ornamental species for gardens. 
 The cult, form is an improvement on the type. 
 
 G. polyddctyla, Sw.-irtz. A W. Indian species wlii-h has been 
 found in southern Fla.. is sittra<*tive, aii«l has long and graceful 
 spikes.— C. gracilis, Dur., a native of Cent. Amer. and Sles., is 
 another spe<»ies wcasionally cult, for ornament.- V. petriwa, 
 Swartz, found along the coast from Fla. to N. Car., is as at- 
 tractive as many of the grasses grown in g;irdens as ornanifn- 
 tals.— C. ijtaiica, Vasey. is a handsome sp«»cie8, well deserving 
 the attention of the tiorist, and is found growing in brackish 
 marshes and along the borders of cypress swamps. 
 
 P. B, Kennedy, 
 
 CHLOBOCODON (Greek for green and bell, alluding 
 to the flowers), Asclepiaddce(f. One species from S, 
 Afr., C. Whiteii, Hook, f, B,M. 589H. G.C. III. lfc:243. 
 It is now cult, in S, Fla, and S. Calif, It is a strong, 
 woody twiner, with large opposite, cordate-ovate, thick 
 Ivs, and axillary clusters of odd fls. :?4-l iu- in diani,; 
 corolla rotate-b'ell-shaped, thick, green ; the segments 
 ovate and acute, purple at the base inside, and bearing 
 long-notched lobes ; anthers connivent over the eapitate 
 stigma. The roots are used medicinally in Natal, under 
 the name of Mundi. The plant is an interesting green- 
 house climber, but not handsome. l, jj. r. 
 
 CHLOHOGALUM {green and milk, from the Greek, 
 referring to the juice of the plant). Lilitlvfir. Three 
 species of California, allied to Camassia ( C. LeichtliiiH, 
 Baker = Camnssia Leichtlinii). Bulbous: fls. white or 
 pink, in a panicle terminating a leafy stem ; segments of 
 perianth 3-nervca, at length twisting over the ovary; 
 style long and deciduous : Ivs. with wavy margins, Phmts 
 of eafsy culture, to be treated like Camassias or Orni- 
 thogalums. Monogr. by Baker, .Tourn. Linn. Soc. 13: 291 ; 
 Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 242, 
 
CHLOROGALUM 
 
 CHRYSALIDOCARPUS 
 
 301 
 
 A. Pedicels nearly as long as the fls.: segments 
 spreading from near the base. 
 
 pomeridiilnam, Kunth. Soap -plant. Amole. Stem 
 reaching ;{ ft., many-branched, from a very large bulb: 
 
 Hs. small (lin. or less long) 
 and star-like, numerous, 
 white, with purple veins, on 
 spreading pedicels, opening 
 in the afternoon. — Bulb used 
 by Indians and Mexicans 
 for soap-making. 
 
 AA. Pedicels very short : 
 segments spreading 
 from above the base. 
 
 parvifldrum, Wats. Bulb 
 snuiU (1 in. in diam.) : stem 
 1-3 ft., slender -branched: 
 Ivs. narrow and grass-like: 
 fls. pinkish, ^in. long: ovary 
 broad and acute. 
 
 angrustifdlium, 
 Low, about 1 ft. 
 the last, but fls. 
 green-lined and 
 larger, the 
 above. 
 
 Kellogg. 
 
 Resembles 
 
 white and 
 
 somewhat 
 
 ovary acute 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 442 Chorizema ilicifolium. 
 
 (X %.) 
 
 CHLOROPHtTUM (name 
 means, iu Greek, green 
 plant). Lilidceie. Very 
 closely allied to Antheri- 
 cum, but ditfering in the 
 thickened filaments of the 
 stamens and the 3-angled or 
 3-winped capsule ; inflorescence often denser ; Ivs. 
 broailer. often oblanceolate and petiolate: seed disk- 
 like. About 40 species, in Asia, Africa, and S. Amer. 
 Consult Anthericum and Paradisea. 
 
 datum, R. Br. (Anthericum rariegdtum,vittiitum,pic- 
 tHratum, Williamsii, Hort.). Root fleshy and white: Ivs. 
 freely produced from the crown, often 1 in. wide, flattish 
 and bright green, or in the garden varieties with white 
 lines along the margins, and yften (var. picturatinn ) also 
 with a yellow band down the center : scape terete and 
 glabrous. 2-3 ft. high, branched : fls. white, Hin. long, 
 with revulute, oblanceolate segments, which are ob- 
 scurely 3-nerved on the back. S.Africa. F.S. 21: 2240-1. 
 -A vahiable and common plant for vases and pots, and 
 sometimes used in summer borders. Anthericum Cali- 
 fornicum. Hort., is perhaps a form of it. l_ jj^ g^ 
 
 CHLOBdPSIS BLANCHABDIANA. See Trichloris. 
 
 CHOCOLATE. See Theobroma. 
 
 CHOISYA (J. D. Choisy, Swiss botanist, 1799-1859). 
 Rutdcece. One Mexican shrub, C. tem&ta, HBK., grown 
 in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and sometimes under glass. It 
 grows 4-8 ft. high, making a compact, free-bloommg 
 bush, with opposite, temate Ivs., the Ifts. lance-obovate 
 or oblong, thick and entire, with pellucid dots: fls. in a 
 terminal, forking cluster, white, fragrant, orange-like 
 (whence the vernacular name Mexican Orange), 1 in. 
 across. R.H. 1869: .330. Gn. 50, p. 203. J.H. III. 34: 253. 
 -A handsome shrub, worthy of greater popularity. It 
 will endure several degrees of frost, and should succeed 
 in the open in many of the southern states. Blossoms 
 in summer. L_ H. B. 
 
 CHOKE CHERRY is Pmmis demissa and P. Vir- 
 
 giiiiinui. 
 
 CHONDRORtNCHA {cartilage and beak). OrchidA- 
 fe(F, tribe Vnndece. Three species of S. Amer. epiphytal 
 orchids, Cu\t. &s for Odontoglossumcrispum. They are 
 practically unknown in the Amer. trade. They are short- 
 stemmed herbs without pseudobulbs, and oblong, plicate, 
 petioled Ivs., the simple scape bearing a single large, 
 odd. yellowish flower. C\ Chistertoni, Reic.hb. f., C. 
 fimbridta, Reichb.f., and C. rdsea, Lindl., are the spe- 
 cies. Keep cool and moist. 
 
 CHORlSIA (Greek, separate or distinct). MalvdicecR, 
 A very few spiny trees, of tropical America. Lvs. al- 
 ternate, digitate, of 5-7 leaflets : fls. large, with linear or 
 oblong petals, the peduncles axillary or racemose: ovary 
 5-loculed and many-ovuled. C. specidsa, St. Hil., of Bra- 
 zil, the "Floss Silk Tree," is cult, in S. Calif., and is 
 adapted to warm glasshouses. It is a medium-sized 
 tree, allied to Eriodendron and Bombax. Lfts. lanceolate, 
 acuminate, dentate : calyx irregular, shining outside, but 
 silky inside: petals obtuse, yellowish and brown-striped 
 at the base, pubescent on the back. £,^ jj^ g_ 
 
 CH0RIZ£MA (fanciful Greek name). Sometimes 
 spelled Chorozema. Legumind.'!(P. Fifteen to 20 Aus- 
 tralian shrubs, of a diffuse or half-climbing habit, with 
 thick and shining simple evergreen lvs. and pea-like 
 red or yellow fls. : ovary villous. Handsome plants for 
 the cool greenhouse, less popular in this country than 
 abroad. When not grown too soft, they will stand slight 
 frost at times. Grown in the open in S. Calif, and S. 
 Fla. They are grown in a rather peaty soil, after the 
 manner of Azaleas. Usually rested in the open in sum- 
 mer. They are excellent for training on pillars and raf- 
 ters. Prop, easily by cuttings; also by seeds. 
 
 v^rium, Benth. Tjvs. roundish or round-ovate, some- 
 what cordate, spiny-toothed : fls. orange and red, in 
 erect racemes. — The commonest species. Runs into 
 many forms, of which C. Chdndleri and C. grandi- 
 fldrum, Hort., are examples. 
 
 ilicifdlium, Labill. Fig. 442. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate, 
 deeply repand-spiny-toothed : fls. yellow and red. 
 macrophyilum, Hort. Dwarf : fls. red. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CHOROGI. See Stachys. 
 
 CHRIST-AND-THE-APOSTLES. Fanciful name of 
 Crinum sca6r»»j. which sometimes has 13 flowers. 
 
 CHRYSALIDOCARPUS (Greek for golden fruit). 
 Palmdcta-, tribe Arece(e. Spineless, stoloniferous 
 palms, with medium, fasciculate, ringed stems; lvs. pin- 
 natisect; long-acuminate 
 segments about 100, bifid 
 at the apex, the lateral 
 nerves remote from the 
 midrib. Species 2, one 
 of them being a popular 
 florist's plant. Mada- 
 gascar. 
 
 lut^scens, H. Wendl. 
 (H yophorbe Indica, 
 Gaertn. H. Commerson- 
 idna, 'Mart. Areca lutes- 
 cens, Bory). Figs. 443, 
 444. Stem .30 ft. high, 
 4-6 in. in diam., cylin- 
 drical, smooth, thickened 
 at the base ; lvs. very 
 long ; segments almost 
 opposite, lanceolate, 2 ft. 
 long, 2^2 in. wide, acute, 
 with 3 prominent pri- 
 mary' nerves, which are 
 convex below and acutely 
 2-faced above. Bourbon. 
 A.G. 13:141. A.F. 4:.566. 
 — Fig. 443 is from Mar- 
 tins' Natural History of 
 Palms. Iu growing (,'/«rv- 
 salidocarpus (or A reca ) 
 lutescens in quantity, it 
 will be found a good plan 
 to sow the seeds either 
 on a bench, in boxes or 
 seed-pans, so prepared 
 that the seedlings will 
 remain in the soil in 
 which they germinate 
 until they have made 
 two or more leaves. 
 The flrst leaf made above 
 
 443. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. 
 
 the soil is small, and if 
 plants are potted off at this stage they must be very 
 
302 
 
 CHRYSALIDOCARPUS 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 carefully watered in order not to sour the soil. In the 
 preparation of the receptacles for the seed, a little gravel 
 in the bottom will be found good, as the roots work very 
 freely *hrough it, and when the time comes to separate 
 the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter to 
 
 Chrysalidocarpus 
 lutescens. 
 
 disentangle the roots without bruising them. Probably 
 the plan which works best is to wash the soil and gravel 
 entirely from among the roots. Pot in soil not too dry, 
 and for the next few days keep the house "xtra warm 
 and humid, and the plants shaded from t! .n without 
 any moisture applied to the soil for the li i few^ days. 
 Jared G. S^hth and Q. W. Oliver. 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM ,. Idea flower). Includ- 
 
 ing PifretJirum. Compos i v large genus of herba- 
 
 ceous and sub-shrubby plani. mostly hardy, and typi- 
 cally with white or yellow single fls.. but the more im- 
 portant kinds greatly modified in form and color. Ben- 
 tham and Hooker make 22 subgenera (of which about 
 C include the garden forms), bas^^'l chiefly on the man- 
 ner in which the seeds are ribbed, cornered, or winged, 
 and the form of the pappus. The garden Pyretlirutns 
 cannot be kept distinct from Chrysan- 
 themums by garden characters. The 
 garden conception of Pyrethrum is 
 a group of hardy herbaceous plants, 
 with mostly single flowers, as op- 
 posed to the florists' or autumn Chry- 
 santhemums, which reach perfection 
 only under glass, and the familiar 
 annual kinds, which are commonly 
 called Summer Chrysanthemums. 
 When the gardener speaks of "I*yre- 
 thrums,"he usually means P. rosetim. 
 Many of the species described below 
 have been called Pyrethnims at va- 
 rious times, but they all have the 
 same specific name under the genus 
 Chrysanthemum, except the most 
 important of all garden Pyrethnims. 
 viz., P. roseum, which is C. coccin- 
 eum. The Feverfew and Golden 
 Feather are still sold as Pyrethrums, 
 and the only other species of impor- 
 tance Is P, uliginosum. 
 
 The insect powder known as "Pyrethrum," is produced 
 from the dried flowers of C. cineraruefolium and C. 
 coccineum. The former species groTS wild in Dalniatia" 
 a long, narrow, mountainous tract of the Austrian em- 
 pire. "Dalmatian Insect Powder "is one of the com- 
 monest insecticides, especially for household pests. C. 
 cineraricefoUum is largely cultivated in France. (7. ooc- 
 eineum is cult, in Calif., and the product is known as 
 Buhach. See Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants and 
 Rep. U. S. Com. Agr. 1881-2, p. 76. 
 
 There are over one hundred books about the Chrjsan- 
 themum, and its magazine literature is probably ex- 
 ceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the flower 
 of the east, as the rose is the flower of the west. Aside 
 from oriental literature, there were 8.3 books mentioned 
 by C. Harnian Payne, in the Catalogue of the National 
 Chrysanthemum Society for 1896. 3Iost of these are 
 cheap cultural guides, circulated by the dealers. The 
 botany of the two common species has been monographed 
 by W. B. Hemsley in the Gardeners' Chronicle, series 
 III., vol. 6, pp. 521. 555, 585, 052, and in the Jounial of 
 the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 12, part I. The great 
 repositories of information regarding the histor\' of the 
 Chrysanthemum, from the garden point of view^ are the 
 scattered writings of C. Harman Payne, his Short His- 
 tory of the Chrysanthemum. London, 1885, and the older 
 books of F. W. Burbidge and Juhn Salter. For informa- 
 tion about varieties, see the Catalogues of the National 
 Chrysanthemum Society (England) and the Li^te De- 
 scriptive, and supplements thereto, by O. Meulenaere, 
 Ghent, Belgium. The best book written by an American 
 is Chrysanthemum Culture for America, by James Mor- 
 ton, N. Y., 1891 . There are a number of rather expensive 
 art works, among which one of the most delightful is the 
 Gcldon Flower : Chrv'santhemum, edited by F. Schuvler 
 Mathews, pub. by Prang, Boston, 1890, 
 
 Types of the Common Chrysanthemum. -The com- 
 mon Chrysanthemums of the florists are also called 
 " large-flowering," and "autumn Chrysanthemums," 
 though neither of these popular names is entirely accu- 
 rate or distinctive. They are the blended product of C. 
 Indicum and C. morifolium (or C. Sinense), two species 
 of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. From 10 
 to 15 dominant types are recognized by the National 
 Chrysanthemum Society of England. 
 
 The words "types," "races," and "sections," have 
 always been used by horticulturists to express much 
 the same thing, but types can always be clearly defined, 
 while sections cannot, and the w-ord race should be 
 restricted to cultivated varieties that reproduce their 
 character by seed, which is not the case with the large- 
 flowering Chrysanthemums. The following explanation 
 and scheme, it is hoped, will clearly set forth the main 
 types, and explain some of the many terms that confuse 
 the beginner. The horticultural sections are wholly 
 arbitrary, being chiefly for the convenience of competi- 
 tors at exhibitions, and therefore changing with the 
 fashions. The present classification is based wholly on 
 
 the form of the flower, as each tj-pe 
 i^^vn- can be had in anv color found in 
 
 single Chrysanthemum. 
 
N 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMl'M 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 303 
 
 single forma, they are less popular than the double 
 kinds, and the varieties are, therefore, less numerous 
 and more subject to the caprices of fashion. 
 
 BB. Fh. large, fewer, regular. 
 
 4. TTie Larg^ J»*'mone Ty)>e. — Fig. 44i. Fls. 4 in. or 
 more across and fewer. On. 9, p. 33. 
 
 BBB. Fls. large, ttu-, 
 
 446-449. The anemone flowered 
 typeti cI Chrysanthemums. 
 
 446. The sniall and 
 regular type. 
 
 For examples of each type, see N. C. 
 
 the whole genus. 
 fc. catalogues. 
 
 A. Single forms : rays in 1 series, or few series : disk- 
 
 low and flat. 
 
 1. TJie Small Single Type. -Fig. 445. Fls. about 2 in. 
 across, star-like, i.e., with the rays arranged in one se- 
 ries around the yellow disk. "Single," however, is a 
 relative term, and in Fig. 445 there are really several 
 series of rays, but they do not destroy the "singleness" 
 of effect. All fls. are either single, semi-double, or 
 double, but all the intermediate forms between the two 
 extremes of singleness and doubleness tend to disap- 
 pear, as people usually do not like them. 
 
 2. The Large Single Type.— 
 Like Fig. 445, but the fls. 4 in. 
 or more across, and fewer. The 
 difference between the large 
 and small single types is ad- 
 mirably shown in Gn. 37 
 These types are practically 
 never grown outdoors and 
 are best suited for pot cul- 
 ture, each specimen bear- 
 ing 20-80 fls. 
 
 AA. Anemone -fid. forms: 
 rays as above: disk 
 high and rounded. 
 
 B. Fts. small, numerous, 
 
 regular. 
 
 3. The Small Anemone 
 Type.— Commonly called 
 "Pompon Anemone." Fig. 
 44G. Fls. 2 or 3 inches 
 across, and usually more 
 numerous than in the large 
 anemone type. All the anemone 
 fonus are essentially single, but 
 the raised disk, with its elon- 
 gated, tubular fls., usually yel- 
 low but often of other colors, 
 gives them a distinct artistic 
 effect, and they are, therefore, 
 treated as intermediates in 
 character between the single 
 and double forms. Like the 
 
 irregular. 
 
 5. The ,?apanese 
 Anemont. Tyve. — Vign. 
 448, 449. Fls. 4 in. or 
 more across, and irreg- 
 ular in outline. H. 
 Rider Haggard is an 
 excellent example. Gn. 
 47, p. 161; 31:601. 
 
 AAA. Double- fid , forms: 
 rays in many se- 
 ries: disk absent or 
 nearly so. 
 
 B. Fls. small: rays 
 short. 
 
 6. The Pompon Type. 
 -Fig. '350. Fls. 1-2 in. 
 across. The outdoor 
 kinds are likely to be 
 small, flat and button- 
 like, while those cult, 
 indoors are I'sually 
 
 larger and nearly globular. Fig. 
 
 450 shows the former condition. 
 
 It is from one of the old hardy 
 
 kinds long cultivated in the gar- 
 dens as " Chinese" or " small-flowered" Chrj'santhemums, 
 and generally supposed to be the product of C. In- 
 dieum, as opposed to the "Japanese" or "large-flow- 
 ered" kinds introduced in 1802, which marked a new 
 era by being less formal and more fanciful than any of 
 the preceding kinds. Pompons are little cult, under 
 glass in Amer. The Pompon section of the N.C. S. Cat. 
 1890 refers to indoor types, and a separate section was 
 made for the outdoor types under the name of "Earlies," 
 with two subgroups, "Pompons" and "Japanese," refer- 
 ring to the old small -flowered, hardy race, and the new 
 large-flowered Japanese kinds, which are grown to per- 
 fection only under glass, but are sometimes grown out- 
 doors, though they are usually less hardy. 
 
 448. 
 
 The large and irregular type. 
 An early stage. 
 
 449. The large and irregular type. 
 At a later stage of development. 
 
304 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 BB. Fls. large. 
 c. Blossoms hairy. 
 
 7. The Hairy Type.— Also called "Ostrich Plume" 
 and "Japanese Hair>'." The famous prototype is the 
 variety Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, pictured in Gn. 35, p. 307. 
 which was sold for $1,500 in 1888, and started the 
 American craze. White fls. with long hairs are very deli- 
 cate and pretty, but the hairs are often minute, and on 
 many of the colored fls. they are considered more cu- 
 rious and interesting than beautiful. So far, nearly all 
 hairy Chrysanthemums are of the Japanese Incurved 
 type. 
 
 CC. Blossoms not hairy, 
 
 D. Bays reflexed. 
 
 8. The Be flexed Type. -Also called "Recurved." 
 Fig. iol. The reflexed forms can be easily broken up 
 into three types, (a) the small and regular, (6) the 
 large and regular, and (c) the large and irregular types. 
 Lately the irregular kinds have been removed by the 
 N. C. S. from a section called "Japanese Reflexed '" 
 into the "Japanese" section, which section, as explained 
 under No. 11, means little more than "miscellaneous." 
 
 DD. Bays incurred. 
 E. Form absolutely regular. 
 
 9. The Incurved Type. — Fig.452 shows the general idea, 
 but such a flower would hardly win a prize at an Eng- 
 lish show, where anything short of absolute regularity 
 is relegated to the "Japanese Incurved" section (No. 
 10). This type is by far the most clear-cut ideal of any 
 of these types, and for many years this ideal of the 
 florists has so completely dominated the English Chry- 
 santhemum shows that the incurved section has come to 
 be known there as the "exhibition" or "show type." In 
 Amer. the Japanese types, which are less formal and 
 fanciful, prevail, but in England this is the most im- 
 portant section of all. The N.C.S. Cat. for 1896 says: 
 " The distinguishing characteristics of the incurved va- 
 rieties are the globular form and regular outline of the 
 
 round at the tip, and of sufficient length to form a 
 graceful curve. They ought to be regularly arranged, 
 and the color clear and decisive. A hollow center or a 
 
 450. Type of Pcmpon 
 
 Chrysanthemum. 
 
 (hewn outiloors, with no 
 
 special care. 
 
 blooms. The incurved bloom should be as nearly a 
 globe as possible, as ' depth " is an important point in es- 
 timating its value; the florets should be broad, smooth, 
 
 
 
 451. The reflexed types o 
 
 of Chrysainthemum. ^ 
 
 Small and regular; large and regular; large irregular. 
 
 prominent eye is a serious defect, as also are a rough- 
 ness in the blooms or unevenness in outline, and a 
 want of freshness in the outer florets." A perfect pic- 
 ture of this ideal of the florists may be seen in Gn. U. p. 
 269, or A.F. 5:5. Such blooms are "dressed" with tweezers 
 so that the rays all overlap one another in perfect order. 
 Each flower is shown separately without foliage, while 
 the prevailing American idea in exhibition is a mass 
 effect, with a vase of 12 or more long-stemmed fls., usu- 
 ally of the same variety. 
 
 EE. Form more or less irregular. 
 
 10. The Japanese Incurved Type. — Fig. 452 would 
 be referred to this type by the English florists, together 
 with all of the many other fonus that are not globular 
 and entirely regiilar. This section and the next are the 
 most important in America. There are many variations 
 of this type. It often happens that the outer 4 or 5 se- 
 ries of rays gradually become reflexed, but if most of 
 the rays are incurved, the variety may be exhibited in 
 this section. 
 
 DDD. Bays of various shapes: forms various. 
 
 11. The Japanese Types. — Plate VI. The word" Japa- 
 nese" was originally used to designate the large-fld. 
 fantastic kinds, introduced by Robert Fortune from 
 Japan in 1862. It has never been restricted to varieties 
 imported directly from Japan, but has always included 
 seedlings raised in the western world. Before 1862, all 
 florists' fls. in England were relatively formal and 
 small. The informal, loose, fantastic, Japanese Chry- 
 santhemums, introduced by F'ortune in 1862, broke up 
 the formal era, and the craze for large specimen blooms 
 which resulted in flower-shows all over the world 
 reacheti America in 1889. The "Japanese 'section" of 
 the National Chrysanthemum Society now means little 
 ■more than miscellaneous. The 10 types previously 
 menti(med can be rather accurately definetf, but the 
 Japanese section is purposely left untleflned to include 
 everything else. All the tulmlar and quilled sorts are 
 now included in it, though formerly kept distinct. 
 
CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 305 
 
 Marked forms are Laciniatum, Lillian B. Bird, Mill- 
 brook, Mrs. W. H. Rand, A. H. Wood, Shavings, North- 
 em Lights. 
 
 Relative Importance avd Uses of the Types.— In 
 general, the large-fld. forms are more popular than the 
 small-rtd. forms, especially at exhibitions, where great 
 size is often the greatest factor in prize-winning. 
 Types 9, 10 and 11 are the most important in America, 
 fspecially the Japanese section. The fls. of types 9 and 
 10 are likely to be more compact and globular, and hence 
 better for long shipments than the looser and more fan- 
 ciful types. Types 9, 10 an<l 11 are the ones to which 
 most care is given, especially in disbudding and train- 
 ing.'. They are the ones most commonly grown by the 
 florists for cut-tts. and whenever one large fl. on a long 
 stem is desired. The anemone-flowered forms are all 
 usually considered as curiosities, especially the Japa- 
 nese Anemones, which are often exliibite<l as freaks 
 ar.a oddities. The single and anemone -flowered forms 
 f re used chiefly for specimens in pots with many small 
 Is., but all the o>her types are used for the same pur- 
 pose. For outdoor culture, the hardy Pompons, with 
 their numerous small fls., are usually better than the 
 large-flowering or Japanese kinds. In America, the 
 Chrysanthemum ranks fourth in economic importance, 
 although its season is practically only six weeks, while 
 the season of the florists' roses, carnations and violets 
 is from six to nine months. If one were to put a guess 
 in the form of figures, it might be said that possibly 
 60 per cent of all American Chrysanthemums are raised 
 for cut-fls., 30 per cent for potted plants, while 10 per 
 cent are hardy old-fashioned Pompons cultivated out- 
 doors. W. M. 
 
 SECTION I.- CULTURE OF THE LAUGE-FLOWERED 
 CHRYSANTHEMUMS GROWN UNDER GLASS (C. 
 Indicum x morifolium). 
 
 fntroductioH and General Principles. — The first step 
 towards success is good, healthy cut- 
 tings, and as they become established 
 plants they should receive generous cul 
 ture throughout their entire growing 
 season. This requires close attention to 
 watering, airing, repotting, and a liberal 
 supply of nutriment. 
 
 Chrysanthemums are propagated in 
 four ways, — by cuttings, division, seeds, 
 and grafting. By far the most important 
 is the first, because it is the most rapid. 
 It is the method of the florists. In locali- 
 ties where the plants can remain out- 
 doors over winter without injury, they 
 may bo increased by division. This sys- 
 tem is practiced more by amateurs than 
 florists, being the easiest method for the 
 home garden but not rapid enough for 
 the florist. Propagation by seeds is re- 
 sorted to only to produce new varieties, 
 and is discussed at length under subsec- 
 tion IV. Grafting is verj* rare. Skilful 
 gardeners sometimes graft a dozen or 
 more varieties on a large plant, and 
 the sight of many different colored fls. 
 on the same plant is always interestiuj; 
 at exhibitions. 
 
 Subsection I. — Culture of Chrysan- 
 themums for cut-flou'ers. 
 
 This is the method chiefly employed 
 by florists, the plants being grown in 
 benches. 
 
 1. Propagation by Cuttings. — Flants 
 of the preceding year afford stock from 
 which to propagate the following season. 
 They produce quantities of stools or 
 suckers, which form excellent material 
 for the cuttings. These are genera'lv 
 taken from 1-2 ,H in. in length, the lower 
 Ivs. removed, also the tips of the broad 
 Ivs., then placed in propagating beds close together, 
 where they are kept continually wet until rooted. To in- 
 sure a large percentage, the condition of the cuttings 
 
 20 
 
 should be moderately soft. If the stock plants are al- 
 lowed to become excessively dry, the cuttings are likely 
 to harden, and thus be very slow in producing roots. 
 Single-eye cuttings may be used of new and scarce va- 
 rieties when necessary. These are fastened to a tooth- 
 pick with fine stemming-wire, allowing half of the tooth- 
 pick to extend below the end of the cutting, and when 
 inserted in the cutting-bed the end of the cutting should 
 rest upon the sand. It requires more time to produce 
 good plants by this system than where fair-sized cut- 
 tings can be taken, but it is often of service where stocU 
 is limited. The propagating house should be well 
 aired, and it is advisable to change the sand after the 
 second or third batch of cuttings has been removed, to 
 avoid what ia termed cutting-bench fungus. The cuttings 
 should never be allowed to wilt, and this is avoided by 
 giving abundance of air, and when the temperature 
 reaches over 70° from sun heat, by shading with some 
 material, either cloth or paper. 
 
 2. P/rtHY/>jgr. — Cuttings should uot be allowed to re- 
 main in the cutting-bench after the roots are % in. in 
 length, or they will become hardened, which will check 
 the growth. As soon as rooted, they should be potted 
 into 2-in. or 2V.2-in. pots, using good, mellow soil with a 
 slight admixture of decomposed manure. Most of the 
 large fls. are produce<l under glass, and the bench sys- 
 tem is generally employed, which consists of 4 or 5 in. 
 of soil placed upon benches. In these benches the 
 small plants are planted 8-12 in. apart each way, from 
 the latter part of May to the middle of July. Those 
 planted at the first date generally give the best results. 
 The soil should be pounded rather firm either before 
 planting or after the plants have become established. 
 
 3. SotV. — There are many ideas as to what soil is best 
 suited for the Chrysanthenuim, but good blooms may be 
 grown on clay or light, sandy loam, provided the culti- 
 vator is a close observer and considers the condition of 
 the soil in which they are growing. Clay soil, being 
 more retentive of moisture, will require less water and 
 
 
 
 452. Type of Japanese incurved Chrysanthemum. 
 
 feeding than soil of a more porous nature. The Chry- 
 santhemum is a gross feeder, and, therefore, the fertility 
 of the soil is very important in the production of fine 
 
306 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 blooms. Each expert has a way of his own in preparing 
 the soil, but as equally good results have been obtained 
 under varied conditions, it is safe to conclude that the 
 method of preparing the soil has little to do with the 
 results, provided there is sufficient food within their 
 reach. All concede that fresh cut sod, 
 piled late the preceding fall or in early 
 spring, with % to ^a its bulk of half- 
 decomposed manure, forms an excellent 
 compost. Many use 1 or 2 in. of manure 
 as a mulch after the plants have become 
 established. Others place an inch of 
 half-decomposed manure in the bottt>m 
 of the bench. This the roots find as soon 
 as they require it. Good blooms have 
 been grown by planting on decomposed 
 sod and relying on liquid applications of 
 chemicals. 
 
 4. Feedinff. — 'So definite rule can be 
 given for this work, as so much de- 
 pends on the amount of food incorporated 
 in the soil. If the soil be very rich, the 
 liquid applications should be only occa- 
 sional and verj' dilute. There is more 
 danger of overfeeding by the use of 
 cuttins. liquids than by using excessively rich 
 
 soil. Each grower must depend on his own judgment as 
 to the requirements, being guided by the appearance of 
 the plants. When the Ivs. become dark colored and very 
 brittle, it is safe to consider that the limit in feeding has 
 been reached. Some varieties refuse to bud when overfed, 
 making a mass of Ivs. instead. Others show very con- 
 torted petals, giving a rough, unfinished bloom. Still 
 others, particularly the red varieties, are likely to be 
 ruined by decomposition of the petals, called burning, 
 especially if the atmosphere is allowed to l)ecome hot 
 and stuffy. The same result will follow in dark weather, 
 or when the nights become cool, if the moisture of the 
 house is allowed to fall upon the blooms. Under such 
 conditions, the ventilation should remain on every night, 
 or heat be txxmed in according to the outside temperature. 
 
 ger of overwatering as long as the foliage is bright 
 green. A little shading at planting time is not objec- 
 tionable, but it should be removed as soon as the plants 
 are established. It is often necessary to shade the pink 
 
 453, 
 
 One kind of 
 
 Chrysanthemum 
 
 454. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at an early staee. 
 
 Showing the shoots to be removed if the crown 
 bud is to be saved. 
 
 5. Watering. — het the foliage be the index to water- 
 ing. If it appears yellow and sickly, use less water, and 
 see that the drainage is perfect. There is but little dan- 
 
 455. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at a later stage. 
 
 Showing how its strength is sapped by the shoots lieneath, 
 which are just showing clusters of terminal buds. 
 
 and red flowers if the weather continues bright for some 
 time, to prevent their fading. 
 
 0. Tra en /«(/. — When the plants are 8 in. high, they 
 should be tied either to stakes or to jute twine. lu the 
 former system, use one horizontal wire over each row, 
 tying the stake to this after the bottom has been in- 
 serted into the ground. Two wires will be necessary 
 where twine is used, one above the plants and the other 
 a few inches above the soil. From the first of August 
 until the flowers are in color all lateral growths should 
 be removed as soon as they appear, allowing only the 
 shoots intended for flowers to remain. The above re- 
 marks refer to the training of benched Chrysanthemums 
 as grown by florists for cut-flowers. Other kinds of 
 training are described under Subsection 11. 
 
 7. Disbudding. — yio special date can be given for this 
 work, as much depends on the season and the earliness 
 or lateness of the variety to be treated. Buds usually 
 begin to form on the early sorts about Aug. 15, or soon 
 after, and some of the late varieties are not in condition 
 before Oct. 10. The o})ject of removing the weak and 
 small buds and retaining the best is to concentrate the 
 whole energy of the plant and thereby increase the size 
 of the flower. There are two forms of buds, crowns and 
 terminals. A crown bud is fonned first, never comes 
 with other flower-buds, and is provided with lateral 
 growths which, if allowed to remain, will continue their 
 growth and produce terminal bu<ls later. Terminal buds 
 come later, always in clusters, are never associated with 
 lateral growths, and tenninate the plant's growth for 
 that season. If the crown bud is to be saved, remove 
 the lateral growths as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 
 454, and the operation is complete. If the terminal bud 
 is desired, remove the crown and allow 1,2 or 3 (accord- 
 ing to the vigor of the plant) of the growths to remain. 
 In a few weeks these will show a cluster of buds, and, 
 when well advanced, it will be noticed that the largest 
 is at the apex of the growth (the one saved, if perfect, 
 as it usually is), and one at each of the leaf axils (see 
 Fig. 4>(>). The rejected buds are easiest and safest re- 
 moved with the thumb and forefinger. Should the bud 
 appear to be one-sided or otherwise imperfect, remove it 
 and retain the next best. In removing the buds, bepin at 
 the top and work down. By so doing there are buds 
 in reserve, in case the best one should accidentally be 
 broken, while if the reverse course were taken, and the 
 best bud broken at the completion of the work, all the 
 labor would be lost. A few hours' disbudding will teach 
 the operator how far the buds should be advanced to 
 disbud easily. Early and late in the day, when the 
 
'*, 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 jjrowths are brittle, are the best times for the work. 
 Some growers speak of first, second and third buds. 
 The first is a crown, and generally appears on early 
 propagated plants from July 15 to August 15. If re- 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 307 
 
 ... -^^ / 
 
 4S6. Terminal buds of Chrysanthemum at an early stage. 
 None too early for disbudding. 
 
 moved, the lateral growths push forward, forming an- 
 other bud. In many ca.ses where the crowns are removed 
 early, the next bud is not a terminal, but a second crown, 
 which is termed the second bud. Remove this, and the 
 third bud will be the terminal. Plants propagated in 
 May and June generally give the second and third bud, 
 not forming the typical crown. Those struck in July 
 and planted late give the terminal only. Most of the 
 best blooms are from second crown and terminal. Pink, 
 bronze and red flowers from first crowns are much 
 lighter in color than those from later buds. They are 
 large, but very often abnormal to such an extent as to 
 be decidedly inferior. This is doubtless due to the large 
 amount of food utilized in their construction, owing to 
 the long time consumed in development. The hot 
 weather of September and October must have a detri- 
 mental effect upon the color. Consult Figs. 454-457. 
 
 8. i-'wcMuVs. — Green and black aphis are the most 
 destructive insects. Through the summer months to- 
 bacco dust broadcasted over the plants is an eflfective 
 remedy. At the approach of cool weather it is best to 
 resort to light fumigations of tobacco. Grasshoppers are 
 sometimes very destructive. Handpicking is conceded 
 to be the best method, although if there are quantities 
 of small ones a wetik solution of Paris green may be re- 
 sorted to. 
 
 Subsection II. — Culture of Chrysanthemums in pots. 
 
 The same principles are employed in pot culture as 
 when planted upon the bench, with the exception that 
 the plants are generally allowed to produce more blooms. 
 The most popular type of pot plant for home growing, 
 or for sale by florists and intended for home use, is a 
 compact, bushy plant, l}i-2 ft. high, branched at the 
 base, and bearing from 4-20 fls. averaging 3-4 in. across. 
 They are here called "market plants." "Single-stem 
 plants" are also popular. Great quantities of large fls. 
 (say 2()-100) are rarely grown on a potted plant, except 
 for exhibitions. Such plants are commonly called "speci- 
 mens," and the three leading forms are the bush, the 
 standard and the pyramid. 
 
 1. Market Plants. — Dvra.rt plants of symmetrical 
 form, with foliage down to the pots, are the most salable, 
 and, when thu^ grown, require constant attention as 
 
 to watering and stopping, allowing each plant plenty of 
 room to keep the lower leaves in a healthy condition. 
 Cuttings taken June 1 and grown in pots," planted on 
 old carnation benches or in spent hotbeds (light soil 
 preferable), and lifted by August 15, will make very 
 nice plants 1-1 ><• ft. hiu'h.' The reason for lifting early 
 is to have them well established in their flowering pots 
 before the bu«ls are formed. 
 
 2. Hingle-sfem Pltnits. — i>nn\v culture as market 
 plants, except that they are restricted to one stem and 
 flower. Those from 1-2 ft. in height are more effective 
 and useful than tall ones. For this reason many j»refer 
 plunging the i)ots out of doors where they have'the full 
 benefit of the sun and air, making them more dwarf 
 than when grown under glass. 
 
 3. Pot Plants for Ciit-fl<nnrs. — Culture same as for 
 specimen plants, except that the nipping should be dis- 
 continued July 1 to give sufficient length to the 
 stems. If large flowers are desired, restrict the plants 
 to H or 10 growths. Such plants can be accommodated 
 in less si)ace than specimens, where the chief object is 
 symmetry. 
 
 4. fii(.sh Plants. — For largre bush plants, the cuttings 
 should be struck early in Fel)ruar\', and grown along in 
 a cool, airy house, giving attention to repottintr as often 
 as necessary. The final potting into 10- or 12-iuch pots 
 generally takes place in June. They are potted moder- 
 ately firm, and watered sparingly until well rooted. As 
 soon as the plants are 5 or (» in. high the tips should be 
 pinched out, to induce several growths to start. As the 
 season advances and the plants make rapid growth, 
 pinching must be attended to every day up to the latter 
 part of July, to give as many breaks as possible and 
 keep them in symmetrical forni. By the middle of Au- 
 gust (if not previously attended to), staking and getting 
 the plants in shape will be a verj- important detail. If 
 stakes are used, they must be continually tied-out, as 
 the stems soon begin to harden, and this work can be 
 best accomplished by looking them over daily. Light 
 
 457. Terminal buds at a later stage. 
 The top one is usually the strongest, and being re- 
 tained, is called "the terminal bud." The others 
 should have l)een removed long before they were 
 as large as here shown. 
 
 stakes of any material may be used. Many other meth- 
 ods are in use, such as wire hoops and wire frame-work, 
 to which the growths are securely tied. 
 
308 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 5. Standards differ from bush plants in having one 
 stout, self-supporting stem, insteail of many stems. 
 They require the same culture as bush plants, with the 
 exception that they are not stopped, but allowed to 
 make one continuous growth until 3, 4 or 5 ft. high, and 
 are then treated the same as bush plants. They will 
 require the same attention as to stopping and tying to 
 secure sjinmetrical heads. 
 
 6. Pyramids are only another form of bush plants, 
 and it is optional with the grower which fonn he prefers. 
 
 Subseetion I //. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for the 
 production of new varieties. 
 
 The object of seed-saving is the improvement of exist- 
 ing varieties. It is not conclusive, however, that all seed- 
 lings will be improvements ; in fact, it is far from this, 
 as the greater portion are inferior to their antecedents. 
 Only those who give the most careful consideration to 
 cross-fertilization are certain of marked success. Hand- 
 hybridized seeds possess value over those haphazardly 
 fertilized by wind and insects only according to the de- 
 gree of intelliffence employed in the selection of parents. 
 What the result will be when a white tiower is fertilized 
 with a yellow one, the operator cannot determine at the 
 outset. It may be either white, yellow, intermediate, or 
 partake of some antecedent, and thus be distinct from 
 either. Improvements in color can l)e obtained only by 
 the union of colors, bearing in mind the laws of nature 
 in uniting two to make the third. Red upon yellow, or 
 vice-versa, may intensify the red or yellow — give orange 
 or bronze, as nature may see fit. The operator is more 
 certain of improving along other lines, such as sturdi- 
 ness or dwarfness of growth, earliness or lateness of 
 bloom, or doublencss of flowers. The selection of those 
 most perfect in these particulars is very sure to give 
 similar or improved results. Always keep a record of 
 this work showing the parents of a seedling. The satis- 
 faction of knowing how a meritorious variety was pro- 
 duced more than pays for the trouble, and may lead to 
 further improvements in certain lines. The operation 
 begins when the flower is half open, cutting the petals 
 off close to their base with a pair of scissors, until the 
 style is exposed. Should the flower show signs of having 
 disk or staminate florets, remove these with the points of 
 the scissors and thus avoid self-fertilization. When the 
 styles are fully grown and developed, the upper sur- 
 face or stigma is in condition to receive the pollen. By 
 pushing aside (with the thumb) the ray florets of the 
 flower desir d for pollen, the disk florets which produce 
 the pollen \ 'ill become visible. The pollen may be col- 
 lected on a camel's-hair pencil or toothpick and applied 
 to the stigma of the flower previously prepared. If a 
 toothpick be used, never use it for more than one kind 
 of pollen. By allowing the camel's-hair pencil to stand 
 in an open-mouthed vial of alcohol a few moments after 
 using, it may be again used, when dr>', upon another va- 
 riety without fear of the pollen of the former operation 
 affecting the present. Cuttings struck in June and July 
 and grown to single bloom in 4-inch pots are the most 
 convenient for seeding. Such flowers, if not given too 
 much feed, are more natural and furnish abundance of 
 pollen, as well as being easier to trim than the massive 
 blooms produced for the exhibition table. Thepollenizing 
 should be done on brifrht, sunny days, and as early in the 
 day as possible. As soon as the seed plants are trimmed, 
 they should be placed by themselves to avoid fertiliza- 
 tion by insects, and should there remain until the seeds 
 are ripe. Keep the plants rather on the dry side, and 
 give abundance of air. Seeds, which ripen in r» to 6 
 weeks, should be saved without delay, and carefully la- 
 belled. In sowins: seeds, they should be covered very 
 lightly and kept in a temperature of 60"^. When the seed- 
 lings are large enough to handle easily, remove to small 
 pots, or transplant further apart in shallow boxes. Chry- 
 santhemums flower the first season from seed. 
 
 Subsection IV.— Varieties. 
 
 Of the long list of new varieties sent out each year, 
 but few are retained after the second year's trial. This 
 is probably due to the fact that most American growers 
 are more interested in the commercial value of the flower 
 than the curious forms or striking colors they present. 
 Exhibitions have not reached the hearts of the people 
 here as in England and France. There are a few varie- 
 
 ties that have stood the test for several years ; such as 
 Ivory, 18«9 ; W, H. Lincoln and Minnie Wanamakt-r 
 •90; Mrs. J. O. Whilldin, '91; Mrs. Jerome Jones, C,,!. 
 W. B. Smith, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Margaret Jeffords, Jos 
 H. White, Geo. W. Childs, Merry Monarch, '92 ; Niveus, 
 Maud Dean, The Queen, (Jolden Wedding, H. L. Sunder- 
 bruch, G(K)d Gracious. Pres, W, R. Smith. '93. Tliere 
 are many other varieties that have stood the test fur 4 
 or 5 years. 
 
 It is not the purpose of this article to recommend varie- 
 ties of Chrysanthenmnis, but the following list inchules 
 the best varieties now known. The list will be valuable 
 as showing a serviceable classification: 
 
 Selection of varieties based upon the main types.— 
 
 (1) Incurved: Belle Poitevine, Congo, Irma, Lorelei, 
 Mrs. T. D. Hatfield. Mongolian Prince, Mrs. Robt.C'raip, 
 Mrs. L.C.Madeira, Major Bonnaffon, Mrs. R.C. Kin>fston. 
 
 (2) Japane.se: Chito, Geo. W. (.'hilds, Gohlen Gate, (iol- 
 den Wedding, Mayflower, Modesto, Thomden, Mutual 
 Friend, Black Hawk, Niveus, Viviand Morel, Yanonia. 
 
 (3) Japanese Incurred: Nyanza, Mrs. W. C. Egan, Eu- 
 gene Dailledouze, (ieorgiana Pitcher, Good Gracious, 
 Jennie Falconer, Mrs. Geo. West, Philadelphia, The 
 Queen, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Western King. (4) Hairy: 
 Golden Hair, Louis Boehmer, Mrs. A. Hardy, R. M. (irey. 
 White Swan, Queen of Plumes. {')) He flexed : Culling- 
 fordii, Dorothy Toler, Gold Standard, Miss Elma O'Far- 
 rell. Tuxedo, Parthenia. (6) Large Anemone: Ada 
 Strickland, Descartes, Falcon, Junon, Marcia Jones, 
 Thorpe, .Jr. ^ 7) Japanese A nemone: Condor, Enterprise, 
 Mrs. F. Gordon Dexter, San Joaquin, Surprise, Satisfac- 
 tion. (8) Pompon: Black Douglass, Golden Mile. Mar- 
 the, Mile. Marthe, Mrs. Bateman, Snowdrop, Wm. Ken- 
 nedy. (9) Pompon Anemone: Antonius, Emily Rowhot- 
 tom, Marie Stuart, Mme. Chalonge, Mme. Sentir, Queen 
 of Anemones. (10) Early Hardy Pompons: Bronze 
 Bride, Flora, Frederick Marronet, Mme. Jolivart, Mr. 
 Selley, Miss Davis, Mrs. Cullingford, Mile. Elise Dor- 
 dan, Illustration, St. Mary. (11) Single : Mizpah, Fraci- 
 field Beauty. 
 
 Selection of varieties based upon color.— White — 
 Ivory, Mrs. M. A. Ryerson, Mrs. H. Weeks, Mrs, Henry 
 Robinson, Mutual Friend, Niveus. P/hA*— Merula, Mme. 
 F. Perrin, Helen Bloodgood, Harry Balsley, lora. Autumn 
 Glory. Amaranth, Purpli.sh Crimson, Magenta, ami the 
 like — Casco, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Mrs. Geo. West, Elma 
 O'Farrell. Crimson - Shilowa, Black Hawk, Geo. W. 
 Childs, John Shrimpton, Fisher's Torch, Defender. Ited 
 and Yellow, /ironze. Buff— Chito, Nyanza, Chas. Davis, 
 Edwin A. Kimball, Buff Globe, Rustique, Hicks Arnold. 
 l^e/Zow — Modesto, Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Wedding, 
 Thornden, Major Bonnaffon, Liberty. 
 
 Selection of varieties based upon special uses. — /iush 
 Plants: White - Mutual Friend, Jos. H.White: Yel- 
 low— W. H. Lincoln, (\ Chalfant ; Pink — Viviand Morel, 
 lora ; Bronze— Col. W. B. Smith, Hicks Arnold ; Crim- 
 son — Geo. W. Childs, J. Shrim^>ton. Single Stem Pot 
 Plants: White — Mrs. H. Robinson, Merza ; Yellow- 
 Major Bonnaffon, H. L. Sunderbruch ; Pink — Mme. F. 
 P- .rin, Merula ; Bronze — Boule d'Or, Rinaldo ; Crim- 
 son — Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton. A'xhibition 
 Blooms: White— Frank Hardy, Fee du Champsaur. Mme. 
 Carnot, Western King ; Pink— Viviand Morel, lora. Good 
 Gracious ; Yellow — Modesto, Golden Wedding, Eugene 
 Dailledouze, G. J.Warren; Bronze — ('has. Davis, Hus- 
 tique, Nyanza; Crimson— Geo. W. Childs, Shilowa, Bla<'k 
 Hawk ; Miscellaneous — Chito, yellowish bronze ; Lady 
 Hanham. golden cerise ; Mrs. Geo. West, rosy purple. 
 Commercial Blooms (based upon quality, and ease of cul- 
 ture : White— Ivory, Mrs. Henry Robinson, Mrs. Jerome 
 Jones; Pink — Mrs.'S. T. Murdock, Mme. F. Perrin, Glory 
 of Pacific; Yellow — Marion Henderson, Major Bonnaffon, 
 Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones ; Crimson — Geo. W. Cliilds, 
 Shilowa. Black Hawk. Odd Varieties : Lillian B. Bird, 
 Mrs.W. H. Rand, Heron's Plume, Pitcher & Manda. Best 
 Karly: White — Mme. F. Bergmann, Ivory, Midge. Geo. S. 
 Kalb; Pink — Glor\- of Pacific, Pink Ivory, Merula. Lady 
 Playfair ; Yellow— Harry Hurrell, H. L. Sunderbruch, 
 Marion Henderson, Golden Trophy. Best Late : White- 
 Mrs. Jerome Jones, Yanonia, Wm. H. (^hadwick. Merry 
 Christmas: Pink — Francis B. Haves, Harry Balsley. Mrs. 
 S. T. Murdock, Maud Dean. Yellow- W. H. Lincoln, H. 
 W. Rieman, Liberty, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones. 
 
t -■'■ — 
 
 :• A, 
 
 
 lyf 
 
 'E-'y, 
 
 % 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 "^ jr 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 :t. ^, 
 
 |%?^':>t 
 
 .-***3!l^-#*4» 
 
 Plate VI. Chrysanthemums, mainly Japanese types. 
 
 The twfj Imtl-shitped rtowers heloiiK to the <'hinese or IiK'urveii type. Spei'imens of thf SSinjjle nml Anemone 
 
 types are also seen. 
 
I 
 
CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 309 
 
 Many of the midseason varieties are good for Thanks- 
 giving and after if planted late. Elmer D. Smith. 
 
 Subsection V^. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for 
 Exhibit ion. 
 
 Tliis branch of cultivation naturally requires more 
 care than any other, and the cultural sJde counts for 
 vt-ry little corapared with the personal qualities of the 
 ♦fxhil)itor after the Hs. are delivered at the exiiihition 
 hall. Prize-winnint; is more like business than floricul- 
 ture, and is, therefore, lar>?ely a matter of experit-nce. 
 It !•* hard to extricate any fundamental prinriples. but 
 some suifffestions are ma<le under tJjrhibitinnx. Many 
 towns have never seen any kind of a flower show but a 
 Chrysanthemum show. The prizes are often larger and 
 more specialized than with any other flower. As soon as 
 the sche<lule of prizes is published the competitor 
 should l>ick out the classes he intends to tr>- for. The 
 importance of strong stock can hardly be overstated. 
 Novelties or highly forced plants are more likely to 
 give poor results than selected stock carefully grown by 
 tiie competitor himself. Next to a general comprehen- 
 sion of Chrysanthemum culture, perhaps the two most 
 important factors in success are the quality of st«>rk and 
 the choice of variety. In the biggest exhibitions, novel- 
 ties are classed by themselves. One of the contmonest 
 nii"*takes that beginners make is to depend too nuich 
 upon novelties for genera' prizes. It is desirable to ex- 
 chan<;e visits with other growers, to take the horticul- 
 tural periodicals, to master the art <»f shipping, and to 
 study the analysis of successful varieties. To m*et a de- 
 sired date, crown buds can be used to hasten late varieties. 
 
 As the century closes the varieties that win the most prizes 
 are: irAiV*"— Mrs. Henr>- Robinson. .M;»yflovver. Niveus. The 
 Q\ieen. Mrs. .Terome .Tones. Onr Mutnal Friend; l>//o«'— Major 
 BonnaflFon, Modesto. \V. H. Lin<'oln. «Jol(lt»n Wedding. Mi.ss 
 (teorgiana Pit<'her : P/«A-— Viviand-Morel, Mrs. Perrin, Maud 
 Dean; .fied— Geo. W. Childs. W_ lyj^ 
 
 » 
 
 SECTION II.-CULTURE OF MAROUERITES INDOORS. 
 There are two types of Marguerites, the common one, 
 or Paris Daisy, with coarser green foliage, and the 
 glaucous Marguerites, with finer cut. glaucous foliage. 
 The former. C. fnt^esci-Hs. is better for cut-flowers. 
 The latter, C. anethifolium, is probably better for large 
 specimens. Marguerites are standard plants with flo- 
 rists and in the conservatories of aniateurs, being of 
 easy culture and remarkably free from enemies. They 
 r.-e cultivated for two distinct purposes, — for cut-flow- 
 ers and for specimen plants, young plants being used 
 for the former purpose, and older ones for the lat- 
 ter. For cut-flowers, the cuttings are rooted in spring, 
 and the florists usually keep the plants in pots all sum- 
 mer outdoors, though this is not necessarj- for amateurs, 
 and tls. are protluced during the following winter. It is 
 sometimes said that Marguerites do not lift well in the 
 fall after being planted out all summer in the garden, 
 and that unrestricted root-room makes the plants too 
 larife for the best production of cut-flowers. The prin- 
 ciples underlying the matter are as follows : 
 plants out of pots into the open ground in 
 spring, a plant that has filled its pot well 
 with roots tends to make a much more 
 co^npact root-system in the garden than the 
 plant that had but a few roots in its pot, 
 and the former plant is easily lifted in the 
 fall and with less damage to the roots. As 
 a matter of fact, Marguerites do not belong 
 to the class of plants that are diflicult to lift 
 in the fall, and it is only a matter of start- 
 ing the cuttings early enough in spring to 
 get the plant moderately pot-bound before 
 it is planted out into the open ground. 
 Specimen plants are most attractive in the 
 second winter following the spring in which 
 cuttings were struck. After that they are 
 likely to become too large and straggling. 
 While in the garden the fls. should not be 
 allowed to form, if the main object is high- 
 grade cut-flowers in quantity for the winter. 
 Old plants that are unfit for further use in 
 the conservatory may be turned out in sum- 
 mer and will furnish scattering bloom all 
 summer, though the fls. are likely to be 
 
 in turning 
 
 rather small. If there were sufTicient demand it could 
 be easily managed to have fls, in every month of the 
 year. It is a great pity to cr.t Marguerites without any 
 foliage. The rule is that all fls. look best with some fo- 
 liage, especially their own. With a little forethought, 
 just as many fls, can be secured, and they will look 
 much prettier and last longer. There are very few con- 
 servatories without s(»me Marguerites. An excellent 
 plan is to have a number of plants in O-inch pots from 
 cuttings struck the previous spring. A plant looks 
 bad at first when the fls. have been removed on sprays 
 a foot long, but in a short time they are remly for cut- 
 ting again. With a little management a succession of 
 fls. can be maintained without making all the plants 
 thin or unsightly. Such sprays will last a week or two 
 in water. an«l the openinsr of the larger buds is an addi- 
 tional feature of beauty which is lost if fls. are cut with 
 short stems and without foliage. Robert Shore. 
 
 SECTION III.-CULTURE OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS 
 OUT OF DOORS. 
 
 The oldest of the outdoor types are the Pompons 
 (Fig. 4.'K)), which produce from 4<3-100 buttons an inch 
 or two across, with short and regular rays. Such plants 
 can be left outdoors all winter. A selection of these old- 
 fashioned kinds is given on page 308, un<ler hea<l of "(8) 
 Pompon." Since the large-flowering or Japanese types 
 have come in, inuuberless attempts have been made to 
 grow them outdoors, but with poor results. The green- 
 house varieties are not so hardy. In the north they are 
 likely to be killed by the winter. Their fls. usually lack 
 in size, depth and symmetrj', largely because there are 
 more of them on a plant than a florist allows for his best 
 blooms, but chiefly because they do not get as much care 
 in general as is given to plants under glass, where 
 space is precious. For the very best results, Chrysan- 
 themums must be flowered uncler glass, and they need 
 the greatest care and forethought practically all the 
 year round. Half-way measures are unsatisfactory. 
 Thus it happens that the Japanese varieties are usually 
 unsatisfactory out of doors, and the Pompons are chosen 
 by those who can give very little care to plants and 
 would rather have many small fls. than a few large ones. 
 This also partly explains why no two dealers recommend 
 anjrthing like the same list of Japanese varieties for 
 outdoor culture. Nevertheless, it is possible to grow ex- 
 cellent fls. 4 and 5 or even 6 in. across outdoors, but it 
 requires staking, disbudding, and some kind of tem- 
 porary protection, as of a tent or glass, during frosty 
 weather. Fig. 4.'>8 shows a cheap and simple structure 
 of coldf rame sashes resting on a temporary framework. 
 In severe weather a canvas curtain can be dropped in 
 front, and the window of a warm cellar in the rear 
 opened to temper the air. Fig. 458 is taken from Gar- 
 den and Forest 1:."»23, where J. N. Gerard has left a de- 
 tailed and delightful account of his success, which is 
 sure to rouse the enthusiasm of expert amateurs. For 
 general outdoor culture, however, where no special care 
 
 458. Sueeestton tor protectioti Chrysantnemums that are to bloom outdoors 
 
310 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 is giv<>n to the plants, the Japanese kinds are usually 
 lesH Nutisfacton,' than tlje l*onijM>ns. These Pompous are 
 a nnu-li ne>{Ieet«'«l class sinee the rise of the lar^fe How- 
 ere«l .lupaitese kinds, hut they are unlike anything else 
 in our ^unleti tiora. Their vivid and sometimes tiK) 
 artiHeial eidors harnioni/.e with nothini; else at Thanks- 
 Kivint; time, and they are so strontr and commanding 
 that they should have a jdaei' by themsi-lves. It is not 
 uncommon for the tis. to he in muni contiition even after 
 several litrht falls of snow. an<l they may be considered 
 the most resistant to frost «»f any ^rarden herbs. In 
 fact, their peculiar merit is bhMtmiii^; after the landscape 
 in completely des<dated by successive frosts. The tls. 
 are not ruined until their petals are wet and then 
 frozen stiff. They are essentially for mass effects of 
 color, and great size is not to he ex|H'cted. Masses of 
 brown and masses of yellow, side by side, make rich 
 combinations. The whole tril>e of crimsons, amaranths, 
 pinks, and the like, should be kept by themselves, be- 
 cause their coh)rs are variable and bei-anse they make a 
 violent contrast with yellow, which few persons can ren 
 der agreeable. 
 
 The preceding remarks have applied wholly" to varie- 
 ties of C. Jndititm and ('. morifolium. The culture of 
 all the other outdi»or species ist<M> easy to need any fur- 
 ther remarks, except in the case <»f C. rorrineum, better 
 known as Pyrefhrum roseum. In the cultivation of or- 
 namental plants in general, and (»f hardy, herbaceous 
 plants in particular, few cases are so striking as the 
 great i>opularity of Pyrcthrmti rosttnn in the Old World, 
 and the feeble and uncertain hold that it has in America. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 SECTION IV.-CULTURE OF PYRETHRUM ROSEUM. 
 
 This beautiful late spring and early summer flower, 
 so popular and extensiv»-l> cultivated in irardens abroad, 
 has not yet found nmch favor here. This fact must be 
 attributed to the general neglect of hanly flowers that 
 prevails in most gardens, as it is an easily grown flower, 
 hardy enough to withstan<l our winters. As repre- 
 sente<l to-day in the hundreds of varieties extant, it 
 should command attention. These varieties have every- 
 thing to recommend them. First and foremost, they are 
 easy to grow. Any good garilen soil will suffice for 
 them, but they are rich feeders, and therefore the 
 ground should be deeply dug and liberally enriched 
 with manure. A cool, moist root-run is most conducive 
 to their flowering, and as they are surface-rooting plants 
 (and by consecjuence liable to suffer st)on from hot sun), 
 they are materially assisted by a mulch of manure, or 
 anything tliat tends to conser\-e moisture. Projtagaticm 
 is best performed by division in sj)ring. The plants 
 may be lifted, divided into small pieces and potted tip 
 separat^-ly or i>lanted in a bed of prepare<l soil in a cold- 
 frame, and in a few weeks they will make nice pieces. 
 They can also be rapidly raised in (juantity from seed, 
 which, sown in spring, will give plants that will flower 
 the following year. Unless the seed, however, is from 
 very fine varieties, seedlings may result in disappoint- 
 ment; and, in any case, they will not give that richness 
 and variety of form and color as representetl in the best 
 named varieties of to-day. which are the result of many 
 years of patient lalx)r and painstaking selecti«»n on the 
 ]>art of those who have made Pj-rethrums a specialty. 
 Pyrethru.:is are now obtaina])le with either single or 
 double flowers, embracing most varied shades of color, 
 from purest white to the richest of crimsons, and even 
 yellow, though for a long time non-existent in Pyre- 
 thrums, seems to be an assured possibility. This hue 
 is now possessed by several of the newer acquisitions. 
 To select the best varieties and recommend them is not 
 easy, when the list of one specialist alone contains 400 
 named varieties, about equally divided between single- 
 and double-flowered kinds, and the best selection of to- 
 da is certain to be superseded less than a decade hence. 
 A few, however, of the very best are : Lord Roseberry, 
 carmine-red ; Primrose, pale yellow ; Aphrodite, pure 
 white ; Alfred Henderson, deep purple ; Leonard Kel- 
 way, clear rose ; Pericles, bright yellow, with guard 
 petals of pale pink ; Ne Plus Ultra, white, and very 
 large: Melton, deep crimson; Solfaterre, cream; Prin- 
 cess Beatrice, bright pink ; King Oscar, crimson, and 
 Captain Nares, red. These are all double. In singles, a 
 
 459. Leaf of Feverfew 
 (C. I'artheniuin.) 
 
 doien of the V»est would l>e : Ascot, peach-pink ; Apol- 
 lyon, bright pink: dames Kelway. brilliant red : Oliver 
 Twist, cream ; Mary Anderson, flesh -pink : Princess 
 Marie, pure white; Huth.rose, tipped with white; Stan- 
 ley, deep cannine-rose; Merry Hampton, da/.zling crim- 
 son ; lanthe, rose; Oi-hroleuca, sulphur, an«l Devon- 
 shire (.'ream, cream color. a. HF.KKiNtJTov. 
 
 Pynthnim roKrinn in its numertms varieties possjliiy 
 may never iH'come as p«»pular in America as in Enirlarui, 
 owing to the fact that it is not hardy under all soil and 
 exposure conditions in the climate of northern United 
 States. With the proper soil conditi<ms and such atten- 
 tion as may be necessary, 
 it is possible to raise Pyre- 
 thrums to the best advant- 
 age and with splendid flow- 
 ering results. The i<leal 
 soil for Pyrethnims is a 
 rich, sandy loam that is 
 sufficiently porous to pre- 
 vent stagnant moisture 
 accumulating about the 
 crowns of the plants. This 
 is the first and principal 
 essential in the culture of 
 Pyrethrums. While they 
 have l)een grown to com- 
 paratively good advantage 
 in soils of a clayey nature, 
 yet unless extreme care is 
 taken to prevent this ac- 
 cumulation of moisture 
 about the crowns, sad 
 havoc is frequently made 
 during severe winters, 
 and especially during un- 
 usually abun<iant rains in 
 the fall. While it is pos- 
 sible to grow Pyrethrums 
 even under the adverse 
 conditions of a retentive clayey soil, yet in such instances, 
 coldframe culture is preferal)le to depending upon the 
 plant to take care of itself under ordinary conditions. 
 Aside from the danger of winter-killing, there is the 
 danger of crown rot during extremely wet periods in hot 
 weather. In many instances, valuable collections have 
 been quite lost owing to this trouble and the lack of ap- 
 preciation of the fact that this tr«»uble could be easily 
 remedied by cutting away the rottinir foliage nearly to 
 the ground, so as to admit light and air to the center ef 
 the crowns to induce fresh and healthy growth. In 'ate 
 autumn, however, this would not be a successful treat- 
 ment, except in a mtKlifietl degree. From a «'omniercial 
 point of view. Pj-rethnims arr^ among the most difficult 
 of plants to handle through the dani;er of crown rot, 
 which is the most frequent cause of loss in shipping 
 plants. They are among the most difficult plants to 
 import, and can only successfully stand importation by 
 the utT lost «'are in packing and by shipment of the plants 
 in late fall or very early spring; it is also essential that 
 they should be strong,' well -developed clumps in order 
 to withstand the dangers of transportation. A stock of 
 Pyrethrums once established in this country- is easily 
 shipped by means of our quick express transportation, 
 if a little care is given to ventilation as well as to pack- 
 ing the plants as drj' as possible. The confusion in the 
 names of the varieties offered by American nurserj'nien 
 is due to th ^ inordinate desire on the part of the Euro- 
 pean dealers +0 produce a long list of varieties, many of 
 which are very similar in all outward characteristics. 
 Some of the leatling dealers publish a list of from 50 
 to 100 varieties, and others in still greater number. 
 At the present time, over 400 varieties of Pyrethruras 
 are catalogued, which, while it illustrates the great inter- 
 est taken in this particular plant in Europe, is evidence 
 that many varieties must be very similar where the range 
 of color extends only from pure white through shades (if 
 scarlet to purple, and with only a few varieties that are 
 in any way a satisfactory yellow shade. The yellow- 
 flowered forms et best are' hardly deeper than a rich 
 buff or light lemon, and while these shades are distinctly 
 yellow in their effect, still there is no clear golden yellow 
 yet offered in the trade. j, Woodwabd MAyMNO. 
 
V]' 
 
 ChRYSAXTHEMrM 
 
 Alphabetical list of species of Chr>santhomnm« <ie- 
 ecriJHMJ Iwlow iniany of these names »re more fiinnliar 
 AM PvrethriuuM) : ('. ai'hilleft'fulium, 1; nii«'thifolium, it ; 
 atroHnngHinfum, 10; anrtum, 4; HaNamita, 12; Bur- 
 ridifriiHum, 7i \ carinatum, 5 ; cineraria'foliiiin. U ; coc- 
 eiueuiu. 10; coronarium, 7; corymlK>Hum, J; Duunrtti.h; 
 f(rnicnlit<'ennt,\)\ fnitesoen."*, b; hi^hridiim, U); Indicuni, 
 19; Jitponicum, 11*; Im'ustre. ITi ; lutifolinm, 15; Leu- 
 canthemum, 18; maximum. 10; morifulium, 20; multi- 
 caule. 14; f(trthenifolhnn,i : I'urthenium. ;t ; priealtum, 
 4; P. rosettm, 10; C. sejfetuni. l.'l ; Situii.^*', 20; tri- 
 color, 5 ; Tt'hihntchewii, 0; ulijjinosum, 17; feHUgtum, 5. 
 
 A. LfS. cut to the midrib or nearly »o. 
 
 B. Fh.horne incorymbs, i.e., flat-topped, denae clusters. 
 
 C. Jfayn ifelloic. 
 
 1. achilleaefdliom, DC. {.irhillfn auren. Lam.). Per- 
 ennial, 1 ft. high : stem usually uiihraiu-lud. except alouK 
 the creeping and rooting ba.se : stems ami Ivs. covered 
 with flue, soft, grayish white hairs, oblong in outline, 
 ali'.ut 1 in. long, J<jin. wide, finely cut: rays 7-H, short, a 
 little longer than the involucre. Siberia, C'aucusus.— 
 Rare in cult. Less popular than the Achilleas with larger 
 flower clusters. 
 
 CC. HatjH white. 
 
 V. Stems grooved, striate, or angled. 
 
 2. corymbdsum, Linn. Robust perennial. 1-4 ft. high: 
 stem branched at the apex : Ivs. sometimes G in. long, 
 3 in. wide, widest at middle and taperin;; both ways, cut 
 to the very midrib, the segments alternutinjr along the 
 midrib. Eu., N. Africa, Caucasus, ii. C. II. 20: 201.- 
 Rare in cult. Segments may be coarsely or finely cut, 
 and Ivs. jrlabrous or villous beneath. 
 
 3. Parthdnium, Bemh. Feverfew, (ilabrons per- 
 ennial, l-:{ ft. high : stem usually branched, especially 
 toward the top: tiower cluster sometimes very open ami 
 loose, especially in cultivation: fls. ?4in. acros.s, whitish: 
 niys twice as long as the involucre : i>appus a minute 
 cn»wn. Naturalized from Eu. and escaped from old gar- 
 dens in Atlantic states.— The single form cult, in old 
 physic gardens, and the full dotible white form com- 
 monly cult, for ornament. Foliage has a strong, bitter 
 o<lor. The foliage j)lants commonly advertised under 
 this specific name belong to No. 4. 
 
 PI). Stems not grooved or striated. 
 
 4. praealttm, Vent. (P. parfheui folium, Wilhl.). Per- 
 ennial, 6 in. aigh or more : pubescent, or becoming 
 
 CFRYSANTHEML^M 
 
 311 
 
 nearly smooth: ray« thrice a.< long aathe involucre. Asia 
 
 Minor, Persia. Var. fttireiun, Hort. {P.aureum, Hort.l.is 
 
 the (ioLUEN Keathek comnumly u.sed f«ir 
 
 carpet bedding. It has yellow f(diage, 
 
 which becomes green later in the season, ^rnKma J/T t^ 
 
 especially if flowers are ullowed to form. ^BUfwj^ 
 
 460. Chrysanthemum Burridgeanum (X H). 
 A popular strain of the summer-flowering annual, C. carinatum. 
 
 461. The Marguerite or Paris Daisy. 
 
 (Chri/ganthemum frutescetm.) 
 
 It is used tor edgings. Fig. 459. Var. ailireiim crisptim, 
 Hort., is dwarf, compact, with foliage curled like parsley. 
 Var. selaginoides and var. laciniitum, Hort., are distinct 
 horticultural forms. Var. glaucum, Hort., has dusty 
 white foliage, ami does not flower until the second year, 
 int. by Damman & Co., 1895. All these varieties are 
 prop, by seeds.— This species is considered not distinct 
 from No. li by Voss in Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei. 
 BB. Pl.^. borne niughi, on the branches or stems, 
 c. Pi.sk dark purple. 
 
 5. carinattim, Schtiusb. (C. tricolour. And.). Fig. 460. 
 Glabrous annual. 2 ft. high : stem much branche«l : Ivs. 
 rather fleshy: fls. al)out 2 in. across, with typically white 
 rays and a yellow ring at the base. Summer. These two 
 colors together with the dark purple disk gave rise to 
 the name "tricolor." The typical form introduced into 
 Etigland from Morocco in 1798 was pictured in B.M.,508 
 (1799). By 185G signs of doubling appeared (F. S. 
 11:1099). In 18,58 shades of red in the rays appeared in 
 a strain introduced by F. K. Burridge, of Colchester, 
 Eug., and known as C. Burriilgeilnum, Hort. (see B.M. 
 5095, which shows the ring of red on the rays, adding 
 a fourth color to this remarkably brilliant and varied 
 flower, and F.S. 13: 1.31.*{, which also shows C. venitstum, 
 Hort., in which the rays are entirely red, except the 
 original yellow circle at the base). C. annulatum, Hort., 
 is another name for the kinds with circular bands of red, 
 maroon, or purple (R.H. 1869: 450). C. Dunnefti, Hort., 
 is the name of another seed-grower's strain. There are 
 full double forms in yellow, margined red. and white, 
 margined red, the fls.' 3 in. across (see R.H. 1874:410). 
 See, also, Gn. 26. p. 440; 10, p. 213, and 21: 319. R.H. 1874, 
 p. 412. S.H. 2: 477. — The commonest and gaudiest of 
 annual Chrj'santhemums, easily distinguished by the 
 keeled or ridged scales of involucre and the dark purple 
 disk. " Carinatum" means " keeled." 
 
 CO. Disk yellow. 
 D. Height less than 1 ft. 
 
 6. Tchihitchewii, Hort. Turfing Daisy. Densely 
 tufted plant for carpeting dry, "te places. Height 2-9 
 
312 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHR YS ANT HEMUM 
 
 in.: stems numerous, rooting at the base: foliage d. ck 
 green, finely cut: fls. borne profusely for several weeks 
 in midsummer : ravs white. Siberia or Asia Minor f 
 R.H. 1809. p. :iSO and 1897. p. 470. On. 26, p. 443. -Prop, 
 by division of roots or simply by cutting the rooted 
 st€ms. but chiefly by seeds. This has never been fully 
 described, and it' is possible tht ^ the Ivs. may not be cut 
 to the midrib or near it. 
 
 DD. Height more than 1 i. 
 E. Plants annual. 
 
 7. coron^rium, Linn. (Anthemitt coronhria, Hort. ), 
 Heigh*^ 3-4 ft.: Ivs. bipinnately parted, somewhat clasp- 
 ing or eared at the base, glabrous, the segments closer 
 together than in C. corinatum: involucral scales broad, 
 scarious : rays lemon colored or nearly' white. July- 
 Sept. Mediterranean, (in. 26: 4<i7. G.C. II. 19: .">41.— 
 The full double forms, with rays reflexed and imbricate*!, 
 are more popular than the single forms. This an«l C 
 carinatum are the common "sunmier Chrysanthemums." 
 ^his is common in old gardens, and is also slightly used 
 for bedding and for pot culture. 
 
 EE. Plants perennial. 
 
 F. Greenhouse plants, shrubby at the base: stems 
 branched at the top: rays white or lemon. 
 
 G. Foliage not glaucous. 
 
 8. frut^Bcens, Linn. 3Iak<uekite. Paris Daisy. 
 Fig. 4G1. Usually glabrous, 3 ft. high : Ivs. fleshy, 
 gtven: fls. numerous, always single: rays typically 
 white, with a lemon-colored (never pure yellow or 
 golden) form. Canaries. G.C. II. 13:561. On. 12, p. 
 255; 17, p. 5, and 26, p. 44.5. -Int. into Eng. 1699. This 
 is the popular florists' Marguerite, which can be had in 
 flower the year round, but is especially grown for 
 winter bloom. Var. grandiildrum, Hort., is the large-fld. 
 prevailing form. The len)on-coloreu form seems to have 
 originated about 1880. Under this name an entirely dis- 
 tinct species has al^o been passing for about a century, 
 yet it has never been advertised separately in the Amer. 
 trade. See No. 9. 
 
 GG. Foliage glaucous. 
 
 9. anethifolium, Bi'ouss. (C Uvnicul^ceum, Steud. 
 P. fa!nicuJd.('eutn ,\ikr. bipinnatifidutn.DC). GLArcous 
 MARorERiTE. Fig. 462. Rarer in cult, than No. 8 (which 
 see), but distinguished by its glaucous hue and by the 
 way in which the Ivs. are , at. The segments of No. 9 
 are narrower, more deeply cut, and more distant. The 
 Ivs. are shorter petioled. Canaries. — The dried speci- 
 men in the Garden Herbarium of Cornell University 
 
 462. Leaves of common and glaucous Marjruerites (Chry- 
 
 saiitht'iituia frutenceii.s jitkI anethifiiHtiiu). 
 
 Showing tlie tliflference. Glaucous kind on the right. 
 
 Experiment Station from a plant long cultivated in 
 Sage conservatories was identified by L. H. B. with the 
 picture in Andrews' Botanical Reerister 272, puljlished 
 
 early in the century, since wh 3n the plant has almost 
 never been mentioned in garden literature. This spe- 
 cies is doubtless cult, in Amer. greenhouses as C. fru- 
 
 tescens. A lemon-fld. form 
 is shown in R. H. 1H45:61 
 but erroneously called C. 
 frutescens. 
 
 FF. Hardy herbs: stents 
 usually unbranched : 
 rays white or red, 
 never yellow. 
 
 O. Foliage not glaucous: 
 fls. sometimes double. 
 
 10. coccfneum, Willd. 
 (Pyrethrum rdseuni. Bieb. 
 
 463. Chrysanthemum coc- 
 cineum. 
 
 The familiar Pttrcthrum roseum 
 of the gardens. 
 
 464. Costmary or Mint 
 Geranium— Chrysanthe* 
 mum Balsamita. var. 
 tanacctoides. 
 
 P. hybrid urn, Hort.). Fig. i^"- 
 stem usually unbranched, ra: .-J 
 Ivs. thin, dark green, or iv. drieu ; - 
 involucral scales with a brown 
 red in such shades as pink, Cu' . 
 crimson, and sometimes tipped y it »t' 
 yellow. Caucasus, Persia. F.S. V7:9ki 
 
 «-*ous 1-2 ft. high: 
 
 ' i?hef at the top : 
 
 -.■e >-rk brown: 
 
 , .» • -.^ys white or 
 
 .' -V , lilac, aud 
 
 It never wliollv 
 
 Gn. 26. pp. 440, 
 
 443. Gng. 2:7 and 5:309. R.H. 1897, p. .521. Not B.M. 
 1080, which is C. coronopifulium. The first picture of a 
 full double form is R.H. 1864:71. — This ppecies is the 
 most important and variable of all the hardy herba- 
 ceous kinds. There have been perhaps 600 named horti- 
 cultural varieties, 'i .?re is an anemone-fld. form with 
 a high disk. The species is also cult, in Calif, and 
 France for insect powder. ('. atrosanguintum, Hort., is 
 said to be a good horticultural variety with dark crim- 
 son fls. 
 
 OG. Foliage glaucous : fls. never double. 
 
 11. ciD^rariaefoIium, Vis. Glaucous, slender, 12-15 in. 
 high : Sums unbranched, with a few short, scattered 
 hairs below the ft. : Ivs. long-petioled, silky beneath, 
 with distant segments : involucral scales scarious and 
 whitish at the apex. Dalmatia. B.M. 6781. -The chief 
 source of Dalmatian insect powder. Rarely cult, as a 
 border plant. Ccmmon in botanic gardens. 
 
CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 AA. Lvs- *^ot cut to the midrib : the primary incisions 
 
 shallow. 
 
 B. Fls. home in flat-topped clusters. 
 12. BalsAmita, Willd, [Tanacetum Balsamita, hinn.). 
 Tall and stout : Ivs. sweet-scented, oval or oblsng, ob- 
 
 CHRYSAXTHEMUM 
 
 313 
 
 Chrysanthemum lacustre 
 
 
 tnse, margined with blunt or sharp teeth, lower ones 
 petioled, upper ones almost sessile, the largest Ivs, 5-11 
 in. loner, VA-2 in. wide. W, Asia. — Typically with short 
 white rays, but when they are absent the plant is v^r. 
 tanacetoides, Boiss, Costmaky, Mint Geranium. Fig. 
 4o4. Also erroneously known as lavender. This has es- 
 caped in a few places from old gardens. 
 
 BB. Fls. borne ithtijltj on the branches or stems. 
 
 c. Plants annual : foliage glaucous : raxjs golden 
 
 yellow. 
 
 1.'?. seg^tum, Linn. Corn Marigold. Annual, 1-1 K> ft. 
 high : Ivs. sparse, clasping, very variable, incisions 
 coarse or tine, deep or shallow, but usually only coarsely 
 serrate, with few and distant teeth, Juut^Aug, Eu,, 
 N. Afr„ W. Asia, (fU. 18, p. 19."). R,H. 1895, pp. 448, 
 449. -Var. grandifldrum, Hort., is a larger-fid. form of 
 this weed, whieh is (Mmmon in the English grain fields. 
 The var. Cloth of Gold, J.H. III. 12:445, is probably the 
 best. This species is much less popular than P. ca'n'na- 
 tum and coronarium. It is also forced to a slight extent 
 for winter bloom. "Segetum" means "of the corn fields." 
 
 14. mnlticailile, Desf. Ghibrous and glaucous annual, 
 ^V2 in. liigh : stems numerous, simple or branched, 
 stout, terete : Ivs. fleshy, variable, usuallv linear- 
 spatulate, 1-3 in. long and' S-^i in. broad, very co; .sely 
 toothed or lobed, sometimes shorter, with few narrow- 
 liniar, acute, entire segments about 1 line broad : ravs 
 much shorter and rounder than in No, 13. Algeria. 
 B.M. 09.30. -Rarer in cult, than No. 13. Said to be use- 
 less as a cut-fiower. 
 
 CC. Plants perennial : foliage not glaucous (except in 
 tcild forms of JYo. 20). 
 
 D. Rays always white: fls. never double : practically 
 never cult, under glass. 
 
 15. lacustre, Brot. (C. latifdlium, DC), Fig, 465. 
 This is endlessly confused with C. marimum in gar- 
 dens, and the two species are verj- varia4)le and dilTieult 
 to distinguish. The fis. eannot be told apart. C. lacustre 
 i» a taller and much more vigorous plant, and some- 
 times it is branched at the top. bearing 3 fls., while C. 
 maximum is always 1-fld. Height :M» ft. : stem sparsely 
 branched : Ivs. partly clpspinsr, ovate-lanceolate, with 
 coarse, hard teeth: fls. not distinguishable from No. IG: 
 rays about 1 in. long ; pappus of the ray 2-.3-eared. 
 Portugal, along rivers, swamps and lakes. R.H. 1857, 
 p. 456. -According to R. Irwin Lynch, in Gn. 26. p. 441, 
 C, lacustre has coriaceous, oval Ivs. about 3 times as 
 
 long as broad, tvhile in C. maximum the Ivs. are les 
 
 as long as broad. H. Cannell, Swanley, Eng., s. that 
 C. lacustre is 2 ft. high and blooms 3 weeks bet ire C. 
 maximum. With Woolson, Pa^'saic, N. J., it grows -4-5 
 ft, high. The rays in Fig. 465 are rather shorter than 
 usual, 
 
 16. m4zimain, Ramond. Fig. 466. This species has 
 narrower Ivs. than No. 15. and they are narrowed at the 
 base. Height 1 ft,: stem more angled than the above, 
 simple or branched at the very base, always 1-fld, anu 
 leafless for 3—4 in. below the fl,: lower Ivs, jietioled, 
 wedtre-shaped ut the ijas» , lanf'oolate. dentate from t*i«j 
 middle to the apex; stem-lvs, sessile, wide- or narrow- 
 lanceolate, typically serrate througlxmt their whole 
 length, but variable, as in Fig. 466 : pappus none : in- 
 V()lu('ral scales narrower and longer, whitish-transpa- 
 rent at the maririn, while those of C. htcustre are 
 broader, more rounded at the apex, and with a light 
 browu, scarious margin, Pyrenees, — For other pictures 
 of these two species, .see J.H. III. 5:25, and Gn. 2r>, p, 437. 
 Var. fili!6nni8,'Hort., "with long, narrow, thread-like 
 petals.' In;. 1899. Var. Triumph has "fls. 4 in. across, 
 with broad, overlapping petals." 
 
 17. uligindsum, Pers.(P. ?<?(V/}»o,s«»j,Waldst.). Giant 
 Daisy. Stout, erect bush, 4-5 ft. high, with light green 
 foliage: stem nearly glabrous, striate, branching above, 
 rather deeply serrate, roughish : fls. 2-3 in. across, 
 Humrarv. B.M. 2706. A.F. 4 : ,523 and 8 : 813. Gntr. 2 : 375 
 and 5: 183. A.G. 19:403. R.H. 1894. p. 82. Gt. 46, p. 103. 
 G. C. II. 10: 493. Gn. 20, p. 442 and 38, p. .523. -Next to C. 
 coccineum, this is the most popular of the hardy herba- 
 ceous kinds. In A.F. 4:465 Wm. Falconer shows a 2- 
 year-old plant 6 ft. high, 17 ft. in circumfeience at a 
 point 4 ft. from the ground, and carrying thtmsands of 
 flowers. It blooms the first year from seed or division, 
 and has been forced for Easter somewhat as Hydrangea 
 pan iculata can be treate«l. Excellent for cut-fls. The 
 
 466, Chrysanthemum maximum, 
 
 l>lo3soms shouhl be cut soon after opening, as the disks 
 darken with age. The plant needs a rich, moist soil, 
 and deserves a greater popularity, " L'liginosum " means 
 "inhabiting swampy places." 
 
314 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 CHRYSOGONTM 
 
 18. LeactLnthemtuu, Linn. Ox-eye Daisy. White- 
 weed. Fiir. 4t)7 Glabrous weed. 1-2 ft. high : root-lvs. 
 long-petloled, with a large, oval blade and course, 
 
 roun(le<l notches; stem- 
 Ivs. lanceolate, becom- 
 ing narrower toward 
 the top. serrate, with 
 few distant and sharp- 
 er teeth. June, July. 
 Eu., N. Asia. — One of 
 the commonest weeds 
 in the eastern states, 
 being the characteristic 
 plant of Nt'W England's 
 wornout meadows. 
 
 The daisies are never 
 cultivated, but they 
 are often gathered for 
 decoT-ation. and make 
 excellent cut-fiowers. 
 See, also, Daisy. 
 
 DD. Ifays many-col- 
 ored : fl.f. often 
 double: the tom- 
 mnn ^^ Chrysanthe- 
 m ti ms " of the flo- 
 rists. 
 
 19. tndicnm, Linn. 
 ( C J a p 6 n i c u »» , 
 Thunb.). The wild 
 plants native to China 
 and Japan are dwarfer 
 than C . m ori fo I i u m , 
 with Ivs. thinner. more 
 sharply cut, and green 
 on both sides, not ■glau- 
 cous: involucral scales 
 with wider and more 
 scarious margins : no 
 chati*- tls. smaller, nu- 
 merous, and with rays 
 always yellow and 
 short, not much longer than the involucre. F<jr pictures 
 of wild plants, see G. C. HI. 8:r)«M and G. M. .3:5:7:29.- 
 Neither this species nor the next grows wilu in India, 
 and the name given by Linnaeus was inappropriate. 
 This species has varied" greatly in cultivation, and its 
 progeny has been hybridized with that of C. niorifolium. 
 Neither species in its pure form is in cultivation. Un- 
 fortunately, it 's not possible to definitely trace the 
 origin of any of the main horticultural types, races or 
 sections. See historical sketch above. C. Indiriim is 
 often used in Germany in a wide sense, including C. 
 Sinense. 
 
 20. morifdlium, Raniatuelle ( C. Sinhtse, Sabine). The 
 wild plants in Japan and China are more robust than C. 
 Indiciim, 2-4 ft. high, more or less tomentose, with 
 very variable Ivs.. which are usually ovate in outline, 
 sinuately cut and lobed. thick, tirm, leathery, long-peti- 
 oled. and gl.-uicous beneath: Hs. larger and fewer, with 
 rays never i '. ) yellow: involucral scales with narrower 
 scarious margins: chaff present on the disk. — This spe- 
 cies was founded upon a cultivjvted and double form, and 
 tliere have been different opinions as to the original 
 wihl progenit'T. The above detiniti<m is an enlargement 
 of Hemsley's, in G.C. lU. 6: .")22. B.M. ;}27 (erroneously 
 named C. Indicntn). Fig. 468 is the original double 
 purple-flowered, partly quilled variety, on which Rama- 
 tuelle, in 1792, founded the sp-^'cies C. morifolinm. 
 
 C. inodbrum. Linn.^M.-itricaria inod'ra. W. M. 
 
 CHEYSOBACTRON (golden wnnd, from the Greek). 
 LilihceiP. Two New Zealand bulbs, bearing many small 
 yellow fls. in a long raceme on the top of an elongated 
 scape. Plant often diipcious. Very closely allied to 
 Anthericum, with which Baker unites it. whereas 
 Bentham & Hooker refer it to liulbinella. C. Hodkeri, 
 Colenso, is in cult, in this countrv. It is a hardy plant 
 2-:J ft. high, with sword-like foliag". B.M. 4002. -Cult. 
 in the ordinary border, and treatecl like the Asphodel, 
 they do well, but are vastly improved in rich, deep and 
 
 467. Ox-eye Daisy, or 'Whiteweed 
 
 { Chrysanthem it m Leucantheinuin . ) 
 
 rather moist soil. Strong clumps, 4-<> years old. are 
 then at their best and are very excellent plants. After 
 that they should be divided. Prop, by division or seed. 
 Blooms in June and July, j, b. Kellek and L. H. B. 
 
 CHBYSOBALANUS {golden acorn, from the Greek, 
 referring to the fruit). Sosilcecp. Two species in the 
 warm parts of Amer. and Afr. The Cocoa Plum, C. 
 Icaco, Linn., grows on coasts ami along streams in S. 
 Fla., in south to S. Amer., and also in Afr. It is some- 
 times planted in the extreme south (and in the tropics) 
 as an ornamental shrub and for its sweetish but insijiid 
 and dry plum-shaped fruits. The Cocoa Plum is a mere 
 bush on the northern limits of its distribution, but in 
 extreme S. Fla. it reaches a height of 2.5-30 ft. It has 
 glossy, thick obovate (sometimes obcordate) Ivs.: Hs. 
 small and white, in axillary, erect racemes or cymes ; 
 calj'x 5-cleft, pubescent ; petals 5 ; stamens about 20 : 
 fr. 1-seeded, often 1 in. in diam., varying from nearly 
 white to almost black. It is best propagated by seeds, 
 but may also be had from cuttings of half-ripened wood. 
 
 liiH. B. 
 CHBYSOGOM A. See Linosyris, for the only species 
 in the American trade. 
 
 468. The famous "old purple " 
 
 Chrysanthemum. 
 
 One of the epoi'h-making large- 
 tlowering forms of (\ morifoliuin. 
 From the original picture in The 
 Botanical Magazine for Feb. 1, 
 1796. plate 327. 
 
 CHBYSODIUH. See Acrostichnm. 
 
 CHBYSOQONUM /Greek-made name, ^o/rf^w l(nee or 
 joint). Vomp6sitiT. C. Virginianum, Linn., is a peren- 
 nial yellow-rtd. plant of S. Penn. and south, which is 
 sometimes cult, as a border plant. It blooms in spring 
 or early summer on stems which become 1 ft. high, the 
 
 igdrt^- fT-r.lr -"'■--■ttrf^ ■- - 
 
 iflrr 'ft'if'r^-^^'riif-^-^^'"'-""'***"" 
 
CHRYSOGONUM 
 
 CHYSIS 
 
 315 
 
 heads being solitary and peduncled in the axils. Lvs. 
 ovate and mostly obtuse, creuate. Prop, bj- creeping 
 rootstocks and runners. Of little merit horticulturally. 
 
 CHRYSOPHtLLUM {Greek, (fohlen leaf, in reference 
 to the color of the under surface of the handsome leaves ) . 
 Sapotacece. Many species of trees, with milky juice, 
 widely distributed in the tropics. Fls. small, solitary at 
 the nodes or in fascicles; calyx mostly .5-p;'»'ied; corolla 
 tuliular-campanulate, usually 5-lobed' or -pavted : sta- 
 mens 5, standing on the corolla tube: fr. usually fleshy, 
 sometimes edible. C. Cainlto, Linn., is the Star Apple, 
 Fig. 4()9. The fruit is the size of an apple, symmetrically 
 
 469. Chrysophyllum Cainito (X%). 
 
 globular and smooth. A cross-section shows the star- 
 shaped core, whence the common name. It varies from 
 white to purple in color of skin and also of flesh. The 
 pulp is delicious (used uncooked) if the fruit is allowed 
 to remain on the tree until ripe. It has large, pumpkin- 
 like seeds. The tree reaches a height of 25 to 30 ft. It is 
 very impatient of frost. It is native to the W. Indies. 
 I.H. 32: 5G7. A.G. 11 : 40.5. C. oliviforme, Lam., is also in 
 the Amer. trade, but as an ornamental plant. It is a 
 smaller West Indian tree, native also in extreme S. Fla. 
 Lvs. like those of the last: stiffma 5-crenate (in C. Cai- 
 nito 8-10-crenate) : fr. ovoid-oblong and small, 1-seeded, 
 blackish, insipid. These plants are allied to the Sapo<lillo. 
 The various species of C'hrysopnylluni have beautiful 
 broad srreen leaves, with under surfaces of a silky texture, 
 varying in color from a silvery white, through golden, to 
 a russet brown, and are well worth a place in the con- 
 servatory as ornamental ti . es. By giving them sufficient 
 room, they will bear fruit in the course of a few years, 
 under glass, which in the case of C. Cainito, the Star 
 Apple of the West Indies, is edible, and well liked even 
 by people of a temperate clime. All species are strictly 
 tropical, and cannot be grown where frosts occur unless 
 l»roperly protected. Propauration is ordinarily effected 
 by st'cd-;. which readily g"rniinate if planted when fresh, 
 ami it is stated that all species may be grown from cut- 
 tings of well-ripened shoots placed in strone:. moist heat. 
 Tlu' soil most suited for their growth is of a sandy char- 
 acter, and if not of a good quality should be well manured, 
 using a considerable proportion of potash in the fertilizer 
 for fruiting specimens. They seem to do well on a 
 great variety of soils, however, that are sufficiently well 
 drained, wet land not agreeing with them. 
 
 E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B. 
 
 CHBYSOP060N (golden, heard). Gramineif. Very 
 like Andropogon. with which some authors unite it : 
 diflfers in having spikelets in pairs (or sometimes in Ws), 
 the lateral ones stalked and sterile or often reduced to 
 mere pedicels, only the middle or terminal one fertile. 
 C. nfltang, Benth. [Andropogon avendcens, Michx.). is in 
 the trade. It is native on dry soils in the eastern U. S., 
 growing 2-5 ft. high : perennial : culm unbranched, 
 terete: lvs. glaucous and narrow, short: panicle narrow, 
 with nodding, shining yellowish spikelets. Useful for 
 the wild border. L. h B. 
 
 CHBYSOFSIS {golden a p pea ranee, 'from, the heads). 
 Composite^. Allied to Solidago and Erigeron; N, Ameri- 
 can. Heads of medium size and many-tld., usually with 
 numerous yellow rays ; involucre bell-shaped or hemi- 
 spherical, of imbricated bracts : akenes compressed, 
 bearing a pappus of numerous hair-like bristles. C. vil- 
 Idsa, Nutt., is the only species in the trade. It is widely 
 distributed from 111. W., X. and S. : 1-2 ft., grayish 
 pubescent : lvs. oblong to lanceolate, entire or few- 
 toothed : heads usually at the ends of leafy branches, 
 aster-like in shape. Extremely variable, and'has several 
 named forms. Mn. 7:101. Var. Eiitteri, Rothr., is larger 
 and later. Of value as a border plant. Cult, the same 
 as Aster. Perennials, but bloom the first year from 
 seed, if sown early. ^ H. B. 
 
 CHRYS0SFL£NIUM AMEBIGANUM, Schw. (name 
 from golden and spleen, referring to some old medicinal 
 tradition). Saxifragaceff. A native plant creeping 
 in mud, which is sold for bog-planting. Stems fork- 
 ing, bearing roundish or cordate small mostly opposite 
 lvs., with very small, nearly sessile, greenish, incon- 
 spicuous fls. Scarcely known in cult. 
 
 CHEYStRUS CYNOSUROlDES. See Lamarckia. 
 
 CHUFA. The ediblo subterranean tubers of Ci/penis 
 esculentus, Linn., much prized in the S. They are eaten 
 raw or baked, or used for the nuiking of cofl'ee. The plant 
 is sometimes cult, in the N., but it will not withstand the 
 winter. The tubers are oblonj?, ^<2-% in. long, cylindri- 
 cal, hard. The plant is grass-like, and in the N. does 
 not flower. Nuts are planted in the spring, and the new 
 crop is ready for digging in the fall. 
 
 CH't'SIS (Greek for melting, alluding to the pollen 
 masses). Orehidareif, tribe Vdndei^. A genus of or- 
 chids found in Trop. Amer., pendulous from trees. 
 Pseudobulbs usually spindle-shaped, attenuate toward 
 the base, leafy upwards : lvs. broadly-lanceolate, plicate, 
 conspicuously nerved, bases sheathing: fls. fleshy, few 
 to many, in lateral racemes from the young growths ; 
 lateral sepals adnate to base of column ; labellum 3- 
 lobed, with 5 whitish callosities near the base. The 
 species bloom in spring and early summer. Handsome 
 orchids, requiring tropical treatment ; not largely 
 grown in American collections. Remove to a lower or 
 intermediate temperature when resting. Grown in pots 
 or baskets, in peat and moss. 
 
 aurea, Lindl. About 1 ft. high: lvs. about 5, 10-15 in. 
 long: fls. 2 in. in diam. ; petals and sepals oval -oblong, 
 reddish \ >>llo\v. [>ale yellow at the base: lateral lol»es of 
 labellum incurved, midlobe roundish, spotted with red 
 and yellow. S. Amer. B.M. 3017. — There is a var. 
 maculslta. 
 
 bractescens, Lindl. Sepals and petals cuneate-oblong, 
 concave; labellum white outside, yellow, streaked and 
 stained wuh red inside: fls. 3 in. in diam. From Mex., 
 found at an altitude of 1.500 ft. B.M. 51^<(). R.H. 1859, 
 pp. 294. 295. I.H. 27:398. J.H. III. 28:203.-One of the 
 most showy orchids. 
 
 Isevis, Lindl. More robust than the preceding: lvs. 
 shorter than the pseudobulbs : racemes 9-10-fld., from 
 among sheathing scales of new growth ; fls. 2)4 in. in 
 diam.; sepals bright yellow, upper one linear-oblong, 
 lateral ones acuminate, about 1 in. long; petals yellow, 
 falcate ; labellum yellow with streaks and dots of 
 oransre. Mex., 1840. 
 
 Limminghei, Lind. & Reichb. f. Stems short : ra- 
 cemes about 5-fld.; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, 
 blush-white tipped with rosy mauve ; lateral lobes of 
 labellum obtuse, vellow streaked with crimson, raid- 
 lobe larj^e, pink-lilac striped with rose-mauve. From 
 Mex., near the sea-coast. B.M. 52G5. 
 
 Chelaoui, Hort. (C. bractescens x C. laevis). Pseudo- 
 bulbs narrow : r.iceme 6 in. long and curved, with 5-6 
 yellow and purple-blotched fls. 
 
 86deni, Hort. {C. Limminghei x C bractescens). Fls. 
 much like those of C bractescens but smaller, white, 
 petals with mauve streaks ; lip more ^^^^ *^** *^^ ^' 
 Limminghei, yellow or whitish. Oakes Ames. 
 
316 
 
 CIBOTIUM 
 
 CINCHONA 
 
 CIBOTIUM (Greek, a liftU Aeed-vessel). Cynthehceft. 
 A small ^enus of tree-ferns from Mexico an<l Polynesia, 
 with copious, bivalved, coriac^Mms indusia, differing: from 
 Dicksonia in having the outer valve entirely distinct 
 from the leaf. For culture, see Dicksnuia. 
 
 C. linrometz is the plant that gave rise to the wonder- 
 ful stories of the Barometz or Scythian Lamb (Fig. 470), 
 which, according to Bauhin, 1650, had wool, flesh and 
 
 470. The Scythian Lamb. See Vibotiutu Barometz. 
 
 blood, and a root attached to tlxe navel. The plant was 
 said to resemble a lamb in every respect, but grew on a 
 stalk about a yard high. an«l turning about and bending 
 to the herbage, consumed the foliage within reach, and 
 tlien pined away with tbe failure of the food until it 
 died. Wolves sought it and ate it as if it were a true 
 lamb. In 1725 Breyne, of Dautzig, declared that the 
 Barometz was only the root of a large fern, covered with 
 its natural yellow down and accompanied by stems, 
 which had been placed in museums in an inverted posi- 
 tion, the better to represent the appearance of the legs 
 and horns of a quadruped. A.G. 12 : 258. 
 
 A. Outer valve of the indusitnn larger, or the vali'es 
 
 subequaJ. 
 
 glatcum, Hook. & Am. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tripin- 
 nate; piniuiles about (} in. long, taper-pointed; segments 
 close: outer valve of indusium larger, broader than the 
 inner: veins ouce- or twice-forked. Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Bdrometz, .1. Sm. Scvtrias Lamb. Trunkless : lvs. 
 scented, tripinnate. the lower pinnje ovate-lanceolate ; 
 pinnules short-stalked. 4-(i in. lonjr. with falcate seg- 
 ments : valves of the indu>iuni nearly eijual : veins 
 prominent, rarely forked. China. 
 
 AA. Outer valve of f s iHilmtium smaller than 
 t' < inHtr. 
 
 SchlMei, H<M»k. ('Hu.le» lO-l.' ft. hi^h : lvs. oblong- 
 deltoid, tripinnate, with pinna' 1-2 ft. lonjr : segments 
 falcate, sharp-i>oint»Hl: >Miri sparse: veins forked, on the 
 lowest pinnate. Mexico. 
 
 reg&le. Linden. Candex 10-12 ft. high : lvs. oldong- 
 deltoid, tripinnate. with pinn»» lh-24 in. I<)ng ; pinnules 
 sessile, with close, fulcate. «leeply incised segments : 
 veins pinnate in the hibes. Mex. 'l. M. Underwood. 
 
 CIBOULE. Consult Onion. 
 
 ClCCA. Now combined with Phylhinthus. 
 
 CtCER (old Latin name for the Vetcli). Legumhtoscp. 
 Pea-like idants. witli .")-parted calyx, oblong turgid 
 2-seeded pod. mostly 1-tld. i>eduncle>i. odd-i)innate lvs, 
 and toothed leaflets. Small genus, with a Mediterranean- 
 Asian range. C. arietinum, Linn..theCHirK-PEA, is some- 
 times cult, in vegetable ganlens for the edible ripe seeds. 
 It is an animal and is cult, the same as bush beans. 
 Withstands dry we-ither well. It grows 2 ft. high, making 
 a busliy, hairy plant. Lvs. with small, roundish leatlets: 
 fls. white or reddish, stnali. axillary. S«'ed roiindish, but 
 flattened on the sides, with a projection on one side. 
 Little knowninAmer., but much cult. inS. Eu. and Asia. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CICHORIUM (Arabic name). Comp68it(w. A very few 
 C^Xd World herbs, with ligulate corollas, double-rowed 
 scales to the involucre, angled akenes, bnstly or chaffy 
 pappus, and blue Hs. Two species are of interest to the 
 horticulturist, C. Intyhns, Linn, (Fig, 4.%), the Chicory, 
 and C Etulh'ta, Linn,, the Endive. See those entries for 
 fuller information. 
 
 CIENKOWSKIA. See Kifmpferia. 
 
 CIMIClFUGA, Linn, {rimer, a bug ; fwjere, to drive 
 away), Ifiinnnculticere. Bicban'E, Allied to A'ttca. 
 Tall, hardy, herbaceous perennials, ornamental, liut bad- 
 smelling, suited for the back of borders or for partially 
 shaded pl:u'es in the wild garden. About 10 species, na- 
 tives of the north temperate zone. Lvs, large, decom- 
 pound: ds. white, in racemes ; sej)als 2-">, petaloid, de- 
 ciduous; petals 1-8, snudi, clawed, 2-lobed or none: fol- 
 licles 1-8, many-seeded, sessile or stalked ; stignia 
 broad or minute. Half sha<ly or open places ; any good 
 ganlen soil. Prop, by seeds and division of roots in fall 
 or early spring. 
 
 Americana, Michx. (-cIc^pat prodocd rpn , DC. ) . Slender, 
 2-4 ft. high: lvs. pale beneath: fls. in elongated raceme; 
 petals 2-homed : pedicels nearly as l<»ng as the tl.: fol- 
 licles "A or 5, stalked : seeds in 1 row, chalfy : stamens 
 and pistils usually in same fl. Aug.-Sept. Moist woods 
 of Alleghanies. 
 
 foetida, Linn. Lvs. bipinnate, terminal 1ft. 3-lobed : 
 petals of the white tis. often tipped with anthers ; no 
 staminodia : follicles JJ-.") ; seeds verj* chaffy. Suinmer. 
 Siberia. —Following var. only is cult. 
 
 Var. simplex, Reg. (C. s'unplcx, Wormsk.). Tall and 
 handsome : tis, short-pedicelled, forming a tine, dense 
 raceme, and at first pubescent : follicles short-stalked. 
 Kamtschatka, 
 
 racemdsa, Nutt, (C. serpentilria, Pursh), Fig. 471. 
 Stem 3-8 ft, high : lvs. 2-3 times 3-4-parted ; Ifts. 
 mostly ovate, firm texture: ra»'emes few, rigidly erect, 
 often becoming 2 ft, long* follicles rather shorter than 
 the pedicel, nearly % in, long, short style abruptly re- 
 curved, Ver\' pretty in fr.,with its two rows of oval fol- 
 licles always exteinling upward from the lateral 
 branches, Julv-Aug, Georgia to Canada and westward. 
 Int. IS'.U. Gt."l3: 443. Gn. 46, p. 2G9. G,C. II. 10:557. 
 D. 79. — The conmionest in gardens. 
 
 Var. diss6cta, Gray (C. spicdfa, Hort,), Lvs. more 
 compound than the type: small white fls. closely packed 
 on lateral and terminal branches. Lasting until Sept. 
 Del, and S. Penn. J. H. 111. 33:381. 
 
 C.cnrdifolia, Pursh. Lvs. ver>" broadly ovate or orl'icular. 
 B. M. 2()6U.— C. eldta, Nutt. (C. foetida, Pursh. Actaea C'lTiiicif- 
 nga. Linn.). Used in me<licine. Reg. Vej;. Med. 1::{7.— (\ Ja- 
 7*'Wi(Vrt, Spreng. Three ft. high: lvs. ver>' large. F.S. '-"ii'JIWSias 
 Pithymspernia 'acerinura).— C paltndtu, Michx. = Trautvet- 
 teria Carolinensis, Vail. jj. C. Davis. 
 
 CINCHONA (from Countess Chinchon). Jfuhloceai. 
 This genus of plants contains, according to Index 
 Kewensis, (57 species, some of which yield bark con- 
 taining (luinine. The species grow isolated in various 
 districts of the Andes, at elevations ranging from 2.:fU0 
 to 9,000 ft., and between 22° S. and 10° N. latitude. 
 Some of the species are lofty trees, others are mere 
 shrubs. The lvs, are opposite, with deciduous stip- 
 ules. The ris. are fragrant, much fr«*qtiented by hum- 
 ming birds, white and i)ink in color, growing in ter- 
 minal panicles. The calyx is small. 5-toothed. and 
 persistent. The corrdia has a long tube with .') short, 
 sprea<ling, valvate lobes, hairy at the margins. The sta- 
 mens are 5, included in the corcdla. The ovary is 2- 
 celled. with very numerous ovules inserted on linear 
 axile placentae. The capsule oj>ens s«'i)ticidally from 
 the base upwards. The see<ls are small, numerous, 
 flat and surnmnded with a wing. 
 
 Commercial Cinchona bark is known tmder the fol- 
 lowing names : "Crown," " Loxa." or" Pale bark," yielded 
 by Cinchona officimilis and its varieties Coiuhtniinea, 
 I'ritusivga, crixpa: "Red bark." fnmi C. sum'ruhm ; 
 "Hybrid bark." from hvbrids of C. officitvlis and (7. 
 siu'cirubra; "Royal," or "Yellow bark," from C. Calisaya 
 
CINCHONA 
 
 CINCHONA 
 
 317 
 
 and its varieties Ledgeriana and verde ; "Cartha^ena 
 bark," from C. lancifoUa ; "Columbian bark," from C 
 cordifolia and C. lancifolia ; "G -ay bark," from C. 
 micrantha, C. nitida and C. Peruviana. 
 
 Certain alkaloids, namely, quinine, quinidine, cincho- 
 nine and cinchonidine, occur in these barks in varjing 
 quant-ties in different species. These alkaloids possess 
 poweriul antiperiodic, tonic and antiseptic properties. 
 In the harks there are also quinovic and other acids, 
 and other substauces possessing astringent properties 
 which render them useful in certain cases, where the 
 alkaloids have failed to give relief. 
 
 The bark was introduced into Europe in 1640, by the 
 Countess of Chinchon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru ; 
 hence it was called Countess' powder and Peruvian 
 bark, and also Jesuits' bark, fron> the knowledge of it 
 spread by that religious order. The word quinine is de- 
 rived from the name l)y which it was known in Peru, 
 qni}taquinn, or "bark ot" barks." 
 
 Dr. Ainslie, at the end of the eighteenth century, and 
 Dr. Forbes Royle, in his work on Himalayan botany in 
 18;{S>. advocatetl the introduction of the trees into India. 
 At length, in 1859, Clements Markham was entrusted by 
 the government of India with the task of collecting 
 plants and seeds on the Andes, and establishing them 
 in India. In his book "Peruvian Bark : a popular ac- 
 count of the introduction of Cinchona cultivation into 
 British India," Markham recounts the difficulties in S. 
 
 
 471. Cimicifuga 
 racetnosa. 
 
 Anier. and his final success. The object of the govern- 
 ment was to put it within the power of the poorest na- 
 tive to purchase a dose, and this aim has been accom- 
 plished. At any post office in India, a o-grain <lose may 
 be bought for 'three pice i\% farthings). The eox- 
 emraent not only uses bark from its own plantations, 
 but buys bark from Cinchona planters at a good price, 
 
 and is now extending its own cultivation with seed 
 procured from Jamaica. In Ceylon the cultivation was 
 altogether in private hands, and has been abant'. jned for 
 tea. In Java: the Dutch have been most successful, as 
 the variety Ledgeriana, which is very rich in (juinine, 
 is particularly well suited to the climate. In Jamaica, 
 the government plantations had realized by sales from 
 1880 to 1887, £17,000 (about $85,000), and then the price 
 of bi'.rk fell considerably and no more has since been 
 exported. C. officinaUs has become thoroughly natur- 
 alized, and is reproducing itself, as if it were in its na- 
 tive home. 
 
 Culture. — The seedlings maybe raised either in boxes 
 or in beds. The boxes should not be more than .'J or 4 
 in. deep. Three-quarter-inch drainage h()les should bo 
 made in the bottom, about G in. apart. Whitewash the 
 boxes or dust them inside with lime. Put ])ieces of 
 broken flower-pots over the drainage holes, and cover 
 the bottom with gravel to a depth of 1 in. The soil 
 should be made up of one-third leaf-mold, one-third 
 good soil and one-third fine river gravel. These should 
 be thoroughly mixed anu passed through a quarter- 
 inch sieve. Fill the boxes to within one-quarter of 
 an inch of the top, and slightly water. Sow the seed 
 evenly, and sprinkle over it some of the sifted soil, only 
 just covering it. The boxes should be under shade, 
 sheltered from rain, and watered every day with a very 
 fine spray from a watering can. The seedlings will ap- 
 pear above the ground in 3 or 4 weeks. If the seeds are 
 sown in bed.s, they require the protection of a roof slop- 
 ing south, and supported by posts 4 ft. 6 in. high on the 
 north, and 3 ft. 3 in. on the south side. The sides may 
 also have to be covered in. The breadth of the beds is 
 
 3 ft., and these should be made up of soil as for the 
 boxes. The roof projects beyond the south posts suffi- 
 ciently to keep off direct sunlight, and in the sununer 
 time, at any rate, a narrow north roof must be added at 
 right angles. If the sheds are built under the shade of 
 tall trees that keep off direct sunlight, the roof is only 
 needed for shelter from rain, and can be constructed 
 solely for that purpose. The shed may run as far as 
 convenient east and west, and others may be added 
 2^2-3 ft. on either side. 
 
 When the seedlings are l}2-2 in. high, they should be 
 ' -ansplanted into nursery beds, made up in the same 
 way as for seeds. In transplanting, use a wooden peg 
 
 4 or 5 in. long, ^4 in. thick at one end and tapering to a 
 dull point. A seedling is picked up with the left hand 
 from a bundle brought from the seed-beds, a hole is 
 made with the peg in the right hand, big enough to re- 
 ceive the roots without bending or crushing them. The 
 
 soil is then pressed closely over the rootlets with the 
 ' peg. Two inches between each plant is enough 
 room. At first the plants should be shaded, but when 
 they are twice or thrice as high as when transplanted, 
 the shading may be gradually removed to harden 
 them for putting out in their permanent positions. 
 
 The soil and subsoil should be free and open to 
 insure good drainage; newly cleared forest land on a 
 hillside is the best for Cinchona trees. In Jamaica, 
 Cinchona officinalis flourishes best at an elevati<m of 
 about 5,500 ft., with a mean annual temperature of 
 about 60° F.. ranging from a mininmm of 46° to a 
 maximum of 75^, and with a total annual rainfall of 
 120 to 150 inches. 
 
 The distance when planted out in their permanent 
 positions is 3 ft. by 3, and as soon as they Ix'giji to in- 
 terfere with each other's growth, they should l)e thinned 
 out just sufficiently at first to prevent this. The bark of 
 those cut down may be worth stripping if the price of 
 bark is high. 
 
 In taking the bark from the trees, there are several 
 methods that have been used. In 8. Anier. the tree is 
 uprooted, and the whol<< of the bark may be taken from 
 both root and stem. A second plan is used if shoots 
 spring from the root ; the trunk is cut through above 
 thv? ground, the bark stripped, and the stump left to 
 coppice, one or two of thy shoots being allowed to grow. 
 The third method is to make the same tree yield bark 
 in successive seasons ; for this purpose longitudinal 
 layers of the bark are removed from the tnmk, and the 
 exposed surface is sometimes covere«l with moss; the 
 bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich or 
 
318 
 
 CINCHONA 
 
 CINERARIA 
 
 rifber in ulkuloids tluin the orijjinal. In this way, by 
 taking suecfssiv*- ,sTn|).s of bark in <liflFerent years, the 
 tree yields a continuous supply of bark. 
 
 Wm. P'awcett. 
 
 Cinchonas are sometimes seen in collections of eco- 
 nomic phints. but only one of them seems to be regu- 
 larly in the tra«le at this time. This is C. offiriiuilifi, 
 var. Condamlnea, which Franceschi says is "probably 
 the least delicate and more easily growTi of all Cinchonas." 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CINERAEIA (dsh-ioJored, from the Latin, referring 
 to the gray foliage ) . Cotttpositif. Herbs or under-shrubs, 
 closely allied to Senecio, from which they are separated 
 chiefly by technical characters of the akene. The genus 
 is variously understood by different authors. As limited 
 by Benthani <fc Hooker, it comprises about 25 South 
 African species, and tlie common garden Cineraria be- 
 comes a Senecio. The Cineraria of the florists \ Fig. 
 472) is now much modilied by cultivation. There are 
 two views of its origin, one holding that it is a direct 
 development of C. cruenta, Mass., the other that it is a 
 hybrid, into which C. criuntn, C. Jleritieri, C. pnpuli- 
 foUa, and perhaps others, have probably blended. These 
 are all natives ot the Canary Islands. The writer is in- 
 clined to believe that it is a direct evolution from C 
 cr»eutii. This species is tigurod in B. M. 106, For the 
 more important literature of the recent discussion re- 
 specting the origin of the garden Cineraria, see Nature, 
 ol :461. 605 ; 52:3, 29, 5^, 78, lO.'}, 128 ; 55: 341. G.C. III. 
 3:054 and G57; 17:588,655,742; 18:89, IS"'. 
 
 See Senecio for CinerarUt acanthi folia, C. candidis- 
 sima. and C. maritima. To the garden or florist's Cine- 
 raria (C. cnienta) belong the horticultural names (\ 
 hybrida, C.grnudiflora, C. Kcirensis, C nana, and the 
 like. There are full-double forms (see R.H. 1874, p. 47; 
 1886, p. 41. F.S. 22: 2347-8. I.H.32:556). L. H. B. 
 
 The single hybrid Cinerarias are among the most use- 
 ful and bcautifu?. of all greenhouse flowering plants. 
 The ease with which they can be raised, the little heat 
 required, together with their free-blooming qualities, 
 ijrilliant and various-colored flospers, which last for a 
 considerable time in blossom, make them poptllar with 
 most people possessing even only a small 
 greenhouse. Though they are herbaceous in 
 character and may be propagated by cuttings 
 or divisiim of the roots, the single varieties 
 are best treated as annuals, raising 
 them from seed each year and 
 throwing away the plants after flow- 
 ering. Though anyone may save 
 one's o\ATi seed, the Cineraria, like 
 most hybrids, will deteriorate both 
 in size and (quality of the flower 
 after one or two generations un- 
 less they are hybridized ; therefore, unless 
 one cares to hybridize his own plants, it is 
 best to purchase fresh seed from some re- 
 liable firm who oT?tain their stock from hy- 
 bridists. For florists' use, or where a suc- 
 cession of these flowers is required, two 
 sowings of seed should be made ; the first about the 
 middle of August, and the second a month later. The 
 seed should be sown in pans or shallow boxes one foot 
 square : these sliould be well drained, and the soil 
 should consist of one part fine loam, one part leaf- 
 nifdd, and one part clean, sharp silver sand. The sur- 
 face should be made very fine and pressed down evenly. 
 The seed should then be sown evenly and rather thinly, 
 and covered with sand about the eighth part of an 
 inch. This will in a great measure prevent the seedlings 
 from what gardeners term "daniping-off," which they are 
 very apt to do if the atmospheric conditions become at 
 all stagnant. The seed-pans or boxes should be care- 
 fully watered with a fine rose and then placed in some 
 cool, shaded place, such as a frame placed on sifted coal 
 ashes on the north side of a wall <-r building, where they 
 will germinate in about a week or ten days. As soon as 
 large enough to conveniently handle, the seedlings 
 should be potted into thumb-pots and grown on as 
 rapidly as possible, shifting on int^o larger size pots as 
 often as required, never allowing them to become the 
 
 least pot -bound, or suffer in any way during the isea-^on 
 of growth. The soil should consist of half leaf mold 
 and half fine fibrous loam, with a good sprinkling of sil- 
 ver sand, untU the final shift into their floweriuir pots. 
 when the soil should be three parts fibrous losiu! ami 
 one part well-decayed cow-manure or pulverized she^-p- 
 manure. About tlie first of October the plants slunild 
 all be removed to the greenhouse, where the atmos{)here 
 should be kept cool and moist, but not stagnant. If a 
 rainy spell should set in, a little artificial heat should 
 be given to cause a circidation of the atmosjihere. and 
 as the fall advances the temperature should be kept 
 about 45° at night, with a rise of ten degrees by dav, 
 Li<{uid stimulants should not be given until the flower 
 buds bejrin to apjtear, when they are greatly benefited hy 
 an occasiimal watering of clear, liquid cow- or sheep- 
 manure water. Cinerarias arv-* verj* subject to the 
 attacks of green-fly. To keep these in check, the house 
 in which they are grown should be fumigated with to- 
 bacco about once iu ten days, or tobacco stems placed 
 among the plants if fumigating is objectionable. 
 
 Double-flowered varieties of Cineraria are not com- 
 monly grown, neither are they as beautiful as the single 
 varieties. They may be propagated ])y seed or by cut- 
 tings, the latter being the best method, as a large per- 
 centage of seedlings are sure to turn out single, which 
 will be inferior in size of flower as compared with the 
 best single varieties. Double-flowering varieties must 
 be propagated each year to obtain the best results. As 
 soon as the jdants have finished blossoming, the flowt-r 
 stalks should be cut away to induce the plants to make 
 
 .If f»<*/<5 
 
 472. The florists' Cineraria— C. cruenta. 
 
 fresh growth, which, as soon as large enough for cut- 
 tings, should be taken off and inserted in an ordinary 
 propagating bed, where they will soon root, after which 
 they should be potted and shifted on as often as re- 
 quired, growing them during the hottest months in as 
 
 -■rSt. 
 
CINERARIA 
 
 CISSAMPELOS 
 
 319 
 
 cool ami shadeil a position as can be nrovided. Of the 
 different species of Cineraria from 8. Europe, C. mari- 
 tima is perhtips the best. It is ol" <l\varf liribit. with 
 tonientose. silvery, pinnatifld leaves, and is a most use- 
 ful sultjeet for edtrinf? tlower beds, it is n«»t hardy in 
 this cliiuate, consequently must be treated as an annual, 
 sowini; the seeds early in March w\ the ^rtM-nhouse, 
 afterwards treating them as ordinary summer bedding 
 phmts. The other species from south and eastern 
 Europe do not i)rove liardy here, and if grown should 
 be treated as tender annuals, idanting them in the her- 
 baceous l>..rders f(»r the summer. The species from the 
 Cape of (tood Ho{>e require greeidiouse treatment, the 
 culture being the same as f«jr the common Cineraria, 
 tliDiiirh, from an ornamental point of view, they would 
 hardly pay for the room they would occupy. 
 
 Edward J. Caxnixg. 
 CtNNA ' i»ld Greek substantive). Gramineip. Peren- 
 nial woods grasses allied to Agrostis and Calamagrostis, 
 with 1 -rid., much-tiattene<l spikelets, I-nerved palet, 1 
 stamen, and a loose open panicle. The two northern 
 species are offered by collectors: C. arundinacea, Linn., 
 with the branches of the panicle ascending or erect ; 
 C. p^ndula, Trin.. with the branches very slender and 
 drooping. These grasses (growing 3-7 ft.) are useful in 
 wild borders. 
 
 CINNAMOMUM (the ancient Greek name), L(tHr(\- 
 ctif. Fifty or more trees and shrubs of Asia, mostly 
 tropical, of which 2 or ;{ are cult, in the extreme south- 
 ern CS. The Ivs. are thick and riblied, mostly opposite: 
 fls. usually perfect, with 9 ]>erfect stamens in .'{ rows and 
 a row of imperfect ones : fr. a small, 1-seeded berry, in 
 a cup-like calyx : buds not scaly. The Cinnamon of 
 commerce is mostly the bark of C. Zeylanicum, Nees ; 
 and this is sparingly cult, in S. Fla. and S.Calif. It is 
 cult, in Ceylon ami other oriental countries. It is a 
 small tree, with ovate-oblong, shining, :}-.l-ner%'ed Ivs., 
 and small, yellow-white fls., in terminal, loose clusters. 
 It is native to E. Ind. and Malaya. C. Camphdra, T. 
 Nees and Eberra., is the Camphor tree. By some it is 
 retained in the genus Camphora, and it will be found 
 there in this book. C. Cassia, Blum. , of Burma and 
 China, furnishes Cassia hark or "Cassia lignea" of com- 
 merce. It is hardier than the C. Zeylanicmn. It is a 
 handsome tree, with stiff, long-oKdong, acutish, .'?-ribbed 
 shining Ivs., and small ,tls. in toraentose terminal or 
 axillary panicles. The bark is thicker and coarser than 
 that of C. Zeylanicum, and is used to adulterate Cin- 
 namon. The unexpanded, clove-like flower-buds are 
 often sold as Cassia buds. C. Lour6irii, Nees. A mid- 
 dle-sized tree of Cochin China, is rarely sold as a glass- 
 house plant. It has an aromatic odor. Lvs. opposite or 
 alternate, rigid, elliptic or oblong. Petiole %-%. in. long. 
 There is a form with variegated lvs. C. pedunculatum, 
 Presl, from Japan, is also sold as a glasshouse subject. 
 It is a glabrous tree, with thick, petioled, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, 3-nerved lvs., which are shining above. Petiole 
 yi-% in. long. 
 
 The genus embraces tropical and semi-tropical shrubs 
 and trees, which are mostly of economic value, and in 
 one or more cases are valuable shade trees for lawn 
 and street planting. The lvs. »re evergreen, usually of 
 a rich, shining green, and in C. Camphora have a 
 silvery blue color on the under surfa<^es. C. Camphora, 
 the Camphor tree, is hardy in the lower Gulf states, and 
 is now being extensively planted, both for shade and 
 extraction of gum (see Camphora). C Cassia is not 
 quite so hardy, but withstands a temperature of 20° Fahr. 
 without injury, and has been planted in Florid; for 
 manufacture of its various products, — oil. gum, buds and 
 cinnamon bark. The true Cinnamon of commerce is 
 prepared from the bark of C. Zeiflanicam, a tropical 
 species, likely to be extensively grown in Mexico and 
 the West Indies. The various species are usually propa- 
 srated by seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe in a shaded 
 bed, the seedlings being transplanted when very small 
 into pots and kept thus growing until permanent plant- 
 ing out. The species, without exception, are very diffi- 
 cult to transplant from the open ground, and hence pot- 
 ^own plants are almost a necessity. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood of some species may be rooted in the 
 sprmg in moderate heat, following the usual method of 
 
 preparation, and planting in coarse sand. The soil best 
 suited to Cinnamomums in general, and C. Camphora 
 in particular, is sandy loam, although a heavy loam, 
 where well prepared, answers fairly well. The sandy 
 soil of Floriila. when moderately manured, suits all spe- 
 cies so far tri»'d admirably. 
 
 E. X. Reasoxer and L. H. B. 
 CINNAMON VINE. A name for species of Dioscorea. 
 
 ClNQUEFOIL. A species of Potentilla. 
 
 CIECJE A (Circe, the enchantress). Onafir('ice(P. A few 
 sp^'cies ol low woods herbs in N. Amer. and Eu., two 
 of which are in the trade for growing in shady places and 
 about garden bogs. They are interesting little plants, 
 but not showy. Of easy culture in shady, damp spots. 
 Lvs. opposite and stalked: tis. perfect, small, and white, 
 in terminal and lateral racemes ; calyx tube hairy : fr. a 
 small, bristly l)ur. 
 
 Lutetiina, Linn. Erect and branching, 1-2 ft., the stem 
 swollen at the nodes: lvs. ovate-acuminate, more or less 
 rounded at the base: pedicels slender, retlexed in fruit: 
 fr. 2-celled. Woods, E. 
 
 Facifica, Asch. & Mag. From (\-\2 in.: smaller than 
 the above, lvs. less acuminj<te, Hs. smaller, fr. 1 -celled 
 and less bristly. Col., N. and W. l^ jj. B. 
 
 CIBRH0F£TALUM (fi^nih'il petal, alluding to the nar- 
 row lateral sepals). (Jrrhiddceip, tribe Epidendreif. 
 Nearly 50 Old World tropical orchids, none of which are 
 in the American trade. The tail-like lateral sepals give 
 the lis. an odd appearance. Allied to Bulbophyllum. 
 They are epiphytes, and are grown in baskets or <m blocks 
 in a warmhouse. Leading species are : C. Camincjii, 
 Lindl. ( B.M. 4990) : C. Medustp. Lindl. (B.M. 4977. I'.H. 
 :{9:ir)4. G.C. Ill, 21:2.")); C. picfnrafiim, Lodd. (B.M. 
 6802); C. pnlrhriim, N. E. Brown (I, H. 'MiidOH. A. F. 
 G:G09); C. Thoaarsii, Lindl. (B.M. 42:57). C. Sinense 
 is evidently a trade name. 
 
 Being of rambling habit, with creeping rhizomes, Cir- 
 rhopetalums should be grown in baskets, sul!i<'iently large 
 to afford plenty of growing surface, and suspended from 
 the roof, where they will get plenty of light and free 
 access of air to the roots, which is equally essential. 
 Liberal allowance must be made for drainage, which 
 should consist of either broken potsherds or charcoal, 
 the latter being preferable, as it is light, durable and con- 
 tains nothing 'etrimental. Two-thirds osmunda, or other 
 clean fiber, and one-third chopped live sphagnum moss, 
 well mixed together, afford a good compost ; and after 
 this has been carefully tucked in about the roots and 
 interstices, the plant should be held firm with brass or 
 copper wire until reestablished. The compost should be 
 used rather sparingly to prevent over-watering. Many 
 of the smaller-growing species do very well on orchid 
 blocks, firmly attached, with a small quantity of compost 
 beneath them. During the winter monihs, little or no 
 shade is required. The temperature may range from 
 58° to 65° F. by night, with about 10"^ rise through the 
 day, or even a little more, with sun-heat, will do no injury. 
 No artificial heat is necessary in siimmer, except in ex- 
 treme cold or wet weather, but a shaded, moist location 
 should be selected, such as is afforded in the cattleya 
 or palm department. When the plants are dormant, 
 light syringing overhead will keep the compost moist 
 and the plants in he»lthy condition, Vmt as the growing 
 season advances, a liberal quantity of water an<l copious 
 syringing in bright weather will be necessary. The stock 
 is increased by division, the most judicious method 
 being to cut nearly through the rhizome with a sharp 
 knife, about three pseudobulbs l)ehiiid the lead, just be- 
 fore growth action, allowing the part to remain until the 
 dormant eyes start to grow, when it may be removed and 
 treated as an established plant. A little extra heat and 
 moisture at this period will prove beneficial with the 
 weak plants. All are of moderately easy culture. 
 
 RoBT. M. Grey. 
 ClESIUM. Refer to Cnicus. 
 
 CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper- 
 mctceof. Vines : fls. in axillary racemes or cluster . the 
 plant dioecious ; sterile fls. with 4 or 2 sepals and as many 
 
320 
 
 CISSAMPELOS 
 
 CISTUS 
 
 petals united, the anthers 2-4, on a st- minal cohimn ; 
 fertile tls. with 2 united Heshy sepals, subtended by a 
 sepal-like bra<'t, and solitary ovary, wi h 3 styles : fr. a 
 subglobose drupe, with a flattened and t iberculate stone. 
 Many species or distinct forms in troj; eal rejcions, but 
 many of tlu-nj are evidently forms of the widely dis- 
 tributed C. Parelra, Linn. Tins plant, as 7. heferopht/lla, 
 DC, and under other names is cult, in ,>. Fla. and the 
 tropics. It is known as Velvet-leap nd Pareira 
 Brava. It is an exceedin>rly variable vine, with downy, 
 round-conia<^e or peltate Ivs., the sterils tls. in stalked 
 corymbs and the fertile in lar^e-bracted racemes, and a 
 hairy, nearly globular, red fruit. It occurs in all tropical 
 countries. L^ jj_ g^ 
 
 CtSSHS (Greek name of ivy). Vitilceee. Very like 
 Vitis,but differinfT in havimtr the parts of the flower in 
 4's, the corolla not fulling otf as a cap, and the disk 
 about the ovary ring-like or cup-like. Ampelopsis is 
 distingnished by 5-merous fls. and the absence of a disk. 
 
 Cissus discolor.. 
 
 ^\ However, certain 5-merous, disk-bear- 
 inff species are referred in this book to 
 Ampelopsis [C. A)nprh>psis=A. cor- 
 data, C. sfajts=A. arboreal. Cissus 
 has a wide range and many species 
 in warm countries. The latest mono- 
 grapher (Planchon, DC. Monogr. 
 Phaner. 5) recognizes 212 species. P\>li- 
 age often fleshy, but in most of the cult, 
 species usually thin and handsomely 
 colored or variegated. The species of 
 Cissus are handsome, tall-climbing, 
 tendril-bearing vines, of easy cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 A. Lvs. fleshy, S-Iobed or S-folioIate. 
 
 ^cida, Linn. Low climber, with slender and striate 
 somewhat fleshy glaVjrous branches : Ifts. or leaf-divi- 
 sions rather small, broml-cuneate and sharply toothed 
 near the apex : fls. small, in cctrymb-like or umbel-like 
 clusters: fr. an ovoid and nuicronate dark purple berry, 
 with 1 or 2 large seeds, the pedicel being recurved at 
 maturity. Key West and S.; also, in Ariz, and S.— 
 Sometimes planted. 
 
 incisa, Desm. {C. Eochedna, Planchon). Climbing 
 20-:W ft., the stems ver^' fleshy and the tendrils root- 
 
 like : lvs. pale green, very fleshy ; Ifts. or divisions 
 wedge-ovate, notched on both sides and top, the mittdle 
 one sometimes again lobed : inflorescence umbel-like: 
 fr. an obovoid blackish berry, with 1 or 2 seeds, the 
 pedicel being strongly recurved. Fla., to Ark. and Tex 
 R.H. 1884, pp. 272-:k- Often planted in the extremes. 
 Sometimes called "Marine Ivy." 
 
 AA. Lvs. not fleshy, not lobed. 
 
 discolor, Blume. Fig. 47IJ. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, cordate at base, bristly serrate, re<ldish beneath, 
 velvety green and mottled with silvery white above: 
 both Ivs. and stems glabrous, the latter red and more or 
 less angled: fls. .-small an<l yellowish, in deusi* and very 
 short, axillary clusters. Java. B. M. 47{>.'{. L. l.'i. F. iS. 
 8: 804-.^. — One of the best of all wannhouse foliage 
 plants. Easily grown. Prop, by cuttings. Must have a 
 season of rest, usually in spring or early summer. If 
 wanted for winter growth, temperature must be about 
 7o°. Known to some as "Trailing Begonia." 
 
 Antdrctica, Vent. ( C. Ba udin idna, Brouss. ) . Kanga- 
 roo Vine. Lvs. rather thick, glossy, ovate to obionff, 
 very short-acuminate, rounded at base, mostly strongly 
 toothed or notched, green : fls. green, in few-fld., axillary 
 clusters: fr. a globular berry. Austral. B.M.24>?8.- 
 Valuable for cool greenhouses, but <loes not withstand 
 frost. Grows well on walls in darkish and neglected 
 places. 
 
 Amazdnica, Linden. Lvs, glabrous and glaucous, oval- 
 acuminate and narrower, reddish beneath and silvery 
 veined above. Brazil. — Warmhouse climber. 
 
 ilbo-nitens, Hort. Lvs. oblong-acuminate, more or 
 less cordate at base, silvery white and shining over the 
 upper surface. Brazil.— Warmhouse climber. 
 
 sicyoides, Linn. Branches terete or compressed, tu- 
 berculate or smooth, striate: Ivs. ovate or oblong, often 
 cordate at base, margin more or less serrate or even 
 cut, thickish, green: inflorescence corjonb-like, opposite 
 the lvs.. the fls. small, and varying from greenish to 
 white and purplish : fr. an obovoid, 1 -seeded berry. 
 Very widely distributed in trop. Araer., and exceedingly 
 variable. One form ( var. Floridiiua, Planch. ), occurs in 
 S. Fla., but is not in the trade. The C. argentea of hor- 
 ticulturists is var. ov^ta. Planch., which has glabrous 
 ovate or ovate-oblong remotely serrate and somewhat 
 glaucous lvs. Called " Season Vine" in tropics. 
 
 C. Davidiana.Curr., is a Vitis (which see).— C. Ltndeni, Andre 
 (I.H. 17:2), is perhaps an offshoot of C. sicyoides. It has large 
 ovate-cordate silver-blotcheil lvs.— C Japonica, Willd. Her- 
 baceous, glabrous: lvs. r)-foliolate, with serrate-oblong Ifts.: 
 fls. greenish : cymes many-fid. Jap., Java, Austr. The only 
 species hardy north.— C porphurophylla, Limll.. is a Piper 
 (which see).— C. striata. Ruiz. & Pav. (Ampelopsis sempervi- 
 rens, Hort.). Low, shrubby evergreen vine: lvs. small. .'>-t'olio- 
 late, with cuneate-oblong Ifts.. serrate above the middle: fls. 
 yellowish, in many-fid. cymes. Chile. S. Braz. (iraceful small 
 climber for the cool greenhouse.— C. Veitchii, Hort.=Ampe- 
 lopsis tricuspidata. L_ g_ g. 
 
 ClSTUS (ancient Greek name). Cfstdce(g. Rock Rose. 
 Shrubs, usually with villous and glandular tomentuni, 
 aromatic : lvs, opposite, mostly persistent, entire, the op- 
 posite petioles connate at the base: fls. large, in terminal 
 and axillary cymes at the end of the branches, rarely 
 solitary, white to purple; petals .5; stamens numerous; 
 capsule many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. About 30 
 species in the Mediterranean region. Ornamental, free- 
 flowering shrubs, ustially only a few feet high, with very 
 showy purple or white fls., similar to a small single rose, 
 appearing in early summer. They are only hardy in 
 warmer temperate regions, but many of them will stand 
 10° of frost without injurj-, and C. lanrifolius even more. 
 They thrive best in a well drained, light soil, mostly 
 preferring limestone soil, and in a sunny position ; the 
 dwarf er species are well a<iapted for rockeries with south- 
 ern aspect. The Cistuses do not bear transplanting well, 
 and should be grown in pots until planted out. Some 
 species yield ladanum, a resin, used in perfumery. Prop. 
 by seeds sown in spring in pans or boxes and the young 
 seedlings shaded; increased also by layers and cuttings 
 in spring or late summer, inserted in sandy peat under 
 glass. Illustrated monograph: R. Sweet. Cistinea* (S.C 
 of the following pages). In the Old World, the Cistuses 
 
CISTUS 
 
 CITRON 
 
 321 
 
 are important garden plants, but they are little known 
 in America. 
 
 A. Fls. purple or red. 
 
 B. FU. iyi-2 in. wide; petals imbricate. 
 
 villdsuf, Linn. (C. inrclnus, Linn.). Erect shnib. ."J—t 
 ft., villous or tonientose : Ivs, penninerved, rountiisli- 
 ovate or oblong, narrowed into a very short petiolf, 
 rui^ose above and grayish preen, tonientose or villous 
 beneath, 1-2 in, long : fls. l-;{, long-peduncled, reddish 
 purple, 2 in. wide; petals light pink or yellowish at the 
 base. May, June. Medirerr. regit»n. B.M.4;i. S.C 35. 
 —A very variable species, Var. Cr^ticos, Boiss. Lvs. 
 smaller, more spatuiate at the base : \\>, purple. Fl. 
 Gr«eca5:495. S.C 112. Var. canescens, Nichols. Lvs, 
 elliptic-oblong or iiarruw-oblong, obtuse: fls, dark purple. 
 S.C. 4'>. Var. rotundifdIiuB, Loud, Dwarfer, with more 
 roundish lvs. S.(\7r). Var. undul&tus.Willk. Lvs, linear- 
 oblong, acute, undulate: fls. solitary, S.C. 03. 
 
 crispus, Linn. Compact shrub, to 2 ft,, villous : lvs, 
 sessile, 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, un- 
 dulate, rugose above, villous beneath : fls. 3—4, nearly 
 ses'^ile, lVa-2 in. wide, deep rose-colored. June-August, 
 s!w, Europe. S.C. 22. 
 
 heterophyllus, Desf . Erect, to 2 ft. : lvs, short -peti- 
 ok<l, elliptic- or oval-lanceolate, green on both sides and 
 slisrhtly hairy, %-l in. long : fls. 1-3, 2 in. wide ; petals 
 red, yellow at the base. N. Africa. S.C. C — More tender, 
 
 BB, Fls. 1 in. wide, petals not imbricate. 
 parviflorua, Lam. Much l»ranched shrub, 1-2 ft.: to- 
 meutose: lvs. ;i-nerved, ellif»tic-ovate. un«iulate rugose 
 above, reticulat*' beneath, twisted, 1 in. long : fls. 3-.") ; 
 petals pale rose, yellow at the base. June. Greece, 
 Crete, S.C. 14, 
 
 AA, Fls. white: lvs. S-ncrcvd. 
 
 C^prius, Lam. Erect shrub, to G ft., glutinous : lvs, 
 oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, villous-tonientose be- 
 neath: fls, 5-7. nearly 3 in, wide; petals blo'ched purple 
 at the base. June. Cyprus, S,C, 39. 
 
 ladanlferus, Linn, Shrub, to 4 ft,, glutinous: lvs. short- 
 petioli-d, lanceolate, glabrous and viscid above, whitish 
 tomentose beneath, 1.^2—4 in, long : fls. usually solitary, 
 long-pedunded, ',Wi%\n. wide; petals \xdlow at the base. 
 June. S, W, Europe, S, C. 84, — Var. maculitus. Sweet. 
 Petals with a dark brownish crimson spot above the base. 
 B.M, 112. Gu. 30:552. S.C.I, Probably the most beauti- 
 ful of all Cistus. 
 
 laurifdlius, Linn, Shrub, to ft, : lvs. petioled, ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous al)ove. whitish or brownish 
 tomentose beneath, 1-2 ^'2in. long : fls. 3-8, 2-3 in, wide; 
 petals with yellow blotch, June-Aufrust. S, W. Europe, 
 On. 53, p. 131. S.C, 52. — The hardiest species. 
 
 C. dlbidus, Linn. To 4 ft. : lvs. sessile, whitish tomentose: fls. 
 3-8. lilac or rosy, 2/^ in. S,W. Europe. S.C. 31.— C. Aluarvensig, 
 Sims = Heliauthemum ocyimoides. — C.candidissiinus, Dun.; 
 S.C. 3 = Cvaginatus.var.— i'.Corbariensis, Pourr. (C populifo- 
 liusXsalvifolius). To .5 ft.: lvs. slij^btly conlate. glutinous: fls. 
 1-,'), white, iHin. S.L\S.— C\ Cnpanianv.s, Prosl. To 3 ft.: lvs. 
 oordate-ovate: fl.s 2-:i, white. Si<'ily. S.C. 70.— C Florenttnus, 
 Lam. (0. MonsjjeliensisXsalvifolius). Dwarf: lvs. lanceolate: 
 fls. white, 2 in. (in. 27:497, and ">;{, p. i:$4. S.C. .t9.— C. formbsvs, 
 Curt.= HeHanthemum formosum. — C. {ilanctts. Pourr. =» C Le- 
 don.— ('.fitrsiitus. Lam. Oneto3ft.,clothetl with spreading and 
 glandular hairs: lvs. sessile, lanceolate: fls. 1-5, white. S.W. Eu- 
 rope. S.C. 19.— C. latifolius, iSweet; S.C. 15= C. r»opulifolius.var. 
 — C. Idxits. .\it.= C longifolitis.— C. Ledon, Lam. One to 2 ft. : 
 lvs. lanceolate, glossy alH>ve: fls. 5-10, white, l)(>in. S. France.— 
 C. longifdlius, Liim. Two to 4 ft., glandular: lvs. oblong-lanceo- 
 late, glossy above : fls. white, 1,4 in. S.W.Europe. S.C. 12. 
 Variable.— (7. ilonspetiensig, Linn. To 5 ft. : lvs. sessile, lanceo- 
 late: rts. white, cymose, 1 in. S. Europe. S.C. 27.— ('. oblniigi- 
 fblius. Sweet; S.C.67=C. longifolius, var. — r.o6fM«iYo?n/«. Sweet; 
 S.C. 42 = C. longifolius, var.— ('. |>rtp»/«7(VjMS, Linn. To 6 ft., 
 glutinous : lvs. petiole<l. cordate, a<'uminate. rugose abo%e : fls. 
 white, cymose, 2 in. S.W, Eiiroi)e. S.C 23.- C.purpitrevs.LiaTa. 
 Three to 4 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rugose above: fls. 1^. red- 
 dish purple ; petals yellow at the ba.se and with maroon blotch 
 above. Orient. Gn. 81:591; 45, p. in. B R. 5:408. S.C. 17.— T. 
 galvifoUus, Linn. To2ft.: lvs. oval, obtuse, tomentose, small: 
 fls. 1-2, white. l}/^in. S. Eu., Orient. S.C. 54.-6'. va^jinatus, 
 Linn. (Rhodocistus Berthelotianus, Spach). To 2 ft.: lvs. 
 petioled, ovate, acuminate : fls. cymose, deep rose-colored, yel- 
 low ineenter, Canary Islands. S.C. 9. B.R. 3:225. F.S. 15:1501. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 CITEON. A form of Watermelon. 
 
 21 
 
 CITEON (Cltnts 3fedica,\'&r. gemdna). See Citrtm. 
 Fig. 474, —A large, thick-rinded, lemon-like fr,, some- 
 what cult, in Flor. and Calif. The rind is used in the 
 making of preserves and confections. 
 
 The Citron is propagated by cuttings, layers, budding, 
 and errafting. The usual method of propagating is by 
 budding on a vigorous stock, in Florida preferably the 
 
 474. Citrus Medica. the Citron (X J^) 
 
 rouffh lemon ("F>ench lemon" or "oranged loomie''), 
 but also on the sour orange. Grafting is so uncertain, 
 owing to the prevailing high temperature, that it is sel- 
 dom attempted. Cuttings of rii)e wood root readily, 
 both in the open ground and the propagating house. 
 For open ground, select wood thoroughly ripe in De- 
 cember, and cut in lengths about 6 to 10 inches ; clip 
 off all but the top leaf, and insert in rows in well-drained 
 soil, leaving the top bud exposed to the air. Watering 
 must be thoroughly kept up until the succeeding rainy 
 season, A shade of lath or brush should be provided 
 the rows of cuttings. By Noveni>»er of the following 
 year, the young plants Jwill be sufliciently well rooted 
 to transplant. By making short cuttings, 2 or 3 
 inches long, of ripe wood, atid inserting: in the moist 
 sand of the propagating house, less wood is necessary 
 and a higher percentage of rooted plants will restilt in a 
 shorter period. These cuttings may be inserted at any 
 time of year, but winter and early sprin}? are preferable. 
 The youni; rooted plants nuiy be grown into large size 
 in the nursery, until wanted for orchard setting. Layers 
 are easily rooted by pegging down low branches of tlie 
 Citron during: the rainy season. They do not make suih 
 symmetrical trees as those grown from cuttings, or by 
 buddinj;. 
 
 The site for the Citron orchard should be on well- 
 drained land, either naturally, or otherwise, of the best 
 quality, similar to that selected for the lemon In or- 
 chard planting, the trees should be set about 15x24 
 feet apart (although this is not arbitrary), as suflicient 
 room should be allowed for cultivation, haulinj? ferti- 
 lizer and fruit, and plenty of sunlight and air. An 
 abundance of sunshine and breezes are the greatest aids 
 in keepins?down insect pests and fungous troubles. The 
 Citron is rather low-growing and inclined to make long 
 lateral branches, which, if not cut back occasionally, 
 touch the ground and form roots, rendering cultivation 
 and fruit-gathering difficult. Cultivation is essentiallj- 
 the same as for the orange and lemon : shallow plowing 
 in December at the time of applying fertilizer, followed 
 by thorough harrowing every two or three weeks until 
 the latter part of June. This keeps the top soil loose, 
 conserving the moisture, and keeping down weeds and 
 grass during the dry sea.son. After the rains set in 
 
322 
 
 CITROX 
 
 riTRUS 
 
 during the summer all cultivation i« stopped, and grvkss, 
 bejj:>jrar-wet'd. or tlfld-peas allowed to cover the ^ound, 
 preventing »unburuiu>; and providing a source of 
 humus so necessary in keepins? up proper fertility and 
 texture of the sandy soil of Florida. 
 
 E. N. Reasoner. 
 
 CITBt^LLUS (from Citrus). Cuntrbitih-eip. The ge- 
 nus which includes the Watenuelon. Cogniaux. the 
 latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3). recog- 
 nizes three species, all of the Old World, with the larg- 
 est uispersion in Africa. Plant monuecious, the two 
 kinds of tls. solitary in the axils of the Ivs. : tls. with a 
 short, bell-like calyx tube aiul a deeply .5-cleft. yel- 
 low corolla. C. vulgdiris, Schra«l.. is the Watermelon 
 (which see), native to tropical and south Africa. C. 
 ColOC^this. Schrad., is the Colo<'yiith, extract from the 
 fruit of which furnishes a well-known purgative drug. 
 It is native to the Mediterranean region and tropical 
 Africa. The fruit is small and globular, gourd-like, 
 smooth and partly colored, the tlesh very bitter : Ivs. 
 deeply divided. ' L. H. B. 
 
 ClTBUS (ancient name for Citron). Rut<ice(v. Orange. 
 Lemon, Citron, etc. Aromatic, glandular shrubs or 
 small trees, mostly thorny: Ivs. alternate, with more or 
 less winged petioles, compound, mainly unifoliolate 
 (appearing as a simple leaf but really com(>ound, as 
 shown by the joint betv.-een the petiole and lamina, 
 Fig. 47.1). in one species trifoli<»Iate: fls. hermaphrodite; 
 calyx cupulate, 3-.5-toothed ; petals 4-8, linear-oblong, 
 thick, glandular, imbricated in the bud ; stamens nu- 
 merous, 20-00. occasionally only 't ; filaments more or 
 less united ; disk cushion-shaped ; ovary compound, 
 composed of 5 to m.any united carpel*, with a single 
 style and stigma, and central axial placenta; ovules 4-8 
 in each carpel, arranged in two rows : fr. a round, ob- 
 long or pear-shaped berry with leathery rind, containing 
 numerous oil glands and juicy, aromatic pulp : se»ids 
 white, exalbuminous, with leathery coats, frequently 
 containing 2 or more embryos. Native of tropical and 
 subtropical Asia. Several species are extensively culti- 
 vated and have given rise to numerous cultivated forms. 
 The so-called navel oranges have a second series of 
 cells developing in the center of the fr.. this being an 
 incidental variation (Of. Fig. 476). See Citron, Lemon, 
 Lime, Orange, Pomelo. 
 
 A. PsEri>o-.5:oLE. — Zj'^. trifoliolate, deciduous, with 
 elliptical, dentate or crenate Ifts.: fls. white, 1-^in 
 the axil of each leaf, opening before the Ivs. appear 
 in spring; petals spatulate: ovary and disk 
 hairy. 
 
 trifoliiLta, Linn. {C. tripfera, Desf. JEgle sepiiria, 
 DC). Trifoliate Orange. Figs. 477, 478, 479. A 
 small tree armed with very strong, stiff thorns, l-lj^ in. 
 long: fr. golden y('lU>w. about the size of a walnut, cov- 
 ered with short hairs; pulp rather dry, sour and bitter. 
 Jap., and cult, widely in the United States. R.H. 1869, 
 p. 15 ; 1877. p. 7'^ ; 1885: .516 ; 1886, p. 533. Gn. 46:980 
 and p. 273. Mn. 3 : 101. - The f r. of the Trifoliate Orange 
 
 475. Leaf of Orange. 
 
 is worthless as a whole, but is sometimes used for pre- 
 serves. The plant is largely used for hedges, for which 
 it is well adapted, forming a close, compact growth that 
 nothing can penetrate. It is also used as a hardy stock 
 on which to bud certain oranges and lemons, particu- 
 larly the Satsuma an<i Kumquat. It is said to have the 
 effect of somewhat dwarfing the more robust orange va- 
 
 rieties buddefl on it, and of making them more har<ly by 
 rendering them dormant earlier in the fall, and retard- 
 ing them from starting early in the spring. The Tri- 
 foliate Orange is hardy as far north as Phila<lelphia and 
 New York. It is propagate<l by s('<'ds, which are very 
 numerous. Hybrids have been made between this and 
 the common orange. The Trifoliate Orange is frequently 
 listed in trade catalogues under the names Limonia tri- 
 folinta and Triphasia aurantiola. These are tender. 
 
 476. Normal or.mee on the rieht ; abnormal or navel orange 
 on the left, showing the adventitious cells in the center. 
 
 tropical shrubs, and should not be confu?ed with the 
 hardy C. trifoliata. 
 
 AA. EuciTRCS. — Z/J'.s. un ifoliolate, evergreen : petals 
 oblong: ovary and disk glabrous. 
 
 Aur4ntiam, Linn. {C. vulgaris, Risso). Orange. 
 Figs. 476, 480. A small tree or shrub: young shoots light 
 green, glabrous : Ivs. elliptical or ovate, acute, obtuse, 
 or acuminate; petiole narrowly or broadly winged : flrf. 
 hermaphrodite, pure white: fr. oblat€-spherical or ellip- 
 tical, not mamillate. 
 
 V'ar. am^ra, Linn. (C. Bigarddia, Duham.). SorR, 
 Bitter, or Seville Orange. Lvs. deep green, ovate, 
 pointed, v'ery aromatic ; petiole broadly wing-mar- 
 gined: fls. white, sweet-scented: fr. round, dark orange, 
 frequently with tinge of red, very aromatic; rind some- 
 what rougli; pulp sour and bitter. Southeastern Asia, 
 and cult, in tropical and subtropical regions throughout 
 the world. — There are very few cultivated sorts ol this 
 variety or subspecies grown in the United States, and 
 of these only the two following are well krown : Scur 
 C sour orange") : Fr. deep orange or orange-red ; pulp 
 very sour. This is grown very extensively as a stock on 
 which to bud varieties of the sweet orange, h^nion, 
 pomelo, etc. Very valuable as a stock because resistant 
 to the serious disease mal-di-gomma or foot-rot. — Bitter 
 Sweet : Fr. of same external appearance as the Sour 
 Orange but mildly acid and pleasant to the taste. Culti- 
 vated mainly for home use. The Sour Orange was evi- 
 dently introduced into Florida verj' early by the Span- 
 iards, and escaped fnmi cultivation, becoming estab- 
 lished as a wild species here and there throughout the 
 peninsular portion of the state. In this wild state it was 
 limited to moist lands near streams and lakes, in the so- 
 called hammocks ; and in some instances grew abun- 
 dantly among the larger forest trees, fjver areas of KXi 
 acres or more. The tls. of this var. Awara are slightly 
 bitter, and are the officinal Folia aurantii or Folia citri 
 vulgaris. An ethereal oil is manufactured from the tis., 
 young sprouts and unripe fr. The i)leasant-snielling. 
 bitter Bigaradiaoil is taken from the rind of the ripe fr. 
 Large quantities of oil for perfume are manufactureil 
 from the fls. in southern France. The fr. is used for 
 marmalade, and makes a very refreshing drink kno\vn in 
 Florida as "orangeade." 
 
 Var. Berg^mia, Wight. & Am. Bergamot Oraxoe. 
 A bush or small tree : lvs. oblong ; petiole wing-mar- 
 
CITRUS 
 
 CITRUS 
 
 323 
 
 gined,of modium width : fls. small, white, sweet-smell- 
 ing: fr. me«lium size, pear-shaped, smooth, lijfht yellow, 
 pulp subacid. j;r»'»*nish yellow. Cult, in Eu. since the 
 seventeenth century. Only rarely cult, in the United 
 States. B.M. 7194. — Beriramot oil is manufactured from 
 the rind of this subspecies. 
 
 Var. Sinensis, Engler. (C. Aurdntiunt, var. dulcis, 
 Linn. C. Tahithtsis, Hort.). Common Sweet Orange, 
 infiuding the Malta or FoKTroAL Okan<je. Tree, 20-35 
 ft.: younf? branches pale green, aTitjular. glabrous: Ivs. 
 ohltiiig-ovate, pointed ; petiole narrowly winged : fls. 
 larire, white: fr. mainly round, occasionally elliptical or 
 ovate, orange or yellowish ; pulp when ripe sweet or 
 slightly acid. India. Cultivated extensively in all tropi- 
 cal and subtropical regions of the world. — The Sweet 
 Orange is valued mainly for its sweet, delicious fruit, 
 which is eaten raw or i lade into marmalades, wine, etc. 
 The rind is sweet and a'omatic, and is used for culinary 
 puri>os<?s. The extensi\e cultivation of the orange has 
 led to the development of numerous variations, some 
 70 varieties being cultivated in the I'nited States. 
 Some of these forms are propagated fairly true to seed, 
 but th(^ majority are not, and must be propagate*! by 
 budding or grafting. The following is a list of some of 
 the most highly prized of the cultural forms : Bahia 
 (also known as Washingt(m Navel and Riverside Navel ) : 
 Fig. 47(». Fr. large, solid and heavy, seedless, with 
 prominent navel mark at apex; pulp juicy and of tine 
 texture. Intro<luced from Brazil. The most popular 
 variety cultivated in California, where it bears heavily. 
 lu Florida it is a shy bearer. — Boone (Boone Early): 
 Fr. round, medium size, fair quality ; verj' early. Florida. 
 — Centennial : Fr, round, medium size, early medium, 
 quality excellent. Florida. — I)u Roi : Fr. round, small 
 or medium size, late medium; seeds ribbed: thorns few. 
 An excellent fruit in Florida, but has not given satis- 
 faction in Cal. Foreign.— Hart Late (Tardive, Excel- 
 
 pulp reddish or streaked with red. Foreign. — St. 
 Michael : Fr. round, medium size, quality fair, midsea- 
 son. Foreign.- St. Michael Blood: Fr. round, medium 
 
 r^^ 
 
 
 sior): Fr. oval, medium 
 size, solid, pule yellow. 
 One of the best late sorts, 
 hohling on tree in Florida 
 umil May. J'oreigii. — Ho- 
 mosassa : Fr. round, of 
 good qualitv, midseason. 
 Florida. - Jaffa: Fr. 
 round, hea^•y. juicy and 
 of verj- best quality, mid- 
 season ; skin thin : tree 
 
 1?'^^ 
 
 nearly thornless. Foreign. — Jaffa Blood: Fr. oval, 
 small, of excellent quality. Florida. — Lamb Summer: 
 Fr. oval, medium size, of good quality, very late; one of 
 the best late sorts, ranking with the Hart Late. Florida. — 
 Majorca: Fr. round, medium size, heavy and very juicy; 
 skin smooth and thin; (juality excellent. Foreign. One 
 of the very best late midseason sorts. — Maltese Blood : 
 Fr. oval, small, orange red, juicy and sweet, of ver\- best 
 quality; pulp reddish or streaked with red; midseason. 
 Foreign. Mediterranean Sweet: Fr. large, oval, of good 
 quality, late. Foreign. — Parson ( Parson Brown): Fr. 
 round, medium size, of fair quality : very early. Florida. 
 Very extensively planted as an early variety in Flori<la. 
 -Ruby: Fr. medium size, round, of excellent quality; 
 
 l^y ^^-^ 
 
 478. Citrus 
 
 trifoliata. 
 
 size, quality the very best ; pulp reddish or streaked 
 with red. Foreign. This Orange seems to the writer 
 superior in tiavor to any he has ever tested, though 
 there is but little noticeable difference between any of 
 the best sorts, much, doubtless, depen<iing on the con- 
 ditions under which the fruit is grown. — Valencia 
 (Valencia Late) : Fr. large, oval, light orange, of good 
 quality, verj' late. Foreign. One of the most highly 
 prized varieties in California. 
 
 The so-called Otaheite Orange (C .4Hra«^'»»», var. 
 Otaitettse, Risso & Poit. ) is j>rol)ably to be considered a 
 variety of C. Aurantixim, var. Sinensis. Reasoner 
 thinks it is Gallesio's "C. ^li<r(rH^tMm Sinense putnilum 
 fructn <li(lci." The foliatre resembles that of a lemon, 
 and the flowers are i>inkish. The fruit is small, slightly 
 flattened, rough, and reddish orange in color : pulp 
 mainly sweetish, sometimes sour. It may be a hybri»l of 
 orange and lemon. It is used extensively as a dwarf 
 pot plant, for which it is well suited. 
 
 n6bilis, Lour, Mandarin, or Kid-glove Orange. 
 Shrubs or very small trees, with dense foliage : Ivs. 
 small, lanceolate.weaklycrcnate; petioles short, scarcely 
 winged : fls. small, white, fascicled ; filaments only 
 slightly united: fr. compressed, spherical, or somewhat 
 pyriform, 5-0 cm. in diameter ; rind orange-yell<)W or 
 reddish, loose, bagg>-,and easily removed ; segm«'nts 9-10, 
 loosely adherent ; pulp sweet ; see«ls ovate or oblong, 
 green when cut: odor of leaves, twigs, fruit, etc., very 
 characteristic in all varieties and easily recognizable. 
 Cochin China or China. Cultivated extensively in 
 tropical and suT)tropical regions free from hot winds, to 
 which it is said to be very sensitive. — The principal 
 horticultural varieties grown in the United States are 
 the following : China ("Mandarin," "Willow-leaved 
 Mandarin," etc. ) : Fr. small, light orange, early medium, 
 excellent quality : Ivs. small, myrtle-like. Foreign.— 
 Dancy Tangerine : Lvs. larger, mmrly the size of those 
 of the comm<m orange: fr. dark orange or reddish, early 
 medium, qnality excellent. Florida. The most prized 
 of any of the Mandarin Oranges cultivated in the United 
 States. — King : Fr. large and roujfh, dark orange, late: 
 young twigs ]»lackish. A good late sort. Foreign.— 
 Satsuma (Oonshiu): Fr. m-dium size, flattened at the 
 ends, orange, early, quality fair. Foreign. A much 
 valued early ripening sort, which is somewhat more 
 hardy than the common sweet orange, particularly when 
 
324 
 
 CITRUS 
 
 CITRUS 
 
 budded on the hardy trifoliata orani^e stock. — Tan- 
 Kerine : Fr. very early, light orange, medium size. 
 ForeiffTi. 
 
 Decumjina, Linn. (C. Ptfmeldnun, Hoit.). Pomelo, 
 Pi'MEiX), Shaddock. Grapepruit. Pompelmos, etc. Tree 
 
 479. Citrus trifoliata. Natural size. 
 
 small, 25-30 feet hijrh: young shoots slightly pubescent, 
 finally becoming smooth: Ivs. large, ovate or ovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, frequently emarginate : petiole broadly 
 winged: fls. large, white; stamens 16-24: fr. pale lemon- 
 yellow, or in some cases reddish or flesh colored, globose 
 or pyrifona, very large, in hort. vars. reaching 6-7 in. in 
 diameter and weighing 8-12 lbs.; rind smooth, thick, 
 very bitter; pulp pale yellow, in some reddish, sweet or 
 acid. Malayan and Polynesian Islands. Extensively 
 cultivated in India, Florida and California, and in most 
 tropical and subtropical countries. A. G. 11:717. Mn.9:47. 
 — The Pomelo is an excellent dessert fruit, and is being 
 very extensively planted, particularly in Florida. The 
 majority of the horticultural varieties cultivated in 
 America have originated in Florida, though some valu- 
 able sorts have been introduced. The round-fruited 
 sorts, commonly called Pomelos or Grape-fruits, are the 
 most valuable commercially. The pear-shaped sorts, or 
 Shaddocks, are cultivated more as curiosities, and art 
 seldom found in the markets. Mound varieties— Pomelos : 
 
 Auraiitium : Fr. late n.edium, size mo«lium. Florida.— 
 JoMHel} i: Fr. large, late medium, quality good; pn)lifle. 
 Florida. — Hart : Fr. late medium, large, of very gcwKi 
 quality. Florida. — Marsh ( Marsh's Seedletts I : Fr. with 
 very few seeds, saitl to br >>t good quality and prolific, 
 of recent origin. Fl«»rida. — Pemambuco : Prolific: fr. 
 late, large: thorns short. South America. — K<»yal: Fr, 
 Hmall, early me«liunj. only slightly bitter : prollHe. 
 Florida. — Tresca : I'ulp r(»se-colore(l, said to be of t-x- 
 cellent quality. Bahama Islands.— Triumph: Fr. small, 
 late raediuiii, quality ver>' gtMJd. Florida. — Walter: Fr. 
 late medium, large, of recent origin. Florida. Pear- 
 shaped varirtifit — Shaddorkn : Bl(M>d : Fr. large; pulp 
 reddish <»r flesh-colored, of fair quality, — Mammoth: Fr. 
 very large, but pra<*tically worthless. — "Forbidden 
 Fruit": Fr. small. orange-co;ored, of fair quality. The 
 so-called "Bell Grape-fruit" is probablv identical with 
 this. 
 
 Jap6nica, Thunb. KrM<^rAT, Kin-Kan, Kin-Kits, etc. 
 Fig. 481. A low bush, with 8mo<»th, angular branches: 
 Iv8. small, linear-lanceolate, slightly serrate, pointed or 
 blunt, wedge-shaped at the base ; 
 petioles narrowly wing-margined: 
 fis. small, solitary or in clusters, in 
 the axils of the Ivs.; petals 5; sta- 
 mens about 20, filaments united: fr, 
 small, often only 54 of an in. in diani., 
 ovate, oblong or spherical, orauire- 
 colored, .>-«5-celled ; pulp sour; rind 
 sweet. Cochin China or China. Cul- 
 tivate<i extensively in Japan. Florida 
 and California. R. H. \i<~'^, p. 2tii>. 
 The following are the two cultivated 
 varieties commonly grown in the 
 United States: Marunii (Round Kura- 
 quat): Fr. round. sn\&\\, %-\% in. 
 in diam.: tree slightly thorny. — N'a- 
 gami (oval «>r oblong KunKjuat ) : Fr. 
 ovate or oblong, %-\ in. in diani. and 
 IV4-2 in, long : tree thornle>s. — The 
 fruit of the Kuniquat, as it is most 
 commonly called in America, is com- 
 in>; to be much prized for pr servini?, 
 and is also used fresh to considerable extent, the 
 sweet rin<l, as well as the pulp, being eaten. Both 
 the round and the oval .sorts have beautiful 
 dense, dark green foliage, and form excellent 
 orange trees of dwarf habit for pot culture. They 
 are commonly budded or grafted on trifoliata or 
 sweet orange stocks, 
 
 Mddica, Linn, (named for the country Media). Fig, 
 474. Citron, in the broadest sense, including citron, 
 lemon and lime. Bush or small tree : young shoots 
 glabrous, mostly reddii-h or purplish, in some yellowish 
 green : Ivs. smooth, oblong, acute : fls. hermaphrodite 
 or frequently unisexual, 
 mostly reddish or tinged 
 with red without : fr. 
 spherical, ovate or oblong, 
 often mamillate at apex. 
 India. — A very variable 
 species, much modified by 
 cultivation and apparently 
 mixed by hybridization, so 
 that it is almost impossi- 
 ble to determine the rela- 
 tionship of the different 
 forms. 
 
 Var. grenulna, Engler. 
 Citron proper. Lvs. ob- 
 long, serrate or crenate ; 
 petiole short, wingless : 
 fr. large, frequently 3-4 in. 
 in diam. and 6-7 in. long, 
 mostly ovate-oblong, mam- 
 illate ; rind very thick, 
 tender, aromatic, more or 
 
 less rough and warted (rugose); pulp but slightly 
 developed, dry (lacking in juice), acid or sub-acid.— 
 The Citron is cultivated to some extent in Florida and 
 California, but not so extensively as in Italy and the 
 Mediterranean region. All varieties are very tender. 
 
 480. Orange 
 flowers. 
 
 (XH.) 
 
ciTRra 
 
 CIVE 
 
 325 
 
 probably beinjf th»' most ea.sily injured by cold of any 
 of the citrouH fruits. It Is* prop, by «eedM, cuttings. I^y- 
 ering, etc. The cultivate«i varit-ties do not propaKate 
 true to seed, and muHt \te budded «»r >frafte<l. The fr. Is* 
 prized for the thick. ten«ler, aromatic rind, which is pre- 
 served or candied, Bn<l UMe«l extensively for culinary 
 and confectionary purposes. Mufiy forms and horticul- 
 tural varieties are ^rown in Florida an<l California, but 
 uone have thus far prove<l of noteworthy commerrial 
 value. The Corsican. a variety recently intro<luced by 
 the r. H. Department of Ajfriculture from Corsica, has 
 given evidence of \»'iutt a tlesirable commercial sort for 
 cultivation in this countrv. 
 
 Var. Limon, Linn. Lemon. Small, spreading trees 
 or shrubs: younjf branches smooth, yellowish jjreen: 
 iv9. ovate-oblonjf, crenate or serrate; petiole short, mar- 
 ginless or slijs'htly win>;ed : fr. medium sized, yellow, 
 round, ovate or elliptic-ul. niosth nmniillute ; rind thin, 
 aromatic ; pulp abundant, very juicy an<l acid. India. 
 Cultivated extensively in all tropical and sulitrojdcal 
 retrions of the world. — The Lem«»n is «me of our most 
 inip«>rtant commercial fruits, and is >;rr)\vn extensively 
 iu California and Floritla. Lar«e quantities of the fruit 
 are also importe<l. mainly from Italy. The Lemon is 
 not so easily injured by cold as the citron, but is more 
 tender than the oranjre or pomelo. The entire fruit, 
 rind and pulp, is used extensively for culinary- and con- 
 fectionary purj><)se8, for the manufacture of citric acid 
 and for lemonade, etc. It is commonly prop, by seeds, 
 but may also be readily (frown from cuttings. The cul- 
 tivated varieties must be prop, by budding or grafting, 
 or by cuttings, as they do not come true to seed. The 
 following are the most important horticultural varie- 
 ties : Belair : Fr. lemon-shaped, blunt. Foreign. — Eu- 
 reka: Fr. early, few-seeded : tree thornless. Foreign.— 
 Genoa: Fr. medium size, early, oval, nearly seedless: 
 tree everbearing, thornless. Foreign. — Lisbon: Fr. me- 
 dium size, fine graine<l, strongly acid; few seeds: tree 
 thorny. Foreign.— Villa F'ranca: F^r. medium size, qual- 
 
 are separated above, is an interesting and striking mon- 
 strosity. (See Fi»f. 4H2. which is taken from a .Japanese 
 fruit kn«>wn lo«*ally as the Hushiukan.) The Flori«ia 
 Rough Lemon, or simply "Rough Lemon," a.s it is called.. 
 
 481. Kumquat — Citrus Japonica (X H). 
 
 ity excellent ; rind smooth, thin : seeds few or none. 
 One of the finest Lemons j^rown. — The so-called Fingered 
 Citron or Lemon, var. digrit&ta, Risso (or var. chiro- 
 eirpa), in which the individual carpels of the fruit 
 
 482. 
 Fingered Citron 
 
 is a fruit of doubtful relationship. Its appearance sug- 
 gests that it may be a hybri«l between the Citron and 
 Lemon. It is a strong, vigorous grower, and forms an 
 excellent stock, in warm lo<'alities, for the various 
 orange varieties, it is the best stock for the Bahia 
 navel orange, usually increasing its fniitfulness. 
 
 Var. dcida, Hook. (('. Medica, var. LinUtta of trade 
 catalogues, etc.). Lime. A bush or small tree, 10-20 ft. 
 high : Ivs. oval or elliptical, small, crenate or serrate; 
 petiole wing-margined, but not as broadly so as in the 
 sour orange and pomelo : fls, small, white or with a 
 slight pinkish tinge without ; petals normally ,'), but 
 «»ften 4 : fr. small, spherical, ovate or elliptical ; rind 
 thin, light lemon-yellow, bitter ; pulp very sour and 
 somewhat bitter, juicy. India. Extensively cultivated 
 in the West Indies and Florida, where it "has escaped 
 from cultivation and grows abundantly wild, frequently 
 forming dense thickets. B. M. 6745. The horticultural 
 varieties commonly cultivated in the United States 
 are: Mexican (West Indian): Fr. small, obhmg. 
 Escaped from cultivation in South F'lorida and the West 
 Indies. Supposed tt) have been intro<luced from Mex.— 
 Persian: Fr. larger than in the preceding; said to be of 
 excellent quality. Intro<luce<l from Persia. — Raugpur 
 (Mandarin Lime): Fr. resembling a mandarin orange 
 in having easily removable rind and separable segments 
 or carpels; said to be of excellent quality. Introduced 
 from India. — Tahiti: Fr. large, early, nearly seedless, 
 of fine (quality: tree nearly thornless ; prolific. Intro- 
 duced from Tahiti. This is probably the most highly 
 prized variety of Lime grown. Until recently, the Lime 
 had been use«l mainly for the manufacture of lime juice, 
 which had become a standard article of commerce, and 
 citric acid. Recently, limeade has became very popular 
 at the soda fountains throughout the country, and this 
 use is so rapidly exten<linfr that in a few years it will 
 doubtless make Lime-growing an important industry. 
 
 H. J. Webbee. 
 CIVE (written also Chive). Allium Schoendprasum, 
 Linn., a perennial plant native to Europe and the north- 
 em borders of the U. S. and northward. Se^ Alliuni. 
 The leaves of Cive are used green as seasoning in soups, 
 salads and stews ; but, like other vegetables of this class, 
 it is little known in America. Give grows 6 to 8 inches 
 high, making dense mats of narrow, hollow leaves, and 
 
326 
 
 GIVE 
 
 CLARKIA 
 
 blooming freely in v. let-colored heads, which e^arcely 
 overtop the foliage. The plunt makes an excellent per- 
 manent edging, and is worth growing for this purpose 
 alone. It is easily propagated by dividing the clumps; 
 but. like other tufted plants, it profits by having the 
 stools broken up and replanted every few years. It rarely 
 secOs. It thrivt-s in any garden soil. The leaves may be 
 cut freely, for they quickly grow again. l H. B. 
 
 CLADANTHUS (Greek, kladrnt, branch, and anthos, 
 flower : alluding to the branching, which distinguishes 
 this monotypic genus from Anthemis). Comp-Jsita-. An 
 annual, yellow-rayed herb, branched from the base in a 
 forking manner. A flower terminates each branch, where- 
 upon two new branches start from directly beneath the 
 flower. Each of these is temporarilv stopped by a flower, 
 and so on. A free-flowering, hardy annual, requiring no 
 special care. 
 
 proliferus, DC. {Anthemis Ardh'ca, Linn.). Annual: 
 glabrous, 2-'M4 ft. high: Ivs. alternate, {(innately parted; 
 lobes linear, trifld: tls. solitary, bracted. N. Africu, not 
 Arabia. ' w\ ^j. 
 
 CLADOTHAMNUS {klados, branch, and thamnos, 
 bush, from the Greek). Jb'ricdceie. Erect shrubs, with 
 many virgate branches : Ivs. deciduous, alternate, entire: 
 fls. pink, terminal, 1-3, nodding ; corolla divided to the 
 base or nearly so into 5 oblong petals; stamens 10: cap- 
 sule .T-6-celled. Two species in Pacitic N. America, from 
 Alasn . to ^\■ashington. Hardy deciduous shrubs, with 
 handsome, rather large, pink fls. in summer; rarely cul- 
 tivated. They will probably grow best in peaty and sandy 
 soil, in a half -shady position : i)rop. by seeds or by 
 cuttings of soft wood under glass, aiid by layers. 
 
 C. piirolivflbrus. Bong. Shnib. 4-10 ft. : Ivs. nearly sessile, obo- 
 vate-laneeolate, mucronulate, glabrous. i»;vle green, iV^-'i/^in. 
 long : rts. solilfirj-. with 5 separate petals. 1 in. across, Alaska. 
 <T.F. 10: 21.'>.— ('. campanvlatvs. Greene. I.,vs. smaller : lis. 1-3, 
 with the petals united into a short tube. Wtishington. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CLADEASTIS (Greek, hrittJe branch). Virgilia of 
 gardens. Leyumind.<nv. Deciduous trees . Ivs. alternate, 
 odd-pinnate, with few. rather larjre. entire, short-stalked 
 leaflets: fls. in long, often panicled racemes, white, papil- 
 ionaceous ; calyx campanulate, 5-to«)thed; stamens 10, 
 free or connate only at the base: pod linear, compressed, 
 with .'M3 seeds. '_'wo species in N.Anier. and E.Asia. 
 Hardy ornamental trees of medium size, with showy fls. 
 and hamlsome fuliatre, turniu}; bright yellow in ft'.]'. They 
 thrive in almost any soil, i'rop. l»y seeds. • o n ii pring, 
 or by root cnttinjrs, <lug up in fall and k . t iu . d or 
 moss, moderately moist and cool, until ■ lag. 
 
 tinctdria, Raf. {C. Ihtea, Koch. Virjili lit f e a. Uichx.). 
 Tree. with yellow wood and smooth bark .^onjf times 50 ft. : 
 leaflets 7-U. oval or ovate, glabrous, bright green, 3-4 in. 
 long: panicles loose, drooping. 10-UO ii^. long: fls. white, 
 fraj^rant, ov»>r 1 in. long. June. Kentuckv, Tennessee 
 and N. Carolina. S.S. 3: lll>-20. Mich. Hist. Arb. III. 2H6. 
 Gng. 2: 401 : 5: 98. F.E. 8: 427. G.F. 1 : 1(2. -(/ne of the 
 most beautiful flowering native trees, with wide, graceful 
 head and a short trunk, well adapt»^d a . single tree on 
 the lawn, riardy north to New Eng, and Ont. The wood 
 yields a clear yellow dye. Known as Yellow-wood. 
 
 Amnr6nsis , Koch ( ^fa fid- in A m h ren s i.n , Rupr. ) . Tree, 
 to 40 ft. : leaflets 7-11. elliptic- or oblong-ovate, rounded 
 at the 1>ase, glabrous, 2-.3 in. lonu;: racemes erect, dense- 
 rtd.. often pa-.'icled at the base, 4-8 in. long: fls. whitish, 
 about ':,in. long. July, Aupr. Manchuria. B.M.Gool.— 
 Vai\ Eu^rgeri, Maxim., from Japan, has the Ivs. pubes- 
 cent beneath. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 GLABEIA (Captain Wm. Clark, companion of Lewis, 
 ex^-'jrer of the Koeky Mt. region). Onagrdceir. Herbs 
 of Western N. Amer., with alternate, mostly entire Ivs. 
 and showy fl . in the upper axils or in terminal racemes. 
 Fls. regular, the calyx tubular, the petals 4, narrow at 
 the base and entire or lobed. wide-spreading ; stamens 
 8, the alternate ones shorter: stijjnja.s 4, large : pod <»b- 
 long or linear, 4-sided. Clark ias are hardy a'inuals of 
 easy cult. They thrive in a warm, light soil, either fully 
 exposed to the sun or in partial shade. Useful for low 
 masses or for edgings ; also for vases and baskets. 
 They have been much iraoroved bv domestication. 
 
 A. Petals entire, or at least not lohed. 
 
 6leg&llB, Doug]. {C. neriifdlia, Hort.}. Fig. 483. From 
 1-3 ft. high in cult., glabrous or nearly so, the stems 
 reddish and glaucous, simple or sparingly branched : 
 Ivs. broad-ovate to linear, remote-dentate: fls. purple or 
 rose-colored, runninfj into white vars.; double forms 
 in cult. : claw of the petal aboTit as long as its rhom- 
 boidallimb: capsule ses.^ile. B.M. 3.")!)2. R.H. 1845:385. 
 Mn. 1:22. — One of the commonest annual fls. 
 
 rhomboidea, Dougl. Not so tall and more slender : 
 Ivs. thin, lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, entire : claw 
 often toothed, shorter than the rhomboidal limb: capsule 
 stalked. R.H. 364:151? — Perha^^s not in cult. 
 
 AA. Petals deephj 3-Iobed. 
 
 pulch611a, Pursh. Fig. 484. One ft. to 18 in. high, 
 branchy, often ttifted and dwarf, the stems mostly pu- 
 berulent: Ivs. narrowly lance-oblong to linear, narrowed 
 
 483. ClEU-kia elegans. 
 Showing doublj tlowers and the capsules (X %). 
 
 into a petiole, entire: fls. lilac, running into white vars. : 
 capsule stalked. B. M. 2918. R. H. 1845:385 ; 188(3, p. 
 557.— Common in cult. There are semi-double forms. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
CLARY 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 327 
 
 CItABY. The dried.lvs. of Salvia Sriarea, vrhich are 
 ttseil for seasoning. Other species of Salvia have been 
 used fo" the same purpose. See Salvia. 
 
 484. Clarkia pulchella 
 
 CLAYTdNIA (after John Clayton, of Virqrinia. one ot 
 the earliest American botanists. From his collections 
 Gronovius edited the Flora Virginica). Portnlaccictw. 
 Spring Beauty. Small, hardy, glabrous, succulent, 
 perennial herbs, Vith slender, 2-leaved stems from a 
 deep, globular conn, and loose nicemes of white or rose- 
 colored rts. with deeper veins, appearing among the first 
 wild rts. and lasting only a few days. The genus has 
 about 25 species, mostly N. Amer., and is characterized 
 by its oval, persistent sepals and 5 stamens. Plants can 
 be obtaiiUMl from dealers in native plants. Tliey can be 
 naturalize<l in moist places, and do well in half-shady 
 epots at the bottom of a rockery. For C.parvifolia, 
 jmrri flora and perfoliata, see Motitia. 
 
 Virginica, Linn. Plant 4-8 in. long, often forcing an 
 irrejTular way through the leaf-mold of damp, rich 
 woods: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or linear, 2-<> ft. long, in- 
 cluding the gradually tapering base : tis. larger and 
 more numerous than in C Caroliniana. Colo, to At- 
 limtic and S. to Gulf. B.M. 941. L B.C. 7:043. D. 33. 
 
 Caroliuiana, Michs. Lower and fewer-fld.: Ivs. 1-2 in. 
 long, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or somewhat spatulate, 
 with a blade 1-2 i»'. long, abruptly contracted into a 
 marginal petiole. Minn, to Atlantic and S. to Mts. of 
 North Carolina. 
 
 lanceolita, Pursh. About 4 in. hlgb : Ivs. oblong or 
 linceolitc. H-l^ein. long, sessile, the base broad or 
 narrow: raceme short-peduncle<l : petals emarginate or 
 almost obcordate. Utah and Calif. \^ ^i 
 
 CLEISOSTOMA ((ireek, ch.sei1 mo n, refer ing to the 
 structure of the spur). OrchiiliiceiV, tribe Vdndeiv. 
 Epiphytes : stems leafy : Ivs. coriaceous, flat or nearly 
 teret< : sepals and petals adnate to the column, spread- 
 intr lab<'llum with a large saccate spur; column short, 
 thick ; pt 'li'Ma 2. From eastern Asia and Austral. A 
 geniiH com^/iising in this neighborl: d 40 species, 
 which suggest Saccolabiimi. Th«> i)lants are little 
 kno.vii in .Vmer. The leading species are C. rrassifn- 
 iium, Liudl., and t'. rinnens, Reiehb. f. V. Vaunonia- 
 
 num, Reiehb. f. , is a Trichoglottis ; C. muUiflorumf 
 Hort., is probably brides multiflortim. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 CL£MATIS (Greek name of a climbing plant). Ba- 
 nunculiiceic. Climbing vines, or erect or ascending per- 
 ennial herbs, more or less woody : Ivs. opposite, slen- 
 der petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some 
 species entire: sepals usually 4 or '», sometimes more, 
 valvate in the bud, petaloid ; petals none (or small in 
 Atragene section) ; stamens many; pistils many; akenes 
 in a head, 1-seeded ; style persistent, long, plumose, 
 silky or naked. Fig. 492. About 150 species of very 
 wide geographical distribution, most abundant in tem- 
 perate regions. Abimt 20 species found native in 
 North America. — Les Clematites, Ali)honse Lavall^e, 
 Paris, 1884; referred to below by "Lav. "-The Clema- 
 tis as a Garden J"'lower, Thomas ^loore and George 
 Jackman, London, 1872 ; referred to below by "M. & J."* 
 — Clematises, Dr. Jules le Bele, in Bull, de la Societe 
 d'Hort. de la Sarthe ; republished in The Garden (vol. 
 53). June-Oct. 1898. —O. Kuntze, Monogr. der Gattung^ 
 Clematis in Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885). — A. 
 Gray, Fl.N. Am. 1:4-9, 1895. 
 
 A rich soil of a light, loamy character is the best for 
 Clematises, and a little mixture of lime will make it 
 better. The soil must be well drained, and must be kept 
 rich by at least annual applications of horse- or cow-ma- 
 nure. On dry, hot soils cow-manure is best, while on 
 heavy soils a thorough dressing of rich leaf -mold 
 would best serve the purpose. Mulching with half-rot- 
 ted manure on the approach of winter tends to increase 
 the strength of the plants ami the size of the flowers. 
 In dry seasons, spraying is always helpful during the 
 gn>wing season. 
 
 Clematises belonging to the Montana, Ca^rulea, Florida, 
 and Lanuginosa types shouhl be pruned in February or 
 March, by cutting away all weak, straggling and over- 
 crowded branches. The first three mentioned flower 
 from the ripened wood ; it is essential, therefore, that 
 in or<ier*to secure blossoms, enough of the strong one- 
 year-old wood slumld be retained. Viticella. -Tack- 
 mani and Lanuginosa should be vigorously cut back, 
 say in November ; they blossom from the new shoots. 
 Those of the Ca^rulea type should be pruned very little, 
 soon after the flowers have <lisappeared. by simpiy trim- 
 ming off useless branches and see<l-beariiig peduncles. 
 
 CK'uiatises of the vigorous climbing varieties are used 
 in many i)laces to cover walls, root fences, mounds, 
 arbors, balconies, trellises, snuill buildings, and, in fact, 
 many other places the ingenious gardener will think of. 
 For pot culture in the greetdiouse, and for conservatory 
 walls, the less vigorous species are best suited. All the 
 many varieties and hybrids of the Ca^nilea and Lanu- 
 ginosa types, including Henryi and the fonns of Jaek- 
 mani, are well adapted to this use, as well as for out- 
 doi>r puri)oses. The dwarfer and more bushy species 
 are used in greenhouses to some extent, but are found 
 principally in borders or on large rockeries. Of the 
 latter J. B. Keller says : "Their flowers are not so 
 large as we see them in most of the climbers, yet they 
 are indispensable in the flower garden, being i>rolific 
 bloomers and free growers in ordinarily rich, deep gar- 
 den soil. There is room for improvement in this class, 
 however, and specialists who hitherto have done so 
 nnich for the climbers, «mgb.t to direct their efforts now 
 to the long-neglected bush Clematises. A noble begin- 
 ning has been made, resulting in the large-flowering 
 C. intrgrifolia, var. Diirandi, but we expect more of 
 then) in the future." See special notes on culture and 
 hybrid-forming qualities after the descriptions of some 
 of the species and varieties. 
 
 The most conmion method of ])ropagation is by graft- 
 ing. Roots of C. FUntnmthi or C. I'ifleelhi are used : 
 the cions are taken from plants that have been grown 
 under glass, and are used before the wood is entirely 
 ripe. Cions taken from plants grown in the garden in 
 summer are rarely succ<'ssful. The grafts, in pots or 
 trays, are grown in a moist coolhouse, over gentle bot- 
 tom heat. Another method of propagation, involving 
 less labor but usually successful, is to take cuttings of 
 nearly ripe wood, grown under glass, and treat them as 
 the cions tirst above mentioned, without the roots. The 
 lafer method is practiced preferably in summer in 
 
328 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 gentle hotbeds; shading, spraying, and later on airing, 
 must be strictly attended to. Layering is practiced 
 where large old stools are at hand. The knife is not used 
 in the operation, but a twist of the stem will split the 
 inner bark lengthwise. Every other joint is thus treated, 
 pegged di)vvn, and covered with soil. It is best to leave 
 the layers undisturbed until the following spring. Many 
 of the species are often propagated by seed, and many 
 new varieties have thus been formed' The number of 
 hybrids is almost countless ; in tliis account are care- 
 fully recorded all those in the American trade which are 
 traceable to their origin. 
 
 The Clematis is sul>ject to a very serious disease, due 
 to rhe depredations of a nemat»)de worm in the roots. 
 This trouble is most serious under {jl.-iss and along'^ide 
 buildings where the ground does not freeze deep. The 
 parasite is probably distributed in the soil adhering to 
 pot-grown plants. It is probable that hard freezing kills 
 the parasite. There is no remedy, so far as kncwn. for 
 atfected plants. Using only soil which has been frozen is 
 to be recommended to the propagator. k. C. Davis. 
 
 The hybrid varieties of Clematis, commonly known as 
 the large-flowering sorts, are, when successfully grown, 
 among the most beautiful of hardy climbing plants. The 
 commercial propagat' ,n and growing of must of the 
 large-flowcriiig varieties, however, is attended with so 
 many difficulties and disappointments that it has never 
 been very generally attempted by nurser\^nen or florists 
 in this country. At the present time there are scarcely 
 half a dozen houses on this continent who attemf)t the 
 propagation of Clematis to any considerable extent, and 
 it is only within the past fifteen years that Clematises 
 have been commercially grown even by this limited 
 number. Prior to that, practically all of the lartre-flower- 
 ing Clematis i)lanted in this countrj- were imported from 
 Europe, the major part being supplied by Holland, 
 whose moist atmosphere and black soil pro«luces large, 
 vigorous plants, but whose climatic conditions are so 
 entirely different from those usually found in this 
 country that the jilants often failed to'adapt themselves 
 to their new surroundings, and did not thrive to the ex- 
 tent that their good size and vigorous condition seemed 
 to srive promise. 
 
 The propagation of Clematis throughout Europe is 
 usually effected by grafting pieces of well-ripened, year- 
 old wood upon roots of almost any of the more vigorous 
 growing i^pech'H, Cletnafis Ilam'mula lieing most com- 
 monly used. In this country, on the contrary, the method 
 commonly piirsued is by means of cuttings from young 
 wood, stmck in sand, with gentle bottom heat, usually 
 during May or .Tune. So far as concerns the comparative 
 vigor and desirability of 
 plants produced by these two 
 methods, there is small choice 
 between them. It has been 
 our experience that propatra- 
 tion by cuttings is, in this 
 country, the more rapid and 
 ec(mt>nucal way, and, further, 
 it removes the possibility, 
 som»'times realized in grafted 
 ]ilants, of sprouts being 
 thrown up from the roots, 
 aTid. if in the hands of an un- 
 iiiforiiifd amateur, enlircly 
 "running out" the variety 
 grafted in. 
 
 Clematises hybridize so 
 readily that the number of 
 varieties resultant from va- 
 rious crosses forms a long 
 list. But while so mr. ,- have 
 been dignifle<l with names and 
 places in the catalo^ies of 
 nurserymen, yet the varieties 
 of large-flowering Clematis 
 that have proved so valuable 
 as to secure pennanent phwes 
 for themselves in popular 
 
 demand can almost be counted upon one's flnsrers. 
 There are many varieties possessing most beautiful 
 shades and variations of coloring that fail to attain 
 popularity, chiefly on account of deticieucy iu two es- 
 
 sential characteristics,— vigorous habit of growth and 
 abundance of bloom. Clematis Jackmani, pur|»le 
 originated in 18(52, by Mr. George Jackman, was one of 
 the first hybrid Clematises introduced, and still stands 
 as the most popular, and, of its color, the most valuable 
 variety yet known. The ne«v variety, Madame Edouard 
 Andr6, a deep, rich crimson, is distinct and novel, bcirjg 
 at this time the only largre-flowering sort of a truly 
 crimson shade. It is of fully as vigorous habit as the 
 •Jackmani, and its flowers are similarly massed, though 
 not produced incjuitesuch i)rofusion. Clematis Madame 
 Baron Veillard is another new and distinct variety that 
 promises to prove a valuable acquisition. It is of «x- 
 ceedin<rly vigorous habit, and the flowers are (luite 
 freely produced, thouirh, be ing more dispersed over the 
 plant, they do nc^t make so much of a show as do varie- 
 ties whose flowers are closely massed. The flowers are 
 of very large size and of a li:j:ht rose color, shaded with 
 lilac. Of white varieties. Henryi, Mrs. Oeorire -lack- 
 man and Lanuginosa Candida, all of them intro<lui'ed 
 Ions: ago, still remain about the most desirable ones 
 known. RaJuona, deep sky-blue, is a variety which 
 originated vn our grounds some ten years ago. It is of 
 extra lartre size, often 9 to 10 inches across, of very 
 vigorous hal)it and free-flowering. 
 
 Of double-flowered varieties. Duchess of Edinburgh, 
 white, is the best known in this country, an<l about the 
 most desirable, though a new double white variety, called 
 "Snowdrift," originated by the famous Luther Burhaiik, 
 and now being propagate<l by us. promises to excel it 
 in both floriferousness and vigor of gro^\'th. John (iould 
 Veitch is a double sort with flowers of lavender-blue, 
 but, with us at least, has seemed a shy bloomer and of 
 weak habit. 3Ime. Grange (purplish violet), Star of 
 India (purple), Velutine Purpurea (purple), and Viti- 
 cella Venosa (reddish purple), are all desirable varieties. 
 
 Although they are in reality slightly less hardy than 
 the Flori<ia and Patf^ns t\*i:)es,we would recommend for 
 northern localities varieties of the Lanuginosa, Viticella 
 and Jackmani tyi)es. which produce their flowers from 
 young growing wood. Plants of '"hese ty])cs, even if 
 frozen back to the ground, will still produce a good show 
 of flowers, since, as stated, they bloom fnmi the young 
 growing wood. Indeed, they need to be pnined back 
 considerably anyway to induce a free growth of young 
 wood. With plants of the Patens and Florida types, 
 which blossom from year-old wood, a severe freezing 
 back of the plants would destroy the crop of flowers for 
 the year. 
 
 Of the small-flowering varieties, Clematis vauintlata 
 { white ) , introduced from Japan, has proved a wonderfully 
 
 485. Spray of Clematis panicuiata. 
 
 valuable accjuisition iu this country, and has already 
 become exceedingly popular. It is of remarkably 
 vigorous habit, often making a growth of 20 to 25 feet 
 in a season. It seems thus far to be entirely free from 
 
CLEMATIS 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 329 
 
 disease, is delightfully fragrant, and so floriferous thac 
 the lilossonis form a dense sheet of bloom, remaining in 
 full Iteauty f«»r several weeks. The foliage is very thick 
 and heavy, thus making it ver>' desirable for covering 
 porches and arbors. 
 
 Crispa (blut-l and Coccinoa (red) are varieties with 
 very pretty, bell-shaped flowers. They are easily grown 
 and do well in alniu ,t all situations. 
 
 The perennial, non-climbintr varieties of Clematis are 
 most plctising border ])lants, suceeoding well in all ordi- 
 nary soils and making a rieh show of bloom at their 
 dowering sf-ason. Davidiana (blue) and Recta (white) 
 are about tiie best known and mo.st desiraole varieties 
 of this class. 
 
 To grow Clematis most successfully, they should be 
 given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of 
 well rotted numure spade«l in and thoroughly distrib- 
 ufed through the soil. In hoi, dry weather, the pi .its 
 sliould be regularly watere<l in order to obtain tht 
 greatest number of lis, possible, for the jdants are very 
 susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great im- 
 portance, especially iu caring for newly set 
 plants, is to provide a firm sui>poft for them to ^-» 
 climb upon. A solid wooden or metal trellis is 
 preferable, for the reason that it prevents tha 
 plants from being whipped about by the winds, whic.'i 
 often results either in breaking the stalks just above the 
 ground or eNe in crackinjr the outer b irk of the stalks 
 and rendering them more liable to tae attacks of in- 
 set'ts and fungous diseases. Training the vines upon 
 Strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be 
 a<lvised for this reason. l*ropagation of the hybrid 
 varieties is elTected both by cuttings and by grafts. 
 All of the type varieties grow readily froju seed. 
 
 Jackson & Pekkins Co. 
 
 Index: alpiiia, .32; arisfnfft,9; aromatica, 29; azurea, 
 U. bico\pr. 2t» ; brevicaudata, fi ; caerulea, 14 ^ Califor- 
 nica, 8 ; canipanitiora. I'J ; Candida, 12 : ( atesbyana, 7 ; 
 cirrhosa, 1"); cocciiiea, 21; Columbiana, .'U : enissifolia, 
 9,- crispa, 22; Davidiana, 2."); Douglasi,2G; Drummondi, 
 3, erecf'i, 1 ; eriostemon, 18 ; excelsior, 12 ; F'lammula, 
 2 ; floribunda, 19 ; florida, 20 ; Fortune!, 20 ; Fremonti, 
 27; fulgens, IS; grandiJlora, U. 15; graceolena, 11; 
 Henderson!, 18; Henryi, 12; heracleasfolia, 25; Hookeri, 
 25; indivisa, 17; integrifolia, 28 : Jackmani, 12 ; Ker- 
 mesinus. 18 , lanuginosa, 12 ; ligusiicifolia, 8 ; lilicina- 
 floribunda, 18; marmorata, 18: Meyeriana, 10; modesta, 
 18; niontana, 15; nivea, 12; oecidentalis, ,32; ochroleuca, 
 ;{0; o'lorata, 15 ; orientalis, 11 ; paniculata, 5 ; patens, 
 n ; Pieroti, 16 ; Pitcheri, 24 : p'lrpurea-hvbrida, 18 ; 
 rectri, 1 ; reticulata 2.3 ; rubella. 2 ! Sargenti, 24 ; Si- 
 birkn,'.\2; Sieboldi, 20 : Standisl^ii. 14 ; Stanleyi. 1.3; 
 st:ms, 25; fuhnlosa, -lo: Tunbridgensis, 12; verticillaris, 
 31; Viorna, 21; V^irginiana, 7; Vitalba, 4; Viticella, 18. 
 
 A. True petal f none; sepalx petaloid. Clematis proper. 
 
 B. Stifles of fruit very long and plumose {Fig. 492). 
 
 C. Fls. on the new growth, numerous, small, appear- 
 ing in the last half of the season, often in pani- 
 cles. Flammula section. 
 
 D. Herbaceous, nearlj erect. 
 I. r6cta, Linn. (6'. ericta, Linn.). Herbaceous, some- 
 what tufted, 2-;{ ft. long : 
 Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. stalked, 
 ovate, acuminate, entire: fls. 
 .uimerous,on a large. branch- 
 ing, terminal corymb; white, 
 sweet-scented, 1 in. across. 
 June-Aug. S. En. G.i. .52, 
 p. 510; 53, p. .547. -Var. 
 pl^na, Lemoine, Fully dou- 
 bled, buttt>n-like blossoms. 
 
 DD. Woody or half-u'oody, 
 climbing. 
 
 E, Fls. usually perfect, 
 nearly white. 
 Fldmmula, Linn. [C. 
 
 486. 
 Flower of 
 Clematis paniculata. 
 Natural size. 
 
 linear : fls. small, numerous in axillary and terminal 
 panicles; sepals 4, linear -oblong white; stamens white; 
 fr. bearing white plumes. Aug.-Oct. Mediterranean 
 region. Gu. 52, p. 499. — Must have a sunny exposure ; 
 
 very beautiful. 
 
 Var. rubella, 
 
 Bele (C. riihnia, 
 
 Pers., not Hort.). 
 
 Differs from the 
 
 487. ( 4 \ '4'/, .<'/ \\ ♦^ype in having the 
 
 T £ r r'l *• »>^ \''^'^i''>f/i'.//,\''\ ^s. red outside. 
 Leaf of Clematis "^ ' ■>.ii...'ir\ . \ 
 
 Vireiniana. 
 
 PMlasi, ,J. F. Gniel.). A 
 slender but vigorous climber, reaching 10-15 ft.; dark 
 groen Ivs., remaining fresh till midwinter; Ivts. vari- 
 able but usually bipiunate, small, ovate, oblong or 
 
 .3. Drummondi, Ton*. & 
 Gray. Allied to C. Flom- 
 muLi : stem and Ivs. a>hy 
 pubescent ; Ivs. finely pin- 
 nate : rts. white, much less 
 abundant ; styles becoming 
 2-3 in. long. Sept. Dry ground, Tex. to Ariz. 
 
 4. Vit&lba, Linn. In Europe called Tr*' .eller's Joy. 
 The most vigorous ciimlier of the genus, ascending 20- 
 30 ft.: Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. ovate-lu ceolate, acuminate, 
 cordate at the base, partly cut: fls. numerous, in axillary 
 panicles, dull white, /4 in. across, with a faint odor of 
 almonds: styles of fr. long and feathery, from which ifc 
 is given the name Old Man's Beard, July-Sept. Eu., 
 X. Afr., Caucasus region. Gn. 53, p. 540. S.H. 2:540. 
 
 5. paniculata, Thunl). Figs. 485 486. A vigorous 
 climber: Ifts. 3-5, often lobed, acuminate, 1—4 in. long, 
 g'.ibrous : fls. fragrant, 1-1 J^ in. across, in axillary and 
 terminal pan:cles ; sepals 4, dull white. Sept. .lapan. 
 G.F.3:621; 5:91; 9:75and 185. F.R.2:.581. Mn.7.113; 
 Gng. 1:101 and 1(15; 6:291; 4:229. A.F. 13: 13.4.— 
 Prop, by seed. By f.it the most common of the fall- 
 blooming species iu American gardens. Thrives best in 
 sunny si^uiitious.— Will stand severe pruning in winter. 
 
 6. brevicaudata, DC. {€. brevicordata, Hort,), Climb- 
 ing vigorously : Ivs. pinnate to bipinnate ; segments 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, nearly gla- 
 lirous: fls. in axillarv jianicle-^ white. Aug.-Oct. China. 
 G. F. 5: 139. -Very little use. 
 
 EE. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, white, or wh'tish. 
 
 7. Virginiana, Linn. Fig. 487. Climbing 12 to 15 ft.: 
 Ivs.ternate: Ifts. glabrous, cut-toothe<l, bases often cor- 
 date : fl^. white, ill leafy panicles, often moiiu-cious or 
 di(Pcious. about 1 in. aeross when expande<l : jdumose 
 stvles 1 in. or more in length. Julv-Sept. X(.va Scotia 
 to"Ga., westward to Kans. G.W.F. A. 12. D. 103. 
 
 Var. Catesby^na, Britton IC. f'atesbyiina, Pursh). 
 Lvs. somewhat pubesct-nt, often biternate. S. E. states. 
 F1.7:>'' ("jU). Int. 1883. 
 
 8. ligusiicifdlia, Xun. Allied to C. Virginimin. but 
 hi viiig ,5-7 Ifts., of firmer '.exture, rather more pubes- 
 cent, variable in form an<l margin. l»ut usually 3-lobed or 
 coarsely tootlied : fls. white, ^^in. across, in terminal and 
 axillary panicles ; styles densely silky-pubescent, with 
 long, straight hairs. Aug. Missouri to N. Mexico and 
 Brit. Columbia. Int. 1881. Var. Califdrnica, Wats., has 
 no marked difl'<'rence : lvs. usually smaller and perhaps 
 more tometitose. 
 
330 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 9. crassiidlia, Benth. Climbing : Ivs. coriaceous, 
 3-parted; segments nearly entire, ovate-acuminate, with 
 bases cuneate: fls. in small, axillary panicles; sepals 4, 
 spreading, dull or white ; anthers shorter than the fila- 
 ments. Late summer. China. — Suitable for greenhouse 
 use, but not yet well introduced. C. aristata, of B. R. 
 3:238, is a fair representation of this plant. 
 
 488. Clematis Henryi. One-fourth sbx. 
 
 10. Meyeniana; Wa.lp. climbing rapidly, more hardy 
 tha'i C. crufssifoiia : Ivs. much the same, but with the 
 segments obtuse or cordate at the base : fls. much as in 
 that species, but with the anthers longer than the fila- 
 ments. Late summer. China. 
 
 EEE. Ji^ls. perfect, yellow, and more spreading than 
 the precedinfj. 
 
 11. orientalis, Linn. (C. grnveolens, Lindl.). A rapid 
 climber, reaching 12-1.') ft. : Ivs. thin, glaucous and shiny, 
 twice or thrice teruate ; Ifts. :{-parte<l or -lobed, with 
 small, ovate, entire or cut-toothed divisions: tts. solitary, 
 becominjr erect or nearly so, \% in. across; sepals 4, yel- 
 low, tintf'd with trreen. somewhat reflexed ; styles ](lu- 
 mosH. Aug.- Sept. Himalaya region. Lav. 21. Fiirured 
 IS (\ (frit rt'olens in the following : B.M. H'J~). Gn. 45 :y54, 
 p. 240. F.S.4:374b; (5:. 548. 
 
 CG. Fls. on the Ufic ;;rotvth,appef -ing successively 
 throughout the summer. 
 
 D. Climbing plants. 
 
 12. lanugindsa, Lindl. (including var. pallida, Hort. ). 
 Climbing only 5 or «i ft. : Ivs. simple or of 3 Ifts., cortlate- 
 acuminate, woolly beneath: fls. erect, woolly in the bud, 
 the largest of the Wild species, being 6 in. across; sepals 
 5 or 6. broadly ovate, leathery, rather flat, overlapping, 
 lavender or bluish gray: center of stamens pale red<lish 
 brown; styles plumose. Summer. Native near Ningpo, 
 
 China. F.S. 8:8U. I. H. 1:14. Lav. 1. M.&J.4.-Iti8 
 to this species, more than to any other, that the beauty 
 and popularity of the garden varieties and hybrids are 
 due. The finest hybrids, including C../«*<A;»jrtHi and its 
 section, and C. Henryi, contain more or less of the blood 
 of C lanuginosa. 
 
 Var. Candida, Lemoine (C. Candida, Hort.). Like the 
 type, except that the simple Ivs. and Ifts. of the compound 
 Ivs. are much larger, and the fls. are larger, being 7-8 in. 
 across. — Perhaps a hybrid of C.c<erulea. 
 
 Var. nivea, Lemoine (C. nivea, Hort.). Sepals 6-8. 
 narrowish. pure white: anthers pale brown. — Thought to 
 be of the same origin as the above var. 
 
 Othei forms of C. lanuginosa are : 
 
 Ladt/ Caroline yevill (C. Lady Caroline ^evill, Hort.). Fls. 
 often 7 in. afross ; sepalsl6, nearly white, with mauve-colored 
 stripe down center of eaeh. (in. 4^ p. 33.— One of the finest 
 light-colored varieties. 
 
 Marie Lefebrre (C. Marie Lefebvre, Hort.). Resembles the 
 last, Wj has 8 sepals, more pointed, and darker in shade. 
 
 Sensation 'C. Sensation. Hort.). Fls. like the tyjje, but with 
 6-7 grayish blue sepals ; lis. in. across. 
 
 i[adam^]Van Houtte (C. Madame Van Houtte, Hort.). Late- 
 blooming ; sepals pale ..blue, becoming white. 
 
 Madame Thibaut (C. Madame Thib.mt. Hort.). Fls. very 
 abundant.— Thought to be a hybrid with C Viticella. 
 
 The President (C. The President, Hort.). A rich violet-blue 
 flower. 
 
 Excelsior (C. Excelsior. Hort.). Fls. double ; sepals grajish 
 puride, with a reddish bar down the center of each. F.S. 
 20.1995. 
 
 Of the more certain hybrids of this group, some of which are 
 so closely allie<l to C lanu!iiu<isa as to l»econsi<lered varieties of 
 it, the following are the best in the American trade : 
 
 E. Fls. U'hite or whitish. 
 
 Qloire de St. Julien, Carre. (X C. cserulea, var. plena). Plant, 
 much like C. lanugino.sa, but with larger tls.; sepals tt-8, white 
 or pale gr."vy at first ; stamens yellow. 
 
 llenrui. Anderson-Henry (XC. florida.var. Fortune!.. Fig. 488. 
 Robust plant: free bloomer; tls. creamy white. l»e<'f)jning fully 
 e.xpamled whe i grown in the ojten sun or under glass. Aug.-Xov. 
 — It resembles more the lanuginosa parent. 
 
 Otto Fnfhi'f. Lemoine (X (\ ••aTuleaV Lrs. leathery. Muipk 
 or 3-parted: tis. of tleshy texture, grayish white. sonietinie» li«»- 
 coming bluish: sepals 8, >ilunt. broad: anthers brownish. 
 
 Iinperntrici' Eugenie, Carre. (C. 1. var. palltdfiX C ca«rttle».l. 
 Lvs. simple or 3-parted ; Ifts. broad and w<Md!y : rts..)*-i» iu. 
 across, with 8 broad, white sepals. 
 
 Jeanne d'A re. Dauvesse. S;ime cros* .-is last and mn*- '^•p it, 
 but the sepals are grayish white, with 3 bluo bars down tli« 
 center of each. 
 
 EE. Fls. some shade of blue, la render, purple, etc., 
 except in some vars. of C Jackmani. 
 
 Lawsonidna, Anderson-Henry (X C. tlorida. var. Fortunei). 
 Fls. very' large ; sepals 6-8, broad, rose-purple, marked with 
 darker veins. Aug.- Nov. 
 
 rubrn-riolacea, Jackman (X C. Viticella, v.-ir. atromliens). 
 Lvs. pinnate, with ovate-a'-uniiniite or sometimes ovat<' -lanceo- 
 late Ifts.: sepiils 4-6. maroon-purple : stamens gTeeni>h. F.S. 
 It): lt)30. F.M. 1876:217. Var. /', .nee of Wales, Hort., has fls. of 
 lighter tint. 
 
 Lfi France, Hort. (XC. .Jackmani). Lvs. smooth: buds 
 woolly: sepals deep col)alt-blue, pointed, with wa\-5' edges. 
 
 lifhte dfs lih'ucs. Boisselot ( same cross as the last) . Fls. large, 
 blue, with broad, recurved sepals. 
 
 Deroniensis.ViorX, (same cross). Fls. 8-9 in. across ; sepalsS, 
 delicate lavender-blue. Un. 9, p. 563 (note). 
 
 Symesidnn, Anderson-Henr>- (X C. tloiida. var. Fortunei). 
 Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 0-8, pale mauve: a profuse bloomer. 
 
 6>m. Baker (XC. Standishi). Lvs. 3-parted or simple: fls. 
 like C. lanuginosa in form; grjiyish blue. 
 
 Jackmani, Jackman (XC. Hendersoid, 18,")8-60). Habit and 
 lvs. of C. lanuginosa : tis. flat. 5-6 in. brojid : sepals 4-6, ver>- 
 broad, velvety purple, with a ribbed bar down the center: broad, 
 central tuft of pale green stamens. M. & .1. 5, 6, 9, 10. 11, VI, U. 
 I.H. 11:414. F.S. 16:bi-29. On. 22::U9: .53. p. .'62. A.ti. 19:2tl!t. .\.F. 
 10:1329. R.H.1H68::K)0. Var. fl//>rt. Hort. Fls. nearly pure white. 
 Gn. 2'>: 427. Var. superba, Hort. Fls. \iolet-purple, resembUng 
 C. Madame Grange. See Fig. 489. 
 
 Other hybrids or varieties of C. Jackmani are : Var. Gipsy 
 Queen, Cripps (C Gipsy Queen, Hort.), deep violet. Var. .!/«:• 
 dnf/rff . .I.'ickman (V. Alexandra, Hort.), re«ldish \iolet. Var. Star 
 of Irdia. Cripps ((\ Star of India, Hort.), 5 in. across, purple, 
 barred with red. Var. Tunbridgensis, Vripm (C.Tunbridgensis, 
 Hort.). reddish purple, barred with light blue. Var. magnifica. 
 
 I 
 
CLEMATIS 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 331 
 
 .lackman (C. magiiifif'.'i, Hort.), rich purple, shaded with crim- 
 son. ;{ bars of retl in each sepal. Var. Madame Grange, Hort. 
 (C. Madame Grange, Hort.), sepals ver>' concave, purple crim- 
 son. Var. Mrs. James Bateman, Noble tC. Mrs. James hateman, 
 Hort.). pale lavender ; a probable cross of C. J. with C. lamigi- 
 nosa : M, & J. 2, f. 1; F.S. 20:1779. Var. Mrs. Moore, Jackman 
 (C. .^!rs. Moore, Hort.), 8-9 in. across, sepals rather narrow, 
 white. Var Thomas Moore, Jackman (C. Thomas Moore, Hort.). 
 as large as the last, rich violet, with white stamens. Var. Madame 
 Baron Veillard, Baron Veil. (C. Madame Baron Veillard, Hort.), 
 ri>se-lilac. Var. Madame Andre, Baron Veil. (C Madame Andre, 
 Hon.).cHrinin?-violet. R.H. 1H<);!:18(). Var. relittina-tiurpurea, 
 J.iekman ('. velutina-purpurea. Hort.). tls. 4-6 in. actross, usu- 
 alG' -1. sometimes .'> or 6 sepals, blackish purple. 
 
 DD. Ilerbaef'ous, erect. 
 
 1.1. St&nleyi, Hook. iC Sta»le!/dna, Hort.). Erect, 
 robust herbs, ;} ft, high : Iv.s. biternate : Ifts. sessile or 
 petioled, variable in .'iize. cuneate, silky : fls. l-'.i in. 
 across, white to pink-purple: sepal.s becoming widely ex- 
 panded; stamens vell()w: stvles becoming verv plumose, 
 white. July-Oct. 'Transvaal. Int. 189:{. B.M.'TU;*). Gn. 
 39:789. O. F. :^: .")i:{. G.C. III. 8: :{27.- Suitable for 
 greenhouse culture ; in the northern states it is apt to 
 winter-kill if left unprotected. 
 
 CCC. Fls. on the year-old ripened irond. appeari»{/ in 
 late winter, spring, or earlij .•iiitnmer. 
 
 D. Sepals more than 4, usually 6-9. 
 
 14. caerulea, Limll. {C.p(iten'\ Morr. «fc Decne. C. azu- 
 red. Hort.. e.\. Turcz.l. Taller an<l more slender, and 
 Ifts. smaller and narrower than C. lanutjino.''a : fls. 
 spreading; sepals about 8, ratht-r narrow, delicate lilac; 
 stani^ns purple. Spring. Isle <»f Nippon, .Tapan. M.&J. 
 3. Lav. -J and :{. B.R. 2.'}: 1 !).");-.. P.M.-t:lU:{. B. 3:120.- 
 Shouhl be grown on a northern exposure to preserve the 
 color of the flowers. It is almost as prolific as C latuKji- 
 no.vi u. producing garden varieties and hybrids, and it 
 is the most likely of all to produce double- flowered forms. 
 
 Var. grandifldra, Hook. (C. azurea, var. grand I flora, 
 Hort.). Fls. larger than the type. B.:JL3983. 
 
 Var. StAndishi, Moore (C. Sfdndishi, Hort.). Fls. 
 about 5 in. across ; sepals light purple, of metallic 
 luster. — A tine variety from Japanese gardens. 
 
 The following ether garden varieties : 
 
 Mm. James Baker (C. Mrs. .Tames Baker, Kort.). Sepals 
 nearly white, ribbed with dark carmine. 
 
 Miss Bnteman, Noble (C. Miss Bateman, Hort.). Fls. more 
 ct-nipact than the t>-pe.6 in. across; sepals ovate, shortly' acumi- 
 nate, jinre white, with <Team-coh)re(l bars ; anthers brown. 
 Probably of hybrid origin ; allietl to var. Standishi. 
 
 Utella. .Tackman (C. Stella, Hort.). Fls. not so large as the 
 la.^t ; sep;ds deep mauve, with a red bar down the center of each. 
 F.S. 22: 2341. 
 
 i»ifl?j*a,Siebold (C. Amalia. Hort.). Sepals 6 or more, oblong- 
 lanceolate, light lilac. From Japanese gardens.^ F S. 10:1051. 
 
 Lord Lanesboroucjh, Noble (C. I./>rd Lanesborough, Hort.). 
 Sepals Ithiish lihw.each with a metallic purple bar.— A good va- 
 riety to gradually force to blossom in the greenhouse by March. 
 
 Lfid\i Lanesborough. NoVile (C. Lady LaneslM) rough, Hort.). 
 Sepals silver-gray, the bar Iteing lighter colored.— It will blos- 
 som in March in the greenhouse. 
 
 Marie, Simon-Louis (C. Marie, Hort.). Fls. darker than 
 the typ<-. 
 
 The Queen, Jackman (C. The Queen, Hort.). Fls. rather com- 
 pa<.-t. the sepals being broader than the type. 
 
 John JfHrrrti/, Jackman (C. John Murray, Hort.). Habit and 
 foliage bolder than the type: lis. somewhat later. Gn. 4G: 970. 
 
 Fair Rosamond, Jackman (C. Fair Rosamond, Hort.). Sepals 
 apiculate, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S. 
 22: 2:U2. 
 
 Countess of Lovelace, Jackman (V. Countess of Lovelace, 
 Hort). Fls. double, blue-violet : sepals much imbricated. In 
 the second crop of Idooms the tls. are single, as is often the case 
 in other double varieties. 
 
 Albert Victor. Noble H'. Albert Victor. Hort.). Fls. much like 
 the type, hut large and more compact.— Suita))le for forcing 
 under glass. 
 
 Durhtss of Edinburgh, Jackaian fC. Duchess of Edinburgh, 
 Hort. ) . Fls. double, white, strouyly imbricate<i. 
 
 Lfyfiis van Uovtte, Hort. (C. Louis van Houtte, Hort). Semi- 
 double, rosy white. 
 
 Vesta, Endlicher ((\ Vesta, Hort.). Sepals gray: anthers re<l. 
 Gt. 39:1333. Gn.9:lH. 
 
 £r»>7^nfl,Siebold (C.Helena, Hort.). Fls. pure white, with yel- 
 low stamcus. F.S. 11:1117. I.H.1:2L 
 
 m-onstrosa. Van Houtte (C. monstrosa, Hort.). Fls. semi- 
 double, pure white. F.S. 9: 960. 
 
 Sophia, Sieljold (0. Sophia, Hort.). Sepals deep lilac-purple 
 on the edges, with light green bars. F.S. 8:852. l.H.l:21. 
 B.H.::97. 
 
 DD. Sepals 4. 
 
 \r). mont&na. Buch.-Ham. {C. odordta, Hort., not 
 Wall.). A vigorous cliniber, often reaching a height of 
 1.5-20 ft. : Ivs. ternate.with oblong-acuminate cut -toothed 
 Ifts.: fls. several in each axil, following each other in 
 succession of time, rasembling white anemone blossoms, 
 sweet-scented ; sepals 4, elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long, 
 spreading, becoming pink ; stamens con.spicuous, yel- 
 low. Mav. Himalava regicm. B.R. 26:53. M. & J. 8. 
 Gn.49, p'39; .")l,p."349. A. G. 19:391. R. H. 18.50:161. - 
 The species prefers a mild climate. The .section of 
 Clematises to which it belongs includes the evergreen 
 forms, such as C. cirrhosa, Linn., of the Mediierrauean 
 region. 
 
 Var. grandifldra, Hort. Fls. 3-i in. across. B.M. 4061. 
 
 16. Pierdti, Miq. Closely allied to the last: Ivs. and 
 Ifts. shaggy -hairj', much toothed, veins prominent : fls. 
 small. Early summer. Japan. 
 
 489. Clematis Jackmani, var. alba. 
 
 17. indivisa.Willd. Much like C. r«onfan« .- flg.white; 
 requires cool greenhouse culture, and is then verv beau- 
 tiful : Ivs. evergreen. G.F. 0:167. A. F. 13:879. Gn. 
 53. p. 'Ai}. — Tndiv)sa, var, lolnMa, Hook., differs very 
 little from the tvpe. B.M. 4.398. R.H. 1853:241. Gn. 53 
 p. 547. F.S. 4:402. 
 
- ^KJ»^..: 
 
 332 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 BB. Styles of fr. uaually rather short, often becoming 
 plumose, but not no much as in B.— Viticella 
 tSeciion. 
 
 c. Climbinfj plants. 
 I). Fls. large, txpanded when mature. 
 
 18. Viticella, Linn. Climbing 8-12 ft.: lv^ sorae- 
 times tutire, but usually divided into [i neari, entire 
 Ifts. : fls. l>^-2 in. in diam., growing singly on pedun- 
 cles; sepals 4, blue, purple or rosy purple. ()bovate, 
 pointed, retlexed; stamens yellow: fr. with rather short 
 tails, devoid of plumes. June-Aue. 8. Eu. to Persia. 
 R.H. 18tiO, p. 183; 1876:110; 1879:350 (vars. t. B.M. .^(i5. 
 Lav. 7. — This is the type of one of the leading groups 
 of garden Clematises, and is one of the parents of the 
 Jackmani type of hybrids. 
 
 The four following are garden varieties : 
 Kfrmfn\nns. Hort. (C. Kermesinus. Hort.V Fls. of bright 
 wiue red color, purple being absent. Gn. 3l):T87. 
 
 LiUcina-florihunda, Hort. (C. lilifina-floribxitida, Hort. C. 
 flurihunda, Hort.). Fls. pale gray-lilat*. conspicuously veined. 
 On. IM. p. :{89 (note). — An abundant bloomer. Produced in an 
 English garden in 1880. 
 
 Lady liorill, Jackinan (C. L.ady Bovill, Hort.). Fls. cup- 
 fornied. sepals beini^ concave an<l little or not at all recurved 
 at the ends, fls. 4 in. across; sepals 4-(i, gra>isb blue; stamens 
 light brown. M. & J. \'k 
 
 Marmorata, .bu-kman (C. mamiorata, Hort.). Fls. rather 
 small, with 4 broad sepals, grayisb ()lue, :J lougitndiual bars. 
 M. & J. 1, f. 2; same plate in Y. S. 20:2008 vopp. p. IT ) 
 
 Hybrids of C. Viticella wliich are closely allied to that tj-pe: 
 
 Uendersoni, Henderson (C. eri6stemon. Dene. =C.V.XC. 
 integrifolia). Stem and habit of (".Viticella: Ifts. and fls. much 
 like 0. integrifolia: climbing 8-10 ft.: 4 bine sepals, spreading, 
 rertexed at the tips. R.H. 1852:341. F.S. 13:1364 (as var.venosa) . 
 
 0?ft«?/?o, Cripps. (=('. V.,var. 
 rubra X C. FlammulaK Fls. of ,'" / 
 
 mediuni size, of a deep velvety ,' ,. ' y 
 
 purple; continues blooming un- 
 til October. 
 
 Purpiirea-hybrida, Modeste- 
 Guerin(=C'.V.XC. 'acknianij. 
 Fls. 4-6 in. acro.s-. acop purple 
 violet, witii red veins, but not 
 barred. 
 
 C.V.XC.in- 
 fls. blue, lav- 
 
 491. Clematis Viorna. 
 
 491. Clematis florida. var. bicolor. 
 
 Modes'a, Modeste-Guerin (=C. V.X C. lanuginosa). Fls. well 
 expanded, large, bright blue, bars deeper colored. 
 
 Fulgens, Simon-Louis (== C. V.. \ -ir grandiflora'X V. lanugi- 
 nosa). Sepals 5-6, rather narrow, dark purple to blackish crim- 
 son, velvety, edges somewhat serrate. 
 
 Boskoop, Hort. (C. Boskoop See<lling, Hort. 
 t?grifolia). A new race in 181*2: growing 3-5 ft 
 euder, ruse or reddish rose. 
 
 19. campanifldra, Brot. Climbing 10-15 ft.: tis. re- 
 flexed and bell-shaped as in the above type or more so; 
 purple or whitish. June. July. Native of Pt>rtuu'al. 
 L.B.C. 10:987. Lav. 8. -This has been called C. Viti- 
 cella because of its close resemblance in flower, fruit 
 and leaf; but the Ivs. are often twice ternate, and the 
 plant is much more slender in habit. 
 
 20. fI6rida,Thunb. A slen- 
 der plant, climbing 9-12 ft.: 
 Ivs. variable, more or lei-s 
 ternate or biternate; Ifts. 
 small, ovate-lanceolate* fls. 
 2-4 in. across, flat when ex- 
 panded ; the 5-6 broad, 
 ovate sepals creamy white, 
 barn-d with purple beneath ; 
 stamens purplish. May, 
 June. Japan. B. M. 834. 
 K.H. 1856:41. 
 
 Var. bicolor, Steud. (C. 
 Si^h'jldi, D. Don). Fig. 490. 
 Like the type, but with the 
 I)urple stamens somewhat 
 petal-like, and forming a 
 dense, purple head in the 
 center. F. S. 5:487. Lav. 
 5. M. &J. 16. B. R.24:25. 
 P.M. 4:147. Gn. 22:349. K. 
 H. 1856:401. 
 
 Var. Fdrtunei, Moore (C. 
 Forliniei, Hort.). Flu. large, ver>' much d<mbled: se- 
 pals creamv white, becoming pink. F. S. 15: 15.')3. 
 G. C. 1863: 676. I. H. 10, p. 86. M. A: J. 13. 
 
 Belle of Woking (C. Belle of Woking, Hort.) , A hybrid form: 
 fls. verj- full and double; sepals purple. 
 
 John Gould Teitrh f C.John Gould Veitch, Hort. C. Vciti-b" 
 Hort.). Fls. velvet, double, resembling var. I'ortunei. ev ... ^ 
 the color of the sepals. From Japanese gardens. F.S. 18: 1875-6. 
 
 DD, Fls. smaller, pitcher-shaped or tubular. 
 
 21. Vi6rna, Linn. Fig. 491. Climbing 8-10 ft.: Ivs. 
 not glaucous nor coriaceous ; Ifts. subcordate-ovate to 
 ovate-lanceolate, slightly reticulated : fls. solitary, on 
 long peduncles, pitcher-shai)ed ; sepals 4, 1 in. lung, 
 variable in color, often dull purple, thick and leathery, 
 tips often recurved ; styles jdumose when mature. 
 Juue-Aug. Penn. to Alabama and westward. Lav. 17. 
 
 Var. cocdnea, A. Gray (C coo-inta. En^elm.). Lvs. 
 glaucous, .subcoriaceous; Ifts. broader timn the type, 
 often obtuse or refuse : sepals carmine or scarlet. 
 Texas. Lav. 19 ( as ('. Tt-jrensi.'i ) . B.M. 6594. (in. lit :275. 
 Gt,.SJ:86. R.H, 1878:10; 1888: 348. -Much superior to 
 the type, because of its beautiful flowers. Some of the 
 garden forms of this variety, which have probably been 
 produced l>y crossing it with iiardier Clematises, are 
 found tinder the names: C<>inife.^s of Onslou-, deeji xar- 
 let, (i.C;. III. 16:9; Couiifiss of i'ork, white, tinted with 
 pink ; Duchess of Albany, clear pink, Gn. .52:1140. 
 
 22. crlspa, Linn. A slender climber, reaching 3-4 ft.: 
 Ivs. very thin; Ifts. 3-5 or more, variable in outline and 
 sometimes undivided, often :^5-lobed: fls. purple, vary- 
 ing to whitish, cylindrical or bell-shaped, 1-2 in. lung; 
 points of sepals recurved: styles of fr. hairy but noc 
 plumose. Junt^Sept. Virginia to Texas. B.R..32:60. 
 Lav, 14. — This and the allied species are fragrant. 
 
 23. reticulata, Walt. A slender climber, allied to the 
 last : lvs. much reticulated and very coriaceous : fls. 
 solitary in the axils of the lvs., nodding, bell-;dia} r.l; 
 sepals recurved, crispy at die margin: mature tr. w'th 
 plumose tails. June, Julv. S. Car. to Ala. an(i F'a. 
 B.M. 6574; 1892 (as C.crispa); 1816 (as C. cordotc). 
 Lav. 16. 
 
 24. Pitcheri, Torr. & Cray. L-.-s. of .3-4 pairs of \fu. 
 and a terminal 1ft. reduced almost to a midrib; Ifts. 
 coarsely reticulated : fls. i in. long and iUin. in diara., 
 with swollen base ; sepal < dull purple, recurved at the 
 tips; akenes pubescent, .styles not plumose. June-Aug. 
 S. Ind. to Mo., southward to Mex. Lav. 15. 
 
CLEMATIS 
 
 CLERODEXDRON 
 
 333 
 
 V'ar. S4rgenti, Lavall^e (C. Sdrgenti, Hort.). Fls. 
 smalli-r. Lav. 18. 
 
 cc. Herbaceous, erect, or somewhat climhing in case of 
 
 C. aromaticn. 
 
 D. Sepals some shade of Hue. 
 25. heracleaefdlia, DC {C. tubulbsa, Hook.). Stout, 
 erect, woody only at the base: Ivs. temate. larpre, bright 
 green ; Ifts. mucronately toothe<i : Hs. numerous in 
 corymbs, either axilli».-y or terminal, tubular in form, 
 witii 4 li«ht blue sepals, becoming reflexed ; peduncles 
 and j)edicels downy ; recurved stigmas club-shaped. 
 Ausj.-Sept. China. M. & J. 17. B. M. 42G9 ; 0801 (a? 
 \AT.Ho6keri). P.M. 14:;il. F.S. 3:195. -Prop, by root 
 division. 
 
 Var. Davidiina, Bean (C Varididna. Decne. ). About 
 4 ft. high, hardly strung enough to stand without sup- 
 port: Ivs. larger than any other cultivated Clematis : 
 tls. in clustered heads, (y^l't together, and also singly 
 or clustered in the leaf axils. R.H. 1867, p. 9(). Gn. 49, 
 p. 99. 
 
 Var. stans, Look. (C sfdns, Sifb, & Zucc). Herba- 
 ceous, non-climbing. 4-5 ft. long : Ivs. pubescent : fls. 
 less dense than the above variety, in terminal panicles 
 and in close clusters in the leaf-axils, tubular in form; 
 the blue sepals revolute from near the middle. Sept.- 
 Oct. Jap. B.M. G810. — Used chiefly because of the 
 striking foliage and its late-blooming qualities, 
 
 2tj. Doilglasi, Hook. Has habit of C. intefjrifotia, 
 about 2ft. high: stem and petioles angled and ribbed: 
 Ivs. twice i)innately or ternately compoun<l : Ifts. narrow- 
 linear or lanceolate: fls. tubular or bell-shape<l, 1 in. 
 Ion;:: sepals recurved, deep purple within, paler with- 
 out, .lane. In Mts., Montana to N. Mex. — Int. 1881. 
 
 27. Fremonti, Watson. Closely allied to 6'. ocftro/<'»c«, 
 but with Ivs. :i-4 in. long, nearly sessile, either entire or 
 with a few coarse teeth : fls. often drooping ; sepals 
 thick, purple, nearly glabrous, except the tomentose 
 edges; stvles when young downy rather than feathery. 
 JuTy-Aug'. Mo. to Colo. G. F. 3: '81. 
 
 2(5. integrifolia, I^inn. Herbac as, erect, becoming 
 2 ft. high: Ivs. raiher broad, entire, ovate-lanceolate: 
 flij. solitary, nodding; sepals 4, rather narrow, blue, cori- 
 aceous. 1-2 in. long. June-Aug. Eu. and Asia. B.M.65. 
 Var. diveraifolia, Hort. Lvs. sometimes divided. Var. 
 DnrAndi, Hort. ( C. iutegrifoUa x lanuginosa). Taller and 
 rts. larger than in the type ; sepals recurved. Gn.49 : 1052. 
 Gng. 5 •270. — Very beautiful. 
 
 21'. aromatioa, Lenne & C. Koch (C ccfriilea, var. 
 odoriita. Hort.). Slender, herbaceous or somewhat 
 climbing, reaching G ft. high if supported : lvs. of 'A-l 
 ovate, nearly entire Ifts.: fls. solitary, terminal, very 
 
 fragrant, l>2-2 in. across; se- 
 pals 4, spreading, reflexed, 
 reddish violet : stamens white. 
 July-Sept. Nativity, perhaps, 
 S. France. It is thought by 
 some to be an old garden hy- 
 brid of the Viticei.a type, or 
 C. integrifolia x C. recta, or C. 
 Flammula x integrifolia. R. 
 H. 1877, p. 15. 
 
 DD. Sepals yelloiv. 
 
 30. ochroletica, Ait. Herba- 
 ceous, 1-2 ft. high, silky-pu- 
 bescent, becoming glabrate : 
 ivs. ovate, entire : fls. erect, 
 solitary, terminal ; sepals yel- 
 low outside, cream -colored 
 within : styles becoming stmie- 
 what plumose. July- Aug. 
 Drv grounds, N. Y. to Ga. 
 L.B.C. 7:061. -Int. 1883. 
 
 AA. True petals small, spatulate ; sepals petaloid ; 
 involucre none. Atragene section. 
 
 31. verticilliriB, DC. Fig. 492. Trailing or sometimes 
 climbing. &-10 ft.: usually 4 trifoliate lvs. from each 
 n<«le ; Ifts. thin, ovate, a'-ute, toc+hed or entire, .some- 
 what cordate : fls. solitary, blue or purple, nodding at 
 
 492. Akene of 
 Clematis verticillaris 
 
 \ 
 
 first, 2-4 in. broad when expanded ; 4 thin sepals, silky 
 along the margins and veins ; petals %-% in. long. 
 May-June. Woodlands, Va. to Hudson Bay, west to 
 Minn. B.M. 887 (as Atragene Americana). — Int. 1881. 
 
 Var. Columbi&na, Gray. Sepals narrower and more 
 pointed than in the type. Rocky Mts. 
 
 32. alplna, Mill. (Atragene alpina, Linn.). Stems 3-5 
 ft., slender, with prominent joints becoming swollen 
 with age : lvs. once «)r twice temate, with ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate Ifts., .serrate or incised : many petal-like sta- 
 mens, which are devoid of anthers : sepals 4, bright blue, 
 fepring. Northw- tern N. Amer., Siberia to south and 
 central Eu. B.M. .530 (as var. Austriaca). Gn. 46:982.- 
 A very hardy climber, preferring a northern exposure. 
 
 Var. &lba, Hort. (Atragme Sibirica, Linn.). Fls. 
 white or nearly so. B.M. 1951. 
 
 Var. occident^lis, Gray. Petal-like stamens very few, 
 and often bearing rudimentary anthers. Rocky Mts. 
 
 The following are well worthy of cultivation, hut are not at 
 present found in the American trade: ('. .4rf(i(«on/, Britton. 
 More bushy and less spreading than C. Viorna. G. F. 9:."{2.5.— 
 C (ettiuiicefdlia,Tnrcz. Bushy: fls. tubular, white, (rn. 4.t:241. 
 R.H.1H69. p. 10. B.M.6.^42(var. latisecta, Hook.).— <^'.a/>ji^iia, 
 DC. Allietl to C.Virginiana: Ifts. smaller and narrower, coarsely 
 incisely-serrate, often 31obed or serrate, pubescent beneath. 
 Japan. Gracefid si)ecies. hardy. — C'.fcar6*'//rtfff. Edgew. Differs 
 from C. montana mainly in wanting the involacre. Himalaya 
 region R.H. 1858. p. 407. B.M. 4794. F.S. 9: 9o6.— T. r/rrW«a, 
 Linn. Allied to C. montana. Fls. greenish white, yellow, or 
 red. bell-shiined. Gn. 4.>, p.'JtO, L. B.C.19:18(l6 : 8:720 (as C. 
 calycina). B.M. 1070:959 (as C calycina). II. C. Davis. 
 
 CLEMATIS, MOCK. Agdestis clematidea, which Is 
 cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. 
 
 CLFOME (meaning unknown). Cappariddcecp. A 
 large and mostly tropical genus of sub-shrubs or annual 
 herbs, simple or branched, glabrous or glandular, with 
 simple lvs. or '.i-~ Ifts.. and white, yellow or purplish 
 fls. borne singly or in racemes. The genus is dis- 
 tinguished from Gynandropsis i»y its short torus, which 
 often bears an appendage, and by the 4-0, rarely 10, 
 stamens. The ganlen Cleonies are chiefly interesting 
 for their long, purple, spidery stamens and showy rose- 
 colored petals. They succeed in samly soils and sunny 
 situations, and can be used like castor-oil plants to fill 
 up large gaps in a border. C. spinosa is the best, and 
 has lately been planted considerably in public parks 
 amongst shrubbery. Prop, by seeds, which are produced 
 freely in long, slen<l.^r pods borne on long stalks. Fcr 
 C. speciosa, see Gynandropsis. 
 
 ppinoaa, Jacq. (C. ;>M«f/fH.-<, Willd.). Giant Spider 
 Plant. Clanmiy, strong-scented. .'1—4 ft. high : Ifts. 
 usually 5. sometimes 7, oblong-lanceolate, with a pair of 
 short, stipular spines under the petioles of most of the 
 lvs.. and in the tropics some little prickles on the petioles 
 also: fls. rose-purple, varying to white ; petals 4, obo- 
 vate, clawed, /<j in. long; stamens 2-3 in. long, blue or 
 purple. N. C. to La. (nat. from Trop. Amer. ) and es- 
 caped from gardens. B.M. 1040.— A tender biennial 
 north, but annual in the tropics. 
 
 integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Rocky Mountain Bee- 
 plant. Glabrous. 2-3 or even 0-ft high: Ifts. 3. lanceo- 
 late to obovate-oblong. entire, or rarely with a few mi- 
 nute teeth : bracts much narrower than in C spinosa; 
 petals rose, rarely white, 3-toothed: receptacle with a 
 flat, conspicuous appendage. Along streams in saline 
 soils of prairies. — In cult, about 20 years as a bee plant. 
 
 specioslssima, Deppe. Annual or half-shrubby, some- 
 times 5 ft. high: stems strongly hairy: Ifts. 5-7, lam eo- 
 late. dentate, narrowed at the base, conspicuously hairy 
 on both sides: fls. light purple or purplish rose. July 
 to fall. — Said to be the showiest of Cleomes. Under 
 this name a very different plant is passing, the Ifts. of 
 which have only minute hairs but rather numerous 
 spines. ^ t\i, 
 
 CLER00£NDB0N {QTi:ek,chaHce2kX\dtree: of no sig- 
 nificance), includes Siphonantha and Volkamt'ria. 
 I'erbendcece. Many species in the tropics, and also in 
 China and Jap. Some of them are greenhouse climbers; 
 others are hardy shrubs; others are almost herbaceous. 
 
 ! 
 
334 
 
 CLKRODENDRON 
 
 CLERODEXDRON 
 
 Calyx campanulate or rarely tuVmlar, 5-toothed or 5- 
 lobed: corolla tube usually slender and cylindrical, the 
 limb o-parted and spreading : stamens 4, affixed on the 
 corolla-tube, long-exserted and curved : style exserted, 
 2-cleft rt the end: ovary 4-loculed: fr. a drupe enclosed 
 in the calyx. Lvs. opposite or in 3's, usually entire, 
 never compound. 
 
 A. Climbing xhrubs. 
 
 ThbmpsonaB, Bulfour (C. Bdlfouri. Hort.). Fier. 493. 
 Tall, twiiiiiiLC. glabrous evergreen: lvs. opposite, oblong- j 
 ovate and a<Minnuate, strongly several- 
 nerved: tls. in axillary and terminal fork- 
 ing paiiides : calyx strongly angled, nar- 
 ro»ved at the apex, white : corolla-limb 
 red and spreading. W. Afr. B.M. r>;{13. 
 H. H. 1807:310. — A wamihouse plant of 
 great merit, and the most popular of the 
 tender species. BI«)oms profusely on the 
 young wood. Var. delictum, Hort, (C. 
 delictum and C. deJicdtum, Hort,). Pani- 
 cles very large : calyx pure white or green- 
 tinged : corolla large, rose magenta. 
 
 AA. Erect shrubs or sitb-shrubs. 
 
 B. Corolla-tube little if amj Intif/er than the large calyx: 
 fls, white or light blush. 
 
 fri^rans, Vent. {C. coronHria, Hort. I). Pubescent, 
 half shrubby, with angled branches, 3-o ft. : lvs. broadly 
 ovate, with truncate or cordate base, acuminate, coarsely 
 toothed: fls. whit« or blush, in terminal, compact, hy- 
 drangea-like corymbs, usually double. China, Japan. 
 B.M, 1834. — Very <lesirable and fragrant plant for the 
 coolhouse. Hardy in Fla. Lvs. ill-scented. 
 
 viscdsum.Vent. Height 5-7 ft., pubescent, with square 
 brancht's : lvs. opposite and stalked, cordate-ovate, 
 toothed: tls. in a loose terminal panicle, white, with a 
 flesh-colored center, flaring, the tube projecting beyond 
 the loose, hairy, large, 5-angled calyx. E. Ind. B, M. 
 ISO."), — Fls. sweet-scented. Greenhouse. C. infortu- 
 n&tum, Gsprtn., is said to be the same species (and the 
 name is older), bnt it has scarlet fls. — perhaps a result 
 of domestication. Even if the same species, it is better 
 to keep the forms separate for horticultural purposes. 
 
 tricll6tomum, Tlumb. (C serdtinum, Cnrr. Volka- 
 merid Jitponica, Hort,, not Thunb.). Fig. 494. Slender 
 but erect, graceful, pubescent sub-shrub, '-10 ft. high or 
 even higher : lvs, mostlv oj)posite, soft and flaccid, 
 ovate-acuminate, narrowptl at the base, very closely ser- 
 rate or entire, hairy: fls. viuite. with a reddish brown 
 calyx, on forking, slender, reddish peduncles, the corolla- 
 tube sometimes twice as l<mg as the calvx. Japan. B.M. 
 65()1. On. 43:914; 51. p. 320. Ji. H. 18o7, p. 3r)l.-A very 
 handsome, hardy shrub, tn tke ^»'. it kills to the ground, 
 but sprouts up if the crown is protected. 
 
 BB. Corolla-tube fhriee or more longer than tne 
 small califx. 
 
 c. Fls. white. 
 
 tomentdsum, R. Br. Shrubby and erect, pubescent, 
 3-5 ft. and more, often purplish: lvs. opposite and peti- 
 oled, ovate-oblong, entire cr sparingly toothed, pubes- 
 oent on both sides, Imt thicklv so on the under side: 
 
 fls. in few-fld. opposite, forking cymes, the calyx not en- 
 larged, the slim corolla-tube long-exserted ('A-A times 
 
 493. Clerodendron Thomsonse (X J^a) 
 
 494. Clerodendron 
 
 trichotomum (X V^). 
 
 length of calyx), and the clear white corolla-lobes re- 
 flexed-curled : anthers vellow. Austral. B.M. MIS. - 
 Cult, in S. Calif. 
 
 macrosiplion, Hook, f , Elegant erect shrub, finely 
 pubescent : lvs. opposite. obl!>nceolate-oblong. acumi- 
 nate, notched: fls. in a nearly sessile terminal cyme, 
 pure white ; calyx green, very small ; corolla-tube 
 very narrow, 4-5 in. hnxiz, hairy, the limb l-si<jed. 
 Zanzil)ar, B.M, (5(39.'), — Warmbouse plant of merit. 
 
 Siphonanthus, R.Br, i Siphonduthus /Hrf«Va,Linn.). 
 Turk's Tukban. Shrub, 2-0 ft. high : fls. long- 
 tubed and white, in very large terminal raceme?, 
 but small and not showy: fr. a very showy, red and 
 purple berrA', which persists a long time, and for 
 which the plant is chieflv grown. E. Ind. — Hardy 
 in Fla. 
 
 cc. Fls. red or distinctly lilac. 
 
 squamfttum, Vahl. {O. Kampferi, Sieb.l, Grows 
 r>-10 ft. high, pubescent: lvs, opposite, round -ooniate, 
 entire, abruptly pointed : intlores- 
 "ence and fls. brilliant scarlet; fls. 
 with small red calyx and rertexed, 
 spreading, unequal corolla - lobes. 
 
CLERODENDHON 
 
 CLIDEMIA 
 
 335 
 
 China. R.B. 22:253. Gn. 42: 889.- Very showy. Cult, in 
 warm greenhouse? or in the open in S. Calif, and S. Fla. 
 fcBtidam, Bunge [C. ItAtujei, iSteud.). (Tr«)ws :m> ft., 
 makiin; a bush; pubescent, spiny: Ivs. ojiposite. broad- 
 ovatf and acuminate. stalite<l, coarsely tttothed : fls. 
 lilac-purple, tube '.^-A times as lon^r as calyx, in a dense 
 capitate corymb 4-8 in. across. China. B.M.4HH). <tn. 
 5:2.'). — Cool greenhouse. Hardy in middle an<l soutliern 
 states. Killed to the ground in the latitude of I'hiladel- 
 phia. but sprout.s up and blooms. Blooms in August. 
 Fls.not f<etid, but name given because of the odor of 
 the bniised Ivs. Spreads by the root. 
 
 Tolkameria odor«tn, offered in the Amer. trade, is a climb- 
 ing Clerodendroi). V. oilorata of the iKJtanists is a bushy Car>-- 
 opteris iC. \Valli<"hi!iiiH). V. otluratn of Siehrwht & Wadley 
 is not a vine, as descriJ^-d. Imf ''a slinib. which crows from 2-4 
 ft high, with soft, hairy stems. l)ro:id. oval. opiKisite Ivs. with 
 acute point and glaufotis-hairy or almost wfK)lly. compact dus- 
 ters of white rts., shading to pink on the outside of the i)etals, 
 the dusters l^-^-^t in. across. Indigenotis to several of the West 
 Indian islands, particularly to Dominica, Martinique and 
 Gnadaloupe." It is not now in the American trade. 
 
 Li. H. B. 
 
 CL£THBA (ancient Greek name of the Aider, trans- 
 ferred to this genus on account of the resemblance of 
 ♦helvs.l. A'riciife<e. White Aloek. Shrub or small 
 irees: Ivs. alternate, usually serrate, deci<luous or per- 
 sistent: ris. white, in terminal, often panided racemes; 
 petals .">, erect ; stamens 10 ; capsule split tin;^ into 3 
 valves. many-see<le«l. About 2o species in America, E. 
 Asia, Madeira. Only a few har<ly, deciduous species are 
 generally cultivated; valuable for their showy sj.ikes of 
 white, fragrant tis., appearing late in summer. They 
 grow best in a moist, peaty or sandy soil. Prop, by 
 seeds, >^own in spring in pans in sandy and peaty soil, 
 :ind by erreenwood cuttinsrs under glass, trrowing best if 
 taken from forced plants in early sprinir and placeil in 
 slight bottom heat ; also, increased by layers and by 
 division of large plants. Handsome when forced under 
 glass. 
 
 A. Lr.'<. ihridnous : sfamena exi<erfe{1. 
 
 alnifolia, Linn. Sweet Pepperbush. Shrul>. ."i-lO ft.: 
 Ivs. short-p«'tioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, sharply 
 serrate, mostly glabrous or nearly so, 2-4 in. long: tis. 
 fratrrant. in erect, usuallv panided racemes. Julv-Se]>t. 
 Maine-KIorida. M.D.G. 1 HI).") : <i."). .T.H. III. :n : .'{7."). 
 O.W.F.A.22. Em. 42r..-Very variable. The following 
 forms are often described as species : Var. pdniculata, 
 Arb.Kew.l C p<t>tintl()f<t,A\t. ). Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, 
 lc>> toothed, green and >;labrous on both sides: racemes 
 panided. Var. scabra, Arb. Kew. ( C. scAbra, Ait. ). Lvs. 
 <cabrous above, puli(>ce?it beneath: panicles with fewer 
 iicemes. Var. tomentdsa, Michx. {('. tometttfisn. Lam.). 
 Lvs. canescent bejieath : racemes solitary or few, larger, 
 and appearing later than the foregoing. B. M. 3743. 
 O.F.4:G5. 
 
 acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree, to I.t ft.: 
 lvs. petioletl. oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, 
 ahnust jrlabrous, .'t-7 in. long: racemes tisnally solitary, 
 nodding. Julv-Sept. AlleghanvMts.Virginia to Georgia. 
 L.B.C. 15: 1427. 
 
 can^scens, Reinw. {C. bnrbinervia, Sieb. & Zucc). 
 Shrub or tree, to .30 ft. : lvs. petioled, cuneate, obovate 
 or elliptic, acuminate, sharply dentate-serrate, pubescent 
 beiieith, .'{-«) in. long : racemes panicled ; tis. fratrrant ; 
 pedicels about as long as the fls. July-Sept. E. Asia, 
 Philippine Isl., .Tava. Gt. 19: G54. 
 
 AA. Jjvs. evergreen : stamens included. 
 
 arbdrea. Ait. Sltrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. 
 cuneate, nnrrow-elliptic, acuminate, serrate, almost irla- 
 b.ous. shining above, .3-4 in. long: racemes panicled: 
 tis. fragrant. Aug.-Oct. Madeira. B.M. 1057. — It stands 
 only a few degrees of frost. 
 
 C. uuercifdlia, Schlecht. Shrub: lvs. obovate-oblong. tonien- 
 tosebfne th: racemes panided. Mc>xico. Vi.R.'IH-.'.Ki.—C. thii- 
 fblia. Swartz. Shrub: lvs. oblong, entire, .'omentose beneath: 
 racemes panicled. Jamaica. These two only hardy in subtropi- 
 <=*' ""^eious. Alfred Rekder. 
 
 CLET&BA (after Andrew Cleyer. Dutch physician of 
 the seventeenth century). Ternstrowi'\eeip. (\ nrhnacea 
 is a tender shrub rarely cult, in northern greenhouses. 
 
 In the south it is cult, outdoors. It has glossy foliage, 
 numerous creamy white, fragrant fls., borne in June, 
 and red berries, which last all winter. The genus has 
 about nine species, and is distinguished by its petals 
 free or scarcely coalesced, its pilose anthers, numerous 
 ovules, and scarcely braeted tlowers. Sepals 5, with 2 
 bractlets: petals 5: stigmas 2-3: berries 2-3-celled. 
 
 ochn&cea, DC. (C. Japouim, Sieb. & Zucc). Height 
 about ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, acute at b«ith ends, veined 
 above, entire. Himalayas.— C. Japdnica was distin- 
 guished by DeCandoUe by its oblong-lanceolate lvs., 
 which are veinless, an«l minutely serrate at the apex. Var. 
 tricolor, Hort., has dark green lvs.. with greyish mark- 
 ings, and a margin of white and rose, the variegation 
 being more brilliant in younger lvs. -^^ t^j_ 
 
 CLIANTHUS I Greek, (jlory-floner). Glorv Pea. 
 Glory Vine. Parrot's Bill. LtijumivoMf. About five 
 species of tender, half-trailing shrubs, with large, showy 
 flowers of uni((ue appearance. See Fig. 495. Swainsona 
 is an allied genus, but its general appearance is very 
 different. Interesting plants, with piniuite lvs. of many 
 lfts.,and fls. in racemes. Fls. scarcely papilionaceous. 
 Po<i stalked, many-see<led. Prop, by see<ls and cuttings. 
 
 ClinnthuH Dmnpieri is anything but easy to grow 
 in the latitude of Washington. Red spider is its greatest 
 enemy, but too nun-h moisture in the soil, followed l>y 
 hot sun, proves equally fatal to it. In a sandy soil, 
 when the seeds are sown early in spring, the plants, 
 during ordinary summers, make a very fine display. 
 The plants will not bear transplanting. Even when they 
 are grown in pots, it is a risky piece of work to shift 
 from small pots into larger ones. Cpuniceus is an (dd- 
 fashioned greenhouse plant, grown sometimes to cover 
 rafters or trellis work, but more freijuenlly trained 
 around sticks placed around the edge of the pot. The 
 flowers, not very uidike those of the common Erythrina, 
 are freely prodticed in hanging clusters. Cuttings 
 rooted in early spring may be grown into good-sized 
 plants during the summer. Water should be given spar- 
 ingly during the dull months. Pruning, repotting and 
 tying the shoots should be done just before the growth 
 begins. A sharp lookout should be kept for the re«i 
 spider, frequent syringings being the only remedy for 
 this pest. 
 
 Dampieri, A. Cunn. Cilorv Pea. Fig. 495. Height 
 2-4 ft. : plant glaucous and hoary, with long, whitish, 
 silky hairs: .stems slightly 
 tinged with red : peti- 
 oles longer than in C. 
 puniceus : Ifts. about 15. 
 nearly opposite, sessile, 
 usually acute : stipules 
 larger than in C. puniceiiK: 
 fls. 4-<» in a raceme, large, 
 drooping, about 3 in. lotig. 
 rich crimson or scarlet, 
 with a handsome velvety, 
 purple-black area on the 
 raised center. Austral. 
 B.M. 5051. R.H. 1808:'-'.i0. 
 Gt. 48, p. 272. Gn. 20:294. 
 — Var. Oerm&nicus, Hort.. 
 is also sold, and is proba- 
 bly var. marginitus.Hort., 
 which has one petal white, 
 margined scarlet. See (in. 
 37:74(> and p. 299 for an ac- 
 count of grafting this spe- 
 cies on stocks of C. pu- 
 nice US. 
 
 puniceus, Banks & Soland. Parrot^ Bill. Height 
 about 3 ft. : plant glabrous: Ifts. 19-21, each with a very 
 short petiole, alternate (tit least towards the end of the 
 leaf), blunt or slightly notched: fls. 8 or more in a ra- 
 ceme, crims(m. failing with age. New Zealand. B.M. 
 3584. — Cult, in eastern greenhouses, and a favorite Cali- 
 fornian outdoor shrub. Blooms all winter in Golden 
 Gate Park, San Francisco, o. W' . Oliver and W. M. 
 
 CLID£MIA (old Greek nam^^). Melastoniciceo'. An 
 unimportant group in a family famous for its foliage 
 plants. C. vittita, Linden and Andre, once offered by 
 
 495. 
 
 Clianthus Dampieri. 
 

 336 
 
 CLIDEMIA 
 
 John Saul, has large, oval, pointed Ivs. with 5 strong 
 nerves, and a narrow band of white down each side of 
 the midrib. I.H. 22:219. R.H. 1876, p. 233. 
 
 CLIFF BEAKE. See Pellim. 
 
 CLIMBERS are distinguished from twiners by having 
 some means of attachment, as tendrils or other special 
 devices, while twiners rise by twisting their stems round 
 their support. In a wider sense the word is often used 
 synonymously with "vines." By "trailers," nurserymen 
 commonly mean low-growine: vines, and by "climbers," 
 talier-jrrowing vines. See V^ines. 
 
 CLIMBINO FERN. S^ee Lff(fn,Jlinn. Climbing Fumi- 
 tory is Aflhnni't d rrhosn. Climbing Hemp weed, .l/<Aa- 
 nia scandens. Climbing Lily, Gloriosa suptrba. 
 
 CLINOSTlOMA ((xreek. inclined stigma). Palmdcetf, 
 tribe Arecei^. Spineless, with low or tall, prominently 
 or obscurely ringed trunks: Ivs. terminal, equally pin- 
 natisect ; segments somewhat falcate-lanceolate, broad 
 at the base, plicate, acuminate, the apex bitid or obliquely 
 truncate and dentate, the tliick margins scarcely re- 
 curved at the base ; rachis scaly, convex on the back, 
 obtusely keeled above : spadix long : fertile branches 
 long, thick, the floral areas distant: spathes 2-3: fr. 
 globose or subglobose, small, red at maturity. Species 
 3. Australasia and Samoa. 
 
 Tliis graceful and recent palm resembles IToivea Fnr- 
 sferiana somewhat in habit of growth, but its archinj? 
 Ivs. spread wider, and its stt-ms are dark purplish, and 
 its pinnft toujrh and leathery. The palm is free and 
 clean in irrowth. 
 
 Mooreannm, F. Muell. (Keniia Mooredna, F. Muell.). 
 Dwarf i»aliu. 3-4 ft. hisrh : Ivs. 3-4 ft. lonj; : segments 
 about 1 ft. long, longitudinally plicate when young. 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and H. A. Siebrecht. 
 
 CLINTONIA (after DeWitt Clinton, the famous Gov- 
 ernor of New Y^)rk and jtromoter of the Erie canal). 
 LilihcecB. A small genus of low-jrrowing, hardy, herba- 
 ceous plants with a few. tufted, dark green, broad, shin- 
 ing Ivs., and usually umbels of tls. They grow in cool, 
 moist woods, and fanciers can obtain them from some 
 dealers in native plants. It is dithcult to tell the species 
 apart by the Ivs. S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:271 
 (1879). For C. pnlcJieUa and other species of the aban. 
 doned genus Clintouia of Douglass, see Downingia 
 
 A. Scape bearing an umbel of fls. 
 
 B. Fls. greenish yellow. 
 
 bore^is, Raf. Height 1-2 ft. : tls. .'J-fi, nodding, green, 
 margined vellow. Labrador to Winnipeg and south to 
 N. 0. D. 123. B.M. 1403 as Smilactna borealis. -This 
 is one of the choicer plants of cool, moist woods, known 
 to plant lovers chiefly l>y its handsome umbels of blue 
 berries found in autumn, which are borne above the 
 large, dark green, shining Ivs. The commonest species. 
 
 BB. Fls. white, with green spot,s. 
 
 umbell&ta, Torr. Fls. l()-20 or more, smaller than in 
 C. bin-ealiit, erect or nearly so, white with a green or 
 purplish spot at the tip of each segment. Allegheny 
 Mts. from N. Y. to Ga. B.M. 115.5. — This species has 
 the smallest fls. of the group, and is the only (me that 
 has but. a single pair of ovules in each cell of the ovary. 
 
 BBB. FU. deep rose. 
 
 Andrewsi^na, Torr. Fls. 20 or more, nearly erect. 
 California, in deep, cool woods, in clavev soil rich in 
 mold. B.M. 7092. -The showiest of the group. Cult, by 
 C. Purdy, Ukiah, Calif. 
 
 AA. Scape bearing 1 white flower. 
 
 uaifldra, Kunth. The only species in which the scape 
 is shorter than the Ivs.: fl. nearly erect. Rarely there 
 are 2 fls. Calif, to Brit. Columb. \^ -y^ 
 
 CLITOHIA (derivation recondite). Legum-ndsce. 
 BuTTEKFi.Y Pea. a wide-spread and variable genus al- 
 lied to Centrosema. and characterized by the calyx tube 
 being cylindrical and longer than the lobes : standard 
 
 CLlVlA 
 
 narrowed at the base, not appendaged on the back: 
 style often bearded. The most imponant garden plant 
 is C Tematea, a warmhouse annual twiner, reaoliing 
 15 ft., and ret^uiring no special culture. It has very 
 showy blue fls., and lately interest in it has revived. 
 
 A. Leaflets 5. 
 Tematda, Linn. (C. oprhlen, Hort. ). Annual warm- 
 house climber : Ifts. 5, <»blong, obtuse, short-petioled : 
 fls. 1 in. or more long, rich blue, with beautiful and va- 
 riable markings, especially on the standard. B.M. l.")42. 
 Gn. 38 : 7G5. P. M . 7 : 147 and 13 : 79. - Name from Teraate, 
 one of the Molucca Islands, and not from temaite, mean- 
 ing 3-leafleted. Prop, by seeds. C. ttllta, Kort., is a 
 white form. More or less double forms have been known 
 for over a century. 
 
 AA. Leaflets 3. 
 
 Mariina, Linn. Hardy, perennial, smooth, erect, or 
 slightly twining. 1-3 ft. high: Ifts. 3, obovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate: fls. light blue, 2 in. long, on short peduncles: 
 pod straight. few-seede<l. Summer. Dry banks, N. y. 
 to Fla. and west to Mo. Also India and Burma. — Rarely 
 sold by dealers in native plants. \y jj 
 
 CLiVIA < after a Duchess of Northumberland and 
 member of the Clive family). Syn., Iniiintophifllum. 
 Amarjfllid(\veiP. A genus of 3 species of tender, 
 bulbous plants from South Africa, with handsome ever- 
 green foliage and showy, bright red fls. in large umbels. 
 C. niininta is the best species, and perhaps a dozen 
 varieties and hybrids of it have been offered at various 
 times. The genus is distinguished by its fruit beinsr a 
 berry, its several ovules, and imperfect bulb. J. G. 
 Baker, Amaryllidea*, p. (»1. Clivias make excellent 
 house plants, but, like Amaryllis, they are too costly to 
 be very popular. They have the advaataire over 
 Amaryllis of having attractive foliage all the year 
 round, and are more certain to bloom well. They liave 
 thick, fleshy roots, like an Aerapanthus. 
 
 495. Clivia miniata. 
 
 All of the species are well worth growing, because of 
 their handsome umbels of flowers, produced during the 
 spring and early summer months. They are evergreen 
 plants of the Amaryllis family, with thick, leathery, 
 strap-shaped leaves. Cliiia tniniata is the species most 
 commonly grown. There are several distinct forms of 
 
"1- 
 
 CLIVIA 
 
 CLOVES 
 
 337 
 
 this, with larger and deeper colored flowers. Established 
 plants may be larrown in the same pots for several years, 
 if the plants are fed during the growing perio<l with 
 weak liquid manure. In ]K)tting. the soil given should 
 be of a lasting nature, not easily 
 soured, nor apt to become sodden. In 
 arranging the drainage, place one 
 large piece, concave side down, over 
 the hole, and aroun<l this arrange 
 several smaller pieces. Over these 
 place one or two handfuls of pieces 
 small enough to go thniugh a No. 2 
 sieve. The best time to pot is after 
 the flowt-rs have been produced. 
 The plants should then be kept for 
 some time in a humid atmosphere 
 to encourage growth, receiving an 
 abundance of water after they are 
 well started. Aftergrowth has been 
 completed, they will winter safely 
 in an ordinary greenhouse tempera- 
 ture (not under 40°), if kept rather 
 dry at the root. For propagation, 
 select old plants which have become 
 crowded in their pots, so that the 
 entire plant can be pulled to pieces. 
 After trimming the roots, put the 
 groM\'ths in small jxits an<l keep in 
 beat, to encourage root a<'tion. Oliv- 
 ias are well suited for planting per- 
 manently in the front part of green- 
 house bor<b*rs. The soil fortius pur- 
 pose should l>e rich and well firmed 
 about the roots. Withhold water as 
 much as possible during the resting 
 period, or the plants will produce 
 leaves at the expense of the flowers. 
 
 A. Fls. erect; perianth broadly 
 funnel-shaped. 
 
 mini&ta, Kegel (hnantojphyUutn 
 minihtnm, Hook.). Fig. 4!«). Lvs, 10-20, in a" tuft, 
 sword-shaped, tapering to a point, l>^ft. long, ly^-l in. 
 broad : fls. 12-20, in an umbel ; perianth erect, bright 
 scarlet, with a yellow throat ; tube bromily funnel- 
 shaped, longer than C. unhiUs ; segments about 2 in. 
 long, the inner ones broader than the outer ; stamens 
 shorter than the segments; stvle not exserted : berrif'S 
 ov<)i<l. bright red, 1 in. long. "Natal. B.M. 4783. R.H. 
 1859. pp. 12«, 127. F.S. 9:949: 2:}:2373. I. H. 26:. 343; 
 36:80; 37:102: 40:177. R.H. 18«9:250.and 1894, p..o72.- 
 /. cjirtanthiflbrum, V^an Houttf (F.S. 18:1877), is a 
 hybrid between this species and the next. 
 
 AA. Flf. pendulous ; perianth narrowly funnel-shaped. 
 n6bilis, Lindl. (Imantophyllum Aitoni. Hook.). Lvs. 
 about 12, strap-shaped, very obtuse, with a rough ish 
 edge: fls. 40-60, in an umbel; perianth curved and droop- 
 in/ : tube narrowly funnel-shaped, shorter than in C. 
 miiiiafa ; segments tipped with green, about 1 in. long; 
 stamens as long as the segments; stvle exserted. Cape 
 Colony. B.M. 2856. L.B.<\ 20:190<;.' Int. to cult. 1828. 
 I.cijrtanfhiflfirum,Van Houtte (F.S. 18:1877), said to 
 be a hybrid between this and the above, shows little if 
 any influence of C miniata. It has the narrow tubed, 
 pendulous fls. and the greenish tinge of C. nobilis. 
 
 R.H. 1894, p. 573. m rx- r^ , tit ^r 
 
 ' ^ ' G. W. Oliver and W. M. 
 
 CLOUDBEKEY. See Bubus. 
 
 497. 
 Triiolium pratense. 
 Root-system. 
 
 CLOVE PINK. 
 
 phylhis. 
 
 The Carnation, Dianthus Caryo- 
 
 CLOVER. Species of Trifdlium (Leguminosae), par- 
 ticularly those which are useful in agriculture. The 
 word is also applied to species of related genera, as 
 Medicago. The Sweet Clover is Melilotus. Bush and 
 Japan Clover are Lespedezas. Prairie Clover is a 
 Petalostemon. 
 
 Of Trifolium there have been described about 300 
 species. These are widely dispersed in temperate cli- 
 mates. The fls. are papilionaceous but small, and are 
 disjiosed in dense heads or spikes. Lvs. are digitately 
 
 or palmately 3-foliolate. The common Red Clover is T. 
 pratenne, Linn., now thoroughly naturalized in N. 
 America, but supposed not to be native here. It is Eu- 
 ropean. It is valuable both f«»r stock feed (as pastur- 
 age and hay), and also as a green manure. As a manure 
 cn»p, it is particularly valuable because of its deep root- 
 system and its power (in common with other leguminous 
 plants) of fixing the nitrogen of the air by mean!* 
 of its subterranean parts. Fig. 497 illustrates the root- 
 system. Fig. 498 shows the root of a l.^-montbs' old 
 plant which grew in 'lard clay soil. It is 22 inches long, 
 and some of the root was left in the ground. The Mam- 
 moth Red Clover ( T. tvhUum, Linn. ). is probably sn off- 
 shoot of T. pratense. It is usually a larger plant, with 
 zigzag stem, entire and spotted Ifts. and longer-stalked 
 head. White Clover, or Shamrock, is T. repens, Linn., 
 intr. from Europe, and supposed to be native to N. 
 America as well. Alsike Clover, T. hf/bridum, Linn., is 
 of European nativity. The Crimson or Scarlet Clover 
 (Fig. 499), an annual from S. Eu., is now much grown 
 
 as a catch- or cover-crop in or- 
 chards. See Cover-crops. It is 
 also highly ornamental, and is 
 worthy the attention of the florist, 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 ^J 
 
 w 
 
 / 
 
 < 
 
 498. The penetrating root 
 of the Red Clover. 
 
 499. Crimson Clover — 
 Trifolium incamatum (X K). 
 
 CLOVES are the dried flower-buds ( Fig. 500) of a hand- 
 some tree of the myrtle family, Eugenia caryophyllata, 
 better known as CaryophyUus aromaticus, a native of 
 the Spice Islands, but now cultivated in the West Indies 
 and elsewhere. CaryophyUus, the ancient name of the 
 Clove, means nut-leaf. The carnation, or "clove pink," 
 was named Dianthus CaryophyUus because of its clove- 
 
 2*2 
 
338 
 
 CLOVES 
 
 COBBETT 
 
 like odor, and it has become the type of the ^eat order 
 Caryonhyllacese, which, however, is far removed botani- 
 cally from the Myrtacea?. The word " ^llitlower " is a 
 corruption of caryophyllus, and, until Shakespeare's time 
 
 500. Clove. 
 
 Spray of leaves and flowers (1) : an unoi)ened bud or clove (3) ; 
 the expanded flower (2) . 
 
 and after, was applied to the carnation, but now-a-days 
 it usually refers to several cruciferous r>lants of the 
 genus Cheiranthus and Matthiola. 
 
 CLUB MOSS. See Lycopodium, 
 
 CNtCUS (Greek, knizein, to injure). Compdsitce. 
 Thistle. A genus of perhaps 200 species, containing 
 many much-hated weeds, especially the common Thistle, 
 C. hinceolatus, and the Canada Thistle, C. arvetisis. Fig. 
 501. About a dozen species have been slightly culti- 
 vated in rockeries and wild gardens. The genus Chamae- 
 peuce, now referred to Cnicus, contains .S plants slightly 
 used abroad in subtropical and carpel bedding: CAfer, 
 C CasobotKf, and C. Diavantha, which are cult, for 
 their rosettes of prickly Ivs. Thf fls. appear the second 
 year. C. beneOictua is an old name of the Blessed This- 
 tle, for which see Carbenia. 
 
 COBBETT, WILLIAM (17()2-18;i5). The once 
 famous fZnglisb author had two periods of en- 
 forced residence in America, and wrote "The 
 American Gardener '' which is one of the spiciest 
 books •■•• the whole history of American horti- 
 culture, Pi:.le II. He was of thorough Saxon 
 ancestry, and \shile a gardener's lad and during 
 eight years of military service, made strenuous efjforts at 
 self -education. ' r92 his personal liberty was endan- 
 gered by the p j'k ion of "The Soldier's Friend" (an 
 appeal for an i. ;•«; 'e of pay), and he came to Phila- 
 delphia in the iumion of that year. His first success 
 
 was a pamphlet entited," Observations on Dr. Priestlv's 
 Emigration," a bitter attack on the French Revolution. 
 He took the loyalist side in American politics, and is re- 
 garded as the founder of the American party press. 
 His attack on Benjamin Rush, the leading physician of 
 Philadelphia, for his advocacy of unlimited' bleeding 
 for yellow-fever, resulted in a libel suit, and daniatres 
 of $."5,000, which nearly ruined Cobbett, and sent hini to 
 England in June, 1800. In 1802 he began ^Cohbett's 
 Weekly Political Register," which he edited for 33 years, 
 and until his death, except during an interval of im- 
 prisonment and a second withdrawal to America. His 
 real work was domestic reform, and the circulation and 
 influence of his journal were immense. In 1801-2 he 
 reprinted his American writings in 12 volumes, entitled, 
 "Porcupine's Works." After 1804 he usually lived on 
 his farm at Botley, in Hampshire, where he conducted 
 many experiments. In 1817 he was again compelled to 
 leave England, and for the next two years he lived in 
 America. His life was one incessant conflict. He lived 
 to see the reform of 1832, and his work was fittingly re- 
 warded by a place in Parliament, but he was then too 
 old to do much damage, and he died within three years 
 thereafter. Cobbett's faults are all obvious, his v?g:otism 
 towering above the rest, and barely falling short of sub- 
 limity. He was not a genius, but his talents were extra- 
 ordinary, and his versatility amazing. His "English 
 Grammar'' (London, 1818), written from Long Island in 
 the form of letters to his 15-year-old son, was said by 
 Bulwer Lytton to be the only amusing grammar in the 
 world. Hazlitt declared that it is as interestinsr -is a 
 story-book, and Alfred Ayers, in his admirable edition 
 (New York, 1883), declares that it is probably the most 
 readable grammar ever written, and that for purposes of 
 self-education it is unrivalled. (For a list of Cobbett's 
 writings, see Edward bmith's excellent sketch in the 
 Dictionary of National Biography.) After Cobbett's 
 death, his sons published in G volumes (beginning 1857) 
 "Selections from Cobbett's Political Works ; beintr a com- 
 plete abridgment of the 100 volumes which comprise the 
 writings of 'Porctipine,'and 'The Weekly Political Regis- 
 ter.'" These 100 volumes, of course, do not take into 
 account his non-political writings, nor his editorial work 
 in the 30 volumes of "Cobbett's Parliamentary History 
 of England from the Norman Conquest, in lOOrt, to the 
 year 1803 " (continued as Hansard's Parliamentary De- 
 bates), nor Cobbett's Complete Collection of State 
 Trials (afterwards known as Howell's), nor many other 
 works which he either edited, translated, or published. 
 The anti-Cobbett literature is exceedingly voluminous, 
 and almost every charge has been made against the 
 man, except that of being uninteresting. According 
 to Henry Cabot Lo<i>re (whose masterly appreciation in 
 "Studies in History" [Boston, 1885], should be consulted 
 by the student immediately after direct contact with 
 Cobbett's writings), Cobbett's true value is understood 
 by his thoroughly representative character as a type 
 of his time and people. As historical documents, his 
 works are indispensable. 
 
 Cobbett's horticultural writings of chief interest to us 
 are "Cottage Economy," "A Year's Residence in the 
 United States of America, am', most of all "The Ameri- 
 can Gardener" (1821), which w^>s reproduced with con- 
 siderable modifications as "The English Gardener," in 
 
 50i. Leaf of Car.ada Thistle (X %). 
 
 London, 1827. The American edition of Wm. Forsyth's 
 excellent "Treatise on the Culture and Management of 
 Fruit Trees," was published at New York and Phila- 
 delphia in 1802. and in Albany in 1803, and was one of 
 the most influential books on fruit growing iu f'-i 
 
COBBETT 
 
 COCCOLOBA 
 
 339 
 
 period before orcharding over large areas gave rise to 
 essentially American horticultural writings. Unfortu- 
 tunately for horticulturists of the present day, Cobbett's 
 thunder seems forever silenced. He has the fatal 
 faults of being old and amusing. Yet, to the dis'-rimi- 
 nating mind, Cobbett's horticultural writings, especially 
 "The American Gardener" (which is still not uncommon 
 in second-hand book stores), are full of suggestiveness 
 and refreshment, W. M. 
 
 COB^A (after Father Cobo, Spanish Jesuit of the 
 seventeenth century, naturalist, and resident of America 
 for many years ) . Polemonidcece. A genus of 6 tropical 
 American climbers, of which C. sc(indens, a tender per- 
 ennial plant, is amongst the dozen most popular vines 
 commonly treated as annuals. This is the onh* genus of 
 climbers in the order. Prop, by seeds, which should be 
 placed in moist earth, edge down. It is a rapid grower. 
 
 
 
 Coboea scandens (A ^n). 
 
 8c4ndenB, Cav. Figs. 502, 503, 504. Height 10-20 ft. : 
 Ifts. in 2 or .3 pairs, the lowest close to the stem, and 
 more or less eared : fls. bell-shaped, 1-13^ in. across, 
 light violet or greenish purple, with protruding style 
 and stamens: tendrils branched. Mex. B.M.Bol. There 
 is a white-fld. form {C. alba, Hort, ), and one with varie- 
 gated Ivs., var. varieg^ta, Hort. — The terminal 1ft. is 
 represented by a tendril (Fig. 502). Sometimes there 
 are indications of tendrils on other Ifts. (Fig. .504), mak- 
 ing the plant an interesting one for students of mor- 
 phology. 
 
 macro8t6mma, Pav. Talk-r. later-flowering, the stems 
 and foliage not purple-tinged : fls. yellow-green, with 
 
 W. il. 
 
 exserted stamens. Guatemala. 
 
 COBNUT. Consult Cortjlus. 
 
 COBtJRGIA. See Stenomesson. 
 
 COCA. The Ivs. of Eriffhrorylon Coca, used in 
 medicine. Sold chiefly as a fluid extract. Cocaine is the 
 famous local anaBsthetic. 
 
 COCCtNEA (Latin, scarlet; referring to the orna- 
 mental gourds). Cucttrbitdcece. Thirteen species of 
 tender perennial vines, from the tropics of Asia and 
 Africa, usually with tuberous roots. Lvs. angled or 
 
 503. Normal l«af of Cobcsa scandens. 
 
 lobed, sometimes glandular : fls. white or yellowish, 
 large : fr. a small, scarlet gourd, sometimes marbled, 
 with an insipid ilp. A. Coigneaux in DC, Mon. Phan. 
 3:528. C.cor in is treated as a tender annual, re- 
 quiring an ear art and no special culture. 
 
 A. Tendrils simple : male fls. solitary : lvs. small. 
 
 cordilolia, Cogn. [C. I'ndica, Wight & Am.). Height 
 about 10 ft. : lvs. small, 1-2 in. long, glossy, ivy-like, 
 short-petioled, obtusely 5-angled: fls. white, bell-shaped: 
 fr. roundish at both ends, about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick. 
 India. 
 
 AA. Tendrils bifid: mal" fls. in racemes: lvs. large. 
 
 palm^ta, Cogn. (Cephaldndra palmdta, Lond.). At- 
 taining 30 ft. : lvs. large, .3-4 in. long and wide, long- 
 petioled, palmately 5-lobed : fls. vellowish : fr. ovate, 
 acute. Natal. Int. by P. Henderson & Co.. 1890. -A rare 
 greenhouse plant. -^ jj 
 
 C0CC6L0BA (Greek, lobed berry; referring to the 
 ends of the pear-shaped fr.). Polygondcece This genus, 
 which contains the 2 interesting fruits described below, 
 consists of about 80 tropical trees and shrubs, some- 
 times tall climbers, with alternate, tisually leathery, en- 
 tire lvs., which are sometimes very large, sometimes 
 very small: sheath or ocrea various: fls. in racemes, on 
 short pedicels between small, ocrea-like bracts. For C. 
 platyclada, see Mttehlenbeckia. 
 
 504. Monstrous ot abnormal leaf of Cobcca. 
 
 Coccoloba is a genus of tropical evergreen shrubs and 
 trees, mostly of an omaiaental character. C uvifera, 
 the Sea-grape or Shore-gtape of the West Indies, bears 
 an edible fruit, and has pprticulary beautiful foliage. 
 This species is the most important of the genus, anl is 
 
340 
 
 COCCOLOBA 
 
 COCHLEARIA 
 
 worthy of a place among ornamental plants under glass. 
 As it will withstand but slight frost, its cultivation out- 
 doors in the United State" is limited to warmer parts of 
 Florida and California, but it may be bedded outdoors 
 during the summer, in temperate latitudes forming a 
 
 stipules at the base : racemes 6 in. long, erect, in fl. 
 nodding in fr. : fls. 1J4 in. across, white, fragrant ; pet- 
 als .'>; stamens 8; styles 3: berries 9 or more in a ra- 
 ceme, small, about )^in. long, pear-shaped, reddish pur- 
 ple, dotted green, sweetish acid: nut roundish, with a 
 short, sharp point on top, and vertical wrinkles. 
 Sandy seashores of Trop. Amer., especially S 
 Fla. and West Indies. B.M. .1130. -The vnM 
 is used in cabinet work, and, when boiled, 
 gives a red color.. 
 
 Florid&na, Meissn. Pigeon Ploi 
 Tree, 2r>-:{0 ft.: Ivs. VA-3 in. long! 
 i-2 in. wide, ovate or elliptical, nar- 
 rowed at both en»is, obtuse, niarfrin 
 slightly recurved : berries small, 'gin. 
 long, pear-shaped, edible, but not 
 marketable. S. Fla. — This has lately 
 been considered a synon>Tu of ('. 
 laurifoUa, but the two ?pecies are 
 well distinguished in DC. Prod. 
 
 14:165. 
 
 W.M. 
 
 505. Coccoloba uvifera (X '3). 
 
 fine addition to the list of plants more commonly em- 
 ployed. All species are easily propagated by seeds, 
 whif I germinate freely when not too old. Some species 
 may be quickly increased by cuttings of ripe wood, 
 which root readily in sand under usual conditions, in a 
 frame or propagating house. Layering may also be em- 
 ployed to increase a stock. The various species grow 
 naturally in both clayey and sandy soils, revelling in 
 moist, rich earth and a high temperature. C. uvifera 
 frequents the seashore, and is found growing in sand 
 and broken shells, apparently lacking altogether in 
 plant-food. Rich, sandy soil .)f a light character seems 
 to be the best for all species so far known. Plants are 
 readily transplanted from open ground, but pot-grown 
 plants' are to be preferred. Cult. by E. N. Reasoner. 
 
 uvifera, Linn. Sea-grape. Shore-grape. Fig. 50;'). 
 Tree, reaching 20 ft. or more, with many flexuous 
 branches : Ivs. large, often 5 in. long by 7 in. wide, 
 broadly heart-shaped, wavy margined, glossy, leathery, 
 midrib red at the base; petioles short, with sheathing 
 
 COCCXTLTS ( diminutive of kokkox, 
 berry; the fr. being berry -like). 
 {Cebaiha.) Menispermticeip'. Twin- 
 ing or erect shrubs: Ivs. airemate, 
 petioled, entire or lobed, with entire 
 margin, deciduous or persistent, 
 palminerved : fls. inconspicuous, dioe- 
 cious, in axillary panicles or racemes, 
 sometimes terminal ; sepals, jietals 
 and stamens 6: carpels M-O, distinct, develoi)infr into 
 berry-like, 1-seeded drupes ; seed renifomi. About 
 25 species in America, Asia, Africa and Australia, 
 chiefly in trop. and subtrop. regions. Ouly a few spe- 
 cies are cultivated, thriving in almost any somewhat 
 moist soil ; the evergreen kinds are sometimes jrrown 
 in pots, in a sandy compost of peat and loam. Prop. 
 by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer, 
 under glass, with bottom heat. 
 
 "Cocculus Indicu8"is the trade name of the berries 
 used by the Chinese in catching flsh. The berries con- 
 tain an acrid poison, which intoxicates or stuns the tish 
 until they can be caught. The berries are imported 
 from the East Indies to atlulterate porter, and"Ci>('culus 
 Indictis " is a trade name with druggists, not a botanical 
 one, just as "Cassia lignea"is a trade name of a kind of 
 Cinnamon bark, derived, not from a Cassia. I)ut from a 
 species of Cinnamomum. The name"Cocculus Indicus" 
 was given by Bauhin, but binomial nomenclature beiran 
 later, with Linnaeus, in 17.").3. The plant which produces 
 the berries is Anamirta Cocculus. 
 
 CaroUnus, DC. A ri*pid-growing, twining shrub, at- 
 taining 12 ft., with pubescent branches: Ivs. long-peti- 
 oled, usually ovate, sometimes cordate, obtuse, entire or 
 3-, rarely 5-'lobed, rabescent, glabrous above at length, 
 1)^-3 in. long: fr. red, >4in. in diam. Along streams, 
 from Va. and 111. to Fla. and Tex. — Decorative in fall, 
 with its bright red fr. No*; hartiy N of New York. 
 
 C. Jap6nictts, DC.=Stephama hemandifolia.— C laitrifolhig, 
 DC. Ere<"t slinib, to I.t ft., glabrous: Ivs. everijreen, oblong. 
 Kcnte at l^otli ends. Himal. Decorative, with its bright green, 
 shining foliage. Only hardy in subtropical regions.— f. Thiin- 
 bergi. Dr. Similar to C. CaroUnus, but fr. bluish black. Har- 
 dier. Japan. Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 COCHLEABIA (Latin, cochlear, a spoon; referring to 
 the Ivs.), Crucifercf. This genus, which includes the 
 Horse Radish and Scurvy Grass, is composed of glabrous 
 herbs, mostly perennial, of various habit, with Ivs. alter- 
 nate or in rosettes : fls. mostly white, racemose, bractless: 
 pods various, but never winged. The word cochlear is 
 a technical term used in describing alstivation, pvA refers 
 to one piece which is larger than the others, hollow like 
 a bowl or helmet, and including the rest, as in Aconitura. 
 
 Armor^cia, Linn. (Xasturtium Armnrdcia, Fries). 
 HoRrSE Radish. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. high : roots large 
 and fleshy, furnishing the familiar condiment: n)ot-lvs. 
 very large, more or less cordate or oblong ; stem-lvs. 
 lanceolate, uppermost linear, entire : fls. white. May. 
 Naturalized from Eu. and escaped. — It flowers fre- 
 quently, and very rartly perfects any seeds. For cul- 
 ture, see Horse Jiadish. 
 
COCHLEARIA 
 
 COCOS 
 
 341 
 
 officiniLlis, Linn. Scurvy Grass. Hardy biennial, 
 2-12 in. high, but cult, as an annual : root-lvs. petioled, 
 cordate; 9tem-lv8. sessile, oblong, more or less toothed: 
 fls. early spring; calyx lobes eiect. Arctic regions. Vil- 
 morin, Veg. Gard. 515.— Prop, by seed, which is small, 
 oval, slightly angular, rough -j^kinned, reddish brown. 
 The germinating power lasts 4 years. The green parts 
 of the plant are strongly acrid, ami have a tarry flavor. 
 The seed is sown in a cool, shady position, where the 
 plants are to stand. The Ivs. are rarely eaten as salad, 
 but the plant is mostly grown for its anti-scorbutic 
 properties. W. Mv 
 
 COCHLIODA (Greek for spiral, in reference to the 
 structure of the lip). Orchiddceir, tribe I'dndeiP. A 
 small genus of orchids found at high elevations in South 
 America. Pseudobulbous. Flowers bright rose-color or 
 scarlet. Some of the species are retained by various 
 authors in Odontoglossura and 3Iesopinidium. Culture 
 of Odontoglossums. 
 
 Noetzli^na, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, com- 
 pressed, about 2 in. long, nionodiphyllous : Ivs. linear, 
 peduncles arcuate : fls. nunierou:^, in graceful racemes, 
 orange-scarlet, about 1 in. across; sepals oblong; petals 
 rather ovate ; labellum 3-lobed, disk yellow, otherwise 
 similar in color to the petals. Andes. B.M. 7474. Gt. 
 43:1403. G.C. III. 16:71. 
 
 rdsea, Hort. Plants similar to C. Xoetzliana : fls. rose 
 color. Peru. B.M. 0084. I.H. 18:(»6. 
 
 yulc4nica, Benth. & Hook. Peduncles more or less 
 eret't: tls. larger than in the preceding, bright rose-color; 
 labellum 3-lobed, provided with 4 ri'lges. Peru. B.M. 6001. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 COCHLIOSTfiMA (Greek,67)mjJ stamens). Commeli- 
 ndcecr. A genus of 2 species, which are among the 
 most curious and gorgeous plants c iltivated under glass. 
 They are epiphytes, with the hal it of Billbergia and 
 great axillary panicles of large flow ers of peculiar struc- 
 ture and beauty. They are stemless herbs from Equa- 
 dor. with large, oblong-lanceolate Irs., sheathing at the 
 base, and fls. which individually last only a short time, 
 although a succession is kept up for several weeks; 
 sepals 3, oblong, obtuse, concave; petals 3, nearly equal, 
 wider than the sepals, margined with l<»ug hairs*: stami- 
 nodes 3, villous^, 2 erect, linear, the third short, plumose; 
 staminal column hooded, with incurA-ed margins, enclos- 
 ing 3 spirally twisted anthers ; stvle slender, curved. 
 For an interesting theorv of the p.iculiar staminodes, 
 seeG.C, 1868: 323,? . 
 
 Cochliostemas art handsome stove- flowering perennial 
 plants, closely relat»-d to the Commelinas, and are of 
 comparatively easy culture, thriving well in ordinary 
 stove temperature in a mixture of 2 parts loam and 1 
 part fibrous peat, with a little well-decayed cow- or sheep- 
 manure added when potting mature plants. They like a 
 copious supply of water at the roots during the summer 
 months, and at no season must they be allowed to become 
 dry. Propagation is effected by division of the plants in 
 early spring, or by seeds, to obtain which the flowers 
 must be artificially fertilized. The seeds should be sown 
 as soon as ripe in shallow pans of light, peaty soil, and 
 placed in a warm, close atmosphere until germinated. 
 As soon as the see«llings are large enoi:gh, they should 
 be potted singly int<? thumb-pots, and shifted on as 
 often as they require it, when they will flower in about 12 
 months. The chief reason why Cochliostemas are grown 
 in America so little is, probably, that we have to keep a 
 much more humid atmosphere in stove-houses here than 
 in England, and that is very much against all stove- 
 floweriug plants, causing the season of blossoming to be 
 very short. 
 
 A. Lvs.red beneath : panicle hairy: fls. very fragrant. 
 odoratissimum, Lenmire. Lvs. lighter green above than 
 in V.Jdcohiatnun, and deep purplish red beneath, nar- 
 rower, and with a similar margin : fls. very numerous; 
 sepals more leaf-like, hairy, green, with a reddish tip. 
 I.H. 6: 217. R.H. 186!), p. 170. -Not advertised at present, 
 but fully as interesting as the next. 
 
 AA. Lvs. green beneath: panicle not hairy : fls. less 
 
 fragrant. 
 Jacobiinum, C. Koch and Linden. Height 1-3 ft.: Ivs. 
 in a rosette, spreading or recurved, dilated and sheath- 
 
 ing at the base, margined brown or purplish, .3—4 ft. long, 
 6 in. broad at the base, 4 in. broad at the middle : pe- 
 duncles stout, white, tinged purple, 1 ft. long : bracts 
 large, opposite and whorled, 3-4 in. long, acuminate, 
 concave: panicle branches 4-^ in. long: fls. 2-23-9 in. 
 across ; sepals purplish ; petals violet-blue. Autumn. 
 B.M. 5705. R.H. 1868:71. 
 
 Edward J. Canning and W. M. 
 
 Cochliostema odorati.'isinium is much like C Jacobi- 
 anum. Is a very interesting plant of rapid growth and 
 easy culture. It is raised from seed. It seeds freely 
 when fertilized at the proper time. Only a few of the 
 stronger or larger flowers sh<»uld be allowed to bear seed. 
 Sometimes a simple shaking of the flower stalk will ac- 
 complish the necessary work of fertilizing, but it is 
 safer to employ the regular method to insure thorough 
 impregnation. The seeds ripen within 6 weeks time, and 
 they can be sown soon thereafter. In 5 or 6 months from 
 seed the plants will bloom. The flowers, while not very 
 showy, are fragrant and. interesting. The plant itself is 
 ornamental by reason of its curiously marked, striped 
 and veined leaves. The plant thrives best in rich, light, 
 loamy soil. First sow in boxes or seed pans in light, 
 sandy soil ; then transplant into small pots ; keep the 
 young plants in a warm, moist place and repot before 
 the pot is fllleu >v''th roots, never allowing the plant to 
 get "hard," as it is calle<l. but keep it growing continu- 
 ously, and when in 6- or 7-inch pots, allow the plant to 
 get somewhat pot-bound and give more air, and it will 
 soon set flower bu«ls. Then place a mulch of old cow- or 
 sheep-manure on the top of the pot, or use liquid manure 
 once or twice a week, keeping the plant in a cool posi- 
 tion. The above treatment will secure numerous flowers 
 over a long period. Fall and winter, jj^ ^\_ Siebrecht. 
 
 COCKSCOMB. See Celosia. 
 
 COCKSFOOT GBASS. Same as Barnyard Grass, Pant- 
 cum Crus-0'alli. 
 
 COCOA. Seeds of Theobroma Cacao. 
 COCOA PLUM. Chrysobalanns Icaco. 
 
 COCOS (Portuguese, monkey, from the nut, which sug- 
 gests a monkey's face). Pahndcece, tribe Cocoinea;. 
 This genus includes the Cocoanut tree, C. nucifera, and 
 a few palms that are cultivated for ornament in the 
 north under glass, and in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as ave- 
 nue and ornamental trees. Of the species cult, for or- 
 nament, C. Weddelliana is by far the most important. 
 It is sold in great qtiantities from 3- and 4-inch pots 
 when the plants are 12-1.^ in. high. They are favorite 
 house-plants, as their culture is easy, and they grow 
 slowly and retain their beauty a long while. They are 
 much used in fern dishes. As a house-plant, C. Wed- 
 delliana is probably the most popular species of all the 
 smaller palms. It is especially suitable for table deco- 
 ration. The genus is allied to Maximiliana and Attalea, 
 and distinguished by its male fls. having lanceolate 
 petals, 6 included stamens, and a 1 -seeded fruit. 
 
 Low or tall spineless palms, with slender or robust 
 ringed trunks, often clothed with the bases of the lvs. 
 Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect ; segments ensiform or lanceo- 
 late, equidistant or in groups, 1- to many -nerved, entire 
 at the apex, or with 1 lateral tooth, or more or less 
 deeply lobed,— the margins smooth, recurved at the 
 base: rachis 3-sided, acute above, convex on the back: 
 petiole concave above, smooth or spiny on the margins: 
 sheath short, open, fibrous ; spadices erect, at length 
 drooping, the branches erect or drooping; spathes 2, the 
 lower one the shorter, split at the apex, the upper one 
 fusiform or clavate, woody, furrowed on the back ; 
 bracts variable ; ^,- white or yellow : fr. large or me- 
 dium, ovoifl or e.'-^soidal. terete or obtusely 3-a»igled. 
 Species about .30. Tropical and sab-tropicai S. Amer., 
 1 in the tropics around the world. 
 
 J. G. Smith and W. M. 
 
 The Cocoanut Palm naturally grcvs on the seashore, 
 or in its immediate vicinity, and does not bear well 
 when at a great distance from salt water, aKhough its 
 growth may be strong. In cultivation, this fact is keot 
 
342 
 
 cocos 
 
 cocos 
 
 in mind and plantations are laid out on sandy or shelly 
 tracts of land bordering the sea, where it is almost im- 
 possiuie to raise anything else of value. This soil con- 
 sists of coarse sand, broken shells and litter of the sea, 
 and is apparently very poor in quality, yet the Cocoanut 
 thrives on it and bears abundantly. Propagation is by 
 seeds only. These are selected from the most desired 
 strains, as the nuts vary greatly in size, shape, and 
 quantity and quality of the meat. They must be per- 
 fectly ripe before planting, which is usually done with- 
 out removing the outer husk. A shallow trench is 
 scooped out of the sand, the nuts are laid in thickly on 
 their sides and then the sand is thrown back over them 
 to a depth of from 4-10 in., according to 'he moisture of 
 the soil. After some months, when they have germi- 
 nated and the seed leaf is well developed, they are usu- 
 ally dug and planted out permanently about 20 ft. apart. 
 The young palms are kept free from weeds and en- 
 croaching beach creepers for 3 or 4 years, until ^they 
 reach a considerable size, after which they seldom pet 
 any cultivation. A mulching of seaweed and other veg- 
 etable matter proves of much benefit, but as the profit 
 is so small in Cocoanut culture, thorough manuring is 
 not attempted. Cocoanut Palms are of tropical growth, 
 yet may be grown outside the tropics to a slight extent, 
 as in southern Florida, where occasional light frosts 
 occur. E. N. Reasoneb. 
 
 As a decorative subject under glass, Cocos nucifera 
 is but little grown, owing to its large size, but when 
 given an abundance of water, a rich, loamy soil, and a 
 night temperature of 70°, it is not especially difficult to 
 manage, and while the young plants do not give a proper 
 idea of the mature Cocoanut Palm, their development 
 is interesting to watch. 
 
 The most valuable Cocos to the florist is the Dwarf 
 Cocoanut. C. Weddelliana, the seeds of which are sent 
 from Brazil to the large American and European palm 
 growers bj' the million each season. These seeds are 
 about half an inch thick. They usually arrive in the 
 spring, and should be sown at once in a warm green- 
 house and kept continually moist, and if they are in 
 good condition and kept at a temperature of about 75°, 
 they frequently begin to germinate in 6 to 8 weeks. 
 
 A light and rather open soil is preferable for Cocos 
 seeds, some growers using pure peat for this purpose 
 with good results. When the seedlings are making their 
 second leaf they may be potted off, and this is one of 
 the critical periods in the culture of C. Weddelliana, 
 the young roots being so stiff and brittle that much care 
 is needed to get them into a 2- or 2 >^ -inch pot. and if 
 the main root is broken the seedling seldom recovers. 
 
 Deep pots are, therefore, best for this purpose. The 
 seedlings should be kept rather close during the day for 
 the first few weeks after potting, and then may be aired 
 quite liberully, and also syringed freely. A night tem- 
 perature of 6.>-70° will answer very well for the young 
 plants, and they should never be allowed to become 
 very dry, or a yellow and unhealthy condition is liable 
 to follow. Through the summer the plants may be re- 
 potted as they may need it. but it is not wise to'distarb 
 the roots after the middle of October, the root action of 
 these plants being rather sluggish during the winter 
 months. 
 
 Soil should be well-drained, rather sandy in texture, 
 and may be enriched with some dry cow-dung, or a 
 moderate quantity of bone dust. 
 
 Cult, by W. H. Taplin. 
 
 The Cocoanut is the example most commonly cited of 
 dispersal of seeds by water. Its buoyant, impervious, 
 boat-shaped husk enables it to cross an ocean without 
 losing its germinating power. Its structure is interest- 
 ing and at first puzzling. Although it is a dry, indehis- 
 cent. 1-seeded fruit, it seems very unlike an akene, as 
 for instance, ii. the Compositse. Structurally, it is more 
 like a drupe, for the fibrous husk is formed from the 
 outer part of the pericarp, and the hard shell enclosing 
 the meat from the inner. In other words the husk is 
 exocarp and the shell endocarp The milk of the Cocoa- 
 nut is unsolidified endosperm. In the cereal grains it is 
 the endosperm which affords most of the material used 
 for human food. Only a part of the liquid matter of the 
 Cocoanut sclidifies, and the milk is left in the center. 
 
 The eyes of the Cocoanut (Fig. 506) mark the positions 
 of the micropyles, and germination takes place only 
 through the larger one. Palm pistils are 3-carpelle(l a;.i 
 each carpel in Cocos has 1 ovule. The marks of the 3 
 carpels are seen in Fig. 50(;, but only 1 ovule develops 
 
 506. End of a mature cocoanut. 
 The nut sprouts usually from the largest eye. 
 
 into a seed. Fig. 507 tells the story of the growth of a 
 Cocoanut. In «, the young nut is enveloped by 3 petals 
 and 3 sepals. At 6, the pericarp has far outgrown the 
 sepals and petals. The floral envelopes remain upou the 
 tree when the nut is picked. Cocoanuts, like many other 
 fruits, often grow to a^considerable size without pollina- 
 tion, and then perish. 
 
 In distinguishing tropical from subtropical regions. 
 the Cocoanut is an excellent giiide. It flourishes best 
 where frost is never known. The oil extracted from the 
 nuts is an important article of commerce. The fiber re- 
 fuse is much used by florists and gardeners. Being 
 open, spongy, very retentive of moisture, clean and 
 easily handled, it is a favorite material in which to root 
 bedding plants and to start very small seeds ; but it is 
 not used for permanent potting. l_ g_ g^ 
 
 A. Filaments present on the rachis. 
 
 eriosp&tha. Mart. Stem 9-15 ft. high, 10-14 in. thick, 
 capitately thickened with the persistent bases of the 
 petioles; Ivs. ample, glaucous, finely pectinate: margins 
 of the rachis with excurrent filaments; segments about 
 1 in. apart, the lower elongated, linear, 20-24 in. long, 
 very long-acuminate, the upper narrowly linear, short, 
 attenuate, 1 ft. long, 2 lines wide, all rigid, faintly ner- 
 vose-striate, S. Braz.— "The hardiest of the genus and 
 one of the hardiest palms in southern Calif. Fronds 
 bluish: fr. pulp tastes like- r pricots."— /'. iVffwcf.se^i, 
 Santa Barbara. Rather coarse for cultivation under 
 glass. 
 
 AA. Flaments absent. 
 
 B. Bachis abnipthj contracted above the insertion of 
 the lowest Ifta. 
 
 flexudsa, Mart. Stem 9-12 ft. high, 2-3^2 in. in diam., 
 arcuate-ascending, naked just above the base, thence 
 densely clothed with dead petiole bases; Ivs. lax, 3-(i ft. 
 long: petiole flat above, arcuate, at first tomentose, later 
 smooth : rach s abruptly narrowed above the insertion 
 of the lowest 1 ?af-segment, thence linear-filiform at the 
 apex, excurrert ; segments 70-90 on each side, rigid in 
 opposite grou )s, the middle 10-14 in. long, ^•^ in. Tide, 
 the upper 4 in. long, l-12in. wide. Braz.— Cult, in north- 
 em greenhouses. An avenue tree in S. Fla, and S. 
 Calif. "Similar in habit to S.plnmosa, but with more 
 finely cut Ivs., and in S. Eu. considered to stand more 
 troit.^'—Franceschi. 
 
cocos 
 
 cocos 
 
 343 
 
 BB. Bachis not abruptly contracted. 
 
 c. Leaflets flaccid. 
 
 D. Form oflfts. linear. 
 
 E. Arrangement of Ifts. equidistant. 
 
 Weddelliina, H. Wendl. Fig. 508. Stem 4-7 ft. high, 
 IX in. in diam., densely covered with persistent sheaths : 
 lv8. equally pectinate-pinnatisect, W-'^Va ft. long: petiole 
 8-20 in. : sheath coriaceous-fibrous, glabrous or tomen- 
 tose, with slender brown hairs, at length evanescent : 
 blade 2-3 ft. : segments about .50 on each side, widely 
 spreading, the middle 5 in. long, 2 lines wide, subequi- 
 distant. glaucous beneath : rachis filiform at the apex, 
 brown-scaly. Trop. Braz. R. H. 1879, p. 434. I.H. 
 22:220. A. G. 16:345. — The most important of small or- 
 namental palms for the north. 
 
 EE. Arrangement of Ifts. in groups of 2-4. 
 
 plumdsa, Hook. Stem .30-36 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick, 
 ringed at intervals of a ftwjt, clothed near the apex with 
 remnants of the dead petioles; Ivs. erect-spreading, 12- 
 15 ft. long, recurving : petiole >a->^ as long as the 
 blade : segments linear acuminate, sparse, solitary or 
 mostly in groups of 2-4, IV^ft. long, deflexed near the 
 apex. Cent. Braz. B.M. 5180. -The chief avenue pulra 
 of the genus. A quick-grower, ultimately 50 ft. high in 
 S. Fla. and Calif. 
 
 cc. Leaflets rigid. 
 
 butyricea, Linn. Stems very tall, naked : Ivs. pin- 
 nate ; Ifts. simple ; spathe cylindrical-oblong, 4-6 ft. 
 Venezuela.— Rare and perhaps confused with Scheelea 
 butyracea. Little known. 
 
 D. Form of Ifts. sword -shaped. 
 Bomanzoffiina, Cham. Stems 30-40 ft. high, some- 
 what fusifonu above: Ivs. about half as long as the cau- 
 dex, the withered ones deflexed, pendent, the upper 
 spreading, incurved, segments conduplicate at the base, 
 ensiform. S. Braz., near the sea. 
 
 DD. Form oflfts. linear: apex obtuse: petiole glaucous. 
 austrilis, Mart. Pixdo Palm. Height 8 ft.: stim 
 erect, columnar, equal, strongly annular above ; petiole 
 naked ; segments linear, glaucous, rather rigid : fr. as 
 large as a pigeon's etm. outer pulp sweet, edible, seed 
 oily. Paraguay. G.C. III. 18:739. A.F. 5, 515, and 7:805. 
 R.H. 1876. p. 155.— A slow grower. Cult, under glass 
 and outdoors in Fla. and Calif. 
 
 nncifera, Linn. Ceoo Palm. Cocoanut Tree. Figs. 
 507, 508. Caudex 40-100 ft. high, flexuous, thickened at 
 the base: Ivs. 12-18 ft. long ; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, 2-3 
 ft., coriaceous, flaccid: petiole 3-5 ft., stout. Seashores 
 within the tropics. Indigenous to Cocos or Keeling 
 Islands of the Indian 
 ocean. R. H. 1895, 
 p. 457. Mn. 2: 171. 
 G.F. 7:15. — Produces 
 the coooanuts of com- 
 merce. Rarely cult, 
 in northern green- 
 houses. 
 
 the mouth ; petiole 1% tt. long, spino8e-serr*ttt* : seg- 
 ments ,50-60 on a side, crov ded below, then equidistant, 
 linear-lanceolate, the uppermost long-setaceous filiform, 
 
 (Xat. size at this st.ago.) (Xat. size.) 
 
 507. Stages in the growth of a cocoanut. 
 
 DDD. Form of Ifts. narrowly lanceolate. 
 E, Lvs. long, 6-15 ft. in mature specimens. 
 
 F Petiole spinose-serrate: segments of leaf less 
 
 numerous. 
 
 YatAy, Mart. Stem 12-15 ft. high, over 1 ft. in diam., 
 
 naked below, co^ ered with dead sheaths above: lvs. .e- 
 
 curved, spreading 6-9 ft. ; sheath 1 ft. long, fibrous at 
 
 SOS. Cocos ^Veddelliana. 
 
 the middle ones 2% ft. long. 2-5 in. wide, the upper 20 
 in. long, 34in. wide, all rigid, glaucous beneath. Brazil, 
 Argentina. 
 
 FP. Petiole not spinose-serrate : segments of leaf 
 very numerous. 
 
 Ditil, Drude & Griseb. Stem .30 ft. high, 8-12 in. diam. : 
 lvs. 12-15 ft. long; sheath about 16 in. long; petiole 1% 
 ft. long, 1% in. wide, r^ain. thick; segments linear-acumi- 
 nate, glaucous, densely crowded in groups of 3 or 4, 
 150-160 on each side, the lowest 2 ft., middle 2>a ft. and 
 apical 1 ft., the uppermost fllifonn, all narrow, stiff and 
 rigid, the dried lvs. glaucous green or whitish. Argen- 
 tina; islands aud river banks. The fruits are edible, 
 resembling those of the date palm. Hardier in S. Calif, 
 than C. plumosa,flexuosa, and Bomamoffiana. 
 
 coronilta, Mart. Trunk at length 18-30 ft. high, 8 in. 
 in diam., erect, deeply ringed: lvs. erect-spreading, 6-9 
 ft. long, short-petioled, arranged in a close, 5-ranked 
 spiral, the long-persistent bases of the petioles forming 
 a spiral -twisted column below the crown; leaf-segments 
 in groups of 2 or 3, folded together from the base (con- 
 duplicate), linear lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, densely 
 crowded, about 100 on each side; midrib 4-sided below, 
 3-sided above. Brazil. 
 
 EE. Lvs. shorter, S-4% ft. in mature specimens. 
 
 F. Apex of Ifts. obtuse. 
 
 camp^stris, Mart. Stem 8-10 ft. high, thickened, scaly: 
 lvs. spread ing-recurved, rigid. 3-4 Vg ft. long: rachis ele- 
 vated, triangular above, convex below : segments nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, .30-40 on ea<'h side, obtuse at the a[>ex 
 and shortly cordate-acuminate. Brazil.— Hardier than 
 C.nucifera, 
 
 FF. Apex OT Ifts. acuminate. 
 
 iniigma.'^lart. (Glazidva insignis, Hort.). Stem.3-6ft. 
 high, 1% in. in diam. : lvs. 4>^-6 ft. long; sheath densely 
 
ml 
 
 i « ■ f: 
 
 I- 
 
 
 344 
 
 cocos 
 
 brown - lanate ; petiole shorter than or equaling the 
 sheath, a fourth or fifth as long as the rachis; segments 
 equidistant, 50 on eatrh side, narrowly lanreolate, obliquely 
 acuminate and caudate, silvery glaucous beneath. Braz. 
 
 The following are obscure trade names of rare plants not 
 sufficiently descril)«d : C. Alphonsei, C. Bdnneti, O. OcUrtneri, 
 C. Maximilidna and C. Turumdgruu. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and W. M. 
 
 CODI^UM (Malayan name). Euphorbidcece. Croton 
 of florists. Four or 5 Malayan species of shrubs or 
 trees. Plants momecious : racemes axillary, long and 
 slender: pistillate lis. with small 5-lobed calyx and no 
 petals, the ovary 3-loculed : stamens 15-30, surrounded 
 by calyx and 5-0 small petals: Ivs, alternate and petio- 
 late, normally entire, thick, more or less Aucuba-like. 
 Differs from Croton in the absence of petals from the 
 pistillate fls., and in technical characters of stamens. 
 
 The Codiaeums of gardens are of many widely differ- 
 ent kinds, and many of these forms have Latin-made 
 names. They are all derived, however, from one poly- 
 morphous natural group, which J. Milller, the latest 
 monographer ( DC. Prodr. 15: pt. 2, 111!)), considers to be 
 one species {C.varie<jati(m). This plant is widely dis- 
 tributed in the Malayan rejrion, and is commonly 
 planted in the Moluccas and other parts. The Crotons 
 or Codiaeums of horticulturists fall into three groups.— 
 those with ovate, short-stalked Ivs., those with narrower 
 and spatulate Ivs., and those with ver>' narrow and often 
 twisted Ivs. These correspond with Miiller's three nat- 
 ural divisions : 
 
 varieg&tum, Linn., var. pictum, Miiller (C. plctum, 
 Hook.). Fig. 509. Lvs. short-petioled, ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, more or less cordate at the base, 1^2-3 times 
 longer than wide, beautifullv and variously marked with 
 red, yellow and green. L.B'.C. 9:870. B.M. 3051. 
 
 Var. Molucc^num, Miiller. Fig, 510. Lvs. long- or 
 short-petioled. widely or narrowly spatulate, acute at 
 base, and short-acuminate. 
 
 509. Codiaeutn Baronne de Rothschild (var. pictum). 
 
 Var. grenuinum, Miiller (Crbton variegdtus, Linn.). 
 Figs. 511, 512. Lvs. broad- or narrow-lanceolate, equally 
 narrowed at both ends, acutish or obtuse, never cordate 
 at base. 
 
 The Codiaeiims of gardens are prised chiefly for the 
 varied and brilliant markings of the lvs. The colons are 
 in shades of red, yellow, orange and purple, and the 
 markings often run into white. The plants have been 
 
 CODI^UM 
 
 modified almost endlessly by domestio , 
 the modification is the result of crossing. Tl. 
 are prized both as indoor foliage plants and 
 for massing in the open. In the open air i 
 most brilliant colors in our bright, hot sur 
 plants will not stand frost. Specimens wl 
 coming too large for the greenhouse may 
 the center of the bed for siuumer and throw 
 frost. With Crotons it is especially desir: 
 the ball of roots well developed. The sn 
 plants, which naturally form the outer ring 
 mer bed, may be plunged in their pots into 
 are easily removed in the fall to the greenl 
 plants, when taken up in the fall and brou, 
 should be cut back at the time of potting, 
 make the best subjects for winter decoratf 
 good results may be got from them by the 
 care. 
 
 Codiaeums (or Crotons, as they are popu 
 in America) are beautiful plants, with ma 
 handsome and o<ld foliage of the most brillis 
 The colors range from almost pure white 
 deep yellow, orange, pink, red and crimson, 
 charming combinations. In some cases on 
 dominates, as in Carrierei (yellow), Cza 
 III. (crimson), Hawkerii (light yellow). ' 
 ties of distinct coloring make beautiful spe( 
 for jardinieres; and their beauty is enhance 
 in jardinieres of appropriate color. As exhi: 
 they are ver>' effective, and may be grown 1 
 5 or 6 feet high, or even larger. In si 
 Codiaeums are much used as table plant 
 purpose well colored tops are rooted and gr 
 they are from 12 to 15 inches high. The n; 
 varieties are most used for this purpose, 
 are also very attractive in vases and wi 
 and for mantel and table decorations. T. 
 very valuable as bedding plants. Planted 
 masses, the efl'ect of the combination of r. 
 charming. They should be planted in onl 
 not too heavy soil, and regularly syringed 1 
 red spider. They color best when fully ex; 
 sun, and should not be planted out until al 
 of .June in the neighborhood of New Yorl 
 delphia. If something is needed to make t 
 attractive early in the season, it is a good ] 
 pansies in April, to remain until it is time 
 Codiaeums. Some of the tender varieties, sui 
 Albicans, and a few others, are inclined t<j 
 extremely hot weather, but nearly all the t 
 bedded out. Among the very best for this 
 Queen Victoria, Dayspring, Baron Rotl 
 dreanum. Lady Zetland, Carrierei, Barry 
 Fasciatum, Auietumense. 
 
 The house culture of Codiaeums is very e 
 necessary that a night temperature be main 
 to 75°, and that the air be kept moist 
 syringings. Cuttings of half-ripened w< 
 easily rooted at any time from October i; 
 bottom heat of 80° being just what they r 
 very fine specimens are desired, root strong 
 tops by making an incision in the steii 
 moss around the wounded part ; it will be 
 to pot in about three weeks. By this methot 
 age may be retained, and a perfect plant I 
 The more light the plant gets, the better 
 color; but with some kinds of glass it is 
 shade lightly to prevent burning of the h 
 may be grown finely in a house glazed 
 glass, which admits the light and does 
 shading, it is well to syringe two or three ' 
 with tobacco water, to kill mealy bug and 
 Little's Antipest, or any emulsion of coal-< 
 insecticide for Codianims. New varieties fr 
 result of crossing existing sorts) are conti 
 raised. Seed ripens freely under gla? 
 America, and there is no doubt that the 1 
 eighty choice varieties now in cultivation w: 
 extended in the near future. 
 
 The following horticultural varieties are in 
 trade : 
 Aigberth Gem. 
 Albo-lineatum,. 
 
 .Jk Mjs.. 1...^.: 
 
CODI^UM 
 
 CODLEL'M 
 
 345 
 
 AlMean*. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, 18 in. or less long, shining 
 green, variejfated ivory-white, tinted crimson beneatli : dense 
 grower. 
 
 Andrfanum. Lvs. broafl-oblong, deep green, with yellow and 
 crimson vein-markings. R.H. 1876. p. 2:U. I.H.22.201. 
 
 510. Codisum Di&raeli (var. Moluccanum) . 
 
 Angustigsimum (angustivolium). Lvs. 1-1/^ ft, long, linear, 
 drooping, yellow-margined t nd -ribbed. 
 
 Anietum^nse. 
 
 AiicubiKfolium. Lvs. short and broad, green, blotched with 
 yellow and crimson. 
 
 Aureo-maculatum. Lvs. long and narrow, yellow-spotted. 
 
 Aureum. Lvs. beautifully and symmetrically marked with 
 rich yellow. 
 
 Baron Adolph SeillQre. Strong' and robust growth. Large, 
 brilliant green lvs., with pale yellov nerves, which soon become 
 ivory-white, the contrast of color pi"o<".ucing a striking effect. 
 
 Baronne de Rothgchild (Fig. 509). Lvs. broad, olive-green 
 and yellow, changing to crimson. 
 Barryi. 
 
 Beauty. Lvs. lanceolate, profusely and strikingly varieg^.tel 
 with golden yellow on a rich green grou.id : as they »<• lin o'^ 
 the green ground color gradually becomti' a deep ^ioi./j, i as* 
 the yellow variegation develops into a rich, rosy crimson 
 
 Bergmani. Lvs. short, broad-oblong, cream-yellow, f green 
 blotches. LH.27:389. 
 
 Brilliantissimum. 
 
 Burtonii. Lvs. lanceolate, 16 in. or less, shining green, mar- 
 bled with golden yellow. 
 
 Carrierei. 
 
 Challenger (Imperator). Long lvs.: midribs at i\rst creamy 
 white, suffused with red, deepening to bright carmine. One of 
 
 the best. 
 
 Chelsonii. Lvs. narrow and drooping, more or less twisted, 
 salmon-tinted and -blotched. 
 
 Chrysophyllum. Lvs. small, yellow-tinted. 
 
 Compte de Germiny. 
 
 Cooperii. Lvs. yellow- veined and -blotched, changing to red. 
 
 Comutuin. Lvs. oblong and obtuse, lobed, rounded at the 
 base, wa\'y-margined, dark, shining green and mottled with yel- 
 low, the midrib projecting at the tip. 
 
 Cronstadtii. Lvs. lanceolate, twisted and crisped, tapering to 
 a sharp point, glossy green, variegated with light golden yellow. 
 
 Crown Prince. Lvs. lanceolate atid acuminate, 18 in. or less 
 long, shining green, with golden veins. 
 
 Czar Alexander III. 
 
 Dayspring. Orange-yellow, e<lged green and tinged red. 
 
 Delight. Lvs. oblong acute, bright yellow, margined with 
 green, the veins cream-color, the bright central variegation 
 changing to clear ivor>'-white, with here and there a few dots of 
 the same color scattered through the margin of the leaf. 
 
 Disraeli ( Fig. 510). Lvs. rather narrow, variously lobed, dark 
 green, with yellow veins, changing to crimson. 
 
 Dodgsonce. Lvs. lance-linear, 1 ft. or less long, sometimes 
 twisted, green, with golden rib and margins. 
 
 Earltcourt. 
 
 Elegana. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, but short (about 6in.). green 
 above, with yellow or crira.son rib and margins, dull green and 
 mottled purple t>eneath. 
 
 Elegantiaaimum. Lvs.narrow.of considerable length: variega- 
 tion of a rich, bright golden color, which contrasts strongly with 
 the bright red tint of the petioles, producing a very pretty effect. 
 
 Etansinnuin. -s. 3-lobe<1, veined with yellow and mottled 
 with yellow, bror and orange. 
 
 Excelsior. 
 
 Fasciatum. Deey green, with yellow veins. 
 
 Flambeau. 
 
 Flamingo. 
 
 Gloriositm (Prince of Wales). Lvs. long, narrow and droop- 
 ing, variously spotted with creamy yellow. 
 
 Oolden Ring. 
 
 Ooldiei. Lvs. spatulate, 3-lobed, 12 in. or less long, olive-green, 
 with golden veins. 
 
 Grande. Dark green, with yellow si)ots. 
 
 Hanburyanitm. Lvs. oblong, 18 in. or less, olive-green, with 
 golden and rose markings. 
 
 Hanvoodianum (Triumphans Harwoodianum). Lvs. oblong, 
 ribbed with gold and crimson. 
 
 Hawkerii. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, Kft. long, light yellow, with 
 green margins. 
 
 Henryanum. Lvs. ovate-oblong and pointed. 10 in., mottled 
 or overspread with golden yellow. 
 
 Hilleanum. Lvs. broad-oblong or spatulate, 9 in. or less, wav-y- 
 margined, purplish green, marked with crimson. 
 
 Hookeriamim. Lvs. lance-ovate, dark, shining green, with 
 golden blotches. 
 
 niustris. Lvs. with 3 narrow-oblong lobes, golden barred and 
 variegated. 
 
 Imperator. See Challenger. 
 
 Interniptum (Fig. 511). Lvs. very narrow, with notched 
 places, twisted, with crimson rib. 
 
 Irregulare. Lvs. oblong and tapering at base, contracted be- 
 low the middle, acute at apex, shining green, with yellow spots 
 and ribs. 
 
 Jamesii. Lvs. ovate, 10 in, or less, dark green, irregularly 
 blotched with whitish and yellow. 
 
 Johannis. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, chan- 
 nelled above, ribbed and margined yellow. A.F. 13:1070. 
 
 Sll. Codijeum interruptum 
 {.Wat. genuinum). 
 
 Eatoni. Lvs. lanceolate, bright green, with circular yeliow 
 spots. 
 
 Lady Zetland. Graceful habit. 
 
 Lord Derby. 
 
 Mac^a rlanei. Lvs. linear-lan'"eola' e, drooping, 1 ft. long, green 
 and yellow blotched, but becoming jright crimson. 
 
 MagnolifoHum. 
 
346 
 
 CODIiEUM 
 
 CCELOGYNE 
 
 Maje4ticum. Lvs. narrow and long, niotilod green and yellow, 
 and shaded with crimson. 
 
 Marquis de Cattellatu. 
 
 Mortfortiease. 
 
 Mortii. 
 
 Mr$. Cheu. Heine. 
 
 Mrs. Dortnan. Lvs. linear-laneeolate, 1 ft., with scarlet rib 
 and irreen mnrfirins. 
 
 Mrs. U. F. Watson. Largelvd. : green, but as they mature the 
 green deepens and changes to a bright, bronzy crimson, stripe*!, 
 spotted and blotched with rich golden yellow and edged with 
 salmon, the midribs and veins bright red. 
 
 Mrs. Swan. Lvs. broad-lanceolate and acuminate, golden yel- 
 low in the center and on the margins and i)etiole. 
 
 Multicolor. Lvs. like Irregulare, but blotched and veined with 
 yellow, changing to orange and crimson. 
 
 Musaicum. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acuminate, green, 
 crimson and cream-color. R.H. 1882: 240. 
 
 512. Codisum spirale 
 (var. genuinum). 
 
 Nestor. Lvs. large, lanceolate, with a broad crimson midrib, 
 spotted margin, and bright yellow central variegation. 
 
 Nevillioe. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, barred and marked yellow, 
 changing to orange and metallic crimson. 
 
 Nobile. 
 
 Ori'illa. 
 
 Ovalifolium. 
 
 Pictum, Lvs. broad-oblong and acuminate, less than 10 in. 
 long, crimson, with irregular blotches of green and blackish. 
 Old but good. B.M.3051. 
 
 Picturattim. Lvs. similar to Intemiptum, highlj- colored. 
 
 Pilgrimii. Lvs. ovate and pointed, 10 in., green, overspread 
 with pink, golden-blotched. 
 
 Prince of Wales. See Gloriosum. 
 
 Princeps. Lvs. broad-linear, with yellow rib and margins, the 
 green becoming bronze and the yellow becoming crimson. 
 
 Princess Matilda. 
 
 Punctatum. 
 
 Queen Victoria. "L's. oblong-lanceolate, 12 in. or less, golden 
 yellow blotched and n^igenta ribs. 
 
 Hecurvi folium. Lvs. broad an<! heavy, recurved,*veined with 
 crimson and yellow, ana Handsomely blotched. 
 
 Reedii. 
 
 Roseo-pictum. 
 
 Ruberrimum. Lvs. crimson, narrow , drooping, marked' with 
 creamy white. 
 
 Rubro-lineatum. 
 
 Bubro-striatum. 
 
 Senitzianum. 
 
 SolUrii. 
 
 Spirale (Fig. 512). Lvs. long, narrow-oblong, twisted, stripe<I 
 and marked with yellow, changing to crimson. , 
 
 Stetcartii. Lvs. obovate. blunt at base, olive green, with red- 
 dish rib and petiole and orange bands and margin. 
 
 Sunbeam. Dark, bronzy lvs., from 9 to 10 in. long and aboat 
 2 in. wide, in the young state freely blotched with yellow, gradu- 
 ally changing into rosy crimson, which in turn, as the leaf ar- 
 rives at maturity, becomes of a rich blood-red. 
 
 Sunshine. 
 
 Superbissimum. 
 
 Thompsonii. 
 
 Tricolor. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, very acute, gradually tapering 
 from the upper thinl to the base ; margin sinuous ; upper sur- 
 face dark, shining green, central part and midrib gulden yellow, 
 lo^^er surface dull, reddish green. 
 
 Triumphans. Lvs. oblong, deep green and crimson, changing 
 to greenish bronze and rosy crimson. 
 
 Undulatum. Lvs. broad and long, undulated or crimped, with 
 claret, crimson and purplish veins. 
 
 Victory. Lvs. of deep orangey -How, blotched with crim- 
 son, changing with age to deep oli\e-green, with crimson veins 
 and costa, and a blotching of red. 
 
 Veitchii. Lvs. lance-oblong. rounde<l at base, bright green, 
 mottled yellow and crimson. R.H. 1867, p. \90. 
 
 Volutum. Lvs. broad, rolletl at tip, golden veined. 
 
 Warrenii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-3 ft. long, twisted, droop, 
 ing, overspread and mottled with orange and crimson, changing 
 to crimson. 
 
 Weismanii. hvs. lance-linear, 12 in. or less long, very acute at 
 tip, more or less undulate-margined, shining green and golden- 
 blotched. 
 
 Williamsii. Lvs. ovate-oblong, ll4 ft. or less long and 4 in. or 
 less broad, undulated, magenta, crimson and yellow. 
 
 Wilsonii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-2 ft., drooping, bright 
 green, overspread with yellow. 
 
 Toungii. Lvs. long, nearly 1 in. wide, dark green, irregularly 
 blotched with yellow and rose-red. Robert Cr\ig 
 
 CODLIN, or CODLING. Used in England to mean a 
 small, green, half-wild, inferior apple. It is used in dis- 
 tinction from grafted or de.ssert fr. It is about equiva- 
 lent to our use of the word "crab." 
 
 CCELIA (Greek, koilos, hollow: referring to the pol- 
 len masses). Orchiddceie. tribe VdndecB. Six species of 
 central and South American epiphytic orchids, divided 
 into 2 strongly marked groups with widely different 
 kinds of inflorescence. (J. macrostachya is a type of 
 the first section, with long racemes of numerous' small, 
 horizontal fls., which are much exceeded by the long 
 spreading bracts, and the base of the column short. 
 C. belle is typical of the second section, with the lis. 
 few, larger, erect, in groups of about 3, longer than their 
 bracts, and the base of the column produced to twice its 
 own length, which gives the tis. a tubular appearance. 
 Coelias are of minor importance. They grow be.st in 
 pots of peat and sphagnum, with a little charcoal. 
 
 A. Fls. rosy red, numerous, small, in a long ractnu. 
 
 macrost^chya, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 2)4 in. long, almost 
 round, with brown scales at the base: lvs. about 3, from 
 the top of the pseudobulb. 1 ft. or n: re long, lanceolate, 
 arching, broa<ler than in C. bella, and not channeled: 
 sepals red; petals white. Mexico. R.H. 1878: 210. B.M. 
 4712 shows a dense raceme 8 in. long, with more than 
 75 fls. 
 
 AA. Fls. white, tipped purple, few, large. 
 
 b61Ia, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs smaller and more con- 
 stricted at the top : lvs. 6-10 in. long, narrower, chan- 
 neled above, arching : fls. 2 in. long, erect, 3 or 4 in 
 number, with the midlobe of the lip orange-colored. 
 Guatemala. B.M. 6628. 
 
 C(EL0GYNE (hoik vc pistil). Orvhidi\cece, tribe Epi- 
 d^.tdrece. A genus of useful plants, all pseudobulbous, 
 found in tropical Asia growing on trees and on rocks. 
 Sepals and petals membranaceous, labellum large, cucul- 
 late with 2, 3 or more longitudinal ridges; column erect, 
 winged, membranaceously margined at and toward the 
 apex; pollinia 4. The botanical details of Coelogyne spe- 
 ciosa are shown in Fig. 513. At the top is a general 
 
CCELOGYNE 
 
 CCELOGYNE 
 
 347 
 
 view of the flower. Below, on the left, is the column, 
 front and side view. In the center is the lip, with the 
 column lying along its top. B^low the lip, on the left, 
 is the stigma. To the right, on the bottom row, are the 
 poUinia, front and ba<'k view; and at the right center 
 are separate pollen masses. 
 
 Coelogj'nes may be grown In pots, pans or baskets, 
 but it is hardly advisable to undertai^e growing them on 
 
 513. Details of CcEloeyne speciosa. 
 
 blocks, as they are a thirsty class of plants when grow- 
 ing, and, in fact, when at rest should not be allowed to 
 become very dry. Ccelogynes, as a rule, do not care to 
 be disturbed; therefore, it is a good plan not to repot 
 until the plants have outgrown the pots or baskets, or 
 the old compost has become exhausted. They should be 
 potted then in a compost consisting of equal parts fresh 
 spbaffnum moss and fibrous peat, to which may be added 
 a little broken charcoal. The pots or baskets to be used 
 should have a good supply of crocks, so that the water 
 may pass away freely, otherwise the compost would soon 
 become sour. A good time to repot or top-dress is just 
 after the flowering season. When repotted, the plants 
 should be kept in a rather moist, shady place until the 
 new roots commence to take hold of the fresh compost. 
 They may then be put in their growing quarters and 
 given a good supply of water all through the growing 
 season; but after the growth is completed they will re- 
 quire only enough water to keep the bulbs in a plump 
 condition. Manure water applied once a week vhen 
 growing will be found beneficial, but should be given in 
 a weak form to hrgin with. 
 
 There are about 50 kinds of Ccelogynes, a number of 
 which are well worth a place in the most select collec- 
 tions. One of the most beautiful species is C. cristata, 
 with its varieties hololeuca, Chataxcorthii, Lemoniana 
 and maxima. To insure a good crop of fls., the above 
 should all have a good supply of light and air when 
 growing, only a very light shading being necessary. 
 They also may be syringed overhead once or twice a day 
 in bright weather to keep down red spider and other in- 
 sect pests. In the winter they may be rested in any cool 
 greenhouse in which the temperature does not fall be- 
 low 40°. C. corrttgata, C. flaccida, C. oceUata and C. 
 Mnasangeana will all do nicely in an intermediate house, 
 while O. Daynna and C. Sanderiana should be grown in 
 a warmhouse where the night temperature in winter is 
 not below 60°. Coelogynes may be propagated by divid- 
 ing the plants, always being careftil to get one or more 
 leading growths with each piece. 
 
 Cult, by Albert J. Newell. 
 
 A. Sacemes pendulous or drooping. 
 
 B. I^Is. green or yellow. 
 
 pandoiitta, Lindl. Fls. large: sepals and petals green ; 
 labellija fiddle-shaped, with black veins and stains on a 
 
 yellowish green ground; central disk 3-ribbed; pseudo- 
 bulbs oval oblong, 4 'n. long ; Ivs. rather oblong, 15 or 
 more in. in length: racemes manv-fld. Borneo. B.M. 
 5084. F.S. 20:2159. J.H. III. 30:377. A.P. 6:633. 
 
 Day&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, cylindric, 
 about in. long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolute: fls. numerous; 
 sepals and petals pale yellow, margins reflexed ; petals 
 much narrower than sepals ; labellum with 6 erect 
 ridges fringed with brown : racemes 2 ft. or more long. 
 Borneo. G.C. III. 15:695. 
 
 Massange&na, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs pyriform, about 
 3)4—1 in. long, Ivs. elliptical, large, tapering toward the 
 base ; the long racemes many-fld. ; sepals and petals 
 equal, pale yellow, lateral lobes of labellum brownish 
 within, lined or streaked with yellow ; mid-lobe with a 
 verrucose brown and yellow disk : raceme sometimes 2 
 ft long. Assam. B.M. 6979. 
 
 BB. yis. white or cream-colored. 
 
 cristita, Lindl. A free - flowering species, with 
 large white flowers : sepals and petals lanceolate-ob- 
 long, undulate ; lateral lobes of labellum slightly in- 
 curved ; mid-lobe provided at the center with 5 bright 
 yellow fringes and 3 ridges. Nepal. J.H. III. 31::{49. 
 P. G. 1:55. A. G. 14:331; 15:513. A.F. 4:497; 6:87; 
 9:1111; 13:1133. F.E. 9:331. Gng.2:.393; 4:225.-Var. 
 hololetica, Hort. (var. alba), has white fls., labellum. 
 without yellow. V; r. Lemoni&na, Hort., has citron-yel- 
 low fringes. Var. Ch^tsworthi, Hort., has large pseinlo- 
 bulbs and large fls. of good substance. Var. m&xima, 
 Hort., has very large fls. Oflogyne cristata is one of 
 the best and most popular of orchids. It is one of the 
 easiest to grow. Can be grown with Cattleyas. 
 
 fl&ccida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovat«, angulate, 2-3 
 in. long Ivs. lanceolate, about 8 in. long: raceme 7-10- 
 fld., often more: fls. l^ain. across: sepals and petals 
 whitish: labe.loTX with 3 ridges, bright yellow blotch on 
 the disk NtprJ. B.M- 3318. 
 
 Oar^^ieriina, Lindl. Pseudobulbs long and tapering, 
 flask-shaped : Ivs. 2, thin, 18 in, or less long : raceme 
 many-fld. : f . large, long-petaled, pure white except the 
 lemon-yellov lip, not opening wide. Ind. P.M. 6:73. 
 
 asperiita, Lindl. (C. Lou-ii, Paxt.). Large species 
 (18-24 in. high): pseudobulbs large and oblong, ejich 
 bearing a pair of broad, dull green Ivs.: raceme 1 tt. 
 loner, many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, cream -colored, but the 
 li^ vrith an orange crest and radiating brown and yellow 
 streaks. Borneo. P.M. 16:227. 
 
 Sanderiana, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs ovate and 
 wrinkled or costate, 2 in. long, each bearing a pair of 
 Ivs. a foot long : fls. about 6 in a raceme, 3 in. across, 
 snow-white; sepals narrow and pointed, keeled; petals 
 broader; lip 3-lobed, the side lobes strip od '.dth brown 
 and the middle lobe blotched with yello^-. E. Ind.— 
 Distinct and handsome. C. Sanderse, Kranzlin (G.C. 
 III. 13:361. J.H. III. 35:451), is probably the same. It 
 is described as having the "disk of the lip deep orange 
 in front, much paler behind, and with three parallel 
 keels, covered with long dark hairs" (G.C. III. 13, 
 p. 392). 
 
 AA. Hacemes erect. 
 
 barbiLta, Griflftth. Pseudobulbs about 2 in. long, ovate: 
 Ivs. broadly lanceolate, about 1 ft. long: fls. large, petals 
 linear, whitish; sepals ovate-oblong, white; mid-lobe o< 
 labellum brownish inside, curiously fringed with brown ; 
 crests 3. Khasia hills. 
 
 ocell&ta, Lindl. Pstudobulbs pjrriform or nearly so: 
 Ivs. about 1 ft. long, narrowly lanceolate; racemes"6 in. 
 long : fls. large, white, with two bright orange-yellow 
 spots on each of the lateral lobes of the labellum, and 
 two smaller spots at the base of the midlobe ; also 
 l>ro\^-n lateral streaks ; column bordered with yellow. 
 E. Ind. Found at an elevation of 7,000 feet. B,M. 3767. 
 
 specidsa, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, distinctly angled, 
 2 or 3 in. long, monophyllous; racemes short: fls. 1, 2 or 
 3, on short peduncles, which emerge from imbricated 
 scales directly below the fls.; sepals oblongr-ovate, 
 translucent, dull salmon-pink; petals linear reflexed ; 
 lateral lobes of labellum erect, slightly incurved, reticu- 
 lated, with dull copper-brow on a blush-salmon ground, 
 midlobe roundish, partly broad -margined with white ; 
 
?48 
 
 CCELOGTNE 
 
 COFFEA 
 
 disk with two fringed ridges and umber-brown marlc- 
 ings. Inner surface of column brownish. Java. B.M. 
 48«9. Gn. 49, p. 62. 
 
 corrag^Ui, Wight. Pseudobulbs ovate-pointed, in 
 tufts, with lv8.3 in. long: racemes IM>-fld.: fls. white ; 
 sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong and acute; lip 3- 
 lobed, the lateral lobes smaller and blunter than the 
 central one. E. Ind. B.M. 5601. 
 
 F&rishii, Hook. f. Like C. pandurata, but racemes 
 not drooping, the pseudobulb 4-angled and narrow, 
 bearing a pair of stout broad Ivs., the fls. about 6, and 
 smaller. A small species. Burma. B.M. 5323. 
 
 F<iBntennax>Tii, Reicbb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindrical or 
 fusiform, priKlucing 1- or 2-8heathed peduncles from the 
 side: fls. large, snow-white; sepals and petals lanceo- 
 late, the former keeled outside; lip 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe rounded and minute-pointed, the side lobes rounded, 
 the disk marked with yellowish brown : Ivs 3—4 in. 
 wide and 18 in. long, very short-stalked. E. Ind. 
 
 OaKES AMBi.. 
 
 C0FF£A (from the Arabian name for the drink, itself 
 conjecturally derived from C'aflfa, a district in southern 
 Abyssinia). Bnbidceif. A genus of about 20 Old World 
 species, mostly natives of tropical Africa. Shrubs or 
 small trees, usually glabrous, with slender branches : 
 Ivs. elliptical, pointed, glossy, coriaceous, mostly oppo- 
 site, rarely in whorls of 3: fls. creamy white, tuberose- 
 like, delicatelj' fragrant, subsessile, clustered in the 
 axils of the Ivs. The genus is technically distinguished 
 by the short calyx limb : corolla throat villous or gla- 
 brous: st'^'e branches 2, linear. The fr. is a berry con- 
 taining 2 b »ruy seeds, which afford the CoflFee of com- 
 merce. For Coffee production, two species, C. Arabira 
 and C Liberica, are now extensively cultivated through- 
 out the tropics, and are occasionally to be found in con- 
 servatories; also in gardens in Florida and California. 
 
 The Coffee of commerce consists of the seeds of these 
 two species of Coffea, C Arabica and C. Liberica, the 
 cultivation of which is one of the most important agri- 
 cultural industries of the tropics, the annual production 
 reaching 1.500,000.000 pounds, valued at $150,000,000. 
 Of this amount, Brazil lurnishes over 70 per cent. A 
 new Coffee from the Congo is receiviup much attention 
 in Europe,— (7. Maragogipc It is very vigorous grow- 
 ing, and is said to be entirely resistant to the Coffee 
 rust. 
 
 Climate and so j7.—Aiinough C. Arabica will endure 
 alow temperature, and has, with slight protection, sur- 
 vived the winter in Germany, successful commercial 
 culture requires a rainfall of from 100-150 in. and an 
 equable temperature, having an average minimum of 
 not less than 60°. The liberian species is at home un- 
 der thoroughh' tropical conditions, and endures expo- 
 sure to the sun at low elevations, where for C. Arabica 
 shade trees are commonly supplied. Coffee thrives in a 
 great variety of soils, but those containing a large 
 amouni of humus are preferable and volcanic deposits 
 are also excellent. The use of fertilizers is increasing, 
 but the requirements of particular localities must be 
 carefully considered. 
 
 Cultivation.— The seed germinates in from 4 to 6 
 weeks after ripening, and will endure only partial dry- 
 \n^. Seedlings are raised in shaded seed-beds or flower- 
 pots, whence they are transplanted at the beginning of 
 the rainy season, preferably when 2 years old, to their 
 permanent places. The distance between trees is deter- 
 mined by the soil and climatic conditions, varying from 
 6 ft. for C. Arabica, under circumstances unfavorable 
 to the growth of wood, to 15 ft. or more for C. Lilerica 
 in fertile ground. For the reception of the seedlings, 
 large holes are dug in order to insure loose soil and avoid 
 injuring or bending the long tap-root. Subsequent cul- 
 ture consists largely in the frequent removal of all 
 weeds, by means of hoes or other implements, which 
 also stir the surface soil. Trees are headed or pruned 
 to a height of from 3-6 ft. in order to keep the berries 
 within easy reach, and after each harvest the old twigs 
 are removed, also the epiphytes and parasites. Spray- 
 ing with fungicides and insecticides is also practiced 
 when necessary. 
 
 iJart•€S^ — Production begins, under favorable circum- 
 
 stances, the second or third year from transplanting, 
 but a paying crop can scarcely be expected before the 
 fifth or sixth year. The berries ripen unevenly, requir- 
 ing two or more visits to each tree. The yield is esti- 
 mated in general at 1 pound of dry Coffee per tree, but 
 careful methods increase this to 3 or 4 pounds, while in 
 exceptional cases from 6 to 1? and even 25 pounds have 
 been reported. The life of the Coffee tree has been 
 stated at 20 or 30 years, but with good care production 
 may be maintained for 50 years or more. The berries 
 may be drie«i as picked and the seeds aftenn-ard ex- 
 tracted by machines called ''huller8;''or, by means of a 
 "pulper," the outer fleshy material is removed before 
 drying. For the latter process, running water, cisterns, 
 buildings and machinery are necessary. After being 
 "pulped," the Coffee is fermented in order to further dis- 
 integrate the saccharine mutter of the external coat ; 
 it is then dried in the sun or by artificial heat, after 
 which the tough inner integument, the so-called "parch- 
 ment," is removed by other machines and the "beans" 
 are polished, graded and sent to the market. 
 
 In all of the recently acquired tropical territories of 
 the United States, Coffee culture may become an im- 
 portant industry, the excellence of the Porto Hican prod- 
 uct being already well known. From the agricultural 
 standpoint, little has been attempted in the selection of 
 superior seed or the application of ^ientiflc methods of 
 propagation. Grafting has recently been accomplished 
 in Java. 
 
 Book^i. — Coffee, Its Culture and Commerce, edited 
 by C. G. Warnford Loch, 264 pages, 1888, contains a 
 compilation of nearly all the literature then existing, 
 but the article in German in Semler's Tropische Apri- 
 kultur contains more recent and original matter. A 
 French work. Culture du Caf^ier, by C. Raoul. Paris, 
 1897, is the latest important contribution to the subject. 
 
 O. F. Cook. 
 
 A. Corolla 5-parted, sometimes 4-parted. 
 
 B. Segmertts of corolla narrow: Ivs. oblong, 4-5 in. long, 
 
 l}4 in. wide. 
 Ar&bica, Linn. Common or Arabian Coffee. Fig. 
 514. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, rather thin, oblong, nearly three 
 times as long as broad, more or less abruptly contracted 
 near the apex to a point about % in. long: fls. in axillary 
 clusters of 3-5; segments of v orolla four times as long 
 as wide : f r. a 2-seeded , d'^ep crimsoi. berry, but the " ber- 
 ries "or beans of commerce are the seeds. The commer- 
 cial varieties of Coffee are based largely on the size, 
 shape, color and flavor of the se^ds, nnd hence the fr. is 
 very variable, but the typical fr. may be "onsidered to 
 be oval and half an inch long. Indigenouf in Abyssinia, 
 Mozambique and An&ola; supposetl 
 to have been introduced in early 
 Mohammedan times from Abys- 
 sinia to Arabia, whencfi it became 
 
 514. 
 
 Coffea Arabica. 
 
 (XJ4.) 
 
 known to Europeans in the sixteenth century. This 
 species furnished until recently the entire commercial 
 product. B.M. 1303. Gng. 6:55.-As it grows wild in 
 Afr. it is a small tree 10-15 ft. high, with the trunk 9-12 
 in. thick at the base, and with horizontal or even nod- 
 ding branches, which in old age become one-sided. 
 Often cult, under glass in the north for its economic 
 interest, and in S. Calif, it is a good outdoor orna- 
 mental shrub, esteemed for its shining lvs., fragrant 
 white fls., and red berries. 
 
COFFEA 
 
 COLAX 
 
 349 
 
 BB. Segments of corolla wide : Ivs. ovate. 
 
 Beii?alAn>ii, Roxb. Bengal Coffee. Lv8. ovate, 
 barely twice as long as broad, acute, but not having a 
 long, abrupt point : Am. in 2'» or 3*8 ; segments of co- 
 rolla barely twice as long as wide. E. Ind., Malaya. 
 B.M. 4917. — This has much showier fls. than C. Arahint. 
 A small shrub with glabrous, dichotomous branches. A 
 native of the mountains of northeastern India, whence 
 it was brought to Calcutta and much cult, there for a 
 time. It is now neglected, the berries being of inferior 
 quality and the plants not productive enough. 
 
 AA. Corolla 6-, 7-, or Sparted. 
 
 B. Fls. in dense clusters or glomes : Ivs. short -pointtd, 
 
 6-12 in. long. 
 
 Libdrica. Hiem. Liberian Coffee. Lvs. longer than 
 in ('. Arabica, and wider above the middle, with a pro- 
 portionately shorter and less abruptly contracted point: 
 fls. la or more in a dense cluster; corolla segments usu- 
 ally 7. Trop. Afr. Trans. Linn. Soc. II. 1:171 (1876). 
 G.C. II. 6:105. R.H. 1890, pp. 104, 10.'). -Said to be more 
 robust and productive than C. Arabica, with berries 
 larger and of finer flavor. It is a more tropical plant 
 than the common Coffee, and can be grown at much 
 lower levels. "It is a small tree, similar in general to 
 
 C. Arabica, but of n^pre vigorous and upright habit, and 
 larger in all its parts. Lvs. 0-12 in. long: corolla 6-8- 
 parted: berries dull crimson, larger, more numerous, 
 ami more nearly spherical than those of most forms of 
 C. Arabica. In its native forests in W. Afr. it attains 
 a height of 30 ft. or more, and flourishes near sea level. 
 Owing to its greater size, vigor and productiveness, it 
 is now being extensively planted in coffee-growing re- 
 gions, particularly in the E. Ind., where it has been 
 found resistant to a rust fungus, Hemileia vnntatrix, 
 which had destroyed the plantations of C. Arabica. In 
 cultivation, both species are pruned low to facilitate 
 the picking of the berries."— O. I\ Cook. 
 
 BB. Fls. solitary or in 3' s : lvs. long-pointed, 2%~5 in. 
 
 long. 
 
 stenoph^lla, G. Don. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, 1-1)^2 in. broad, 
 narrower than in C. Arabica, -with a relatively longer 
 and more tapering point : corolla segments usually 9. 
 W. Afr. B.M. 7475. — This is said to yield berries of 
 even finer flavor than the Liberian Coffee, and quite as 
 freely, but the bush is longer in coming into bearing. 
 This is a promising rival to the C. Arabica of com- 
 merce. Seeds have been distributed by British botani- 
 cal gardens, but are not known to be for sale at present 
 in America. W. M. 
 
 COFFEE. See Coffea. 
 
 COFFEE BEERY. A name ot Glycine hispida, which 
 should be abandoned in favor of Soy Bean. 
 
 COFFEE ?EA. A western name for the Chick Pea, 
 Cicer arietinum, which is used as a substitute for coffee. 
 
 COHOSH. See Aetata. The Blue Cohosh is a Caulo- 
 
 phyllum. 
 
 COiX (old Greek name). Gramlnecr. A genus some- 
 what closely related to Indian Com, and similar to it in 
 leaf structure. A hardy annual, 2-3 ft. high, with broad 
 lvs. and a curious nodding inflorescence. The female 
 fls. are inclosed in a nearly globular, capsule-like cover- 
 ing, which is very hard. This capsule (or involucre) is 
 at first green, then a jet black, becoming nearly white 
 with age. Southern Asia. 
 
 Li.cryma*Jdbi, Linn. Job's Tears. Tear-grass. 
 Corn-beads. Fig. 515. So called from the resemblance of 
 the inflorescence to a tear-drop. In cult, as an ornament 
 or as a curiosity. In India itis cultivated for food by some 
 of the hill tribes of that country. Var. atirea zebrlna, 
 Hort., has yellow-striped lvs. p. g. Kennedy. 
 
 COLA (native name). Sterculictcece. Cola. Also 
 called Xola, Korra, Gorra. This genus of perhaps 
 14 species of tropical African trees is chiefly interesting^ 
 for the Cola nuts, which are said to sustain the natives' 
 in great feats of endurance. The tret ^ows on the east 
 
 coaat of Africa, but Is very abundant on the west coast, 
 and is now cultivated in the West Indies. Within the 
 tropics the trade in this nut is said to be immense. It 
 has lately become famous in the U. S. through many 
 preparations for medicinal purposes and summer drinks. 
 The seeds are about the size and appearance of a horse 
 chestnut, and have a bitter taste. Although repeate lly 
 introduced to Kaw, England, the plant never flowered 
 there until 1868. Consult Stewart's Monograph on KoIh. 
 Colas are tropical African tret s, requiring a rich, well- 
 drained soil. Those introduced into West Indies an^l 
 other parts of America, especially C acuminata, thrive 
 best on a sandy loam. The trees are grown from seeds, 
 which are large and fleshy, keeping well for some weeks 
 after ripening. As the tree is difficult to transplant, the 
 seeds may be planted singly in small pots, and the young 
 
 515. 
 Coix Lacryma-Jobi. 
 
 trees kept growing thus until wanted for permanent 
 planting. Propagation may also be effected by cuttings 
 of ripe wood, which should be placed in bottom heat, and 
 treated in the usual way. 
 
 acuminata, Schott and Endl. Abont 40 ft. high in 
 Africa, resembling an apple tree: lvs. alternate; petiole 
 14-6 in. long; blade 4-6 in. long, leathery, with promi- 
 nent ribs below ; older lvs. entire, obovate, acute ; 
 younger lvs. often once or twice cut near the base about 
 half way to the midrib: fls. yellow, 15 or more in a clus- 
 ter, about 1 in. across, with a slender green tube and a 
 showy yellow, 6- or 5-cut limb, which is a p;trt of the 
 calyx, as the petals are absent in the tiibe Sterculiae. 
 B.M. 5699. E. N. Reasoner and W. M. 
 
 COLAX. Now referred to Lycaste. 
 
'im^ 
 
 350 
 
 COLCHICUM 
 
 CdLCHICUM ( from Colchis, a country in Asia Minor) . 
 JAlidcece. Meadow Saffron. Autumn Crocus. A 
 tribe of fall- (rarely spring-) blooming bulboui plants. 
 Perianth crocus-like but much larger, long and tubular, 
 varying from rosy purple to white, with one yellow- 
 flowered species: Ivs. long and broad, appearing in 
 early spring and dying down in June : stamens six ; 
 sty las three and very long ; ovary a round, 3-celled 
 pod : corm long, solid, with a brittle skin. "Colchicum 
 root "and seed are employed in gout and rheumatism. 
 They are narcotic poisons. Colchicums are natives of 
 Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are most 
 charming and interesting plants of easy culture. The 
 bloom conies in August and September, at a season 
 when the herbaceous beds begin to lose their freshness, 
 and. although individual flowers are fugacious, others 
 follow in quick succession, thus prolonging the time of 
 flowering. Opening, as they do, without foliage, some 
 help is required from the greenery of other plants; for 
 this purpose any low-growing, not too dense kind, can 
 be used, such as the dwarf Artemesias, Sedums, Phlox 
 siihttlata, etc. Colchicums are most effective in masses, 
 which can be < stablished by thick planting, or as the re- 
 sult of many years' growth. They can be grown in rock- 
 work, in beds, or in grass which is not too thick nor too 
 often mown- ''ey will thrive in partial shade, but suc- 
 ceed best ii »pen, sunny border. They should be 
 planted in An or early September, in deep, well-en- 
 riched soil, a light, sandy loam, with the tip of the long 
 bulbs 2 to 3 inches below the surface ; some protection 
 should be given in winter. They remain in good condition 
 for many years, a^ul should not be disturbed unless they 
 show signs of deterioration, fewer flowers and poor 
 foliage. Then they should be lifted and separated, just 
 after the leaves die, end of June or early July. This 
 is the usuu' nethod of propagation, but they can 
 also be increased from seeds, sown just after ripening, 
 June-July ; the seediings may not appear until the 
 following spring. Seedlmgs bloom when 3 to 5 years 
 old. The bulbs are obtaiiable from the Dutch growers 
 at moderate prices, and they must be imported early; 
 otherwise they are apt to bioora in the cases. C. autum- 
 nale, with rosy purple flowers, is a well-known and the 
 most commonly cultivated species. There are numerous 
 varieties, of which the best are the white, the double 
 white and the double puiple. Belonging to this same 
 group and not differing much except in size and shad- 
 ing of the flower, are C. Byzantinum, C moutannm, 
 and C. umhrosum. C speciosum, a native of the Cau- 
 casus, is the finest in every way of the genus. The 
 flowers are much larger and of better shape, and the 
 color, a rosy pink, is much more delicate; the iiabit of 
 growth is robust, and the plant is most easily handled. 
 
 C. Parkinsoni (a form of C. variegatum) is distinct 
 from the above varieties inasmuch as the flowe»*s are 
 tessellated, purple and white, giving a curious checker- 
 board appearance which is unique; the leaves are much 
 smaller and are wavy. C. Aggripimim, C. Bivoncf, 
 C. CUicicum and C. Sibthorpi, are other species having 
 checkered flowers more or less similar to Parkinsoni. 
 C. Bnlbncodium=^Bxilhocodh(m venium. Monograph by 
 J. G. Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc, vol. 17 (1880). 
 
 B. M. Watson. 
 
 Alphabetical list of species described below: Aggripi- 
 num, 5 ; alpinum, 13 ; autumnale, 10 ; Bertolonii, 1 ; 
 Bivonse. 6 ; Byzantinum, 9 ; CiUcicum, 9 ; luteum, 3 ; 
 montanum, 1 ; Parkinsoni A', Sibthorpi, 7; speciosum, 8; 
 Steveni, 2; Troodi, II; umbrosum, 12; variegatum, 4. 
 
 A. Blooming in spring : Ivs. appearing with the fls. 
 
 B. Color rosy lilac : size of anthers small. 
 
 , c. Anthers oblong, purple. 
 
 1. mont&num, Linn. (C. Bertoldnii, Stev.). An im- 
 portant and variable species, with many synonyms and 
 variations. Baker makes 7 forms. Corm ovoid, 1-K in. 
 thick, the tunics brown, membranaceous, the inner 
 ones produced to a point 2-4 in. above the neck : Ivs. 2-3, 
 rarely 4-6, linear or lanceolate, about 2-3 in. long at the 
 time of flowering, finally 6-9 in, long: fls. 1-4, in spring 
 and autumn. Oct.-June. Mediterranean region, from 
 Spain to Persia, B.M. 6443. — It appears in early spring 
 with the snowdrops and crocuses. 
 
 COLCHICUM 
 
 cc. Anthers linear, yellow. 
 
 2. Stdveni, Kunth. Corm narrower than in No. 1 
 about %-y^m. thick : Ivs. at length 4-5 in. long : fls! 
 Oct. -J an. Syria, Arabia, Persia. — Lass popular than 
 No. 1. 
 
 BB, Color yelloiP : size of anthers large. 
 
 3. Ittteom, Baker. This is the only yellow-flowered 
 form in the genus, all the others ranging from purple 
 to white. Although it belongs to the Mediterranean 
 group, with Ivs. and fls. produced at the same time and 
 in spring, it is a native of western India at an elevation 
 of 7,000-8,000 *t. Corm tunics dark brown, sometimes 
 almost black: Ivs. 3 or 4, wider and less tapering than 
 in No. 1, at the time of flowering ."3-4 in. long, finally (w 
 in. long. B. M. 6153.— Not advertised in American trade, 
 but very desirable. 
 
 AA. Blooming in autumn : Ivs. appearing after the fls. 
 B. Perianth tessellated or checkered 
 C. Tessellation distinct. 
 D. I/vs. spreading or prostrate. 
 
 4. variegatum, Linn. Lvs. 2-3, lanceolate, about 6 in. 
 long, 12-15 lines wide, lying flat on the ground; margins 
 wavy : fls. 2-3 from each spathe, 4 in. across, with a 
 white tube. Islands of the Levant and Asia Minor 
 B, M. 1028. 
 
 C. P&Tkinsoni, Hook, f. (B. M. 6090), is the best of all 
 the tessellated forms, the tessellation being more sharply 
 defined and more delicate than the type. It is a smaller 
 plant, and has shorter and more strongly undulated lvs., 
 which lie closer to the ground. Of this plant Pc»rkinson 
 said in his Paradisus Terrestris, 1629: "This most 
 beautiful saffron flower riseth up with his flowers in 
 the Autumn, as the others before specified do, although 
 not of so large a size, yet far more pleasant and delight- 
 ful in the thick, deep blew or purple-'iolored beautiful 
 spots therein, which make it excel all others whatsoever. 
 The leaves rise up in the Spring, being smaller than the 
 former, for the most part 3 in number, and of a paler 
 or fresher green colour, lying ?lose uron the ground, 
 broad at the bottom, a little polntca at the end, and 
 twining and folding themselves in and out at the edges 
 as if they were indented. I have not seen any seed it 
 hath borne. The root is like unto the others of this kinde, 
 but small and long, and not so great ; it flowreth later 
 for the most part than any of the other, even not until 
 November, and is very hard to be preserved with us, in 
 that for the most part the root waxeth lesse and lesse 
 every year, our cold country being so contrary unto his 
 natural that it will scarce shew his flower; yet when it 
 flowereth anything earlie, that it may have any comfort 
 of a warm Sun, it is the glory of all these kindes." 
 
 DD. Lvs. ascending. 
 E. Margin of lvs. wavy. 
 
 5. Aggripintim, Baker (C.<esseZM^«w,Hort.). Conns 
 a trifle thicker than in No, 4: lvs, 3-4, 6-9 in. long, 12-15 
 lines wide, margin wavy: fls. 2-4 from each spathe, 
 F,S. 11:1153.— This is a marked form of C. variegatum, 
 of garden origin, which has similar fls., but a more ro- 
 bust habit and more nearly erect lvs. 
 
 EE. Margin of lvs. flat, not tcavy. 
 
 6. Bivdnse, Guss. Lvs. 6-9, nearly 1 ft. long, 9-15 
 lines wide, rather hooded at the apex, margin flat, not 
 wavy: fls. 1-6 from each spathe. Sicily. 
 
 cc. Tessellation less disfint't. 
 
 7. Sibthorpi, Baker. Easily distinguished from Nos. 
 4, 5, and 6 by the much broader segments of the peri- 
 anth, and by the lvs., which are nearly erect, obtuse, 
 and not at all wavy: lvs. 5-6, dull green finally 1 ft. or 
 more long, lJ^-2>^ wide, narrowed gradually to the base: 
 spathe striped with green, and tinged with lilac at the 
 tip : fls, 1-5 from each spathe ; perianth tube often 
 6 in. long. Mts. of Greece. B. M. 7181.— A large, cup- 
 shaped flower, showing no open spaces between the 
 broad, overlapping segments. Very handsome. 
 
COLCHICUM 
 
 COLEUS 
 
 351 
 
 BB. Perianth not tessellated. 
 
 C. Size of fls. large, S in. or more across. 
 
 D. Lvs. broad, 3-4 in. wide. 
 
 E. Xo.of fls. 1-4. 
 
 8. specidsum, Steven. Corm 2 in. thick, the largest of 
 the genus: stem 1 ft. high: lvs. 4-5, 12-15 in. long, 3-4 
 in. wide, narrowed from the middle to the base, shining 
 green: fls. 1-4 from each spathe, violet, with a white 
 eye, but varving almost to pure pink, often 6 in. across. 
 Caucasus. B. M. ()078. F. S. 22 : 2:{85. F. M. 1876 : 235. 
 Gn. 11:80. — Generally considered the finest species of 
 the genus. 
 
 EE. Xo. of fls. 12-20. 
 
 9. Byzantinum, Ker-Gawl. Closely allied to the above, 
 but with wider lvs,, smaller and paler fls., and broad, 
 short anthers : stem C in. high : lvs. 5-6, oblong, dark 
 green, striate, 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide: fls. smaller 
 than in No. 8, usually ^i-4 in. across, lilac-purple, and 
 often 12-20 from each spathe. Transylvania and Con- 
 stantinople. B. M. 1122. C. Cillcicttm, Hort., has rosy 
 fls., somewhat tessellated. G.C. III. 23: 35. 
 
 DD. Lvs. narrow, 1-2 in. wide. 
 
 10. autumn^le, Linn. Fig. 516. Stem 3-4 in. high: 
 lvs. .3-4, rarely 5-6, 9-12 in. long, l>^-2 in. wide: fls. 1-4, 
 rarely 5-6. from each spathe, purple with a white va- 
 
 516. Colchicu.n uutumnale (X /-a). 
 
 riety, about 4 in. across: perianth veined. Europe and 
 N. Africa. B.M. 2073, as C. crociflorum. — Voss'ihly the 
 commonest in the American trade. It has beautiful 
 double forms in purple and pure white. F.S. 19: 1936. 
 
 cc. Size of fls. small, about 2 in. across. 
 
 D. yo. of fls. from ea a spathe more than 1 or 2. 
 
 E. Perianth segments acute. 
 
 11. Troddi, Kotschy. Corm medium-sized: lvs. 3-4, 
 6-12 in. long, 9-12 lines wide, dark gree?* above: fls. 
 4-5 or even 12, lilac-purple, about 2 in. across; perianth 
 segments lanceolate-acute. Cyprus. B.M. 6901 shows a 
 pure white variety. 
 
 EE. Perianth segments obtuse. 
 
 12. umbrdsum, Steven. Corm small : lvs. 4-5, 6-9 in. 
 long, 9-12 lines wide: fls. 1-5 from each spathe, lilac, 
 about 2 in. across; peranth segments oblanceolate, ob- 
 tuse, with 8-12 veins. Caucasus. 
 
 DD. yo. of fls. from each spathe 1 or 2. 
 
 13. alpinum, DC. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, nearly erect or 
 preading, 4-8 in. long, 3-6 lines wide, obtuse, chan- 
 
 p.fri 
 
 517. Coleus cutting. 
 
 neled, shining green, narrowed from the middle to the 
 base: fls. 1 or 2 from each spathe, about 2 in. across, 
 lilac ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 lines wide, with 
 10-15 veins. Mts. of France and Switzerland, w, m. 
 
 COLEUS (Greek for «A^o/*, referring to the mona- 
 delphous stamens). Labidt<e. Nearly 50 species in 
 Trop. Afr. and Asia, some of whicn are cult, for the 
 very showy colored foli- 
 age. The cultivated 
 kinds are herbs, but 
 some of the wild species 
 are shrubs. Lvs. oppo- 
 site, dentate or serrate : 
 stem 4-angled : fls. in a 
 terminal spike-like ra- 
 ceme, small and usually 
 bluish, the 5 -toothed 
 calyx deflexed in fr. ; co- 
 rolla bilabiate, the lower 
 lobes longer and con- 
 cave, and inclosing the 
 essential organs. 
 
 Coleuses are of most easy culture. They root readily 
 from short cuttings, cut either to a joint or in the middle 
 of an internode (Fig. 517). No plant is more easy to 
 root than this. They may be rooted at any time of the 
 year when new wood is to be obtained. Formerly 
 Coleuses were much used for bedding, but the introduc- 
 tion of better plants for this purpose has lessened their 
 popularity. They require a long season; they are apt 
 to bum in the hot summers of the interior countrj'; 
 tbey have a weedy habit. However, they withstand 
 shearing and are, therefore, useful for carpet-bedding. 
 The leading vuriety for this purpose is still the old 
 Golden Be^fder. whose golden yellow foliage is used as 
 filling for fancy designs. Coleus 
 plants make excellent speci- 
 mens for the sviudow-garden 
 and conservatory. Best results 
 are obtained whfn new plants 
 are started from cuttings erch 
 spring. The old plants become 
 leggy, lose their lvs., and lack 
 brightness of color. They are 
 very subject to mealy - bug. 
 They are also liable to root- 
 gall (the work of a nematode 
 worm), as shown in Fig. 518. 
 When plants are thus affecied, 
 take cuttings and burn the old 
 plants, and either bake or 
 freeze the soil in which they 
 grew. 
 
 The garden varieties of Co- 
 leus are legion. These 
 are the issue of C. ^f2 
 fililmei, Benth., of Java ^" 
 (B.M. 4754. I. H. 27:377; 
 35: 46; 39: 164. F. S. 
 22: 2287-8). This is a 
 soft perennial herb 
 ^rowng 2-3 ft. high, little 
 branched; lvs. ovate, narrowed 
 or broad at base and long- 
 acuminate, sharply and nearly 
 regularly toothed, variously 
 colored with yellow, dull red 
 and purplish. An extreme form 
 of this is var. Verscbaff^ltii, 
 Lem. (C. VerschaffeUii, Lcm.), 
 Fig. 519, which is more robust 
 ami branchy, the lvs. more 
 brilliantly colored, acute but 
 not acuminate, truncate or even 
 cordate at base, and irregi.larly 
 cut-dentate, with rounded teeth, 
 giving the margin a crispv ef- 
 fect (I. H. 8f293). In some 
 forms, the lvs. are laciniate. 
 
 518. 
 
 A Coleus attacked 
 by root-ealls. 
 
 C. thyrsoideus. Hook., is a P'cent novelty, but is not yet in the 
 Amer. trade Unlike the other well known species, its foliage is 
 not brilliantb' colored and its flowers are conspicuous. Tender 
 
• 'Mf?» 
 
 352 
 
 COLEUS 
 
 shmb, 2-3 ft. high: stems pubescent: Ivs. cordate, coarsely cre- 
 nate, lower ones 7 in. long: fls. blue, in racemes which contain as 
 many as 18 forking cymes with about 10 fls. in each. B.M.7672. 
 
 Li. H. B. 
 
 519. Coleus Blumei, var. Verschaffeltii. 
 COLIC-EOOT. Aletris farinosa. 
 
 COLLABDS. A kind of kale. In the .south, a form of 
 ti.' plant known as Georjria Collards is much grown for 
 domestic u.se and the southern market. The plant grows 
 to 2-3 ft. high and forms no head, but the central Ivs. 
 often form a kind of loose rosette. These tender Ivs. 
 are eaten as a pot-herb, as all other kales are. Fig. 295, 
 page 199, shows a Georgia Collard, although the rosette 
 is not well marked. The seeds may be started in a 
 frame under glass, or in a seed-bed in the open. As far 
 south as the orange-belt, they are usually started in 
 February and March, in order that the plants may ma- 
 ture before the dry, hot weather. Farther north they are 
 started in July or August, and the plants are ready for 
 use before cold weather. Transplant to rows 3>4-4 ft. 
 apart, and 3 ft. apart in the row. Till as for cabbage. 
 
 Young cabbage plants are sometimes eaten as " greens " 
 under the name of Collards ; and cabbage seeds are sown 
 for this specific purpose. In the north, where headir-' 
 cabbages can be raised, Collards of whatever kind are 
 not greatly prized. L_ g^ g^ 
 
 COLLtNSIA (after Zaccheus Collins, American phi- 
 lanthropist and promoter of science, Philadelphia, 1704- 
 1831). JScrophularidcecp. About 18 species of hardy an- 
 nuals from California and western North America, not 
 far removed botanically from Pentstemon and Chelone. 
 They are free-flowering and of the easiest culture. 
 They may be sown outdoors in the fall in well-drained 
 soil, and will bloom earlier than if sown in spring. 
 Their fls., borne in midsummer, range in color from 
 white through lilac and rose to violet, with clear, bright 
 blue also, at least on one lip of the fl. There is no yel- 
 low. All those described below have fls. in whorls. 
 Lvs. opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, entire, or toothed, 
 the lower lvs. rarely 3-cut. 
 
 A. Fl. -stalks very short, giving the clusters a dense 
 
 appearance. 
 B. Corolla strongly declined: throat as wide as long. 
 
 bicolor, Benth. Fig. 520. Height 1 ft., hairy, glabrous, 
 or sticky : stems weak and bending : lvs. more or less 
 toothed, and oblong or lanceolate, sessile, opposite or in 
 3's : fls. typically purple and white, with 5 or 6 well 
 marked color varieties. Var. dlba, Hort. (Fig. 521), has 
 pure white fls., or the lower lip greenish or yellowish. 
 Var. multicolor, Voss. (C.muiticolor, Lindl. & Past.), 
 has variegated fls., the same fl. being white, lilac, rose 
 or violet on either lip or both. Var. multicolor marmo* 
 r&ta, Hort., has the lower lip white, suffused lilac, and 
 upper lip light lilac, spotted and striped carmine. 
 Calif. B.M. 3488. P.M. 3:195.-This is the most widely 
 distributed and variable species, and the one on which 
 the genus was founded. California, mostly in moist 
 ground. 
 
 COLLOMIA 
 
 BB. Corolla less strongly declined; throat mitth longer 
 
 than broad. 
 
 bartsisBfdlia, Benth. Height 1^ ft. : sticky and some- 
 what glandular, rarely hairy: lvs. from ovate-oblong to 
 linear : fls. purplish or whitish : seeds not wrinkled 
 Calif. 
 
 AA. Fl. -stalks }4 in. long or more, giving the clusters 
 
 a looser look. 
 
 v6ma, Nutt. Height about 6 in. : lvs. ovate or oblong, 
 or the lowest rounded and slender-stalked, and the uj)- 
 per ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping: whorls about 
 6-fld.: fl. -stalks longer than the fls.: throat of thp co- 
 rolla as long as the calyx lobes ; lower lip bright blue; 
 upper lip white or purplish: seeds thick, not flattened, 
 oblong, arched. Moist woods, western New York and 
 Penna. to Wis. and Ky. B.M. 4927. 
 
 grandifldra, Dougl. Height 4-12 in. : lvs. thickish. the 
 lowest roundish and stalked; whorls 3-9-fld.: fl. -.stalks 
 about as long as the fls. : lower lip deep blue or violet; 
 upper lip white or purple : throat of the corolla sac-like, 
 as broad as long, or as long as the upper lip : seeds 
 roundish, smooth. Shady hills of Calif. ^^^ ^j 
 
 COLLINSONIA (after Peter CoUinson, the friend of 
 Linnaeus and John Bartram, a mos,*., interesting man). 
 LabidtcB. Horse-balm. Horse-weed. Stone-root, 
 A genus of 4 species confined to Atlantic N. Amer. 
 Hardy perennial herbs with large, odorous, ovate, ser- 
 rate, mo.stly long-stalked lvs., thick roots, and simple or 
 panicled, naked, terminal racemes of yellow or whitish 
 fls. The following is ot the easiest culture and may be 
 
 obtained from dealers 
 in native plants : 
 
 Canadensis, Linn. 
 Height 2-4 ft. : lvs. 4-9 
 in. long, broadly ovate to 
 oblong : racemes pani- 
 cled : calyx in fl. 1 line. 
 in fr. 4 or 5 lines long: 
 corolla lemon - yellow, 
 
 ^s=..y^--y^p ^m lemon - scented. K in. 
 
 /i-?^ JA/I^^ ^m long. Rich woods, Can- 
 
 ada to Wis., and south to 
 Florida. 
 
 52U. 
 ColUnsia bicolor. 
 
 521. CoIIinsia bicolor, 
 var. alba (X J^). 
 
 COLLOHIA. This genus is included by Gray in Gilia, 
 which see. Collomia is derived from kolla, glue, from 
 the large quantity of mucus in the outer covering of 
 the seed. When these seeds are placed in water, the 
 mucous matter dissolves and forms a cloud about them. 
 This cloud, according to Lindley, "depends upon the 
 presence of an infinite multitude of exceedingly delicate 
 and minute spiral vessels lying coiled up, spire within 
 spire, on the outside of the "testa, and the instant water 
 
-.-i-;' 
 
 COLLOMIA 
 
 COLOR 
 
 353 
 
 is applied they dart forward at right angles with the 
 testa, each carrying with it a sheath of mucus, in which 
 it for a long time re -^nius enveloped in a membranous 
 case." 
 
 COLOCASIA ( old Greek substantive name ) . Ardidece. 
 Perennial herbs with cordate -peltate Ivs., which are 
 often handsomely colored in cultivation. Differs from 
 Alocasia and Caladium in floral characters : spadix ter- 
 minating in a club-shaped or subulate appendage desti- 
 tute of stamens. Species 5. Tropics. Monogr. by Engler, 
 DC. Phaner. Monogr. 2: 490. 
 
 Oolocasia includes the plants known as Caladium es- 
 euIentHtn, vnich are much grown for subtropical bed- 
 ding. C. odorata (which is an Alocasia) has very large, 
 thick stems, which may be wintered over safely without 
 Its., or at most with 1 or 2, the stems, to save space, 
 b^'^ng placed close together in boxes, C. escnlenta rests 
 d ingthe winter and is kept under a greenhouse bench 
 or anywhere out of the reach of frost or damp. Rich, 
 damp ground suits both kinds. Of easy culture. Con- 
 sult Caladium for treatment. 
 
 Colocasias furnish the much-cultivated Taro of the 
 Pacific tropics, this edible product being the large, 
 starchy roots. From it is made the Poi ot Hawaii. In 
 Japan "and other countries tiie tubers of Colocasias are 
 much cultivated, and are handled and eaten n'uch as we 
 use potatoes (see Oeorgeson, A.G. 1892:81). The young 
 Ivs. of some kinds are boiled and eaten. 
 
 antiqudrum, Schott. Lvs. peltate-ovate : basal lobes 
 half as long as the apical one, connate 73-% their lenjrth, 
 separateu by a broad, triangular, obtusish sinus. India. 
 B.M.7364. 
 
 Var. euchldra, Schott (C. euchJdra, C. Koch). Petioles 
 violet ; blade black-green, with violet margins. 
 
 Var. Fdntanesii, Schott (Alocdsia violUcea, Hort. 
 Caladium violaceum, Hort. C. albo-i'ioldceum, Hort. f ). 
 Petioles violet ; blade dull green, with violet margins. 
 
 Var. illustris, Engl. {C. iUiistris, Hort. ). Petioles vio- 
 let ; blade more oblong-ovate, with black-green spots 
 between the primary veins. 
 
 Vt.r. escul^nta, Schott {CalMitim escultntum, Vent. 
 Colocdsia esculenta, Schott). Elephant'.. Ear. Fig. 
 522. Spadix with an appendage half as lci::g as the 
 staminate inflorescence ; lvs. bright green, often 3 ft. 
 or more long, nearly as wide. Hawaii and Fiji. 
 
 afflnis, Schott. Blade thin, membranaceous, rounded- 
 ovate or ovate, the apical lobe scarcely % or % longer 
 than wide ; basal lobes connate nearly their entire 
 length, bright green above, glaucous beneath ; blade 
 only 4-6 in. long. Himalaya. 
 
 Var. J6nning8ii, Engl. (Alocdsia Jenningsii, Veitch). 
 Petiole purplish, with transverse purple lines ; blade 
 cordate, eraarginate, with large, oblong or triangular 
 black-green or black-violet spots between the primary 
 lateral veins. I. H. 16:585. F.S. 17:1818-19. 
 
 N60"Guin6nsis, Lind. Remarkable for its tufted habit, 
 the shortness of the leaf-stalks, its short-stalked 
 inflorescence, and the beautiful green tone of its 
 smooth and shinv lvs., spotted with creamy white. 
 New Guinea. I. H. 27:380. 
 
 red, crimson, magenta, purple, violet, and ultramarine 
 blue. The variation of these hues is, however, mani- 
 fold. Diluted with white, or mixed with on-^ another, 
 colors assume an Infinite number of phases not easily 
 described ( Fig. 523 ) . But the ger:eric character of flower 
 colors is certainly comprehended in the few names 
 given above. Color-names are of little consequence so 
 long as the colrr is identified. Unfortunately, scien- 
 tists and artists have not yet established a standard no- 
 menclature of color, so that the name of a particular hue 
 is largely determined by popular orinion, and that, of 
 course, is not always unaniniouf. 
 
 It is, therefore, necpspary im -'cept both popular and 
 scientific estimates of color if - i ^-t: are to be considered 
 in relation to flowers. The sciontiflc definition of a color 
 like scarlet, magenta, or violc. amounts to its identifica- 
 tion with certain lines ir the >*|»ectrura. Such definitions 
 are properly giv^n iu the Ceutiry Dictionary. They are 
 satisfactory so far rs they go, but the relation of colors 
 in tbe spectrum to flower petal.-i or artists' pigments is 
 not so satisfactorily determined. Apparently the stan- 
 dard of the spectrum mu. c be supplemented by another of 
 a more tr.ngible nature— tliat is, a standard of pigment 
 cnlor. But it is jus-t as well to substitute a flower petal 
 for a pigment, and if this is done, the result would be 
 about this : 
 
 Yellow. — Evening primrose. 
 
 Gold-yellow. — Pure gold calendula or deep yellow 
 calendula. 
 
 Orfnge.— Deep-hu'^d eschscholtzia and orange nas- 
 turtium. 
 
 Scarlet.— Mme. Cr>zy canna. 
 
 Red. — Portia carnation. 
 
 Crimson. — Deep-hued sweet-william and pjeony. 
 
 MagentH. — Deep purplish red cineraria. 
 
 Purple. — Deep-toned larkspur, aster, and cineraria. 
 
 Violet. — Deep-t< ned English violets. 
 
 Ultramarine blue. — New compact blue delphinium. 
 
 Pure green is best represented by the artists' pigment 
 called emerald-green ; it is rarely present in foliage, ex- 
 cept perhaps in spring. 
 
 If the simple colors, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, 
 and green, are arranged in a circle (Fig. 524), the colors 
 opposite each other harmonize by reason of absolute 
 contrast. > 
 
 If these simple colors are subdivided into 
 intermediate hues (Fig. 525), so that about 
 
 M4rchalli, Engler (^Zocdsta Mdrchalli, Hort. J^-^ 
 A. hybrida. Bull). Hybrid, probably of C. af finis X 
 find C. ant iquorum. Larger in all parts than (7. 
 affiiiis, the petioles pale green, very slightly 
 emarginate, with large, confluent spots. 
 
 C. Batariensis — Alocasia Bataviensis ? — C. Cava- 
 easdna, Engler == Xanthosoma.— C Jardnica, Hort. 
 = ? — (). Mafdffa, Hort.=Xanthosoma.— C marginata, 
 Hort.=Ca!aditim bicolor.— C. odora. Brongn.= Alocasia 
 odora, Koch. Tree-like, the stem or caudex 'A-Q ft. and C 
 in. in diam.: lvs. green, cordate, stalked, bearing pe- 
 duncles in pairs in their axils. E. Asia. B.M. 3935. 
 — C. odorata, Hort. = Alocasia macrorrhiza. 
 
 Jaeed G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. 
 
 COLOCYNTH. See Cit.'^iUus. 
 
 COLOB. The range of simple colors common 
 among flowers is not a very extensive one. It 
 comprises yellow, gold-yellow, orange, scarlet, 
 
 Colocasia antiquorum, ^\ \^ 
 var. esculenta. ^~^']s-<k 
 
 {Caladium esculeiitum.) 
 
 M!^^' 
 
 23 
 
.S54 
 
 COLOR 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 three of the latter lie between the six original colors, the 
 result will he a circle of twenty-four divisions, having 
 the eflfect of a rainbow. This will perfectly illustrate the 
 principle of color harmony and color discord. Besides 
 
 WiTHBL/SCK WITH WHITE CLEAR COLOR 
 
 OLD GOLD 
 
 SULPHUR 
 
 YELLOW 
 
 OCHRE 
 
 5TRAWY. 
 
 COLD Y. 
 
 BURNT 
 OR/^NGE 
 
 SALMON 
 
 OR/ ;';e. 
 
 TCRRA 
 COTTA 
 
 SHRIMP P. 
 
 SCARLET 
 
 CARDINAL 
 
 PINK 
 
 R^D 
 
 MAROON 
 
 C.PINK 
 
 CRIMSON 
 
 PLUM 
 
 ?.LILAC 
 
 MACENT/V 
 
 DARK 
 
 B. PLL/M 
 
 li'lac 
 
 PUF^PLE 
 
 LOG woe 
 VIOLET 
 
 B.LI LAC 
 
 VIOLET 
 
 INDIGO 
 
 V. BLUE. 
 
 ULTRAMf 
 
 523. Color phases in flowers. 
 
 the opposing colors which harmonize by contrast, there 
 are neighboring colors which I-*"r>\gny.e by analogy or 
 harmony. For ins<"i*nce, any four or iive colors lying 
 side by side in the circle are bound together harmoni- 
 ously by reason of their near relationship, 'therefore, 
 all these four or five colors may be combineu — and na- 
 ture does combine them— with aesthetic results. But 
 skip over four of the colors and attempt a combination 
 of the first and sixth, and the result will prove a discord, 
 the bond of relationship is broken, and the eye is dis- 
 turbed by the aggressiveness of two colors between 
 which there is evidently no bond of sympathy. It would 
 be safe to say, therefore, that the circle demonstrates the 
 fact that its colors situated at right angles with each 
 other are discordant, and those lying nearly parallel 
 with each other are harmonious. 
 
 This is the theoretical side of color harmony. The 
 practical side is scarcely different; it simply modifies the 
 theory. Brilliant blue and orange, which are theoretically 
 harmonious, are scarcely as agreeable in each other's 
 company as the rule would imply. The trouble, however, 
 lies with the brilliancy. The golden calendula and the 
 deep blue-purple aster in association are rather violent 
 
 analogy; hyacinths, sweet peas, and nasturtiums repre- 
 sent families witL most extraordinarily near-related 
 colors. There is a pretlominating force of crimson in the 
 sweet pea, and a predominating force of orange in the 
 nasturtium. It is rather a nice bit of color adjustment 
 ineither family to choose flowers which excel in hamonv 
 of color the careless grouping together of flowers picked 
 at random. 
 
 But the theory that analogous colors harmonize is cor- 
 rect only if it is not vjarried to excess. Attempts to force 
 deep-hued flowers into harmony often lead to contrary 
 results. A range of color from crimson to ultramarine 
 depends for its harmony upon the simplicity or the deli- 
 cacy of the hues. Such colors, in full force, would do 
 violence to each other. It is tempting the hardness of a 
 diamond to pound it with a sledge hammer. It is taxini: 
 crimson too heavily to expect it to show its strength iii 
 the presence of strong violet ! If the effort is to merge 
 the personality of the crimson flower into the purple one, 
 and effect a play of color between the two, the combina- 
 tion of strong hues thus is justifiable. 
 
 The theory that colors at right angles on the wheel are 
 discordant is also subject to some modification. Rela- 
 tively the right-angled colors must be crude and strong 
 to objectionably affect the eye. Yellow and red in the 
 rose is an agreeable color combination. Yellow and red 
 dahlias crowded together are abominably harsh under a 
 sensitive eye. 
 
 A country bouquet of asters, marigolds, fuchsias and 
 dahlias is bad, because the country garden is not a part 
 of it. - few feet of air and space and a stretch of green 
 foliage make a world of difference. 
 
 it is wisest to try the effect of one color upon another 
 before allowing two or three strong hues to wage war 
 
 524. Harmony by contrast. 
 
 and aggressive. Remove the one or the other and sub- 
 stitute a pale-tinted flower of either hue, and the result 
 will be a harmonious one. 
 Flower families are very apt to sustain harmonies of 
 
 525. The intermediate hues. 
 
 with each other. It will be quickly found that white is a 
 peacemaker, and green is an invaluable mediator. With 
 these colors at command, the chances of color discord 
 are reduced to a minimum. Everything also depends 
 upon simplicity in color combinations. It is questionable 
 whether a combination of more than two colors can ever 
 be aesthetically a success. The adjustment of many colors 
 needs the hand of an expert, p. Schuylek Mathews. 
 
 COLORADO, HORTICULTURE IN. The state of 
 Colorado includes the territory lying between the par- 
 allels 37'^ and 41° north latitude, and between the me- 
 ridians lOf?^'' and 109^ west longitude. Its surface is di- 
 versified by mountains, high table lands, plains and val- 
 leys, with a range above tide-water of from 3,400 feet on 
 the eastern border to over 14,000 feet in many snow-clad 
 peaks. It is traversed from north to south by the great 
 Rocky mountain range, and thus divided into two well 
 marked though unequal divisions. The main '^conti- 
 nental divide" is supplemented by several well-defined 
 ranges, and by numerous mountain spurs, between 
 which, and at altitudes ranging from 7.000 to 10,000 feet, 
 lie the four large and several smaller parks or valleys, 
 
COLORADO 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 355 
 
 _-r^?- 
 
 !-- ' — k-^ — '\ i^«-^ 
 
 which are in great part utilized as hay ranches and for 
 stock ranges. The foliowinsr rtgures regarding acreage 
 are from the report of the state engineer for the year 
 1890. The total is given as approximately 66,500,000 
 acres. East of the continental divide lie 40,800,000 
 acres, and on the west 25,760,000 acres. Of the area east 
 of the divide, one-third, or 10.200,000 aTes, lies within 
 me mountains and the remainder, 30,600,000 acres, con- 
 sists of plain and valley 
 lands. On the western slope 
 the proportion of mountain 
 and plain is reversed, there 
 being 16,360,000 acre ^ within 
 the mountains and about 
 9,400,000 acres of plain and 
 valley lands. 
 
 For the western slope the 
 rainfall is given as 33 luches 
 for the mountains and 10.7 
 for the plains and valleys, 
 and for the eastern slope as 
 30 inches for the mountains 
 and 15 inches for the plains. 
 The tillable lands of the 
 state are in the main out- 
 side the mountains, and 
 the average annual rainfall 
 on these lands is near 13 
 inches for the whole state. 
 This rainfall comes mainly 
 in the months of April, May 
 and June, the precipitation 
 for the other mont? being 
 usually very smnl" It fol- 
 lows, from the ^ i i a inf all , 
 that crops cai .ly be suc- 
 cessfully gro .1 by irriga- 
 tion, and it is this idea that 
 Las dominated the agricul- 
 ture and horticulture of the 
 state ever since the begin- 
 ning, nearly forty years ago. 
 
 Irrigation being a necessity, the lands useful for ag- 
 ricultural purposes would be those reasonably level 
 tracts bordering the streams, and extending back only 
 as far as the water can be carried. The first ditches 
 were constructed cheaply, and for the irrigation of first 
 bottom lands only. A little later the idea of utilizing 
 the higher mesas gave rise to canal systems of great 
 magnitude, that have made productive vast tracts of 
 fertile soil. The period of canal construction east of 
 the continental divide has about ended, there being now 
 as many ditches as the streams can supply, or possibly 
 more. On the western slope, where the water supply 
 is greater, additional systems may yet be constructed. 
 The present most pressing problem on the eastern slope 
 is the conservation of the available water. Attention is 
 being given to the construction of reservoirs, and this, 
 coupled with that economy in the use of water which 
 experience is gradually teaching, will go far toward 
 solving the problem, and it may yet be possible to con- 
 siderably extend ihe area now irrigated. Owing to dif- 
 ferences in latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions, 
 the irrigable regions of the state are naturally separable 
 into three divisions, and in considering the horticultural 
 features, it is best to recognize these divisions because 
 they differ in the range of horticultural productions. 
 The divisions are : 
 
 1. The Northern, which embraces the drainage basin 
 of the South Platte and its tributaries, Clear creek, 
 Boulder creek, St. Vrain, Little Thompson, and Cache 
 la Poudre. 
 
 2. The Southern, embracing the valley of the Arkan- 
 sas and its tributaries. 
 
 3. The Western, embracing all the cultivated valleys 
 of the western s.ope lying along the Uncompahgre, 
 Gunnison, and Grand rivers and their branches, and 
 being mainly in the counties of Montrose, Delta and 
 Mesa. 
 
 The Northern District. — From such statistical in- 
 formation as is at hand, it appears that the comraence- 
 ment of fruit planting in Colorado dates from 1863. In 
 that year William Lee., who owned a ranch on the bot- 
 
 tom lands along Clear creek, between Denver and 
 Golden, planted a number of apple trees which he 
 hauled in a wagon from Iowa City, la. In the fall of the 
 same year, Messrs. Perrin and WolflF, of Denver, hauled 
 a load of trees from Des Moines, la., and such as sur- 
 vived the journey were planted on ranches about Den- 
 ver. In 1866, a representative of a Kansas nursery sold 
 trees and plants to many of the farmers along the St. 
 
 "W'" 
 
 'T^^ 
 
 % 
 
 ^S^ 
 
 
 
 
 r>-- 
 
 OKCTCn MAD 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 526> To show horticultural regions of Colorado. 
 
 
 ♦I* 
 
 ♦O' 
 
 <sr 
 
 i>9' 
 
 •»7* 
 
 Vrain, and about the same time a few trees were 
 planted on the ranches along the Thompson. These 
 early attempts to start fruit culture in the northern 
 district were practically failures, for very few of the 
 trees lived. The long journey from the nursery to 
 the farm, improper preparation of the ground, lack of 
 care in the application of water, and in protecting from 
 stock, and the sentiment commonly expressed by the 
 majority of the inhabitants, that fruit could not be 
 grown in Colorado, were obstacles hard to overcome. A 
 few of the early settlers, however, having hope of ulti- 
 mate success, made a second attempt in 1 -7 '. and from 
 the plantings of that year have grown the many fine 
 orchards that dot the northern valleys. In the most 
 northern valley, that of the Cache la Poudre, planting 
 did not commence until about 1873, and except with 
 small fruits, very little was done in the 10 or 12 years 
 following, or until the su-- ss of the pioneers in r :ant- 
 ing demonstrated that th ^rdier fruits could be grown. 
 During the past 5 years the area in fruit has increased 
 rapidly, until now the farm without its orchard is the 
 exception. The apple is here, as in the other fruit dis- 
 tricts, the principal fruit, covering the greatest number 
 of acres and receiving more attention than all other 
 fruits. All standard varieties are grown, and the pro- 
 duct meets a ready sale. Plums are successfully grown, 
 and prove profitable, but the range of varieties is re- 
 stricted to those derived from Prunns Americana and 
 a few of the hardier varieties of Prunus domestica. 
 Cherries of the 3Iorello class are very productive, and 
 the demand for the fruit is encouraging: growers to 
 plant freely. Throughout the district much attention is 
 given to the growing of small fruits and vegetables. 
 AH kinds of berries find a ready market in the cities 
 and mountain towns, and the staple vegetables, such as 
 onions, cabbages and celery, are shipped in large quan- 
 tities to southern points. 
 
 The Southern District.— Here the counties most 
 prominent in fruit culture are Fremont, Pueblo and 
 Otero. The first planting was done in Fremont county, 
 and the following concerning the circumstances I quote 
 
356 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 COLQUHOUNIA 
 
 from an address by Jud^e W. B. Felton before the 
 State Horticultural Society, as published in the report 
 for 1887-8 : "The first fruit trees were set out in Fre- 
 mont county in 1867. W. C. Catlin went to Pueblo 
 for an invoice of trees which had been ordered by him- 
 self and by Governor Anson Rudd, W. A. Helm and 
 Jesse Frazier. They had been brought across the 
 plains in a wagon to Pueblo, and Mr. Catlin brought 
 them to Canon, something over $500 worth of trees oc- 
 cupying a small space in his wagon, A few of these 
 tr^es, and only a few, are still li\ ing. After his first at- 
 tempt, which was almost a total failure, Jesse Frazier 
 procured ser^ral thousand root grafts and set taem out 
 in nursery rorz. "When they became large enough he 
 transplanted them into his orchard." By the year lo79, 
 Mr. Frazier had an orchard of 15 acres, the older portion 
 of which produced 3,000 bushels of apples. Since 1S80, 
 the yearly additions to the orchard area of this county 
 have steadily increased, and fruit-growing is now recog- 
 nized as one of the leading indrstries of the county. 
 As in the other districts, the apple receives the most at- 
 tention, but pears, plums, and the small fruits are grown 
 in quantity. Peaches have been raised, but are not a 
 sure crop, owing to the liability to late spring frosts. 
 Farther down the Arkansas valley, in Otero county. 
 
 the first fruit trees were planted about 1882, but general 
 interest in orchard planting did not develop until 
 some years later. During the past 5 years the area 
 planted has rapidly increased, and the county now 
 
 stands about fourth in orchard acreage. The growing 
 of melons has within a few years brought this county 
 into prominence. Started in a small way by farmers 
 near the town of Rocky Ford, the business has spread 
 into a great industry, and Rocky Ford melons and can- 
 taloupes have found their way into all the large markets 
 of the country. 
 
 The Western District.— The valleys constituting 
 this were included in the Ute Reservation, which was first 
 opened for white settlement in the fall of 1881. The 
 first fruit trees were pinuted the next spring by Messrs. 
 Hotchkiss and Wade, on their ranches lying aiong the 
 North Fork ot the Uunnison in Delta county. In the 
 spring of 1883 W. S. Coburn began planting what is now 
 one of the finest orchards in tLe state ; others followed, 
 and soon the fame of the "North Fork" as a fruit re,<ioQ 
 went abroad and served as a stimulus to ^jlanting in 
 other sections. It was not, howevtr, until 18H(j that 
 planting became general. In that y v ar orchard planting 
 about Grand Junction, in Mesa cjunty, began in earnest, 
 and at the same time the farmers of Montrose turned 
 their attention in the same direction. The development 
 of the industry from 1886 down to the present time has 
 been phenomenal. There appears to be no limit to the 
 successful culture of all temperate region fruits. On 
 the low bottom lands along the streams, the earlier 
 blooming varieties have occasionally been subjected to 
 injury from late frosts, but on the mesas this trouble is 
 never experienced, and here the tender varieties of Eu- 
 ropean grapes are successfully grown without winter 
 protection. The "peach belt" of the state lies within 
 this western district in the three counties — Montrose, 
 Delta and Mesa. The experimental stages of culture 
 have been passed, success is assured, and the business 
 of growing this fruit is in a fair way to become a large 
 one. 
 
 The number of acres planted with orchard and small 
 fruits that received water from the ditches during the 
 year 1896 is given in the report of the state engineer as 
 follows : Northern district, 15,025 acres; Southern dis- 
 trict, 8.456 acres ; Western district, 22,162 acres. The 
 State Horticultural Society, which was organized in 
 September, 1880, has done much by its meetings and 
 exhibits to advance the horticultural interests of the 
 8t£te, and its work has been supplemented by several 
 active county societies. 
 
 From the present state of advancement, which has 
 been reached within a comparatively short time, it seems 
 certain that the fruit industry of the state has before 
 it a promising future. c. S. Craxdall. 
 
 COLTSFOOT. See Tussilago Farfara. Sweet Colts- 
 foot is Petasites, formerly called Nardosma. 
 
 COLUMBINE. ^QQ Aquilegia. 
 
 COLQUHOtNIA (after Sir Robert 
 Colquhoun). Labi(\t(r. Tender plants 
 with dense whorls of gaping As. an 
 inch long or more, colored scarlet and 
 yellow. The genus has 5 species, all 
 from the Himalayas and Burma. 
 Erect or twining shrubs, woolly in 
 all parts when young : Ivs. large, 
 crenate : whorls few-fld.. axillary or 
 crowded into a terminal spike. 
 
 coccinea, Wall. Tall climber, with 
 very long branches : Ivs. stalked, 
 Ovate, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, crenate, dark green above, 
 roughish, typically with scarcely any woolliness except 
 when young: corolla twice as long as the calyx. B. M. 
 4514. C. tomentdsa, Houll., is probably identical. The 
 dense woolliness is probably temporary. R.H. 1873:1.'?0 
 shows a handsome terminal spike in addition to axillary 
 clusters, containing about 20 fls. — Not advertised, but 
 probably as worthy as the next. 
 
 vestita, Wall. Very similar to C. coecinea, except 
 that it is a low-growing, erect plant, and more densely 
 and permanently^ woolly on the stem, calyx and under 
 side of Ivs. Cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara, Calif., but 
 net promising. w". M. 
 
COLUMN 
 
 COMMELINA 
 
 357 
 
 COLUIfN. A solid central body formed of stamens 
 and styles grown together, as in orchids. 
 
 COLtJimiA (after ColumnaorColonna, Italian r.riter 
 on plants, sixteenth century). GesnerAcece. Tropical 
 American shrubs and climbers, with widely gaping, 
 showy tls. often 2 in. long: Ivs. opposite, nearly equal or 
 widely unlike: fls. solitary or numerous, axillary, stalked 
 or not, without bracts or with bracts in an involucre ; 
 coruUas scarlet, carmine or yellowish. Half a dozen 
 species, mostly *ed or orange-ttd., are cult, abroad ; nd 
 may be known to a few fanciers at Lome, but none are 
 advertised by the dealers. 
 
 COLtflEA (Kolo*'tea, ancient Greek name). Papili- 
 onhctiP. Bladder Senna. De<''duou.s shrubs, with al- 
 ternate, odd-pinnate lv« ; Ifts. many, rath ^r sm .11: fls. 
 papilionaceous, in axillary, few-fld,, long-peduncled ra- 
 cemes, yellow to brownish red : pod inflated, bladder- 
 like, many-seeded. About 8 species in the Mediterra- 
 nean region to Hinial. Ornamental free-flowering shrubs 
 of rapid growth, with pale green or glaucous foliage and 
 vellow or brownish red fls. during summer, followed by 
 large, usually reddish-coloring and decorative pods. 
 They grow in almost any soil, but prefer a tolerably dry 
 and' sunny position; not quite hardy north. Prop, by 
 seeds sown in spring or by cuttings of mature wood in- 
 serted in fall in sandy soil; rarer species and varieties 
 are sometimes grafted on C. arborescens in spring un- 
 der glass. 
 
 A. Fls. yellow : pod closed at the apex. 
 
 arborescens, Linn. Fig. 527. Shrub, to 15 ft. : Ifts. 9- 
 13, elliptic, dull green, mucronulate, usually slightly 
 pubescent beneath, 34-1 in. long : fls. 3-8, about 5k in. 
 long; wings nearly as long as the keel, flat. June-Sept. 
 S. Eu., N. Afr., N. B.M. 81.— Var. crispa, Hort. Dwarf, 
 with crisped Ivs. 
 
 AA. Fls. orange-yellow or brownish red; wings shorter 
 
 than the keel. 
 
 m^dia, Willd. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ifts. 7-13, obovate, 
 grayish green or glaucous, %-% in. long, nearly gla- 
 brous: fls. 3-6, orange or reddish yellow: pod closed at 
 the apex. June-Sept. Probably hybrid of garden ori- 
 gin betvreen the former and the following, often cult. 
 under the rvnies or the following species: 
 
 orient^lis, Mill. (C. cruinta, Ait.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: 
 Ifts. 7-11, obovate, glaucous, thickish, ,^3-Min. long, 
 nearly glabious : fls. 3-5, reddish yellow or brownish 
 red: pod open at the apex. June-Sept. S. E. Eu., 
 Orient. — Often cult, under the name of C. Halepica or 
 C. Isiria. 
 
 C. HaUpica.lt&m. (C. Istria, Mill.). To 4 ft.: Ifts. glaucous, 
 small and nuraerous: fls. yellow, nearly 1 in. long: wing longer 
 than the keel.— C. longialdta, Koehne (C. melanocalyx, Hort., 
 notBoiss.). Similar to C. arborescens: wings longer than the 
 keel. G.C. III. 16:15.5 as C. melanocalyx.— C. Nepalensig, Hook. 
 Pimilar to 0. arborescens: racemes drooping. B.M. 2622. B.R. 
 20:1727. Tender. ALFRED RehDER. 
 
 COLVtLLEA (after Sir Charles Colville, governor of 
 Mauritius). Leguminofuv. The gorgeous fls. of this 
 Tropical tree are a worthy rival of i.ie Royal Poinciana, 
 which is closely allied, but easily distinguished. It has 
 drooping racemes l^oft. long, densely crowded with 
 perhaps 200 fls. of curious shape and of a splendid 
 scarlet. The fls. open at the stem -end of the pendent 
 dense raceme, and display masses of long, showy, yellow 
 stamens. The unopened fls. are about the size and shape 
 of a filbert, and these are gradually smaller towards 
 tlie end of the raceme. The genus has only this one spe- 
 cies, and is characterized by its large, oblique, colored 
 calyx, having 4 segments, the standard being the small- 
 est instead of the largest part; the wings very long, 
 narrow, erect, obovate, the pod 2-valved. Supposed to 
 be a native of E. Afr., but di-scovered in 1824 by Bojer 
 on the west coast of Madagascar, where a single tree 
 was cult, by the natives. It flowered there in April or 
 May. Its culture is similar to that of Caesalpinia. Prop. 
 in the south only by seeds. 
 
 racemdsa, Boj. Tree, 40-50 ft. high, with the general 
 aspect of Poinciana regia but with a thicker trunk and 
 ampler foliaere: branches very long and spreading : Ivs. 
 about 3 ft. long, alternate, remote, twice pinnate, with 
 
 20-30 pairs of pinnae which are opposite, 4 in. long, and 
 have 20-28 pairs of Ifts., each >^ in. long : keel very 
 small, almost covered by the wings: free stamens 10, 3 
 inserted below the standard, 2 under the wings, 1 under 
 the keel, and 4 under the cvary. B.M. 3325-6. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 C0MAE08TAPHYLI8 is included with Arcto- 
 staph ylo&. 
 
 OOMABTTM (an old Greek name). Bosdcece. One 
 species allied to Potentilla, and often referred to that 
 genus C. paluBtre, Linn., the Marsh Cinquefoil, is a 
 decumbent herb growing in swales in the N. states (also 
 in the Old World), with pinnate, 3-7-foliolate Ivs. (Ifts. 
 dentate), and solitary or cymose purple fls. 1 in. across: 
 petals shorter than the calyjc lobes, acute ; stamens nu- 
 merous. An odd and interesting but not showy plant, 
 sometimes planted in bogs. Mn. 3:97. — The fr. some- 
 what resembles a strawberry, but is spongy instead of 
 juicy. In some parts of Scotland, it is said, they are 
 called Cowberries, and are rubbed on the inside of milk 
 pails to thicken the milk. 
 
 COMBRfiTJM (old Latin name). Comhretdeece. Many 
 tropical shrubs and trees in Asia. Africa and America, 
 particularly in S. Africa. Many of them are climbers, by 
 means of the persistent leaf-stalks. Lvs. mostly opposite, 
 entire : fls. in spikes, polygamous : calyx bell-shaped ; 
 petals usually 4; stamens usually 8: fr. winged ai.d in- 
 dehiscent, 1-seeded. The Corabretums are warmhouse 
 plants, little known in this country.. Prop, by cuttings of 
 firm wood. One climbing species is in the Amer. trade : 
 C. coccineum, Lam. (C. purpureum, Vahl. Poivrea coC' 
 cinea, DC), from Mada- j 
 
 gascar. Lvs. oblong-Ian- ^'v 
 
 ceolate, acuminate, ever- 
 green: fls. small, brilliant 
 red, with long-exserted 
 stamens, the handsome 
 loose spikes often in pan- 
 icles ; parts of the fl. in 
 o's. B.M. 2102. L.B.C. 
 6: 563.— Handsome. 
 
 COMFEEY 
 
 phytiim. 
 
 528. 
 Commslina coelestis. 
 
 ixv^.) 
 
 COMMELlNA (to the early Dutch botanists, J. and 
 K. Commelin. A third brother published nothing, Lin- 
 naeus is said to have meant to designate the two authors 
 by the fully developed petals, and the third by the small 
 petal). Also written Commelyna. Commelindceo'. About 
 100 widely dispersed perennial herbs, of which a very 
 
358 
 
 COMMELINA 
 
 CONIFERS 
 
 few are cult, fortheir interesting flowers. Fls. irregular 
 the calyx often colored, with unequal sepals ; petals 3, 
 the 2 lateral ones rounded or reniform and long-clawed; 
 stamens 6, 3 shorter; capsule 3-loculed. There are sev- 
 eral native tradescantia-lilce species, some erect and 
 others creeping. These are not in the trade. The cult, 
 spocier are erect warmhoiise plants. Some are tuberous- 
 rooted. In the Amer. trade, only C. coeWstiB, Willd., is 
 offered. Fig. 528. It grows 10-18 in, high, branching, 
 with clasping, long, broad-lanceolate pointed Ivs. and 
 blue fls. (2-10 together) on elongafcg axillary pedun- 
 cles. Var. 41ba, Hort.. has white fls. Ver. vaneg&ta, 
 hurt., has fls. blue and white. Mex. Prop, by seed, 
 cuttings and tubers. The native C. nudifldra, Linn, (as 
 C. 5<'7oi<?i(i««,Schlecht. ),isincult. It ranges all a'-ound 
 the world. It is a creeping plant, '•ooting at the joints, 
 with lai. eolate Ivs., and small irregular blue fls. in the 
 ,;xils. Cammelina is monographed by C. B. Clarlte in 
 DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3. 
 
 Commelin&s are mostly of easy culture, thriving 
 well in any light, rich soil. The evergreen stove and 
 greenhouse sp^ecies are readily propagated in March or 
 April by cuttiugs inserted in an ordinary propagating 
 
 
 imm 
 
 529. A compost heap. 
 
 bed and kept close for a few days ; while the tuberous- 
 rooted half-hardy herbaceous species may be propagated 
 either by division of the tubers or by seeds sown in a 
 frame early in April and afterwards transplanting the 
 seedlings in the herbaceous border. In the fall, they 
 should be lifted and the tubers stored away in the same 
 manner as Dahlias. Of the tuberous-rooted species. C. 
 ccelestis is perhaps the best, its bright blue flowers being 
 very effective, especially when planted in masses. 
 
 Edwakd J. Canning and L. H. B. 
 
 C0MPAB£TTIA (Andreas Comparetti, 1746-1811, 
 Italian botanist). Orchidiice(t, tribe I'dndecp. A small 
 genus of graceful epiphytes, found in equatorial Amer- 
 ica. Pseudobulbs monophyllous, racemes simple or 
 branched: fls. small, lateral sepals united in a single 
 piece, lengthened at the base into a conspicuous born ; 
 lateral petals converging; labellum large, produced into 
 a double spur, which is hidden in the horn made by the 
 sepals ; column free, semi-terete, erect ; pollinia 2. 
 Grown on blocks or in baskets in a light intermediate 
 or warmhouse. 
 
 coccinea, Lindl. Pseudobulbs small, bearing lanceo- 
 late, coriaceous Ivs., purple beneath : racemes several- 
 fld., fls. 2 in. across; petals and sepals yellowish, label- 
 lum large, broader than long, crimson. Braz. 
 
 falc^ta, Poep.et Endl. (C rdsea, Lindl.). Similar in 
 habit to C. coccinea: fls. deep crimson; labellum broad ; 
 racemes pendent. Peru. B.M. 4980. A.F. C:609. 
 
 macTopIdctron, Reichb, f . Fls. 10 or more, dorsal se- 
 pal whitish, often spotted with purple ; midlobe of la- 
 bellum cleft, suborbicular, magenta-rose, dotted at the 
 angled base; spurs conspicuous. Kew Grenada. B.M. 
 ^79. L. H. B. 
 
 COMPASS PLANT. Celebrated by Longfellow. It 
 tends to turn the edges of its root-lvs. north and south 
 Rosin Weed is the prairie name for it. See SilpMum. ' 
 
 COMPOST. Mixed and rotted ve;:etrtble n:'»tt-p, par- 
 ticularly manure and litter. The mixture of bulimy /er- 
 tilizing materials, known as compost, while of litse im- 
 pcrtance t«< the p-neral farmer, plays an important part 
 in garden practices. Many of the garden crops must be 
 made in a very short time, or are of delicate feeding 
 habitd. Their food, therefore, must be easily assimilable. 
 It is good practice to pile all coarse manures, sodsi 
 weeds, or any rubbish available for the purpose, in big 
 flat heaps (Fig. 529), to ferment and rot before bting 
 applied to the garden soil. If desired, chemical manures, 
 especially superphosphate (dissolved bone or South 
 Carolina rock) and potash (muriate or kainit), may be 
 added to make the compost the richer. By spading or 
 forking the heaps over a few times at reasonable inter- 
 vals, a homogeneous mass is easily obtained, which can 
 be applied in greatest liberality without fear, or more 
 sparingly, in accordance with the needs of the particu- 
 lar crop. Of equal, if not still greater importance, i.s 
 the compost heap which gives soil for greenhouse 
 benches, flats, hotbeds and coldfranies. This compost 
 is principally made of sods shaved off a rich pasture or 
 meadow and piled in alternate layers with stable ma- 
 nure, more of the latter being used for forcing succu- 
 lent crops, and less in growing plants which should be 
 short and stocky, like cabbage or tomato plants. Garden 
 litter may be added to the pile, as leaves and trimmings. 
 All compost heaps, during dry weather, need frequent 
 and thorough moistening with water, or, better, with 
 liquid manure. Turn several times during the year, to 
 ensure thorough rotting of the materials. 
 
 T. Greineb. 
 
 COMPTONIA (after Henry Compton, Bishop of Lon- 
 don, patron of horticulture, d. 1713). Myricace(e. One 
 species, by some authors united with Myrica, from which 
 it differs in the pinnatifid, stipulate Ivs. and 8 linear, 
 persistent bractlets subtending the ovary. C. aspleni* 
 fdlia, Gtertn. (C peregrXna, Coulter. Myr\ca axphni- 
 folia, Linn.), the Sweet Fern, grows in dry, sterile soil 
 in the eastern U. S., and is also in the trade. It is an 
 attractive undershrub (1-3 ft.) with fern-like, scented 
 foliage and brownish, axillary heads of imperfect fl?. 
 Lvs. linear, pinnatifid: roots long and cord-liko. Useful 
 for foliage masses on rocky or barren places. 
 • L. H. B. 
 
 CONE-FLOWER. The genus i?Md6ec;tta. The Purple 
 Cone-flower, however, belongs to the allied genus 
 Echinacea. 
 
 GONANDBON {cone-shaped anther). Gesnerdceee, 
 C. ramcudioides, Sieb. & Zucc, of Japanese mountains, 
 is the only species. It is an interesting little tuberous- 
 rooted herb, with oblong, rugose, serrate root-lvs. and 
 scapes bearing 6-12 white or purple, nodding Dodo- 
 catheon-like fls. It is one of several groups of rare and 
 widely scattered herbs, of which Ramondia, Haberlea, 
 Wulfenia, Didymocarpus, Shortia and Schizocodon are 
 examples. Conandron is adapted to growing in shady 
 rockeries. Scapes less than 1 ft. high. Little known in 
 cult., but is in the trade. B.M. 6484. 
 
 CONIFERS. The cone-bearing trees {Conifercf) are 
 decidedly the most important order of forest trees in 
 the economy of civilized man. They have furnished the 
 bulk of the material of which our civilization is built. 
 The remarkable combination of strength and stiifness 
 with the smallest weight compatible, and the abundance 
 and gregariousness of their occurrence, gives them t'-'a 
 important position. From the standpoint of the horti- 
 culturist, they also take a prominent place among the 
 materials for landscape gardening effects, and, in the 
 more practical use, as windbreaks. Their evergreen 
 habit— for all except the larch and ginkgo tribes are ever- 
 green—and their conical form, especially in earlier 
 periods of life, with a branch system persisting to the 
 base for a long time, are the elements which make them 
 desirable. To these graces maybe added the peculiar 
 form and striking coloring of their foliage, which, in 
 
CONIFERS 
 
 CONIFERS 
 
 359 
 
 combination with deciduous trees or in clumps, by them- 
 selves or in aingle specimens, offer striking effects. 
 
 There are two types of natural or native beauty in the 
 Corifers—the symmetrical and verdurous beauty of the 
 young specimen (FMgs. 5:^0, S-'U ; Fij<. 1, p. 1), and the 
 piciuresque and rugjfed beauty of the old and tirae- 
 woi t^ " (Figs. 532. 5,'};{). Aside from these, there are 
 aN -"'J, grotesque and formal cultivated varieties, 
 »s i.j, 'cd in the weeping spruce (Fig. 534), the colura- 
 uar j ...II ers (Fig. 535), and the various dwarf jines and 
 gpruees \ 'ig. 53(J). 
 
 The raaj -.ity of the species belonging to this group, 
 as well es their greatest numerical development, is 
 found in .he temperate zones, only a few belonging to 
 subtropical or tropical countries, among which are the 
 Araucarias, from South America; the Dammara, Dacryd- 
 ium, and Phyllocladus, fron Australia, etc. 
 
 The order Coniferte comprises jiearly 40 genera, and 
 about 300 species. Our own lative fl'^ra. with 15 genera 
 and not less than 100 spcie.. ?nd subspecies, is among 
 the richest, the bulk of these *t<'ing found on the 
 Pacific coast. The Atlantic side offei • '28 species, repre- 
 senting the genus Pinus with 12 species out of 39; 1 
 Larix out of 3; 3 Piceas out of 7; 2 Tsugas out of 5; 2 
 Abies out of 12; 1 Taxodium; 1 Thuja out of 2; 1 
 Charaflpcyparis out of 3; 3 Juniperus out of 11 ; 1 Tumion 
 (Torreya) out of 2; 1 arborescent Taxus nut of 2 : being 
 without representatives of the genus Pseudotsuga, Se- 
 quoia, Libocedrus, and Cupressus, There are to be 
 added a large number (not less than 400) of nursery- 
 men's varieties, which have been enumerated in Bull. 
 17 of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 There are also a number of exotic Conifers which 
 promise satisfactory results if used in suitable locali- 
 ties, climate and soil. The Norway Spruce (Picea ex- 
 edsii) recommends itself by its elegant gothic form, 
 often with pendulous branchlets, its very rapid growth, 
 and its wide adaptation to soils and climates, together 
 with its ease of propagation and cheapness. It excels 
 in form and rapidity of growth most of the American 
 spruces. Like all Conifers, after the 2r)th to 40th year it 
 must pass through a period of change in form, during 
 which it loses, for a time, its shapeliness. The Scotch 
 Pine {Pinus sylvestris) has nothing to recommend it 
 which may not be found in native species, except, per- 
 haps, adaptation to the dry climate of the west, and 
 cheapness. The Austrian Pine, on the other hand, is an 
 
 
 
 530. The beauty of younjj everirrcens lies in their symmetry 
 and the preservation of the lower limbs. 
 
 acquisition by its stout growth in its youth, although the 
 Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) would probably do as well; 
 so far, its small cones and seed have made the latter ex- 
 pensive. The European Larch outgrows the native nor- 
 thern one easily, but Larix occidentalis ,tTomthe interior 
 
 531. A good spruce tree. 
 
 basin, will probably do as well or better. There is no 
 particular commendation for the Europe Fir, but the 
 Nordmann Fir, from the Caucasus, is a most decided 
 aquisition, by its beauty and adaptation; so is the most 
 graceful of all 
 spruces, Picea orien- 
 talis, while the Span- 
 i^'h Abies Pinsapo 
 will always attract at- 
 tention by its pecu- 
 liar shape and foliage. 
 
 Of other ornamen- 
 tal forms which are 
 without representa- 
 tives in the U. S., and 
 hence fill vacancies, 
 may be mentioned, as 
 capable of adapta- 
 tion, and, more or 
 less in use, from 
 South America, the 
 Araucarias ; from 
 Africa and Eastern 
 Asia, Cedrus Deo- 
 dara, Lihani, Allan - 
 iica, Abies Appoli- 
 nis&ndCilicica; from 
 Korea, the promis- 
 ing, more densely fo- 
 liaged White Pine, P. 
 Ko ra iensis ; from 
 China, Cunning- 
 hamia. Biota, Glyp- 
 tostrobus, Cephalo- 
 taxus, Podocarpus, 
 Pseudolarix, and, 
 above all, that inter- 
 esting remnant of 
 former ages, the 
 Maidenhair- tree, 
 Gingko bil oh. :,v;hic\i 
 
 will maintain itself anywhere along the Atlantic coast if 
 propagated from seed of the proper localities. Japan 
 has furnished a number of additions, especiallj' Reti- 
 nosporas, Torreyas, Taxus, various Pinus, Piceas and 
 Tsugas, with the peculiar Scindopitys verticillaia, the 
 Umbrella Pine, and, the most acceptable of all, the 
 graceful Cryptomeria Japonica. 
 
 As with all introductions from one country to another, 
 nay, from one climatic region to another, caution is ad- 
 vised, so it may be laid down as a rule, that exotics 
 should be used with great discretion, and, until their 
 adaptation is amply demonstrated, only iu a subordinate 
 manner. If it is in general true that perennial plants 
 can only be transplanted with permanent success into 
 similar climatic conditions, it must be especially true 
 with the conifers, which do not lose their foliage, and 
 hence must be able to bear summer as well as winter con- 
 ditions. The Long-leaf Pine of the south, most striking 
 of our pines, may, therefore, not be transplanted far be- 
 yond its northern limit, and, if we desire to utilize any 
 of the Pacific coast species W the east, we will have to 
 secure them at least from the highest and driest alti- 
 tudes and exposures or. if. as in the case of some spe- 
 cies, like the Douglas Fir and Engelmann Spruce, their 
 field of distribution covers the dry slopes of the Rocky 
 mountains as well as the moist slopes of the coast 
 ranges, we may be successful if we choose our plant 
 material from these drier slopes. 
 
 Of the many native species, we may discard a num- 
 ber chat are not of any particular value, although the 
 distinction could be more readily accomplished from 
 the economic point of view than from the standpoint of 
 the horticulturist and landscape gardener, for almost 
 every one has a distinctive feature of either form or 
 adaptation to soil or other interest. For each climatic 
 region the choice must be different; hence it would be 
 impossible to give, in the brief space of an article, in- 
 telligent advice as to best selections. In general, be- 
 sides climatic limitations, the following considerations 
 may serve in the choice of native species. The pines, 
 as a rule, are not to be placed on compact, clay soil, and, 
 on account of their taproot, not on shallow soils, on 
 
360 
 
 CONIFERS 
 
 CONIFERS 
 
 which they soon become spindly; they thrive best on 
 loose, sandy soils, and can endure dry soils, the White 
 Pine adapting itself perhaps best to the clay soils with- 
 out detrinifnt to its development. On wet soils pines 
 are, as a rule, decidediy out of place, although the Re«l 
 Pine (P. rexinoHa), of the north, and the Loblolly (/*. 
 Tceda ) , and some other southern species are capable of 
 supporting su'h conditions. For such situations hero, 
 however, the cedar trioe furnishes better material, — the 
 Chamiecyparis, Thuyas and Taxodiura. Th«se trees of 
 the bog and swamp are, however— it should not be over- 
 looked— capable of thriving even better on drier soils. 
 They are merely indiflferent to moisture conditions at 
 the foot. 
 
 The shallow-rooted spruces are trees of the higher 
 mountain ranges, and are, therefore, more adapted to 
 
 532. A lone field pine, remnant of a forest. 
 
 moist and cool situations, although some of them, the 
 Norway Spruce, the Blue Spruce of Colorado and the 
 northern White Spruce will— the former, at least, during 
 its juvenile period— endure more droughty situations. 
 The firs, too, are rather more species of northern 
 climates and high altitudes, the Red Fir, so-called 
 (Psiiidotstiga taxi folia), which is not a fir proper, be- 
 ing, perhaps, best capable of 'supporting drier and hot- 
 ter situations. The most ornamental, and, in many re- 
 spects, most serviceable of the firs, Abies Nordmanni- 
 ana, from the Caucasus, develops its magnificent dense 
 and darli green foliage in the warm but moist climate of 
 Washington, while our most ornamental Ahies concolor 
 
 from Colorado will thrive even in our drier atmos- 
 pheres of the Mi<ldle states. The fine firs of the Pacific 
 coast will probably not thrive anywhere in our drier and 
 hotter eastern climates for any length of time, unless 
 placed in cool and shady situations. 
 
 The Douglas Fir (PiteudotsHija taxifoUa) is. perhaps, 
 most readily acclimated if seed is secured from the dry 
 slopes of Colorado. The Lawson Cypress (Chauutrfip- 
 oris Lawsoniana), with its graceful pendulous branches 
 and foliage, and the pyramidal Libocednis decurreng are 
 uncjuestionably desirable a<lditions to our ornamental 
 stock, while the Sequoias, especially WaithingtanKiua, 
 the Big Tree, has shown itself capable of thriving in the 
 latitude of Rochester. 
 
 One important feature which enters into consideration 
 when grouping Conifers, is the relative endurance of 
 shade or tolerance which the species exhibit, thereby 
 indicating their use in various positions. The yews and 
 firs are tiie most tolerant of shade, together with'the hem- 
 locks; next may be placed the spruces, Arborvitap (Thuya), 
 and Juniperus, while the pines are mostly intolerant of 
 shade, excepting the White Pine, which is the most shade- 
 enduring of the pines ; the larch and the bald cypress 
 are the most light-needing of all, and will perish soon if 
 placed under the sluwle of any other trees. All species, 
 to be sure, are capable of more shade-en<lurance when 
 young and on deep, moist soil. Their relative shade-en- 
 durance under the same conditions remains, however, the 
 same, and may be studied in the forest by observing the 
 density of the individual crowns, the capacity of main- 
 taining a thrifty foliage under the shade of different 
 species, and especially of young plants to persist in 
 such shade. 
 
 Propagation. — "Most Conifers ripen their fruit in the 
 fall, Septemlier to Noveml)er, and are best gathered soon 
 after or before ripening. The pines take two years to ma- 
 ture their cones. White Pines ripen fruit in the first two 
 weeks of Septemljer. and the cones opening, shed the 
 seeds at once, the empty cones remaining on the branches. 
 The cones of the firs fall apart upon ripening, hence 
 must be gathered before being quite ripe. Spruces and 
 hemlocks shed seeds from time to time, opening and 
 closing into next spring. Some pines, like Pi>iu.s pun- 
 gens and .serotina, keep their cones closed for years, and 
 artificial heat must be employed to make them open and 
 give up their seed. In gathering seeds for the trade, such 
 artificial heat is frequently applied with pines in spi^cially 
 constructed seed roasters; such seed should be carefully 
 inspected, as it sometimes suffers from improper use of 
 the heat. 
 
 The proportion of germinating seeds, and the vitality, 
 1. e., the ability of retaining germinative power, varies 
 greatly not only with the seasons in the same species, 
 but from species to species. 
 
 The lowest germination percentage and vitality is found 
 in firs and larch, which show rarely more than 50 per 
 cent of good seed, and soon lose their vitality, while 
 spruce and pine, when entirely fresh, may show as much 
 as 95 to 100 per cent germination, an 1 retain vitality for 
 2 to 5 years, losing each year a proportion. Norway 
 Spruce 5 years old still having 10 per cent germination. 
 
 In trade, a germination percentage for spruce of 75 to 
 80; pine. 70 to 75; fir, 30 to 50; larch, 20 to 40, should be 
 acceptable. 
 
 Seeds are best kept in a dry, cool garret in tight bags 
 or boxes, excluding the air as much as possible. 
 
 All seeds require a short rest or after-ripening of two 
 to four weeks before they are ready to germinate, and 
 some, like the Taxus and,Juniper, Iieover,evenin nature, 
 for a year or more before they germinate. The latter 
 should be prepared for sowing "by macerating them, and 
 removing the pulp in hot water, then mixing with sharp 
 sand in bags, and by friction freeing the seed from the 
 pulp. 
 
 In the seed-bed somewhat more care is required than 
 with most other species of trees. A thoroughly mellow, 
 well pulverized seed-bed of light, loamy sand, possibly 
 enriched with well decomposed manure (cow-dung better 
 than horse-dung), is required, the covering of the seed 
 varying, according to size, from a mere sprinkling for 
 larch to one-quarter inch for the heavy-seeded pines. 
 They may be sown as soon as the weather is settled, in 
 northern'latitudes the second or third week in May. best 
 
CONIFERS 
 
 CONIFERS 
 
 361 
 
 In rows not more than 6 inches apart, and preferably In 
 dry weather, when the soil does not clog, which some- 
 times prevent seeds from germinating, and can he rolled 
 over them. Mulch between 
 the rows with pine needles 
 or sphagnum moss, or other 
 fine mulch, to reduce ne- 
 cessity of watering and 
 weeding. Conifer seeds need 
 very little water for germi- 
 nation. The seee«l lings, on 
 
 533. Picturesque old hemlock spruces. 
 
 the other hand, for the first three months, until they 
 have made their crown bud, need to be either kept well 
 watered or else protected against the drying effects of 
 sun and wind by shading, for which purpose lath screens 
 are best. These latter must be lifted for airing after the 
 sun is gone, especially in muggy weather, to avoid "damp- 
 ing-o£F." For wintering, a covering with conifer branches 
 or very clean meadow hay is advisable (the latter is apt 
 to bring in weeds). 
 
 For growing small quantities, the use of boxes, as 
 described by Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arbore- 
 tum, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural 
 Society, is highly commendable. In well drained boxes, 
 sow the seed soon after gathering, pile four or five deep 
 in a pit or sheltered place, cover with boards, and when 
 cold weather comes, cover up with leaves or hay. About 
 the middle of April, move them into a place where they 
 get the early morning sun. Keep the seedlings well 
 watered and free from weeds, and shaded as described. 
 Winter the seedlings in same manner as the seed-boxes, 
 well covered up. They are ready for transplanting next 
 spring, when they are making their first or second set 
 of rough leaves. 
 
 Since pine and spruce seedlings take about 7 to 10 
 pounds of phosphoric acid, 10 to 20 pounds of potash 
 and 15 to 30 pounds of lime, besides 20 pounds of ni- 
 trogen, per acre from the soil, for continuously used 
 nurseries the addition of mineral materials in the shape 
 of bone-meal and wood-ashes may become desirable. 
 
 A large number of seedlings may be grown in a small 
 space; thus 30,000 Norway spruce may be grown on a 
 square rod, requiring about 2 pounds of seed. The 
 quantity of seed sown depends, in part, upon the length 
 of time it is expected to leave seedlings in the seed-bed, 
 besides size and quality of seed ; the quantities vary from 
 ^ to >^ pound per 100 square feet if sown in drills, and 
 
 the yield of seedlings will vary from 200 to 15,000 seed- 
 lings, according to species and seasons. 
 
 Conifers, like any other trees, may be transplanted at 
 any time of the year, provided the necessary care is 
 taken in moving the plant. This care is least re<|uired. 
 as with other trees, in the fall and early spring, when 
 activities of root and foliage are, if not at rest, at least 
 reduced. Which of these seasons is preferable depends 
 on the locality, and the dependent character of the sea 
 son. On the whole, spring planting will probably be 
 preferable in most parts of the United States which do 
 not suffer from dry spring winds. In localities of the 
 southwest, which have commonly a dry spring followed 
 by a rainy season in July, this latter time should be 
 chosen. There is a belief that planting in August is 
 specially favorable. We see no reason for this belief, 
 unless favorable weather {a rainy season) follows. 
 
 Conifers may be transplanted latrr than deciduous 
 trees, even after the buds have started, excepting the 
 larch, which buds out very early; with this species, fall 
 planting may be recommended. Cloudy weather, rather 
 than rainy or wry dry, should be chosen, especially 
 when transplanting into nursery rows. 
 
 Young trees are naturally more readily and success- 
 fully transplanted than older ones, with which there is 
 more difficulty in securing the whole root-system when 
 taking them up. Since, however, the seedlings develop 
 slowly for the first one or two to three years, they should 
 be left in the seed-bed for that length of time, root-pruned, 
 and then transplanted into nursery rows. Although 
 those with a shallow root-system, like spruces and firs, 
 may be moved even when 30-40 feet in height, it is best, 
 even for ornamental purposes, not to take them more 
 than 3-4 feet in height. In forestry, 1- to 4-year-old 
 ,'lants. according to species, from 2-12 or 15 inches in 
 height, are preferred for reasons of economy. 
 
 534. A seeping Norway spruce. 
 
 Much greater care than with deciduous trees is nec- 
 essary, when transplanting without an earth-ball, in 
 keeping the root fibers from drying out; a large amount 
 
362 
 
 CONIFEKS 
 
 CONIFERS 
 
 of loss In traniiplanting is explained from nejflect In 
 this respect. As soon as taken up, the roots should be 
 immersed Int^ a loam-puddle and kept protected by wet 
 spha^um moss or canvas until set into their new 
 pla«'e. 
 
 The question of trimming when transplanting must be 
 eonsidered with more care than is necessary with broad- 
 leaved trees, which possess much greater recuperative 
 power. It should be confined to the smallest amount, 
 amoothing bruised roots, and if f'>r proper proportion- 
 ing pruning at the top becomes absolutely necessary, 
 shortening the leader rather than branches. Larch will 
 stand more severe pruning than most other Conifers. 
 From the anlstic as well as physio' ical point of view, 
 it is barbarism to remove the lowe^ .^ranches, which the 
 tree needs to shade its trunk and standing rooni, anU of- 
 ten, when deprived of the same, will repJace first before 
 starting again in its height growth. Attention should, 
 however, be especially paid to preventingdouble leaders, 
 which are detrimental to future form-development; cut 
 them out as early as possible, preferably in the bud. 
 Laterals may be somewhat sbortened-in while standing 
 in the nursery, to lengthen the time during which the 
 lower branches are to persist. Breaking out buds is, as 
 with all trees, the best metho<l. provided thepruuer has 
 an eye for his business. Even in after-life, when prun- 
 ing is done to keey» the tree shapely, the minimum use 
 of the pruning-knife should be the rule. 
 
 There are three marked periods in the development o' 
 Conifers — the juvenile period, when the entire tree is a 
 crown, branched symmetrically to the base, the perfec- 
 tion of symmetry ; then follows the adolescent stage, 
 when the lower branches die out, a period of unshape- 
 
 liness; followed by the virile 
 stage, when the £.traight, cylin- 
 drical shaft bears the crown at 
 one-third or one-half of the up- 
 per lengtn of the bole. The 
 trimming during the adolescent 
 stage requires most considera- 
 in most cases. 
 
 lnserte<!, wh«n the calluslng will be more rapid and 
 satisfactory in shape. 
 
 If at this stage or at any time the trees show trouble 
 at the top by drying (becoming "stag-headed"), it is « 
 sign that they suffer at the root from lack of moisture. 
 
 535. Pyramidal evergreens. Junipers. 
 
 Trimming off a few tiers of lower branches, loosening 
 the soil as far as the ambitus of the crown, and mulch- 
 ing will largely correct this. When used for hedges, the 
 treatment is, of course, different. For such a purpose 
 the shade-enduring species, spruces and hemlocks, are 
 best, since they are capable of preserving a dense inte- 
 rior foliage, while the pines are bound to thin out. 
 
 There are a number of dangers and damage from In- 
 sects to which Conifers are exposed. Drought and frost 
 are most dangerous to seedlings in the seed-bed. These 
 are obviated by proper location of the seed-bed ( protec- 
 tion against sun and wind), by covering with a mulch of 
 moss, straw, pine-straw or the like (which also prevents 
 the heaving out by frost and the washing out by rain, 
 to which he young seeds are liab'e). By shading and 
 watering tne dangt of drought is overcome, althoutrh 
 at the same time that of " damping-off "' is invited. The 
 cause of this disease, consisting in the reddening of the 
 needles and their falling off, is as yet undiscovered, a 
 fungus being held responsible by some. Birds may be 
 kept away from the seeds by mixing them with red 
 oxide of lead, by lath screens, and the usual methods. 
 
 Various fungi and insects, too many to mention, some 
 polyphagous, more or less specific, are at work dur- 
 ing the various stages of development. A host of leaf- 
 miners, saw-tlies and caterpillars destroy the foliage. 
 
 
 •ii!'V'';-''**s^^ho:;.u.--- -TTr,**.,.-.. «i; 
 
 2';^;''^^iJ^ " ;•/ 
 
 536. Dwarf conifers, of horticultural origin. Pines and spruces. 
 
CONIFERS 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 363 
 
 and weevils sap the youoj; nhoots. Bontrichl, or bark- 
 beetles, mine under the bark, mostly of trees which are 
 sickly from othi'r causes; borers enter the wood of the 
 boles. Tortrices i>ore Into the base of leaders and cause 
 them to break off. The bei^t remedies against most of 
 these are preventives, namely: provi<linjcthe trees with 
 guch chances of vijforous growth, or satisfactory soil 
 conditions, that tliey are able to ward off or overcome 
 the enemies. Otherwise, watchinj? and destroyinjf the 
 enemies in time, and the usual remedies to kill them, 
 oiay be employed. Literature: Veitch, Manual of Coni- 
 fers ; Carri»''re, Traite des Conif^res ; Beissner, Hand- 
 buch der Nadelholzkuude. g ^ Fernow. 
 
 CONlUM macnlitTun, Linn. Umbelliferof. The 
 Poison He.mi,o< k, "by which," as Gray writer, "crimi- 
 nals and philosophers were put to death at Athens." 
 It is a rank, much-branched European herb which has 
 run wild in eastern N. America, and which in offered in 
 the trade as a border plant. It is biennial, lank-sniell- 
 ing, and poisonous, and is scarcely worth c\»ltivatin>r, 
 although the finely cut dark folia>?e is hi>fhly ornamen- 
 tal. It grows from 2-4 ft. hijfh, and has large umbels of 
 small white rts. An extract is sold in drug stores for a 
 sedative. For this purpo '^ the fruit is gathered while 
 green. 
 
 CONNECTICUT, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. u.}?. 
 While one of the smallest states and covering but 
 one degree of latitude (41 to 42), owing to the great 
 diversity of soil an<i varying elevations from the sea 
 level, along the whole southern border, to 900 and 1,200 
 feet in sections of Tolland county, and 1,200 and l..'>00 in 
 portions of Lltchdeld, Connecticut is adapted to as wide 
 
 537. The horticultural regions of Connecticut. 
 
 a range of horticultural productions as any state out- 
 side of the semi-tropic fruit belt. The " season " of many 
 of the quick-maturing species and varieties of fruits, 
 flowers and vegetables is often entirely over on the 
 light soil in the Connecticut valley and along the Souv\d 
 shore when like species and varieties are but just be- 
 ginning to ripen on the cooler, moist soils of the hills 
 of Tolland and Litchfield counties. Strawberries and 
 green peas from East Hertford and Glastonbury supply 
 the Hartford market, wiille on the Bolton hills, only 12 
 miles away, the blooming vines give promise of the crop 
 that is to come after the valley season is entirely over; 
 so that "home-grown" strawberries are usually to be 
 had in the Hartford market for a period of six or seven 
 weeks. The Sound shore, Housatonic valley and Litch- 
 field hills supply New Haven, Bridgeport and other 
 cities of the state through equally long seasons. 
 
 From the earliest settlement of the state, fruit-grow- 
 ing for the family home-supply has been a prominent 
 feature of Connecticut agriculture, the apple being 
 a main reliance. The old seedling trees scattered 
 over all our farms to-day are plain evidence that our 
 ancestors took their apple juice through the spigot of 
 the cider barrel rather than fresh from the pulp of the 
 ripe fruit of some finer variety. A hundred years ago 
 
 every farm-house cellar wintered from .30 to 50 barrels 
 of cider, while to-day it is hardly respectable to have 
 any, and probably not one family in ten now has evea 
 
 one singl«< barrel on tap as a beverage. Yet in quantity 
 and variety the family fruit supply has wonderfully in- 
 creased and a daily supply of f reMh home-grown fniit is 
 the rule rather than the exception in most farm homes, 
 — small fruits in variety, apoles, pears, peaches, plums 
 (both European and .lapant, cherries and quit;ces, in 
 all the best standard varieties, coming to their highest 
 perfection in every section of the stite where rational 
 methods of culture are followed. The topography of the 
 state is such, and soils are so varied within »h<*ft dis- 
 tances, that it is diflifult to ilistrict the state, except in the 
 most general way. Aside from the alluvial, most of the 
 light sandy and sandy loam lands are along the river val- 
 leys an<l the Sound shore; while in "the hill towns" and 
 along the ridges the soils are heavier, with more or less 
 mixtures of clay, and many of the hilltops are moist and 
 springy. Hocks are very abundant nearly all over the 
 state except in the valleys, while the natural timber 
 and semi-abandoned fanu and pasture lands, growing 
 up to brush and timi>er, cover fully one-half the acreage 
 of the state. Acting at present as win<l-breaks and cli- 
 matic equalizers, they will in the future furnish the 
 "new lan«ls" for extensive horticultural enterprises. 
 Lying mid,vay between New York and Boston, — the 
 greatest horticultural markets of America— Connecticut 
 is better situated than any other state in the Union to 
 realize quick cash returns from her horticulture. Every 
 farm is within driving distance of some one or more 
 of her own busy manufacturing towns and villages, 
 whose people are appreciative of choice fruits and are 
 able to pay for them. 
 
 District No. 7. — This comprises the Connecticut river 
 valley and adjacent hills, along the Northampton branch 
 and the main line of railroad from Hartford to New 
 Haven, and all of the shore towns. This district con- 
 tains most of the sandy plain lands of the state, and the 
 loams and clay most free from rocks and stones. On 
 the hills back from the river, on the ridges either side 
 of the railroads, and a few miles back from the Sound 
 shore, there are many places where .soil and topograph- 
 ical conditions are much the same as in districts Nos. 
 2 and 3; but, having much larger tracts of easily culti- 
 vated lands and being better located as to market con- 
 ditions, this district is more highly developed horticul- 
 turally than either of the others. Here are the great 
 market-gardens and small-fruit farms, peach orchards, 
 vineyards and melon fields. 
 
 District No, i. — This district comprises Tolland and 
 Windham counties and all of Middlesex an<l New London 
 counties except Cromwell and the shore towns, and is 
 particularly well suited to apple and peach culture, ow- 
 ing to the rolling condition of the country and natural 
 fertility of many of the hills. Every few miles are lit- 
 tle valleN's and pockets suited to the production of small 
 fruits and vegetables in variety. A few townships in 
 the northeast grow apples quite extensively, while in 
 the west and southwest commercial peach orchards are 
 found to considerable extent. 
 
 District No. ^. — This district comprises western Hart- 
 ford, northwestern New Haven, northern Fairfield, and 
 all of Litchfield counties, and is somewhat similar to 
 district No. 2, except th.it the soil is generally heavier, 
 with rather more mixture of clay and the hills are 
 more abrupt and rocky. Some sections of Litchfield 
 county are too cold and bleak for any but the most hardy 
 fruits. 
 
 Apples grow freely everywhere, and, while always of 
 good quality, the brightest colors, firmest texture and 
 highest quality of fruit is produced on the rocky hills, 
 at an elevation of fnm 400 to 1,000 feet. Baldwin.'Rhode 
 Island Greening, Roxbury Russet and Spy are the lead- 
 ing varieties, although all the varieties that thrive well 
 in the northeastern U. S. grow to perfection here when 
 properly cared for. Old commercial orchards have al- 
 ways been profitable, and just at this time large plant- 
 ings are being made, the largest orchard in the state 
 containing about 4,000 trees. 
 
 Peach culture on an extended scale is a recent devel- 
 opment. Eighteen years ago the »mly commercial orchard 
 in the state contained about 2,000 trees, and probably 
 
364 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 CONOCLINIUM 
 
 5,000 trees would be a liberal estimate for the state; 
 now upwards of 2,000,000 peach trees are in tht state- 
 mi ny orchards of 5,000 and 6,000 trees, quite a number 
 with 10,000 to 15,000 trees, and at least one with nearly 
 50,000. While many varieties are grown to some extent, 
 the main plantings are of Mountain Rose, Oldmixon, 
 Crawford Early, Crawford Late and Stump. More re- 
 cently, however, Waddell, Carman, Champion and El- 
 berta have been heavily planted. High culture, close 
 pruning and a thinning of the fruit are generally prac- 
 ticed, and fruit of brightest color, largest size and high 
 quality is thus secured. In the markets of this and 
 neighboring states, "Connecticut peaches" usually sell 
 at a much higher price than those from any other sec- 
 tion. The only serious drawback is the winter-killing 
 of the fruit-buds in the valleys, this happening proba- 
 bly three years out of tive, while on many hillsides and 
 hilltops at least two crops out of three are assured; but 
 there are many favorable localities where annual crops 
 are almost a certainty. 
 
 Japanese plums were early planted in this state, and 
 80 quickly proved their adaptability to soil and climate 
 that they are now planted in a small way in every sec- 
 tion of the state, fruiting almost as freely as the apple, 
 for family supply, while in a commercial way they are 
 being quite largely planted in district No. 1. Several 
 orchards have from 2,000 to 4,000 trees each. Of varie- 
 ties longest tested, Burbank, Abundance and Chabot 
 are most satisfactory and profital)Ie. Red June and 
 Satsuma are rapidly growing in favor, the latter com- 
 manding extremely fancy prices for canning purposes. 
 
 Raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries 
 grow and produce freely all over the state, and all local 
 markets are abundantly supplied in season. 
 
 Grapes can be grown successfully all over the state, 
 except on the highest and coldest hills ; and on the 
 sandy plains and warm, rocky hillsides all the best 
 standard varieties can be produced in perfection. There 
 are a number of small vineyards in district No. 1, and 
 home-grown grapes sell for double the price of those 
 coming from the outside ; yet, on the whole, the grape 
 industry is but lightly thought of. 
 
 Pears thrive and fruit well except on the lighter 
 lands, and nearly every home garden has from one to 
 half a dozen trees. There are a few small commercial 
 orchards in district No. 1, Bartlett and Clapp being 
 most largely grown at Hartford and the adjoining 
 towns. On the west side of the river the Bosc is pro- 
 duced in its highest perfection. 
 
 Cherries have been steadily failing in the state for 
 twenty five years past. Not enough "or home supply 
 are grown. Newly planted trees soon die out, and there 
 is a general discouragement. They seem to do best in 
 the vicinity of Middletown and Meriden, and the few 
 commercial orchards there are quite profitable. 
 
 Quinces are grown all over the state for home supply, 
 but thrive best along the Sound shore, where there are 
 a large number of small commercial orchards. 
 
 Strttwborries are very largely grown, both for home 
 and outside markets, mostly in medium matted rows, 
 with an average yield of 80 to 90 bushels per acre. 
 Some cultivators, who follow the hill system or grow in 
 narrow, thinly matted rows, secure 150 or more bushels 
 pe,:- acre. A nu . r of the berry farmers have systems 
 of irrigation which add greatly to the surety of the 
 crop, besides increasing the size and appearance of the 
 fruit. The rolling character of the country and vast 
 number of small streams abundantly supplied with 
 water raaKe it possible, at moderate expense, to irrigate 
 many thousands of acres in this state, and the time is 
 not far distant when the streams of Connecticut will 
 be more valuable to her horticulturists than they ever 
 were to her manufacturers in the old days of many 
 small factories and water-wheels. 
 
 Almost from the earliest settlement, small local nur- 
 series have aV)ounded in the state, and are here to-day 
 to the number of 5.'}. An extensive general nursery a*^ 
 New Canaan, in Fairfield county, is much the largest of 
 cny in New Eufrland. while the small fruit and specialty 
 nursery at South Glastonbury, Hartford county, dis- 
 tributes plants by the million all over the world. At 
 Cromwell, Middlesex county, is a floricultnral estab- 
 lishment which, with one exception, has the largest 
 
 area under glass of any such establishment in America, 
 and surpasses all others in the annual production of 
 superb roses. 
 
 The late Judge A. J. Coe, of Meriden, wa? one of the 
 first men in America to take up the new chestnut cul- 
 ture by the importation of the best foreign varieties and 
 the selection of the best natives and their crosses. He 
 commenced the grafting on native sprouts and seed- 
 lings, and stimulated quite a general chestnut grafting, 
 so that a goodly number of chestnut orchards are being 
 established on land too rough for cultivation, yet 
 strong in its ability to grow the chestnut tree and nut 
 to perfection. 
 
 At Wethersfield, in Hartford county. Orange and Mil- 
 ford, in New Haven county, and Southport, in Fairfield 
 county, are many farms devoted to seed -growing. 
 Onion seed and sweet corn are the •- ;at specialties, but 
 a great variety of other seeds are r ^o grown, especially 
 at Wethersfield and Orange. 
 
 Market-gardening is carried on quite extensively by 
 specialists near all large towns and cities, while, with 
 so many good markets always close at hand, vegetables 
 and fruits are sold in moderate quantities from nearly 
 ' "^ry farm. The largest general market-garden farm is 
 I / Haven, whore over 400 acres are under annual 
 
 cull. on with vegetables and small fruits. At South- 
 port, i'airfield and Westport there are many farms, 
 both large and small, devott ' -"ntirely to the production 
 of onions. "Southport oniou^ are famous for fine ap- 
 pearance and quality, and nowhere in America is the 
 annual yield so great or price received so high as in this 
 district. Marketing is done in sailing vessels direct 
 from the farms to the dock markets in New York, where 
 the onions are sold direct to retail dealers, boat captains 
 acting as sales.nen without commission for the sake of 
 carrying the freight. 
 
 Trolley car lines are widely extended through many 
 farming;' sections of the state, and, running express cars 
 at certain hours of the day with freight movements at 
 night, they are proving quite a factor in the distribution 
 of horticultural products. The Hale peach farms, at South 
 Glastonbury, were the first in America to use this new 
 electric power in the marketing of their products. Fruit 
 is loaded at the farnt side-track as gathered during the 
 day, and transported to market at night, after passenger 
 service has closed for the day. It is unloaded in the 
 city from the main-line tracks directly in front of the 
 stores in the early morning hours before the tracks are 
 again required for passenger service, and the eniiity 
 cars are returned to the farm side-track before a new 
 day's work in the orchard has begun. 
 
 The Connecticut Pomological Society, organized some 
 ten years ago, is a prominent feature in the lively fruit 
 interests of the state. It has a large, active member- 
 ship, and, aside from its annual winter meeting, it 
 holds each summer three or more "field meetintrs." on 
 fruit farms in different sections of the state, and there, 
 around tree, plant and vine, the members meet and 
 discuss the live topics of the hour, gathering inspira- 
 tion which, carried to their homes, is pushing Con- 
 necticut into the very front rank of horticultural states. 
 
 J. II. H.ILE. 
 
 CONOCfiPHALUS (Greek, cone head). One of the 
 liverworts (Marchantiaceae), with broad, fiat, forking 
 evergreen thallus, growing on moist banks, like a moss. 
 C. ednicHs, Dumort., is offered by c jUectors as a plant 
 for rockeries. 
 
 CONOCLtNIUM (Greek, cone and bed). CompoaitcK. 
 Differs from Eupatorium in having a conical receptacle 
 and the somewhat imbricated involucral scales nearly 
 equal. Most authors now unite the species with Eupa- 
 torium (which see). 
 
 coelestlnam, DC. {Eupafdrium cceUstinum, Linn.). 
 Mist Flower. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, somewhat pubes- 
 cent : Ivs, opposite, stalked, triangular-ovate and some- 
 what corv'..,tc, "-^ftrse-toothed : heads in compact cymes, 
 many-fid., blue or violet. Mich, and 111., to N. J.andS.— 
 Late-blooming heliotrope-fid, plant, very useful for low 
 borders. 
 
 L^sse&uzii, Dur. (Ageriitnm Lassedurii, Carr.). 
 Spreading pubescent perennial, wi*h habit of Agera- 
 
CONOCLINIUM 
 
 CONVALLAKIA 
 
 365 
 
 .'Mm conyzoides : Ivs. lance-elliptic, obtuse-toothed, 
 long-attenuate, short-stalked or somewhat decurrent : 
 heads numerous, handsome rose-color. Uru{?uay. R.H. 
 1870:90. — Handsome plant for bedding. Grows 1-2 ft. 
 high. Not hardy. L H B 
 
 CONOFHALLUS Kdnjak, Schott, is Amorphophal- 
 Ins Jiivuri, var Konjar, Engler. The great tuber is 
 much grown in Japan for the making of dour ( see George- 
 son, A.G. 13:79). Amorphophallntt B'' fieri is figured 
 on p. 59; also in R.H. 1871, p. 573 ; and in B.M. 6195 
 {bls Proteinophallus Revieri). Konjak is offered by im- 
 porters of Japanese plants. 
 
 CONSERVATORY. Literally, a place in which things 
 are kept or preserved. Used to designate a glass house 
 in which plants are kept for display, rather than for 
 propagating or growing. 
 
 Every well-ordered private establishment should have 
 a conservatory w^herein to display to the best advantage 
 the plants which have been brought to their attractive 
 state in the greenhouses and hothouses thereon, and the 
 nearer it is located to the residence, all other things 
 being equal, the better. It would be best if it were a 
 part of it. Many architects, in preparing plans and ar- 
 ranging for the erection of conservatories, look more to 
 the architectural beauty of the structure rather than to 
 the well-being of the plants to be grown therein. One 
 of the worst faults hitherf > as been inadequate ventila- 
 tion. A practical grower of plants should always be 
 consulted upon this essential point before definite ar- 
 rangements for building are made. In addition to a 
 generous opening in the roof, which should, in all cases, 
 be operated by one of the most approved lifters to be 
 had, the sides also should have door openings that 
 nmy be easily manipulated. The foundations may 
 be made of any substantial material, either of stone, 
 brick or concrete, and the wall should extend 2 ft. G in. 
 or 3 ft. high above the ground-line and up to where the 
 glass begins. Hollow brick walls are considered the 
 most satisfactory, if the house to which the conserva- 
 tory :s to be attached be bu;It of stone or brick, being 
 less amenable to the winter extremes in temperature, 
 when outside the thermometer may register zero, and in- 
 side 55° or 60°. The glass from the wall to the eaves 
 should be of good quality, and as transparent as possi- 
 ble, but that on the roof should be the translucent, 
 "frosted" or ground glass. Contrary to the general be- 
 lief, rose blooms of as tine quality have been produced 
 under ground glass in the climate of the United States 
 as have been grown under glass of the clearest trans- 
 parency, and that fact is here stated so that the glass 
 recommended may, without hesitation, be used ; besides, 
 it is better for nearly all plants grown for their foliage; 
 
 servato y, should be high enough to give a pleasing 
 general effect and yet such that each individual plant 
 may be examined at pleasure; and at the same time the 
 table should be low enough that the pots in which the 
 plants ire growing may not be seen through the glass 
 from the out--"de. 
 
 Some large plants may find a permanent home in the 
 conservatory, such as vines, to be trained on the rafters 
 and girders, if the size and stylo of the building will 
 allow of their training and proper care. Other large 
 plants, as palms of the various species and varieties, 
 can also be used to advantage. The great trouble with 
 many of the vines and other plants growing permanently 
 herein, is their pruneness to insects in such structures, 
 and the metho<ls generally in use for their extermina- 
 tion, put into operation in a conservatory attached to a 
 residence, are out of the question in most cases. We re- 
 fer principally to the old style method of fumigation by 
 burning tobacco for the destruction of aphis. Experi- 
 ments are being made in the uses of different gases, 
 and by vaporizing insecticides, which may allow of this 
 part of the cultivation of tiowers and plants under glass 
 to be made less disagreeable for the operators and for 
 the owners of conservatories in the future than it has 
 been in the past. For the destruction of the various 
 scale insects and mealy bug, sponging by hand is gener- 
 ally resorted to, but it is a slow and tedious process. 
 Syringing with a weak solutioiiof tobacco water once or 
 twice a week will kill the scale, and aid in keeping down 
 mealy bug, especially if a strong pressure of water, 
 when syringing, can be brought into requisition. The 
 aphis, before referred to, or what is generally called 
 "green-fly," aflfects only what are termed soft-wooded 
 plants, and as they are only brought in when at their 
 best, should be entirely free from that pest before they 
 leave the greenhouse, in which they have been brought 
 to their most interesting and showy stage. Sometimes, 
 however, no matter how much care has been exercised, 
 some of these pests will be found on the plants, and ».a 
 they increase very rapidly, some means will have vv, ' ' 
 resorted to for their extermination. Fumigation, by 
 burning tobacco stems, is out of the question, but to- 
 bacco dust, — the sweepings of a cigar factory, — when 
 burning is not at all disagreeable, leaving little more 
 smell than the burning of a good cigar. Liquid tobacco 
 extract is often used with good eflfect by evaporation, 
 using hot irons in the liquid. This has its objections, 
 being somewhat clumsy to operate. Evaporating pans 
 attached to the heating pipes, in which the liquid, some- 
 what diluted, is placed, are effective, and are not at all 
 disagreeable. Cleanliness and neatness are the great es- 
 sentials in a conservatory with interesting plants well 
 grown, to make it a source of pleasure to the owners, 
 and must at all times be kept in view. For further infor- 
 mation, see Glasshouses. Edwin Lonsdale. 
 
 538. Spray of Lily-of-the-valley (XJ^). 
 
 and the beauty of t iwering plants in bloom may be con- 
 served much longer than it is reasonable to expect they 
 would be under the more or less glaring unobstructed 
 snnlight. 
 
 The interior arrangement of a conservatory is a ques- 
 tion to be decided largely by the owner and gardener in 
 charge, and is largely a matter of taste, although 
 convenience in operating must never be lost sight 
 of. The former depends upon the individuality of 
 those most interested, and the i; ter »nnst, in all cases, 
 be provided for, if the best success in plant-growing is 
 to be achieved. The table or stage along what might be 
 terme«l the front, or nearest to ilia < uteide of the con- 
 
 CONVALLARIA (old Latin name, derived ultimately 
 from (OMra/Zis, a valley). Lilidcece. Lily-op-the-Val- 
 LEV. Fig. 538. One dainty herb in temperate Europe 
 and Asia, and native also in the high mountains from 
 Va. to S. Car. Lvs. radical, from an upright rootstock 
 or pip (Fig. 5.39): fls. white (sometimes pink-tinged), 
 small and tuLilar, nodding, in a short, radical raceme 
 (Fig. 540), the stamens 6 and style 1 (Fig. 541). Much 
 prized for its delicate, sweet-scented fls. The rhizome 
 and roots are sold in drug stores. They are poisonous 
 in large doses ; in small doses used as a heart tonic. 
 The plant is popularly supposed to be the one referred 
 to in the Sermon on the Mount, but this is not to be 
 
366 
 
 CONVALLARIA 
 
 CONVALLARIA 
 
 determined. It is essentially a shade-loving plant. 
 The species is C. majilis, Linn. R.H. 1886:84. Gn. 47, 
 p. 179; 52:1134 and p. 319 (the latter in fruit). A.F. 
 13:402. Gng 5:56-7. F.R. 2:4. G.C. III. 23:149 (var. 
 grandiflnni )■ Lowe, Al ( var. variegata). 
 
 Lily-of-the-Valley is hardy, and is easily grown in 
 partially shaded places and moderately rich ground. 
 Old beds are liable to run 
 out. The roots and runners 
 become crowded, and few 
 good flower-stems are pro- 
 duced. It is best to replant 
 the beds every few years 
 with vigorous, fresh clumps, 
 
 539. Lily-of-the- valley 
 pip. 
 
 540. Raceme of 
 
 Lily-of-the -valley. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
 which have been grown for the purpose in some 
 out-of-the-way place. Five or strong pips, 
 with their side growths, planted close together, 
 will form a good clump in two years if not al- 
 lowed to spread too much. The mats of clean 
 foliage make attractive carpets under trees and 
 in other shady places. If the bed is made rich 
 and top-dressed every fall, it may give good re- 
 sults for 4 or 5 years ; and plants in such beds thrive 
 in full sunshine. One form has prettily striped foliage, 
 very ornamental in the early part of the season. Lilies- 
 of-the-valley bloom early in spring. They run wild in 
 many old yards, in cemeteries, and along shady road- 
 sides. There are double-fld. forms; also one (var. pro- 
 Hficans) with racemes 2 ft. long. 
 
 J. B. Keller and L. H. B. 
 
 Few cultivated plants give so much satisfaction at so 
 little cost as the Lily-of-the-Valley. It is one of our 
 earliest spring tlowers. Its time of blooming is always 
 a subject of note to the household. It succeeds best "in 
 partial shade, and may be planted in the wild garden 
 with good eflFect. It is especially appropriate for plant- 
 ini? in irregtilar patches along the borders of wooded 
 drives. The Lily of-tbe-Valley is one of the few flowers 
 we seldom tire of. In and out of season, there is always 
 a demand for its flowers. Hundreds of thousands of 
 crowns are specially grown and matured in France, 
 Germany and Holland for early forcing. They are de- 
 tached from the clumps, grown separately for two 
 years, sorted before shipment, and known as "pips." 
 Berlin pips are considered best for early forcing. They 
 usually come in bundles of 25, and to have them 
 force evenly it is considered essential to freeze them 
 for a week or two. This may be effected by leaving 
 
 them in the packing case, moss and all, in some open 
 shed, taking them out r^s required. They are often 
 placed in ice-houses, and frequently kept in cold stor- 
 age for summer use. In forcing, no new roots are 
 made. An ordinary propagating bed, with bottom heat 
 answers the purpose, and sand or sphagnum moss is 
 the plunging medium in most general use. The bundles 
 of crowns are given time to thaw out, the pips separa- 
 ted, and the crowns set in as thickly as possible. The 
 frame is covered to exclude light until growth com- 
 mences. The crowns are often put at once into a strong 
 bottom heat of 8.^° F. or thereabouts, but a better wav 
 is to start with SO'' and gradually increase the tempera- 
 ture. Batches intended for Christmas and New Year's 
 Day often fail because there has not been sufficient 
 preparation for the final high temperature. It is seldom 
 that any leaves appear, even if the flowers come. In 
 such cases, it is customary to put in a few leaf-eyes 
 from the clumps. Later and more carefully prepared 
 batches usually come well and with abundance of leaves, 
 without which the flowers lose half their charm. Bun- 
 dles of 25 pips are often potted in 6- or 7-inch pots, 
 for Easter sales. As the natural season approaches. 
 less preparation is required. The pots are usually set 
 under greenhouse benches, with a sprinkling of moss 
 over them, away from heating pipes, until some 
 growth is made, and afterwards finished in better lieht, 
 but not bright sunlight. Clumps are potted and treated 
 in the same way. As there is a largv? percentage of non- 
 blooming buds in the clumps, they lose in effectiveness. 
 There are rose-colored varieties, double varieties, and 
 varieties with foliage striped with white. 
 
 T. D. Hatfield. 
 
 Millions of the single crowns, commercially called 
 ''pips," are grown on tlie European continent and ex- 
 ported for forcing. One English firm alone forces dur- 
 ing the year upwards of seven millions. We usually 
 receive the pips during the early part of November. 
 They should be unpacked at once, the best pips selected 
 for the earliest forcing, and the smallest kept for the 
 latest forcing. The pips are tied in bundles of 25. If 
 one forces a limited number, say 500 to 1,000 per week, 
 then put the bundles in 8- or lO-inch deep boxes, in 
 any quantity he may choose, place a little soil between the 
 bundles, and give them a good soaking. Then place 
 the boxes in a cold frame or some place where the rains 
 can be kept off— this is important— cover the tops of 
 pips with a few inches of hay or straw. Frost does not 
 hurt the pips in the least, but it is not essential. Never 
 try to force the newly imported pips before New Year's. 
 The cold storage pips are much best for the December 
 crop. In keeping them in cold storage they should be 
 removed from the frames and put into cold storage be- 
 fore there is the slightest movement of growth in the 
 spring. The boxes 
 should be covered 
 with slats, so that 
 one box can be 
 put on another, 
 or charge for stor- 
 aare will be exces- 
 sive. The tem- 
 perature should 
 be from 28° to 30° 
 Fahr. 
 
 The principal 
 thing in forcing 
 Lily of-the-Valley 
 is to obtain a 
 strong b ,*<-om 
 heat with t. cool 
 atmosphere. So, 
 to obtain this, the 
 bed for forcing 
 should hnve a 
 slate bottom with 
 6 inches of sand on it and be over somo hot water 
 or steam pipes. The temperature of the sand should 
 be 80^ to 90° and the atmosphere 50°. As spring ap- 
 proaches less bottom heat will be needed. A copious 
 watering should be given the sand daily, but when the 
 bells are showing color thay should not be wet. Keep a 
 covering of boards or cloth over the pips for the first 10 
 
 541. 
 
 Section of flower of Lily-of- 
 the- valley (X4). 
 
 j^ 
 
CONVALLARIA 
 
 CONVOLVULUS 
 
 367 
 
 
 
 days : after that admit the light gradually, and when 
 in full flower give them the full light, but never much 
 sunlight, and avoid draughts. A dozen or 20 pips can 
 be forced the same wtiy in a 5- or 6-inch pot. The 
 flowers should be cut about 24 hours before using, an<l 
 placed in jars of cold water. This prevents wilting 
 when used. William Scott. 
 
 CONVOLVULUS (Latin, convolvo, to entwine) . Convol- 
 f«Wce(C. Includes Calystegia. Bindweed. A genus 
 of about 175 species, widely distributed 
 intemperate and tropical regions. Annual 
 or perennial herbs, sometimes suflfrutes- 
 cent, twining, trailing, erect or ascend- 
 ing, with filiform, creeping rootstocks : 
 Ivs. petiolate, entire, toothed or lobed, 
 generally cordate or sagittate : tis. axil- 
 lary, solitary or loosely cymose, mostly 
 opening only in early morning ; corolla 
 canipanulate or funnel-form, the limb 
 plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. The 
 botanic.ll distinction between Convolvulus 
 and Calystegia is not sufficiently well 
 marked to warrant retaining the latter as 
 a separate genus. When the tls. of C . oc- 
 cklentalis are borne singly, the calyx 
 bracts are broad and Calystegia - like ; 
 when borne in clusters the bracts are 
 greatly reduced. g. "w. Fletcher. 
 
 The species thrive in a variety of soils 
 without especial care. The greenhouse 
 species do best in a soil with considerable 
 fiber. The hardy perennials are usually 
 prop, by dividing the roots, otherwise by 
 cuttings or seeds, the tender species pre- 
 ferably by cuttings. C. tricolor is the most 
 important of the hardy annuals. It may also be started 
 in the greenhouse, and makes an excellent plant for 
 the hanging basket. All are vigorous growers, and 
 may become troublesome weeds in some places if not 
 kept within bounds. C. Japoniitis and C. Sepium 
 should be used with caution. This is the chief reason 
 why the hardy perennials are not often found in well- 
 kept gardens, except along wire fences or lattice 
 screens, where the turf is laid up close so as to allow 
 only a narrow border for the roots. The double-flowered 
 form of C. Japonicus is seen to best advantage in half- 
 wild places, or on rocky banks, where shrubs make but 
 a stunted growth. Here it will grow luxuriantly, form- 
 ing graceful festoons from branch to branch, and cover- 
 ing the ground with a pretty mantle of green. 
 
 Cult, by J. B. Keller. 
 
 A. Calyx with 2 menihranaceotis bracts at the base: 
 peduncles usually 1- fid. (Calystegia.) 
 
 B. Stem prostrate, 8 in. to 2 ft. high : peduncle usually 
 shorter than the Ivs. 
 
 villdsus. Gray (Calystegia villdsa, Knllogg). Plant 
 densely white-villose throughout : stem prostrate, 
 scarcely twining : Ivs. slender-petioled, reniform-has- 
 tate to sagittate, the upper acuminate, 1 in. or less 
 long, the basal lobes often coarsely toothed : bracts oval 
 or ovate, completely enclosing the calyx: fls. cream -yel- 
 low, 1 in. long. Calif. Perennial. 
 
 BB. Stem tu-ining or trailing, 5-10 ft. high : peduncle 
 exceeding the Ivs. 
 
 Jap6mcU8, Thunb. (Cxlystegia pubiscens, Lindl.). 
 Califuknia Rose. Fig. .542. Hardy perennial, herba- 
 ceous twiner: growth very vigorous, often 20 ft. : whole 
 plant more or less densely and minutely pubescent: 
 ivs. hastate, lanceolate, obtuse or broadly acute, with 
 angular or rounded lobes at the base ; variable, oc- 
 casionally without lobes, rarely sharp lanceolate : fls. 
 bright pink, 1-2 in. broad, produced freely during the 
 summer months and remaiuintr expanded for several 
 days. Japan and E. Asia. The double form is now 
 naturalized from southeastern N. Y. to D. C. and 
 Mo. P. M. 1.3: 243. F. S. 2 : 172. B. R. 32 : 42.- 
 The double form is completely sterile, with narrow, 
 wavy petals, irregularly arranged, the outer somewhat 
 lacerate. A valuable decorative plant for covering 
 
 stumps and walls. In rich soil the roots spread rapidly, 
 and will smother out all other plants unless confined in 
 tubs. The Calystegia pubescens of Lindley has been 
 wrongly referred to Ipomcpa hederacea, but the two 
 plants are very diflPerent. the former being perennial 
 and the latter annual. See Journ. Ilort. Soc. 1 :70 ( 1846). 
 The plant is commonly confounded with C Septum. 
 
 occidentillis, liray. Hardy perennial, herbaceous or 
 with suflfrutescent base: stem twining, several ft. high, 
 glabrous or rainutelv pubescent : Ivs. from angulate* 
 
 
 
 Convolvulus Japonicus. 
 (X^.) 
 
 cordate, with a deep and narrow sinus, 
 to lanceolate - hastate, the posterior 
 lobes often 1-2-toothed: peduncle 1-fld. 
 or proliferously 2-3-fld. : bracts ovate 
 or lanceolate, usually completely enclosing the calyx, 
 variable : corolla white or pinkish. 1-2 in. long ; stig- 
 mas linear. Dry hills, Calif.-lnt. 1881, by Gillett. An 
 admirable plant for rockeries. 
 
 Septum, Linn. {Calystegia Sepium, R.Bt.). Rutland 
 Beauty. Fig. 543. Perennial trailer, 3-10 ft. long, gla- 
 brous or minutely pubescent: Ivs. round-cordate to del- 
 toid-hastate, the basal lobes divaricate, entire or arigu- 
 late: fls. white, rose or pink, with white stripes. F.S. 
 8:826. B.M. 732. A.G. 12:638. Gn. 50: 1098. -A very 
 variable species. Cosmopolitan in temperate regions. 
 An insidious weed in moist soil. 
 
 AA. Calyx without bracts : peduncle l-€-fld. (Eucon- 
 
 volvulus.) 
 
 * B. Stem prostrate, trailing, glabrous or minutely 
 
 pubescent. 
 
 Manrit&nicas, Boiss. Strong perennial roots : stem her- 
 baceous, slender, prostrate, rarely branched, minutely 
 villose: Ivs. alternate, round-ovate, obtuse, short-peti- 
 oled: fls. blue to violet-purple, with a lighter throat, 
 1-2 in. across, verv handsome. Africa. B.M. .5243. F.S. 
 21: 218,3. Gn. .39: 788. -A free bloomer through the sum- 
 mer. On dry banks each plant forms a dense tuft which 
 throws up many graceful shoots. Not hardy north of 
 Phila. 
 
 [ 
 
368 
 
 CONVOLVULUS 
 
 COOPERIA 
 
 Bcammdnia, Linn. Hardy perennial trailer, decidu- 
 ous : stem angular, glabrous : Ivs. cordate-sagittate, 
 grey-green, the lobes entire or dentate: sepals glabrous, 
 ovate, obtuse; corolla white, creamy or light pink, Asia 
 Minor, — The large tap-roots supply the resinous cathar- 
 tic drug scammony. 
 
 BB. Stem erect or ascending, silky. 
 
 Cnedrom, Linn. Stem shrubby, half-hardy, 1-4 ft. 
 high : Ivs. persistent, lanceolate or spatulate, silky grey : 
 inidorescenee a loose panicle, 1-6-fld. : flsi, white or 
 tinged with pink, borne freely during the summer. S. 
 Eu. — Valuable as a pot-plant for greenhouse or window 
 decoration, or trained to a warm wall. Confused with 
 C. oleitfoUns. 
 
 olesefdlius, Desr, Tender perennial: Ivs, linear-lanceo- 
 late, acute, slightly villose: lis. bright pink, borne freely 
 in loose, umbellate panicles in the summer. Greece. 
 B,M. 289 (as C. linearis). — 'Msluj plants now passing as 
 C. ohiffolius are C Cntonim. The latter may be dis- 
 tinguished by its broader, blunter, silvery-villose Ivs, 
 and lighter colored blossoms, 
 
 tricolor, Linn. {C. m\nor, Hort.). Fig. 544. Hardy 
 annual : stem trailing, ascending 6-12 in., angulate, 
 densely covered with long brownish hairs: Ivs. linear- 
 oblong or subspatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 
 usually pubescent but sometimes glabrous, the margin 
 ciliate towards the base: peduncle 3-fld.. exceeding the 
 Ivs. : sepals ovate, lanceolate, villose, acute: limb of the 
 corolla azure-blue, throat yellow, margined with white. 
 S. Eu. B.M.27. — One of the best annuals for the home 
 border. Each plant covers a ground space of 2 ft., and 
 blooms continuously throughout the summer. Flowers 
 remain open all day during pleasant weather. There 
 are many variously striped and spotted forms of this 
 popular annual, none of which surpasses the type in 
 beauty. A variety with pure white fls. is attractive. 
 Other well marked horticultural forms are : Var. vit- 
 tita, prettily striped with blue and white. F.S.3:298. 
 
 from seed : stem trailing or twining, 4-5 ft. long : flg, 
 golden. V'aluable as a greenhouse climber and for 
 hanging baskets.— Not sufficiently described for identi- 
 fication. 
 
 C. althceoldes, Linn. (C. Italicus, Roem. & Schult.). Stem 
 prostrate, scarcely twining : upi)er Ivs. pedatifld ; lower ovate- 
 
 543. Convolvulus Sepium {X}4). 
 
 R.H. 1848:121. Var. comp^ctus. Dwarf, and valuable 
 for pot culture. Gt. 47, p. G35. A 5-petaled form is also 
 recorded. F.S.8:116. 
 
 ailreas sup^rbos, Hort. A tender perennial, but may 
 be treated as an annual, since it flowers the first season 
 
 544. Convolvulus tricolor. Natural size. 
 
 cordate, crenate, silvery: lis. pink. May-Ang. Mediterranean 
 region. B.M.3o9. F.S.10:1021(as var.argyreus). R.H. 1864:111.— 
 C. arvensis, Linn. Slender i)erennial trailer, 1-3 ft. long, gla- 
 brous or nearly so: Ivs. ovate-sagittate or hastate, variable: 
 fls. white or pink. Eu. and E. Asia. Naturalized in old fields 
 through the Atlantic states and Calif. A troublesome weed.— 
 C. Dafiilricus. Herb. (Calystegia Dahuricus, Fisch.). Hardy de- 
 ciduous twiner, 3-6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-cordate, shortly acute: fls. 
 pink or rose-violet. June. July. N. Eu. B. M.2ti(»9. F. S. 
 10:1075.— C. Canariensis. Linn. Greenhouse evergreen: Ivs. 
 oblong-cordate, acute, villose : tls. violet-piirple : peduncle 1-6- 
 fld. Canary Islands. B. M. 12*^.- C. ervbescens, Sims (C. 
 acaulis. Choisy). Tender biennial : Ivs. oblong, hastate, the 
 basal lobes toothed: fls. small, 5-lobed, rose-pink. Austrolia, 
 B.M. 1067.— C maerost^gius, Greene. The plants in the trade 
 under this name ma.v be referred to C. occidentalis.— C major. 
 Hort., not (Jilib.= Ipomcea purpurea.— C. ocellatus. Hook. 
 Stove evergreen : limb of t' corolla white, 5-angled : throat 
 reddish purple : Ivs. sessile, .near, acute. 1-veined, \illose. S. 
 Afr. B.M.4065. g. W. Fletcheb. 
 
 COONTIE of S. Fla. is Zamia integri folia. 
 
 COOPfiRIA (after Joseph Cooper, English gardener). 
 Amaryllidi\cece. A genus of only two or three species 
 of tender, bulbous plants from Texas, with the habit of 
 Zephyranthes but night-blooming (which is anomalous 
 in the order), and with erect anthers, while those of the 
 latter are versatile. The fls. are fragrant, solitary, 2 in. 
 or more acro>s, waxy-white, tinged red outside, and 
 more or less green within. The Ivs. appear with the fls. 
 in summer. They are long, narrow, flat and twisted. 
 The bulbs should' be taken up in autumn and stored 
 during the winter in dry soil. Culture easy and like 
 Zephyranthes. Lately a new and little-known plant 
 has been offered by the trade, C. Obencetteri, with 
 " bright green " fls. 
 
 A. iVeofc of bulb sJiort: perianth tube long. 
 
 Drummondii, Herb. Evening Star. Bulb roumlis^h, 
 1 in. thick, with a short neck : Ivs. narrowly linear, 
 erect, 1 ft. long : peduncle slender, fragile, hollow Ja-l 
 ft. long: spathe lJ'2-2 in, long, 2-valved at the tip: 
 perianth tube :^-5 in. long ; limb %-l in. long, white, 
 tinged with red outside : segments oblong, cuspidate. 
 Var. cUorosdlen, Baker, has a perianth tube stouter and 
 tinged with green : limb longer and less wheel-shaped : 
 Ivs. a little broader. B.M. 3482. 
 
COOPERIA 
 
 CORDYLINE 
 
 369 
 
 AA. Neck of bulb long: perianth tube short. 
 pednncolJita, Herb. Giant Faiky Lily. More robust 
 than C. Brummondii : bulb with a longer neck, 2-3 in. 
 lonjr: ^^^' about 0, 1 ft. long, ^i in. broad : peduncle 
 about 1 ft. long : spathe 1-2-valved at the tip: perianth 
 tube shorter, l)^in. long : limb nearlv as long as the 
 tube, tinged red outside. B.M. 3727. R.H. 18.53: 401.— 
 The best species. Fls. larger, of purer color, and remain- 
 ing open a daj- or two longer. W. M. 
 
 COFBOSMA (Greek name referring to the fetid odor 
 01 the plants). Bnbi(i('eie. Shrubs or small trees, often 
 trailing, of New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii. Cult, 
 for their pretty fr. or variegated Ivs. Lvs. opposite, 
 mostly small. Fls. small, solitary or fascicled, white or 
 greenish, polygamous dioecious; corolla-limb 4-6-lobed, 
 the lobes revolute ; stamens -MJ: fr. an ovoid or Klobt>se 
 drupe. Coprosmas are greenhouse plants in the north, 
 but thev are rarely cult. In S. Calif. 2 species are cult, 
 in the open. Prop, by hardened cuttings. The soil 
 which is found among Kulmia roots, mixed with good 
 loam and sand, if necessary, will suit these plants. 
 Cuttings should be rooted in moderate heat in spring, 
 before growth commences. If placed imder a handlight 
 or propagating frame, care must be taken to prevent 
 damping, to which the cuttings are liable. 
 
 Batieri, Endl. (C. Baueridna, Hook. f. 
 C. St6ckii,iioTt.). Trailing plant, with 
 oval-obtuse or rounded entire Iva., which 
 are oddly blotched with yellow and whit- 
 ish or even almost wholly yellow. New 
 Zealand.— With age it forms a compact 
 shrub. Vars. pictnr^ta, Hort., and varie- 
 g&ta, Hort., are the common forms. 
 
 acerdsa, A. Cunn. Low and spreading, 
 with minute lvs., small white lis., and 
 pretty sky-blue drupes or berries. New 
 Zealand. g. W. Oliver and L. H. B. 
 
 COPTIS (Greek, to cut, from the cut 
 leaves). Ranunculcicem. Eight species of 
 hardy perennial herbs of the cooler parts 
 of the northern hemisphere. Low, stem- 
 less plants, with slender rootstocks : lvs. 
 radical, compound or divided, lasting 
 over winter : tls. white or yellow, sea- 
 pose ; sepals 5-7, petal-like ; petals bS, 
 small, linear, hood-like; stamens numer- 
 ous: carpels stalked, few, becoming an 
 umbel of follicles. The bitter roots yield 
 the tonic medicine known as "gold thread;" 
 also a yellow dye. The plants should have 
 peaty soil, with a little sand, and prefer 
 shade in damp situations. They require 
 some protection in winter, as in a cold 
 pit. Prop, by root division and seed. 
 
 trifdiia, Salisb. No stem : rootstock 
 yellow : lvs. compound, long-petioled ; 
 Ifts. broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, the 
 teeth mucronate : fl. -stem slender ; sepals 
 white, with yellow base ; petals small, 
 club-shaped : ' follicles .3-7. spreading, 
 equaled by their stalk; seeds black. May- 
 July. Adirondacks and westward. L.B.C. 
 2:1T3.-Nt \ pretty, 
 
 witu b- 
 
 !_> .ns. 
 
 CO iAL BLKd. Sym- 
 
 phori"arpus vnlgnri^. 
 
 COBAL DBOFS. 
 
 sera elegans. 
 
 Bes- 
 
 ses. 
 
 Corallorhiza multiflora. 
 
 COBALLOBHlZA(Greek 
 
 for coral-root). Orchidd.- 
 ce(f, tribe Epidendrece. 
 Coral Root. Low native 
 orcLids, growing in woods and parasitic on roots, des- 
 titute of green foliage, the plant usually brownish or 
 yellowish and inconspicuous. Fl. small, somewhat 2- 
 
 lipped, usually obscurely spurred at the base ; sepals 
 and petals nearly alike; lip small, slightly adherent to 
 the base of the column ; pollinia 4. Species few. in N. 
 Amer., Eu.and Asia. The Coral-roots have litth- merit 
 as garden plants, although very interesting to the stu- 
 dent. They may be grown in rich, shatly borders. Two 
 species have bt>en offered by dealers in native plants : 
 C. miUtifldra, Nutt. (Fig. 545), is purplish, IJ^ft.or less 
 high. 10-30-tld., lip deeply 3-lobed: grows in dry womls 
 in northern states; C. Mertensi^na, Bong., scape many- 
 fld., 8-15 in. high, the lip entire and broadly oblong: 
 occurs in Brit. Col. and N. to Alaska. l_ jj. B. 
 
 COBAL-BOOT. Corallorhiza. 
 
 COBAL-TBEE. Erythrina, 
 
 COBCHOBUS Jap6nicui. See Kerria. The genus 
 coiuaius tlie two plants that furnish Jute, C. capanlaris 
 (which yields most) and C clitoritis. They are annual 
 plants, natives of Asia but cultivated throughout the 
 tropics, growing 10 or 12 ft. high, with a straight stem 
 as thick as the little finger and branched only at the top. 
 The young shoots of both are used as pot herbs. C. oli- 
 torius is much grown for this purpose in Egypt, and is 
 known as Jews' Mallow, They belong to the TiliAceie. 
 
 COBDIA (an early German botanist, Valerius Cordus). 
 BorraginHctoe. Warm-climate trees or shrubs, mostly 
 American. Calyx tubular or campanulate. toothed or 
 lobed : corolla tubular, lobed, the parts and the stamens 
 4 or more: style 2-lobed: fr. a drupe which is 4-loculed 
 and usually 4-seeded : lvs. entire or toothed. The 
 Cordias are greenhouse plants with showy fls,. of easy 
 cult. Grown in the open in the extreme S. Prop, by 
 cuttings of firm wood and by seeds. 
 
 Sebest^na, Linn. (C. s/)fc<d.srt,Willd.). Geiger Tree. 
 Tall shrub or small tree, hairy, with rough, broad-ovate, 
 large-stalked lvs.: fls. 1-2 in, long, scarlet, stalked, in 
 large, open, terminal clusters, the crumpled corolla- 
 lobes and stamens 5-12 : drupe enclosed in the hazel- 
 like husk formed by the persistent calvx. Keys of Fla. 
 and S. B.M, 794. 
 
 Frdnciai, Tenore. Tall: lvs. dark green: fls. white. 
 S. Amer. 
 
 Other Cordias. of which there are many, are likely to come 
 into cult, in the southern country. C. Oreygii, Torr., var. Pal- 
 men, Wilts. (U.F. 2:'SOK of Mexico, "in the size and beauty of 
 its tls. equals the C Sebestena." — C. Mpia, Linn., from trop. 
 Asia and Austral., is one of the best woods for kindling fire by 
 friction, and is useful in many other ways. l_ jj^ g^ 
 
 COBDTLlNE (club-like: referring to the fleshy roots). 
 HHdce(v. Dracsna. A genus of greenhouse plants 
 closely related to Dracaena, but the ovary contains sev- 
 eral ovules in each cell, and the solitary pedicels are 
 provided with a 3-bracted involucre : stem tall, often 
 woody, bearing large, crowded lvs. , t he striking varie- 
 gation of which the group owes its \uiue: fls. panicled; 
 stamens 6 : pedicels articulated : perianth 6-parted : 
 ovary 3-celled : fr. a berry. Cultivated for the orna- 
 mental foliage. The horticultural forms and names have 
 become very numerous. The various species are in the 
 trade under Dnvcapna, which see for a key to the species 
 of both genera combined. In the following paragraphs, 
 the initial D indicates that the plant in question is 
 known in the trade as a Dracapua.and C that it is known as 
 aCordyline [see Draccrna). For a monograph, see Baker, 
 Joum. Linn. Soc. 14:538 (1875). k, M. Wiegand. 
 
 Of Cordylines or Dracaena, propagation is generally 
 effected by cutting the ripened stems or trunks, from 
 which all lvs. have been removed, into pieces from 2-4 
 in. long. These are laid either in very light soil or in 
 sand in the propagating bed, where they receive a bot- 
 tom heat of about 80° , being barely covered with sand 
 or moss (Fig. 546). The eyes soon start into growth, 
 and, as soon as they have attained a height of 3-4 in., 
 are cut off with a small heel and again placed in the 
 propagating bed until rooted, after which they are 
 potted off into small pots in light soil, kept close until 
 they become established. They are then shifted on into 
 larger pots as soon as well rooted. They delight in a 
 mixture of 3 parts good, turfy loam and 1 part well- 
 
 24 
 
370 
 
 CORDYLINE 
 
 CORDYLINE 
 
 decayed cow-manure, with a liberal sprinklinf? of sharp 
 sand. A wamu moist atmosphere suits them best while 
 growing, but towards fall the tinished plants must be 
 gradually exposed to full sunshine and a dry atmos- 
 phere, which develops their high colors. 
 
 The kinds enunierRte*! below are such as are mainly 
 grown in large quantities for decorative purposes, and 
 
 546. Stetn-cuttinK of Cordyiine. 
 
 are sold principally during the winter months, especially 
 during the holiday season, when plants with bright 
 colored foliage are always in strong demand: Cordyiine 
 <imabilis.—A strong-growing species with broad green 
 foliage, which is prettily variegated with white and deep 
 rose. One of the hardiest varieties, either for decorations 
 in winter or for outdoor work, vases, etc., in summer. 
 C imperial is.— Another strong-growing species, with 
 deep olive-green foliage, which changes to deep rose 
 with white edge. D. fraijrans. — An African species with 
 broad, massive, deep green foliage which makes noble 
 decorative plants, being frequently grown into speci- 
 mens from G-8 ft. high. Its foliage is of heavy texture, 
 making it a useful plant for the dry atmosi)here of a 
 living-room. Two handsomely variegated forms of the 
 above are D. Lindeni and D. ^fassatujeano, both very 
 desirable varieties. C. terminal is. — This is the most 
 popular variety, and is grown in immense quantities. 
 The foliage on well- nuitured plants is of an intense 
 rich crimson marked with lighter shadings. C. australis 
 (commonly called C. indivisa). — Vsed principally as an 
 outdoor decorative plant in summer, but extensively used 
 for furnishing vases, window-boxes, etc. It succeeds best 
 when planted out in the open border during summer, 
 potted in the fall and stored during winter in a cool 
 greenhouse. It is propagated almost exclusively from 
 seed, which germinates freely if sown during the early 
 spring months in sandy soil, in a temperature of 00 to 
 65°, growing them on during the tirst season in small 
 pot3. These, if planted in the open border the second 
 season, make tine plants for (»- or 7-inch pots. There 
 are a number of varieties of Indivisa. among them sev- 
 eral handi'omely variegated forms, which, however, are 
 but little distributed yet. 
 
 Among the principal varieties and species besides the 
 above which are grown to some extent in a commercial 
 way are : Baptistii. Cooperi, Porphyrophylla, Shep- 
 herd!, Stricta grandis, Youngi. Goldieana, Congesta, 
 Bruanti, Marginata and Lord Wolseley, the latter a most 
 beautiful, graceful, high-colored variety, undoubtedly 
 the most distinct and useful commercial sort yet intro- 
 duced and which, as soon as it becomes more plentiful, 
 is certain to be very popular. j_ £> Eisele. 
 
 Cordffline australis and its allied forms easily 
 
 raised from seed, which is readily obtainable i, a fresh 
 state. The seed should be sown rather thinly in a light, 
 sandy soil, and, as there is little danger of the seedlings 
 damping off, they may be allowed to grow in the recep- 
 tacles in which they are sown until large enough to go 
 into 3-in. pots. If sown early in spring, the plants will 
 
 be large enough for 6-in. pots by the end of the follow- 
 ing September. 
 
 Draccena Kuerckii, C. canmrfoUa, D. Lindenii and 
 D. Massangeana are among the best decorative ])lant9 
 for the dwelling house. D. Kuerckii and the two varie- 
 gated ft)rms of J), fraqrans are r«M)ted from cuttiiigg 
 taken from headed-back plants. In propagating C. ru*!- 
 nir folia, when seed cannot be obtained, old plants 
 should be mossed so as to produce roots before the top 
 is taken oflF, as it is a shy-rooting species fromcuttinps. 
 D. Goldieana should be toppe<l and rot)ted in a giMxl 
 bottom heat, and the stems cut into pieces small enoujih 
 to be put in pots when the shoot is of sufficient leiiiLtli, 
 instead of cutting oflP the shoots and rooting afresh. /). 
 Godseffiaua and J), miiciddta evidently belong to the 
 same section ; every little branch of these will root in 
 sharp sand. L«)ng stems of />. ensifolia and />. litrr- 
 havii, when cut in sections of fnmi 4 to G in., with the 
 leaves kept on, will r(»ot quickly and may be use*! as 
 stock plants. C. lira.'dlien.sis, an elegant species with 
 broad green Ivs., is best propagated by adopting the 
 method practiced on the colore«l-lv(l. kinds, of which ('. 
 terminal is is perhaps the best known. This method 
 consists of cutting up the stems into small pieces and 
 placing them in sand, with a brisk l)ottom heat. Small 
 shoots are developed in a short time, which will fre- 
 quently be f«mnd to have small rmits at their bases, but 
 they are of little use for the sul)sequent nutriment of 
 the plantlet. The shoot, when large enough, should bo 
 separated from the piece of stem and inserted in the 
 sand-bed, where it will develop thick feeding roots. 
 Afterwards they are potted and k»'pt in a wanu. moist 
 atmosphere. Cuttings may be put in at any time when 
 bottom heat is at command. The soil used should be 
 light and enriched with rotted cow-manure. 
 
 G. W. Oliver. 
 A. Foliage of sessile, thick, stcord -shaped Ivs. 
 B. Li's. glaucous beneath, broad. 
 
 indivisa, Kunth. Arborescent, 10-20 ft. high : Ivs. 
 dark green, densely crowded, 2—4 ft. long, 4-5 in. broad 
 at the middle, 1^2-2 in. at the base, rigid, coriaceous; 
 midrib stout, colored red and white, veins on each side 
 of it 40-50 : panicle nodding : pedicels .5-1 line long ; 
 bracteoles lanceolate, li— 4 lines long, membranous : peri- 
 anth 3-4 lines long, white ; tube very short, caiupnn'e 
 
 547. Cordyiine australis— C. indivisa of the trade. 
 
 late ; segments equal, spreading : ovules .'>-<! iu each 
 cell. New Zealand. ( -n. 49.p.8G. Lowe, .")2.-Cot»lh<>use ; 
 valuable for vases. Rare in cult. 
 
 BB, Lrs. green on both sides, narrower. 
 strfcta, Endl. (/>. congesta, Hart.). Slender. 0-12 ft. 
 high : Ivs. less crowded than in the next, acuminate, 1-2 ft. 
 
CORDYLINE 
 
 CORDYLINE 
 
 371 
 
 grand is. 
 
 I}. 
 
 ft. 
 
 caloedtna, 
 biph : Ivs. 
 
 lon<r,9-lS lines wide, base 3-fi lines wide, scarcely coatate ; 
 veins scarcely oblique, margins obscurely dentate: pani- 
 cle terminal and lateral, erect or cemuous : pedicels 
 ..V-l line lonj? ; lower bract«oles lanceolate ; periHntb 
 lilac. 3-4 lines lonjr. caiiipanulate, interior segments 
 longer tban the outer : ovules r>-l«) in each cell. Aus- 
 tralia. B.M. 2575. (i.e. III. 17:207 ( />. conf/eMfa ).-Coo\- 
 house : vases, etc. Var. grr&ndis, Hort. Large, highly 
 colored. Var. discolor, Hort. Like var 
 with foliage dark bronzy purple. 
 
 auBtrilis, Hook. (D. indivlsa, Hort. 
 Wend.). Fig. 547. Arborescent, 20-:{0 
 <lensely rosulate, 3-4 ft. long, 12-18 lines wide; base 6-9 
 lines wide, acuminate, green ; midrib Arm, prominent, 
 nerves on each side of it 12-20, .scarcely obliijue: panicle 
 erect, terminal, ample: pedicels very short : bracteoles 
 deltoid, .5 line long ; perianth white, :{-4 lines long ; 
 tube short, campanulate, segments nearly equal, spread- 
 ing: mature seeds often solitary. New Zealand. B.M. 5636. 
 O.r. III. 23: l.-).'}. (tn. 47, p. 312;' 48. p. 197. I. H. 35:40 (var. 
 Douc<'ti<)Ha); :{7:114 (var. Dalhriiina) ; 40:190 
 {U»e(it(i, var. purpiiriLHct ns). S.M, 1, p. 487, 
 f. 1S9. — Co<dhouse ; vases, etc. Var. atirea 
 Striata, Hurt. V'ariegated with a number of 
 l()j)t:itndinal yellow stripes. Var. atropurptirea, 
 Hurt, hnxv of leaf and under side uf niidrili 
 purple. Var. line&ta, Hort. Lvs. broader, the 
 sheatliing base stained with purple. Var. Vditchii, Hort. 
 (/>. VHtchii, Hort.). Base of leaf and under side of 
 midrib bright crimson. C. Hodkeri, Hort., is a garden 
 form. 
 
 AA. Folintje of pe*ioled lvs. 
 
 B. Lvs. oblanceolatt ; petioles broad. 
 
 rtlbra, Hugel. Slender, 10-15 ft. high : lvs. contigu- 
 ous, ascending, 12-15 in. long, 18-21 lines wide above 
 the middle, thick, dull green both sides, distinctly cos- 
 tate : veins oblique ; petiole broad, deeply grooved, 4-6 
 in. long: panicle lateral, nodding: pedicels very short; 
 bracteoles small, deltoid ; perianth lilac, 4.5-5 lines 
 long, inner segments longer than the outer : ovules 6-8. 
 Country unknown. G.C. III. 22:285. — Coolhouse; vases, 
 etc, D'. BruAnti, Hort., is a garden form. R.H. 1897, 
 pp. 514, 515. G.C. III. 22:285. 
 
 BB. Lvs. lanceolate ; petioles narrow, nearly terete. 
 
 Haageilna, Koch (C. Murchisonice, F. Muell. ). Slen- 
 der and small : lvs. contiguous, ascending, oblong-fal- 
 cate, 4-8 in. long, 2-2^ in. wide at the middle, acute, 
 base rounded or deltoid, thick, dull green throughout, 
 distinctly costate ; veins .slender, oblique ; petiole 3—4 
 in. long, deeply channelled : -panicle lateral : pedicels 
 1.5-2 lines long ; perianth 4-4.5 lines long, tinged with 
 lilac ; segments spreading : ovules 6-8 in each cell : 
 berry with a dry pericarp. Australia. 
 
 terminilis, Kunth {C. canno' folia, F. Muell.). Low 
 and slfiider, stem IMJ lines thick : lvs. contiguous, ascend- 
 ing, green or rarely colored, 12-18 in. long, 2-3 >^ in. wide, 
 acute, thickish, distinctly costate ; veins frequently 
 unequal, strongly oblique ; petiole 4-6 in. long, deeply 
 channelled : pedicels very short or none ; bracteoles 
 deltoid, membranous ; perianth 5-6 lines long, white, 
 lilac or reddish, segments short : ovules 6-10 : berry 
 large, red. East Indies. A.0, 1G:;{61. B.R. 21: 1749. -The 
 varieties in cultivation are almost innumerable. Those 
 in the American trade are the following (all stove 
 plants), usually considered as horticultural species : 
 amibilis. Lvs. broad, shining deep green, in age be- 
 coiuiii^' spotted and suffused with rose and white. Am- 
 boy^nsis. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved, deep bronze- 
 green edged with rose-carmine below ; petioles tinged 
 with purple. Anerlidnsis. Lvs. very broad, deep bronze- 
 red, with some white. Bdptistii. Fig. 548. Lvs. broad, 
 recurved, deep green, with s<mie pink and yellow stripes ; 
 stem al.so variegated. I. H. 26:334. Batlbei. Lvs. broad, 
 dark green, with some white. b^Ua. Lvs. small, pur- 
 plish marked with red. Brasili^nsis, Schult. Lvs. 
 broad. Cintrelli. Lvs. dark metallic crimson, young 
 ones bright carmine. Codperi. Lvs. deep wine-red, 
 gracefully recurved : common in cult. f6rrea, Baker. 
 Lvs. narrow and somewhat oblanceolate. 5-7, bright or 
 dark crimson ; petiole short. Lowe 'A (var. versicolor); 
 29. B.M. 2053. L.B.C. 13:1224. Fr^eri. Lvs. somewhat 
 
 erect, broad, oblong, abruptly acute, blackish purple 
 with blo<mi. margin below with a «leep rosy lake stripe 
 extendifig down the petiole. GUdstonei. Lvs. broad, 
 brilliant crimson. Ooilfoylei. Lvs. long and narrow, 
 tapering both ways, recurved, striped with red, pink or 
 white, white on lower part of leaf and margin of peti- 
 
 Cordyline terminalis, 
 var. Baptistii. 
 
 ole. I.E. 19, p 249. h^brida. Lvs. broad, variegated, 
 deep green margined with ro>e, in age deep rose, creamy 
 white in young lvs. imperi&lis. Lvs. arching or erect, 
 oblong, thick, deep metallic green, rayed all over with 
 bright crimson or pink, handsome. Jardiniere {ter- 
 minalis alba X Guilfoylei). Lvs. very small and com- 
 pact, narrow, green broadly margined with white, me- 
 t£LlIica. Lvs. erect-arching, oblong, when young uni- 
 form rich coppery purple, in age dark purple-bronze ; 
 petioles same. F.M. 1872:24. nlgro-rdbra. Lvs. narrow, 
 linear-lanceolate, dark brown with rosy crini.^on cen- 
 ters, young often entirely rose. Norwoodidnsis. Lvs. 
 striped with yellow, green and crimson, last color prin- 
 cipally conf ned to the margin ; petioK's l)rilliant. Re- 
 ^na.' A broad-lvd. form. Robinsoni&na. Lvs. long, 
 lanceolate-acuminate, arched, light green, striped with 
 bronze-green and brownish crims«m. I.H. 26:342. 
 Schtildii. Lvs. broad, variegated. F.E. 7:961. Scdttii. 
 Lvs. broad, arching, deep green, crim.son edged ; said to 
 be a hybrid. Yoiingii. Lvs. broad, spreading, when j-oung 
 bright green streaked with deep re<l and tinged with 
 rose, in age bright bronze. Toun^i, var. rdsea, H<»rt. 
 Green, tinged with ydnk. white or carmine. Youngii, 
 var. 61ba, Hort. Variegate<l with white instead of red. 
 Crosses with Scottii are known as Stricta, Albo-lineata, 
 Mrs. George Pullman, Mrs. Terry; with Norwoodiensis, 
 as Little Gem. 
 
 List of synonj'ms. unidentified trade names and others : 
 C. anqiista, Hort. (C. terminalis var.). Lvs. narrow, areh- 
 ing, dull dark green above, purplisli beneath. A slender 
 form.— O. anijrtstifolia, Kunth = ('. stricta.— C aurant)aca, 
 Hort. — ? — (\ Balinoreana, Hort. Lvs. bronzy, with white and 
 pinkish stripes.- V. lldnksii. Hook. Fas. very long, linear- 
 lanceolate, 3-5 ft. long, 2-:{ in. wide, i>etio]ed. green, glaueous 
 iieneath ; veins conspieuons. U.C. III. 1X:61:{.— C Berheleyi, 
 Hort. = ?— C (7o««a/i6(YP. Hort. = f— r. ChHsoni, Hort. (form 
 of C terminalis). Lvs. large, glossy dark green, almost black, 
 becoming sufiFuse^l and e«lge<l with crimson. I.H. li), p. 90.— (7. 
 compdctn, Hort. (0. terminalis form). Lvs. reciirved, broad, 
 dull green, with bronze and rose stripes in age.— C Dhmisoni, 
 Hort. (C. terminalis form). Dwarf : lvs, broad, bronzy purple. 
 
372 
 
 CORDYLINE 
 
 COREOPSIS 
 
 —C. Elizahethice. Hort.= ? — r. EtehgehnltziAna, Mart.=»C. 
 terminalis.— C. exeiUa, Hort. (C. tennin»H8 form). Lvs. 
 broad, arching, bronzy, marginal with crimson.— ('. FrederXea 
 = ]— <\ frutesce:ia= ? — ('. glorioga, Hort. (0. terminalis form). 
 Lvs. verj- largp and broad <{rt*<'". with ape<'tUiar bronze orange 
 hue.— <\ helui'hiohteg, F. Mnell.— C terminalis.— C. hfliconitr- 
 fdlia, Ott. et I)iet.=C. terminalis.— ('. Jlendrrsoni, riort. = *— 
 C. magnifica, Hort. (C terminalis form). Lvs. large and 
 broad, bronzy pink, becoming darker.— f. Manners-Suttonur, 
 F. .Muell.= C. terminalis.— (\ porphyrophjiUa. Hort. (('. termi- 
 nalis form). Lvs. deep bronzy purple, gl.iucous l)eneath.= t'. 
 Ji^x, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. metlium width, bnmzy 
 green, flushed purple and stre;ike<l with carmine.— ('. nmaeea, 
 Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. n»<'ur\e<l, broad, dark bronzy 
 green margined with pink.— T. Snlin<inea^=1—C. sepidn'o 
 Seem=C. terminalis.— f. .S'iVft«»r». Kunth =C terminalis — ( '. 
 splendena, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. densr, short, ovate- 
 acute, bronzy green, shaded with rose-carmine.— C. Zeeldn- 
 diea, Hort.= C. rubra. k. M. Wieoasd. 
 
 COREOPSIS (Greek, sij?nifying bug-Hke, from the 
 fruit). Compdsitif. Tickseed. AnnMal or i)erennial 
 herbs, flowering in suiunier and autumn. Nearly all na- 
 tives of eastern N. Amer. Lvs. either opposite or alter- 
 nate : hea^ls pedunculate and radiate ; the broad in- 
 volucre with bracts of two kinds, the outernarrower and 
 greener, receptacle chaffy ; rays very showy, yellow 
 particolored or rarely rose, neutral : disk fls. yellow, 
 brown or dark. The genus differs from Bidens only in 
 the broad, tlat anil winged akenes, with short or obso- 
 lete pappus. Many of the species are in the tratie under 
 the name Calliopsis. All the kinds are of easiest cul- 
 ture. The perennials are hardy border plants. The an- 
 nuals are raised in any gar«len soil, and bloom freely 
 with little care. They are all showy plants. 
 
 549. Coreopsis tinctoria — Calliopsis elegans of 
 gardens {X}4)- 
 
 Index: angustif olia, 2 ; aristosa, 16; aurea, 17; auricu- 
 lata, 6; bicolor, 4; cardaminefolia, 3; coronata, 8; del- 
 phinifolia, 13; Drummondii, 5; elegans, 4; grandiflora, 
 9; lanceolate, 7; major, 10; marmorata, 4; palmata, 12; 
 pubescens, 6; rosea, 1; tinctoria, 4; trichosperma, 15; 
 tripteris, 11; verticillata, 14. 
 
 A. Pisk yelloic: rays rose-purple. 
 
 1. rdsea, Nutt. Perennial : diffusely branched from 
 slender, creeping rootstocks 1-2 ft. high, smooth : lvs. op- 
 posite and small (1-1.') In. long), all narrowly linear-en- 
 tire or rarely toothed or lobed: heads small, '% in. broad 
 or less, short-peduncled ; rays wedge-shaped, lobed at 
 the apex : akene oblong, wingless ; pappus an obscure 
 border. Southeastern V. S. 
 
 AA. Disk and -involucre dark purple : rays yellow or 
 
 part-i-colorvd, wedge -shaped and lobed. 
 
 B. Outer involucral bracts very short, triangular. 
 
 2. angustifoUa, Ait. Perennial : strict and tall, 1-3 
 ft. high, glabrous, sparsely branched at the summit : 
 lvs. alternate, entire, thickish, basal few or wanting 
 lower cauline elliptical i»n long petioles, upper narrowly 
 spatulate, sessile or reduced to bracts : heads 1-1.5 in. 
 broa<l; rays entirely yellow: akene with lacerate wings 
 and setiform awns. Southern U. S. 
 
 3. Ctirdaminefdlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual : low and 
 diffusely much branched from the base, 6-18 in. high, 
 glabrous : basal lvs. numerous-petioled, pinnatifid, di- 
 visions narrowly elliptical, becoming linear in the upper 
 lvs. : heads as in the next, but smaller, and often en- 
 tirelv dark : akenes winged, smooth ; pappus none. 
 Southern U. S. 
 
 4. tlnctdris, Nutt. (C. bicolor, Reich. C. ilegnns, 
 Hort. C\tUi6psis martnorrita, 'Wort.). Fig. 549. Annual: 
 stem strict. 1-3 ft. high, branche«l only at the summit, 
 glabrous: basal lvs. wanting, cauline opposite, sessile, 
 pinnatifid, divisions all long and narrowly linear: heads 
 %-V%m. broad, small : rays with dark purple base : 
 akenes oblong, wingrless, smooth. Cent. U. S. B.M. 
 2512. B.R. 10:846. Mn. 1:85. — A common garden annual; 
 showy and good. Var. niina, Hort. Dwarf, low and com- 
 pact. Tom Thumb varieties. 
 
 Var. atropurpiirea, Hook. (C. n\gra, Hort.). Ray.s al- 
 most entirely dark. B.M. 3511. 
 
 BB. Outer involucral bracts narrowly linear, 
 equalling tht inner. 
 
 5. Drdmmondii, Torr. & Gray {€. diversifdlia, Hook. 
 C. plcta, Hort.). Golden Wave. Annual: stem strict, 
 branched above, 10-18 in. high, sparsely hirsute below: 
 basal lvs. wanting, ca. ine petioled, pinnatifid, divisions 
 short, broadly elliptical those of the upper lvs. linear: 
 heads 1-2 in. broad, large ; rays usually durk at the 
 base: akene oval, thick, wingless, smooth; pappus uojie. 
 Tex. B.M. 3474. S.B.F.G. II. 4: 315. 
 
 AAA. 
 
 Disk yellow or broivn: rays entirely yellow 
 {except rarely No. 8). 
 
 B. 
 
 C. 
 
 6. 
 
 Says wedge-shaped, lobed at the apex: peduncles 
 6-16 in. long, naked. 
 
 Lvs. all entire or with a few basal lobes : large. 
 
 pubescens, Ell. (C. auHculcita, Schk. and Hort.). 
 Perennial: tall, 1-4 ft. high, branched above, pubescent 
 or nearly glabrous, more leafy than the following species: 
 lvs. thickish, basal wanting, obovate-oval to oblong- 
 lanceolate, very acute, petioled or nearly sessile, entire 
 or with small, acute, lateral lobes; outer involucral 
 bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the inner : akenes 
 similar to those of the next species. Southern U. S. 
 
 7. lanceol^ta, Linn. Fig. 550. Perennial : low, 1-2 
 ft. high, sparingly branched, glabrous or nearly so: lvs. 
 few, opposite, mostly near the base, oblong-spatulate to 
 linear, petioled, mostly obtuse, entire (rarely with a few 
 lateral lobes): heads i.5-2.5 in. broad ; peduncles very 
 ^ong, outer involucre equaling the inner: akenes orbic- 
 ular, papillose, broadly winged; pappus minute or obso- 
 lete. Eastern U. S. — Used extensively for cut fls. 
 
 Var. angustifdiia, Torr. & Gray. Low : stems scapi- 
 form: lvs. narrow and crowded, 2-4 lines wide. 
 
 Var. villdsa, Michs. Lvs. spatulate -obovate to ob- 
 long, villous, as is also the stem, with jointed hairs. 
 
 cc. Lvs. mostly pinnatifid, small. 
 
 8. coroniita, Hook. Annual: low and often weak, 12- 
 18 in. high, much branched from the base, sparsely hir- 
 sute: lvs. opposite, basal numerous petioled, pinnatilid, 
 divisions ovate, lateral much smaller ; cauline few, re- 
 
COREOPSIS 
 
 CORIARIA 
 
 373 
 
 dnced, spatulate, often entire : heads 1.5-2 in. broad; 
 ravs often with a few «lark sp<»ts ainive the oran»?e base; 
 outer involucre % ^«horter tlian the inner : akene orbic- 
 ular. broa«lly winged; pappus very minute. Tex. B.M. 
 3460. S.H. 1:270. 
 
 550. Coreopsis lanceolata. Single flower natural size. 
 
 9. grandifldra, Nutt. ( C. Ungipen, Hook. ) . Perennial : 
 simple or few-fld., glabrous, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. opposite, 
 basal wanting, lower cauline spatulate or lanceolate, en- 
 tire, upper divided into several linear entire divisions : 
 heads 1-2.5 in. broad : akene orbicular, papillose, broadly 
 winged ; pappus paleaceous. Southern U. S. Sweet, 
 B.F.G. 175. B.M. .{.586. On. 47:995. Mn. 5:201. 
 
 BB. Jiays elliptical, etitire or nearly so. 
 
 c. Leaf divisions entire. 
 
 D. Divisions lanceolate, large. 
 
 10. m4jor, Walt. (C. senifdlia, Michx.). Perennial: 
 tall and stout, 2-3 ft. high, pubescent, much branched 
 above : Ivs. opposite, basal wanting, lower cauline 
 small, upper sessile, 2-'J in. long, palmately .3-divided, 
 divisions equal, broadly lanceolate, acute : heads lM-2 in. 
 broad : akenes obovate-elliptical, winged, summit 2- 
 toothed. Southeastern U. S. 
 
 Var. (Emleri, Britton. Smooth, leaf -divisions more 
 attenuate at the base. B.M. 3484 as C. senifolia. 
 
 Var. linearis. Small. Smooth : leaf -divisions narrow, 
 2-4 lines wide. 
 
 11. tripterifl, Linn. Perennial : very large and stout, 
 4-8 ft. high, branched above, glabrous : Ivs. opposite, 
 petioled, 4-6 in. long, pinnatifid, divisions broadly or 
 narrowly lanceolate : heads medium, pale : akene ob- 
 long, narrowly winged; pappus wanting. Cent. U. S. 
 
 DD. Divisions broadly linear to filiform. 
 
 12. palm&ta, Nutt. (C. prlrcox, Fres.). Perennial: 
 tall and stout, lS-3 ft. high, sparingly branched at the 
 aummit : Ivs. opposite, thick, cuneate, 2.5 in. long, 3- 
 cleft to the middle, divisions broadly linear, midrib 3- 
 nerved below: he-uls lJ4-2J'ain. broad : akenes oblong, 
 narrowly winge<l ; pappus minute or obsolete. Cent, 
 r. S. R.H. 1845:265. 
 
 13. delphinifdlia, Lam. Perennial: glabrous, branched 
 above, l-.'J ft. high : Ivs. opposite, sessile, 2-3 in. long, 
 the basal wanting, pinnatifld, divisions 3-7, broadly 
 linear ; disk dark brown : akene obovate, narrowly 
 winged; pappus teeth short. Southeastern U. S. 
 
 14. verticill^ta, Linn. (C. tenuifdlia, Ehrh.). Peren- 
 nial: sparirijrly branched. 1-3 ft. high: '»Rx«l !vs. want- 
 ing, cauline opposite, sessile. 1-2-temately divided, di- 
 visions linear-Hlifomi : hea<ls l-lj-^ in. broa«l : akenes 
 obovate-we<lgp-shaped, narrowly winged; pappus nearly 
 obsolete. Eastern U. S. 
 
 cc. Leaf-divisions coarsely serrate or incised. 
 
 15. tricho8p6rma, Michx. Annual : tall, 2-5 ft. high, 
 branched near the summit, glabrous: Ivs. 2-4 in. h»ng, 
 the lower wanting, pinnatifid, on very short petioles,' 
 divisions narrowly lanceolate, acute, serrate -ir incised; 
 rays pale : akene 4 lines long, cuneate, tlat, wingless, 
 ciliate and hairy; awns 2, very short. Eastern U. S. 
 
 Var. tenalloba, Gray. Leaf-segments linear. 
 
 16. aristdsa, Michx. Annual : like the last, but Ivs. 
 slightly pubescent beneath : akenes broader, with slen- 
 der awns as long as the body. Cent. U. S. B.M. 6462. 
 R.H. 1869:72. 
 
 17. atirea, Ait. Annual: glabrous, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. 
 pinnatifid, the upper sometimes simple; divisions from 
 lanceolate to linear, sparingly incised; outer involucral 
 bracts narrowly linear, inner black-punctate : akenes 
 broadly cuneate, very small (1-2 lines long), nearly 
 glabrous; pappus of two blunt, chafiFy, very short teeth. 
 Southeastern U. S. — Verj- variable. 
 
 C aristbsa, Michx., C. inrolurrata, Nutt., and C. tricho' 
 gperma, Michx., are now usually placed under Bidens.— V. At- 
 kinsonidna, Dougl., differs from V. tinctoria in its larger size 
 and winged akenes. Annual. Western U. S.— C auricttlata, 
 Linn. Perennial : low, stoloniferous, hirsute : Ivs. petioled, 
 short, oval, mostly entire: heads large, verj' long, i)eduneled: 
 probably not in the trade. Southern U. S.— C. irivolucrata, 
 Nutt. Annual : like C. aristosa. but heads larger, involucral 
 bracts more numerous, awns shorter. Cent. U. S.— C. Leaven- 
 icorthii, Torr. & (rray. Annual: leaf-divisions linear-spatulate: 
 rays cuneate, lobetl. yellow: awns 2, slender: akene winge<l. 
 Southern V.S.— (\ nuddtu, Nutt. Perennial: rush-like, Ivs. 
 mostly basal, long, filiform ; rays rose-colored: wing of akene 
 pectinate. Southern U. S. 
 
 C. argilta, Pur8h=C. aurea, Ait.— C. atropurpurea, Hort.= 
 Thelesi)erma, sp.— C. Boykinidna, Nutt.=C'. granditlora. — C. 
 dicMtoma, Michx.=C. angustifolia.— C. diversifolia, DC.=C. 
 anriculata. — C. linifdlia, Nutt.=C angustifolia. — C. marmo- 
 rata, Hort.=C. tinctoria.— C. oblongitviia, Nutt.— C. lanceolata. 
 
 K. M. WiEGAND. 
 
 COBIANDEB is the soed-like fruit of Coriandrum 
 sativum, Linn., an umbelliferous annual of S. Europe. 
 The plant grows 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, strong-smelling, 
 with Ivs. divided into almost thread-like divisions, and 
 small-white fls. The plant is easily grown in garden 
 soil. It occasionally becomes spontaneous about old 
 yards. The seeds (or fruits) are used as seasoning and 
 flavoring in pastries, confections and liquors, although 
 they are less known in this country than caraway. The 
 plant is occasionally cultivated inAmer. gardens along 
 with sweet herbs. 
 
 CORIANDBUM. See Coriander. 
 
 COBIARIA {eorium, skin, leather ; as frtiter coria- 
 rius, a shrub used for tanning leather, was described by 
 Pliny). Voriaridcetp. Shrubs or perennial herbs : 
 Ivs. deciduous, entire. 3-y-uerved, opposite and disti- 
 chous : fls. polygamous-moncBcious in slender racemes, 
 small; petals and sepals 5; stamens 10: fr. berry-like, 
 consisting of 5 1 -seeded nutlets enclosed by the en- 
 larged and colored petals. About 8 species in Himal. 
 and E. Asia, Mediterranean region, N. Zealand » id S. 
 Amer. OmLaiental shrubs or herbs, with slender, arch- 
 
374 
 
 CORIABIA 
 
 CORN 
 
 ing branches imitatinf^ pinnate Ivg., and with very 
 showy yellow, red or black fr. The Ivs. of some species 
 are used for tanning leather ; the frs. are poisonous. 
 C. Japdnica has proved hardy with slight protection in 
 Massachusetts, and C. tcrminalin seems to be of the 
 same hardiness ; the other species are more tender. 
 They grow in almost any goo<i garden soil, and prefer 
 sunny position. Prop, readily by seeds and greenwoo<l 
 cuttings in summer under glass ; also by suckers and 
 layers. 
 
 Japdnica, Gray. Shrub, 2-3, sometimes to 10 ft.: 
 branches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, 'A nerved, smooth, 2— t in. long : tls. in 
 axillary racemes from the branches of last year: fr. be- 
 coming bright red in'summer, changing to violet-black 
 when ripe. Jap. B.M. 7509. O.F. 10:34:{. 
 
 terminUia, Hemsl. Herbaceous or suflFruticose, 2-3 
 ft.: brunches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, broad- 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, r)-9-ner\'ed. scabrous on the 
 veins beneath. l-.'J in. : fls. in terminal racemes on 
 shoots of the current year : fr. bright yellow. Sikkim, 
 China. — A very ornamental plant, keeping its yellow fr. 
 from July until late in fall : being herbaceous, it i^ 
 easier to protect from frost than the former. Recently 
 introduced into cult, as C. Nepalensis. 
 
 C. tnyrtifblia, Linn. Shrub, 4-10 ft.: Ivs. 3nerved, glabrous: 
 fls. jfreenish, from the old wood: fr. black, poisonous. Medi- 
 terranean region. Yields a black dye.— C. Nepalengia, Wall. 
 Shrub, H-10 ft.: Ivs. 3-'>-ner\'ed. glabrous : fls. brownish : fr. 
 black. Hinial.— C. sann^itoga, Forst. Suffniticose, procum- 
 bent : racemes axillary, on young branches. B.M. 2470. The 
 Wineberry shrub of the natives. The berries yield a pleasant 
 drink, but the seeds are poisonous. ALFRED Rehder. 
 
 551. Kernels of Com on the cob— Sweet Com behind. 
 Pop Com in front (X J-^). 
 
 COBK is the name applied to the outer impervious 
 part of the bark in plants. In Euonymus llmnbergi- 
 anus, the English maple, the corky barked elm, and 
 other trees and shrubs, it forms wings on the branches. 
 The cork of commerce comes from the bark of Quercus 
 Ilex (better known as Q. ii'uber), plantations of which 
 grow in southwestern Eu. The cork tree of the cata- 
 logues, Phellodendron Amurense, is a curious tree, cult, 
 solely for ornament. ^, "VV. Rowlee. 
 
 COEN, MAIZE (SWEET and POP). A tender annual, 
 cultivated in America from prehistoric times. The 
 word Maize, Spanish Maiz, is derived from the name 
 Mahiz, which Columbus a<lopted for this cereal from the 
 Haytians. Maize has not yet been found truly wild. 
 Its close relation to Teosinthe, Euchlc^na Mexico na, 
 Schrad., is indicated by the known fertile hybrids, or 
 
 cross-breeds between Teosinthe and Maize. Teosinthe 
 and the only other species which show close botanical 
 relationship to Maize are indigenous to Mexico. Bota- 
 nists now almost unanimously concede that Maize origi- 
 nated in America, and it is probable that it is indige- 
 nous to Mexico. See Zea. 
 
 The white settlers early learned from the American 
 Indians the use of Maize as an article of food. Sevi-ral 
 Indian names for certain preparati(ms xh'wh they 
 a<lopted or adapted, have passed into the language of 
 the American people, as, for examftle, samp, honiinv, 
 succotash. They cultivated Maize both as a staple Held 
 crop and in the garden under the name of Indian Corn, 
 which name, or the simple name of Com, remains to the 
 present time its almost exclusive designation through- 
 out the English-speaking portions of the continent. It 
 now holds tirst rank among the agricultural products of 
 the Cnited States in the area <ievoted to its cultivation, 
 and in the value of the annual crop. The kinds now 
 commonly found in garden culture are sweet Corns and 
 pop Corns. The other kinds, which are more .-itrictlv 
 agricultural, are called field Corns, but in s<»nie locali- 
 ties sweet Com and pop Com are also found under field 
 culture, the former either as a truck crop or for can- 
 neries, the latter to supply the comparatively limited 
 demand in domestic markets. Sweet Com and Pop 
 Corn only will receive special attention in this article. 
 Botanical Classification. — Zea almost uniformly 
 has been called by botanists a monotypie genus, its one 
 species being Maize. But Maize is an extremely vari- 
 able species, including groups which are separated by 
 definite characteristics. As a working classification, 
 that proposed by Sturtevant is the best which ha.s yet 
 appeare<l. He describes 7 "agricultural specie's." 
 These are Zea tnnicata, the pod Corns ; Z. 
 everta, the Pop Corns (Fig. 551); Z.indnrata, 
 \ the Flint Corns; Z. indentata, the Dent Corns; 
 
 Z. amylacea, the soft Corns; Z. saccha rata , the 
 sweet or sugar Corns (Figs. 551, 552) ; Z. amylea- 
 saccharata, the starchy Sweet Corns. Zea Mays, 
 Linn., belongs to the natural order of grasses 
 or Gramineae. Culms 1 or more, solid, erect, 
 1)^-15 ft. tall, or more, terminated by a panicle 
 of staminate lis. ( the tassel ) ; internodes grooved 
 on one side: branches ear-bearing or obsolete: 
 Ivs. long, broad, channeled, tapering to the pen- 
 dulous tips, with short, hyaline ligules ar.l 
 open, embracing sheaths: fls. monoeciou.s, awn- 
 less, usually proterandrous ; staminate fls. in 
 clusters of 2 to 4, often overlapping ; one fl. 
 usually pediceled, the other sessile or all ses- 
 sile: glumes herbaceous; palea membranaceous: 
 anthers 3, linear. The ear contains the pistillate 
 fls. on a hard, thickened, cylindrical spike or 
 spadix (cob), which is enclosed in many .spatha- 
 ceous bracts (husks); spikelets closely sessile, 
 in longitudinal rows, paired in alveoli with 
 hard, corneous margin; 2 fls. on a spikelet.the 
 lower abortive ; glumes membranaceous ; style 
 single, filiform, very long (silk) ; ovary usually 
 sessile. Ear variable in length and size, often 
 distichous; grain variable in shape, size and 
 color. See Plate VII. 
 
 Sweet Corn {Zea saccharata, Sturt, Figs. 
 551,552. ). —A well-detined species-group, charac- 
 terized by homy, more or less crinkled, wrinkled 
 or shriveled kernel, having a semi-transparent or trans- 
 lucent appearance. Sturtevant in 1899 lists 61 distinct 
 varieties. He gives the first variety of Sweet Com re- 
 corded in American cultivation as being introduced 
 into the region about Plymouth, Mass., from the In- 
 dians of the Susquehanna in 1779. Schenck, in 18.'>4, 
 knew two varieties. It appears, therefore, that the dis- 
 tribution of Sweet Corn into cultivation made little pro- 
 gress prior to the last half of the nineteenth century, 
 green field Com having largely occupied its place prior 
 to that period. 
 
 Sweet Com is preeminently a garden vegetable, al- 
 though the large kinds are sometimes grown for silage 
 or stover. As a garden vegetable, it is used when it has 
 reached the "roasting ear" stage, the kernel then being 
 well filled and plump but soft, and "in the milk." The 
 kernel is the only part used for human food. When 
 
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 'I 
 
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 s: 
 
 5 2 
 
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 s a 
 
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 CORN 
 
 Sweet Com is used as a fresh vef^etahle it is often cooked 
 and served on the cob. In preparinjr it f«»r cannini? or 
 (IryiDg. it is always cut from the cob. Dried Sweet C«»m, 
 though never an article of commerce, was formerly much 
 UHe«l, e'^pecially by the rural p(»pulation. It iH gr'a«lually 
 being abandoned forcanuo«l Corn, for other cereal prep- 
 arations, or f*>r other vegetablen. It is practically un- 
 known as human foo<l outnide North America. 
 
 Canned Sweet Com has come to be an important 
 article of domestic commerce in the United States and 
 Canada. A considerable amount goes to Alaska, but at 
 the present time very little is exp«»rtJ'd. The American 
 Grocer states that the annual ("orn pack f»»r the United 
 States and Cana<la for the year IHJW v,as 4,.'<98,r)G3 
 cas«'s, ea<'h containing 2 <lozen 2-poun<l tins. New York 
 lea<ls with the pro«luction of l,410,5<i9 cases. Maine, 
 Illinois and Iowa follow in rank in the order named. 
 These four states now pack 80 per cent of the Com 
 whii'h is canned in the United States and Canada. 
 While these figures are not stri«?tly a<'curate, they are 
 the best obtainal>le, and give a general idea of the ex- 
 tent and distriijutionof this industry. No better canned 
 Com is put on the market than that produce*! in Maine, 
 where it is largely grown in localities having a season 
 too short to mature the seed. 
 
 As a rule, Sweet Com is grown for the canneries un- 
 der contract. The canning company supplies the seed, 
 truiiranteeing it to be go4Ml and tnie to name. The 
 fanner agrees to grow a certain number of acres and 
 deliver the whole crop to the cannery at a stipulated 
 price. The price now paid in western New York is 
 ai)out $10 per ton of g«M»d ears, after deducting the as- 
 certained average i>erc«'ntage of husks and rejected ears. 
 Three tons per acre of good ears is considered a good 
 yit-Id. The ears are snapped from the stalks with the 
 husks on and hauled in deep wagon boxes to the can- 
 neries. The stalks, w^hen preserved either as ensilage 
 or as stover, make excellent fodder. The overripe and 
 inferior ears, being unmarketable, are left on the stalks 
 and materially increase their value as a food for stock. 
 The stover keeps best in loose shocks. It is liable to 
 heat or mold when closely packed in large stacks or 
 bays. 
 
 As a field crop. Com is grown most extensively on 
 medium heavy loams. It luxuriates in rich, warm soils. 
 The crop rotation should be planned so as to use the 
 coarse manures with the Com, which is a gross feeder. 
 On the more fertile lands of the central plain, nitroge- 
 nous manures may not always be used to advantage 
 with Com, but in the eastern and southern states, where 
 the soil has lost more of its original fertility, stable 
 manure may often be used profitably with this crop at 
 the rate of from 8 to 10 cords per acre, or possibly more. 
 
 Plowing. — In the northern part of the Com belt in 
 the central and western states, that is to say north of 
 the Ohio and Missouri rivers, deep fall plowing of Cora 
 land is generally favored, but in experiments at the 
 Illinois and Indiana experiment stations, the depth of 
 plowing has had little influence on the crop. In sections 
 of the eastern states, shallow plowing late in spring is 
 favored, especially if the land be in sod. In warmer, 
 drier regions, as in parts of Nebraska and Kansas, list- 
 ing has been much practiced on stubble ground. The 
 listing plow, having a double mold-board, throws the 
 soil into alternate furrows and ridges, the furrows being 
 8 or 9 inches deeper than the tops of the ridges. The 
 Corn is planted in the bottom of the furrow, either by 
 means of a 1 -horse Corn-drill or by a Com -drill attach- 
 ment to the lister plow, consisting of a subsoil plow, 
 through the hollow leg of which the Com is dropped. 
 
 Great care should be used to secure see<l-com having 
 high vitality as a precaution {.gainst the rotting of the 
 seed in the soil should the season be cold and wet after 
 planting. Select ears for seed as soon as the Com is 
 well ripened. Dry them at once by artificial heat so that 
 the seed may better withstand unfavorable c<.nditions 
 of temperature or moisture. In many localities so-called 
 kiln-dried seed is much in favor. In selecting seed for 
 a field crop, seek systematically for stalks having little 
 or no growth of stools and bearing single large ears. 
 For garden use, seed from more productive stalks is de- 
 sirable, even though the ears be smaller. 
 
 In the north, Sweet Com should be planted as early as 
 
 CORN 
 
 375 
 
 can be done without involving great risk of loss from 
 frosts or from rotting of seed in the soil. In New York, 
 tieid-planting is generally done from May 10 to May 20; 
 in central Minnesota from May 10 to May 30. The 
 ground having been plowed and prepareil so a»t to make 
 a seed-bed of fine, loose soil ii Inches deep, the seed 
 siiould be planted to a depth of frtmi 1 to .'< inches. The 
 drier and UM>ser the soil the greater should be the depth 
 of planting. In planting small fields, the ground may 
 be marked in check rt»ws so that the bills planted at the 
 intersection of the rows will Htand about '.^\ feet apart 
 each way, and the Com planted by a hand-planter, 
 
 ■^ff/tigW*^ 
 
 552. Early Marblehead Sweet Corn, 
 
 which drops the desired number of kernels each time it 
 is thrust into the grov id. For large fields, the check- 
 row type of planter may be used. These planters drop 
 and cover the seed in hills at uniform distances apart, 
 planting two rows at one trip across the field. Field 
 Corn is often planted in drills by machines adapted to 
 this purpose, but Sweet Com should be grown under in- 
 tensive culture, and should be in hills, so that the sur- 
 face of the ground may be kept loose and entirely free 
 from weeds. 
 
 Till for the purpose of retaining soil moisture as well 
 as to kill weeds. This requires frequent shallow tillage, 
 pulverizing the surface of the soil so that it will act as 
 a mulch aud retard the evaporation of soil moisture. 
 Begin tillage as soon as the planting is done, using the 
 slanting-tooth harrow and Breed's weeder types of im- 
 plements till the Corn is 6 inches high, after which use 
 spring-tooth cultivators or 2-horse cultivators of the 
 type having several shovels on each side. These are 
 preferable to the double-shovel type, formerly much 
 used. The type having revolving disks, which throw the 
 earth towards the Com, is objectionable because the 
 center of the furrow is left bare of loose soil, which 
 should cover all the ground as a mulch. 
 
 Till at intervals of from 7 to 10 days. At first the cul- 
 tivator may run from 2 inches deep near the plant to 4 
 inches deep midway between the rows. Each successive 
 cultivation should gradually increase in depth between 
 the rows ; throw a half inch or more of earth towards the 
 Com and cover the weods. At the last cultivation the 
 cultivator may be kept a little farther from the Com. 
 It should leave the soil pulverized to a depth of from 
 2 to .'{ inches over the entire field. The earlier cultiva- 
 tion may be deepened, if necessary, to kill weeds, even 
 though some Com roots are severed, but cutting the 
 roots by deep cultivation late in the season is to be es- 
 pecially avoided. Till the soil until the Com gets so 
 large as to prevent the use of a 2-horse cultivator. Oc- 
 casionally a later cultivation, with a 1-horse cultivator, 
 may be necessary if heavy rains leave the surface soil 
 hard and start the weeds. Often catch crops for late 
 pasturage, cover-crops or crops of winter wheat or rye 
 are sown in the cornfield and cultivated in with the 
 last cultivation. The seed is covered deeply by culti- 
 vating it in because the weather is apt to be dry it this 
 period. The lower part of the furrow-slice is thus left 
 compact, furnishing a compact seed-bed, in which small 
 grains delight. 
 
 The cultivation of Sweet Com in the garden should 
 follow the general lines advocated for field culture, but 
 stable manure and commercial fertilizers may be used 
 more liberally. It is well to put a small amount of a com- 
 
376 
 
 CORN 
 
 CORNUS 
 
 plete commercial fertilizer in each hill, and mix it well 
 with the soil before planting the Com. A fertilizer which 
 has a large amount of nitrogen in quickly available form 
 should be cho ;en for this purpose. Dwarf early maturing 
 varieties may be planted, for early use, as soon as the 
 ground is sufficiently dr>' and warm. A little later, wh'>n 
 the ground is warmer, the second early main crop and 
 late varieties may be planted. Later successional plant- 
 ings insure a supply of green Corn till frosi kills the 
 plants. 
 
 Com is not grown commercially as a forcing crop. 
 Attempts to force it in winter have not given encourag- 
 ing results, but it may be successfully forced in spring, 
 following any of the crops of vegetables which are gro^-n 
 under glass, providing the houses are piped so as to 
 maintain the night temperature at bi>° F. Provide good 
 drainage. Give a liberal application of stable manure, 
 and thoroughly mix it with the soil. In the latitude of 
 New York the planting may be made as early as the 1st 
 of March. As soon us the first loaf has unfolded the 
 temperatxire may be allowed to run high in the sun, if 
 the air is kept moist by wetting the floors and v/alls. The 
 glass need not be shaded. Keep night temperature close 
 to 65° F., not lower and not much higher. After the silk 
 appears, jar the stalks every two or three d.iys, when the 
 atmosphere is dry, abd thus insure abundant pollination. 
 Early maturing varieties, like Cory, give edible Corn in 
 about 60 days when thus treated, '''orn may be forced 
 In the same house with tomatoes, eg^T-plant, and other 
 vegetables which require similar range of temperature. 
 
 VARIETIES.— Some of the desirable varieties for the 
 garden, the market and for canning art listed below. 
 These varieties are named for the purpose of showing 
 the range of variation and ot indicating the leading 
 groups or tj'pes, not to reccmimend these particular kinds. 
 New varieties are continually supplanting the old. 
 
 For the home garden. —Extra-early : Early Marblehead 
 (Fig. 552 ) , Burbank Early. Secomi Early : Crosby Early. 
 Main Crop: Large Eight -Rowed, Hickox Improved, 
 Stowell Evergreen. Late : Black Mexican, Country 
 Gentleman. 
 
 For »mr^•<'^ — Extra-earl}-: Early Cory, Perry Hybrid; 
 Extra-early Adams, though not a sweet Corn, is largely 
 grown for early use. Second Early : Sliaker Early, 
 Crosby Early; Early Adams is grown extensively for 
 market, though not a sweet Com. Main Crop and Late: 
 Mammoth, Stowell Evergreen, Egyptian, Country 
 Gtntleraan. 
 
 For canning .—'R\c]s.ox Improved. Crosby Early, Potter 
 Excelsior. Country Gentleman, Egyptian, Old Colony, 
 Stowell Evergreen. 
 
 Diseases and Pests.— The most widespread and de- 
 structive disease of Com in the United States is the 
 smut produced by the parasitic smut-fungus, L'stilago 
 Zecf. The sorghum -head smut, Cstilngo Beiliana, 
 also attacks ]VIaize. Smut causes most injury when it 
 attacks the ears. The grains are transformed into a 
 mass of darl: -colored smut spores, and become ex- 
 ceedingly swollen and distorted out of ell semblance 
 to their normal outlines. Infection may take place at 
 any growing point of the plant from early till late in the 
 season, hence treatment of seed Com by fungicides is of 
 no value as a remedy for Corn smut. The destruction 
 of smutted parts of the plants, and taking especial care 
 that the smut does not become mixed wita manure which 
 is used for the Corn crop, are measures which may be 
 expected to lessen the prevalence of the disease. No 
 remedy is known. 
 
 The only other disease of Sweet Com which is known 
 to be of economic importance in the United States is the 
 bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas Sfewarti. It has 
 been found in New York, New .Jersey and Michiiran, but 
 thus far has been seriously destructive only Long 
 Island on early dwarf varieties of Sweet Corn, i - char- 
 acterized by wilting and complete drying of tlu- whole 
 plant, as if aflFected by drought, except that the leaves do 
 not roll up. The fibro-vascular bundles become distinctly 
 yellow, and are very noticeable when the stalk is cut 
 open. The disease attacks the plant at any period of 
 growth, but is most destructive about the time the silk 
 appears. No renjedy is known. 
 
 Over 200 species of insects are known to be injurious 
 to Corn, either to some part of the growing plant or to 
 
 the stored product. The Com worm is also known south 
 as the cotton-boll worm. It is destructive to Sweet Corn 
 especially, for it burrows into the ear and feeds on the 
 tender greea Com, rendering the ear unacceptable either 
 at canneries or in market. It is known to do serious dam- 
 age as far nonh as western New York. The best known 
 meaod of fi';htingthis insect is the breaking of the 
 pupae cells in the earth by shallow fcill plowing, which, 
 at best, is but a partial remedy. Wire-worms, northern 
 corn-root worms, white grubs, and oertain other grass 
 insects attack Com plants. One of the best preventive 
 measures is to plan the rotation so that Com does not 
 immediately follow any cereal jr grass crop. 
 
 Pop Corn (Zea everta, Sturt.). — Characterized by the 
 excessive proportion of the corneous endosperm,' and 
 the small size of the kernels and ear. The kernel split 
 laterally shows th • chit and corneous matter enveloping, 
 and in some cases ^ fine, starchy line. The small size of 
 the ke nel and the property of popping makes identifica- 
 tion ctnaia. This speoies-group extends throughout 
 North aud South America, and has claims for prehis- 
 toric cuhui". 
 
 The preparation of soil, planting, and tillage recom- 
 mended for Sweet Com apply equally well to Pop Com. 
 
 Varieties. — S vrtevant, ir 1899, describes 25 varieties. 
 The following ki ids are popular: 
 
 Dwarf Golden - Ear 1 to ,'} inches long. An early-ma- 
 turing sor* wit' l>road, golden yellow kemds. 
 
 Rice, ^Vhite ^ .ice. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. This vigor- 
 ous late variety is widely cultivated. This and other 
 Rice Corns are characterized by deep, tapering, beaked 
 kernels. 
 
 Pearl. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. Matures somewhat 
 earlier than Rice and later than Dwarf Golden. Kernels 
 rounded and silvery whit?. g^ j^^ Beach. 
 
 CORN, BEOOli. See So. -Jtum. 
 
 COBN COCEIij. Lycunis Githago. 
 
 CORNEL, C0R2JELIAN CHERRY. See ComtiS Idas. 
 
 CORN FLAG. Gladiolus. 
 
 CORNFLOWER. Centaurea Cyanus. 
 
 CORN, INDIAN. The common name for Zta Mays. 
 
 CORN, KAFFIR. See Sorg Unn vulgare, var. Dvrra. 
 
 CORN POPPY of Europe is the weed of the grain 
 fields from which some of the garden poppies have been 
 raised, Pa paver Jih<jeas. 
 
 COBiR SALAJi {Valerianella ol itoria, PaU.). I'aleri- 
 ancteeo'. Known also as Lamb's Lettuce, Fetticus. and 
 Vetticost. It is a native of Europe. Sow the seed in 
 early spring, at the time of the first sowing of lettuce, 
 and make successional plantings as often as desired. For 
 very early salads the seeds are planted in Septeniber, 
 and the young plants are covered with a light niuk-h and 
 wintered' exactly as spinach is often managed. Sow in 
 drills a foot or iS inches apart and cover lightly. Work 
 the ground thoroughly, and give an abundance of water. 
 The leaves may be blanched, but are usually eaten green. 
 It matures in 60-65 days during good spring weather. 
 Only one variety is offered by most American seedsmen, 
 but several sorts are known to European gardeners. It is 
 sometimes used for a pot-herb, being served like spinach, 
 but is chiefly valuable for salads. It is rather tasteless, 
 and is not so popular as cress o^* lettuce on that 
 account, but persons who prefer a veiy mild salad, or 
 who would rather taste the salad dressing, will doubtless 
 fancy (N)rn Salad. It is l>est served in mixture with 
 other herbs, as lettuce, water cress or whiti:> mustard. It 
 is easv to grow. There are no spe-ial enemies. 
 
 F. A. Wauoh. 
 
 CORNUS ( ancient Latin name of Cornus Mas). Conid- 
 ce(F. Doc,\v(K)V. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs: Ivs. op- 
 posite, rarely alternate or whorled, deciduous, entire : 
 fls. small, 4-merous. usually white, in terminal cymes 
 ( Fig. 55:i ) or heads : f r. a drupe, with 2-celled stone. Over 
 .'{0 species in the tenii»erate regions of the northern 
 hemisptx le and one iu Peru. Hardy ornamental shrubs 
 
CORN us 
 
 CORN US 
 
 377 
 
 with handsome foliage, often assuming a brilliant fall 
 coloring, and with attractive lis. and frs. Nearly all a»'e 
 very desirable for planting in shrubberies. They grow 
 
 nearly as well in shady places 
 under large trees as in sunny 
 exposed situations, and thrive in 
 almost any soil. One of the mo <t 
 beautiful in bloom is C. florida , 
 
 I' 
 
 553. 
 
 Comus winter shoots. 
 
 Showing the opposite 
 bud and teiininal 
 flower-clusters. Cor- 
 nus Baileyi. 
 
 554. Cuttine of Comus. 
 
 with extremely showy fls, in spring. C. candidissima is 
 one of the best for shrubberies, blooming profusely in 
 June. The red-branched species, as C. alba, CAmomum, 
 C. Baileyi, C. sanguinea, are very attractive in winter. 
 Prop, by seeds, which usually do not germinate until the 
 second year. The species with willow-like soft wood, as 
 C. a/6(i*and its allies, grow readily from cuttings of ma- 
 ture wood, while the others are sometimes increased by 
 layers. Horticultural varieties are mostly budded in sum- 
 mer on seedlings of the type, or grafted in early spring 
 in the propagating house. They are often grown in this 
 country from nearly ripened cuttings (Fig. 554), handled 
 in frames in summer. 
 
 Various species of Comus have many interesting uses. 
 Our native C. florida, which in flower is the showiest 
 member of the genus, furnishes a useful substitute for 
 quinine. The bark of all parts contains tlie same sub- 
 stances foimd in Cinchona, but in different proportions. 
 It is inferior in effectiveness and more difficult to obtain 
 in large quantities. It is sometimes possible to ward off 
 fevers by merely chewing the twigs. The powdered Dark 
 makes a good tooth-powder, and the fresh twigs can be 
 used for the same purpose. The bark mixed with sul- 
 fate of iron makes a good black ink. The bark of the 
 roots yields a scarlet dye. The wood, being hard, heavy, 
 and close-grained, is good for tool handles. The Cornelian 
 Cherry has pulpy fruits resembling cornelian in color 
 and about the size and shape of olives, for which they 
 can be substituted. The ripe fruits are soft and rather 
 
 sweet. The name Dogwood comes from the fact that a 
 decoction of the bark of C saufjttinea was used in Eng- 
 land to wash mangj' dogs. The small red berries of C. 
 Snecica (not in the tracie) are eaten by the Esquimaux. 
 
 Index: alba. 3 and 4 ; altemifolia, 1; Amomum, 7; 
 Baileyi, 5; brachypoda, 2 and suppl.; Canadensis, 17; 
 candidissima, 9 ; capitata. 16 : circinatn. 6 ; ccerulea, 7; 
 faxtitjiata, 10; femina, 10; ilorida, 13: Japonica, 15; 
 Kousa, 15 ; macrophylla, 2 : Mas, 11; mascula, 11; Nut- 
 talli, 14; oblongata, 9 ; officinalis, 12 ; paninilata,9; 
 sanguinea, 8; sericea, 7; Sibirica, 4; stolonffera, 3; 
 stricta, 10; TaUtrica, 4. 
 
 A. Shrubs or trees. 
 
 B. Fls. in cymes or panicles without involucre. 
 
 C. Folia je alternate : fls. in umbel-like cymes, 
 
 cream-cohred. 
 
 1. altemildlia, Linn. Fig. 555. Shrub or small tree, to 
 25 ft. : Ivs. slender-petioled, elliptic or ovate, usually 
 euneate, acimiiaate. nearly glabrous above, pale or whit- 
 '-^hbeneatl dappressed pubescent, 3-5 in. long: cymes 
 i.%-2% in. ide: fr. dark blue, globular, %va.. across, on 
 red peduncles. May, June. N. Brunswick to Georgia and 
 Alabama, west to Minnesota. 8.S. 5: 216 Em. 463. — Of 
 very distinct bibit, the branches being arranged in 
 irregular whorls, forming flat, h )rizontally spreading 
 tiers, as in the picture. A variety which "hows this 
 habit more distinctly than the common for., is var. 
 tunbracnlifera, Dieck. Var. arg^ntea, Hort., is a i >mi 
 with Tvhite-marked foliage. 
 
 2. macrophylla. Wall. ( C. brachypoda, Auth., not C. A. 
 Mey.). Tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs. sleuder-petioled, broadly 
 ovate or elliptic ovate, usually rounded at the base, 
 abruptly acuminate, whitish and slightly hairy beneath, 
 3-5 in. long: cjnnes 3-4 in. wide: fr. bluish black, /une. 
 Himalayas to Japan.— With the habit of the former, but 
 of more vigorous growth; not hardy north. Var varie- 
 gilta, Hort. Lvs. edited white. Ong. 3:67. 
 
 cc. Foliage opposite. 
 
 D. Fls. in umbel-like, flat cymes. 
 
 E. Lvs. whitish and with straight appressed hairs 
 beneath : fr. white or light bluish. 
 
 3. stolonifera, Michx. (<7. dlba, Wangh). Red-Osier 
 Dogwood. Fig, 556. Shrub, to 8 ft., ".sually with dark 
 blood-red branches and prostrate stem, stoioniferous : 
 lvs. obtuse at the base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, 2-5 in. long: cymes dense, 1-2 in. wide; disk usually 
 red : fr. white, with the stone broader than high. May, 
 June. From Br?t. N. Amer. to Illinois and California. 
 B.B. 2:545. G.C. II, 8:679,-Var, Haviriimea, Spath. 
 Branches yelloT. There are also varieties with varie- 
 gated lvs. Hal it Imsh-like, as in the picture. 
 
 ^^Mh*^ 
 
 •V»vv.>/ 
 
 555. Comus altemifoliju 
 
378 
 
 CORNUS 
 
 CORNUS 
 
 4. 41ba, Linn. (C. Tatdrica, Mill,). Shrub, to 10 ft., 
 with usually erect stem and bright blood-red branches, 
 mostly with glaucous bloom when young: Ivs. obtuse at 
 the base, ovate or elliptic, somewhat buUate or rugose 
 above, acute, l>^-33^ in. long: cymes dense, small; disk 
 
 .-iJJ^*^ 
 
 556. Comus stolonifera. 
 
 yellow: fr. light bluish, sometimes whitish; stone usually 
 higher than broad, flat. Siberia, N. China. — Var. arg6n< 
 teo-margin^ta, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. Spaethi, 
 Hort. Lvs. broadly edged yellow. Var. Sibirica, Lodd. 
 Branches briL''it coral-red. There ture also some other 
 varieties with iriegated lvs. 
 
 EE. Lvs. with woolly pubescence beneath, 
 rarely nearly glabrous. 
 
 P. Fruit tchite. 
 
 5. BMleyi, Coult. & Evans. Fig. 553. Erect shrub, 
 with reddish branches: lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate, white beneath, with woolly and with appressed 
 hairs, 2-5 in. long : fls. in small rather compact woolly 
 cymes: stone of the fruit much broader than high, com- 
 pressed and flat-topped. Pa. to Minn, and Wyoming. 
 G. F. 3 : 465. — A very handsome specie^ of upright growth , 
 with dark red branches, blooming nearly all summer, and 
 of a distinct grayish hue, due to the slightly upward 
 curled lvs. The fail color of foliage and winter color of 
 twigs are unequaled. Not as yet in the trade. Well 
 adapted for sandy soil. 
 
 FF. Fr. black, blue or bluish or 
 greenish white. 
 
 6. circinata.L'Herit. Shrub,.'J-10 ft.: 
 the young branches green, blotched 
 purple, older ones purplish : lvs. or- 
 bicular or broadly ovate, acute or short- 
 acuminate, slightly pubescent above, pale and densely 
 pubescent beneath, 2-6 in. long: cymes rather dense: fr. 
 light blue or greenish white. May, June. Em. 464. 
 
 7. Amduium,Mill.( (7. sericert, Linn. C.ccerulea, Lam.). 
 Shrub, 3-10 ft., with purple branches : lvs. rounded or 
 narrowed at the base, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale or whitish 
 beneath, usually with brownish hairs on the veins, 2-4 in. 
 long : cyme compact : fr. blue or bluish white. June, 
 July. N. Brunswick to Florida, west to Texas and Da- 
 kota. Em. 466. R.H. 1888:444 (as r..s/o7o«i7erfl). -Var. 
 varieg^ta, Hort. Lvs. variegated with yellowish white. 
 
 8. sangmlnea, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with purple or 
 dark blood-red branches : lvs. broad-elliptic or ovate, 
 rounded or narrowed at the base, usually pubescent on 
 both sides, pale green beneath, lJ^-3^ in. long: fls. green- 
 ish white, in dense cymes: fr. black. May, June. Eu., 
 Orient, — Var. variegita, Hort. Lvs. variegated with 
 yellowish white. Var. viridissima, Dieck. With green 
 branches and green fruit. 
 
 DD. Fls. in short panicles : fr. white or pale blue. 
 
 9. candidiBsima, Marsh. (C. paniculdta, L'Herit. C. 
 oblongdta, Hort.). Shrub, 6-15 ft., with gray branches: 
 lvs. cuneate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate' 
 appressed-pubescent or nearly smooth, whitish beneath 
 lH-4 in. long: petals white, lanceolate: fr. white. Mav' 
 June. Maine to N. Carolina, west to Minnesota and Ne! 
 braska. B.B. 2: 545. — Free-flowering : very handsome 
 when in bloom, and with its white fruits on red pedun- 
 cles in fall. 
 
 10. BtnctA,L,'H^Tit. {C.fastigidta,Michx. C. fcemina. 
 Mill.). Shrub, to 15 ft., with purplish branches: Irs! 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and minutely ap- 
 pressed-pubescent, green on both sides, lJ^-3 in. long: 
 petals white, ovate-lanceolate: fr. pale blue. April, May. 
 Virginia to Georgia and Florida. B.B. 2: .'^6. — Tender 
 north. Closely allied to the former, and pv 'aps only 
 variety. 
 
 BB. Fls. in dense heads or umbels, with en involucre. 
 
 C. Fls. yellow ; involucre yellowish, not 
 exceeding the fls. 
 
 11. M&8, ^inn. (C. nidscula, Hort.). Corneliah 
 Cherry. Fig. 557. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. 
 ovate or elliptic, acute, appressed-pubescent, and green 
 on both sides, VA-2M in. long : fls. in sessile opposite 
 umbels, before the lvs. ; pedicels not exceeding the invo- 
 lucre: fr. oblong, scarlet. ?4in- long, edible. March, April. 
 S. Eu., Orient. Mn. 5:192. — Handsome shrub of dense 
 growth with glossy foliage, verj' attractive in early 
 spring with its yellow fls., and again in fall with its 
 shining scarlet frs. There are varieties with variegated 
 lvs. and with yellow fr. 
 
 12. officinalis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree, to 
 15 ft.: lvs. elliptic, acuminate, pale green beneath and 
 with large tufts of dark brown hairs in the axils of the 
 veins: fls. like those of the former; pedicels longer than 
 the involucre : f r. scarlet, oblong. Japan, China. S.Z. 50. 
 — Very similar to the last. 
 
 CC. Fls. greenish yellow, sessile, with a showy white in- 
 volucre, much exceeding the fls. 
 
 D. Frs. in dense clusters, but individually distinct. 
 (Benthamidia.) 
 
 13. fl^rida, Linn. Flowering Dogwood. Fig. 5.58. 
 Shrub or small tree with spreading branches, 10-15 ft.. 
 
 557. Comus Mas (sprays X)^). 
 
 rarely to 40 ft. : lvs. oval or ovate, acute, dark green and 
 glabrous above, glaucous or whitish beneath, usually 
 only pubescent on the veins, 3-6 in. long : involucre white 
 
CORNUS 
 
 CORREA 
 
 379 
 
 or pinkish, 3-4 in. wide ; bracts 4, obovate, emarginate: 
 fr. %in. long, scarlet. May. Massachusetts to Florida, 
 west to Ontario and Texas, also E. and S. Mexico. S.S. 
 5:112-13. Em. 468. G.F.3:431. B.M. 526. Gn. 52, p. 177; 
 53, p. 222. J.H. III.28:453.-One of the most beautiful 
 American flowering trees ; hardy north. Var. p^ndula, 
 Hort. With pendulous branches. 
 V'ar. rtlbra, Hort. With pink in- 
 volucre, but less free-flowering 
 than the type. R. H. 1894:500. 
 A.O. 18:441. F.E. 9:572. Neither 
 variety as hardy as the type. 
 
 14. Nuttalli, Aud. Tree, to 80 
 ft.: Ivs. ovate or obovate, usu- 
 ally pubescent beneath, 4-5 in. 
 long: involucre white or tinged 
 with pink, 4-6 in. 
 across; bracts 4-6, ob- 
 long or obovate, some- 
 times roundish, mostly 
 acute : fr. bright red 
 ororange, crowned with 
 the broad, persistent 
 calyx. Brit. Columbia to S. Calif 
 S.S.5:214-15. Gng. 6: 274.-This 
 species surpasses the former in 
 beauty. but is more tender and has not yet been 
 successfully cultivated outside of its native 
 country, though introduced at several times 
 into different American and European gardens. 
 
 DD. Frs. connate into a globular fleshy 
 head. [Benthamia.) 
 
 15. EotlBa, Buerg. (BenthUmia Japdnica, Sieh.& Zucc. 
 C. Japdn ica , Koehne, not Thunbg. ) . Shrub or small tree, 
 to 20 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, dark 
 green above, glaucous and appressed-pubescent beneath, 
 2-4 in. long : involucre creamy white, 2>^-3 in. wide ; 
 bracts ovate, acute: frs. forming a globular head. June. 
 Japan, China. S.Z. 16. Gn. 43: 898 G.C. III. 19:783. 
 A. G. 13:674. Gng. 3:149. J.H HI. 35:9. M.D.G. 
 1899:328-9. — Fls. very showy, appei.ring after the Ivs. in 
 June and contrasting well with the bright green foliage; 
 hardy as far north as Mass. Sometimes variegated. 
 
 16. capit^ta. Wall. {Benthdmia frayifera, Lindl.). 
 Tree : Ivs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both 
 ends, appressed-pubescent above and more densely and 
 whitish beneath, 2-4 in.: involucre about '214-3 in. wide, 
 creamy white; bracts ovate, acute: fruit-head over 1 in. 
 across, scarlet. June. Himalayas. B.R. 19:1579. Gn. 54, 
 p.310. G.C. III. 16:501. J.H. III. 30: 213.- Evergreen 
 tree, with showy fls. and frs.; hardy only south. 
 
 AA. Low herbs: fls. in dense heads, tvith a white {or 
 pinkish) involucre. 
 
 17. Canadensis, Linn. Herb, >g-% ft. high, with creep- 
 ing -ootstock : Ivs. whorled, sessile, elliptic or obovate, 
 glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long: head greenish, long- 
 peduncled ; involucre white, 1-1 K in. wide : fr. bright 
 red, globose. May-July. N. Amer., south to Indiana, 
 Colorado and Calif. B. M. 880. — Handsome plant for 
 half-shady places. 
 
 C. asperifblia, Michx. Shnib, 8-15 ft.; branches reddish 
 brown: Ivs. rough above, wooUy-pxibescent beneath: fr. white. 
 Ontario to Florida, west to Texas. G.F. 10:105.— C. brachypoda, 
 0. A. Mey. Shrub: Ivs. opixjsite, glaucous and appressed-pubes- 
 cent beneath: panicles large, loose. See C. raaiTophylla in the 
 main list. Japan, China.— C.glabrata, Benth. Shmb, to 10 ft. ; 
 branches gray: Ivs. small, nearly glabrous, green and shining on 
 both sides : fr. white. Oregon to Calif.— C. Hessei, Koehne. 
 Allied to C. alba. Dwarf, dense shrub: Ivs. crowded, small: fr. 
 bluish white. Probably from E. Asia.— C. obl<tnga,'W&ll. Shrub 
 or tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. narrow-oblong, nearly glabrous, glaucous 
 beneath, coriaceous : fls. white, fragrant, in cymose panicles. 
 Himalayas.— C. pubescens, Nutt. Shrub, to 15 ft., with pnrple 
 branches : Ivs. nearly glabrous above, glaucous and woolly-pu- 
 bescent beneath : fr. white. Brit. Columbia to Calif.— C. -S'teMca, 
 Linn. Allied to C. Canadensis: Ivs. all opposite: tl. -head purple, 
 the white involucre 1 in. or less wide. Arctic Amer., N. Eu., 
 
 pinnate Irs., and pnrple or yellow fls. in peduncled 
 heads or umbels ; pod jointed. Separated from Omi- 
 thopus by floral and fruit characters. Species 25-30, 
 Mediterranean region. The shrubby C. Umerus and C. 
 glauea are useful in southern California and the south- 
 em states. The species are occasionally grown in bor- 
 ders. C.glaiica is sometimes grown under glass 
 for spring bloom, after the manner of Cytisus. 
 All are of easy culture. 
 
 N.Asia. B.B.2:543. 
 CORONA. Same as crown. 
 
 Alfred Ri hder. 
 
 COBONILLA (Latin, a little crown: from the ar- 
 rangement of the fls.). Legumindstt', tribe Hedys^reff. 
 Crown Vetch. Perennial shrubs or herbs, with odd- 
 
 558. 
 
 ComuB florida. 
 
 (X%.) 
 
 A. Flowers yellow. 
 
 B. Herbs. 
 
 Cappaddcica, Willd. (C. Iberica,Bieb.). Low peren- 
 nial herb, about 1 ft. high: Ifts. 9-11, obcordate, ciliate: 
 umbels 7-8-fld. : fls. yellow, large, July-Aug. : stipules 
 membranaceous, rounded, ciliate-toothed. Asia Minor. 
 L.B.C. 8:789. B.M. 2646.-A good trailer for rockeries 
 and the margins of borders. 
 
 BB. Shrubs. 
 
 Emdms, Linn. Scorpion Senna. Dense, symmetrical 
 shrub, 4-6 ft. high: Ivs. deep, glossy green; Ifts. 5-7, 
 obovate : stipules small : peduncles 3-fld. : fls. large, 
 yellow, tipped with red. Blooms freely, Mav and June. 
 Showy, half-hardy. S. Eu. B.M. 445. Gng. 5:36.- 
 Evergreen in S. states. 
 
 glai!lca, Linn. Glabrous shrub 2-4 ft. high : stipules 
 small, lanceolate : Ifts. 5-7, obovate, very blunt, glau- 
 cous : fls. 7-8 in each umbel, yellow, fragrant by day but 
 not at night. S. Eu. B.M. 13. — One of the common 
 garden shrabs of S. Calif., flowering all the year. 
 
 AA. Flowers white and pink. 
 
 viminlilis, Salisb. Trailing shrub : stipules soon de- 
 ciduous, ovate, membranaceous : Ifts, 13-21, obovate, 
 notched, glaucous : umbels 6-10-fld. : fls. pale red or 
 white with a red stripe on the banner. Algeria. — Prom- 
 ising as a florists' plant for cut fls. Fls. all the year in 
 S. Calif. 
 
 yjtria, Linn. Crown-Vetch. Fig. 559. Straggling or 
 ascending, smooth herb, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. sessile ; Ifts. 
 11-25, oblong or obovate, blunt and mucronate, 14-% in. 
 long: peduncles longer than Ivs.: fls. in dense umbels, 
 % in. long, pinkish white. June to Oct. Eu. B.M. 258. 
 Gnu. 5: 337.— Trailing plant for hardy, herbaceous 
 border. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 C0RR£A (after Jose Francesco Correa de Serra, 
 Portuguese author, 1750-1823). Butdcece. Seven spe- 
 cies of tender Australian shrubs, rarely cultivated un- 
 der glass for their pendulous, tubular fls. an inch or two 
 
380 
 
 CORREA 
 
 CORYDALIS 
 
 long, usually brifjht scarlet, but also white or yellow. 
 Shrubs, usually with dense, miuute. stellate hairs: Ivs. 
 opposite, stalke<l. entire, and with transparent dots. C. 
 speeiosa is probably the bt'st and most variable species. 
 It is a native of barrt-n, sandy plains, and belonpfs to the 
 large and much-neglected class of Australian shrubs. 
 
 Coronilla varia. 
 (See p. 379.) 
 
 specidsa, Alt. {C. cardindUs, P. Muell.). Tender 
 shrub, 2-3 ft. high: branches slender, brown, opposite, 
 covered with minute rusty hairs: Ivs. opposite, about 1 
 in. long, elliptic, about a fourth as wide as long, wrinkled, 
 dark green above, whitish below, margin entire, re- 
 curved : peduncles opposite, axillary, longer than the 
 Ivs., 1-fld., with a pair of leafy bracts: fls. iVgin. long, 
 pendent, tubular, bright scarlet, with a very short limb 
 of 4 spreading, greenish yellow segments; calyx small, 
 cup-shaped, with 4 almost obsolete teeth ; stamens 8, 
 exserted, about ^4 in. B.M. 4912.— There are several 
 varieties. W. M. 
 
 C0BTAD£:BIA. see Oynerium. 
 
 CORTtrSA (named by the herbalist Matthiolus after 
 his t'rieiid C'ortusus. professor of botany at Padua). 
 PrimuldcecB. A genus of possibly 4 species of which 
 C. MntthioU, Linn., from the Swiss Alps, has long been a 
 choice and delicate but not very popular plant, suited 
 for shady parts of the rockery. It was long consiclered 
 the only species of the genus. It is an herbaceous 
 
 perennial, about C in. high, pubescent, rhlzoniatous, 
 with a few long-stalked, cordate, 7-9-lol>«'d, <lentate Ivs.' 
 an<l a slender scape bearing an umbel of about 7 snmll' 
 rosy purple, drooping lis., which appear in suninur. It 
 has some resemblance to Primula eortusioiden. The 
 penus has possibly 4 species, and is distinguished from 
 Primula and Androsace by its stamens attache<l to the 
 base of the corolla, and its long-ucuminate anthers. 
 According to ,1. B. Keller, its culture is similar to that 
 of the hardy Primulas, but it needs winter protection in 
 the northeru states. 
 
 CORYANTHES (Greek, knrys, helmet, and anthos, 
 flower, referring to the shape of the lip). Orchidticea, 
 tribe \'dnde(r. This complex genus, which is closely re- 
 lated to Stanhopea, is represented by several interesting 
 species inhabiting tropical America. Sepals sprea<ling 
 dilated, tlexuose, conduplicate, lateral ones largest, dis- 
 tinct at the base : petals small, erect : labelluni larsre, 
 tridentate, basal portion forming a hood, continued into 
 the column; distal portion bucket or pouch-like: column 
 pointing downwards, elongate<l, terete, bicornute at the 
 base, apex recurved : pollinia 2, compressed, caudiole 
 linear, arcuate. Pseudobulbous : Ivs. plicate, !an«'eo- 
 late, alxiut 1 ft. long. The bucket part of the hihellum 
 is provided with a spout-like structure, by means of 
 which the bucket overflows whc" about half full of a 
 secretion which drops from a pair of glands near the 
 base of the column. The fls. of the species known are 
 not lasting, the sepals being of such delicate texture 
 that, though at flrst they fully expand, they soon colli.pse 
 and become unsightly. Although much interest attaches 
 to the species of Coryanthes, the genus is not generally 
 cultivated, since the fls. last too short a time and are 
 not particularly brilliant. For culture, see Stanhopea. 
 
 macrdntha, Hook, (tround color rich yellow dotted 
 with red. Hood and part of bucket brownish red : tls. 
 few. in drooping racemes. Caracas. P.M. 5:.'U. 
 
 maculiita. Hook. Sepals and petals dull, pale yellow, 
 bu<'ket blotched on the inside with dull red. H.M.:no"2. 
 — Var. punctata has the petals and sepals bright yellow, 
 speckled with red. the hood yellow, blotched with red- 
 dish orange, the pouch pale, speckled and spotted with 
 red. Demerara. Oakes Ames. 
 
 CORYDALIS (Greek, lark, the spur of the flower re- 
 sembling a lark's spur). Fitmaridceif. A large genus 
 of hardy plants allied to the Dutchman's Breeches, and 
 with finely cut foliage of a similar character, but weedier 
 and less delicate than the Dicentras. They are all of 
 easy culture. They prefer full sunlight but will grow in 
 half-shade. Prop, by division or seed. 
 
 A. Fls. chiefly purple or rose, sometime.s tipped yellov. 
 
 B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stcm-li-.f. ffiv. 
 
 bulbdsa, DC. {C. sSlida, Sw.). Erect, 6 in. high : Ivs. 
 .S-4, stalked, biternately cut. segments wedge-shaped or 
 oblong: ro<it solid: fls. large, purplish. Spring. 
 
 BB. Plant annual: root fibrous: stem-lvs. many. 
 
 glailca, Pursh. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, very glaucous : 
 lobes of the Ivs. mostly spatulate : racemes short, pani- 
 cled at tiie naked summit of the branches : fls. l)arely 
 >s in. long, rose or purple with yellow tips ; spur short 
 and round : capsule slender, linear: seeds with minute, 
 transverse wrinkles. Summer. Rocky or sterile ground. 
 Nova Scotia to Rocky Mts.. and even Arctic coa<t, 
 south to Texas. B.M. 179. — Not advertised for sale, but 
 probably worth cult. 
 
 AA. FU. chiefly yellotc. 
 
 B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stem-lvs. few. 
 
 ndbllis, Pers. Perennial, erect : Ivs. bipinnately cut ; 
 segnu'uts wedge-shaped and lobed at the apex : fls. 
 white, tipped with yellow, and a dark purple spot: spur 
 1 in. long. Spring. Siberia. B.M. 195;{, as Funiaria 
 nobilis. G.C. II. 19:?25. 
 
 BB. Plant annual or biennial : root fibrous : stem- 
 lvs. numerous. 
 
 atirea, Wilhl. Annual, G in. high, commonly low and 
 si>readitur : fls. golden yellow, about % in. lone, on 
 rather slender pedicels in a short raceme ; spur barely 
 
CORYDALIS 
 
 CORYLUS 
 
 381 
 
 half the lenjrth of the body, somewhat decurved : cap- 
 sulfs spreading or pendulous, about 1 in. long ; seeds 
 10-12, turgid, obtuse at margin, the shining surface ob- 
 scurely netted. Rocky banks of Lower Canada and N. 
 New England, northwest to latitude 64°, west to Brit. 
 Col. and Ore., south to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. ; not Jap.— 
 The western forms have the spur almost as long as the 
 bo<ly of the corolla and pass into 
 
 Var. occidentilis, Engelm. More erect and tufted, 
 from a stouter and sometimes more enduring root : fls. 
 larger ; spur commonly ascending : capsules thicker; 
 seeds less turgid, acutish at margins. Colo.. New Mex., 
 W. Tex., Ariz. Cult, by D.M. Andrews, Boulder, Colo., 
 who considers it biennial. 
 
 curvisiliqua, Engelm. Probably a biennial. Com- 
 monly more robust than C ann-a, ascending or erect, 
 1 ft. iiigh or less: fls. golden yellow, over K in. long, in 
 a spike-like raceme ; spur as long a.s the body, com- 
 monly ascending : capsules quadrangular, W^ in. long ; 
 sep<ls turgid to lens-shaped, with acute margins densely 
 and minutely netted. Woods in Tex. Cult, by D. M. 
 Andrews, Boulder, Colo. 
 
 liltea, DC. Erect or spreading, 6-8 in. high, anniial. or 
 forming a tufte<l stock of several years* duration : Ivs. 
 delicate, pale green, much divided ; segments ovate or 
 wedge-shaped, and 2-;Mobed : Hs. pale yellow, about 
 J^ in. long, in short racemes; spur short : pod a fourth 
 or third of an inch long. Stony places of S. Eu., and 
 runs wild in Eu. 
 
 C.cAva, Scliwcigg. & Kort. (probaoly a form of C. tuberosa, 
 DC.) is somewhat l.-irger than C. bulhosa, with pretty fls. vary- 
 ing into purplish and white. Eu. — C *Vow/«t». Hook., grows 3 
 ft., and is cult, in some European gardens. W. Amer. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 CORYLOPSIS (Corylus and o;jsi.s, likeness; in foliage 
 resembling the Hazel), nnmamelidiiceir. Deciduous 
 shnihs, rarely trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, dentate : 
 fls. in nodding racemes, appearing before the Ivs., yel- 
 low ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a 2-ceIled, dehiscent 
 capsule, with 2 shining black seeds. Si.x species in E. 
 Asia and Himal. Low ornamental shrubs, with slender 
 branches and pale bluish green, distinct foliage ; very 
 attractive in early spring, when covered with yellow, 
 fragrant fls. Not hardy north of New York. They grow 
 best in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, by seeds sown in 
 spring, beit with slight bottom heat, and by cuttings of 
 half-ripened wood in summer under glass; also by lay- 
 ers, rooting readily in moderately moist, peaty soil, 
 
 paucifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. Low, much-branched shrub, 
 2-H it.: Ivs. obliquely cordate, ovate, sinuate-dentate, 
 ciliate, pubescent and glaucous beneath, 1-2 in. long : 
 racemes 2-3-fld., %-% in. long : Hs. light yellow. Jap. 
 S.Z. 20. G.F. 5:342. Gt. 48:1467. 
 
 spic&ta, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. oblique and 
 rounded or cordate at the base, roundish ovate or obo- 
 vate. sinuate-dentate, glaucous beneath and pubescent, 
 2-3}^ in. long: racemes 7-10-fld., 1-2 in. long: Hs. bright 
 vellow. Jap. S.Z. 19. B.M. 5458. F.S. 20:2l:{5. R.H. 
 1861). p. 230; 1878, p. 198. -This species has larger and 
 handsomer foliage and t!s. of a deeper yellow, in longer 
 racemes, but C. pauciflora flowers more profusely and 
 is somewhat hardier. 
 
 C. HiinatayanG, Grifif. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. 
 poniate-ovate. 4-7 in.: racemes 1-2}'^ in. long. Himal. B.M. 
 6779. Tender. ALFRED RehdER. 
 
 CORYLUS (ancient Greek name). CupuUferc^, tribe 
 Betithlceie. Hazel. Filbert. Cobnut. Shrubs, rarely 
 trees : Iva. alternate, deciduous, stipulate, petioled. ser- 
 rate and more or less pubescent : fls. mimtpcious, ap- 
 pearing before the Ivs., staminate, in long, pendulous 
 catkins, formed the previous year, and remaining naked 
 during the winter (Fig. 560), each bnwt bearing 4 di- 
 vided stamens; pistillate included in a small, scaly bud 
 with only the red styles protniding ( Fig. .')61) : fr. a nut, 
 ii luded or surrounded by a leafy involucre, usually in 
 <' -ters at the end of short branches. Eleven species in 
 X. Amer., Eu. and Asia are described. Numeroiis va- 
 rieties are cult, in Eu. for their edible nuts. They are 
 also valuable for planting shrubberies, and thrive in al- 
 most any soil. Prop, by seeds sown in fall, or stratified 
 
 and sown in sprinjf ; the varieties usually by suckers, 
 or by layers, put down in fall or spring ; they will be 
 rooted the following fall. Budding in summer is some- 
 times practiced for growing standard trees, and grafting 
 in spring in the greenhouse for scarce varieties. They 
 may also be increase«l by cuttings of mature wood taken 
 oflf in fall, kept during the winter in sand or moss in a 
 cellar and planted in spring in a warm and sandy soil. 
 Illustrated monograph of the cultivated varieties by 
 Franz Goeschke, Die Haselnnss 
 (1887). See, also, bulletin on Nut- 
 culture by the U. S. Dept. of Agr. 
 
 560. Winter catkins 
 of Filbert. 
 
 561. Pistillate 
 
 flo\vers of 
 Corylus rostrata. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
 A. Husk or involucre consisting of tiro distinct bractg 
 {sometimes partly connatt). 
 
 B. Involucre deeply divided into many linear, nearly 
 entire segments, densely beset with glandular 
 hairs. Tree. 
 
 Coliima, Linn. Tree, to 70 ft.: Ivs. deeply cordate, 
 roundish ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly lobed and 
 doubly crenate-serrate. at length nearly glabrous above, 
 pubescent beneath, 3-7 int long: nut roundish ovate, 
 4-5 in. long. From S. Eu.. to Himal. — Ornamental tree, 
 with regular pyramidal, head, not (juite hardy north. 
 Rarely cult, for the fr. under the name of Filbert of 
 Constantinople or Constantinople nut. 
 
 B. Involucre sparingly glandular, with lanceolate or 
 triangular-dentate lobes: nut slightly compressed. 
 Shrttbs. 
 
 Americana, Walt. Fig. 562. Shrub, 3-8 ft.: Ivs. 
 slightly cordate or rounded at the base, broadly ovate 
 •)roval, irregularlv serrate, sparingly pubescent' above, 
 finely tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long : involucre com- 
 pressed, exceeding the nut, the 2 bracts sometimes more 
 or less connate, with rather short., irregular, toothed 
 lobes : nut roundish ovate. al>out % in. high. From 
 Canada to F!a. west to Ontario and Dak. B.B. 1:5"7.— 
 Two forms of involucre are shown in Fig. 562. ''Mis 
 figure is adapted from the bulletin of the Dept. of Agr. 
 on Nut-culture. 
 
 AvellAnu, Linn. Figs. 560, .562. Shrub, to 15 ft.: Ivs. 
 slightly cordate. HMindish oval or broadly obovate, 
 doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, at length nearly 
 glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath : in- 
 volucre shorter than the nut, deeply and irregularly in- 
 cised: nut roundish o"ate, }4-% in. high. Eu., N. Afr., 
 W. Asia. — Var. atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. lacini&ta, 
 Hort. (var. heterophylta. Loud.). Lvs. laciniately in- 
 cised or lobed. Var. p^ndula, Hort. With pendulous 
 branches. There are also many varieties cultivated for 
 their fruit. 
 
382 
 
 CORYLUS 
 
 COBTLUS 
 
 Husk tubular, of connate 
 bracts. 
 
 B. Involucre campannlate, witJt 
 large, dentate, spreading lobes. 
 
 P6ntica, Koch, Shrub: Ivs. cor- 
 date, roundish ovate or broad-oval, 
 doubly serrate : involucre finely 
 pubescent, with few glandular hairs 
 at the base: nut large, broad -ovate. 
 W. Asia. F.S. 21:2223-4 as C. 
 Colurna. — From this species the 
 Cob Nuts seem to have originated; 
 also the Spanish Nuts are probably 
 mostly cross-breeds between this 
 species and C. Avellana or C 
 maxima, or between the two latter 
 species. 
 
 BB. Involucre narroived above 
 the nut into a beak. 
 
 maxima, Mill. {C. tubulbsa, 
 Willd.). Shrub, sometimes small 
 tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate, round- 
 ish-ovate, slightly lobed and doubly 
 serrate, 3-6 in. long : involucre 
 finely pubescent outside: nut ob- 
 long, large; kernel with thin red or 
 white skin. S. Eu. — Var. pur- 
 ptlrea, Hort. (C. Avellana pur- 
 purea, Hort.). Lvs. deep pur- 
 plish red. Many varieties, with 
 large nuts, known as Filberts 
 or Lambert's Filberts. 
 
 rostrita, Ait. Figs. 561, 562. 
 Shrub, 2-6 ft. : lvs. rounded or 
 slightly cordate at the base, oval 
 or obovate, densely serrate and 
 sometimes slightly lobed, nearly 
 glabrous at length, except spar- 
 ingly pubescent on the veins be- 
 neath, 2>^-4 in. long : involucre 
 densely beset with bristly 
 hairs, beak long and narrow : 
 nut ovoid, K in. long. East- 
 em N. Amer., west to Minn, 
 and Colo. G.F. 8:345. B.B. 
 1 : 508. 
 
 Cali!6mica, Rose. Fig. 
 562. Allied to C. rostrata. 
 Shrub, to 20 ft.: lvs. more 
 villous beneath : involucre 
 with a short beak, which is 
 often flaring and sometimes 
 torn. 
 
 C. heterophylla, Fisch. Allied 
 to C. Avellana. Lvs. more lobed: 
 involucre large, spreading, longer than the 
 fr.. with large, triangnlar, nearly entire 
 teeth. N. China, .lap. (Offered by import- 
 ers.)— (7.1fa?u/«AMrica, Maxim. Allied toO. 
 rostrata. Lvs. large and broad: involucre thickly 
 beset with strong brown bristles ; tul)e slightly 
 enlarged at the apex, and laciniately divided into 
 narrow, entire segments. Amurland, Jap.— C. 
 Sieboldi, Blume. Allied to C. rostrata. Lvs. nar- 
 rower: involucre densely coated with loosely ap- 
 pressed, less bristly h;iirs; l>eak long and nar- 
 rowed to wanl the end. A.tt. 12:267. ALFRED ReHDER. 
 
 Culture for the Nuts.— Hazel, Filbert, Cobnut. 
 The three native Hazels, C. Americana, C. Califor- 
 nica and C. rostrata, have been sparingly introduced 
 to cultivation, but have not developed varieties 
 worthy of naming or propagating. The foreign species, 
 
 C. Avellana, C Pontiva and C maxima, were intro- 
 duced along the Atlantic seaboard at an early day, and 
 are maintained in gardens throughout the New England 
 and Middle Atlantic states. Efforts to make extensive 
 culture profitable in the eastern United States have 
 hitherto failed, probably from attacks of a fungous dis- 
 ease, Cryptospora anomala, common on C. Americana, 
 but not specially injurious to that species. It attacks 
 and destroys the young branches, and later the older 
 branches and trunk, without killing the root. Bordeaux 
 
 562. 
 
 Filberts and 
 
 Hazels. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
 1, American-grown 
 FUljert; 2, Cory 
 lus Americana, 
 form with open invo- 
 lucre; 3, G. Americana, 
 closed involucre; 4.(7. 
 Calif omica; 5, C ros- 
 trata. 
 
 mixture has been suggested as a 
 preventive, but recorded success- 
 ful experiments are lacking. Ex- 
 perimental plantings on the Pacitic 
 slope indicate greater success with 
 imported Hazels there than in the 
 east, but they have not developed 
 commercial importance. 
 
 The requirements of the Hazel in 
 America, so far as known, are: 
 moderately rich, well-drained .xoilj 
 absence of C. Americana from vi- 
 inity ; freedom from mild periods 
 in winter and late frosts in 
 spring. It is specially subject 
 to frost injur>', as both stami- 
 nate and pistillate catkins de- 
 velop in fall and quiikly swell 
 and open under the inrtuence of 
 mild weather in winter. The 
 staminate catkins commonly 
 bloom first. If they are de- 
 stroyed by frost, fertilization 
 can be accomplished by sus- 
 pending branches from trees 
 from other localities, even of 
 other species of Corylus. 
 
 Propagation by seeds is easily 
 done by stratifying in fall and 
 planting in nursery rows in 
 early spring. Seedlings vary 
 exceedingly, and varieties are 
 perpetuated by budding, graft- 
 ing, suckers or layers ; com- 
 monly by the last two methods. 
 A considerable supply of well 
 rooted suckers can be obtained 
 from fruiting trees by banking 
 in summer with rich soil or 
 stable manure to promote root 
 formation. Stools for layering 
 should be heavily manured to force 
 h>ng and slender shoots suitable 
 for bending. These should be 
 staked down in winter or spring 
 and covered wifh earth. They may 
 be removed to nursery rows or 
 orchard at end of first season. 
 
 Planting should be at a distance 
 of 10 to 20 feet in well prepared soil, 
 in fall or spring. Ground may be 
 croppe<l with low growing, culti- 
 vated plants while trees are young, 
 but should be maintained in good 
 tilth and fertility. 
 
 Pruning is of special importance 
 with this nut. Trees are usually 
 headed at height of 1 or 2 feet, 
 though often permitted to take nat- 
 ural form, which is that of a many- 
 stemmed bush, designated a "stool,"' 
 Trees are classified according to 
 height of clear trunk into "stan- 
 dard." "half standard," and "dwarf 
 standard." A short trimk, with 
 vase-form head of six or more 
 branches, is preferred. Suckers 
 should be kept down, unless desired 
 for propagation. Both sexes of blos- 
 soms are borne on 1-year-old lateral 
 twigs or spurs. March or April, 
 after flowers of both sexes have 
 bloomed, is considered best 
 time for pruning, as unneces- 
 sary sacrifice of pollen 
 can thus be avoided. 
 Strong shoots should 
 be headed back to 
 promote spur forma- 
 tion, and old wood 
 that has borne fruit 
 should be removed 
 annually. 
 
 
CORYLUS 
 
 COSMIDIOI 
 
 383 
 
 The nuts should not be gathered until ripe, a condition 
 indicated by the browning of the edges of the husk. If 
 left until fully ripe, many of the nuts will rattle out and 
 be lost. The highest prices are obtained for freshly 
 gathered nuts in the husks. To prevent husks from 
 molding, they should be well dried or slightly sulphured. 
 Hazelnuts may he held for considerable periods in tight 
 receptacles, as casks or jars, by sprinkling salt over them 
 and storing them in a cool, dry place, or in a refriger- 
 ated compartment. 
 
 Few insects trouble the European Hazelnuts in 
 America, the nut weevil of Europe, Balaniniift nuctim, 
 not having yet been naturalized, /i. nanicus sometimes 
 does considerable injury to the native species. 
 
 Nuts and Filberts are terms loosely used abroad, espe- 
 cially in England, to designate certain rather indefinite 
 forms of C Arellava and C. maxima. In general, such 
 varieties as have husks shorter than their fruits are 
 termed Nuts, while such as have husks as long as or 
 longer than their fruits are designated Filberts. 
 
 But few varieties are known in America, most of the 
 Hazels grown being seedlings from imported nuts. Va- 
 rieties of C. AveUana and C. maxima are not. clearly 
 distinguishable, but in general those with husks longer 
 than the nuts are assigned to C. maxima, and those with 
 short husks to C. AveUana. 
 
 Alba (White Filbert) . Regarded in England as one of the best 
 varieties. Can be kept in husk longer tlian most others l>eeause 
 of constrieted form of husk. Kernel covered witli a white skin. 
 Known as Avelinier Blanche, Wrotham Park, etc. Succeeds in 
 California. 
 
 Cosford (Miss Young's, Thin-shelled). Nut ol)long, thin- 
 shelled, of excellent quality; in a hirsute, laoiniated husk, about 
 the same length as nut. 
 
 (7n«pa (Cape Nut, Frizzled Filbert). Nut thin-shelled, some- 
 what flattened, late; in husks curiously frizzled throughout and 
 wide open at the mouth. Very productive. 
 
 Dounton Large Square. Nut very large, semi-square, thiek- 
 shelletl and well filled, of the highest quality ; husk smooth, 
 shorter than nut. 
 
 Du Chilly. A fine, large, compressed-cylindrical variety, with 
 moderately thifk shell, and of fine quality. Intro«luced from 
 France by Felix Gillet, of California. The largest Filbert grown 
 in America so far as known. 
 
 Grandis (Round Cobnut). Nut large, short, slightly com- 
 pressed, of good quality when fresh, with a think and hard shell ; 
 in a short husk, much frizzled an<l hairy. One of the best varie- 
 ties ; considered the true Barcelona nut of commerce. Also 
 known as Downton, Dwarf Prolific, Great Ck)b, Pearson's Pro- 
 lifie and Round Cob. 
 
 Jones. A short, roundish nut, of medium size.and good quality, 
 somewhat grown for several years in central Delaware. Bush 
 hardy and \igorous, producing suckers freely, and thus far free 
 from disease. 
 
 Lambert (Laml>ert's Filbert, Lambert's Nut, Filbert Cob; 
 Kentish Cob, erron«H>usly). Nut large, oblong, somewhat com- 
 pressed; shell rather thick; kernel plump and of rich flavor; an 
 excellent keeper. Husk quite smooth, longer than nut and but 
 slightly cut in margin. Tree productive. Considered the best 
 variety grown in England, where it has been known since 1812. 
 
 Purple-leaved. Nut large and of excellent quality; in a husk 
 longer than the fruit. Plante<l for ornament, and productive of 
 good nuts under proper treatment. The leaves and husks are 
 of a deep purplecolor, which is retaineil until frost. The stami- 
 nate catkins are tenxler and often injureil by frosts in winter, 
 but when supplied with pollen from some more hardy variety 
 it yields large crops. 
 
 Red Aveline (Avelineer Rouge. Red Hazel). Nut large, ovate, 
 thin-shelled, with a smooth, red-skinned kernel, and of sweet 
 nutty flavor. This variety is prized in eastern California as a 
 productive sort of good quality. 
 
 Spanish. Nut very large, oblong, thick-shelled, with a smooth 
 husk longer than the fruit. Sometimes confounded with Ciran- 
 
 ^8- W. A. Taylor. 
 
 CORYNdSTYLIS ( Greek, describing the club-shaped 
 style). Viold.ce(g. Woody climbers, with alternate Ivs. 
 and racemes of long-stalked violet-like fls. C. Hybanthus, 
 Mart. & Zucc. ( Calyptrion A nbletii, Ging. Corifn6t<t}flis 
 Auhletii, Hort. ), is native of trop. America. The Ivs. 
 are large, ovate, serrate : fls. white, in short axillary 
 fascicles, which are contiguous along the stem, long- 
 spurred, 2 or 3 times as large as a violet. F.S. 21 : 2213. 
 —A handsome, vigorous warmhouse climber, and cult, in 
 the open in S. California. Prop, by cuttings and seeds. 
 
 COB^FHA (Greek for summit or /op,— where the Ivs. 
 grow). PalmAcece, tribe Cortipheif. Tall, spineless, 
 monocarpic palms : trunk stout, ringed : Ivs. terminal, 
 large, orbicular, tlabellately divided to the middle into 
 numerous linear-lanceolate segments; sesrments indupli- 
 cate in the bud; rachis none; ligule small: petiole long, 
 stout, concave above, spiny on the margins : sheaths 
 split; spadix solita.'y, erect, paniculately much branched; 
 spathes many, tubular, sheathing the peduncle and 
 branches: fls. green: frs. as large as a cherry, with a 
 fleshy pericarp. Species ; tropical Asia and Malay Archi- 
 pelago. These fan-palms are cultivated the same as Cham- 
 ffirops and Livistona. They are warmhouse plants, prop, 
 by seeds. Large fans, umbrellas and tents are made of 
 the Talipot palm by th*^ natives of Ceylon. 
 
 Coryphas are but littl jrrown commercially, the growth 
 of young plants being ow. Good loam well enriched 
 with stable manure, a ^rht temperature of 65° and 
 abundant moisture, are the chief requisites in their cul- 
 ture, with a moderately shaded house during the 
 summer. 
 
 el4ta, Roxb. {C. Gebdnga, Blume). Trunk straight, 
 60-70 ft. high, 2 ft. in diam., spirally ridged: Ivs. lunate, 
 8-10 ft. in diam. : segments 80-100. separated nearly to the 
 middle, ensiform, obtuse or bifid : petioles (i-12 ft., 
 with black margins and curved spines. Bengal and 
 Burma. 
 
 umbracullfera, Linn. Talipot Palm. Fig. 563. Trunk 
 annulate, 60-80 ft. : Ivs. sub-lunate, 6 ft. long by 13 ft. 
 wide, palmately pinnatifid, conduplicate above the mid- 
 dle : segments obtusely bifid : petiole 7 ft., the spines 
 
 563. Corypha umbraculifera. 
 
 along its margins often in pairs. Malabar coast and 
 Ceylon. A.F. 12:313. Gng.5:213. The picture (Fig. 563) 
 is adapted from Martins' Natural History of Palms. 
 
 C. austrdlis, R. Br. See Livistona.— C. macrophylla. Hort. = ?— 
 C. m)nor, ,Jacq. See Sabal.— C Wogani, Hort., is a dwarf round- 
 Ivd. plant. A.G.15:.107. 
 
 Jared G. Smith, and W. H. Taplin. 
 
 COSMANTHUS. All included in Phacelia. 
 COSMlDIUM is Thelesperma. 
 
384 
 
 COSMOS 
 
 COSMOS 
 
 COSMOS (from the Greek word with a root idea of 
 orderliness; hence an ^ornament or beautiful thing, 
 which tits the present case; tinally and usually the uni- 
 verse, because of its orderliness). Compositir. A ge- 
 nus of at most 20 species of annual or perennial herbs, 
 all tropical American, mostly Mexican, often tall, usu- 
 ally glabrous: Ivs. opposite, pinnatelyout in the garden 
 kinds, in some others entire or lobed: lis. typically 
 shades of rose, crimson and purple, with one yellow 
 species, and white horticultural varieties, long pedun- 
 cled. solitary or in a loose, corymbose panicle : akenes gla- 
 brtms: chaff of the receptacle in ('. ////x'H/ja/^.s withalong 
 and slender apex, in other species with a blunt and short 
 apex. The genus is distinguished from Bidens chiedy 
 by the seeds, which are beaketl in Cosmos but not dis- 
 tinctly so in Bidens, and by the color of the rays, which 
 in Cosmos is typically some form of crimson, while in 
 Bidens the rays are j^ellow or white. 
 
 The "Black Cosmos" (C dirersifoUus) is, perhaps, 
 better known to the tra<le as a Bidens or Dahlia. It has 
 the dwarf habit and dark red early lis. of some Dahlias, 
 but the akenes are very puzzling. They resemble those 
 of Bidens in being 4-angled. and not distinctly beaked. 
 They are unlike Bidens, and like Cosmos, in being not 
 distinctly compressed on the back. They resemble both 
 genera in having 2 rigid persistent a^^^ls, but, unlike 
 these genera, the awns havenoretrorse barbs or prickles. 
 The akenes are linear, as in Cosmos and all our native 
 tropical species of Bidens; but, although narrowed at 
 the apex, they are not distinctly beaked, as in most spe- 
 cies of the genus Cosmos. The plant is, perhaps, near- 
 est to Bidens. 
 
 Among the garden annuals that have come ^^^^ promi- 
 nence in recent years, the Cosmos has a 
 most brilliant future. Until 189.5 there 
 were in the two leading species only three 
 strongly marked colors; white, pink and 
 crimson. These and the less clearly de- 
 fined intermediate shades have all come 
 from C. bipinnatus; the yellow forms have 
 come from C. sulphurei(s,vrhieh was intro- 
 duced in IHIM). Although Cosmos has been vastly im- 
 proved within the last live years, it still leaves much to 
 be desired and offers a most promising field to the plant- 
 breeder. The two species are still too lat^ in coming into 
 bloom and too tall and weedy looking in their habit of 
 growth, but the season is])eing gradually shortened, wit^ 
 dwarfer forms continually coming on, and it is neces- 
 sary to be patient while this interesting evolution is tak- 
 ing place. The chief improvement so far has been made 
 in California and in Georgia. In the east, for best results 
 it is still necessary to sow seed indoors in April and 
 transplant outdoors as soon as danger of frost is past. 
 Seed sown in the open ground often fails to produce 
 flowers in some northern localities before frost. The 
 slightest frost kills the typical species, but some of the 
 new strains are said to resist a degree or two of frost. 
 At first Cosmos flowers were only an inch or two across. 
 The best varieties now average ,"{ inches, and some- 
 times reach 4 and 5 without thinning or disbudding. 
 Pure white f owers of Cosmos are rareh' if ever found 
 wild. l)nt some of the cultivated varieties are nearly pure. 
 The .T-' up i totally lacking in bright reds. It would be 
 interesting to try for shatles of red by crossing with 
 the dark blood-red C d i vers i foil us {known as the 
 Black Cosmos, DahUa Zimapaui and Bidens atrosan- 
 yninea), which, however, would be a somewhat violent 
 cross, as that is a low-growing, early-flowering, tuberous- 
 rooted perennial. However. Cosmos is closely related to 
 Dahlia, Coreopsis, and Bidens. tlie first two being of 
 great garden importance and the latter, though weedy, 
 having possibilities. The rays of Cosmos hiphinatiis are 
 typically obcordate in outline, narrow at the base, broad 
 at the apex and with three strongly marked teeth, which, 
 as in C<»reopsis, are a great part of the characteristic 
 beauty of the flower. In the wild single Dahlia these 
 teeth are so short that they serve only to mar the sym- 
 metry of cMitline. and in the high-bred, cultivated varie- 
 ties of single Dahlias these teeth are practically if not 
 wholly obliterated. This will perhaps never happen to 
 the Cosmos, at least in America. On the contrary, the 
 rays of the Cosmos sometimes have an extra number of 
 teeth, often G or 7 altogether, and the effect is very 
 
 attractive and individual. Moreover, these teeth are often 
 somewhat wavy, giving the whole flower a frilled appear- 
 ance. The wild Cosmos is a stellate flower; that is, it has 
 open spaces between its rays. These rays in cultivation 
 have bromlened an<l rounded in outline and have over- 
 lapped, so that the new forms do not show any vacant 
 spaces between the rays but present a solid un])rokeu 
 fju'e. This same tendency _ 
 
 has prevailed in the garden '•' kJll ^ 
 
 evolution of many other fa- ^^ 
 
 vorites, notably the "shoul- 
 dered" Tulips, "rose-pet- 
 aled Geraniums," and single 
 Dahlias. The named varie- 
 ties of Cosmos may always 
 
 564. Cosmos bipinnatus. 
 
 (XK.) 
 
 A oiiltivate<l form. The rays of wild 
 riowers have only three teeth and 
 they are much more pronounced. 
 
COSMOS 
 
 COTONEASTER 
 
 385 
 
 be expected to hare more symmetripal and perfectly 
 formed flowers than the mixed and nameless varie- 
 ties, much as the biKhest bred single Dahlias always 
 have 8 rays all exactly alike, while it is a mark of Dah- 
 lias of low degree to have more than H rays or an unsym- 
 metrical arrangement of them. A new feature, too, is 
 the advent of a distinct ring of color fonued by a dash 
 of crimson at the base of each ray. The wild Cosmos 
 is not troubled by a spot of yellow at the Ijase of each 
 ray, as is the wihl Dahlia. In the case of the single 
 Dalilia, the yellow color at the base of the ray never be- 
 comes definite and conspicuous enough to form an addi- 
 tional attractive feature, as it does in Chri/sduthetniim 
 carinatum, but it often spoils the unity of effect and 
 fails to harmonize with the chief color of the flower, 
 especially when the latter is magenta, crimson, rose, 
 or any allied shade. There are no full ilouble forms of 
 Cosmos as yet, and, as regards strongly marked types 
 of doubling, the Cosmos may be decades behind the 
 China Asters. In the single forms, flat, incurved or 
 cupping, and reflexed flowers are to be looked for, and 
 can be tixed if there is sufficient demand for mainte- 
 nance of the three types. 
 
 It is a mistake to grow Cosmos in too rich soil, as one 
 gets too vigorous growth and too few flowers, which are 
 alsi» late. A sandy soil is to be preferred as being earlier, 
 and not too rich. It is well to pinch out the leading 
 shoots of young plants in order to make them bushy and 
 symmetrical, instead of tall and straggling. -^y^ j^j_ 
 
 Cosmos bipinnafus has many varieties as to shapes, 
 and its colors run through white, " washed " or faded 
 pinks, and reds. The plants grow 7-10 ft., and bloom 
 in fall only. A dwarf variety of this species, and start- 
 ing out with Dawn ( wliite sliaded to pink at center) has 
 developed colors until it now inchides white, pink and 
 crimson. The plants are some 4% ft. high, and bloom in 
 July. The seed is only one-half the length of the typical 
 C. biphitiatua. This selection was continued until (hmble 
 blooms were secured, but double blooms perfected no 
 seed. 
 
 C. aulphurens is entirely distinct from the above, the 
 foliage being broad and handsomely cut. whilst the 
 flowers vary from sulfur-yellow of the typical species, 
 to the rich orange-yellow of Klondyke, and a tall, 
 late variety*. Cosmos sulphureus shows an inferior 
 bloom l.^'ain. in diameter, rather meager f<diage, and 
 grows about 3 ft. high. The tall, late variety has fine, 
 rich orange fls. 2%-H^ in. in diameter, with very heavy, 
 coarse and dense foliage, grows 7-12 ft. high, and 
 blooms in Georgia after October 15. The Klondyke. a 
 hybrid of my own from Cosmos sulphureus. and the tall, 
 late-blooming variety, has rich orange-yellow blooms, 
 2}i-3}4 in. in diameter, with ftdiage a happy medium be- 
 tween its two parents, grows 3J^-4 ft. high, begins to 
 bloom in Georgia from field -grown seed April !.'», and by 
 May 15 is a plant 23-5. ft. tall, covered with blooms from 
 base to top, which continue without cessation until 
 killed by frost, when plant is 3}i ft. high an«l of the same 
 spread. The culture of all varieties is simple, and only 
 requires well-prepared soil, not too rich, early planting 
 of seed, and the keeping of young plants free' of weeds 
 until they shade the ground. C. bipinmitus and the tall, 
 late variety should be planted in rows ft. apart and 4 
 ft. in a row. 
 
 The variety Dawn and its companions in white, pink 
 and crimson, and Klondyke should be v>lanted in .l-foot 
 rows, 3 ft. apart. Neither of the above yellow varieties 
 should be confounded with the worthless Bidens offered 
 as Cnxmos sulphureus. The earlier Cosmos seed is 
 planted after danger of frost the better, as it germinates 
 unsatisfactorily when the weather is warm. When cab- 
 bage seed can be sown in the field with safety, Cosmos 
 can also be sown. Cult. by A. W.' Smith. 
 
 A. Ifays white, pink or crimson : disk yellow. 
 
 bipinnitus, Cav. Fig. 564. Glabrous annual V-10 ft. 
 high: Ivs. bipinnately cut, lobes linear, remote, entire: 
 involucral scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white, 
 pink or crimson : seeds smooth, with an abrupt beak 
 much shorter than the body. Mex. B.M.ir.:}5. Gn.41:8;?8. 
 R.H. 1892:372. — The older and commoner species. C hy- 
 bridiis, Hort., is presumably a trade name for mixed 
 varieties of C. bipinnatus, but see G.F. 1:475. 
 
 25 
 
 AA. Bays yellow. • disk yellow. 
 
 stdph^reuB, Cav. Pubescent, 4-7 ft. high, much 
 branched: Ivs. ofte.i 1 ft. or more long, 2-or 3-pinnately 
 cut, lol>es lanct olate, mucronate, with rachis and midrib 
 ciliate or hispid; p nnie alternate, entire or 2-3-toothed: 
 peduncles 7-10 in. ong, naked: outer involucral bracts 
 8, linear, a<'uiaina e, grvcn, 2 line * long ; inner ones 
 8, oblong, obtuse, scarious, 5 lines long : fls. 2-3 in. 
 across, pale, pure or golden yellow: rays H, bmadly obo- 
 vate, strongly 3-toothed at the ap^'x, ribbed beneath: 
 anthers of the disk exserted, black, with oran^re tips: 
 seeds linear, 1 in. long, including the slender beak. 
 Mex. G.F. b : 485. — Int. 1896; parent of all yellow forms. 
 
 ^VAA. Rays dark red: disk red. 
 
 diversildliuf. Otto {Bhlens atrosanguinea, Ortg. B. 
 dahlioides, S.Wats. Ddhlia Zimapdni, KoezI ) . Black 
 Cosmos. Tender annual, 12-16 in. high, with tubers more 
 slender, and re«|uiring more care in winter, than those of 
 common Dahlias: Ivs. pinnately parted; Ifts. 5-7, entire 
 or slightly serrate, ♦he terminal Ifts. largest: peduncles 
 each bearing 1 hea«l 6 ii.. or m(»re above foliage: rays 
 dark velvetv re<l, somC^imes tinged dark purple. ^lex. 
 B..M. 5227. Gt. 1861 : 3i7. F.C. 2: 47. J.H. III. .33: 403. 
 Var. Bup^rba, Hort., is sold. — Prop, almost exclusively 
 by seeds. ^y jj 
 
 COSTMARY. The rayless form of Chrysanthemum 
 Balsamita, known as \a,r. tanacetoides. 
 
 C6STTJ8 (old classical name). Scitapninclce(f. Spiral. 
 FLAif. About .30 perennial thick-rooted herbs, in the 
 tropics of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for 
 their flowing-limbed showy fls.. which are in termi- 
 nal, bracteate spikes. Corolla tubular, equally cleft, not 
 showy: one staminodium, enlarged and bell-shaped, usu- 
 ally with a crispy limb. aT\<l forming the showy part of 
 the flower (called the lip), cleft down the bjick: ovary 
 3-loculed: filaments petaloid. More or less fleshy plants, 
 prized in wannhouses, and grown in the open in 8. Fla. 
 
 ■ This interesting genus of tropical herbs thrives in any 
 rich, moist soil, but luxuriates in that of a gravelly or 
 sandy character, when under partial shade. The plants 
 are readily propagated by cutting the canes, or stalks, 
 into short pieces of an inch or two in length, and plant- 
 ing in sifted peat, or fine moss and sand, covering but 
 lightly. The roots may also be divided, but this is a slow 
 means of propagation. Specimen plants require rather 
 high temperature to bring out the rich colors of the 
 leaves, which in some species are prettily marked with a 
 purplish tint, and are usually arranged spirally on the as- 
 cending stem. This gives rise to the name, " Spiral Flag." 
 
 A. Leaves green and plain. 
 B. Flower white. 
 
 gpecidsus, Smith. Four-5 ft., stout, erect: Ivs. ovate or 
 lance-ovate, nearly 1 ft. long, silky beneath: bracts red: 
 fl. large, with a flowing white limb and pink center, 
 3-4 in. across, not lasting. E. Ind. I.H.43:56. Gn. 
 47:1004. 
 
 BB. Flower red. 
 
 ignevLB, N. E. Brown. One-3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceo- 
 late, 4-6 in. long: bracts not colored nor consp)icuous: 
 fls. clustered, orange-red. Brazil. I. H. 31:511. B.M.6821. 
 J.H. III. 28:11. 
 
 AA. Leaves party-colored. 
 
 mus&icus, Hort. Lvs. obliquely lanceolate. 4-5 in. long, 
 dark green, marked and tessellateil with silvery gray. 
 W. Africa. — C. sfftriMrt is very likely the same. 
 
 E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B. 
 
 COTINUS. A section of Bhus. 
 
 COTONEASTEB (cotoneum, quince, and aster, simi- 
 lar; the lvs. of some species resemble those of the 
 Quince). Bosdcea>, subfamily Pomece. Shrubs, rarely 
 small trees: lvs. alternate, deciduous or persistent, short- 
 petioled, entire, stipulate: fls. solitary or in cymes, ter- 
 minal, on short lateral branchlets, white or pinkish; 
 petals 5: stamens about 20: fr. a black or red pomaceous 
 drupe, with 2-5 stones. About 25 species, in the tem- 
 perate regions of Europe and Asia, also in N. Africa, but 
 none in Japan. Ornamental shrubs, many of them with 
 decorative frs., remaining usually through the whole 
 
386 
 
 COTONEASTER 
 
 COTTON 
 
 winter, while only a few, lilte the hardy C. mulfinnra and 
 the tender (.'. friijidn, are conapi^'uous with abundant 
 white fls. Of the species with decorative red frs., V. 
 tomeniosa , C uumtnularia and C. imlgarin are quite 
 hardy, and C Sitnonni, C. aritminnta, C. rntHmiifoHa, 
 C. mivroph.iUa and others are hardy at least as far north 
 aa New York, while C. frUjida and its allies are the most 
 tender. The half-everjirreen or evergreen C. horizon- 
 talis and C. tnicrophi/Hn, with its allied species, are well 
 adapted for rockeries on account of their low almost 
 horizontal jjrowth. Cotoneasters thrive in any ^(kmI, well- 
 drained garden soil, hut dislike very moist and shady 
 positions. l*rop. by seeds, sown in fall or stratified; the 
 evergreen species grow readily from cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood in August under glass; increased also by 
 layers, put down in fall, or by grafting on C. vuhjarii*, 
 hawthorn, mountain ash or quince. Monogr. l»v H. 
 Zabel, Mitteil. Deutsch. Deudrol. Gesellsch., 1897:14-32; 
 1898:37-38. 
 
 A. Foliage dec idiioiis or semi-persistent: fls. usually 
 
 in cymes. 
 
 B. Fls. with erect petals, usually in feiv-fld. cymes. 
 
 C. Lvs. whitish tomentose beneath, deciduous. 
 
 vnlgriris.Lindl. (/?. integ^rrima,}ilei\.). Shnib,to4 ft. : 
 Ivs, ovate or oval, a»'ute or obtuse and mucronulate, gla- 
 brous and dark green above, whitish and at length 
 greenish tomentose beneath, %-2 in. long: cymes nod- 
 ding, 2— 4-tld.: fls. pale pinkish; calyx glabrous outside: 
 fr. globular, bright red. May, June. Europe, W. Asia, 
 Siberia. 
 
 tomentdsa, Lindl. Shrub, to G ft.: Ivs. broadly oval, 
 obtuse, dull green above and pubescent when young, 
 whitish tomentose beneath, 1-2^-2 in. long: fls. 3-12, 
 white; calyx tomentose outside : fr. bright brick-red. 
 June. Eu., W. Asia. — Sometimes cult, as C. speciosa, 
 Hort. 
 
 CC. Lvs. green beneath, with oppressed hairs, semi- 
 persistent or nearly so : calyx appressed-hairy 
 outside. 
 
 actunindkta, Lindl. Erect shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong to 
 ovate-oblong, acute, appressed-hairy on both sides, dull 
 alx>ve, 1^2-3 in. long: cymes 2-5-fld.. nodding: fls. white 
 or slightlv pinkish: fr. deep red, oblong. June. Hima- 
 layas. L.B.C. 10:919 (as Mespilus). R.H. 1889:348, 
 Fig. 5 (as C. Xepalensis). 
 
 Simonsi, Bak. Shrub, with spreading branches, to 4 ft. : 
 lvs. roundish oval, acute, glabrous above, K-1 in. long, 
 semipersistent: cymes 2-5-fld.: fls. white, slightly pink- 
 ish: fr. briglit red. June, July. Himalayas. — One of the 
 best red-fruiting species, often under the name C. Si- 
 mondsii or Symonsi. 
 
 horizont&lis, Dene. Low shrub; branches almost hori- 
 zontal and densely distichously branched : lvs. round- 
 oval, acute at both ends, glabrous above, sparingly 
 setoselv hairv beneath, %-%\n.. long: fls. erect. 1-2. pink: 
 fr. oblong, bright red. June. China. R. H. 1889: 348, 
 Fig. 1.— One of the most effective fruiting shrubs for 
 rockeries. 
 
 BB. Fls. with spreading petals, in erect, usually 
 many-fid. cymes, white. 
 
 C. Lvs. obtuse or acute, %-lK »«• long, deciduous. 
 
 nummuUria, Fisch. & Mey. Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect 
 or spreading branches, rarely prostrate: lvs. roundish 
 or broad ovate, whitish or grayish tomentose beneath, 
 glabrous above: cymes very short-peduncled, 3-12-fld. : 
 peduncle and calyx tomentose : fr. red. May. June. From 
 N. Africa and W. Asia to Himalayas and Turkestan.— 
 Var. racemiildra, Wenz. (C. Fontanesi, Spach). Lvs. 
 acute at both ends: cymes 5-12-fld. R.H. 1867: 31. Very 
 d"Corative and hardy. Var. orbicularis, Wenz. Low 
 and divaricate: lvs. roundish or obovate, }4-% in. long: 
 cymes 3-6-fld. 
 
 multifldra, Bunge {C. refUxa, Carr.). Shrub, to 6 ft., 
 with usually slender, arching branches: lvs. broad ovate, 
 usually acute, slightly tomentose beneath, soon becoming 
 glabrous : cymes very numerous, 6-20-fld. : calyx and 
 peduncles glabrous: fr. red. Mav. Spain, W. Asia to 
 Himalayas and China. R.H. 1892, p. 327. -Very decora- 
 tive in bloom, and hardy, but less free fruiting. 
 
 CO. Lvs. aruff, 2-5 in. long, semipersistent. 
 friffida, Wall. Large shrub, to 20 ft. : lvs. oblong, acnte 
 at both en«ls, glabrous above, tomentose beneath \vhet» 
 young: cymes long-peduncle<l, ver>' many-fld.. pul»eii 
 cent : fr. scarlet. April,. May. Himalayas. B.R. 1,",:12*>9 
 L.B.C. 16:1512. — One of the most beautiful in fl. andfr. 
 but not hardy north. '' 
 
 AA. Foliage persistent, small, H-% in., revolnte at the 
 margin: fls. IS, with spreading petals, white. 
 
 microphyila, Wall. Low, prostrate shrub, densely 
 branched: lvs. cuneate oblong or obovate, acute, shining 
 above, densely pubescent beneath: fls. usuallv solitary 
 calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Mav. June. HinialavaV 
 B.R. 13:1114. L.B.C. 14:1374. R.H." 1889: .{48, Fig. 3. " 
 
 boxifdlia, Wall. Low shrub, similar to the former; lvs. 
 eliiptic-ovate or broad oval, acutj'. dull and sometimes 
 pubescent above, tomentose beneath, ';, -J^ in. long: 
 cymes 1-3-fld.: calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Hima- 
 layas. R.H. 1889: 348, Fig. 4. 
 
 C. acutifdlia, Lindl. Allied to C. acumiiiatH. Lvs. oval, arnte. 
 glabrous and somewhat shining aln^ve: fr. blm-k. Dahuriato 
 N.China. H»rdy.— (\afrinis,lAntU. Allied to C. friBiiia. Lvs 
 broa«l-elliptic: fr. dark brown, glolM>se. L.B.C. l6:V}T2.— ('.an- 
 gustHblia, Franch. Ijow, often spiny: lvs. linear- lanceolate, 
 tomentose beneath, persistent. Yunnan.— C. arborearens, Zab.| 
 not Wenz. .\llie«i to C. nnmmularia. Fr. black. Himalayas.-^ 
 C. haeilldris. Wall. Allied to ('. 'rigida. Lvs. smaller, usually 
 Klabrons )>eneath at length: fr. dark brown. Himalayas.— C. 
 laxifldrn..lai'n.—C nigra, var. laxiriora. — f '. tnelaiincdrpa. Lcxid. 
 •=C. nigra.- C. nJf/rfi. Wahlenb. Allie<l to t'. vulgaris. Cjines 
 erect. 2-10-rid.: fr.bhick. Europe, Sil)eria. L.Ii.C. l«:l.'>;il.— Var. 
 laxiflhra, Koehne. Cjmes many-fld.. nodding. B.M.a.")19. B.R. 
 14:i:iO.">. Hardy.— r*. pnnnosft, Franch. Three ft.: Ivs. oval • 
 lanr-eolate or elliptio, whitish l»em>ath, iKTsistent: fr. red. Yun- 
 nan.— C. PekinensiS. Zab. Allied to C. acuminata. Lvs. dull 
 and sparingly hairy ab«)ve: calyx densely pul)es<'ent: fr. black. 
 N. China.— C. Pyracdntha. Spjwh=Pyracantha cfx-einea.— f . ni- 
 tundifblia, Wall. (C. microphylla, var. Uva-ursi, Lindl.). Allied 
 to C. biixifolia. but of more upright growth. Lvs. nearly orbicu- 
 lar, appresseil-hairy beneath: tis. l-:{; calyx glabrous: fr. red. 
 Himalayas. B.R. 14:1187.— f. Sinensis, Hort.==i'. acutifolia.— r! 
 thiintifolia, Bak. Allieil to C. mierophylla. Lvs. cnneate. linear- 
 oblong, obtuse. R.H. 1889::{48, Fig.2.— r. uniflbra. Bunge. Allied 
 to C vnilgaris. Lvs. glabnms: fls. solitorj': fr. red. Songaria.— 
 €. Wheeleri, Hort.=»C. buxifolia, or (.'. nnmmularia. var. or- 
 bicularis. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 COTTON belongs to the genus Gossypium (name u.sed 
 by Pliny I, of the MalvAretr. The species are now much 
 confused, but it is generaly agreed that the Sea Island 
 Cotton is of the species G. Barbadhise, Linn. The up- 
 
 565. A Cotton boU. 
 
 land Cotton is probably derived chiefly or wholly from 
 O. herbdiceunij Linn. The former is native in the West 
 Indies. The nativity of the latter is in dispute, but it 
 is probably Asian. The Cotton flower is mallow-like, with 
 a subtending involucre of 3 large heart-shaped bracts. 
 
COTTON 
 
 COTYLEDON 
 
 387 
 
 The carp*Is or cells of the po<l are 3-5. These carpels 
 break open, and the cotton covering of the tieedH niakcti 
 B ffiobulur mass, — the Cotton boll (Fig. 565). Cotton is 
 not a horticultural crop, and in therefore not conf*idered 
 in this work. The rea<ler will find "The Cotton Plant" 
 (publitthed by the Dept. of Agr., Bull. 33), a usefi.! 
 monograph. 
 
 COTTONWOOD. Species of Po^m/m*. 
 
 COTYLEDON (a name used by Pliny). Crassuldeece. 
 Includes Echfveriii. Succulent herbs or shrubs, rarely 
 annual: branches and leaves thick and tleshy : Ivs. oppo- 
 site or alternate, petiolate or sessile: calyx 5-parted, as 
 long as or shorter than the corolla tube; petals 5. erect 
 or spreading, connate to the niiddie, longer than the 10 
 stamens. Differs fn>m Sedum in the connate petals. 
 Species 60 or more. Calif, ami Mex., Afr., As. and Eu. 
 See I.H. 10:76 for an account of many of the species. 
 
 Large-growing Cotyledons, such as C. <jibbiflora,\ar. 
 metaliica, should be increased by cuttings taken after 
 the bedding season is over. The best metho<l is to cut 
 off the top of the plant, dress the bottom part, and place 
 the cuttings in emi>ty i-inch pots, the bottom leaves 
 renting on the rim of the pot until the cut heals over and 
 a few small r<M)ts are fonned. They may then be potted 
 off into suitably sized pots, using sandy loam. No water 
 will be needed for several days, and when given it must 
 be only sparingly. The old stems shoubi be placed rather 
 close together in shallow l>oxes and kept in a warm, dry 
 pla<'e, where they will form small growths along the 
 stems; these, when large enough, may be put into boxes 
 of dry sand, and potted in thumb- or 3-inch pots 
 when they have ma<le a suflicient (}uantity of roots. 
 When it is desired to increase the low-growing bedding 
 kinds on a larger scale, the plants should be lifted before 
 the ground gets too wet and cold. They may either be 
 boxed in dry soil and kept in a cool, dry house, or placed 
 thickly together in a frame, taking care that no drip is 
 allowed on the plants, and giving no water. The most 
 convenient time for propagation by leaves is during the 
 months of November and December, when the fall work 
 of rooting soft-wooded plants is over. Leaves rooted at 
 this time will make plants large enough for planting out 
 the following season. They will take from three to four 
 weeks to root, according to the kind. The leaves must 
 be taken from the plant as follows : Grasp each leaf be- 
 tween the thumb and forefinger, give a gentle twist first 
 to one side then to the other until the leaf comes off, 
 taking care that the dormant bud in the axil of the leaf 
 accompanies it, otherwise the leaf will root but a plant 
 will not form from it. Make a depression about two 
 inches deep in the center and four inches wide across 
 the sand bed, in this lay two rows of leaves with their 
 bases touching each at the bottom of the depression ; 
 give no water until the small roots make their appear- 
 ance, and only slightly afterwards. When the little 
 plants are large enough they should be boxed, using 
 sandv loam, and kept in a temperature of not less than 
 60°F at night. 
 
 For bedding purposes the following have been em- 
 ployed very successfully: C. atropurpurea , Californica, 
 ehirifolia, coccinea, fascicularis, gibbiflora var. metal- 
 lira, Pachyphytum, Peacockii, rosea, erunda, secunda 
 var. glftuca, imbricata, Mexicana, eximia, globosa, glo- 
 bosa var. extensa, Scheideckerii, mucronata, mirabilis, 
 parvifnlia. Some of these are not offered in the Ameri- 
 can trade. Several of the kinds make ver^ ornamental 
 winter flowering plants: among them are'C gibbiflora 
 and its forms, C. fnlgeus and C. coccinea. For this pur- 
 pose the large plants should be lifted from the beds and 
 carefully potted, as they make a much finer growth in 
 the open ground than when grown in pots. 
 
 Cult, by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 A. Lvs. crowded in a rosette at the base of the stem. 
 
 B. Fls. white, tinged tcith green. 
 
 6dnli8, Brewer (Sedum edule, Nutt. ). Stems cespi- 
 pitose. very short and thick: lvs. cylindrical or obtusely 
 3-8ided, 3-4 in. long, erect, whitish or glaucous-green, 
 not mealy: fls. white, resembling those of Sedum, }4 in. 
 in diam. , short-pedicelled, along the upper sides of the 
 
 flexuous branches of the cyinose panicle ; scape 1 ft. 
 high. San Diego, Calif. -Int. 18W. 
 
 BB. Fla. pale yellow. 
 CaUIdmica, Baker {C. Idxa, B. & H.). Lvs. in a ro- 
 sette, concave, ligulate, lanceolate, acute, glaucous, 
 mealy, slightly yell(»wish, 8 in. long: fls. pale yellow, on 
 Wtak lateral flowering stems 1-2 ft. long, with short, 
 ovate, clasping lvs. or bracts and bi- or trifld racemes. 
 Calif. 
 
 BBB. Fls. pale flesh color. 
 
 palverul6nta, Baker (Echeverin pnlveruUnta, Nutt.). 
 Lvs. in a rosette, silvery- green, very mealy, spatulate, 
 acute, the tips reflexed. the cauline lvs. gradually di- 
 miuishing into broa<ily cordate, clasping bracts: pani- 
 
 566. Cotyledon orbiculata. 
 
 cles dichotomously branched ; pedicels slightly longer 
 than the pale flesh-colored fls. Plants 1 ft. in diam. 
 S. Calif. F.S. 19:1927, 1928. -A fine plant for carpet- 
 bedding. 
 
 BBBB. Fls. red and green or red and yellow. 
 
 secunda, Baker (Echeveria secunda. Booth). Stem- 
 less : lvs. in a rosette, crowded, cuneiform, mucronate, 
 glaucous, curving upward : fls. in a 1-sided, recurved 
 spike, reddish yellow : i»eduncle long, 6-12 in. high. 
 ,June-Aug. Mex. — Fine for borders or carpet-bedding. 
 There is a var. glauca, Hort. 
 
 lanceolita, B. & H. (Echeveria lanceoldta, Nutt.). 
 Lvs. in a rosette, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mealy; 
 stem-lvs. or bracts small, cordate, clasping, distant : 
 panicle narrow, diehotoraous : fls. red and yellow. Calif. 
 
 B&rbeyi, Schw. Whole plant hoary-white : lvs thick, 
 fleshy, shovel-shaped : fls. olive-green and red. Flower? 
 freely in spring and summer. Abyssinia. Gt. 45, p. 465. 
 —An exquisite plant for carpet-bedding. 
 
 AA. Jyvs. scattered along the erect or branching stems. 
 
 fascicularis, Soland. Smooth. 1-2 ft. high : lvs. pale 
 greenish white with a yellowish margin, glaucous, few, 
 
388 
 
 COTYLEDON 
 
 COWPEA 
 
 seHJ^ile, e«n«»ftte-obnrtt<», thick, flfttt^ned, sllfirhtly eon- 
 cave, cuMpidat** : panicle branches lonjf. HC<»rpioiil : Hs. 
 large. 1 in. Iohk, pendent ; calyx Uthvs wlmrt, broaiUy 
 ovate-acute; corolla tul)€ much longer than the calyx, yel- 
 low-green and dull red; corolla-lobes retlexed. S. Afr. 
 B . M . my2. J . H . 11 r . 29 : 443. 
 
 orbieoliU, Linn. Fig. .V»6. Erect. 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. 
 opp<»site. rtat, tibovate-spatulate, obtune, inucronate, 
 glaucous and mealv, with red margins: tls. large. re<ldish, 
 panicled. Fls. Jiine-Sept. S. Afr. B.M. :r2L K.H. 
 1857, p. 347. — Grows well from cuttings. 
 
 Hispinica, Linn. {Pi^itnrhtia Hinpdnica, DC). An- 
 nual or biennial, branchetl. in. high, er^ct: Ivs. small, 
 nearly cylindrical, oblong, few, sessile : fls. erect, in 
 cymes, reddish; corolla tnmi pet-shaped, lobes spread- 
 ing. Spain, Morocco. R.H. 1895, p. 472. 
 
 AAA. Lvs. crowded at the end» of the branches. 
 
 retictilita, Thunb. Stems much-branched, tleshy : 
 lvs. few at the ends of the branches, cylindrical, acute, 
 erect, fleshy, soft, smooth: fls. in an erect, dichotomous 
 panicle. The wiry fl. -stalks remain on the plant and give 
 it the appearance of being enclosed in a network. O.C. 
 III. 21 :282. 
 
 gibbindra, Moc. {Echeveria qibbifUnij DC). Stems 
 1-2 ft. hi^h: lvs. flat, wedge-shaped, acutely mucronate, 
 crowded at the ends of the branches: fls. short-petioled: 
 panicle branches l-side<l, spreailing; corolla gibl)ou8 at 
 the base between the calyx lobes, the tube white, the 
 tips touched with crimson. Mex. B.R. 1247. 
 
 Var. met411ica, Hort. {ErhererUt metallica, Hort,). 
 Lvs. large, obuvate-spatulate. in. wide by 7 in* long, a 
 beautiful glaucous purple with metallic reflections: fls. 
 yellowish with red tips. Mex. Saunders' Bef. Bot, (Jo.— 
 An excellent bedding plant. 
 
 The following are doubtful spe<*ies : Echerrria Mericdna, 
 Hort. Stem.s 8-12 in. high : tls. pink and yellow. Blooms in 
 Tex. all winter. Beautiful f«)r iHirderfi.—JCchereria siipirba, 
 Hort. Annual, with yellow lis., used for carpet -bedding. 
 
 C. atropurpiirea. Baker (E. sangninea, Hort.), and C. r«- 
 tiita, Baker, have been eatalogue<l in this country. The former 
 has red fls. and dark purple spotted lvs. ; the latter has yellow- 
 ish ds. and glaucous green more or less retuse lvs. 
 
 Jabeo G. Smith. 
 
 COUCH ORASS. Agropyrttm repens. 
 
 COVEB-CBOPS. The use of cover-crops in orchard- 
 ing marks a specific advance brought about by changed 
 .soil conditions. The term is less than 10 years old, hav- 
 ing been first applied in this connection by Bailey, in 
 Bulletin 61, Cornell (N. Y.) Experiment Station, p. 3,33, 
 December, 1893, though cover-crops were used previous 
 to that date. In the early days of orcharding in this 
 country, the soil, rich in humus and undepleted of its 
 natural resources, gave satisfactory crops of fruit with 
 trees growing in sod. As time went on, the waning 
 vigor of the trees was stimulated by breaking up the 
 sod, atlding barnyard manure to the soil ancl giving 
 thorough cultivation throughout the sea-son. This sys- 
 tem gave unsatisfactory results in nmny instances, par- 
 ticularly in the north,' as it appeared to prevent the 
 trees from ripening their wood sufficiently to enable 
 them to endure the winters without frost-injur>' to the 
 tips; root-killing was also noted as being occasionally 
 severe on soils unco ered with vegetation during the 
 winter. About this time the value of the members of 
 the pea and bean tribe, as enrichers of the soil, became 
 recognized more fully than formerly through the dis- 
 covery of the nitrogen-collecting agents housed in the 
 nodules borne by the roots of legumes. The best or- 
 chard practice of the present day, whether in the peach- 
 growing areas of the .south or the apple districts of 
 the north, consi.sts in giving the most thorough culti- 
 vation possible during the wood-producing period of 
 the year, — that is, till about the time the fruit trees' 
 terminal buds are formed, — then seeding this thoroughly 
 pulverized surface with a suitable cover-crop, which 
 is plowed under early the following spring. 
 
 Cover-cropping is the raising of a crop in the orchard 
 after cultivation should cease (about midsummer), that 
 will protect the roots of the trees by preventing alternate 
 freezing and thawing and deep freezing of the ground ; 
 
 that will h*h\ Rompthini? to the fertility of the soil wln^n 
 turned under in spring; that will improve the physical 
 condition of the soil; that will occupy the trrouml to the 
 exclusion of weeds. In the south the considerations are 
 practically identical, except that the contingency of 
 root injury from frost is n«»t weighed. 
 
 There are two classes «)f cover-«'rops: the nitrogenous 
 and the n(»n-nitrogen<ms. Of the fornu-r. rye, buck- 
 wheat, oats, millet, com (maize), rape and turnip-* are 
 {)rincipally used. Theseplants should l>e sown much Inter 
 nthe season than the clovers, cowpeas or most nifmccu- 
 ous covers. They are valuable where the soil is hard and 
 tough in texture, as advance agents of the legumes which 
 may bt« use«l when an improved physical condition is se- 
 cure<l. Buckwheat is particularly useful in ameliorat- 
 ing hard soils. It .Mhould not be sown «'arly enough to 
 allow seed t«» form before froMt. These a«ld compara- 
 tively little nitrogen to the soil. Among nitrocenous 
 cover-crops, crimson clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy 
 beans, field pea, and vetch are the most prominent. In 
 the south, crimson clover and cowpea (of which there 
 are many varieties) are much in vogue. Cowpeas are im- 
 satisfactory, however, north of the peach belt, owiny to 
 their sensitiveness to light autumn frosts. In apple- 
 growing sections where the soil is mellow, red clover 
 does well. A mixture of crimson clover an<l (»ats is used 
 in peach sections in Michigan w^ith success ; 12 quarts 
 of the fonner to 3 pecks of the latter per acre are sown 
 about the middle of August. The Geneva Kxperinient 
 Station recommends a mixture of }4 bushel of buck- 
 wheat to 1 bushel of field peas per acre for clay soils. 
 The question of what cover-cn>ps to use is best deter- 
 mined by an examination of the character of the soil, 
 and the condition of the orchard trees. If the trees are 
 gr<»wing slowly on mellow and friable soil, it will prob- 
 ably be a<lvisable to use a nitrogenous cover-crop. If, 
 on the other hand, the trees are making a luxuriant 
 growth, and the soil is of the heavy order, a member of 
 the non-nitrogenous group should be tried. 
 
 Kinds of Cover-crops. 
 
 1. Non-nitrogenous- 
 
 a. Rye, two bushels per acre. 
 
 6. Buckwheat. % bushel per acre. 
 
 c. Oats. 2X bushels per iwre. 
 
 d. Com, broadcast 1 bnsliel per acre. 
 
 e. Rape or turnips, 3 pounds per acre. 
 
 2. Nitrogenous— 
 
 o. Crimson clover, 16 p.^unds per acre. 
 
 b. Red clover, 14 bushels per acre. 
 e. Sand vetch, l}^ bushels per acre. 
 
 d. Soy l)eans, 2 bushels per acre. 
 
 e. Cow iteas, 2 bushels per acre. 
 
 /. Field peas, ij^ bushels per acre. 
 
 3. Mixtures of Nos. 1 and 2— 
 
 a. Buckwheat, 1% bushels per acre. 
 
 Fieltl Peas, 1 bushel per acre. 
 6. Crimson clover, 12 pounds per a'j*. 
 
 Oats, three pecks per acre. 
 e. (►ats, 1 bushel per .-icre. 
 
 Vetch, 1 bushel per acre. 
 
 John Craiq. 
 
 COWBEBBY. Usually means Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea. 
 In parts of Scotland, Comurum palustre. 
 
 COW-HEBB. Saponaria Vaccaria. 
 
 COWPEA. Fig. 567. The American name for Vigna 
 C&tjan^, Walp. ( r. Sinensis Endl.),one of the Legu- 
 minosBB allied to Dolichos and Phaseolus, From Phaseo- 
 lus (the common bean), Vigna differs in not having a 
 spiral keel, style hairy above, stigma oblique or in- 
 trorse, and other minor technical characters. In other 
 than American literature, the Cowpea is known as China 
 Bean and Black-Eyed bean. In the S. it is commonly 
 known a« Black Pea. Botanically it is a bean rather 
 than a pea. The CoA-pea is a rambling, tender annual, 
 native to China and Japan. In this country it is exten- 
 sively grown in the southern states, as a hay crop. It 
 is also invaluable as a green-manure crop (see Cover- 
 crop). It is to the south what clover is to the north 
 and Alfalfa is to the west. It is sown broadcast after 
 the manner of field peas. From 3 to 5 pecks of seed are 
 used per acre. See Cowpeas, Farmers' Bull. 89, Dept. 
 of Agric, by Jared G. Smith. l, h. B. 
 
 — — ^ ^— - 
 
COWSLIP 
 
 CRANBERRY 
 
 389 
 
 S67. Cowpea I 
 I'eua natural siz« 
 
 COWSLIP. The tnie 
 EuKlish Cowslip is /Vi- 
 mula off icitut lilt. The plant wrongly 
 oftlU'<i Cowslip in America is the Marsh 
 Marifjohl, dtltha pnlnatriH. The 
 "Ameriran Cowslip " is a popular name 
 for Doiiecathenn Mendin. The Vir- 
 ginian Cowslip is sometimes used for 
 Mertensia Viryinica. 
 
 COXE, WILLIAM, of Burlington, 
 N. J., was a pioneer poniolotfist. Ho 
 was horn in Philuclel|»hia, May ;<, 1702, 
 and died <)n his farm on the Delaware 
 river near Burlington, Feb. 25, 18:}1, 
 He deserves special remembrance for 
 his excellent and now scarce hofik, "A 
 View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, 
 and the Management of Orchards and 
 Cider, with accurate descriptions (tf the 
 most estimable varieties of native and 
 foreign apples, pears, pea<'hes, i)lums 
 and cherries cultivated in the Middle 
 States of America— illustrated by cuts 
 of two hundre«l kinds of fruits of the 
 natural size," This was printed at Bur- 
 limrton, and publishe<l at Fhiladelphiu 
 in 1H17. (ira[»es and small fruits were 
 not included in the scope of his l>ook, 
 l)iit an article of his in the American 
 Farmer for July, 1M28, shows that be 
 was acquainted with many varieties of grapes, and had 
 done much grafting. His Imok was a standard until the 
 time of the Downings, and was freely used by other au- 
 thors. The illustrations were excellent for their time, 
 but show only the size and outline of a fruit, and 
 whether it was dott<?d, splashe<l or streaked. 
 
 Coxe 8ai<l, 1H17. that he ha<l been "for many years 
 actively engaged in the rearing, planting and cultivat- 
 ing? of fruit trees on a scale more extensive than has been 
 attempted by any other individual of this county." He 
 also had a national reputation for his cider at an age 
 when it was the most famous and characteristic bever- 
 age of the people, and when apple trees were cultivated 
 more for cider than for a table fruit. 
 
 William I'oxe belonpred to one of the most refined fam- 
 ilies of Philadelphia. His early education was some- 
 what meager by reason of the Revoluti<»nary war. but 
 he became a cultured gentleman. John Jay Smith gives 
 this pleasant picture of him: "Well do we remember his 
 extensive library in his fine mansion on the 'Bank' at 
 Burlington, when as a li tie boy we were assigne<l the 
 duty of bringfing away, or taking home, some book or pam- 
 phlet from his ever open stores of information. • • • 
 His person was handsome, and his bearing that of the 
 'old-fashioned' gentleman, improved by mixing in the 
 best society, but retaining the forms of the greatest po- 
 liteness and suavity, that mo<iem usages are too rapidly 
 casting off. An errand to Mr. Coxe's was a cherished 
 privilege; never was the opportunity neglected by him 
 to place in the hand of his visitor some fruit that he so 
 well knew would be appreciated by a youthful appetite. 
 The finest Seckel pears we have ever seen were not un- 
 frequent deposits. He had an especial fondness for the 
 
 Deckel pear, which is certainly amonflr the half dozen 
 most famous pears of American oritrin, and which was 
 pronounced by Downing to be the finest Havored of all 
 pears." Coxe was madi- an honorary member of the Hor- 
 ticultural .SiM'iety of London for making known the mer- 
 its of this pear thr«>u»;h Dr. Hosat'k. The city of Bur- 
 linicton has exceptional interest, b<)th natural an«l his- 
 torical, and has a In^auty of its own. Either the first 
 willow or the first poplar plante«l there is said to have 
 been brought from Halifax in the hand of William Coxe. 
 He plante«l many trees to l)eautify the town and. in par- 
 ticular, extende«i the front of the'Mireen Bank." It i» 
 pleasant to think of William Coxe in connecti<m with 
 the willow-friiiKetl bank of the Delaware. Biographi- 
 cal details are unfortunately only tf)o meager. A few 
 other details mav be gleaned from the Horticulturist, 
 1 1 : 304- J07 ( 1»00) . \y j^j. 
 
 CBAB'8-EYE VINE. See Abrus. 
 
 CRAB-APPLE in its widest sense means a small 
 apple. The Crab-apples of history are fruits of Pyrns 
 baeeata. For more restricted uses of the word crab, see 
 Pyrus. 
 
 CBAB-OBASS. One of several names for Eleu»in« 
 Indica; also for certain Panicums, as P. snnguinale. 
 
 CEAMBE (old Greek substantive). Crttciferce. Per- 
 ennial hardy herbs, with small white, fragrant fls. in 
 panided racemes: Ivs. mostly thick and larjye, more or 
 less cut or lyrate. Of easy culture. liittle known in this 
 country. C. marltima, Linn. , is the Sea Kale (which 
 see). C. cordifdiia, St 7., of thQ (Caucasian region, is 
 cult, as a borler plant. It is an excellent foliage plant, 
 withstan«ling the winters in the northern states. Lvs. 
 very larj;e and heavy, cordate and ovate, t(x)thed, gla- 
 brous or nearly so: fis, small but very numerous, in great 
 branchy panicles 5-7 ft. hi^h ami nearly as broad. Gn. 
 50, p. fuo. (tng. 4:291. — P'or the first two years from 
 seed the plant makes only Ivs.; but the thinl year it 
 may be expected to bloom, after which the plant usu- 
 ally becomes weak and dies. £^^ |j^ g^ 
 
 CRANBERRY. A name applied to trailing species of 
 the genus Vaccinium (AVicfk* <•«>). Of the true Cranber- 
 ries there are two species in North America, — the small 
 ( Vaccinium (txyroccns), and the large ( C mdcrocnr- 
 pon). These are native to swamps, where they trail 
 their slender stems and little ovul evergreen leaves over 
 the sphagrnum and boggy turf. The red, firm berries 
 ripen late in fall, and often persist on the vines until 
 spring, when well protected with snow. Each berrj' is 
 borne on a slender pedicel ; and the curve of this pedi- 
 cel in the European species is said to have suggested 
 the name Craneberry, which is now shortened to Cran- 
 berry. See Vaccinium. 
 
 The large Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, is now 
 cultivated on hundreds of acres in the United States; 
 and this Cranberry culture is one of the most special 
 and interesting of all pomoloerical pursuits. This Cran- 
 berry grows only in North America; and North America 
 is the only country which has a domestic or cultivated 
 Cranberry. Because Cranl)erry-growing is such an un- 
 usual type of horticulture, it is thought advisable to 
 devote considerable space to it in this Cyclopedia. 
 
 Cranberries may be grown on land both l<»w and Ligh; 
 but it is the general experience that low, boggj- lands 
 are the only ones which give permanently good results. 
 In the winter, the natural Cranberry bogs are usually 
 flooded, and in summer they are free of standing water. 
 The flowers are often caught by the late frosts of spriuR, 
 and the fruit may be injure<l by the early frosts of fall. 
 Bogs are often ruined by fire in times of drought. In- 
 sects and fungi often play havoc with the crop. 
 
 The ideal bog for Cranberry culture is the one in 
 which the natural environments of ti e plant are most 
 nearly imitated, and in which the grower can have the 
 greatest control over the difficulties mentioned above. 
 It should have the following qualifications : (1) Capa- 
 bility of being drained of all surface water, so that frea 
 water does uot stand higher than one foot below the 
 
390 
 
 CRANBERRY 
 
 CRANBERRY 
 
 surface in the growing season. (2) Soil which retains 
 moisture through the summer, for Cranberries suffer 
 greatly in drought. (3) Sufficient \ '•^r supply to en- 
 able it to be flooded. (4) A fairly lev v.. or even surface, 
 so that the flooding will be of approximately uniform 
 depth over the entire area. (5) Not over-liable to frosts. 
 Bogs which contain moss or sphagnum and which have 
 a peaty or muckj' soil are usually chosen. If heath-like 
 shrubs grow naturally in the bog. the indications are all 
 the better. The presence of the Cassandra or Leather- 
 leaf is regarded as a good augury. Black ash, red 
 maple, swamp huckleberrv, and white cedar swamps are 
 often very satisfactory. Old mill-ponds often give good 
 results. 
 
 Before the Cranberries are planted, the bog must be 
 cleaned of trees, bush(s, moss and roots. This may 
 be done by "turfing," whic*. is the digging out of the 
 
 flood in spring or fall, to kill insects or to protect 
 from frosts. The objects of flooding are as follows: (l) 
 to protect the plants from heaving in winter ; (2 ) to 
 avoid late spring and early fall frosts ; (3) to drown in- 
 sects ; (4) to protect from drought; (5) to guard against 
 fire. Unless serious contingencies arise, the bog is 
 flooded only in winter. A flooded bog looks like a lake 
 (Fig. 568). Good results are obtained now and then -in 
 "dry" or upland bogs, which cannot be flooded; but such 
 bogs or meadow? rarely give uniform results, and they 
 are less advised than formerly. 
 
 There are three centers of Cranberry growing in North 
 America, — Cape Cod peninsula. New Jersey, Wisconsin. 
 Each has methods peculiar to itself. It was in the Caiie 
 Cod region that Cranberry culture began. The first at- 
 tempts were made early in this century. William Ken- 
 rick, writing in 1832 in this "Orchardist," savs that 
 "Capt. Henry Hall, of Barnsta'jle, has cultivated the 
 Cranberry twenty years;" "Mr. F. A. Hayden, of Lin- 
 coln, Mass., is stated to have gathered froi i his farm in 
 1830, 400 bushels of Cranberries, which brought him in 
 Boston market $(500." In the second an<i subsequent edi- 
 tions, Kenricks makes the figure $400. It is not said 
 whether Mr. Hayden's berries were wild or cult'vated. 
 At the present day, with all the increase in production, 
 
 568. Cranberry-pickine scene on a Cape Cod bog. 
 
 In the upper comer is a bog in full flood (in winter). In the lower 
 is the flame or outlet dam. 
 
 swamp growth, or by "drowning," which is deeply 
 flooding the place for a year. The method of preparing 
 the surface for receiving the plants varies in diffcent 
 regions. Open ditches are run through the place in 
 sufficient number to carry off the surface water. They 
 are usually made 2 to 4 feet deep. If some water stands 
 in them during the summer, better results are expected. 
 These ditches usually feed into one main or central 
 ditch; and this main ditch is preferably the one which, 
 when dammed at its lower en<l, floods the bog by back- 
 ing up the water. Growers prefer, if possible, to divert 
 a living brook through the bog, or to straighten and 
 deepen one which may exist there ; but in the absence 
 
 of a brook, a reservoir 
 may be constructed above 
 the' bog. Sufficient water 
 supply should be had to 
 cover the entire area from 
 December until April or 
 early May, to a depth of at 
 least one' foot. The lower 
 places will have a deeper 
 covering, but 4 or 5 feet 
 in places usually does no 
 harm in the winter. It 
 569. Cranberry hand-picker, also may be necessary to 
 
 prices are higher than those 
 received by Mr. Hayden. 
 In the third (1841) and subsequent editions, it is .«aid 
 that "an acre of Cranberries in full b*»aring will produce 
 over 200 bushels ; and the fruit generally sells, in the 
 markets of Boston, for $1.50 per bushel, and much higher 
 than in former years." It was as late as 1850, however, 
 that Cranberry culture gained much prominence. It was 
 in 185(> that the first treatise appeared : B. Eastwood's 
 " Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Cranberry." 
 About 1845, Cranberry culture began to establish it.self 
 in New Jer.jey. 
 
 In the Cape Cod region, the bogs are "turfed." The 
 surface covering is cut into small squares and hauled 
 off. The object is to obtain a uniform surface in order 
 that all plants may have equal opportunity. The bog is 
 then "sanded." Rather coarse, clean sand is spread over 
 the entire area to the depth of about 4 inches. In this 
 covering, the vines are planted. The sand keeps down 
 weeds and thereby lessens .subsequent labor; it affords 
 a moisture-holding mulch for the muck: it renders the 
 plantation easier to be worked in wet weather, and it pre- 
 vents the too vigoroi:- growth of the vine. Every four 
 of five years a fresh sanding, to the depth of an inch or 
 less, is given. This keeps the vines short and close. 
 Formerly, whole roots or " sods " of Cranberry were used 
 
CRANBERRY 
 
 CRANBERRY 
 
 391 
 
 for planting, but now cuttings are employed. These cut- 
 tings are 6- or 8-inch pieces of vigorous runners, with 
 the leaves on. They are thrust oblicjuely through the 
 santl, only an inch or two of the top remaining un- 
 covered. They are set about 14 inches apart each way. 
 In three or four years a full crop is obtained. The bogs 
 are kept clean by means of hand weeding. At Cape Cod, 
 it is estimated that the sum of $;{00 to $.500 per acre is 
 required to tit and i)lant a bog. A good yield from a 
 bog in full bearing is oO barrels to the acre ; but 200 
 barrels have been grown. 
 
 In New Jersey, the general tendency is to omit the 
 sanding. The bogs are no' cleared so carefully. The 
 plants are often set directly in 
 the earth bottom, after the heavy 
 turf is removed. The bogs— or 
 lueadows, as they are usually 
 called — are not kept so scrupu- 
 lously clean. Itisth<mght 
 that a reasonable quan- 
 tity of grass prevents 
 scalding of 
 the berries. 
 If the vines 
 become too 
 
 by the form of the berry,— the bell-shaped (Fig. 570), 
 the bugle-shaped (Fig. 571), and the cherry-shaped 
 (Fig. 572). There are many named varieties in each o£ 
 these classes, differing in size, color, firmness, keeping 
 qualities, productiveness. These varieties have been 
 selected from plants which have appeared naturally in 
 the bogs. Some of them have been discovered in wild 
 bogs. The demands of the market, as respects varie- 
 ties, are constantly changing. In Massachusetts, the fol- 
 lowing varieties are now popular: Early Black, Howe, 
 Matthews, McFarlin. 
 
 The Cranberry is now a staple article of 
 food in North America. " Turkey and Cran- 
 berry sauce" may be said to be the national 
 dish. The berries are used in great va- 
 riety of dishes. An effort has been made to 
 open an European market, and an agent 
 was sent abroad in 18I>.'} for that purpose by 
 the American Cranberry Tra<le Company. 
 The export trade has now assumed some 
 importance, and is growing. The approxi- 
 mate Cranberry crops for a series of years 
 are shown below, in bushels: 
 
 Dennis Cranberry, 
 Natural size. 
 Type of the Bugle Cranberries 
 
 deep, they are mown or burned in order to 
 secure a fresh growth from the roots. 
 
 The gathering of the crop is done preferably by 
 hand-picking, particularly in plantations \vhich are 
 well cared for. In some cases the berries a/e raked 
 off with a steel garden rake, but many of them are 
 lost and bruised, and the vines may lie injured. It 
 is said by some that the tearing out of the old and 
 large vines in the raking tends to renew the plants, 
 and this is undoubtedly true; but there are better 
 ways of keeping the vines young and short, as by 
 sanding or mowing. In the East, raking is now 
 rarely employed, unless the crop is ver>' poor or 
 prices very low; or unless hard frost is expected, 
 in which case the berries may be raked, the bog 
 floo(le<l, and the berries caught at the flume. Stmie- 
 tinies the bog is flooded when hard frost is threatened 
 and the water is allowed to remain all winter, and 
 the berries are harvested in the spring ; but such 
 early flooding may injure the vines. The price paid 
 for the picking of Cranberries is usually about 40 to 
 ,')0 cts. a bushel. Three to four bushels is considered to 
 be an average day's picking. There are various devices 
 to facilitate the picking. On Cape Cod a ]H)piilar im- 
 plement is the Lunibert picker (Fig. o«J!>). The machine 
 is thrust into the vines, and the operater closes the lid 
 by bearing down with his thumb; drawing it backward 
 pulls off the berries. Usually the pickers are" lined -oflF" 
 (Fig. .568) by ci»rds stretched across the bog. thus limiting 
 each one to a particular area, which he is required to 
 pick clean. The l)erries are cleaned by ninning them 
 through a separator, by passing them over a screen, 
 hy fl«»ating off the litter by dowsing them in water, and 
 by other means. Dowsing usually reduces the market 
 value. They are then marketed in barrels or crates, 
 
 Uf varieties there are three general types, determined 
 
 572. Makepeace Cranberry. 
 Natural size. Tj-pe of the Cherry Cranberries. 
 
 CRAXBERRY CROP.«, IN BrSHELS 
 
 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 
 
 New England 2.">0,r.(H) 160.825 
 
 New.Iersey 128.7(K) loT.OU 
 
 TheWest li;i,4;{0 14H.188 
 
 Totals 400,828 295,760 23:{,000 92,630 461,025 
 
 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 
 
 New England.... 19.1,664 141,964 130,.5a3 280,879 274.799 
 
 New.lersey 78..-i07 n8„V24 124,648 198,125 2:}4.2.>t 
 
 TheWest .'W.OOO i:i.%,.'i07 24,78.*) 264,4:r2 .31,396 
 
 Totals 322,171 395.995 280,014 743,436 540.449 
 
392 
 
 CRANBERRY 
 
 CRANBERRY 
 
 1887 
 
 New England..,. 307.563 
 
 New Jersey 16;{,788 
 
 The West 140.672 
 
 1888 
 
 260.000 
 225.000 
 100.000 
 
 350.000 
 
 200.000 
 
 70.000 
 
 1^0 1891 
 
 375,000 480,4)00 
 
 200,000 250.000 
 
 225.0(K) :iO,0()0 
 
 Totals. 
 
 .... 612,0^ 585.000 620.000 800,000 760,000 
 
 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 
 
 New England.... 37.5.000 575.000 185,000 420.000 600.000 
 
 New Jersey 160.000 ;<25,(KH) 200,000 200,000 200,000 
 
 The West 6.5,000 HiO,000 2.5,000 10.000 .30,000 
 
 Totals 600,000 1,000,000 
 
 1897 
 
 New England... . 400,000 
 
 New Jersey 2.'x).(H)0 
 
 TheWest 50,000 
 
 410,000 
 
 1898 
 
 425,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 650,000 
 
 1899 
 
 425.000 
 
 175,000 
 
 85,000 
 
 830,000 
 
 Totals......... 700,000 800,000 685,000 
 
 Average prices for Cranberries of good qualitj' now 
 range from $4.00 to $6 per barrel. The following table 
 (by Rider) f'ives a summary of "opening" and "closing" 
 pTices per bushel for 18 Cranberry seasons : 
 
 TEAK 
 
 1877, 
 1878. 
 1879, 
 1880, 
 1881, 
 1882. 
 1883, 
 18»1, 
 1885, 
 1886, 
 1887, 
 1888. 
 1889, 
 1890, 
 1891, 
 1892, 
 1893, 
 1894, 
 
 OCTOBER 
 
 MAY 
 
 $2 00 ^a; $2 .50 
 
 $4 00 @ $4 50 
 
 2 00 (a 
 
 2 25 
 
 2 25 ro) 
 
 2 50 
 
 1 75 (a 
 
 2 00 
 
 5 00 fa 
 
 6 00 
 
 1 50 <» 
 
 2 00 
 
 .50 fa 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 50 '» 
 
 2 00 
 
 2 00 fa 
 
 3 00 
 
 2 75 f& 
 
 3 00 
 
 2 00 ret 
 
 3 50 
 
 2 75 fa 
 
 3 00 
 
 5 25 ® 
 
 5 50 
 
 2 75 fee 
 
 3 00 
 
 2 .50 fa 
 
 2 75 
 
 1 59 'w 
 
 1 70 
 
 .5»i /& 
 
 75 
 
 1 25 fa 
 
 1 .50 
 
 :\ 75 rd 
 
 4 00 
 
 1 75 fa 
 
 2 00 
 
 2 75 fa. 
 
 3 00 
 
 1 35 fd 
 
 2 00 
 
 75 fa 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 .50 ® 
 
 2 00 
 
 4 (K> fa. 
 
 5 00 
 
 2 00 fa 
 
 2 25 
 
 3 00 ® 
 
 3 50 
 
 1 .50 fa 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 25 ® 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 25 fa 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 00 f® 
 
 3 00 
 
 1 25 f(i 
 
 1 .50 
 
 2 00 (S 
 
 3 00 
 
 2 00 fa 
 
 2 50 
 
 50 fa 
 
 75 
 
 The Low-bush Cranberry, or Wolfberry { V. Vitis- 
 Idva), is much used in Nova Scotia and other parts, and 
 is gathered and shipped in large quantities to Boston; 
 but it is not cultivated. This berry is also common in 
 Euro;ie, where it is much prized. The quantities of this 
 fruit imported into the U. S. from various sources is con- 
 siderable. For example, between July 24 and Dec. 'M, 
 1897, "h»i follov?ing imports were received (as compiled 
 by Rider) : 
 
 From Nova Scotia 
 
 Sweden and Norway... 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 Germany 
 
 Denmark 
 
 or 
 
 31.748 qts. 
 
 19.905 qts. 
 
 7,2.56 qts, 
 
 ' 'tiOqtP. 
 its. 
 
 14 ts, 
 
 L,i bu. 
 
 ®$1 " ■ 
 ® 1. . 
 dob 279 
 <& 180 
 ® 27 
 
 $2,784 
 
 The Cranberry is subject to the attacks of various 
 insects, for most of which the best remedy is flooding, 
 although the fruit-worm is probably best destroyed by 
 spraying with arsenites. There are also fungous troubles. 
 For information on all these difficulties, the bulletins 
 of the New Jersey Experiment Station are the best 
 literature. 
 
 The best literature on the Cranberry is comprised in 
 the Proceedings of the American Cranberry (Jrowers' 
 Association, with headquarters at Trenton, N. J. This 
 society holds an ''annual meeting" in January, and an 
 "annual convention " in August. Beginning with 1880, 
 it has published regular reports of each of these gather- 
 ings. The standard books are White's "Cranberry Cul- 
 ture," largely from the New Jersey standpoint, and 
 Webb's "Cape Cod Cranberries." l. H. B. 
 
 Notes by a Wisconsin Grower. — Cranberries are 
 raised mainly in the states of Massachusetts, New Jer- 
 sey, W^isconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The eastern 
 marshes are mostly "made," while in Wisconsin there 
 are thousands of acres of natural marsh as yet entirely 
 unctiltivated, as well as much that is cultivated. 
 
 The natural .'soil for the Cranberry is peat. Sand is 
 also good, but, when used alone, must have a new coat 
 of it spread over the ground every few years, as it be- 
 comes exhausted and the vines become woody and cease 
 
 to bear. The ideal soil seems to be a foundation of 
 peat, with from 2 to 4 inches of sand spread over it. 
 It is very desirable that the surface should be level so 
 that it can all be kept equally moist. The leveling is 
 usually done by "scalping," i. e., taking off the sod and 
 carrying it away. This also removes the mos« and 
 other foul vegetation, and gives the vines a chance 
 to take full possession of the ground. If scalping is 
 considered too expensive, the moss may be killed by 
 flooding in winter and drawing the water off in spring • 
 but it takes two or three years for it to rot sufficientlv 
 to allow vines to do well. Plowing is sometimes re.sorted 
 to where it can be done, or the sods turned upside down 
 by^ some other means. 
 
 The best sites for Cranberry raising are those which 
 afford a perfect water supply. There sliould be a reser- 
 voir of water on the upper side of the marsh (and if it 
 is on the north or northwest so much the l)etter, as it 
 will then be more sure protection from frost), which can 
 be emptied on to the marsh at short notice; and there 
 must also V>e good drainage, to carry it away from the 
 marsh quickly when desired. A level piece of niar.'^h 
 which has vines already growing on it looks verj- tompi- 
 ing to the uninitiated, but, if it has not a good water 
 supply, it is bett«'r to leave it in the natural state and 
 take the crops which grow in favorable season.s, than 
 to spend money improving it. 
 
 A good sand marsh may b*> made near any stream in 
 a sandy region by selecting a spot where water can be 
 drawn from the stream, but there should also be a reser- 
 voir to hold water in, as that which comes directly from 
 a running stresun is sometimes too cold for Cranberries. 
 
 If dams are built fr(»ui the sods thrown from the 
 ditches, it is desirab!:, at least for the reservoir dams, 
 to cover them with sand. This should be put mo.stlv on 
 the top and upper side, and should slope from the t<ij» of 
 the dam to the center of the ditch. This prevents niusk- 
 T&U fi-oii; doing very much damage, and the dam is not 
 so apt to be washed out by high water as when built in 
 a perpendicular wall. The cheapest way to move sand 
 to build dams or for spreading on the niarsh is to haul 
 it on sleighs in the winter. A platform is built on rock- 
 ers, so that the load may be dumped at one side of the 
 sleigh ; and two loads in a place on a good peat dam 
 will nuike a heavy reservoir dam. The pit from which 
 sand is taken should be well protected with snow or 
 sawdust to prevent its freezing badly. One of the best 
 ways of making waste-gates is to place three joists 
 lengthwise of the dam a little below the bottom of the 
 ditch, and a platform built upon thein, and the whole 
 settled down as flrmly as possible; then the dam is built 
 right onto the platform for 3 or 4 feet on each side, and 
 then the sideboards put in place, and cleats nailed up 
 and down into which to slip the sluice boards. It is a 
 good plan to have an outside ditch, which will carry sur- 
 plus water around the marsh instead of across it, in wet 
 seasons. 
 
 Planting.— There are several methods of planting 
 vines. C>ne way is to sort the vines and then cut them uj), 
 roots and all, in pieces about eight inches in length, lay- 
 ing them down three or four in a place, pushing the lower 
 end into the ground by means of a stick shaped like a 
 paddle; or it is sometimes done by a piece of iron fa.st- 
 enened to the bottom of a shoe. " This method leaves 
 the plants in an uiiright position, and tliey do not grow so 
 rapidly as when pushed into the ground obliquely or 
 laid on top of the ground, as their first growth is to make 
 runners. Sometimes the vines are cut in a hay cutter, 
 sown by hand like wheat, and then rolled. A good 
 method of planting in the west is to take vines without 
 cutting and drop two or three in a place and strp on 
 them ; if put a foot apart, tliey will soon cover the ground, 
 and will bear a good cn.p in three years. The greatest 
 care must be taken, while sorting vines, that they do not 
 dry out, for if they do they are worthless. 
 
 In subsequent culture is when water comes into use. 
 The ditches should be about ten rods apart, each ditch 
 having a dam built below^ it of the material thrown from 
 the ditch ; the drain ditches running down through the 
 marsh need not be qtiite so close together. To [tromote 
 the growth of vines, it is only desired to hold the ditches 
 about half full, .so that the ground may be moist, hut if 
 water is kept up onto vines at this time thev will be 
 
CRANBP.RRY 
 
 CRASS L' LA 
 
 393 
 
 drowned and do nothing. When frosty nif»hts come, 
 after vines have begun to grow, wattT should be drawn 
 from the reservoir to cover them, :*nfi let off the next 
 morning. If the ends of the new shoots get frozen, it is 
 a decided set-back, and especially so when the vines 
 have reached the bearing age, as then it cut'< off the crop 
 and hurts the prospect for the corain,? year by taking 
 the terminal bud. The vines do throw out side shoots, 
 however, and sometimes the second season's crop does 
 not seem to be mu<*h affected by it. When tt'» plants 
 are in blossom (which is ail thnmgh July) the groauu 
 must not get too dry, or the blossoms will blast. This 
 trouble was experienct <l in many places during the sum- 
 mers of '8<J and '87, when it was so dry that nothing but 
 a stream fed by springs could begin to furnish a supply 
 of water. Through the most of the summer, it is best 
 to keep the water from 4 to 8 inche.s below the surface, 
 but before the spring frosts are over it is better to keep 
 it nearly to the surface, and if it is a season of drought, 
 draw water down over the marsh al>out once a week. 
 After the fruit has set, if obliged to flood as a protection 
 against frost, be sure to draw the water Oii quickly the 
 next morning, or the berries will be scalded. 
 
 The marsh should not be flooded for winter till quite 
 late, some time in November, generally, as the fall 
 frosts do not injure the vines, but help them harden, so 
 tliHt they will endure the winter's snow and ice without 
 injury. Sometimes during the late winter, a rain or 
 thaw will let surplus water on the marsh and this may 
 lift the ice, and that will take the vines with it, right out 
 of the ground. This should be guarded against by open- 
 ing waste-gates and drawing off the extra water. The 
 flood should be left on the marsh in the spring until the 
 spring frosts are over ; in Wisconsin the time for draw- 
 ing off the water is generally about the 20th of May, and 
 it must be closely watched afterwards, as the vines are 
 then very tender and will not bear as hard a frost as 
 they will after they have been uncovered a few weeks. 
 
 Berries are gathered in two different ways : one is to 
 pick them by hand, the other to rake them. The hand- 
 picking is mostly done by women and children or In- 
 dians. Every thirty pickers should have an overseer, 
 whose duty it is to see that the vines are picked clean 
 and that no refuse is allowed to go into the box; also to 
 give a check for every bushel box tilled, and to carry 
 the full boxes to the wagon, car or boat. The pickers 
 in the west xiae shallow peck boxes to pick in, and when 
 these are tilled they empty them into the bushel box. 
 The pickers are placed in a row, thirty of them occupy- 
 ing from 80 to 90 feet, and a rope should be stretched 
 ea<"h side of them to keep them going straight ahead, or 
 else they are very apt to turn to the right or left for 
 better picking. 
 
 The cheapest way of gathering berries is to rake them 
 with what is called a " scoop rake "( Fig. 57.'$ ) . It needs 
 stout men to use these to advantage, at least 
 those who are not troubled with backache, as 
 they must keep a stooping position almost con- 
 stantly. Rakes should 
 not be used in young 
 vines where there are a 
 great many runners, as 
 they would pull them up 
 Ity the roots too much, 
 but .IS the vines get older 
 and the fruit shoots 
 stand up out of the way 
 of the runners, raking 
 does not seem to injure 
 them. The rakers should 
 have ropes stretched be- 
 tween them, each man 
 being given a space from 
 one to three rods wide, 
 end every ten should 
 have an overseer, who 
 will also rake most of the time. Rakers are hired by the 
 (iay, hut hand pickers pick by the box. The rake is 
 much used in the west. 
 
 If the berries can be taken to the warehouse in a boat 
 along the ditches, it is the best way, as they bruise 
 eftsily and should be carefully handled ; but if that is 
 not practicable, then thev must be taken in wagons 
 
 573. The hand scoop rake. 
 
 which are driven as close to the picking ground as pos, 
 sible ; or a portable track may be laid onto the marsh- 
 and a car used. The bushel boxes which are used have 
 the sides and bottom made of lath, with small spaces 
 between; and these boxes are used to cure the berries 
 in, being piled up in tiers, so that tht ai^'can circulate be- 
 tween them. The berry -house should be bui!*" with dead 
 air spacer: !p the wallh, and windows snovdd be darkibucd 
 nr'd building kept closed during ♦he day. See l:!iiorage. 
 
 CraLbeiries are generally shipped in barrels, but some 
 use bushel crates, though in whatever ihey nre packed, 
 the greatest care should be taken to put them np in 
 good shape, if picked before they begin to ripen, 
 and then packed so that wlun they reach their destina- 
 tion they are settled from one to thnic iiuhes in the barrel, 
 dealers "vil' not want them, and this kind of manage- 
 ment has much to do with low prices. Before putting 
 into barrels, the berries are put through a Cranberry 
 mill, and then, if there are still a few bad berries, 
 they are put on tables ma<le for the purpose, and the 
 rest of the bad ones picked out by hand. 
 
 The profits of the business depend so much upon the 
 amount of expense which has been necessary to improve 
 the marsh that it is impossible to give any exact iigures. 
 The smaller the marsh, the (juicker it can be imjiroved 
 and made to begin to pay a profit. Anyone who under- 
 takes to improve a large niarsh ought not to expect 
 much from it short of ten or fifteen yearR, though, if 
 carefully managed, it may be matle to pay cost of im- 
 proving after three or four years. 
 
 There is a small sand marsh in Wisconsin, made after 
 an attempt to farm tlie l!in<l had utterly failed because 
 the soil was so poor, which has yielded a better income 
 for several years than the best farm in the county. It 
 is a profitable business when honest work and careful 
 management are united in it, but not otherwise. 
 
 H. B. TCTTLE. 
 
 CEANBEKEY IEEE. Same as High-bush Cran- 
 berry, Viburnum Opulus. 
 
 CEANESBILL. Looselv applied to the whole genus 
 Geranium. In America it usually means G. maculatum. 
 
 CEASSULA (Latin, thickin/i; referring to the thick 
 leaves and stems). CrassulActie. This genus gives the 
 name to the order Crassulaceap, which contains many 
 cultivated succulent plants, and also others of widely 
 different habit, — about 400 species altogether. The order 
 is closely related to the Saxifragacesp, and differs in 
 having the carpels of the ovary entirely free and equal 
 in number to the petals, but the forms pass easily into 
 the SaxifragacesB through Francoa and Tetilla. and 
 back again thnmgh Triactina. The genera are ill defined, 
 and certain species of Sedum cross over the lines of 
 Crassula, Cotyledon aud Sempervivum, while between 
 Crassula and Tillaea no good distinction can be made. 
 For these reasons it seems best to give a key to the 
 genera of garden importance. 
 
 A. Stamens as many as the petals, 
 B. Petals free, or connate only at the tiase. 
 
 1. Cba.ssula. Floral parts in 5's: calyx shorter than 
 
 the corolla. 
 
 BB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond. 
 
 2. RocHEA. Calyx many times shorter than the tube of 
 
 the corolla. 
 
 AA. Stamens normally twice as many as the petals 
 {sometimes equal in number, especiallg in jVos. 
 5, 6', 8). 
 
 B. Petals free, or connate only at the very base. 
 
 3. Sedcm. Floral parts usually 4-5: scales small. 
 
 4. Sempervivtm. Floral parts G to many (rarely 5): 
 
 scales small. 
 
 5. MoNANTHES. Floral parts G-12; scales petal-like. 
 
 B3. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond. 
 n. Kalanchoe. Calyx 4-parted. 
 
 7. Huvoi'HVLi.UM. Calyx large, inflated, shortly 4-cut. 
 
 8. Cotyledon. Calyx 5-parted. 
 
 The floral parts of Crassula are normally 5, rarely 6-9, 
 
394 
 
 CRASSULA 
 
 CRATAEGUS 
 
 but cultivation probably changes the number of parts 
 not infrequently. Crassulas are herbs or shrubs, rarely 
 annuals, usually thick and fleshy : Ivs. opposite, rarely 
 stalked, often grown together at the base, entire or with 
 a cartilaginous margin: fls. small, white, rose, or rarely 
 yellow, usually in cymes, rarely in heads. For C. coc- 
 cinea &nd jas mi nea, see Jfoehea. \^^ jj, 
 
 Crassulas are greenhouse plants requiring a dry atmos- 
 phere during the resting period. While making growth, 
 they may be treated like other greenhouse plants in the 
 way of watering, placing them in the lightest and airiest 
 part of the house. The pots must be drained so that any 
 surplus moisture will easily pass through. The soil 
 should consist of sand, loam, broken brick, and a very 
 small quantity of leaf-soil or thoroughly rotted cow- 
 manure. Propagation is usually from cuttings. Some 
 of the species, such as C. falcata, do not give much 
 material for this purpose, and they should, there- 
 fore, be headed over and the tops put in dry sand 
 in the spring, allowing water only when they show 
 signs of shrivelling. The cut -over plants should 
 be encouraged to make side shoots, which may be 
 rooted after they are large enough. 
 
 Cult, by G. W. Oliver. 
 
 A. Floral parts normally in o's. 
 
 B. Lvs. petioled. 
 
 cordiita, Soland. Height 1-3 ft. : stem shrubby: Ivs. 
 flat, wide, stalked, cordate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, 
 spotted above : cymes panicle-like : fls. reddish, some- 
 times pure white. Winter. — Closelv allied to C spathu- 
 lata. 
 
 8patliuld,ta, Thunb. Glabrous herb : stem somewhat 
 shrubby, decumbent, branching: Ivs. stalked, roundish, 
 crenate, glabrous, shining above : corymbs panicle-like: 
 
 fls. rosy; petals acute. L. B. 
 C. 4:3i59 as C. cordata. - 
 Not advertised for sale, but 
 likely to be cultivated as C. 
 cordata. 
 
 BB. Lvs, not petioled. 
 
 c. Foliage glaucous. 
 
 falcata, Wendl. Height 
 3-8 ft. : ivs. grown together 
 at the base, thick, glaucous, 
 oblong, falcate: tls. small, 
 numerous (50 or more), in 
 a crimson, rarely white, 
 dense, terminal corymb : 
 corolla tube .^ of an in. long, 
 as long as the limb or 
 shorter. B.M. 2035. 
 
 CC. Foliage not glaucous. 
 
 lActea, Soland. Height 1-2 
 ft. : stem shrubby, branch- 
 ing, tortuous below : lvs. 
 ovate, narrowed and grown 
 together at the base, gla- 
 brous, spotted along the 
 margin: cymes panicle-like, 
 manv-fld.: fls. white, small. 
 Winter. B.M. 1771. L.B.C. 
 8: 7.35.— A free - flowering 
 window plant of easy cul- 
 ture. There is a form with 
 variegated leaves. 
 
 AA. Floral parts in 4's. 
 
 quadrlfida, Baker. Fig. 
 571. Pt-rennial: lvs. oblong- 
 sputulate, the upper ones 
 rounder, decussate: fls. with 
 their parts in 4's, panicled, 
 white, tinged red. ^*_ jj^ 
 
 CRAT£Q17S (ancient Greek name, derived from kratos, 
 strength, on account of the hardiness of the wood ) . Jiosd- 
 ce(f, suborder Pbmea;. Haw. Hawthorn. Shrubs or 
 small trees, usually spiny: lvs. alternate, deciduous, 
 stipulate, serrate, often lobed or pinnatifld: fls. white, in 
 
 574. Crassula quadrlfida. 
 
 some varieties red, in corymbs, rarely solitary; petal- 
 and calyx-lobes 5; stamens many, rarely less than 10- 
 styles 1-5: fr. a drupe-like pome, with 1-5 1-seeded bony 
 stones. About 70 species, in the temperate regions of 
 the northern hemisphere, most abundant in N. America. 
 Hardy ornamental shrubs and trees, mostly of dense and 
 low growth, with handsome foliage, turning, in most 
 species, to a brilliant coloring in the fall; many have 
 very decorative frs., and also handsome fls. Some of the 
 best, with showy frs., are C. Cnts-galli, C. Lavalld 
 C. cordata, C pinnatifida major, C. mollis, but the frs! 
 of the last drop very early, while in most of the others 
 the frs. remain a long time on the branches. Some varie- 
 ties of C. moriogipia have very decorative fls.; also C. 
 mollis, C. Crus-galli and others are handsome in bloom! 
 For the S. states, C. cpstivalis and the blue-fruited C. 
 brachyacantha are among the most decorative. Well 
 adapted for hedges are C. monogyna, C. Oxyavnntha 
 C. Crus-galli, C. cordata and many others. The Haw- 
 thorns grow in almost any soil and position ; best in a 
 rich, loamy, somewhat moist one, and also in stromr clay. 
 Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified ; before stratify- 
 ing, most of the pulp may l>e removed by layinfr the frs. 
 in shallow piles and allowing them to decay. Then they 
 are mixed with sand or sifted soil and buried in the 
 ground or kept in boxes in a cool cellar. Some species, 
 as C. cordata. C. coccinea, C. Crus-galli. germinate the 
 first year and are sown in spring, while others, esjiecially 
 C. Oxyacantha and its allies, do usually not germinate 
 until the second year, and may be kept stratified until 
 the following fall or the second sprinjr. If sown at once, 
 the seed-beds must be heavily mulched during the first 
 summer to prevent drying. Tlie young plants should nut 
 be allowed to remain over one year in the seed-beds, as 
 they form long tap-roots and are then difficult to trans- 
 plant. Varieties and rarer kin<ls are easily budded or 
 grafted on seedling stock of C. Oxyacantha, or other 
 common strong-growing species. 
 
 Index: acerifolia, 13 and suppl.; apiifolia, 14 and 
 suppl.; Aronia, 18; Azarolus, 18; Carricri, 7; coccinea, 
 3; cordata, 13; Crus-galli, 5; Douglasi, 12, lt»; fiava, 2; 
 Lavallei, 7; leiicophloeos, 9; lucida. 5; macracantha. 10; 
 mollis, 4; monogyna, 16; nigra, 21; odoratisaima. 19; 
 orientalis, 19: Oxyacantha, 15. 16; parrifoHa, 1; pinnati- 
 fida, 17: populifoiia, 13 and suppl. ; prunifolia, 6: punc- 
 tata, 8: pyrifolia, 9; sanguinea, 11; .snOvillosa,i; tana- 
 cetifolia, 20; tomentosa, 9; uniflora, 1. 
 
 A. Foliage of the flowering branches not at all or very 
 slightly lobed; no veins going to the sinuses. 
 
 B. Fls. 1-3, rarely more. 
 
 1. unifldra, Moench (C jt></»-fv7o/m, Ait.).s Dense, low 
 shrul), with numerous slender spines, rarely spineless, 
 3-8 ft. ; lvs. on short not glandular petioles, cuneate, 
 obovate or oblong-obovate. irregularly or doubly crenate- 
 serrate, pubescent on both sides, at length' glabrous 
 above, K-1/4 in. long: calyx pubescent, with large ser- 
 rate lobes: fr. pyrifomi or globose, yellow, % in. across, 
 with 2-5 stones. Mav, June. N. Jersev to Arkansas and 
 Florida. S.S. 4:191. 
 
 2. n&va, Ait. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft., usually 
 very spiny: lvs. on short glandular petioles, cuneate, 
 obovate, glandular-dentate, pubescent, at length glabrous 
 and shining above: fr. globular or pyriform, greenish, 
 vellow or red, %iii. across. Va. to Florida. S.S. 4:189. 
 B.R. 23:1932, 1939. 
 
 BB. Fls. in 6-many-fld. corymbs. 
 
 c. Lvs. on slender, often glandular petioles, unualhj 
 broadly ovate and truncate at the base, slightly 
 lobed: calyx lobes dentate. 
 
 3. coccinea, Linn. Scarlet Thorv. Shrub or tree, 
 rarely to 25 ft., with short spines: lvs. broadly ovate, 
 sharply doubly serrate, nearly glabrous beneath, spar- 
 ingly appressed-pubescent above, 2-3 in. long: corymbs 
 usually slightly villous: fr. red, globose or oval, %-% in. 
 across. April. Mav. Newfoundland to Florida and 
 Texas, west to Manitoba. S.S. 4:180. Em. 403. B.M.3432. 
 — There are a number of allied forms which have been 
 considered usually as mere varieties, but may be per- 
 haps distinct species. None of them, however, surpasses 
 the true C. coccinea in decorative value, and they are 
 only of botanical icterest. 
 
- 
 
 CRATAEGUS 
 
 4. mdllis, '^cheele ( C. subi'illdsa, Schrad. C. eoccinea, 
 rsLT.mdllis, Torr. & Gr.). Fig. 575. Tree, to .30ft., with 
 short, stout thorns : Ivs. broadly ovate, sharply and 
 doubly serrate, densely pubescent beneath, .'J— t in. long: 
 corymbs densely villous-pubescent : fls. with red disk : fr. 
 about % in. across, usuallv pear-shaped. April. May. 
 Quebec to Pa., west to Nebraska. S.S. 4:182. Em. 494 (as 
 C. tomfinfosa). G.F. 5: 221. — One of the most decorative 
 species, with large, brijrht green foliage and showy fls. 
 and frs., ripening in September, but dropping soon after 
 roaturivy. 
 
 Var. tlliif61ia, Koehne. Lvs. more pubescent, petioles 
 not glandular: stamens 20. 
 
 CRATAEGUS 
 
 395 
 
 veins beneath when young, 2-3 in. long: corymbs pubes- 
 cent: fr. red; stones with two furrows on the inner side. 
 Mav-June. — Probablv hvbrid between C Crus-galli and 
 C.macraeantha. B.R. 22:1868. 
 
 7. LavilJei, Herincq. (C CarrtVW, Vauv.). Small tree 
 to 20 ft., with spreading branches, nearly unarmed, 
 when older: Ivs. elliptic or oblong-obovate, acute, pu- 
 bescent, glabrous above at length, irregularly serrate, 
 'A-4 in. long: corymbs rather few-fld.. pubescent ; tis. 
 large, with red disk : fr. bright orange or brick-red, 
 ovoid or globular. % in. across. Mav. R.H. 1883:108. 
 G.C. 111.21:118, 119.-Probably hybrid between C. 
 Crus-galli and C. Mexicana; originated in France. 
 
 575. Crataegus mollis (X %). One of the best uative thorus. 
 
 cc. Lvs. on rather short and stout, not glandular, peti- 
 oles, cunrate and usually entire at the base, and 
 mostly broadish above the middle. 
 
 D. Fr. red or yellow, not shining. 
 
 E. Habit of fr. nodding or pendulous: rather hard. 
 
 F. Color of lvs. dark green and shining above, char- 
 taceoiis: calyx lobes erect on the fr. 
 
 '. CruB-gAlli, Linn. Shrub or tree, to 40 ft. ; branches 
 wide -!<p reading, rigid, often pendulous, with numerous 
 slender spines : lvs. obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly 
 and sharply serrate, quite glabrous, 1-2 J^ in. long, often 
 semi-persistent: corymbs glabrous: fr. usually globose, 
 red. Mav-June. Quebec, south to Fla. and Tex. S.S. 
 4:178. Em. 492. R.B. 1 :11G. G.F. 7: 295. -A very deco- 
 rative species of distinct habit, handsome in bloom and 
 with showy, bright red fr.. remaining on the branches 
 often until spring ; the lvs. assume a brilliant orange 
 and scarlet color in fall. Var. in^rmis, Lge. Spineless 
 fiirm. Var. line&lis, Ser. Lvs. linear-lanceolate. Var. 
 nana, Nichols. Dwarf form. Var. ovaiifolia, Lindl. 
 Lvs. elliptic. B.R. 22:1800. Var, pyracanthifdlia, Ait. 
 Ivar. .sr///ct7d/ta, Ait.). Lvs. oblanceolate. Var. 8pl6n- 
 dens, Ait. (var. lucida, Hort.). Lvs. elliptic-oblanceo- 
 late, very shining. 
 
 <>. pmnifdlia, Pers. Shrub or tree, to .SO ft. : branches 
 spreadintr or somewhat ascending, spiny: lvs. obovate, 
 or roundish obovate, doubly serrate, pubescent on the 
 
 FF. Color of lvs. dull above, ivith impressed veins, 
 pubescent. 
 
 8. punctata, Jacq. i ig. 57G. Tree, to 25 ft. : branches 
 horizontally spreading, with short, stout spines or un- 
 armed: lvs. broadly obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed 
 at the base into a rather long-margined petiole, irregu- 
 larly serrate : corymbs pubescent : fls. large ; calyx 
 lobes entire : fr. pyriform or subglobose, red, dotted, 
 about }4 in. across. May. From Quebec to Ont. and 
 Ga. S.S. 4:184. Var. airea. Ait. (var. xanthocdrpa, 
 Roem.). Fr. yellow: lvs. sometimes slightly lobed. 
 
 EE. Habit of fr. erect, becoming soft: corymbs 
 many-fid., large. 
 
 9. tomentdsa, Linn. (C. pz/rtVo/m, Ait. C.leucophl<vos, 
 Moench). Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., with spreading 
 branches unarmed or with short spines: lvs. cuneate, 
 obovate-oblong or elliptic, acute, serrate and often 
 slightly lobed. pubescent. 2-5 in. long: corymbs pubes- 
 cent: rts. rather small; calyx lobes serrate: fr. usually 
 oval, dull or yellowish red, J^-Va in. across; stones with 
 2 furrows on the inner side. June. From Hudson Bay 
 to ita.. west to Mich. an<l Mo. S.S. 4:18.3. (4. F. 2:425. 
 B.R. 22: 1877. -Var. aorantiaca, Lge. Fr. yellow. 
 
 DU. Fr. shining, blood-red or scarlet, rarely yellow, 
 globose, with soft and juicy flesh ; stones with i 
 furrows on the inner side {plain in all the fore- 
 going except yos. 6 and 9). 
 
 10. macrac&sUia, Ludd. (C. eoccinea, var. macracdn- 
 
396 
 
 CRATAEGUS 
 
 CRAT^GUS 
 
 tha, Dudl.). Fig. oil. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., of 
 dense growth, with numerous long and slender spines: 
 Ivs. rather slender-petioled, broadly elliptic or ovate, 
 doubly serrate, glabrous, shining and dark green above, 
 almost glabrous beneath : corymbs more or less vil- 
 
 ^^"^i^^mmmj^u 
 
 576. Crataeeus punctata. 
 
 lous; fls. fragrant; calyx-teeth glandular-serrate: fr. 
 % in. in diani, Mav, June. Quebec to Va., west to Mo. 
 and Dak. S.S. 4:181. B.R. 22:1912. L.B.O. 11:1012 (as 
 C. glandulosa). A.G. 11:509. — Sometimes cultivated 
 under the name of C. Douglasi. Var. succul^nta, Rehd. 
 {C. SHCculenta, Schrad.). Lvs. pubescent beneath: 
 pedicels and calyx densely villous. 
 
 11. sanguinea, Pall. Shrub or small tree, with up- 
 right, spretuliiiiT branches and short spines: lvs. ovate 
 or broadly ovate, narrowed into the petiole, irregularly 
 serrate and slightly lobed, more deeply lobed on vigor- 
 ous shoots, nearly glabrous, lli-li in. long: corymbs 
 pubescent or glabrous; fls. large; stamens 20, with pur- 
 ple anthers : fr. % in. in diam. Siber., Dahur., Amur- 
 land. Var. Alt^ica, Loud. (var. xanthocdrpa, Regel). 
 Fr. yellow, smaller : anthers whitish: lvs. more deeply 
 lobed. 
 
 DDD. Fr. bJack, sJiinhig ; stones with 2 furrows. 
 
 12. Dotlglasi, Lindl. (C. sanguinea, var. Douglasi, 
 Torr. & Gr. ). Tree, to 40 ft., with slender, often pendu- 
 lous branches, unarmed or with short spines: lvs. short- 
 petioled, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate and 
 slightly lobed, nearly glabrous, pubescent on the mid- 
 rib above, chartaceous, 1-4 in. long: corj'mbs glabrous: 
 calvx lobes triangular-ovate : fr. ripening in Aug. or 
 Sept. May. Brit. Columb. to Calif. S.S. 4:175. B.R. 
 21:1810. 
 
 AA. Foliage distinctly lobed, with veins going from 
 the midrib to the sinuses {see also No.l); stones 
 plain on the inner side except No. 15. 
 
 B. Fr. very small, about 14 in. across: calyx lobes 
 separated by a distinct line from the fr. and fall- 
 ing off at length. 
 
 13. C0Tdkt&, Ait. (C. a cerifdlia. Much. C. populifdlia, 
 Walt.). Washington Thorn. Tree, to ;J0 ft., with 
 slender spines : lvs. slender, petioled, triangrular or 
 broadly ovate, usually truncate at the base, 3-5-lobed, 
 sharply serrate, lJ-^-2)^ in. long : corymbs many-fld., 
 glabrous : styles 5 : fr. depressed-globose, shining, 
 bright coral-red. June. 111. to Ala. and Va. S.S. 4:18(5. 
 B.R. 14:1151. — A very desirable species, with beautiful 
 fall-coloring and large clusters of bright red fr. remain- 
 ing a long time on the branches. 
 
 14. apiifdlia, Michx. Shrub or small tree, rarely 20 ft., 
 with stout spines and the branchlets pubescent when 
 young: lvs. slender, petioled, broadly ovate, piiinately 
 5-7-cleft, serrate, glabrous or pubescent, %-\% in. long: 
 corjTnbsfew-fld.. villous, pubescent; stvlesl-Il: fr. oval, 
 1-4-1-5 in. high. May. Va. and Fla. to Tex. S.S. 4:188. 
 —A handsome species with graceful foliage and an 
 abundance of white fls. in spring and small but bright- 
 colored frs. in fall. 
 
 BB. Fr. % '«• or more across : calyx not separated. 
 
 C. Fr. red or yellow. 
 
 T> Branches and lvs. glabrous. 
 
 15. Ozyac4ntha, Linn. Hannthorn or Mav of English 
 
 literature. Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft., with spreadine 
 branches and stout spines: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate 
 or truncate at the base, roundish or broadly ovate, 3-5- 
 lobed, with incisely serrate lobes, 1-2 in. long: corvmbs 
 5-10-fld., glabrous: fr. globular or roundish oval, J^-Kin. 
 high, scarlet; stones 2, with 2 furrows on the inner side* 
 Maj'. Eu., N. Afr. B.R. 13:1128 (as C. oxyacanthoWes). 
 Var. xanthoc&rpa, Roem. Has yellow fr., very (listinct 
 and showy. — Often confounded with the following, and 
 less commonly cultivated. 
 
 16. mondgyna, Jacq. {C. Oxydcantha, Hort.). Shrub 
 or tree, to 20 ft., with stout spines: lvs. on rather slender 
 petioles, ovate, ;j-7-lobed, lobes with few teeth at the 
 apex, 1-2 in. long: corymbs many-fld., with usually hairy 
 4)edicels: fr. oval, with usually 1 stone, /s-Vj in. high. 
 May, June. Eu. and N. Africa to Himalayas. — Many gar- 
 den forms are cultivated; some of the most distinct are 
 the following. With single fls.: Var. bicolor, Hort. (rar. 
 Gximpperi bicolor). Fls. white, edged pink. F.S.16:165l! 
 Var. punicea, Hort. Fls. deep red. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. L 
 L.B.C. 14 : i:563. Var. rosea, Hort Fls. pink, petals with 
 white claw. With double fls. : Var. dlba plena, Hort 
 With white double fls. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. 2. Var. Patdij 
 Hort. (var. cocci tiea, Hort. Var. Paul's jVeiv Double 
 Scarlet). Fig. 578. Bright scarlet, one of the most 
 showy. I. H. 14:530. Var. punicea pl6na, Hort. Scarlet- 
 red. R.B. 24:101. Var. rubra pl6na, Hort. Red. F.S. 
 15:1509, Fig. 3. Varieties differing in lvs. and habit: 
 Var. laciniitta, Loud. Lvs. deeply pinnatifld with incised 
 serrate lobes. Var. pteridifdlia, Loud. (var. filicifolia, 
 Hort.). Similar, but lvs. longer, with narrower and more 
 incised lobes. F.S. 20:2076. Var. quercifdlia, Loud. 
 Lvs. with broad, rounded and crenate lobes. Var. h6rrida, 
 Carr. Branches with fascicles of numerous stout spines 
 F.S. 14:1468. G.C. III. 24:13. Var. p6ndula, Hort. With 
 pendulous branches. Var. p^ndula rdsea, Hort. A pen- 
 dulous form, with pink fls. Var. striata, Loud. (var. 
 pyrnm id alls, Hort. ). Of fastigiate, upright habit. Var. 
 semperfldrens, Andr^ (var. Briianti, Carr.). Low, grace- 
 ful shrub, flowering until fall. R.H. 1883, p. 140. There 
 are also some vars. with variegated lvs. 
 
 577. Crataegus macracantha {X%). 
 
 17. pinnatifida, Bunge. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: 
 lvs. slender-petioled, cuneate, elliptic-ovate, pinnately 
 ,5-9-cleft, incisely serrate: corymbs many-fld., usually 
 pubescent: fr. globular orpyriform, dark red, punctate. 
 
CRATAEGUS 
 
 CREPIS 
 
 397 
 
 >4-^ in. high; stones 3-5. June. Amurland, N. China, 
 Japan. Ut. 1862: 366.- Var. mAjor, N. E. Brown. Lvs. 
 larger, less deeply lobed : fr. oval, 1 in. long. O.C. II. 
 26:620. 
 
 DD. BranchletR and lvs. pubescent , rarely Jvs. glabrous: 
 fr. large, often pubescent. 
 
 18. Az4rolu8, Linn. (C. Ardnia, S^r. ). Shrub or tree, 
 to 25 ft.: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate-obovate, deeply 
 3-5-lobed, with the lobes nearly entire or incised at the 
 apex, grayish green, pubescent, lj^-2*4in. long: corymbs 
 few-fld., densely tomentose: fr. orange-red or yellow, 
 globular or .ovoid, %-l in. across. Mav. N. Africa, 
 W. Asia. B.R. 22:1897 (as C. Aronia). R.H. 1856: 441. 
 — Var. Sin^ca, Boiss. Lvs. glabrous: fr. smaller, reddish 
 vellow. B.R. 22:18.55 (as C. Maroccana). 
 
 578. Paul's Thorn — CratacGTUs monojjyna, var, Pauli. 
 
 19. orientilis, Pall. (T. o</ow/i.s.s'/*/irt, Lindl.). Shrub 
 or small tree, with spreading, almost unarmed branches: 
 lvs. short-petioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, pinnately 
 3-5-cleft, with the lobes incisely serrate at the apex, 
 tomentose piibescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense, tomen- 
 tose: calyx lobes entire: fr. depressed globose, brick- or 
 orange-red, ^4-1 in. across. June. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. 
 B.M. 2314. B.R. 22:1885 (as C. oaoratissima).-Y&v. 
 sangulnea, Schrad. Fr. dark red. B.R. 22:1852. 
 
 20. tanacetifdlia, Pers. Shrub or small tree : lvs. cune- 
 ate, obovate, pinnately 5-7-cleft, with the lobes glandular- 
 serrate, villous-pubescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense, 
 5-7-fld.: calyx lobes large, deeply glan<lular serrate: fls. 
 large: fr. pubescent, yellow, 1 in. or more across, with 
 laciniate bracts at the base. Mav, June. W. Asia. 
 B.R. 22:1884. Gt. 43, p. 215. 
 
 CC. Fr. black, shining, globular. 
 
 21. nlgrra, Kit. Shrub or small tree: branches pubes- 
 cerT, vith short spines: lvs. short-petioled, ovate or 
 ovate-elliptic, deeply pinnately 5-9-lobed with serrate 
 lobes, slightly pubescent alx>ve, densely pubescent be- 
 neath: corymbs dense, 10-15-fld., tomentose; pedicels 
 short: fls. white, becoming slightly red: fr. J^in. across. 
 S. E. Eu. L.B.C. 11:1021. 
 
 r. acerifblia, Mncli.= C. cordata.— C. acerifoUa, Hort.= C. 
 mollis.— C. cestivdlis, Terr. &,Gray. Tree, to :{0 ft. : lvs. ciineate- 
 oblong, crenate-serrate, pul)escent below: corj'mbs few-fld., gla- 
 brous: fr. large, red. S. states. S.S. 4:192.— C. apiifolia, Hort. 
 = C. orientalis. — C. ar6orwe?i«, E11.= C. \iridi.s.— C berberi- 
 fdlia,TorT.& Gray. Allied to C.Cnis-galli. Lvs. obovate, rounded 
 at the apex, pubescent !is are the corymbs. S. states. S.S. 4:179. 
 
 — C. 6ra<;Aj/acdn<Aa,Sarg. & Engelm. Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. elliptic 
 or oblong-lanceolate, rarely IMobeti, glabrous at length : corymbs 
 many-fld.: fr. l:irge, bright blue. Louisiana, Texas. S.S. 4:177. 
 
 — C. Califomica, Hort.= C. pinnatiflda major.— C. Carpdthica, 
 Lodd.= C. nigra.- C. Celsidna, Bosc. Shrub: lvs. pinnately 
 lobed, slightly pubescent l)eneath: corj-mbs many-tld. : fr. ovoid, 
 fed. Origin unknown.— C chlnrnsnrcn, Maxim. Allied to C. 
 sanguinea. Lvs. pinnately lobed, glabrous at length: corymbs 
 many-fld.: fr. black, with green flesh. Manchuria.— C.coccinea, 
 var. viridis, Torr. & Gray.= C pniinosa. — C. crenuldta, Roxb. 
 = Pyracantha crenulatai— C cunedtn, Miq. Low shrub: lvs. 
 cuneate. obo%-ate-oblong, serrate or slightly lobed : cor>Tnbs few- 
 fld.: fr. large, re<l. Japan.— C DaAtincfl, Hort. = C.pinnatifida. 
 
 — C. Douglnsi. Hort.. not Lindl.= C. m.toracantha.— C. Floren- 
 t\na, Zucc.== Pyrus (Mains) cratwgifolia.- C. flbrida, Loud.=» 
 C. unirtora.— C. Fontnnesiana, Spach. AlHeil to C. Crus-galli. 
 Lvs. elliptic or elliptic-L-tnceolate, almost glabrous, shining 
 above: corymbs many-fld.. pubescent: fr. red. Probably hybrid 
 and belonging to C. prunifolia.— C. glabra, Hort., not Thbg.= 
 
 C. cordata.— C. glanduldsa, Mnch. (C. flava, var. pubescens. 
 Gray ) . Allied to C. flava. Lv.s. broader, of firmer texture, more 
 pubescent and glandular: fr.subglolwse, red or yellow. S. states. 
 S.S. 4: 190 (as (.'. flava elliptica) . B.R. 22: 1890 (a» C. spathulata) . 
 — C. grandiflbra, Kcx-h. Small trees: lvs. elliptic, serrate, often 
 slightly lol»ed toward the apex, pul)escent: fls. l-.'J, large: fr. 
 brown, glol ose, large. Supposed to l>e a hyl)rid between ^les- 
 pilus <termanica and a Cratiegus. ff.F. 10; '.i.'). R.H. 1869, p. &) 
 (as C. lobata) .— C. heterophiilla, Fluegge. Allied toC.monogj-na. 
 Lvs. larger, usually trifid: fr. larger. l)right re<l: corymbs many- 
 fld. B.R. 14:11(51 and 22:1H47.— i'. A'oroa-OT<-i,Hort.= C.pinnati- 
 fida, var. nuijor; al.xo V. chlorosarca and V. sanguinea, var. 
 Altaica are cultivatetl sometimes under this name.— C. lobata, 
 Bosc.= (.". grandiflora.— C. Idcida, Mill.^ C Crusgalli, var. 
 splendens.— C. J/«f>ra, Linn. f.=C. Azarolus.— C. melanocdrpa, 
 Bieb.= C. pentagj*na.— ('. Mexicdna, Sess.& Moc. Small tree, 
 to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate-oblong, coarsely serrate or slightlj- lobed, 
 pubescent: corymbs .'{-lO-fld., tomentose: fr. large, reil or yellow. 
 Mexico. B.R. 22:1910. S.B.F.G.II,3:.'M)0.— C. microcdrpa. Lindl. 
 = C. spathtilata.- (J. odoratissima, Lindl. = ('. orientalis.— C. 
 Olireridna, Dum.- fours. = C. pentagyna.— C. pentdgyna, Kit. 
 Shrubor small tree: lvs. pinnately 5-7-cleft, pubescent: corj-mbs 
 many-fld.: fr. pyriform, bh-vk. dull, small. B.R. 22:1874; 
 2.3: 19.^3.— (7. popuUfolia, Ell. Allied to C. cocfinea. Lvs. smaller, 
 glabrous: fr. green-purple f>r dull purple, glaucous. N. Eng. to 
 Flu.— C.pruindsn,'Wenil].=V.\x>imUfo]i!i.— ('.purpurea, Hose. = 
 C. Sfkngviinea.—C. Pyracdiitha , Pers.=Pyracanthacoccinea.— t'. 
 pyrifblia, Ait.= 0. tomentosa.— ('. riruldris. Nutt. Allied to 0. 
 Douglasi. Shnib : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous at 
 length. Oregon to N. Mexico and Calif. S.S. 4:176.— C'.spa^Au- 
 Idta, Mf'hx. Shrub or tree, to 20 ft. : lvs. cuneate. oblanceolate, 
 crenately serrate or S-lolx'd at the apex: corj'ml>s many-tld.: 
 fr. scarlet, globular, V^in. across. S. states. S.S. 4:18,5. B.R. 
 22:1846 (as (J. microcarpa).— C. succulentn. Sf'hrad.= C. marra- 
 cantha.— C. Tatdrira, Hort.= C. pinnatifida, var. major.— C. 
 tomeiitdsa,v:\T. mollis, Hort.==C. mollis. —<^'. Tournefbrti, Griseb. 
 =C. orientalis, var. sanguinea.— C\ Virginica, Lodd.=C. glandu- 
 losa.— C. riridis, Linn. Tree, to .35 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong-obo- 
 vate, irregularly serrate, often slightly lobed, glabrous: corj-mbs 
 many-fld., glabrous or sparingly villous: fr. scarlet or orange. 
 S. Caro. and Fla. to Texas. S.S. 4 : 187. ALFRED Rehdek 
 
 CBATiEVA (after Cratevas, an obscure writer on 
 medical plant-s, not, as sometimes stated, at the time of 
 Hippocrates, but at the beginning of the first century 
 B.C., since he named a plant after Mithridates). Cap- 
 pariddcecp. A genus of 14 species of tropical trees and 
 shrubs: leaflets 3: fls. in corymbs, usually polygamous, 
 with the odor of garlic : sepals and petals 4 : stamens 
 8-23: torus elongated: berries ovate-globose, with a slen- 
 der stripe. The bark of the Garlic Pear, ('. gynandra, 
 blisters like Cantharides. C. rcligiosa, from Malabar 
 and the Society Islands, is a sacred tree, and is planted 
 in native graveyards. The bitter, aromatic leaves and 
 bark are used by them in stomach troul)les. The above 
 and some other species are cultivated in Europe as 
 ornamental greenhouse shrubs. 
 
 religid8a,Forst.f. (r.^'Kri'rf^a. Buch.-Ham. ). Leaflets 
 2}-i to 3 times as lonsr as broad : stamens 20-28. —Cult, sy 
 Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 
 CREAM NUT. See Bertholletia. 
 
 GBEEFING CHARLIE. A children's name for the 
 fragrant little blue-tiuwered weed, Malva rotundifoUa, 
 which bears the "cheeses"' dear to boyhood's memory. 
 The name is hardly dignifie*! enough for most botanies. 
 This name is sometimes applied to Lysimachia nummu- 
 la ria . 
 
 CR£FIS (the application of this name is obscure). 
 CompSaitce. This variable genus contains a few hardy 
 annual and perennial herbs, especially C. Sibirica, 
 which resembles a sow-thistle in habit, and has corymbs 
 of reddish blue flowers, about the size of a hawkweed, 
 or a small dandelion. It is one of the coarser border 
 plants, and rare. Rather li^ht. .sandy soil, and full ex- 
 posure to the sun are essentials to the welfare of this 
 plant. It is contented in a rather dry position, either in 
 the rockery, or in the border. It is prop, by division. A 
 common plant on the moss of Enirlish thatched cot- 
 tages is C. virens, a yellow-fld. plant, resembling a 
 dandelion. 
 
 Sibirica, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, and at least as 
 wide when in bloom: plant covered with short rough 
 hairs: root, large, fleshy: lvs. rough, wrinkled, coarsely 
 dentate, somewhat cordate, 12 in. long, including a pet- 
 iole half as long: fls. bright yellow: involucre loose, 
 
398 
 
 CREPIS 
 
 CRIXUM 
 
 hairy. July, En., Asia, Minor, Himalayas. Gn. 53, p. 
 493. — The tallest and largeat-fld. of the jrenus. Its 
 white, plumy masses of seeds are also attractive. 
 
 r. nurea, Reichh. Height 1ft., fls. orange. June. Eu. The 
 commonest perennial species of thegeniis abroad. Repays ricli 
 soil.— C. riihra, Linn. Annual height 6-:{2 in.: As. re<l. usually 
 solitary. Italy. Greece. The commonest of the annual species 
 abroad. ^ 
 
 CR£SC£NTIA (after Crescenzi, thirteenth century 
 Italiiin a;;ricuUural writer!. Bignnniclcece. This genus 
 is chietly interesting for the Calabash tree, and has no 
 near allies of horticultural importance. It consists of 
 tropical trees, glabrous: Ivs. alternate, solitary or clus- 
 tered in nodes : fls. large, tubular, with a fluted 5-cut 
 limb, yeHowish, with red or purple veins: calyx 2-parted 
 or deeply 5-cut. The Calabash tree is a native of tropi- 
 cal America, is especially familiar in the "West Indies, 
 and can be grown outdoors in extreme !>. Fla., S. Calif. 
 The outer skin of the fruit is removed, and the seeds 
 and pulp from within, and the hard, woody shell is 
 used for water-gourds and for all sorts of domestic ves- 
 sels, according to size and shape. The growing fruit 
 can be made to assume various forms by skillful tying. 
 It is a tree, 20 ft. high, and readily distinguished from 
 all others l)y its peculiar habit of growth, as it bears 
 large, horizontal, scarcely divided branches, which bear 
 clusters of leaves at intervals. 
 
 Cujdte, Linn. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, broadly lanceolate. taper- 
 ing at the base: fls, solitanr\ pendulous; calyx 2-parted 
 corolla constricted below the middle, and then swelled 
 above, malodorous when decaying; stamens 4, some- 
 times 5. B.M. 3430. 
 
 CBESS. The ordinary garden Cress {Lepidium sati- 
 vum), sometimes callecf peppergrass, is still absent in 
 the majority of American gardens, although ite leaves 
 have the pleasant jmngency of the Water Cress, and 
 might be used more freely as a condiment, to be served 
 with salads, or for garnishing. The quick sprouting 
 habit of the seed is proverbial. If Cress is wanted in 
 its prime continuously, seed must be sown every few 
 days. The young plants, which may be left thickly in 
 drills, need protection from the flea beetle, as this is as 
 fond of Cress pungency as any gourmand. For winter 
 use. garden Cress may be grown in large flower pots, 
 boxes, or on a bench, in any light and reasonably warm 
 place. There are curled and broad-leaved types. Aus- 
 tralian or Golden Cress is a broad, yellowish-leaved va- 
 riety. Water Cress {yasturthnn officinal'), a hardy 
 pereimial and important market crop, can be grown in 
 moist soil in the greenhouse, or in almost any ditch, 
 pool, or shallow water course. Covered with water, it 
 winters well. To introduce it in any suitable place, all 
 that is necessary is to scatter seed or a few freshly-cut 
 branches, and it will soon spread and flourish. "Erfurt 
 Sweet" is a superior strain. Similar to Water Cress in 
 form of leaf and in taste is the Upland Cress {Barha- 
 rea vuhfaris), a. hardy biennial which can easily be 
 grown from seed. ' t. Greixer. 
 
 CBIMSON FLAG. Schizostylis coecinea. 
 
 CRINKLE BOOT. 
 
 diphiiUa, 
 
 One of the names of Dentaria 
 
 CBtNUM (Greek name for a lily). Amnryllidclcea'. 
 A rather large and cosmopolitan genus of splendid flow- 
 ering* bulbs, mostly tender, closely allied to Amaryllis, 
 and distinguished bv the longer perianth tube. Lvs. 
 mostly persistent, usually broad; fls. few or many in an 
 umbel, often very fragrant and with three types of 
 coloring, pure white, bauded red or purplish down the 
 center, or flushed with the same colors ; perianth 
 spreading or funnel shaped; tube straight or curved; 
 segments linear, lanceolate or oblong. 
 
 The species of Crinum require widely different cul- 
 ture, and iheir geograi>hical distribution furnishes an 
 important clue as to their rarity and the degree of 
 wannth required. There are only two hardy species. C. 
 longifolium and C. Moorei, the latter being less hardy 
 than the tormer, but with finer flowers. These two 
 
 species differ from all others in blooming all summer in- 
 stead of during a short period, and in the greater la.**ting 
 qualities of their flowers. An interesting hybrid between 
 the two, C. Potrellii, is hardier than C. Moorei, and the 
 flower, though better than C. lomjifolium, is not quite as 
 showy as that of C Moorei. The hybrid has three well 
 marked colors, white, rose and purplish. A single Imlb 
 of the white variety has given fifty flowering bulbs in 
 four years. W. Watson says that this cross can easily be 
 repeated by amateurs. The outdoor kinds require a deep, 
 well drained soil and plenty of moi-sture during the grow- 
 ing season. Speaking of C. Moorei, W. Watson, Lon- 
 don, says: "For placing in consi)icous positions on ter- 
 races or lawns, or in comers where flowers are wanted to 
 combine with architecture or statuarj'for summer effect 
 they are of the greatest value. The Agapanthus is fre- 
 quently grown for such purposes, but the Crinum is 
 scarcely known in this chara<*ter. Of course large speci- 
 mens are needed, but once obtained they are not easily 
 lost." The bun>s of Crinums are mostly grown in Hol- 
 land and in Florida. The only native species, C. Ameri- 
 ca ntim, the "Swamp Lily of Florida," makes a brilliant 
 and striking spectacle when seen in dismal places far 
 from civilization. It is no wonder that it is cherished in 
 Florida gardens. 
 
 Of the greenhouse Crinums some are evergreen, others 
 decidotis; some wurmhouse, others coolhouse species. 
 Like Pancratiums, they re«juire too much space to be as 
 popular here as in the Old World. Speaking especially 
 of C. aintibile and C. Aniafieum, Robert Cameron sav's 
 (G. F. 1(): 217) : "Crinums thrive in a compost of turfy 
 loam, dry cow-manure and a little charcoal. When they 
 are grown in large pots they do not require annual re- 
 potting: in fact, our large plants have not been shifted 
 for the ])ast five years. A top-dressingof good, rich soil 
 is all that is necessary, and when they are well estab- 
 lished liquid manure is very beneficial." C. amuhUe 
 may be taken as a type of the coolhouse and C. gigan- 
 teiihi of the warmhouse kind. Of the latter species. W. 
 Watson says (G. F. 4: 221 ) : "It is gigantic only in the 
 size of its flowers. The erect scapes are produced sev- 
 eral times a year at varying seascms. The flowers are 
 powerfully and deliciously fragrant, and last about a 
 week. This species requires plenty of moisture all the 
 year round, and it is happiest when planted in a large pot 
 of rich soil, or better still, in a bed under the shade of 
 palms." ^'. ^ 
 
 Among the great family of large-flowering Amaryllids 
 I do not recall any more beautiful in bloom than Crinum 
 Moorei and its hybrid C PowelUi. The culture of the 
 former is of the simplest. It requires potting, and is not 
 fastidious a.<r to soil. It is well to grow it along into a 
 fair-sized tub with its offsets, of which it is prolific, until 
 it makes a good specimen, as it will then be more effective 
 in the garden when in flower. In late fall it should be 
 removed to a coolhouse and kept fairly dry till new 
 leaves appear in midwinter, when it may have more 
 moisture, the supply being increased on removal out- 
 doors in spring. C Potrellii has a shorter necked bulb 
 and drooping channelled leaves sometimes 4 feet long, 
 while C. Moorei has spreading leaves 2 feet or more 
 long. C. Potvellii is especially valuable for its hardi- 
 ness. In a sheltered place at Elizabeth, N. J., it is 
 cut to the ground, but reappears in the spring, being 
 protected only by a small mound of ashes or earth, which 
 
 serves to throw off moisture. , -^r ^ 
 
 J. N. Gerard. 
 
 Alphabetical list of species described below: C. Abys- 
 sinicum, IG : amabile, 3 ; Americanum, 4 ; aqnaticuw, 
 15; Asiaticum, 1; augustum. 6; aHstrale, 2: campanu- 
 latum, 15; Capense, 9; cappeditm, 1; Colensoi, 10; cras- 
 sifolium. 13; Eboraci. 1; erubescens. Ait., 7; erubes- 
 ceHS,HBK.,8: fimbriatulum. 20; giganteum, 21 ; grandi- 
 florum, 9; Herberti, 19; Ilerhertianum, 19; hybridum, 1; 
 Kirkii, 11; Kimthiannm, Hort.,19; Kunthianura, 
 Roem., 8; lineare. 17; longifolium, 9; Mackenii, 10 ; 
 Makoyanum, 10; Moorei, 10 ; ^afnlense, 10 ; ortiatnm, 
 14 ; pedunculatum, R.Br.. 2 ; pedunculatum, Hort., 1 ; 
 Powellii. 18; pratense, 5; riparium,9; scabro-Capense, 
 19; scabrum, 19: Schntidfii, 10; Sinico-scabrum. 1; va- 
 riabile. 13 ; Sanderianum, 14 ; virgineum, 22 ; Virgini- 
 cum, 19 ; Zeylanicum, 12. 
 
■s- •' 
 
 CRINUM 
 
 CRINOI 
 
 399 
 
 A. Perianth erect, ttith upreading, linear segments : 
 stamenif Kpreading. Stenanter. 
 
 B. Color white : tube greenish. 
 
 1. AfliAticum, Linn. Bulb 4-5 in. thick; neck r>-9 in. 
 long : Ivs. 20-30 to a bulb, .'{-4 ft. long, '.i-4 in. broad : 
 peduncle 13^-2 ft. long, 1 in. thick; tis. 20-50 in an um- 
 b»-l; spathe valves 2— t in. long ; pedicels %-! in. long: 
 perianth white; tube erect, tinged with green, :j-4 in. 
 long; seg^nents 2^2-3 in. long; filaments tinged red, 2 
 in. long : ovule 1 in a cell. Trop. Asia. B.M. 1073.— 
 Baker gives 5 botanical varieties, of which the most im- 
 portant in the American trade is probably var. Sinicum, 
 Baker {Cpeilunculiitum, Hort., not R.Br.). St. John's 
 Lily. Bulb 6 in. thick, 18 in. long : Ivs. 5 in. broad, 
 with undulated edges, forming a massive crown 4-5 ft. 
 high : peduncle 2-3 ft. lontr: ris. 20 or more : perianth 
 white. China. The bulb usually divides into two of 
 equal size, small olTsets are rarely produced. Seedlings 
 flower in 5 years. Var. declin&tuin. Baker, has a sloping 
 instead of erect fl. ; perianth sejrments tinged red at tip. 
 Sillet. B.M. 2231. Var. prdcerum. Baker, is larger than 
 the type, with Ivs. 5 ft. long. t> in. wide: perianth tube 
 and limb 5 in. long, the latter tinged red outside. Ran- 
 goon. B.M. 2684. Var. an6malam, Baker, is freakish 
 looking, its Ivs. being exi>ande<l into a broad, membra- 
 nous, striated and f»laited \viii;r. There is nothins: like 
 it in the genus. Var. angrustifolium, Hort., is dwarf, 2 ft. 
 high. China. B.M. 2908. C. Ebbraci, Herbert (C. 7*^- 
 briflum Toddne, Hort.). Similar to the variety next 
 mentioned, but half the size. Ganlen hybrid between a 
 small form of C AsiaticKfn and C longi folium. C. 
 Ebdraci, var. capp^dom, Reasoner {C. cappedum, Rea- 
 soner). Habit much like C. Asinticum, but Ivs. taper- 
 ing to a slender point, semi-erect. 4 ft. hitrh: fls. about 
 20, segments 4 in. long, % in. Itmad, spreading, white, 
 sometimes changing to pink, (iarden hybrid between 
 C. A.^iaticum, var. SinicHtn and C. longifolium. In- 
 creases both by offsets and splitting of the bulb into 
 two. C ISinico-scdbrum , Hort., hybrid of C. A,^iaticum 
 var. crossed with C. scabrum, and intermediate in as- 
 pect and tl. 
 
 2. pedancul&ttun, R. Brown {C. nustrdle. Herb.). 
 Bulb 4 in. thick ; neck 6 in. long: Ivs. 2.>-30 to a bulb: 
 fls. 20-.30 in an umbel: spathe valves ;j-4 in. long: pedi- 
 cels l-lj'2in.: perianth greenish white, not tinged with 
 red outside : filaments short, bright red : style shorter 
 than the filaments : ovules 3 in a cell. Austral. B.R. 
 52.— The bulb grows above ground on a large rootstock. 
 
 BB. Color purplish red outside: tube purplish red. 
 
 3. amttbilc, Don. Bulb large ; neck 1 ft. or more 
 long : Ivs. 25-30 to a bulb : peduncle 2-3 ft. long : fls. 
 20-30 in an umbel, very fragrant; spathe valves 4-5 in. 
 long ; pedicels J^-l in. long : perianth with a crimson 
 center band, tinged outside bright purplish red ; tube 
 bright red ; segments 4-5 in. long : stamens an inch 
 shorter than the segments. Sumatra. B.M. 1G05. R.H. 
 18i)(»:24L — Supposed by Herbert to be a spontaneous 
 hybrid betweon C. Asiaticum, var. procerum and C. 
 Zeylanicum: fls. sterile, bulb increases by small offsets. 
 A stately ornament of most Florida gardens ; often 
 sold under the name of C. augustum, which is a similar 
 but smaller natural hybrid presumably between C. brac- 
 teatum and C. Zeylanicum, and has more obtuse Ivs. 
 than C. amabile. 
 
 AA. Perianth erect, with spreading, lanceolate seg- 
 ments : stamens spreading. Phttijaster. 
 
 B. Lvs. few, 6-10 to a bulb. 
 
 4. Americ^num, Linn. Fig. 579. Florida Swamp 
 Lily. Bulb stoloniferous, ovoid. .3-4 in. thick ; neck 
 short: lvs. 114-2 in. broad: fls. 3-6, usually 4 ; pedicels 
 none or very short: perianth creamy white; tube green- 
 ish. Native in river swamps, Fla. and westward. B.M. 
 1034. 
 
 5. prat4nse, Herb. Bulb ovoid. 4-5 in. thick : neck 
 short: lvs. 6-8, 1^-2 ft. long. lJ^-2 in. wide, channeled, 
 margin entire : fls. 6-12; perianth white. Var. 6legan8, 
 Carey, has a longer necked bulb, decumbent peduncle, 
 and tube an inch shorter than the segments. B.M. 2592. 
 Var. ventistum, Carey, has about 30 fls. in an umbel, 
 Ind. 
 
 BB. Lvs. numerous, 20 or more to a bulb. 
 
 c. Bulb conical, large, with a long neek. 
 
 6. aagnistam, Roxb. {C. nmdbile. var. augustum, 
 Gawl). Bulb conical, 6 in. thick; neck long: Ivs. 20-30, 
 ,'J-4 in. broad: peduncle nnich conipressed : fls. 12-20; 
 pedicels sometimes an inch lonir : color strontr ptirplish 
 red outside, ban<led within : tube purplish, Mauritius. 
 Seychelles, B.M, 2397. B.R. 8:679, 
 
 :3^^*X**'»."v«k*«» « 
 
 579. The Swamp Lily of Florida— Crinum Americanum. 
 
 A type of the subgenus witli wide-spreading perianth and 
 lanceolate segments. 
 
 cc. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick; with a short neck. 
 
 7. emb^scens, Ait. Bulb ovoid. 3—4 in. thick ; neck 
 short: lvs. 2-3 in. broad, slightly rough : fls. 4-12; pedi- 
 cels none or very short ; color reddish outside, white 
 within : tube bright red. Trop. Amer. B, M, 1232. 
 L. B, C. 1:31. 
 
 8. KontMiLnnm, Roem. (C eruhiscens, HBK., not 
 Alton). Lvs. wavy: fls. 4-5 in an umbel; tube longer 
 than in No. 6, 7-8 in. long ; color pure white. New 
 Granada. Var. Nicaragru^nse, Baker, is purple outside, 
 the segments longer and lvs, longer and narrower. 
 
 AAA. Perianin funhel-shaped; tube permanently curved; 
 segm^'nts oblong ascending : stamens and style 
 contiguous and declined. (Codonocrinum.) 
 
 B. Bulbs long-necked. 
 
 c. Filaments red. 
 
 9. longrifdlitun, Thunb. {C. Capense, Herb. Amaryl- 
 lis longi folia, Linn. CripHrium, Herb.). Lvs. 2-3 ft. 
 long, 2-3 in. wide; margins rough: fls. Cy-Vl. pedicels 
 1-2 in, long ; perianth tinged red on the back, and some- 
 times on the face, with a white varietv. Cape Colonv. 
 Natal. B.M. r»61. Var. dlbum, Hort. Gn. 52. p. 123.-The 
 hardiest Crinum, enduring the winter of the middle 
 states, if protected with litter during cold weather. 
 Propagation by offsets or seed, which is produced 
 jibundantly. C. grandiflbriim, Hort., is a new hybrid 
 with C. Careyt\num, said to partake of the hardiness of 
 C, longifolium. 
 
400 
 
 CRINUM 
 
 CRINUM 
 
 D. 
 
 CC. Filaments tchite or pinkish, 
 yfitntin of Ivs. entire : pednnele 2S ft. long. 
 
 10. Mo6rei, Hook. f. (C- Makoydnnm, Carr. C. Co- 
 Un»oi, ('. Maekhiii, an<l C. NataUnst, Hort. C 
 Sehmiddi, He^'tll. Fi)?. .%(). Bulb 
 
 ovoid, net'k I'J-lH in. lon^ : Ivs. 2-3 ft. 
 lon^, 3-4 in. wide, mart^in entire, veins 
 rather distant, distinct: tls. (>-12; ped- 
 icels IJ^ to 3 in. lon^c: i>eriantli tlushed 
 with rose on l><»th sides, with a white 
 varietv ; seprnients wide. Natal and 
 Kaffraria. B.M. (Jll.J. O.C. III. 2:41»9. 
 R.H. 1877.p. 417. R.H.18S7: :{(M). R.B. 
 22: 196; 23:01. Var. Album, Hort. (it. 
 1072. Gn. 52. p. 122, and var. platy- 
 p^talum, Hort., are cuUivut**!. C. 
 Colemtoi has a longer tube, smaller 
 flower, with a paler and narrower linil*. 
 
 DD. Margin of Ivs. ciliated : peduncle 
 12-18 in. long. 
 
 11. KirMi, Baker. Bull) plolwjse, 6-8 
 in. thick, sometimes 6 in. long : Ivs. 
 3^^-4 ft. long, 4-4/'2 in. wide, margin 
 rough, veins close: Hs. 12-15 ; pedicels 
 none or very short ; color white, with a 
 ver}' distinct crimson band down the 
 center. 7.anzibar. B.M. «i512. — Recog- 
 nized at a glance b\' its short, ver)^ stout peduncle and 
 very large acuminate Ivs., with a distinctly ciliated 
 edge.— A warmhouse species. 
 
 BB. Bulbs short -necked. 
 C. Fls. numerous, usuall;/ more than 8 in an umhel. 
 
 12. Zeyl&nictun, Linn. (AmarfiUis ornhta,B. M. 1171). 
 Bulb globose, a-iy in. thick : Ivs. 10-12, 2-3 ft. long, '.\-A 
 in. wide, wavy, margin roughish ; peduncle stout, purple : 
 fls. 10-20 ; perianth bright red outside in the middle 
 
 580. 
 
 A youne plant of 
 
 Crinutn Moorei. 
 
 Quite weaned from 
 its seed and begin- 
 ning its own life. 
 
 581. Crinum Powellii. 
 
 third ; segments oblong lanceolate, '^-A in. long, 1 in. 
 broad. Midsummer. Tropical Asia and Africa.— A 
 -warmhouse species. The most commonly cultivated 
 species of the genus. Native throughout tropical Asia 
 and Africa. Usually sold as C. Kirkii, which is an allied 
 
 species from Zanzibar, probably not known outside of 
 one or two botanical gardens, 
 
 13. variibile. Herb. {C. crassifdUum, Herb. i. Hulb 
 ovoid, ."^4 in. thick : Ivs. 1 %-2 ft. long, 2 in. wide, w.ak- 
 fls. 10-12 ; perianth flushed red outside : fllaments redl 
 Cape Colony.— A rare species. 
 
 .CC. Fls. fewer, usually less than 8 in an umbel. 
 
 D. Bulbs small. 
 
 E. Tube long, 5-6 in.: stamens nearly as long n.s the 
 perianth segments. 
 
 14. Sanderiinum, Baker (C. omfitum, Burj-). H>ilb 
 globose, 2 in. thick ; neck 2-3 in. long : Ivs. 1(>-12. thin 
 l>^-2 ft. long, lyi in. broad, margin much criHp«-d: tls! 
 .'$-6 ; perianth with a distinct band of briirlir rr.l! 
 Corisco island. Sierra Leone. Gn. 52: 1131.— cinsfiv 
 allied to C. seabrum. 
 
 EE. Tube short: stamens much shorter than the 
 
 segments. 
 
 F. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long. 
 
 15. campanulitum, Herb. (C. agudticum, BurclwU), 
 Lvs. linear, deeply channelled, 3-4 ft. : fls. 6-8: perianrh 
 rosy red. Cape colony. Kaflfraria. B.M. 2352.— A very 
 distinct species. 
 
 FF. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long. 
 G. Pedicels very short or none. 
 
 16. Abyssinlcum, Hochst. Bulb ovoid, 3 in. thick: lvs. 
 about 6, 1 ft. long, %-l in. wide, veins close, niarsrin 
 rough : fls. 4-6, pedicels very short or none. 3Its. of 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 GO. Pedicels % in. long. 
 
 17. line^ire, Linn. f. Lvs. linear, lK-2 ft. long, % in. 
 broad, glaucous, channelled : fls. 5-6 ; pedicels % in. 
 long ; periantii tinged red outside ; filaments red. 
 Cape colony. — Rare. 
 
 DD. Bulbs large. 
 
 E. Pedicels 1-1% in. long. 
 
 18. Pdwellii, Hort. Fig. 581. Bulb short-necked: lvs. 
 about 20, spreading, ensiform, acuminate, 3-4 ft. long, 
 3-4 in. broad near the base, margin smooth: fls. about ?*: 
 perianth peach blossom color, with white and purplish 
 varieties. — Garden hybrid of C. longi folium and C. 
 Moorei. According to Baker, the bulb is globose, but 
 J. N. Gerard says it is long, like a leek. 
 
 EE. Pedicels very short or none. 
 F. Margin of lvs. rough. 
 
 19. BC§ibrum, Herb. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 1J4-2 in. 
 wide, closely veined, margin scabrous: fls. 4-8: pedi- 
 cels none or verv short : 
 perianth banded bright red. 
 Apr., May. Tropical Africa 
 from Guinea to Abvssinia. 
 B. 31. 2180. F.S. 21:2216.- 
 Common in Florida gardens, 
 a very showj-and easily cul- 
 tivated species. C. Herbert!, 
 Sweet (C. scabro-Capenxf, 
 Hort. C. Ku n th i (in u m , 
 Hort., notRoera.). Fls. sim- 
 ilar to C. seabrum, but color 
 lighter, the plant taller and 
 larger. Garden hybrid be- 
 tween C. seabrum and ('. 
 longifolium. This is a doubt- 
 ful name. C- fferbertiiimim, 
 Wall.=C. Zeylanieiim. C. 
 Herbert ianiim.HorX. Roem. 
 & Schultes=C^ strictum C. 
 Virginicum. Garden hybrid, 
 resembles <?. fferberti. but 
 the plant is smaller and the 
 flowers larger and brisihter 
 in color. See also No. 22. 
 20. fimbriAttllnm, Baker. Lvs. as in C. .sTa&no>», but 
 margins ciliated with small membranous scales : peri- 
 anth banded red. Angola. Gn. 55, Feb. 11. Allied to 
 C. seabrum.— A wholly different plant is passing in the 
 trade under this name. 
 
CRIXUM 
 
 CROCUS 
 
 401 
 
 TT. Margin of lv». smooth. 
 
 21. grigantdum, And. Bulb 5-6 in. thick : Ivb, 12 or 
 more, 2-3 ft. ionff, -i-i in. broa<l, narrowed toward the 
 base; veins diHtant, with distinct cross veinlets : fl». 4-6, 
 rarely 8-12 : tube 4-7 in. lonjf ; perianth pure white; sex- 
 ment» much imbricated. So. Afr. B.M. 1>23. F.S.2:»:_'44;{. 
 G.F. 4:223. I. H. :i.'l: 617.— A very fragrant species. 
 
 2'_'. virgineum, Mart, F^Wage aa in C.giganf*'nm : tl». 
 about 6 ; tube .'{-4 in. lon^ ; perianth pure white. i>outh 
 Brazil. See also C. Virginicum, under No. 19. 
 
 In tt<l(liti«)n to the al>ove spec-ies the following are advertised, 
 bnt not sufficiently de8crib«d : C. nvbiU, C. Yemente, and C. 
 Zanzibarente. T. L. Mead and W. M. 
 
 CROCOSMIA ( Gvtek, odor of «rt^/ron, which is perceiv- 
 able when the dried rt«. are placed in warm water). Iri- 
 d(i''t(e. This genus has only one species, and is n»)t 
 clearly distinguished by Baker from the closely allied 
 Tritonia, Imt according to the author of the genus, it 
 differs in the stamens being separated at e<|ual dis- 
 tances instead of grouped at one side, the form of the 
 limb, the tube not swelled at the top, and the fruit 
 3-9eeded insteatl of many-seeded. The name of this 
 genus is spelled Crocosma by Baker, but it was first 
 spelled Crooosmia. 
 
 Crocosmin a urea is a showj- bulbous autumn bloom- 
 ing plant, which is hardy south of Washington, I). C, 
 with slight protection, and in the north is treated like 
 Gladiolus, the bulbs being set out in the spring, after 
 danger of frost, and lifted in the fall for winter storage. 
 It is of easy culture, and is propagated by oflFsets or by 
 seeds. Bulbs should be stored in peat or sphagnum to 
 prevent them from becoming too dry. 
 
 aiirea, Planch. ( Tritdnla nurea, Pappe.). Height.2 ft. : 
 bulb globose, emitting oifsets from clefts in the side: 
 scape lJ'2-2 ft. high, leafy below, nake<l or only bracted 
 above, compressed, 2-winged : Ivs. distichous, shorter 
 than the scape, linear, ensiform, striated, but with a 
 distinct midrib : fls. sessile in the panicle, perhaps 25 
 scattered over a long season, with buds, flowers and 
 seeds at the same time ; perianth bright orange-yellow 
 toward center; tube slender, curved, 1 in. long; segments 
 longer than the tube, capsule 3-celled. Trop. and S. Afr. 
 July-Oct. F. S. 7: 702. B. M. 4:«5. Also interesting as 
 one parent of a bigeneric cross resulting in Tritonia 
 crocosmiflora. Var. imptsri^lis, Hort. (Fig. 582), grows 
 about 4 ft. high. Var. macul&ta, Baker, has dark 
 blotches above the base of the 3 inner segments. J. H. 
 III. 33: 567. j. x. Gerard and W. M. 
 
 CKOCXTS (Greek name of Saffron). Jriddeece. Stem- 
 less plants (the grass-like Ivs. rising from the ground or 
 conn), with solid bulbs or corms. Fls. showy, in many 
 colors, funnel-shaped and erect, with a very long tube 
 and 6 nearly or quite equal segments. Stamens 3. 
 Ovary 3-loculed: seeds many, nearly globular. The 
 flowers open in sunshine. They come in fall or spring, 
 but the best known species are spring-flowering, which 
 are amongst the earliest of spring bloom. The new 
 corra usually grows ou top of the old one each year, 
 «o that the plants tend to rise out of the ground. The 
 corms, therefore, should be lifted and replanted every 
 three or four years. Crocuses force easily (see Bulb). 
 A half dozen corms may be planted in a 4-inch pot for 
 this purpose. The genus Crocus is S. European and 
 Southwestern Asian. It has about 70 recognized species. 
 The best account of the Crocuses is G. Maw's superb 
 Monograph of the Genus (^rocus, I88G. A popular ac- 
 count of the history and species, by Baker, will be found 
 in Gardeners' Chronicle for 1873, pp. 107, 179, 291, 434, 
 542, 609, 680, 1402, 1431. 1466, 15.3:^, 1633. A condensed 
 account is contained in Baker's Handbook of the Iridete, 
 1892. L. H. B. 
 
 Many forms of Crocus are well known in gardens, 
 where they are justly valued as among the showiest 
 and brightest of winter and spring flowers. About two- 
 thirds of the species are classed as vernal and the bal- 
 ance as autumnal flowering; but the various members of 
 the tribe would furnish nearly continuous bloom from 
 August to May were the season open. While there are 
 numerous species interesting to a botanist or a collector, 
 
 26 
 
 practically the beet for general cultivation are C. Jm- 
 pernti, C SuHianun (Cloth of (iold Crocus) and the 
 Dutch hybrids, mostly of C MtT»iacH». These flower in 
 about the onler named. The rosy flowers of C. Impernti 
 may be expecte<l with the earliest snowdrops. The 
 named species, having shorter flower tubes than the 
 Dutch hybrids, are not as liable to injury by the severe 
 weather of the early year. The autumnal species are not 
 satisfactor>' garden plants, the flowers mostly appearing 
 before the leaves, and being easily injured. ('. MpicioMux 
 and C. nativKs are probably the most satisfactory. The 
 latter species has been cultivated from time imme- 
 morial, the stamens having a me<li<'inal reputation, and 
 being a source of c(dor ( saffron). The cultivation of this 
 species is a small industry in France. Spain and Italy. 
 The corms should be planted alnmt 3 inches deep, 
 in a well-worked and perfectly drained soil which is free / 
 from clay or the decaying humus of manure, etc. They 
 should be carefully examined and all bruised and imper- 
 
 582. Crocosmia aurea, var. imperalis (X H). 
 
 feet ones rejected, as they are very susceptible to attacks 
 of fungi, which, gaining a footing on decrepit corms, will 
 spread to others. The careful gardener will examine all 
 exotic small bulbs annually, or at least biennally, until 
 they show by the perfection of their new bulbs that they 
 have become naturalized, or are suited to their new en- 
 vironment. In this case they may be allowed to remain 
 until crowding requires their division. This examina- 
 tion should take place after the leaves are matured and 
 dried up. Increase may be had from new corms which 
 are produced more or less freely in different species over 
 or on the sides of old corms. Seeds are often produced 
 freely, but are apt to be overlooked, as they are formed at 
 the surface of the soil. These germinate readily and 
 most freely at the growing time of the plant. They 
 should preferably be germinated in seed pans, which 
 should be exposed to freezing before the natural germi- 
 
402 
 
 CROCUS 
 
 CROCUS 
 
 natinpT tlmp. They usually fomi flowers the third neason. 
 The (,'rocu!*, as in well known, i« amenable to mtMlern, 
 forcing* It it* also useful for naturalizing in the lawn, 
 although the grass will run nut the plants in a few years, 
 If the bulbs are not replaced by strong ones. 
 
 J. N. Gerard. 
 
 Crocuses are scarcely known in the Amer. trade under 
 their species names. They have been mueh hyi)ridized 
 and varied. The common CrtM-uses of the trmle ha%'e 
 descended from C vt'rHUM chiefly, but (.\ SHximniM, C. 
 Moeniacus, C. stellarig, C. hiflorus and C. «(iNvuh are 
 freijuent. The Dutch buU>-growers cultivate many 
 species, and these are oflfere<l for sale in their American 
 lists; the species are therefore included in the following 
 synopsis. 
 
 Index: Ancyrensis, 4; &Htnr\c\iH, 2(\; aureus, 2; Ban- 
 Aticus, 8; bjtlorus, G; Bor5'i,24; Byzantinu8,29; chrysan- 
 thus, 5, 15 ; etruscus, 13; Ha<lriaticus, 18; Imperati, 14; 
 iridiflouH, 29; htefeu», 2; longifionis, 20; nie«lius, 25; 
 Moesiacus, 2; nuditlorus, 2.'{: Olivieri, ].'); Orphanidis, 
 24: pulchellus, 28; reticulatus, 12; JSalzinanni, 22; sati- 
 vus, 17; serotinus, 21 ; Sieberi, 11; speciosus, 27; stel- 
 laris, 3; Susianus, 1; Suterianus, 15; Sifrincnit,9; Tom- 
 masinianus, 10; Toumef«»rti, 24 ; vemus, 9 ; versicolor, 
 7; vitellinus, 16; zonatus, 19. 
 
 A. Blooming in spring. 
 
 B. Style-branches entire or merely toothed. 
 
 r. Fls. yellow, at least inside. 
 
 1. Susiinus, Ker. Cloth of Gold Crocis. Corm^in. 
 In diam.: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, reaching to the tt., narrow- 
 linear, with revolute edges and a central band of white: 
 perianth segments IJ^in. or less long, orange-yellow, 
 becoming rertexed, the outer ones brownish or striped 
 on the outside ; anthers orange, longer than the fila- 
 ments ; style-branches long and spreading. Crimea. 
 B.M. 652. — Blooms very early. 
 
 2. MoesiacuB, Ker {€'. aureus, Sibth. & Sm.). Dutch 
 Crocus. Later, corm larger: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, overtop- 
 ping thefl., narrow-linear, with reflexed edges and white 
 central band : segments very obtuse, bright yellow, 
 1% in. long, i4 to 3-3 the length of the tul>e : anthers 
 pale yellow, hastate at the base, somewhat longer than 
 the filaments ; style-branches overtopped by the an- 
 thers. Transylvania to Asia Minor. B.M. 2986. — Va- 
 riable. A sulfur-vellow form is C. sulphureus, Ker. 
 B.M. 1384. There 'is a striped form. B M. 938. A cream- 
 white form is C. Idcteus, Smith. 
 
 3. stellJtris, Haw. Supposed to be a hybrid of the 
 above, and known only in cult. Blooms with No. 2. 
 Lvs. only 4-6, narrow-linear, reflexed edges, white- 
 banded : perianth-tube short, the segments 1-13^ in. 
 long, bright orange, the outer ones striped and feath- 
 ered with brown on the back ; anthers pale orange, a 
 little longer than the filaments ; style-hranches some- 
 what overtopping the anthers. 
 
 4. Ancyrensis, Maw. Corm % in. in diam. : lvs. 3-4, as 
 tall as the fl., very narrow : perianth-tube exserted ; 
 segments bright orange-yellow, 1 in. or less long, not 
 striped, nor colored outside ; anthers orange-yellow, 
 much longer than the filaments ; style-branches red- 
 orange. Asia Minor. — Blooms early. 
 
 5. chrysinthns, Herb, (not B.R. 33:4. Fig. 1, which= 
 C. Olivieri, var. Suterianus). Corm small: Ivs. as 
 high as the fl., very narrow: perianth-tube 2-3 times as 
 long as the segments, the letter 134 in. or less long, and 
 plain orange-yellow (van.'ing tinted or striped on the 
 outside, or even nearly white): throat glabrous ; an- 
 thers orange, twice as long as the roughened filaments; 
 style-branches red-orange. Macedonia and Asia Minor. 
 
 cc. Fls. lilac or white. 
 
 6. bifldrus, Mill. Scotch Crocus. Corm % in. or less 
 in diam. : lvs. 4-6, overtopping the fls., ver>- narrow, 
 with deflexed edges and a white central band: perianth- 
 tube exserted. the st -nen^s 13^ in. long, purple tinged, 
 the outer ones 3-striped down the back, the throat 
 bearded and yellowish ; anthers orange, exceeding the 
 filaments ; style-branches orange-red. S. and south- 
 western Eu. B.M. 845.- Runs into many forms, some 
 of them almost white 
 
 7. Tertlcolor. Ker. Corm 'i in. or ]t>nn in diam.; \v» 
 4-5, as high as the fls., otherwise like the last; perianth- 
 tube ex»erte<I: Hegments IH In. long, pale or dark pur- 
 ple, often striped and feathered with dark purple- 
 throats glabrous, whitish or yellowish; anthers yellow' 
 twice as long as the filament; stfle-branches, oran»fe' 
 yellow, equalling or overtopping the antb«rs JS 
 France. B.M. 1110. 
 
 8. Ban&ticoi, Heuflf. Corm globular, % in. in diam.: 
 lvs. usually 2, thin and flattish, and Incoming % in] 
 broad, glaucous beneath: perianth-tube .•••arcelv ex- 
 serted; segments 13^ in. or less lonj?, bright purple, and 
 nevtr striped, but often dark-blotched towards the 
 tip; throat glabrous; anthers orange, a little longer than 
 the white filaments; style-branches short, orange-yel- 
 low, somewhat fringed at the tip. Hungary. 
 
 9. v6mu«. All. Fig. 583. Corm 1 in. or less in 
 diam.: ivs. 2-4, as high as the fl., often 34 in. broad, 
 glaucous y)eneath, but green al»ove. with retlexed edjres* 
 and a centrul white band; perianth segments 1-13^ in! 
 
 583. Crocus vemus (X >^). 
 
 long, lilac, white or purple-striped; throat pubescent, 
 never yellow; anthers lemon-yellow, exceeding the fila- 
 ments; stvle-branches orange-yellow. S. Eu. B.M. 
 860, 2240. *R.H. 1869, p. 331. Gn. 54, p. 79. The com- 
 monest garden Crocus. 
 
 10. Tommasici^nus, Herb. Corm globular, K in. in 
 diam.: lvs. appearing with the fls., narrow {% in. 
 broad): perianth-tube little exserted; segments 114 in. 
 or less long, pale red-bluish, .sometimes dark blotched 
 at the tip ; throat glal rous ; anthers pale orange, a 
 little longer than the white glandular filaments; style- 
 branches short, orange-yellow. Dalmatia and Servia. — 
 Distinguished from C. fernus by its glal)rous throat. 
 
 11. Sidberi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. diam.; Iv?. 4- 
 G, as high as the fl., glaucous lieneath, 3v. in. broad: per- 
 ianth-tube short-exserted; segments 1-1 3d in- I*'"?? 
 color of C. vemus; throat yellow and glabrous; anthers 
 orange, twice as long as filaments; style-branches 
 nearly entire, orange-red. Greece, Crete. 
 
 12. retictil&ttis.Bieb. Corm %in,in diam., covered with 
 honey-combed fibers: lvs. 3-5, as high as the fl.. very 
 narrow, with reflexed edge and a white band: perianth- 
 tul)e much exserted : segments 1-1 % in. long, white to 
 purple, the three outer ones striped; throat glabrous; 
 anthers orange, twice the length of the orange filaments; 
 style-branches scarlet, overtopping the anthers, S. E. 
 Eu. — Varies to white. 
 
 13. ".tniscus, Pari. Corm 1 in. or less in diam.: lvs. 
 alx>ui 3, ven,- narrow, as tall as the fl. : perianth-tube 
 short exserted: segments l-y^ iu. long, lilac, or the outer 
 
 is 
 
"M' 
 
 CR0CC8 
 
 ones crf»m colored and sometimes purple-feathered 
 out.side; throat yellow, .slightly pul)escenf ; anthers or- 
 ange, twice an lonj? as the glabrous tllament.s; style- 
 branches nearly entire, orange. Italy. 
 
 BB. Style-branches fimbriate, ttranched,or cut into very 
 narrow divinions. 
 
 14. Imper&ti, Ten. Corm nearly or quite 1 in. in 
 diara.: Ivs. -Mi, exceeding the Hs., verv narrow; per- 
 ianth-tube little exserted; segments 1-1 % in. long, lilac 
 or even white, the outer ones huff and .l-striped on the 
 outside; anthers yellow, exceeding the filaments; style- 
 branrhes fimbriate. Italy. h.R. 23:11I9;{. Gn. 54, p. 79. 
 
 15. Olividri, (Jay. Corm nearly globose, %-% in. in 
 diam. : Ivs. 4-5, as tall as the fl., becoming M in. broad: 
 perianth tube littl«^ exserted ; segments bright orange yel- 
 low and never striped, 1)4 in. or less long ; throat gla- 
 brous; anthers orange, twice the length of the roughish 
 filaments; style-branches orange, slender-forked. Var. 
 Suteri&nui, Baker (C. chrysnnthus, Bot. Reg.) has nar- 
 rower and more rolled Ivs. Greece to Asia Minor. 
 
 16. vitellinu*. Wahl. (C. SyrXacua, Boiss & Gaill.). 
 Corm % in. or less in diam. : Ivs. 4-6, as high as the fls., 
 narrow- linear; perianth tube short, exserted; segments 
 1 in. or less long, orange-yellow, the outer brown-tinged 
 outside ; style-branches divided into many capillary 
 parts. Asia Minor. B.M. 6410. — Rare in culture. 
 
 AA. Blooming in fall. 
 B. Style-branches entire. 
 
 17. satlvus, Linn. Saffron Crocus. Corm 1 in. or 
 more in diam.: Ivs. «)-10, as tall as the fl., very narrow, 
 ciliate-edged ; perianth-tul>e little exserted ; segments 
 oblong and obtuse, bright lilac or even white; throat 
 pubescent; anthers yellow, longer than filaments; style- 
 branches 1 in. or more long, bright red (the source of 
 saffron). Asia Minor. R. H. 1895, p. 573.— The com- 
 monest fall-blooming species. 
 
 18. HadrlAticus, Herb. Much like C.'sativus: usually 
 smaller-fid., pure white, the segments pubescent at base; 
 anthers bright orange, more than twice longer than the 
 white or purple filaments. Greece, etc. — Runs into sev- 
 eral forms, 
 
 19. zon&ttiB, Gay. Corm somewhat flattened or de* 
 flexed, K-'/'iin. in diam.: Ivs. appearii :" after the fls., 
 narrow-linear: perianth-tube exserted, 2-3 in.; segments 
 1-2 in. long, rose-lilac, purple- veined and orange-spotted 
 within ; throat yellow, pubescent ; anthers white, 2-3 
 times longer than the yellow flli raents : style-branches 
 short and yellow. Cilicia. G.C. III. 23:85. 
 
 BB. Style-branches fimbriated or forked at the top. 
 
 20. longifldnuB, Raftn. Corm %m. diam. : Ivs. 3-4, very 
 short at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube much 
 exserted; segments oblong and bright lilac, 1% in., never 
 striped ; throat slightly pubescent, yellow ; anthers 
 orange, more than twice as long as the filaments: style- 
 branches scarlet, slightly compound. S. Eu. — Not fre- 
 <iuent. 
 
 21. 8er6tinU8, Salisb. Corm 1 in. or less: Ivs. 4-6, as 
 high as the fl. , very narrow : perianth-tube little exserted ; 
 fjf'trments oblong, IK in., lilac or purple, indistinctly or 
 not at all striped; throat glabrous; anthers yellow, much 
 ex<'eeding the filaments: style-branches orange-yellow, 
 fimbriated. Spain. — Not frequent, 
 
 22. S^lzmanni, Gay (C tingifUnus, Herb.). Corm 
 somewhat depressed, 1 in. in diam. : Ivs. about 6, not 
 prominent at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube 
 much exserted; segments 13^ in. long, plain lilac; throat 
 pubescent, yellowish; anthers orange, longer than the 
 filaments: style-branches slender, orange. Morocco. 
 
 BBB. Style-branches capillary-divided. 
 
 23. nudifldrus, Smith. Corm very small, stoloniferous: 
 Ivs. 3-4, appearing after the fls., very narrow: perianth- 
 tube much exserted ; segments l>^-2 in., lilac : throat 
 glabrous; anthers large and yellow, twice as long as the 
 filaments. Mts. S. France and Spain. — Long known in 
 cult., but not common. 
 
 24. Bdryi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. or less in diam. : 
 Ivs. .3-6, narrow-linear, as high as the fls.: perianth -tube 
 short-exserted; segments 1-1 H in. long, white, sometimes 
 
 CROTALARLA. 
 
 403 
 
 lilao-lined at the base outside; throat yellow, glabrous; 
 anthers white, somewhat longer than the orange fila- 
 ments: style-branches scarlet, divided into many '•apil- 
 lary segments. Var. Tourneldrtii, Baker {C. Orphan- 
 Idin, Hook. f. B.M, 5770) has lilac fls. Greece. 
 
 25. medial, Bnl bis. Corm globular,lin,or less in diam. : 
 Ivs. 2-3, appearing 'n spring, narrow, l>ecoiuing a ft. or 
 morehigb: perianth-tube much exserted; segments 1 V,- 
 2 in, long, bright lilac; throat glabrous, whitish; anthers 
 pale orange, twice the length of the yellow filaments: 
 style-branches scarlet, with many capillary divisions. 
 S. France, Italy. 
 
 26. Attiiricas, Herb. Corm globular, % in. or less in 
 diam.: ivs. alx^ut 3, appearing in fall but not maturing 
 till spring : perianth-tube short-protrude<l ; segments 
 l^ain. long, lilac; throat pubescent; anthers briglit yel- 
 h>w, longer than the white filaments : style-branches 
 orange, with many capillary divisions. Spain, 
 
 27. specidsuB, Bieb. Corm not stoloniferous, 1 in. or 
 less: Ivs. usually 3, developing after the fls., thin, very 
 narrow, becoming 1 ft. long : perianth-tube much ex- 
 serted ; segments 1 H-2 in., lilac and feathered with darker 
 color; anthers very large, bright orange, much exceeding 
 the filaments. S. E. Eu. and Asia. B.M. :{861. B.R. 
 25 :40. — Handsome. 
 
 28. polch^llas, Herb. Conn small, somewhat de- 
 pressed : Ivs. produced after flowering, maturing in 
 spring: perianth-tube much exserted; ijegments l-lj'i ia. 
 lung, bright lilac, more or less ind.stinctly striped; 
 throat glabrous, bright yellow ; anthers white, longer 
 than the pubescent yellow filaments : style-branches 
 orange, with many capillary branches. Greec" to Asia 
 Minor. B.R. 30:3. 
 
 29. Byzantlnufl, Ker (C. iridifldnts, Heuff.). Corm 
 }4 in. in diam. : Ivs. 2-4, developing after the fls. : peri- 
 anth-tube much exserted; segiuents 2 in., or less long, 
 the outer ones dark lilac and acute, the inner ones 
 shorter and pale lilac or white; anthers orange, longer 
 than the filaments. S. E, Eu. B.M. 6141. B.R. 33:4.- 
 An old garden plant, but rarely seen in this country. 
 
 L H B 
 CBOSNES. See Stachys Sieboldi. 
 
 CBOSS. The offspring of any two flowers that have 
 been cross-fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between 
 varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half- 
 breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the opera- 
 tion of cross-pollinating. Cross-pollination is the trans- 
 fer of the pollen of one flower to the pistil of another. 
 
 CBOSSANDBA (Greek, fringed anthers). Acarthd- 
 ceir. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of minor impor- 
 tanc". ccmiprising 9 species from India, tropical Africa 
 and Madagascar. The one in the trade has handsome 4- 
 sided spikes or scarlet-orange fls. The perianth has 5 
 segments, the 2 upper ones being smaller. It is culti- 
 vated south outdoors to a slight extent, and also rarely 
 in notthem greenhouses. 
 
 undulaefdlia, Salisb. (C. infnndibulifdrmis, Nees). 
 Height 1 ft., rarely 3 ft.: Ivs. often in 4's, especially be- 
 low, but also opposite, ovate acuminate, stalked: fls. 
 scarlet-orange, overlapping one another in dense spikes, 
 2-3 in. long. Ind. B.M. 2186. R.H. 1891:156. 
 
 C. flava, Hook. Unbranrhefl shmb, 6-R in. high: stem green, 
 glabrous: Ivs. opposite, close together, large for the size of the 
 plant, 6 in. long, obovate lanceolate, dark green aVx)ve, jmler be- 
 neath, wavy, more obtuse than in the above; lower Us. stalked, 
 upper ones sessile: spike 4-si(le«l, spiny: fls. yellow; tube 
 much exserted, jointed. Trop. W. Afr. B.M. 4710.— C Gui- 
 neenftis, Nees. Height 2-6 in.: stem light red, rustj' pubescent: 
 Ivs. 2-4 pairs, 3-.") in. long, elliptic, green above, with golden 
 netted nerves, reddish bene.tth: spike solitary, termin.-il. slen- 
 der, 3-r» in. high: fls. numerous, small, pale lilac, with 2-darker 
 spots on the 2 smallest segments, and a white eye. Guinea. 
 B.M. C346.— A handsome foliage plant. 
 
 CBOSSWOBT. Froperly Crucianella. Loosely, the 
 crucifers. 
 
 CB0TALA2IA (Greek, rattle, Castanet ; from the rat- 
 tling of the seeds in the pod). Rattle-box. A very 
 large, tropical genus, of which the most interesting 
 
404 
 
 CROTALARIA 
 
 CRYPTOGAMS 
 
 species is C. refusa, a hardy, yellow-fld. rnnual, which 
 has been compared to a dwarif sweet pea. For best re- 
 sults, the seed should be started early indoors, after be- 
 ing soaked in warm water. The name is commonly mis- 
 spelled Crotolaria. (Jreenhouse kinds are subject to red 
 spider. C.juncea, yields the Sunn hemp of India. 
 
 A. Lvs. simple. 
 
 retilsa, Linn. Annual, 1% ft. higl : branches few, 
 short: lvs. entire, very various in shape, but tvpically 
 obovate with a short mucro, clothed beneath \ j short 
 appressed hairs : -fls. about 12 in a raceme, yellow, 
 streaked or blotched with purple; standard roundish, 
 notched. Cosmop. June-Aug. — Introduced 1896, as a 
 novelty and called ''dwarf golden yellow-flowerin;; pea," 
 "golden yellow sweet pea," etc. The flowers are mu:h 
 less fragrant than the true sweet pea. 
 
 AA. Lvs. ^oliolate. 
 
 longirostrata, Hook. & Am. Greenhouse plant, her- 
 baceous or somewhat shrubby, much branched. 3 ft. 
 high: branches long, slender, glabrous; petioles 1^^ in. 
 long; leaflets 3, oblong, with a minute mucro, glabrous 
 above, hoary beneath, with very short, appressed, silky 
 hairs: nicemes erect: calyx with 2 upper lobes ovate, 
 the 3 lower ones lanceolate: fls. as many as 25 in a ra- 
 ceme, yellow with reddish stripe along the back of the 
 unopenevl flower; standard wider than long, reflexed, 
 notched. W. Mex., Guat. B.M. 730G. F.R. 1:809. 
 
 Cap^nsis. Jacq. Stout, much branched shrub, 4-5 ft. 
 high: branches terete, appressedly silky; stipules when 
 present petiolulate, obovate and leaf-like, obsolete or 
 wanting n many petioles; leaflets broadly obovate, ob- 
 tuse or mucronulate, glabrous or minutely pubescent on 
 one or both sides: racemes terminal or opposite the 
 lvs., loose, many-fld.: calyx an<i pod pubescent; wings 
 transversely wrinkled and pitted. S. Afr. — Cult, in Fla. 
 by Reasoner Bros. •\;^_ j^j^ 
 
 CBdTON (Greek name of another plant ^ Ettphorbi- 
 Aceof. Some .500 species of trees, shrubs, or herbs, 
 widely distributed. They are sometimes dioecious, but 
 commonly the fls. are moncecious and mostly in terminal 
 spikes or racemes. Calyx of sterile fls. 4-6 (usually 5) 
 parted, the stamens 5 or more; petals usually present, 
 but small. Calj'x of fertile fls. .5-10 parted, petals none 
 or mere rudiments, the ovpry 3-loculed. Lvs. usually 
 alternate. A. few species are native to the U. S.; they 
 are mostly annual herbs of no horticultural value. The 
 Crotons of florists are Codiaums, which see. 
 
 C. Tiglium, Linn., is the only s^-icies known to be in 
 the Amer. trade. The seeds yield the Croton oil of com- 
 merce, one of the most powerful of purgatives. It is a 
 small tree of Southeastern Asia. Lvs. ovate-acumi- 
 nate, serrate, stalked, varying in hue from metallic green 
 to bronze and orange. Offered in South Cal. as an orna- 
 mental and curious plant. l^ 2^ B^ 
 
 CROWFOOT. See Haminculus. 
 
 CROWN, or CORON \. Any outgrowth from the throat 
 of the perianth, as the trumpet of a Narcissus, or the 
 fringe of a Passion Flower. Crown is also applied to 
 the top of a bulb, corm, or upright rootstock : also that 
 part of a plant at the surface of the ground. 
 
 CROWN BEARD. Verbesina. 
 
 CROWN IMPERIAL. Fritillaria ImpeHalis. 
 
 CROWN OF THORNS. Euphorbia splendens. 
 
 CROWN-TUBER. A tuber of which the top is stem 
 and the lower part root, as the radish. 
 
 CRUCIAN£LIA (Latin, a little cross; from the ar- 
 rangement of the lvs.). HubidceiP. Cross-wort. This 
 genus contains a hardy rock plant of minor importance. 
 Not more than 21 species, or herbs often woody at the 
 base; branches usually long, slender, 4-comered: upper 
 lvs. opposite, without stipules: lower lvs. or all in 
 whorls of 3 or more, linear or L nceolate, rarely ovate or 
 obovate: fls. small; white, rosy or blue. Natives of the 
 
 Mediterranean region and western Asia. The genus is 
 cJ-sely related to Asperula, and is di.^tinguished by the 
 L wers having bracts, not an involu re, and the style 
 branches distinctly unequal instead of nearly equal. 
 The species below has lately been referred to Asperula. 
 It is of easy culture, preferring light, moderate loam and 
 partial shade. A delicate plant for the front of borders, 
 and capital for the rockery. Prop, chiefly by division, 
 and also by seeds. 
 
 styldsa, Trin. {Asperula eilidta, Rochel). Pros- 
 trate, 6-9 in. high : lvs. in whorls of 8 or 9, lanceolate, 
 hispid: fls. small, crimson-pink, in round terminal heads 
 half an inch in diam.; floral parts in 5's; style club- 
 shaped, long exserted, very shortly twice cut at the top. 
 June-Aug. Persia. ' J. B. Keller and W. M. 
 
 CRUEL PLANT. Same as Mosquito Plant, Cy nan- 
 chum acuminatifolium. 
 
 CRYPTANTHUS (Greek, for hidden flower: the 
 flowers concealed beneath the bracts). Bromelidctce. 
 Brazilian epiphytal Bromeliads, differing from JEchmea 
 and Billbergia (which see for culture) in the tubular 
 calyx and the dense heads of fls. nearly sessile amongst 
 the lvs. Mongr. bv Mez (who recognizes 8 species) in 
 DC. Aionogr. Phane'r. 9 (1896). 
 
 A. Lvs. not narrowed or petiolate above the sheath. 
 
 acaiUie, Beer {Tilldndsia acattlis, Lindl. C. unduli- 
 tus, Otto & Dietr. ). A few inches high, suckering 
 freely: lvs. sea-green, long-pointed and spreading, weak- 
 spiny: fls. white, nestling deep in the foliage. B.R, 
 14:1157.— A very variable plant, of which Mez recog- 
 nixes the following leading types: 
 
 Var. genulna, Mez. Stemless or very nearly so : lvs. 
 sub-elliptic-lanceolate, strongly undulate, gray-scurfy 
 beneath, scurfy above. 
 
 Var. discolor, Mez { C. discolor. Otto &T>ietr.). Stem- 
 less or nearl • so: lvs. elongated, scarcely undulate, sil- 
 very-scurfy below, glabrous or nearly so above. 
 
 Var. rClber, Mez (C. ruber, Beer). Produces abranch- 
 ing stem or trunk: lvs. short, strongly undulate, reddish. 
 
 Var. bromelioides, Mez (<7. bromeliotdes. Otto & 
 Dietr.). Stem tall: lvs. much elongated, scarcely undu- 
 late, remotely spinulose. 
 
 Var. diTersifdlios, Mez ( C. diversifdlius. Beer). Stem- 
 bearing: lvs. elongate-lingulate, deep green above, sil- 
 very-scurfy beneath. 
 
 zon&tos, Beer. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the margin 
 undulate and densely serrate-spinulose, marked with 
 transverse bands of white: fls, white. 
 
 bivitt^tus, Regei (Billbergia bivittdta, Hook. B. 
 vittdta, Hort.). Nearly or quite stemless: lvs. long-ob- 
 long, curving, long-pointed, somewhat undulate, spmy, 
 dull brown beneath, green above and with two narrow 
 buff or reddish bars extending the length of the leaf: 
 fls. white. B.M. 5270. 
 
 *r, 
 
 ^he h. 
 
 . 
 
 u.c '*U- 
 
 - 
 
 .m 
 
 rosy 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 L. 
 
 H. 
 
 B. 
 
 AA. Lvs . narrowed or petiolate .'ftc 
 
 Beilickeri, Morr. Lvs. 10-20, oblong, >- 
 late at base, very finely spiny, browni 
 and spotted or striped with light green 
 
 CRYPTOGAMS are flowerless plants, and they produce 
 not seeds but spores. The whole vegetable kingdom has 
 been split into two vast classes, the flowering plants or 
 phanerogams and the flowerless ones or cryptogams. 
 Cryptogam means "concealed nuptials," and phanerogam 
 means "visible nuptials." x 3se names were given when 
 it was thought that the sexual parts of the flowerless 
 plants were ver^' minute or even wanting. The word is 
 now falling into disfavor with botanists. Cryptogams 
 are of less horticultural interest than the flowering 
 plants, although they include the Ferns, and some inter- 
 esting smaller groups, asSelaginellas, Lycopods orClub 
 Mosse>. Two other vast groups are the Seaweeds or 
 Algie, and the . angi. For the edible Fungi, see Mush- 
 rooms. For parasitic Fungi, see Diseases and FuHfiux. 
 For a general sketch of the Ferns and their allies, see 
 Ferns. 
 
 ' ''■-liiilitfiiiiitri-' 
 
C - 
 
 I % 
 
 C - 
 
 >. r 
 
 
 t; - 
 X / 
 
 u 
 
 > -^ 
 
 S J; 
 
 a = 
 
CRYPTOGRAMMA 
 
 CUCUMBER 
 
 405 
 
 JiTFXOORAMMA (Greek, a concealed line, alluding 
 1. the sub-marginal sori). PolypodiAcece, A small genus 
 of subalpine Ferns of both hemispheres. Lvs. of two 
 sorts, the sporophylls contracted and the sori covered 
 bv the infolded margin of the segments, forming pod- 
 like bodies. Besides our native species, a second one, 
 C crispn, is found in Europe, and a third in the Hima- 
 layas. Name often incorrectly written Cryptogramme. 
 Culture easy. 
 
 acrosticholdes, R. Br. Rock-Brake. Height ibou* 
 8 in. : lvs. 4-6 in. long, on tufted straw-colored stalks, 
 tri-quadripinnatifid, with toothed or incised seguients, 
 the sporophylls with longer stalks, less divided ar.d with 
 pod -like segments. Canada to Colorado, California and 
 northward. L. M. Underwood. 
 
 CEYPT6LEPIS (Greek, hidden scale). Asclepiadd- 
 cece. Glabrous shrubs, erect or twining, of tropical 
 Asia and Africa. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in a loosely fork- 
 ing, few-fld. cyme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 5 scales 
 at base. Corolla with spreading limb, the tube short- 
 cylindrical oi* campanulate, the lobes 5 and linear, 
 spreading or deflexed and twisted ; corona of 5 scales 
 attached at or near the middle of the tube. Follicles 
 terete and smooth, spreading. Only cult, in S. Calif, and 
 S. Fla. C. Buchknani, Roem. & Schult. A twining 
 shrub with yellow fls., resembling those of an Echites. 
 C. longrifldra, Regel. Dwarf and compact, growing with 
 long lvs. tinted with red; tubular white fls., as in Bou- 
 vardia jasmini flora. Both species are from India. 
 
 CRYPTOMfiRIA (Greek, kryptos, hidden, tneros, part; 
 meaning duubtful). Conifenp. Large pyramidal tree, 
 with a straight slender trunk, covered with reddish 
 brown bark and with verticillate spreading l>ranches, 
 ascending at the extreraitii-s : lvs. spirally arranged, 
 linear-subulate, acute, slightly curved, decurrent at the 
 base : fls. monoecious ; staminate oblongs yellow, forming 
 short racemes at the end of the branches, pistillate 
 globular, solitary, at the end of short branchlets : cone 
 globular, with thick, wedge-shaped scales, 
 furnished with a recurved point on the back 
 and with pointed lobes at the apex, each scale 
 with 3-5 narrow-winged, erect seeds. One spe- 
 cies in China and Japan, extensively planted 
 for avenues, and as timber trees in the latter 
 country, where the light and easily worked but 
 durable wood is much used. It is hardy as far 
 north as New York, and thrives in sheltered 
 positions even in New England. It seems, how- 
 ever, in cultivation, not to assume the beauty 
 it possesses in its native country. With us, it 
 looks best as a young plant, when it much re- 
 sembles the Aratwaria excelsa. !t is therefore 
 sometimes grown in pots. It thrives best in a 
 rich, loamy and moist soil and sheltered posi- 
 tion. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings of growing 
 wood, especially var. elegans, which grows very 
 readily. The horticultural varieties are also 
 sometimes increased by grafting. 
 
 Jap6nica, Don. Tree, attaining 125 ft. : lvs. 
 linear-subulate, compressed and slightly 4- or '3- 
 angled, bluish green, 3^-1 in. long: cone brown- 
 ish red, %-l in. across. S.Z. 124. R. H. 1887, 
 p. 392. Gng. 4:197. F.E. 10: 510. G.F. C: 446.- 
 Of the garden forms, the most desirable is var. 
 Elegans, Beissn. ( C. elegaHS.ytAteh ) . Low, dense 
 tree, with horizontal branches and pendulous branchlets: 
 lvs. linear, flattened, soft, spreading, longer than in the 
 type, bright green, changing to bn)nzy red in fall and 
 winter. Very handsome when young, but short-living. 
 Var. araucafoides, Carr. Of regular pyramidal habit, 
 with short, tliick falcate lvs., resenibiing Araucaria 
 excelsa. Var. comp4cta, Hort. Of very compact habit, 
 with bluish green foliage. Var. L6bbi, Carr. Of com- 
 I>act habii, with shorter and more appressed bright and 
 deep green lvs. Var. n^na, Knight. Dwarf and pro- 
 cumbent, densely branched form; adapted for rockeries. 
 Var. spinalis, Veitch. Slender shrub, with strongly 
 falcate Iv^'., twisted spirally around the branchlets. 
 S.Z. 124, Fig. 4. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CEYPTOPYBXIM (Greek, hidden ivheat). GramlneoB. 
 This genus includes a plant sometimes catalogued with 
 ornamental grasses, but it is no more ornamental than 
 a long-awned form of quack -grass would be. C. Blchard- 
 soni, Schrad. (Agrop^mm liichardsoni, Schrad.) , is simi- 
 lar to Agropyron caninum, but has longer awns. It is 
 leafy, and grows 1-1>^ ft. high. p. g, Kennedy. 
 
 CRYPTOSTfiGIA (Greek, knipto, conceal, and stego, 
 cover; referring to the 5-scaled crown in the corolla tube, 
 which is not exposed to view). Asclepiaddicea>.. A genus of 
 only two species of tropical climbers, one from tropical 
 Africa and one from Madagascar. The juice of C. gran- 
 diflora, vrhen exposed to the sunshine, produces caout- 
 chouc. The plant is cultivated in India for this pur- 
 pose. It is rarely cultivated in Old World greenhouses 
 for ornament. It is said to be of easy culture in a warm 
 house and propagated by cuttings. 
 
 grandifldra, R. Br. Stem erect, woody, branches twin- 
 ing : lvs. opposite, short-stalked, oblong, entire, 3 in. 
 long, 1% in. wide : fls. in a forked raceme, reddish pur- 
 ple, becoming lilac or pale pink, about 2 in, across, 
 twisted in the bud. Trop. Afr. B. R. 5: 435. — Once cul- 
 tivated at Oneco, Fla., by Reasoner, 
 
 CUCKOO FLOWER. Cardamine prafensis. 
 
 CUCKOO PINT. See Anim. 
 
 CUCUMBER. Plate VIII. The common Cucumbers are 
 derived from a South Asian species, Cncumis sativtis (see 
 Cucumis), which has long been known in cultivation. 
 The so-called West India Gherkin, which is commonly 
 classed with the Cucumbers, is Cncumis Anguria. The 
 Snake, or Serpent Ciir-umber is more properly a musk- 
 melon, and should be designated botanically as Cucumis 
 Mt'lo, var. flexuosns (cf. Am. Gar. xiv. 206). The "Musk 
 Cucumber" is Cucttmis moschataf Hort. Probably this 
 is identical with C-oncombre musqu^, referred to S'icana 
 odorifera by Le Potager d'un Curieux, known in this 
 country as Cassabauana. The Mandera Cucumber ia 
 
 584. House of English Cucumbers. 
 
 Cncumis Sacleuxii, Paill. et Bois. (Pot. d'un Curieux), 
 but it is not in cultivation in this country. None of these 
 is of any particular importance except the common types 
 of Cncumis sativus. These are extensively cultivated 
 in all civilized countries as field and as garden crops. 
 They come into commerce as pickles packed in bottles 
 and barrels, and are verj' extensively used in this 
 form. Of late, the forcing of Cucumbers under glass 
 has come to be an important industry in the eastern 
 states ; and this industry seems to be rapidly in- 
 creasing. 
 
 Cucumbers will thrive in any good soil not extremely 
 heavy nor sandy. Good corn orwlieat land, if in garden- 
 ing condition with respect to tilth and drainage, will 
 
406 
 
 CUCUMBER 
 
 CUCUMBER 
 
 answer. Or for the earliest crop, a situation with a more 
 pronouncedly sandy soil may serve best. In most parts 
 of America the field crop of Cucumbers may be grown 
 from seed planted in the open ground after danger of 
 frost is past. Put 6 to 12 seeds in the hill (having enough 
 to provide against the ravages of insects), the hills being 
 4 by 6 feet apart. The early crop may often be planted 
 
 585. Three prominent varieties of English or 
 Forcing Cucumber. 
 
 S, Sion House ; £, Duke of Edinburgh; T, Telegraph. 
 
 in the same way, and protected for a time by a sash- 
 covered frame placed over each hill. Plants are some- 
 times started in greenhouses or hotbeds, to be set later in 
 the open ground ; but this method is unsatisfactory unless 
 great pains be taken. The method outlined by Hender- 
 son ( Gardening for Profit ) , of starting plants on inverted 
 sods in hotbeds and greenhouses, has proved successful 
 with some gardeners, Imt is not capable of wide use. 
 Early cultivation should be sufficient and timely, and ac- 
 companied by very careful combative operations against 
 insects, for the first month is the most critical in the 
 life of the Cucumber plant. When the vines begin to 
 cover the ground, cxiltivation may be discontinued. 
 
 Cucumbers are often forced in wamihouses (Fig. .'584) 
 in winter and spring. The large English forcing varie- 
 ties, as Telegraph and Sion House (Fig. 585), are preferred 
 by some growers, but the White Spine varieties are more 
 popular in America, especially for spring forcing after 
 lettuce or Cowering plants. The plants are started in 
 3-inch pots, and transferred directly to the benches at 
 intervals of 2 J^ to .3 feet. They are then trained on wire 
 trellises near the roof. The English Cucumbers like a 
 night temperature of 00° to 05°, and a day temperature 
 of 70° to 75°. The White Spine varieties are less fastid 
 ious, and will take a somewhat lower temperature. In 
 forcing Cucumbers, it is very important that the young 
 plants should suffer no chi ck from germination to fruit- 
 age. (Consult Bailev, Forcing-Book, and Cornell Bull. 
 31, and Munson. Me. 'Exp. Sta. Rept. 1890.) 
 
 Cucumbers for pickling should be gathered when 
 quite small. In fact, their value as pickles seem to 
 
 stand pretty much in inverse ratio to their size. Vines 
 on which fruits are allowed to ripen cease bearing 
 almost immediately. The young fruits may be success- 
 fully preserved in brine, from which they are soaked out 
 with fresh water as wanted, and put into vinegar, which 
 they readily absorb. 
 
 There are a great many varieties of Cucumbers in cul- 
 tivation. This means that the group is variable, the va- 
 rieties comparatively unstable, and varietal distinctions 
 somewhat uncertain. Nevertheless, there are certain 
 dominant types which may be separated, and around 
 which most of the varieties may be conveniently classi- 
 fied. The principal types are tlie following : 
 
 Common Cucimiber, Cucumis aativus. 
 
 I. English forcing t3rpe (var. Anglica): Fig. 585. Large- 
 leaved, strong-growing, slow-maturing plants, not suited 
 to outdoor culture ; fr. large, long, smooth, usually 
 green, with few or early-deciduous black spines. Tele- 
 graph, Sion "House, Noa's Forcing, Tailby's Hybrid, 
 Kenyon, Lome, Edinburgh, Blue Gown, etc. 
 
 II. Field varieties (Hill or Ridge Cucumbers). 
 
 a. Black Spine varieties. 
 
 1. Netted Russian type : Small, short -jointed vines, 
 
 bearing more or less in clusters, small, ellipsoi- 
 dal fr. covered with many small, black, decidu- 
 ous spines; fr. green, ripening to dark reddish 
 yellow, on a cracking, chartaceous skin. Early- 
 maturing and prolific. Netted Russian, Ever- 
 bearing, New Siberian, Parisian Prolific Pickle. 
 
 2. Early Cluster tyi)e : Small or medium ^^nes : fr. 
 
 small, usually less than twice as long as thick, 
 indistinctly ribbed, green, ripening yellow, with 
 scattered, large, blafk spines. Early Cluster, 
 Early Frame, Green Prolific. 
 
 3. Mediiim Green type: Intermediate in size of vine 
 
 and fr. between the last and next : fr. about twice 
 as long as thick, green, ripening yellow, with 
 scattering, large black spines. Nichol's Medium 
 Green, Chicago Pickle. 
 
 4. Long Green type: One of the best fixed types, rep- 
 
 resenting, perhaps, one of the more priniit>e 
 stages in the evolution of the group. Vines large, 
 long and free-growing: fr. large and long, green, 
 ripening yellow, with scattered, large, black 
 spines. Long Green, Japanese Climbing. 
 
 h. White Spine varieties. 
 
 5. White Spine type: A strong and important type: 
 
 plants medium large, vigorous : fr. medium large, 
 about thrice as long as thick, green, ripening 
 white, with scattering, large, white spines. 
 There are many selected strains of White Spine. 
 Cool and Crisp seems to belong here. 
 
 6. Giant Pera type : Mostly poorly fixed varieties, 
 
 having large, rather unthrifty vines, bearing 
 large frs. tardily and sparsely, which are whiteor 
 whitish, smooth or with scattering, deciduous, 
 usually white spines. Chicago Giant, (loliath. 
 Giant Pera, White Wonder, Long Green China. 
 
 Sikkim Cucumber, Cucumis satipus,'v&i. Sikkimensis. Plant 
 small and stocky, much like the common Cucumber: fr. 
 large, reddish brown marked with yellow. (The Egyp- 
 tian Hair Cucuml>er. of Haage & Schmidt, as we have 
 grown it, is apparently an odd form of Cuctimis satinm, 
 and may belong here. It has a me<lium-sized white fr., 
 densely coveretl with soft, white hair. The plant resembles 
 the Sikkim Cucumber.) Not in general cult. 
 
 Snake or Serpent Oicumber, Cucumis Mclo, var. flexunsvs. 
 Vines resemblir.g those of muskmelon : fr. very long, 
 twisted, ribbedc> 'indrical, green, tardily yellowing, covered 
 with dense, wooliy hairs. 
 
 586. Staminate flower of Cucumis Melo. 
 
CUCUMBER 
 
 CUCUMIS 
 
 407 
 
 West India Gherkin, Cucxtmis Anguria : Figs. 590, 591. Vines 
 small and slender, somewhat resembling a slender water- 
 melon plant : fr. very abundant, small, ellipsoid, covere«l 
 with warts and spines, green, tardily whitening. Good for 
 pickles. 
 
 These varieties are mostly all good for one purpose 
 or another. The small sorts are natur- 
 ally preferred for pickling, the medium 
 sorts for slicing, and the large, late va- 
 rieties for ripe fruits. The White 
 Spine varieties are great favorites for 
 slicing, and only less so for pickling. 
 
 The unrelenting enemies of the Cucumber 
 in the field are the Cucumber beetles (Dia- 
 brotica, spp. ) and the squash bug (Anasa 
 tristis). No effectual preventive measures 
 are known except to cover the young plants 
 with small wire or hoop frames, over which 
 fine netting is stretched. If the plants are 
 kept quite free from attack till these protec- 
 tors are outgrown, they will usually suffer lit- 
 tle damage. Plants started in hotbeds or green- 
 houses (see above) may usually be kept free at first, and 
 this is the chief advantage of such practices. The Cu- 
 cumber beetles are kept away somewhat at times by 
 strewing tobacco stems thickly under the plants ; and 
 kerosene emulsion will sometimes discommode the 
 young squash bugs without killing the vines, but usu- 
 ally not. "In the greenhouse, Cucumbers are liable to 
 damage from mite, aphis, root-gall and mildew. For the 
 
 bed in which the temperature of the soil is 70 to 80°. 
 Place them 3 or 4 inches apart. In about ten days they 
 will be large enough to transplant into pots, fc^'x-inch 
 pots are preferred, two plants in each. In two weeks 
 
 587. Pistillate flower of 
 Cucutnis Melo. 
 Natural size. 
 
 ^/V 
 
 mite, syringe the plant and pick off the infested Ivs.; 
 for aphis, use tobacco fumigation and pick infested Ivs. ; 
 for root-gali, use soil which has been thoroughly frozen; 
 for mildew, improve the sanitary conditions, and then 
 use sulfur."— /?rt»7cy, Forcing-Book. p^ j^^ Wacgh. 
 
 Forcing of Cucumbers. — The growing of Cucumbers 
 under glass has become a large industry. Some years 
 ago they were forced only in the spring, but to-day they 
 are grown all the year round. The most difficult time 
 is in the short days of winter. At such times there is 
 always a good price for them and a brisk demand, and 
 the prospect is as good for the future. The house may be 
 even span and run either way, but many use two-thirds 
 span, with the long way to the south. When they are 
 continually grown year after year, it would be best to 
 have double glass and double thick, but for early fall 
 and late spring, on ^ thickness of double glass is suffi- 
 cient. The house may be any length desired. For heat- 
 ing, steam is the best, with pipes arranged so that they 
 shall not be over :i}4 ft. from either side o^ the house. 
 Pipes 134 in. in diameter are large enough. Larger 
 pipes give too much heat in one place. 
 
 The soil should be good loam, new soil preferred, from 
 sod land. The plants are started in a box or small bed, 
 where the temperature can be run to about 90°. In 
 four or five days they will be ready to transplant into a 
 
 Flowers of Cucumis sativus. 
 
 they will be large enough to set in the house where they 
 are to grow. The plants are set 3^ feet apart in the 
 row and rows 6 to 7 feet, according to the size of the 
 house. The vines should bear in four weeks. The crop 
 depends upon the season. The spring-grown plants will 
 produce double the crop of the fall- or winter-grown. 
 The pollinating may be done with bees. One hive in a 
 house of 24 by 100 feet, or in that proportion, will be 
 sufficient. In midwinter, hand-pollination may be neces- 
 sary. 
 
 If grown properly, house Cucumbers are not often 
 troubled with in.sects, but sometimes the green-fly comes 
 upon them. In such cases, spray well with water, and 
 smoke often. The mildew or spot sometimes appears, 
 but never if the house has been taken care of properly. 
 There is no real cure for these fungous diseases but to 
 pull up the plants and begin again. Radishes or to- 
 matoes can be grown with Cucumbers. If radishes are 
 sown or transplanted in the house when the Cucumbers 
 ar^ jet out, they will be otf before the Cucumbers begin 
 to bear; but all crops should be out of the house when 
 the Cucumbers are bearing. 
 
 In this country', the White Spine type of Cucumber is 
 mostly used for forcing, although the'long English kinds 
 are sometimes growTi (particularly for home use). 
 
 W. W. Rawsok. 
 
 CUCUMBER EOOT. Same as Indian Cucumber, 
 Medeola V'injinica. 
 
 CUCUMBEE TSEE. See Jlierr/toa &i\(!i Magnolia. 
 
 CUCUMIS (old Latin name). Cucurhitdcea>. Sterile 
 fls. in clusters, not long stalked, the fertile ones solitary 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 589. Spray of Cucumis 
 sativus. 
 
 and mostly short-stalked in the axils : corolla of 5 deep, 
 acute lobes : stamens not united : stigmas .S, obtuse : 
 tendrils simple. Herbaceous vines, of nearly .30 tropi- 
 
408 
 
 CUCUMIS 
 
 CUCUMIS 
 
 cal species, m-^stly African and East Indian. The cult, 
 species are annual. Monogr. by Cogniaux, DC. Monopr. 
 Phaner. 3. See, also, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.) IV. 
 11:9; 12: 108. 
 
 SIX). Spray of Cucumis 
 Ansuria. 
 
 A. Fr. smooth (not spiny nnr tuberctilate) at maturity. 
 
 Hdlo, Linn. {C. Momordira, Roxb. C. iitilissimns, 
 Roxb. ). Melon. Miskmelon. Figs. 586. 587. Long-run- 
 ning, hairy, prickly : Ivs. round-heart-shapod or reni- 
 form, sometimes rounded-lobed : fr. in many sizes and 
 shapes, the inner part being edible. S. Asia. — When 
 forced under glass, the Ivs. are usually more lobed. See 
 Melon. 
 
 Var.Cantalup^nsis, Naud. Cantaloupe. Rock Melons. 
 Fruits mostly hard-rinded, more or less warty^ scalv or 
 rough, often deeply furrowed or gror.ea, — Name de- 
 rived from Cantaluppi, near Rome, a former country 
 seat of the Pope, whither this type of melons was brought 
 from Armenia. In the U. S. the word Cantaloupe is often 
 used as a generic name for Muskmelon, but it is prop- 
 erly a name of only one group of muskmelons— the hard 
 and scaly-rinded (see Waugh, G. F. 8:18.3). 
 
 Var. reticol&ttis, Naud. Nutmeg or Netted Melons. 
 Fruits softer rinded, more or less netted, or sometimes 
 almost plrin or smooth. — Comprises the common musk- 
 melons, at ^e from Cantaloupes. 
 
 Var. saccharlntis, Naud. Pineapple Meix)NS. Com- 
 prising varieties of oblong shape and very sweet flesh. 
 Not sufficiently distinct from the last. 
 
 Var. inoddrus, Naud. Winter Melons. Lvs. lighter 
 colored, less hairy, narrower : frs. possessing little or 
 none of the common muskmelon odor, and keeping long. 
 The winter muskmelons are little known in this country, 
 although they are worthy of popularity. Much cult, in 
 parts of the Mediterranean region. See Bull. 96, Cor- 
 nell Exp. Sta. 
 
 Var. flexudsas, Naud. {C. flexudsus, Linn.). Snake 
 Melon, .'^nake Cuci^iber. Fr. many times longer 
 than broad, greenish at maturitv, variously curved and 
 furrowed. A. G. U : 203. -Fr. often 2-3 ft. long, and 1-3 
 
 in. in diameter. Grown 
 mostly as an oddity, but 
 it is useful for the mak- 
 ing of conserves. The hard- 
 shelled Snake Gourd is a 
 Lagenaria (which see). 
 
 591. Fruit of Cucumis Anguria. 
 
 Var. acidulus, Naud. Cucumber Melon. Frs. oblong 
 or cylindrical, mottled or unicolored, the flesh white and 
 cucumber-flavored. No varieties in the Am* r. trade are 
 of this group, but they are occasionally seen in Iwtanical 
 gardens and experimental grounds, which import seeds 
 of oriental plants. 
 
 Var. CMto, Naud. {€. Ch)to, Morr.). Orange Melon. 
 Mango Melon. Melon Apple. Vine Peach. Garden- 
 
 Lemon. Vegetable Orange. Vine less robust than 
 that of the Muskmelon, and lvs. smaller : fr. size, shape 
 and color of an orange or lemon, without markings, with 
 a white or pale yellow i-ucumber-like flesh, with no musk- 
 melon o<lor. — Not edi'de in its natural state, but useful 
 for the making of preserves ( or " mangoes " ) and pickles. 
 Name pronounced keeto. Cf. Bull. 
 15, Cornell Exp. Sta.; A. G. 14:206! 
 Var. DMaim, Naud. {C. Dudalm, 
 Linn. C. odoratissimux, Mtench ). 
 DuDAiM Melon. Pomegranate 
 Melon. Queen Anne's Pocket 
 Melon. Vine small, as in the last: 
 fr. size and shape of an orange, some- 
 what flattened at the ends, very reg- 
 ular and smooth, marT)led with longi- 
 tudinal markings of cinnamon-brown 
 overlying yellow, exceedingly fragrant. — A most hand- 
 some gourd -like fruit, and highly and deliciously per- 
 fumed. Not eaten. A nearly odorless and scarlet-rinded 
 form is separated by Naudin as var. erythrceus. 
 
 AA. Fruit spiny or tuhercidate. 
 
 satlvuB, Linn. Cucumber. Figs. 588, 589. Long- 
 running, prickly : lvs. usually 3-lobed ( or strongly 
 angled), the middle lobe most prominent and often 
 pointed: fr. prickly or muricate, at least when young, 
 but in some varieties becoming smooth, mostly oblong, 
 the flesh white. S. Asia. See Cucumber. 
 
 592. Young turban Squash, on which the remains 
 
 of the corolla still persist. 
 
 The central part of the fruit is the ovarj-. 
 
 Var. Anglicns. Figs. 584, 585. Engush or Forcing 
 Cucumber. A product of cultivation and selection, 
 within the last century (see Forcing-Book, pp. 1U2-4I, 
 distinguished from the common or tield Cucumbers as 
 follows: fruits (and ovaries) very long and slender, little 
 if any furrowed, spineless or nearly so at maturity, 
 nearly or quite green at maturity, comparatively few- 
 seeded: fls. very large: lvs. very broad in proportion to 
 their length, with shallower sinuses: vines ven,' vig- 
 orous, with long and thick tendrils. 
 
 Var. Sikkim^nsis, Ilook.f., cult, in the Himalayan 
 Mts., but not known to be in this country; has large T-U- 
 lobed lvs. and cylindrical-club-shaped fr. B.M. 0206. 
 
 dips^ceuB, Ehr. (C erindceus, Hort.), Dipsaceous 
 Gourd. Ostrich-Egg Gourd. Hedgehog Goikd. 
 Plant and foliage like that of C\ Melo: fls. long- 
 stalked: fr. 1-2 in. long, oblong or nearly spherical, 
 becoming hard and dry, densely beset with long scales 
 or hairs, and looking like a bur. Arabia, Afr. R.H. 
 1860, p. 210. Cult, as an ornamental Gourd. 
 
 Angflria, Linn. {C. groxaularicpfdrmis, Hort.). BcR 
 Cucumber.. West Indian Gherkin. Goosebekry 
 Gourd. Figs. 590, 591. Stems slender, hispid : lvs. 
 deeply cut into 3-5 narrow obovate or spatulate divisions, 
 
CUCUMIS 
 
 CUCURBITA 
 
 409 
 
 water-melon like: fls. small, the pistillate long-stalked: 
 fr. 1-3 in. long, cucumber-like but more spiny. Supposed 
 to be native to the Amer, tropics. B.M. 5817. — Cult, both 
 for the oddity ot' its frts. and for the making of pickles. 
 The Gherkins of mixed pickles, however, are young 
 Cucumbers. 
 
 C.ncutdngulus, Hort.=Luflfa.— Cperennia, James==Cu- 
 "iJ^^it*- L. H. B. /s 
 
 CUCUBBIT. A plant of the genus Curcur- - ^^■ 
 
 bita. Sometimes shortened to Cucurb. 
 
 peduncle very hard and deeply furrowed when mature, 
 not enlarging next the fr. : the fr. very various in form, 
 color, season, size. — Probably native to trop. Amer., but 
 unknown wild. Cult, by the Indians when Amer. was 
 
 CUC0EBITA (classical name). Cucur- 
 bitiu-eie. GouKiJ. PrMPKiN. Sv^fASH. Vine- 
 like herbs, tendril-bearing, inhabitants 
 warm countries. Fls. moucpcious, large, 
 yellow, solitary in the axils, the stam- 
 inate long 8talke<l, the pistillate short- 
 stalked : corolla 5-lobed : stamens 3, 
 arising from the bottom of the fl., and united in a 
 column : stigmas 3, but 2-lobed : ovary inferior, en- 
 closing a hollow receptacle: ten<lrils 2-3 forked. About 
 10 species. The morphology of the Pepo or Gourd-fruit 
 may be illustrated by the Turban Squash. ( Figs. 592, 593, 
 594. ) In this fruit, there is a ' • squash inside a squash . ' ' 
 The inner part bears the corolla and the styles. It is the 
 ovary. The corolla is attached about the edge of the 
 
 593. Young Turban Squash, in which the withered 
 corolla has become detached, but hangs on 
 the remains of the styles and stiemas. 
 
 inner Squash, as the withered remains in Fig. 592 show. 
 Sometimes the withered corolla becomes detached, but 
 hangs onto the withered remains of the stigmas, as in 
 Fig. 593. The longitudinal section of the tiower ( Fig. 
 594) explains the structure. The corolla is shown at c d. 
 The top of the ovary is at O. The stigmas are on the 
 ovary. The part encircling the ovary (outside of O) is 
 the hollowed receptacle. Ordinarily the receptacle is 
 closed at the top, completelj' confining the ovary; but 
 in the Turban Squashes the receptacle does not extend 
 
 over the top of the ovar>', and 
 tlie ovary theicfore protrudes. 
 The older morphologists held 
 this outer part of the Squash to 
 be adnate calyx, rather than re- 
 ceptacle. The CucTirbits are 
 monographed by Cogniaux. DC. 
 Monogr. Phaner. 3. Also by 
 Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Hot.) 
 IV. vol. 6. See Pumpkin and 
 Squash. 
 
 A. Lvs. lohed : stnlks of fruits 
 strongly ridged. 
 
 P6po, Linn. (C. Melop?po, 
 Linn.). Pumpkin. Figs. .595, 
 596. Annual: long - running, 
 prickly on stems and petioles : 
 lvs. "Ko-lobed, dark dull green: 
 corolla-tube widening upwards, 
 the pointed lobes erect : calyx- 
 
 SOS. Plant of Cucurbita Pepo. 
 
 discovered, in fields of maize. For studies in the nativity 
 of the Pumpkins and Scjuashes, see DeCandolle, Origin 
 of Cultivated Plants; (jravand Trumbull, Amer. Joum. 
 Sci. 25: 370 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1890 : 727 ; Witt- 
 mack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesell. G: 378 (1888). 
 
 Var. cond^nsa. Blsh Pvmpkins. Scallop and Sum- 
 mer Crookneck S<^rASHEs. Plant compact, little or not 
 at all running. Of horticultural origin. 
 
 Var. ovifera. {0. ovifera, 'Linn.). Gourd. Fig. 597. 
 Plant slender, running: lvs. smaller than in C. Pepo, 
 usually very prominently lobed: fr. small, hard and in- 
 edible, .egg-shaped, globular, pear-shaped, oblate, often 
 striped. R.H. 1894, j). 429. — Sold in many vars. by seeds- 
 men, under the names of C Pepo vars. pyriformis, 
 depressa, annulata, etc. See Gourd. 
 
 mOBch&ta, Duchesne (C. melonafdrmis, Carr. ). 
 CusHAW. China, Canada Crookneck and Winter 
 Crookneck St^UASHEs. Figs. 598, 599, 600. Annual : 
 long-running, less prickly and sometimes soft-hairy: 
 lvs. more rounded than those of C. Pepo, but lobed, often 
 grayish: fl. with a widening tube, and large, erect lobes: 
 calyx-lobes large, often leaf-like: peduncle becoming 
 deeply ridged and much enlarged next the fr. Possibly 
 of East Asian origin. 
 
 594. Section of Flower of 
 
 Turban Squash. 
 
 Showiiig the ovary inside 
 the hollowed receptacle. 
 
 lobes narrow, not leaf - like 
 
 596. Stem of Cucurbita Pepo— Early Sugar Pumpkin. 
 
 aa. Lvs. not lobed (except sometimes on young shoots): 
 .Htalks of fruits not prominently ridged. 
 
 maxima, Duchesne. StjUASH, Figs. 601-604. Annual: 
 long-running, the stems nearly cylindri«'al, little prickly 
 and often hairy: lvs. orbicular or kidney-shaped, com- 
 monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow, the 
 margin shallowly apiculate-sinuate: corolla-tube nearly 
 
410 
 
 CUCURBITA 
 
 CUNNINQHAMIA 
 
 the same diam. at top and bottom (Figs. 602, 603), the 
 corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spreading or droop- 
 ing: peduncle at maturity soft and spongy, not ridged 
 
 
 597. Cucurbita Pepo. var. ovifera. 
 
 nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very various, 
 but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneck-shaped, 
 usually late-ripening, the flesh orange and not stringy. 
 Probably American. 
 
 foetidlssima, Knnth. {C.perinnis, 
 Graj'. Cucumis perinnis, James). 
 Fig. 605. Perennial : long-running, 
 scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate- 
 triangular, grayish pubescent, the 
 margin shallowly apiculate-cre- 
 nate : fl. nearly as large as in C. 
 Pepo and similar in shape, the pis- 
 tillate on a peduncle 2-3 in. long: 
 fr. size and shape of an orange, 
 smooth, green and yellow splashed, 
 not edible. Sandy, arid wastes, 
 Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Mex. 
 and w >stward to Calif. R. H. 1855: 
 61; 1857 p.54. — In its native haunts, 
 the root . ■ tuberous, 4-7 in. in diam. 
 and penetrating the earth 4-6 ft. 
 Roots at the joints. The plant has 
 a fetid odor. Sold by seedsmen as 
 a gourd, but the fruit does not often 
 ripen in the northern states. Use- 
 ful on arbors and small trees, when coarse vines are 
 wanted 
 
 The terms Squash and Pumpkin are much confused. 
 In Europe, the large varieties of Curctibita maxima are 
 known as I'umpki";'^ but in this country the fruits of 
 this species are lu f^^- ■ usually as Squashes. In America, 
 the words Pum. i in and Squash are used almost indis- 
 criminately, so /e ". a-ieties in all species being known 
 
 Japanese Crookneck, Dunkard, and Sweet Potato Pump, 
 kins (or Squashes) are C. moschata. The fruit stem (as 
 shown in Figs. 596, 599, 604) is a distinguishing charac- 
 teristic of the ripe fruits. C. Pepo and C. maxima, and 
 C. maxima and C. moschata do not intercross. C. Pepo 
 and C. m,oschata have been crossed, but it is doubtful if 
 they intermix when left to themselves. In Europe, the 
 word Gourd (or its equivalent in various languages) is 
 used generically for Cucurbitas ; but in this country it is 
 restricted mostly to the small, hard -shelled forms of 
 C. Pepo (var. ovifera) and to Lag enaria vulgarig. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 CUDKANIA (derivation unknown). Urticdceiv. Trees 
 or shrubs, with deciduous, alternate, stipulate petiuled 
 Ivs. : fls. dioecious, in globular heads : collective fr. globu- 
 lar. About 3 species, in S. and E. Asia and trop. Austr., 
 of which only one is sometimes cultivated. It requires 
 protection in the north, and is usually prop, by green- 
 wood cuttings in summer under glass. 
 
 tricuspid^ta, Bureau (Madura tricnspiddta, Carr.). 
 Shrub, with slender, spiny branches: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, 
 acuminate, entire, sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, nearly 
 glabrous, l^^-3 in. long: fl.- heads axillary, on short pe- 
 duncles: fr. globose, about 1 in, across. China. R. H. 
 1864, p. 390.— Much resembling Madura, and of no 
 special decorative value. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CULM. The stem of a grass. 
 
 CULVES'S SOOT. Veronica 
 ginica. 
 
 CUMIN, or CUMMIN, the seeds of 
 Cuminum Cymimim ; Black Cumin, 
 Xigella safiva ; Sweet Cumin, or 
 Anise, Pimpinella Anisum. 
 
 by those names. The field or common pie 
 Pumpkins are C. Pepo ; so are vegetable 
 marrows ; also the summer Squashes, as 
 the Scallop, Pattypan and Crookneck va- 
 rieties. The Hubbard, Marblehead, Sibley and Turban 
 kinds are C. maxima. The Cushaws, Canada Crookneck, 
 
 St;m of Cucurbita moschata— Large Cheese Pumpkin. 
 
 CUNlLA (origin unknown). Zahiiltce. This genus 
 contains a low-growing, tufted, hardy, native perennial 
 plant, rarely cultivated in borders for its profusion of 
 small, white or purplish, 2-lipped flowers, which are 
 borne in corymbed cymes or clusters. The genus con- 
 tains not more than 16 species, 2 North American, 2 
 Mexican, and the rest Brazilian. They are somewhat 
 woody, and usually have small Ivs. : the whorls of tiowers 
 are sometimes loosely corymboi^e, 
 sometimes axillary, few-fld., much 
 shorter than the Ivs., sometimes niany- 
 ^^';«?> fld., in dense spikes or tenuinal heads: 
 
 calyx 10-13-nerved, 5-toothed : perfect 
 stamens 2. 
 
 Mariana, Linn. Maryland Dittany. 
 Height 1 ft.: Ivs. smooth, ovate, ser- 
 rate, rounded or heart-shaped at the 
 base, nearly sessile, dotted, 1 in. long. 
 Drv hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., 
 south to Ga. and Ark. J.H. III. 35: 321. 
 Mn. 7: 201. See also Dittany. 
 
 f 
 
 CUNNINGHAMIA (after J 
 collector, who discovered this 
 Coniferce. Tree, with stout 
 
 Cunningham, botanical 
 Conifer 1702 in China). 
 trunk and verticillate. 
 
 spreading branches, pendulous at the extremities: Ivs. 
 
CUNNINGHAMIA 
 
 CUPHEA 
 
 411 
 
 linear-lanceolate, rigid, densely spirally arranged and 
 2-rowed in direction: fls. monceciouH; staminate oblong, 
 pistillate globose, in small clusters at the end of the 
 branches : cones roundish-ovate, 1-2 in. long, with round- 
 
 600. Fruit of Cucurbita iroschata— Tonasu. a Japanese variety. 
 
 ish-ovate, serrate and pointed, coriaceous scales, each 
 with 3 narrow-winged seeds at the base. One species, in 
 China. A very decorative Conifer for '..armer temperate 
 regions, mufh resembling the Arauraria lirmtilUnsis. 
 It prefers a half-shaded position an«l sandy and loamy, 
 humid soil. Prop, by seeds or cutting of half-hardy 
 w(K)d in late summer under glass; short sprouts from 
 the old wood of the trunk or larger branches are the 
 best; cuttings from lateral branches grow into weak and 
 one-sided plants. 
 
 Sinensis, R. Br. (C. lanceoldta, Lamb.). Tree, attain- 
 ing 80 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with broad, decurrent 
 base, sharply pointed, finely serrulate, light green and 
 shining above and with two broad, whitish bands be- 
 neath, 1/^-2^2 in. long: cones 1-2 in. high. China, cult, 
 in Japan. B.M. 2743. 8.2.104,10.5. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CUFANIA (after Francis Cupani, Italian monk, author 
 of Hortus Catholicus, died 1710). i>apindiice(c. A rather 
 lary;e and ill-delined genus of trees and shrubs, the 
 most important of which is the Akee tree, naturalized in 
 the West Indies from western Africa, which has rich, 
 rod edible fruits that are much improved by cooking. 
 The flowers are so fragrant as to deserve distilling. The 
 tree reaches a height of 30 ft., and is cultivated in Ja- 
 maica to a height of only 3,000 ft., but can endure a 
 slight frost. It is also cult, in So. Fla. C. sapida is 
 now referred to Blighia by reason of its long-exserted 
 stamens and scale longer than the petals. C anacardi- 
 oides, a rapid-growing tree with edible fruit, has been 
 introduced into S. Calif, by Franceschi. 
 
 S&pi6iSL,y oigt{ BUghia xdpida .Kon.) . Akee Tree. Leaf- 
 lets 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, veined: fls. whitish. 
 
 C. chganffsKima, Hort., was once advertised by 
 Pitcher & Manda as an ornamental warmhouse plant 
 "with handsome leaves and racemes of white flowers." 
 
 Ct^PHEA (Greek, curved; referring to the prominent 
 protuberance at the base of the calyx tube). Lythrd.ce(f. 
 
 An exceedingly interesting genus of tropical and sub- 
 tropical American herbs and shrubby plants, with re- 
 markable variations in the petals. In C. ignea, per- 
 haps the most attractive of the group, the petals are en- 
 tirely absent, and the showy part jis the brilliantly 
 colored calyx tube. At the other extreme is C. hysaopi- 
 folia with G petals (the normal number in the genus), 
 and all of equal size. Between these two extremes 
 (shown in Figs. GOO and 608) are at least two well 
 marked intermediate types. One of these (exemplified 
 in C. procumbens) has 2 large and 4 small petals: the 
 other, (C. Llavea), h&s 2 conspicuous petals, and the 
 other 4 are completely abortive. These two types are 
 unique among garden plants. The series of intergra- 
 dient forms is completed by C. eyanea, in which there 
 are only 2 petals, and these minute, and C micmpetoht, 
 in which there are 12 barely visible i>etals, alternating 
 with and shorter than the calyx teeth. The genus is 
 badly in need of thorough botanical revision. The plants 
 are often clammy: Ivs. opposite, rarely whorled or alter- 
 nate, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire. The flowers 
 are often borne in one-sided racemes, and some of the 
 species have a very odd look from the bold angle made by 
 the slender ascending pedicel and the descending calyx 
 tube, with its queer projection at the base. The purple 
 stamens add to the interest. Nearly all Cupheas are 
 
 Ml. Cucurbita maxima. 
 
 602. Staminate flower of Cucurbita maxima— 
 Hubbard Squash (X %). 
 
 grown from seed and treated as tender annuals, but C. 
 ignea is chiefly prop, by cuttings. They are of easy cul- 
 ture, and the whole series is worth growing. In addition 
 to the species described below, C. Hookeridna. Walp., 
 is cult, as C. ScezUi, Carr. It has lanceolate Ivs., with 
 vermilion and orange calyx. R.H. 1877:470. 
 
 Petals 6, but very witiiite and inconspicuous. 
 
 microp^tala, HBK. (CJminens, 
 Planch. & Linden). Stem shrub- 
 by, more or less branched : 1-2 
 ft. high: branches and calyx sca- 
 brous : Ivs. oblong - lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends, but without a dis- 
 tinct petiole, rigid, scabrous: fls. borne 
 singly in succession at a point above 
 the axils, which distinguishes this spe- 
 cies from all others here described ; 
 petals 6, minute, borne between the calyx 
 teeth, and shorter than them ; calyx 12- 
 
412 
 
 CUPHEA 
 
 UUPHEA 
 
 toothed, scarlet at the base, yellow towards the top, 
 greenish at the mouth; stamens and filaments red: 
 ovary 2-celled, many-seeded. Mex. HBK. Nov. Gen. 
 
 03. Pistillate 
 fiower of Cucurbita maxima— 
 Hubbard Squash (X?^). 
 
 Sp. 6, p. 209, t. 5r)l. R.H. 1857, p. 151. 
 
 (1854). — The picture first cited shows a 1-sided raceme, 
 the second a panicle and the thir<l a common raceme. 
 In this species the calyx tube is the attractive portion, 
 while the petals are inconspicuous. The tube is not 2- 
 lipped, but almost regular. 
 
 AA. Petals 6, all conspicuous, but 2 of them much 
 larger than the rest. 
 
 procambens. Car. Annual, herbaceous. 1 in. high, 
 procumbent, sticky-pubescent, with characteristic pur 
 plish hairs: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, with white hairs, 13^- 
 
 604. Stem of Cucurbita maxima— Hubbard Squash 
 F.S. 10:994 
 
 3 In. lonjr, (rradnally deereasinj? in size until they he- 
 come bract-like, petiole short: fiM, nunienms, peduncles 
 longer than the petioles, 2 or .'J times shorter than the 
 calyx: calyx 6-toothed, purplish at the base, green at the 
 tip, with 12 raised streaks, and a pubescence like that 
 of the stem; petals <>, the 2 larger ones on the upper lip 
 of the calyx purple; filaments included. Mex B R 
 3:182. C. purpurea, Hort. P. S. 4:412. R.B. 22:85- 
 said to be a hybrid between C. miniata and C. vfucog'. 
 si ma, is probably not distinct. 
 
 AAA. Petals 6, all of the same size. 
 hyssopildlia, HBK. Fig. 606. Stem shrubby ; branches 
 numerous, stricrose: Ivs. lanceolate, rather acute, obtuse 
 at the base, glabrous above, strigose-pilose along the 
 midrib and veins, as may be seen with a hand lens: fls. 
 with their slender pedicels scarcely longer than the Ivs^ 
 calyx glabrous: petals 6, somewhat unequal, dilute vio^ 
 
 let; stamens 11 included; til«- 
 ments villous : ovary 5-6- 
 seeded. Mex. — r. h'l/K.sopi- 
 phfflla, Hort., Pitcher & 
 Manda, is presumably a typo- 
 graphical error. This is" the 
 least attractive of the species 
 here described, and is no 
 longer advertised, but it still 
 lingers in a few conservato- 
 ries. It is easily told from its 
 showier relatives by its much 
 smaller Ivs. (less than 3 2 in. 
 long) and much branched and 
 very woo<ly appearance. 
 
 AAAA. Petals normnlhj 2, 
 the other 4 abortive. 
 
 B. Size of petals very small. 
 
 cy&nea, Moc. & Sesse. (C. 
 sfrignldsa, Hort,, not HBK.). 
 .Stem herbaceous, erect : 
 branchlets hispid: Ivs. oppo- 
 site, stalked, ovate, cordate, 
 acuminate, villous on both 
 sides: peduncles alternate, racemose : calyx slitrhtly 
 hispid, scarlet at the base, yellow at the top: petals 2, 
 clawed, .spatulate; anthers and petals violet-blue. Mex. 
 B.R. 32:14 (1846) as C. strigilldsa, Lindi. F.S. 1:15 & 
 P.M. 11:241 as li. strigulosa, but neither of these plates 
 is the C. striguld-sa. HBK., which is a ditlerent species, 
 with a shrubby stem : branches and calyx clammy-his- 
 pid: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acu^e at both ends, clammy, srla- 
 brous above, strigose-scabrous below : petals nearly 
 equal : ovary about 8-ovukd. 
 
 li 
 
 605. Cucurbita foetidissima. 
 
CUI'HEA 
 
 CUPRESSUS 
 
 413 
 
 BB. Size of petah larger. 
 
 c. Calyx 6-toothed. 
 
 LlkvtA, Lindl. Red, White-and-Blue Flower. FIjr. 
 607. Steins numerou.s, herbaceous, hixpid: branches 
 axceuding : Ivs. almoHt sessile, especially near the top, 
 ovate-lanceolate, strijrose: racemes short, few-tld. : ca- 
 lyx green on the ventral side, purple on the back and at 
 the oblique-6-toothed mouth; petals 2 large, scarlet, 
 obovate. the other 4 abortive; stamens 11. Guatemala. 
 B.U. U>:l:toC. J.H. III. 31::M)5.-It isdoubtfiil whether 
 the plant described by Lindley is the same as the Mex- 
 ican plant originally described by Lexarsa, which was 
 said to have petals of ''dilute scarlet." Lind- 
 ley "s plant ha«l a green calyx, but the plant 
 iu the trade is ctdored. Used for baskets 
 and bedding. Often misspelled Havat. 
 
 CO. Calyx 1^-toothed. 
 
 mini^ta. Brongn. Stem shrubby, erect: 
 brauclies few, hispid: Ivs. opposite, the up- 
 {H-r ones not quite opposite, with a very 
 short petiole, ovate, acute, entire, with 
 white, silky hairs which are denser beneath: 
 ris. solitary, subsessile. axillary, the pedun- 
 cle adnate to the branch in .such a way as 
 to appear between and below the pefcioies: 
 raceme few-tld., one )*ided. F.S. 2:73. P.M. 
 14:101. R.H. 1845:225. R. B. 22:85.- Var. 
 compActa. Hort. S.H. 2:43. Gt. 4«). p. 037. 
 Tliis is referred to C. Ltavea, Lex., by Index 
 Kewensis. The above descriptitm is from 
 the original one in F.S. 2:73. Van Houtte 
 describes several hybrid varieties in F.S. 
 5, p. 487, which dilfer chietiy in size, color, 
 and marking of petals. Calyx 1 in. long, his- 
 pid, green at the base, purple above, 12-toothed at the 
 tip: petals 2. scarlet, wavy. The specific name miniata 
 means cinnabar-red, and refers to the petals. 
 
 AAAAA. Petals none. 
 
 ignea, DC. (C. platycentra, Hort., not Benth.). Fig. 
 6yt*. Branches somewhat angled: Ivs. petioled, ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, lightly 
 scabrous : flower stalks 2-4 times longer than the leaf 
 stalks: calyx glabrous, shortly 6-toothed. bright red ex- 
 cept at the tip, which has a dark ring and a white mouth: 
 
 linear-subulate an«! spreading: f!s, monrpcious, minute, 
 solitary on short branchlets; staniinate ovate or oblong, 
 yellow; pistillate subghtbose: cones globular or nearly 
 so, consisting of ;t-7 pairs of ligneous, peltate scales, 
 with a mucro or boss on the flattened apex, each bearing 
 
 Mex. 
 sold 
 
 F.S. 
 only 
 
 606. Cuphea hyssopifolia (X K). 
 
 petals none: stamens 11 or 12, glabrous. 
 
 2:180 (1846). P.M. 13:267 (1846). -This is 
 
 as C. platycentra, although De CandoUe corrected the 
 
 error in 1849 (F.S. 5:500 C). This is a remarkable in- 
 
 >runce of the persistence of erroneous trade names. 
 
 W. M. 
 CUPULE. The husk or cup of an acorn. The oak be- 
 longs to the Cupuliferse. 
 
 CUPRfiSSITS (ancient Latin name from Greek, A'h- 
 parissos). Cypress. Trees, rarely shrubs, with aro- 
 matic evergreen foliage : branchlets quadrangular or 
 nearly so: Ivs. opposite, small, scale-like, appressed. mi- 
 nutely dentictilate-ciliate, on young seeUiing plants 
 
 Cuphea Llavea. 
 Natural size. 
 
 many or numerous seeds, but 
 the lower scales usually sterile 
 and smaller ; they ripen the second year. About 
 10 species in C. Amer., north to Calif, and Ariz,, and 
 from S. Eu. to S. E. Asia. By some botanists, the allied 
 genus Chamsecyparis is included. Highly ornamental 
 evergreen trees', greatly varying in habit, only hardy in 
 Calif, and the Gulf states. The hardiest seems to be 
 C. Macnabiana, which will stand many degrees of frost 
 in a sheltered position; also C. macrocurpa, C Arizo- 
 nica, C. gempervirens, fanebris and torulosa are of 
 greater hardiness than the others. They stand pruning 
 well, and some species are valuable for hedges, C. mac- 
 rocarpa being especially extensively planted for this pur- 
 pose in Calif. The Cupressus seems to be less particu- 
 lar in regard to soil and situation, but prefers a deep, 
 sandy-loamy soil. For prop., see Chatmpcyparis. The 
 ytmng plants should be removed several times in the 
 nursery to secure a firm root-ball, otherwise they will 
 not bear transplanting well. Monogr. by M. T. Masters 
 in Journ. of Linn. Soc. 31:312-351 (1895). 
 
 Index: Arizonica, 5; Benthami, 6; Comeyana, 7; fas- 
 tigiata, 1; funebris, 9 ; Goveniana, 4 ; Guadalupensis, 
 2; horizontalis, 1; Knightiana, 6; Lambertiana, 2 ; Late- 
 soniana, see Chamtecyparis ; Lindleyi, 6 ; Lusitanica, 
 8; Macnabiana, 3 ; macrocarpa, 2; majestica, 7; sem- 
 pervirens, 1; torulosa. 7. 
 
 A. Branches and branchlets erect or spreading; branch- 
 lets short and usually rather stout. 
 
 B. Cones 1-1% in. across, with 8-14 s< ales. 
 
 1. semp^rvirens, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft., with erect or 
 horizontal branches and dark green foliage: Ivs. closely 
 appressed, ovate, obtuse, 
 glandular : cones oblong or 
 nearly globose; scales 8-14, 
 with a short boss on the 
 back. S. Eu., W. Asia. Var. 
 fastigi&ta, Beissn. (C. fas- 
 tiglitfu. DC). With erect 
 branches, forming a narrow, 
 columnar head. The classi- 
 cal Cypress of the Greek 
 and Roman writers, much 
 planted in S. Eu. Var. hor- 
 izontalis, Gord. {C. horizon- 
 tAlis. Mill.). Branches 
 horizontally spreading, 
 forming a broad, pyramidal 
 head. 
 
 2. macrocdrpa, Hartw. 
 MoNTEKEY Cypress. Tree, 608, Cuphea ignea (X %). 
 
414 
 
 CUPRESSUS 
 
 CURCUMA 
 
 to 40 ft., ooeai^ionally to 70 ft., with horizontal branches, 
 formini; a hroa<l, Mprcadint? heml: bran<'hl**ts Mtoiit : Ivm. 
 rhombic «»viit»',()btus«'. clont'ly apprexxe*!, not orobsrurely 
 Klandulur. dark ur bri;rht Kft't'n: roneH Klobitlar «)r ob- 
 lonK; sfalt'M »-12, with a short, obtuMC bosn on the back. 
 Calif.. Houth of Bay of Monterey. S.S. 10:.'>25. P.F.O. 
 I., p. 167. F.S. 7, p. 192(aHr. /or«/o.y«). (}.('. HI. 22:53. 
 On. 5.J, p. 219. O.F. 7:24.-). Var. Crippti, Must. Lvs. 
 Hpreadinjf, lij<ht KJaucous. A juvi-niU* form. Var. laitigi- 
 4ta, Kniu'bt. Of narrow, pyramidal, faHtijp^iate hubit. 
 Var. Quadalnp^nsis, Mast. {'('. d'utnlalupr'nais. Wats.). 
 Branches spn-adin;;: Ivs. v«Ty i^laiicous: rotu-s subtrlo- 
 bo!ie. Uuadaiupelsl. (i.f. III. 18:(>2. Var. Lambertiana, 
 Mast. (C Lambert iAmi, Carr. ). Dark mrreen form with 
 spreading branches. Var. Itltea, Hort., has yellow 
 foliage. 
 
 BB. Cones %-! in. across, irith G~8 scales. 
 
 3. Macnabi&na, Murray. Pig. r»09. Shrub with sev- 
 eral stems, or small tree, to 20 ft., forming a dense, 
 
 pyramidal head : Ivs. 
 ovate, <»l)tuse, thickened 
 at the apex, glandular, 
 dark green or glaucous : 
 cones oblong, %-l in. 
 high ; scales usually 6, 
 with prominent conical 
 and curved bosses on 
 the back. Calif. S. S. 
 10:528. R.H. 1870, p. 1.55. 
 G.C. 111.9:40.1. 
 
 4. Ooveni&na, Oord. 
 Tree, to 50 ft., with slen- 
 der, erect or spreading 
 branches. forming a 
 broad, open or pyramidal 
 head : branchlets slen- 
 der : Ivs. ovate, acute, 
 closely appressed, incon- 
 spicuously glandular : 
 abundant staminate Hs. 
 in spring : cones sub- 
 globose or oblong; scales 
 (i-S, with short, blunt 
 bosses. Calif. S. S. 
 10:. 527. Var. comp&cta, 
 Andr^. Of compact, pyr- 
 amidal habit. K.H. 1896, 
 p. 9. Var. Rlatica, Carr., 
 with glaucous, and var. 
 vlridis, (^arr.,with bright 
 green foliage. 
 
 5. Ariz6nica, Greene. 
 Tree.to40,rarely to 70 ft. , 
 
 with horizontal branches, forming a narrow, pyramidal 
 or broad, open head : branchlets stout : Ivs. ovate, ob- 
 tuse, thickened at the apex, inconspicuously glandular, 
 very glaucous: cones subglobose, %-l in. across; scales 
 6-8. with stout, pointed, often curved bosses. Ariz., 
 Calif. S.S. 10:526. G.C. III. 18:63. 
 
 6. B^nthami, Endl. Tree, to 70 ft., with horizontal 
 branches, forming a pyramidal head: In-anchlets slen- 
 der: Ivs. ovate-obtuse or acute, keeletl and s«miewhat 
 thickened at the apes, inconspicuously glandular, bright 
 green: cones globular, K-^ in. across: scales 6-8, with 
 .short- pointed bosses. Mex. Var. Lindleyi, Mast. (C. 
 Lindleyi, Klotzsch). Branchlets regularly arranged, of 
 nearly efjual length : cones small, with small -pointed 
 bosses. Var. KnightifLna, Mast. Branchlets very regu- 
 larly arranged, fernlike, drooping, glaucous: cones with 
 stout, conical-pointed bosses. G.C. III. 16:669. 
 
 AA. Branclilets slender, more or less pendulous : Irs. 
 usually acute and keeled, not tfiickened at the 
 apex: cones about y^ in. or less across (see 
 also C. Benthami). 
 
 7. tomldsa, Don. Tall, pyramidal tree, to 150 ft., with 
 short, horizontal branches, ascending at the extremities: 
 branchlets slender, drooping: Ivs. rhombic-ovate, acute, 
 appressed or slightly spreading at the apex, bright or 
 bluish green: cones globular, nearly sessile, about V^ in. 
 across; scales 8-10, mucronate. Himal. Var. Comeyina, 
 Mast. {C. Vorneyctna, Knight). With distinctly pendu- 
 
 609. Cupressus Macnabiana. 
 
 From a cultiviited tree. 
 
 lous branches : cones oMong, larger. Var. maj^stiea, 
 Gord. ( C. maj^Ktica, Knit.. it). Of mi»re vigorous ijrowth 
 with drooping branchlets, greyish green. 
 
 8. Lusitinica, Mill. Tree, to .50 ft., with spreadinic 
 branches and more or less pendulous branchlets: lv», 
 ovate, a<'ute. glaucous: cones pedicelb-d. about %\x\. 
 across, covered with glauc«>us bloom ; scales 6-H, with 
 conical pointed ixtsses. Habitat unknown; much cult. 
 in southwestern Eu. G.C. III. 10:761. — With several 
 varieties. 
 
 9. fundbrii, Endl. Tree. toOOft., with wide-spreadinir, 
 pendulous Itranches an<i branchlets, br.inchlets slij,'litly 
 flattened : Ivs. deltoid-ovate, acute, light green, often 
 slightly spreading at the apex: cones short, peiluncled, 
 glolM>se, about )» in. across ; scales 8, with a short 
 raucro. China. I'.F.G. I. p. 47, tig. 31. Vt.C. 1850:4;» 
 F.S. 6, p. 91. 
 
 C. Califomica, Carr.=C. Ooveniana.— C. Caahmeridnn. Hort. 
 =C. torulosa.— C Elegant, Hort.=C Henthami, var. Knighti- 
 ana. — (\ erieoXdet, Hort.^Tbuya orientalis, var. ericoideH.— v. 
 glanduloaa, Hook.= C. Macnabiana.— C. glaiiea, Lam.^O. 
 Lusitanica.— C. Hdrtwegi, t'arr. =(\ macrocarpa.— r. Kar- 
 winakydna, Regel=»C. Benthami. — C. Xepalenaig, Loiid.=C. 
 tonilosa. — C. p^ndula, L'Her. = C. Lusitanica. — C. pendula, 
 Staunt.^'C. fiinebris.- 6'. Sinenaia, Hort. =C. Lusitanica.— ('! 
 thurifera, HBK. Tree with spreading branches: Ivh. oblong- 
 lanceolate, upriKht-spreiidiug, not closely appresHcd : rones 
 gloliose. about 1 in. across, with slightly mucronate scales.— 
 C. thurifera, Auth.=»C Benthami. ALFRED Rbhuek 
 
 CURCULIOO (Latin, eurculio, weevil; referring to 
 the beak of the ovary). Amarylliddce(r, This genus 
 contains an uncommon foliage plant with the habit of a 
 young palm and a curious tloral structure. The genus 
 is cl<»sely related to Uypoxis, but differs in its succulent 
 indehiscent fruit, and because in many species the ovarv 
 has a long beak which looks like a perianth tube. l)ut 
 this beak is always solid, and bears upon its summit the 
 style, which is in the center of the perianth. The follow- 
 ing species is grown south and north, being used by 
 florists for vases, jardinieres, and general decorative 
 work, and also used outdoors in summer. It is of ea.<sy 
 culture, but requires perfect drainage, and is prop, by 
 suckers or division. 
 
 The Curculigos are exceedingly ornamental plants for 
 large greenhouses, where a hit;h temperature is main- 
 tained. To have them looking their best they should, if 
 possible, be planted out in a bed, where they will attain 
 a height of 5 feet. Their gracefully arching leaves are 
 so constructed that they move continually from side to 
 side with the slightest movement of the air. The va- 
 riety variegata is one of the best variegated-leaved 
 plants. While not so robust as the green form, it is 
 more adapted to pot-culture. The soil should be two 
 parts loam and another of rotted cow-manure and sand. 
 Drainage must be carefully arranged, as the plants need 
 an abundance of water. The green-leaved kind stands 
 the summers well in the neighborhood of Washington, 
 if protected from the sun and afforded an abundant sup- 
 ply of water. 
 
 "Propagation is by division. The pieces, before pot- 
 ting, will make new roots rapidly if placed in the sand 
 bed of a warm propagating house for a few days. 
 
 recurv^ta, Drj-and. Height 214 .ft. or more : root 
 tuberous: Ivs. from the root, 1-3 ft. long, 2-6 in. wide, 
 with a channelled stalk one-third or one-fourth the 
 length, the blade lanceolate, recurved, plated : scapes 
 about as long as the leaf-stalks, covered with long, soft 
 brown hairs, recurved at the end, bearing a bf«d of 
 drooping j-ellow fls., each % in. across : bracts one to 
 each fl., and about as long. Ti-op. Asia, Australia. B.R. 
 9:770. Var. 8trid,ta, Hort., has a central band of white. 
 Var. varieg&ta, Hort., has longitudinal bars of white. 
 
 G. W. Oliver and W. 3L 
 
 Ct^ECUMA (Arabic name). Scitamindceir. A much 
 neglected group of curious and showy warmhouse her- 
 baceous plants with great spikes composed of large con- 
 cave or hooded bracts, from which the flowers scarcely 
 protrude their gaping mouths. These fleshy bracts are 
 perhaps the showiest feature of the plant, the topmost 
 ones being colored with gorgeous tropical hues. One 
 species was once advertised by John Saul, but all the 
 others mentioned below are equally interesting. These 
 
CURCl'MA 
 
 CURRANT 
 
 415 
 
 curious HubjectM are altnoHt unknown In Anit* riran con- 
 ii«-rv»torie», but with the spread of private jfreenhouseH 
 iti America they will »ure|y he tfmwn, at leant in some 
 of the liner fancier?*' colleotiouH. The following cultural 
 
 610. Common Currant— Ribes rubrum, in bloom (X %), 
 
 points are taken from B. M. 4435, where it is said that 
 these plants are of ornamental appearance, even when 
 not in tlower. In spring the tubers should be deprived 
 of last year's mold and repotted in a fresh mixture of 
 light loam, leaf-mold and turfy peat, the pots being well 
 druined, and placed in a warm pit or frame in b<»ttoMi 
 heat. Water should be given si)aringly until after the 
 plant has made some growth. The young roots are soft 
 and succulent, and are likely to rot if the soil remains 
 wet for a long time. After flowering, the leaves soon show 
 signs of decay, and water should be gradually with- 
 drawn. During the resting period the soil should not 
 be allowed to get dust-dr>-, or the tubers are likely to 
 shrivel. The plants are propagated by dividing the 
 tubers in spring. Tlie flowers of Curcuma are large and 
 gaping, hooded above, and with a H-toothed lower lip. 
 In the throat are seen 2 teeth, which are the tips of the 
 anthers. Curcumas are essen- 
 tially tropical plants, and the 
 freat difficulty is said to be to 
 maintain sufficient heat while al- 
 lowing them enough air. 
 
 cordita, Wall. Lvs. 1 ft. long, 
 sheathing, ovate-cordate, acumi- 
 nate, the same color oti lx>th sides, 
 obli<juely penninerved : bracts in 
 a fvlindical spike, the upper 
 part forming a sterile portion 
 called a coma, which is a rich 
 violet, with a large blood-colored 
 spot : fls. yellow, with a pink 
 hood. Burma. B. M. 44;}5.-This 
 is now referred to C. petiolafo, 
 Roxb., but B. M. 5821 seems at 
 least horticultnrally distinct, with 
 its rose-pink bracts. 
 
 C. albiflora, Tliwaites, differs from 
 the others here described in ha\ine its 
 spikes sunk below the lvs., instead of 
 
 ntanding high altovethe lvs., and nil the brarts have flu., while 
 the others have a sterile portion of the spike which in briichtljr 
 «Mjlore«l. In thin Hpe<'ie«» the npike in short and green and 
 the Hh. are prominent and white. (Vylon, H.M.rmniO. — CAuatra- 
 /dxira.H <Mik. f., has itNupi>er I>r(i«'ts xoft, rosy pink an<l tlie Ha. 
 pale yellow. AuMtrnlia. B. M. .Vcti.— <" I{'>Meo*-ana, Wall . has 
 u lonnaiid Hplendi<l spike, witli hnictn ijriKhiHlly "hunifing from 
 Kre«"n to the vivid*"**! («<-Hrlet onmiff: t\^ p.-de yellow. Hiirnia. 
 H. M. 4»i«S7 — f. /.eiliHtriti, Hoxti . lias the iipp«'r hraets white, 
 ting»>d with CHrmiii". and hHndKomelyvari»>i{rtte«l lvs., whifh. 
 with the jireen of th" I«>wer bracts and the yellow of the flow- 
 ern. maken a Htrikinit pi<-ture of exotic iiulendor. Hiinalayas. 
 B.3I. i:46. ^ 5, 
 
 CUBLEO LEAVES are often ciused by aphids or 
 plant lice. For remedies, see Sprtnjituj. The leaf-curl 
 of the peach is a fungous disease. See Di»ea$ea. 
 
 CUBMtRIA. All reft rred to Ilomalomena. 
 
 CUBSANT, Four species of Currant are knoMm to 
 Anieriean gardeners as fruit-bearing plants. Hihes 
 rnhrttm (Fig. 610) inchules all the re<l and white varie- 
 ties. This species is found wild both in Europe and 
 North America. Hibiit vitjrinn (Fig. bll), the European 
 black Currant, although well known in America, has 
 never bec(mte generally popular, although it is much 
 prized by the foreign p<>))ulation. Jiihex Anu ricannm 
 (Fig. M'l), more coniiuonly kn<»wn as Jiihes floridtnn, is 
 the wild black Currant of Anu-rica. It is very similar in 
 character to the European black Currant, and is now 
 and then transferred to gardens. Jfilus aurrum (Fig. 
 Gi;{), oftener grown for ornament, has also been planted 
 for fruit, having been sohi from time to time under 
 various varietal nanu-s. the most recent being the Cran- 
 dall. See lilhex. To the commercial fruit-grower only 
 the first of these species is of great inij»ortanee. It is a 
 luitive of c(Md climates, and its protitable culture is con- 
 fined to northern latitu«les. It does not thrive in the (Julf 
 states and, except tinder irrigation or in specially fa\or- 
 able locations, makes but u partial success in the drier 
 region of the Plains. 
 
 Both experience and the natural habitat of the plant 
 indicate that a cool, moist soil is best adapted to its 
 growth. Strong, moist loams, with a considerable ad- 
 mixture of clay, are preferable. Even a stitf clay, well 
 drained and in good tilth, will give good results. In 
 small supply for the lumie garden, it may be grown in 
 almost any soil. A cool northern exposure or ])artial 
 sha<le is always desirable, and the more tinfavorable the 
 soil, or the more nearly does the location approach the 
 southern range of adaptation, the more important does 
 this become. For this reason western growers often find 
 the best results to come from planting in orchards, and 
 
 611. Black Currant— Ribes nigrum. 
 
416 
 
 CURRANT 
 
 CURRANT 
 
 the home grower may attain the same end by titilizing 
 the north side of buildings or fences. Elevation may 
 aid in offsetting the unfavorable influence of lower lati- 
 tude. It is an extremely hardy fruit so far as cold is 
 concerned, but cannot endure continuous high tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 The Currant needs a rich soil and an abundance of 
 ]>hint-f«)od. It will endure nnich neglect, but responds 
 quickly to liberal treatment. iStable manure, applied in 
 the fall, is excellent, and this may be supplemented with 
 applications of potash, which will improve the quality 
 of the fruit. 
 
 Propagation is best effected by means of long hard- 
 wood cuttings (Fig. G14), taken either in fall or spring. 
 In nursery practice they are ct)mmonly taken about Sep- 
 tember 1, as soon as the leaves fall. The leaves are 
 sometimes stripped from the plants a week or so before 
 taking the cuttings, if they have not already fallen. The 
 cuttings may be! planted at once, or tied in bundles 
 and buried upside down, with 2 or 3 inches of soil 
 over the butts. This is thought to favor the production 
 of the callus and to aid the formation of roots. At the 
 approach of cold weather, they may be taken up and 
 planted in nursery rows and covered with a mulch of 
 soil or other material during the winter, this mulch being 
 raked away to expose the tips early in spring. Planting 
 may be delayed until spring, the bundles being taken 
 up and stored in sand or moss in the cellar, or being more 
 deeply covered and allowed to remain where they are. 
 The comijLioner practice is to plant the cuttings in nur- 
 sery rows soon after they are taken. They are said to 
 root more quickly if packed in damp moss a week or two 
 before planting. Mulching of some sort is essential dur- 
 ing the winter. Probably nothing surpasses the soil 
 itself for this purpose, certainly not in the drier climate 
 of the Plains. If the cuttings are kept until spring, 
 
 the climate and the lighter the soil the longer should 
 the cutting be. In planting, only 1 or 2 buds are 
 left above the surface, and the soil should be pressed 
 
 612. Native Black Currant— Ribcs Americanum (X 3^). 
 The fruit is immature. 
 
 ■planting must be done very early, as growth begins at a 
 l«r.v temperatiire. This makes spring planting undesir- 
 able in nursery practice. Cuttings vary in leng.h from 
 6 to 10 inches, according to soil and climate ; the drier 
 
 Buffalo Currant (X }4) 
 
 firmly about the base. Rich, moist soil should be se- 
 lected. A former practice was to cut out all lower buds 
 in order to insure a tree form of growth. This is 
 seldom practiced now, and never for commercial plant- 
 ing. 8ingle-eye cuttings under glass, greenwood cut- 
 tings and layers may be employed, but have little ft 
 recommend them. Seeds may be used as a source of 
 new varieties, ar.d are best sown or stratified as soon a"^ 
 taken from the pulp. 
 
 For the final planting either 1- or 2-year-old plants 
 may be used, set at <listances varying to suit the con- 
 venience of the cultivator. Four by 6 feet is a con- 
 venient combination, allowing cross cultivation at inter- 
 vals. The land should be in fine, mellow tilth as deep 
 as plowed, ai.d if the underlying layers are hard and 
 impervious, it should be subsoiled. Setting is most con- 
 veniently done by marking the land in each direction, 
 plowing furrows one way and planting at intersections. 
 The soil should be closely firmed al>out the roots, with a 
 loose layer left at the surface to m-t as a niulch. Where 
 fall planting succeeds it is desirable, since the Currant 
 starts so early into growth in the spring. In many parts 
 of the country fall planting is too uncertain, while spring 
 planting, if done early enough, is always safe. 
 
 Subsequent tillage should be frequent but shallow, as 
 the roots run near the surface an<l are e.-- jily injured by 
 deep cultivation. Good results are obtaineil by mulch- 
 ing, which is sometimes mo'-e convenient in garden cul- 
 ture. Refuse material ot any sort may be used ; even 
 coal ashes, especially on 1 oavy soil, give good results. 
 Mulching is seldom, if e\er, desi/able in commercial 
 work. 
 
 P. uning is simple, but important. Fruit is borne on 
 both old an<l young wood, but the best of it is near the 
 base of 1 -year-old shoots and on short 1 year-old 
 spurs. The younger the wood the finer the fruit, but a 
 fair supply of ohl wood must be left to insure produc- 
 tiveness. PVoni 4 to 8 main stems are desirable, and 
 these should be frequently renewed. No wood over thr • 
 years old should be allowed to remain. Supertluou. 
 young shoots should be cut away, though the buds at 
 their base mav be left to develop fruit-bearing spurs. 
 Shortening-in vigorous, stragglini; shoots may be called 
 for, especially with young plants, but the most important 
 thing is a judicious thinning out of the old wood, and 
 
CURRANT 
 
 CURRANT 
 
 417 
 
 replacing it with young (Fig. 615). The older plan of 
 training to a tree fomi (Fig. 016) gave les^ productive 
 plants, more subject to damage from the Currant borer, 
 with no opportunity for renewal. Experiments in thin- 
 ning the fruit by clipping off the outer end of the clus- 
 ters have shown an increase in size and in yield. 
 
 The fruit should be picked when dry, taking especial 
 care to prevent crushing the berries or tearing them 
 from the stems. If properly picked it stands shipment 
 well, but if carelessly picked it will quickly spoil. For 
 shipping i)urposes it must be pic'" " '^hile still hard and 
 lirni, though for home use or near market it will be bet- 
 ter if allowed to remain longer, especially for dessert 
 use. If protected with netting, it will remain on the 
 bushes until autumn. The fruit is commonly marketed 
 in quart baskets, shipped in crates, like any other ber- 
 ries, though the 9-p<nind grape basket is now largely 
 used. This is a convenient package, l>oth for the ship- 
 per and the consumer. 
 
 Plantations may be kept in bearing for many years 
 with good care, liberal feeding and continuous renewing 
 of the wood, but i>ractical growers generally find it ad- 
 visable to replant after eight or ten years of fruiting. 
 The cost of replanting is light, and is more than repaid 
 ■t^ 'he advantage '^f young, vigorous plants in fresh 
 " Yields vary greatly. Many growers doubtless do 
 t .. .\^ 'age nO bushels per acre, while others may secure 
 i'. uifi as ^.'SO bushels. With good care Currants should 
 yit I» ora 100 to I.jO bushels per acre, though even this 
 »" "ill be obtained only by good culture and care- 
 
 ful attention to details. In frarden culture 2 to 4 pounds 
 per bush may be expected, though many neglected plants 
 scarcely yield as many ounces. Under favorable con<ii- 
 tions they are usually a profitable crop, though, 
 like all other fruits, they are subject to fluctua- 
 tions in price and market demands. 
 
 Red varieties are most profitable. Some of the 
 white sorts are sweeter, but find little demand 
 in market. Victoria is one of the most popular 
 all-round varieties. Cherry and Versailles are 
 probably more largely grown than any others. 
 Fay is capricious, succeeding remarkably well in 
 some locations, but proving unsatisfactory in 
 others ; its habit of growth is straggling and 
 undesirable. Red Dutch, though small, is still 
 highly prized on the Plains ; Prince Albert, a 
 very productive late variety, is popular with 
 canners and for jelly. Among newer varieties 
 the Wilder is promising. White (Jrape and the 
 newer \Vhite Imperial are popular white vari- 
 eties. Black Currants are little grown in the 
 United States but are popular in Canada. Black 
 I^aples (Fig. 611) is the most popular kind. 
 
 The best-known insect enemy is the imported 
 (^urrant worm {Pteronus Ifibesii), which never 
 fails to strip the leaves from neglected bushes 
 throughout the eastern United States, though as 
 yet unknown on the Plains. It begins feeding 
 on the clusters of leaves close to the ground. 
 
 and if taken in time may be poisoned with arsenites, 
 though powdered hellebore, at the rate of a teaspoon- 
 ful to a gallon of water, is the common reme«ly, and 
 the one which should be used after the fruit sets and 
 
 
 (■y 
 
 
 
 
 
 -■^^ 
 
 
 \j*%' 
 
 The old cane, a, 
 
 616. Tree -form trainine: of Currant. 
 
 the insects have scattered over the bushes. The im- 
 ported and native Currant borers also cause damage. 
 They can only be controlled by cutting out and destroying 
 infested canes early in spring, before the perfect ins'ects 
 emerge. The Currant tly (kpochra Canadensis) soTae- 
 times causes serious injury to the fruit, depositing its 
 egg just beneath the skin, where the presence of the lan-a 
 causes the fruit to turn red and fall prematurely. No 
 practicable remedy has yet been suggested. Among 
 fungous diseases, there are several which prey upon the 
 leaves, causing them to fall prematurely, but they all 
 yield to thorough treatment with fungiciiles. The Cur- 
 rant tubercle, a disease which has recently proved inju- 
 rious in New York and New Jersey, threatens to be a 
 serious enemy and a difficult one to hght. It 
 is first shown by wilting of the leaves and pre- 
 mature coloring of the fruit. The clusters are 
 small and straggling, and. together with the 
 leaves, soon shrivel and fall, whirh is followed 
 by the death of the canes. Digging and burn- 
 ing affecte<l plants is the only rem- 
 edy thus far suggested. The dis- 
 ease may be transmitted in appar- 
 ently healthy cuttings, so that fields 
 known to be aff'ected 
 should not be used as 
 a source from which 
 to propagate. 
 
 The treatment of 
 black Currants does 
 not differ materially 
 from that of reds, ex- 
 cept that the plants, 
 being larger, require 
 somewhat more room. 
 The fruit, though pos- 
 sessing a most un- 
 pleasant odor and fla- 
 vor, becomes agree- 
 
 T.:; illustrate the pruning of a Currant bush, 
 ae cut away. The straight new canes at left are to remain. 
 
 27 
 
418 
 
 CURRANT 
 
 CUT -FLOWERS 
 
 able if scalded for a few minutes in boiling water, and 
 then transferred to fresh water for cooking. It is much 
 esteemed by those who have learned to use it, and is 
 credited with medicinal qualities of value in bowel and 
 throat affections. The plants are exempt from attacks 
 of the Currant worm. Fred W. Card. 
 
 CT^SGUTA (origin of name obscure). Cotwolvnldcece. 
 DoDiJER. A genus of degenerate parasitic twiners, 
 bearing clusters of small fls. They are leafless annuals, 
 with very slender yellow or -red stems, which become 
 attached to the host-plant by means of root-like suckers. 
 The seeds fall to the ground and germinate ii i the spring. 
 As soon as the young shoot finds an acceptaole host, the 
 root dies and the plant becomes parasitic. Failing to 
 find a host, the plant dies. Dodders are common in low, 
 weedy places. Some species are also serious pests, as 
 the Clover Dodder and Flax Dodder. One of the com- 
 mon species (C Gronovii, Willd. ), of low grounds, is 
 shown in Fig. 017. 
 
 CUSHAW. One of the many names of Cucttrbita 
 moschata. 
 
 CUSTARD APPLE. Species of Anona. 
 
 CUT-FLOWEB INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED 
 STATES. Fifty years ago it would not have been pos- 
 sible to purchase Cut-flowers during the winter season 
 in any of the large cities of this country. Today there 
 is scarcely a village of 2,000 to 3,000 population that does 
 not boast of its florist, whose revenues are largely aug- 
 mented by the sale of Cut-flowers. Millions of dollars 
 are invested in the cultivation and sale of Cut-flowers in 
 the neighborhood of the large cities of the United States. 
 The growth and evolution of the business has been very 
 rapid in the past 25 years. From 1860 to 1875 the ca- 
 mellia was the most valued of all Cut -flowers, either for 
 personal adornment or bouquets, as much as $1, $2 and 
 even $3 having been obtained for a single flower at the 
 holiday season. At the present time t'\ey ure almost 
 forgotten, and are only to be found in private collections 
 and in the south, where the plants will live out during 
 the winter season. The principal flowers forced at that 
 time, in addition to the camellia, were daphne, bou- 
 vardia, abutilon, nasturtium, callas, sweet alyssum, 
 poinsettia, carnations and a few LaMarque, Bon Silene 
 and Safrano ,roses. The taste was for set designs. All 
 flowers were picked with short stems, or none at all, only 
 the open portions of cluster flowers being taken, and the 
 buds left to open. These small pieces were bound with 
 wire to wooden sticks for basket work or to broom com 
 straws for making into bouquets. The popular table de- 
 sign was called a pyramid. It consisted of a number of 
 bouquets each with one camellia in the center nd a 
 single row of smaller flowers around, backed up with 
 lycopodiura green. The smaller bouquets were ther. 
 arranged in a wire frame, the sticks on which they were 
 made serving to hold them in the desired position. The 
 top of the pyramid was a bouquet with a calla lily in 
 the center. These table pieces frequently cost from 
 $.35 to $75. and sometimes $100 was asked for a particu- 
 larly fine design. The small bouquets were distribute<l 
 to the guests at the close of the entertainment. 
 
 Only small quantities of roses were forced for winter 
 cutting at this time, a few florists in Boston and New 
 York being engaged in their cultivation in the same 
 houses with other flowers. Competition and a demand 
 for better buds, together with the good prices obtained 
 for the best, caused growers to give the "queen of flowers" 
 more attention, and the r alt was that the rose steadily 
 grew in favor and people began to wonder what they 
 saw in the camellia to admire. A ('4v.'mand for larger 
 roses than the small Teas resulted in atrial of some of the 
 Hybrid Remontants. General JacqiKjninot was found 
 to force w^ell and soon became a great fas'orite, bringing 
 from $1 to $2 a bud for the first cutting. The beau- 
 tiful yellow Mareehal Niel was also forced. The flow- 
 ers sold well, but it was scarcely prolific enough to be 
 profitable, and the advent of the yellow Tea Perle des 
 Jardins. an Everbloomer, very prolific and of easy culti- 
 vation, soon drove it from the market. The next rose 
 sensation, and the most important addition that has been 
 
 made to American forcing roses even to the present day, 
 was the introduction of the Catherine Mermet. This 
 beautiful variety, which sprang into great popularity at 
 once with the flower-buying public, was found very profit- 
 able by the growers, who, by careful cultivation and the 
 incentive of the high prices realized for choice flowers. 
 
 617. Dodder. 
 
 t^vinine on its host— 
 
 Cuscuta Gronovii. 
 
 soon elevated the standard of cut roses to a higher hvel, 
 and attracted new capital to what had now become a 
 thriving and lucrative business. While so fame as in it- 
 self. Catherine Mermet will, however, probably be longer 
 remembered as the parent of those truly grand Teas 
 now so universally grown, the Bride and Bridesnir.id, 
 the standard pink and white roses of to-day. Many vari- 
 eties for which special claims were made have been in- 
 troduced from time to time, but, for the most part, they 
 have proved vexatious and expensive experiments. 
 Next to the Catherine Mermet in importance is the 
 American Beauty (Mme. Ferdinand Jamin),the tinestof 
 all the forcing roses. The introduction of this variety 
 by the Fields Brothers, of Washington, produced a great 
 stir in rose circles. Fine as it appeared at first, how- 
 ever, its after development surprised even the most san- 
 guine, and to-day it stands unrivaled as the most profit- 
 able and at the same time the most popular with the 
 wealthy classes of flower-buyers. 
 
 While the development of the rose was taking place, 
 the carnation, ever popular, was receiving the attention 
 of the breeder, and new varieties showing great im- 
 provement in form, color and productiveness were in- 
 troduced annually. It was soon found that roses and 
 carnations did not give best results when grown together 
 in the same house. They required different treatment. 
 Roses thrive better in a warmer atmosphere than car- 
 nations. Different forms of greenhouse structures were 
 also found necessary. The original means of heating was 
 by brick furnaces nnd flues. Hot water and steam gen- 
 erate<l in iron boilers and distributed through p'pes, 
 although more expensive to install, were found much 
 more efficient, and withal the most economical plan. 
 
 In the early growth of the business the grower was 
 also the retailer. The rapidly increasing demand, bow- 
 ever, \ishered in the middle man or retail florist, who re- 
 lieved the grower of his stock as soon as it was ready 
 
 3 
 
CUT -FLOWERS 
 
 CUT -FLOWERS 
 
 419 
 
 for the market, and enabled him to devote his entire at- 
 tention to cultivation. From this period, the business 
 began its most rapid development, as the more con- 
 venient locatitm of the flower stores in the populous 
 centers induced a better patronage and consequent love 
 for flowers, and enabled the grower, by reason of his un- 
 divided attention, to produce more perfect rtock and in- 
 crease the productiveness of his plant. 
 
 It was soon found that by giving attention to but one 
 kind of flower, better results were obtained, and many 
 r<»se, violet, and carnation specialists were developed. 
 The success of one grower often induced his neighbors 
 to follow his example. Two or three successful men in 
 a locality gave rumor to the place being, by reason of 
 its soil, climate, etc., particularly adapted for the pro- 
 duction of a certain flower, and a colony of such grow- 
 ers would soon spring up. Note the violet growers of 
 the Hudson, in New York ; the rosarians of Madison, 
 N. J., and the carnation belt of Chester county. Pa. As 
 the business has developed and grown all over toe 
 United States, it has been found that it is not so much 
 in the locality as in the metliods of culture that success 
 is attained. With the great expansion of the industry, 
 the handling of the large Quantities of flowers thrown 
 on the market became a difficult prol>lem. The Thirt> - 
 fourth .St. cut-flower market, in New York, originated 
 fromthe retail dealers meeting the Long L' land grow- 
 ers every morning at the ferry. A convenient restaurant 
 opened its doors during inclement weather, where for 
 years a large business was carried on. An association 
 of growers was Anally formed. whi<!h established, in an 
 adjoining commodious building, a market, which has 
 since been very successful and a great convenience to 
 both branches of the trade. 
 
 The wholesale handling of flowers on commission was 
 comraenceii in New York city in 18.'^i, by J. K. Allen. Thisi' 
 plan soon became popular, numerovis houses were es- 
 tablished, and the stock coming to the New York mar- 
 ket, particularly that of the large growers, is mainly 
 disposed of through thuse channels. The excellence of 
 the flowers supplied and the better market of the large 
 cities caused a considerable shipping demand, which 
 provided a much-needed outlet for the immense quanti- 
 ties of stock that at times were greatly in excess of the 
 local needs. With the present complete shipping facili- 
 ties, together with the improved methods of packing. 
 Cut-flowers are now shipped long distances, arriving at 
 their destination in a satisfactory condition after jour- 
 neys of from 36 to 48 hours' duration. 
 
 The final distribution of the flowers through the ave- 
 nues of the retail florist engages a considerable num- 
 ber of men in all the large cities of the country. Many 
 of the establishments compare favorably with the finest 
 stores of other lines, while the delivery service, with its 
 fancy wagons and liv.ried attendants, is especially nota- 
 ble. Great attention is paid to the decorative features 
 of these high-class establishments. Their show win- 
 dows contain at all times samples of the finest plants 
 or flowers in season, or examples of their artistic 
 arrangement. The evolution of the business during 
 the past twenty years has been gradual, but has 
 moved steadily onward. Wire and sticks have almost 
 entirely, or as* much as possible, been displaced by the 
 improved and nt rural stems of the flowers themselves. 
 The arranged basket of flowers, once s.) popular as a 
 gift, has now given way to the l,.^x of long-stemmed 
 roses or cluster arrangemt-nt of the same, to which are 
 added orchids, violets, or other choice flowers, as pre- 
 ferred. The custom of sending flowers to young lady 
 debutantes, which has become fashionable die past few 
 years, has liecome an important feature of the trade, 
 and atones in a measure for the discontinuance of the 
 ball bouquet, once so popular but now almost obsolete. 
 
 Christmas and New Year holidays were sit one time 
 equal factors in taxing the florists to the utmost to sup- 
 plv the demand for their goods, but of late years the 
 Isr day of January has lost this floral feature, and is 
 no longer considered of importance. The Piaster holi- 
 day trade has grown, however, from scarcely any busi- 
 ness in the early days, to be the most important event 
 of the year ; in fact, with many growers it is the great- 
 est harve.st, as almost all their winter season is given 
 to preparing plants and flowers for <be Easter demand. 
 
 Since the introduction of the Liliiim Harrisii, or Ber- 
 muda-grown Lilium lomjiflorum, hundreds of thou- 
 sands of these bulbs are forced for this festival. 
 Azaleas are probably next in demand, large quantities 
 being annually imp»)rted for forcing. It would be diffi- 
 cult to estimate with any accuracy the amount of busi- 
 ness transacted by the florists of this country for the 
 Easter festi.al, but the sum total must be enormous. 
 
 The old-time florist was satisfied with one crop from 
 his greenhouses— that o/ bedding plants for spring 
 planting. During the summer the houses stood empty, 
 and for a lar^e part of the winter contained dormant or 
 semi-dormant stock. The wide-awake grower of to-day 
 never allows any portion of his plant to remain idle even 
 for a week, one crop being arranged to follow another in 
 close rotation. 
 
 As flowers are very perishable articles, and depend 
 for their existence on certain conditions of light and 
 heat, there are times when the supply is not sufficient 
 for 'the demand; and again when the quantity coming 
 into the market is more than car be disposed of at the 
 current rates. Of late years over-production has been 
 the bugbear of the business. Half of the season the 
 market has been over-sto<'ked. Cons;,;nment follows 
 consignment, until the commission houses are at their 
 wits' ends to dispose of them. Here an important fac- 
 tor was introduced. The fakir, or street man, became a 
 customer for job lots at low prices. Through him im- 
 mense quantities of flowers, for which no o.her avenue 
 was open, have been sold daily in all the Lirge cities. 
 Their plate jilass cases in doorways or by blank walls 
 are to be seen throughout the shopping districts filled, 
 a^ a rule, with good flowers, with few exceptions. 
 
 The principal and most popular Cut-flowers grown in 
 this country are distinctively American. The Bride and 
 Bridesmaid roses are American sports of the Catherine 
 Mermet. The American Beauty, as it is grown here, is 
 vasth' different from Mine. Ferdinand Janiin of Europe. 
 The Kaiserin Augu ta Victoria and Meteor ar Euro- 
 pean sorts. The carnations grown are of an entirely 
 differeat type from the European varietie. , and are all 
 American .-leedlings. The evo'ution that is taking place 
 in this flower is wonderful, as the standard is being so 
 constantly raised that varieties that were considered su- 
 perior ten years ago are now scarcely known. The 
 American Carnation Society, composed largely of com- 
 mercial carnation specialists, has done much to advance 
 the quality and general excellence of this superb flower. 
 Chrysanthemums that produce best results here are 
 nearly all of American origin, from plants imported 
 from Japan. New varieties are introduced each year, 
 some of which show improvement and spur hybridizers 
 on to renewed efforts. 
 
 The demand for palms an<l decorative foliage plants 
 has kept pace vHh that of flowers, if. indeed, it ha^s not 
 taken the lead. The increase in the greenhouse space 
 given up to the growth of palms is at least threefold 
 within the past ten years, and it may be said that the 
 demand exceeds the supply, although the stock is aug- 
 mented largely each year by impo. ions from Europe. 
 Whole houses are given up to the ^ eduction of Ficus 
 elastica, which plant is a great favorite with the masses. 
 Great quantities of ferns for table decorations are now 
 used, the little fernery being considered as indispensa- 
 ble as the china to the setting. 
 
 The public taste at the present day is moftly for loose 
 arrangements of long-stemmed flowe.s. Stiff, formal 
 designs are tal)ooed. The popular funeral emblem is 
 forms of the wreath, which is made with a great variety 
 of flowers, often all of one kind. Loose clusters tied 
 with ribbons, and palm leaves (sago palms) crossed and 
 tied with ribbon" and flowers, are also favorites. House 
 decorations are largely composed of long-stemmed roses, 
 camatiors. etc., pla'*ed in vases, ])Ut few, if any, set 
 pieces being allowed. Table decorations for dinners 
 ara also confined to the use of long-stemmed flowers in 
 vases, and others arranged on the cloth with ferns. 
 Churches are trimmed with palms, plants in flower 
 and long-stemmed flowers ia tall vases, all being done, 
 as in other instances, to show, as far as possible, the 
 natural grace of the fiower. Bridal bouquets are also 
 arranged loosely, some with shower effect, by means 
 of flowers tied to narrow ribbons ; others tied with 
 
420 
 
 CUT -FLOWERS 
 
 CUTTAGE 
 
 broad ribbons, to be carried in the hand or over the 
 arm. The flowers mostly used are roses and lilies-of- 
 the-valley. Tastes differ but little in the various cities, 
 there being a similarity in all the flrst-olass work. There 
 is no essentially eastern or western flower. With the 
 possible exception of s<mie varieties of carnations, the 
 assortment of flowers will be found the same the country 
 over. In the census of 1890 Cut-flowers were estimated 
 to make more than one-half of the florist's business. 
 One good book especially devoted to the business has 
 been produced, — the late M. A. Hunt's "How to Grow 
 Cut-flowers." Robert Kift. 
 
 CUTICLE. The outer surface of herbaceous parts of 
 plants. It consists of the outer walls of the epidermal 
 cells. These walls are much thickened and cutinized. 
 Minute waxy rods upon the cuticularized surfs? ce of 
 many fruits, such as the grape and plum, give to them 
 their peculiar bloonj. The Cuticle is nearly impervious 
 to water. The preservation of fruits depends in lart^e 
 measure upon the retention of moisture by the Cuticie. 
 Cacti and other desert plants have their epidermis re- 
 markably cuticularized. -^^ -^y^ Rowlee. 
 
 CUTTAGE. The operation and practice of growing 
 plants from severed parts. A cutting is the gardener's 
 name for a piece of the stem, root, rootstock or leaf, 
 which, if cut off and planted under suitable conditions, 
 will form new roots and buds, reproducing the parent 
 plant. This term is usually given to parts of the 
 stem; a part or the whole of the leaf, when so used, is 
 called a leaf-cutting; a piece of root or rootstock is called 
 a root -cutting. The scales of some bulbous plants, e. g., 
 the lily, can also be used as cuttings. A cion used in 
 grafting might be called a cutting which unites and 
 grows on the roots of another plant. See Graftaqe. 
 Plants obtained by division or layering are provided 
 with roots before they are detached from the parent 
 plants, and, therefore, are not properly cuttings. 
 
 Multiplication by cuttings is a form of bud -propagation 
 in contradistinction to sexual reproduction, i. e., propa- 
 gation by seeds. It is a cheap and convenient way to obtain 
 plants. All plants cannot l>e profitably increased by these 
 means. Why they differ we do not know; the gardener 
 learns by experience what species yield a good per- 
 centage of healthy plants, and acts accordingly. 
 
 The following table will show the different ways in 
 which cuttings are made : 
 
 Soft 
 e. g., Verbena 
 
 Hardened 
 e. g., Tesv roses 
 
 Long, in open air 
 e. g.. Grape 
 
 Short, under glass 
 e. g., Japanese cedar 
 
 Cuttings 
 
 Stem. 
 
 Growing 
 wood.. 
 
 Ripened 
 wood.. 
 
 Roots or 
 rootstocks 
 
 Leaf, 
 
 Short, under glass 
 e. g., Anemone Japonica 
 
 Long, in open pir 
 e. g., Blackberry 
 
 Entire 
 e. g., Echeveria 
 
 Divided 
 e. g., Begonia' Rex 
 
 Bulb-scales 
 e. g., Lilies 
 
 (1) Cuttings of Growing VTood.—Tig. "jIS, These are 
 made either of the soft growing tips, as in coleus, salvia, 
 verbena, etc., or, of the same wood in more mature con- 
 dition, but by no means ripe, as in tender roses. Azalea 
 Indica, etc. The cuttings of plants like A'uphorbia 
 pulcherrima, erica, epncris, etc., are used in the soft 
 growing state, if a well built propagating house is obtain- 
 able; but in an ordinary house, a part of which is used 
 for other purposes, the older and better ripened wood 
 will be more successful. It is generally true that cut- 
 tings of hardened wood will always root, although they 
 require more time and may not m^e the best plants, 
 
 -*»Vy ... 
 
 618. Cutting of soft 
 grovv'nB wood. 
 (Coleus.) 
 
 but it is not true that cuttings of the soft wood will 
 always root. In many cases, as in the rose, they succumb 
 before they callus, much less produce roots. In plants 
 of rapid growth and good vitality, the proper condition 
 of the soft growing wood for cuttings can be determined 
 
 by its readiness to snap, not bend, 
 when bent back : the hardened wood 
 is in the right state as long as it con- 
 tinues to grow. 
 
 The treatment of cuttings in both 
 classes is practically the same. 
 They should be planted in sand un- 
 der glass. Large establishments 
 have one or more houses set apart 
 for this and similar p>urposes. In 
 smaller places a propagating bed or 
 bench can ])e made at the warmest 
 end of the warmest house. It 
 should be placed over the pipes 
 where they leave the boiler, and, in 
 order to secure bottom heat when 
 needed, the space between the bench and tlie floor 
 should be boarded up, having a trap door to open on 
 cold nights (Fig, tJiy). Cutting-frames inside a green- 
 house are al.so shown in Fig, G20. Side partitions 
 should also be provided to box in all the hr-at from the 
 pipes under that part of the bench. Good dimen- 
 sions for such a bed are, width 3 feet, length 6 feet or 
 any multiple of «>, thus making it simple to use a hotbed 
 sash when confined air is wanted. The depth of the 
 frame should be from to 10 inches in front and from 12 
 to 15 inches behind. The bottom of the bed may be 
 either wood, slate or metal and should be well drained: 
 place a layer of potsherds first, then moss, and from 2 to 
 3 inches of sand on top. The sand should be clean, 
 sharp and well compacted : before planting it should be 
 watered if at all dry. It is sometimes advisable to 
 have the bed filled with moss (sphagnum), into which 
 pots or boxes containing cuttings are plunged : the 
 moss should be moist, neither too wet nor dry, and well 
 packed. 
 
 In many cases, when large quantities of one sort of 
 cuttings are to be planted, the ordinary greenhouse 
 
 
 fi 
 
 619. Section of propagating bed. 
 
 Shows four pipes beneath, the door on the side, and 
 the frame cover. 
 
 bench covered with sand is sufficient (Fig. 621). Other 
 
 forms of propagating beds are shown in Figs, G-2, 623, 
 
 624. See. also, Bailev's Nursery Book, 3d ed,, pp. 44-53. 
 
 The wood for cuttings should be fresh, and precau- 
 
 I 
 
CUTTAGE 
 
 CUTTAGE 
 
 421 
 
 tions should be taken to prevent wilting during 
 making and planting: if the weather in hot, sprinkle the 
 floor and bench of the work room: if tbey are delicate, 
 and exposed for an hour or more, lay them between folds 
 
 620. Permanent propagating frames in a greenhouse 
 
 of moistened paper. The average length of these cut- 
 tings is from 1 to 3 inches, but they can be made longer 
 or shorter: much depends upon ihe nature of the plant. 
 The best growers prefer short cuttings ; the advantage 
 of a long piece to begin with is more than offset by 
 greater danger of wilting and consequent retrogression. 
 It is not necessary to cut to a bud, i. e., at the node, 
 in the more easily handled plants except in some her- 
 baceous tuberous-rooted plants, likedahlia (see Fig. 02.5), 
 and S(tlri<i patens, in whir-h a erowni must V)e formed to 
 insure future growth. Make the cut where it will give the 
 proper length. A part of the leaves should be removed, 
 always enougn to secure a clean stem for planting, and 
 as many more as are needed to prevent disastrous wilt- 
 ing, this factor varies greatly. In a hard\voo«i cutting 
 of lemon verbena all leaves are taken off, in zonale 
 geraniums from the open grpund few if any are left, in 
 coleus and verbena about one half are removed, while 
 in Olea frinjrans. Daphne odora, heath, etc., only enou^crh 
 for ]>lantinij:. Use a sharp knife ; but scissors are handy 
 for trimming and sometimes for making cuttings of 
 those small wooded plants which root easily. 
 The cuttings of plants with milky juice 
 should be washed l*ef«)re planting. Sonie- 
 tinies the lower ends are allowed to dry for 
 several hours, the tops being protected 
 against wiltinjr. Large and succulent cut- 
 tings, e. g., of pineapple, cotyledon, cac- 
 tus, etc., should be dried before planting 
 by letting them lie on the surface of the 
 propagating bed for several days, or they 
 may be planted in dry sand at first. I'nder 
 these conditions a callus forms which tends 
 to prevent decay; but the wood must not 
 slirivel. 
 
 Pfter Henderson has introduced a method 
 which is likely to increase the percentage 
 of rooted plants, and which is desirable in 
 slow - arrowing varieties, like the tricolor 
 freraniums. He advises that the cutting 
 should be partly severed and allowed to 
 hang to the i)arent plant for a few days; 
 this results in a partial call'is, or even roots, 
 before the cutting is entirely removed. 
 
 In planting cuttings, use a dibble or open 
 a V-shaped trench. Never thrust the ctit- 
 ting directly into the soil. Plant deep 
 enough iv; hold the cutting upright and no 
 deeper, making due allowance for the san<l 
 settling ; the distance apart sh<mld be just 
 enough to prevent them from pressing 
 against each other. It nmst be remem- 
 bered that they stay in the bed only until rooted. As 
 soon as trrowth begins, they are potted off. When the 
 cuttings are inserted, the sand should be tirmly pressed 
 about them, and they should be watered with a syringe 
 
 or with a fine rose ; the forcible application of water 
 compacts the sand, thus excluding air, and prevents un- 
 due wilting. 
 
 Give shade imraediatelj*, using lath shutters outside, 
 or paper or cloth screens within, and attend 
 to this very carefully for the first few days. 
 Lift the shades early in the afternoon, and 
 put them on late in the momincr, but keep 
 them on during the middle of the day, thus 
 gradually accustoming them to full light. 
 
 Cuttings should never suffer from dry- 
 ness. The sand should always be kept moist 
 to the verge of wetness. Ventilation should 
 be given on Itrij^ht days, but all exposure to 
 draft avoided. A good temperature for prop- 
 agatincr is fr<mi GO'^ to ('m° F., increasing 
 these figures for tropical plants and reduc- 
 ing them for more hardy kinds. It is de- 
 ))atable whether bottom heat and confined 
 air are advisable for cuttings of growing 
 wood. The older gardeners employed both, 
 but now neither is commonly used, except 
 for tropical plants, like croton, or when a 
 consvant succession of crops of cuttings is 
 required. There is no doubt that with this 
 aid cuttings will root more quickly, but 
 more skill and care are required, neglect 
 bringing on fungous dis«'ase, which results in unhealthy 
 plants or total loss. If })ottom heat is used, the average 
 temperature of the bed sh(mld l)e 10*^ or so above that 
 of the air, but less will suffice. Indeed, in beds made as 
 described above, in good weather the sand is enough 
 warmer than the greenhouse atmosphere to answer everj* 
 purpose. If a confined air is used, ventilation and shad- 
 ing nmst be carefully 'ooked after, and precautions 
 taken agninst the accumulation of condensed moisture 
 within the bell-glass or frame. 
 
 Sand is the medi am commonly employed for the root- 
 ing of cuttings, selecting the coarser kinds for plants 
 like geraniums and finer for heaths. Brick dust and 
 powdered charcoal are .sometimes reconmiended, and 
 "Jadoo fiber" is now on trial. Sphagnvim is useful in 
 rooting Ficus elastk-a, the base of the cutting being 
 wrapped in a ball of moss and j mged in a bed of 
 moss. English ivy, oleander and other plants can be 
 struck in water, but this method is ciim})ersome. Peter 
 Henderson's saucer method is valuable in hot weather : 
 the cuttings are planted in sand, kept saturated and 
 
 621. Cutting bench shaded with lath. 
 
 fully exposed to the sun. Large cuttings can be planted 
 singly in 2- or .'i-inch p«)ts, the pots then being plunged 
 in the cutting bed. In such cases some well rotted leaf- 
 mold, less than one-half, can be added to the sand. 
 
422 
 
 CUTTAGE 
 
 CUTTAGE 
 
 Although it is tender plant««, in the main, which are 
 propagated by cuttings of growing wood, the above 
 methods can be practiced advantageously with some 
 
 hardy plants. Thewootl, 
 which is invariably 
 more successful if h d- 
 ened, is obtained eiiuer 
 from plants forced for 
 this purpose, e. g., spi- 
 rea, Deutzia gracilis, 
 etc., or it is gathered in 
 June and July out of 
 doors, e. g., lilac, hy- 
 drangea, etc. Cuttings of 
 growing wood should be 
 potted in 2- or 3-inch 
 pots, in a rather sandy 
 soil, when the ruots are from %-% inches long. \t is 
 sometimes good economy to box them, i. e., plant them 
 a few inches apart in liats, when not immediately re- 
 quired. 
 
 (2) Long Cuttings of Jiipened Wood in Open A.ir.— 
 This method is used to propagate many hardy trf es and 
 shrubs, e. g., willows, currants, grapes, forsythia, etc. 
 Wood of the current year's growth is gathered in au- 
 tumn or early winter, before severe frost, and either 
 stored in a cool cellar, covering with moss or fresh earth 
 to prevent drying, or immediately made into cuttings. 
 These (see F'if?. 02G) should be made 6 inches or more 
 long and should contain at least 2 buds. It is not neces- 
 
 The excrescences, knots orknaurs, which are found on 
 the trunks and the main limbs of olive trees, are sonie- 
 time-t used as cuttings for propagation. 
 
 (;* ) Short cuttings of ripened wood ( Fig. 
 627) are used under glass with tender or 
 hrdf -hardy species, with new introduc- 
 tions, in cases where the grower is short 
 of stock, and when the plant is delicate 
 and small. The wood should be gathered 
 before severe frost and the cuttings 
 made and planted directly in October 
 and November. Make them from 2-4 
 inches long (sometimes a single eye only 
 is used), and plant with a dibble, in 
 
 Propaeatine-box. 
 
 pure sand in pots, pans or flats (boxes ''^n-^l 
 
 3 inches 3^^^fe^;^t>^ 
 deep) . If a layer of potting soil is placed ■'^i.-'.-w^'^ \^ 
 
 about 16 inches square and 
 
 under the san<l, the young plants have 625. Hardened- 
 something to feed upon and do not need wood cutting 
 to be potted so soon after rooting ; if qJ dahlia 
 this is done, drainage should be given. 
 It is important to keep them cool until a callus is formed 
 or roots produced. If the buds start into growth before 
 this, the cuttings become exhausted and are likely to 
 die. After rooting, — the time required varies from 
 one to six months— they can either be potted or the 
 
 623. Small propaeating-box, adapted 
 to a >vindow. 
 
 sary to exit to a bud at the base, but the upper cut 
 should be just above one. Thej* should be tied in 
 bundles with tarred rope, taking care to have them lie 
 " heads and tails " to facilitate planting, and with the 
 butts on the same level, to promott callusing. They 
 should then be buried in sandy soil, with the butts 
 down and protected against frost. In early spring 
 they should be firmly planted in V-shaped trenches 
 in well prepared soil : set an inch or so apart, with 
 the rows 1 or W^ feet apart. The upper bud should 
 be just at the surface ; to prevent suckers the lower 
 buds may be removed. In autumn they should be dug, 
 graded and heeled-in for winter. Some varieties will 
 
 624. Propagatine-box or hood. 
 
 require a second or third year's growth in the nursen.'; 
 f'taers are ready for permanent planting, as willows 
 and poplars, which often grow 6 feet the first year. 
 This is one of the very cheapest ways of propagating, 
 and will pay where only 25 per cent root. This method 
 is generally used with deciduous-leaved plants, but 
 some conifers, e. g., Siberian arborvitap, will strike. 
 Remove enough twigs to get a clean stem for plant- 
 ing, and allow 2 or 3 inches of top above ground. 
 
 626. Long cuttings of ripened wood. 
 
 strong-growing sorts be planted out in well pre- 
 pared beds in May or June, where they are likely to 
 make a satisfactory growth. The weaker kinds can re- 
 main a y-fir in pots or flats, be wintered in a pit, and 
 planted out the next spring. Some greenhouse plants, 
 e. g., Camellia Laurest^inus, tender grapes, etc., are 
 propagated in this way with cuttings of fully ripened 
 wood, and others, as cactus, dracsena, etc., with wood 
 which is much older. They should be givt-n the care 
 described under the head of (1) Cuttings of (irowing 
 Wood, but they must not be forced too hard at first. 
 The temperature should be regulated by the nature of 
 the plant. The safest rule to follow is to give a few de- 
 grees more heat for propagating than the plant received 
 when the cutting was removed. 
 
 (4) Hoot -cuttings (Fig. 628) are made of either root 
 or rootstock and are useful in propa- 
 gating some plants, either in the 
 greenhouse or in the open air. Ten- 
 der plants, like bouvardia, and those 
 which are hardy but of del'^ate 
 growth, e. g.. Anemone traponica,a,re 
 handled under glass ; blackberries, 
 horseradish, et*.. out of doors. The 
 cuttings are made in autumn or win- 
 ter, the roots of hardy plants being 
 gathered before severe frost and 
 either planted directly or kept in 
 moss until spnng. This process of 
 storing develops a callus and has a 
 tendency to produce buds. For green- 627. Short cuttings 
 house work, the cuttings are made of ripened wood. 
 
CUTTAGE 
 
 CYATHEA 
 
 423 
 
 from 1-2 inches long, the larger roots being selected, 
 although the small ones will grow. They are planted 
 in pans or flats, in soil conlpo^sed of equal parts sand 
 and well rotted leaf -mold. Ordinarily they are set hori- 
 zontally. If planted vertically, in cuttings from the 
 true root the end which was nearest the crowai should 
 be uppermost; but if made from the rootstock, that end 
 should be uppermost which grew farthest from the 
 crown. In either case >hey should be covered, as 
 
 seeds are covered, 
 and the whole 
 made firm. Root- 
 cuttings of hardy 
 plants should be 
 kept cool at first 
 ' and brought into 
 
 628. F.oot-cutting of blackberry (Xj-^). heat only when 
 
 ready to grow. They 
 may be kept in a pit or cool cellar. Tender plants 
 require the same or a little higher temperature than 
 that in which they thrive. 
 
 In sweet potato, the tuber is cut lengthwise and laid, 
 with the cut side down, on moist sand or moss, the 
 edges being slightly covered. Buds develop on these 
 edges and are removed when of proper size and treated 
 as cuttings of growing wood, or allowed to remain until 
 rooted. In dracjena (see Fig. 546, page 370) — and this 
 applies to stem- as well as root-cuttings — the buds are 
 not taken oflf until rooted ; the original cutting remains 
 in the sand and sometimes produces a second or even a 
 third crop. The tuberous rootstock of Arum macula- 
 turn, and plants of like nature, can be cut into pieces, 
 remembering that the bud-producing portion of arum is 
 the top, and each part will grow successfully. Exercise 
 care in watering and maintain a goo<l temperature. 
 
 Root-cuttings for planting in the open ground are 
 made from 4 to G inches long, and are planted firmly in 
 V-shaped trenches or furrows in spring, being covered 
 2 inches or more deep. Roots as large as one's little 
 finger are chosen, and good results are obtained with 
 plants of vigorous growth. In plants like lily-of-the- 
 valley, common lilac, cilycanthus, Scotch and moss 
 roses, etc., unles? short of stock, it is better to encour- 
 age the natural growth of the suckers and propagate by 
 division, but these can be multiplied as above described. 
 Variegation, curiously enough, is not always repro- 
 duced by means of root-cuttings. 
 
 (5) Leaf-ctiftings.—'M.a.nY leaves are capable of pro- 
 ducing roots. Some have the further power of develop- 
 ing buds arter rooting, and of 
 these last a few furnish an eco- 
 nomical means of bud propaga- 
 tion, particularly where the stem 
 growth is insufficient. In coty- 
 ledon (echeveria) the whole 
 leaf is used, the smaller ones 
 from the flower - stalk being 
 often the best. Choose those 
 which are fully matured, and, if 
 larj^e and succulent, expose 
 them for a few days on the sur- 
 face of dry sand, but do not let 
 them shrivel. The treatment, 
 othewise, is as given above for 
 cuttings of growing woort. In 
 gloxinia and other Gesneraceae, 
 the whole leaf (Fig. G29), half a 
 leaf, or even a lesser port'on, 
 is used. When enough clear 
 petiole is obtainable, no further 
 preparation is needed. When a 
 part only of the leaf is planted, 
 some of the blade must be cut 
 away. As a rule, no bud is de- 
 vt;Ioped the fiist seaso . . a tuber 
 i>< formed, which will grow in 
 due time. 
 
 Begonia Hex is increased by leaves in various ways. 
 The whole leaf may be planted as a cutting, keeping 
 the petiole entire or cutting it off where it unites with 
 the blade ; or the whole leaf can be pinne<I or weighted 
 to the surface of moist sand (Fig. 203, page i42). and, 
 if the principal veins are severed at intervals of an 
 
 629. 
 
 Leaf-cutting of 
 Kloxinia. 
 
 630. 
 
 Lily scale 
 
 producing 
 
 bublets. 
 
 inch, a plantlet will appear at every cut. The best way 
 is to divide the leaf into somewhat triangular pieces 
 (see Fig. 204, page 142), ea<'h part having a strong vein 
 near the center. Plant in sand, in good temperature, 
 and treat precisely as if they were cuttings of growing 
 wood. Roots and buds will soon >^ow, and a good plant 
 will result within a reasonable time. Pot oflf when roots 
 are J4 in. long. 
 
 The thickened scales of bulbs, like lilies, can be used 
 for propagation. Remove the scales intjwt and plant 
 upright, like si^ eds, in soil ma<le of equal parts of san<l 
 and rotted leaf -mold ( F'ig. C30) : September and October 
 are the usual months for this work. If 
 they are kept in a cool greenhouse, the 
 young bulblets will appear in the course of 
 the winter, but top growth will come later, 
 in summer. This is a slow, lalK>rious pro- 
 cess, and is seldom practiced except in 
 propagating new varieties. The granular 
 scales of achimenes and plants of like 
 nature can be used for propagating, sow- 
 ing them in a sandy soil as seeds are 
 sown ; but this method is not a good one 
 in ordinary ceses. The scales of Zamia 
 horrida have been made to produce new 
 plants, and also the tuuicated scales of an 
 amaryllis. See Transactions of Horticul- 
 tural Society [London], 6, p. 501. 
 
 True \ariegation, that which comes from 
 lack of chlorophyll matter, is not always reproduced 
 by leaf-cu;tings The characteristic coloring in the 
 foliage of Beqonia Hex is never lacking in plants ob- 
 tained by these means. 
 
 For ftirther details of Cuttage, consult Lindley's The- 
 ory and Practice of Horticulture, 2d ed.; Burbidge, 
 The Propagation and Improvement of Cultivated Plants ; 
 Peter Henderson's Practical Floriculture ; Bailey's 
 Nursery Book, 3d ed. g ^j Watson. 
 
 CYANOPHtLLDM. Consult Miconia. 
 
 CYATHEA (Greek, a CMP, alluding to the indusia). 
 Cyathedceie. A large genus of tree ferns found in both 
 hemispheres, with a globose indusium which ultimately 
 ruptures at the apex and becomes cup-shaped. All the 
 species in cultivation have decompound Ivs. Many 
 other species from Columbia and the West Indies 
 besides those described below are well worthy of cul- 
 tivation. L. M. UXDERWOOD. 
 
 This genus includes some of the most beautiful of all 
 tree ferns. The species offer a great variety in size of 
 trunks. Those of temperate regions are mostly stout 
 and not spiny; the tropical species are more slender and 
 in many cases densely armed with stout spines. All 
 species are evergreen. Their culture is simple but ex- 
 acting. They require an abundance of water at the roots 
 and the trunks should be kept constantly moist. By 
 these means only can a vigorous growth and fine heads 
 of fronds be secured. The foliage lasts longer if it has 
 been inured to the sun during summer. Like all other 
 tree ferns, Cyatheas need little pot-room. None of the 
 species produces adventitious growths along the trunk 
 or at the base and none is proliferous. The plants are, 
 therefore, usually prop, by spores, which are produced 
 abundantly and genninate freely, making attractive 
 young plants in two aeaf^on^.— Abridged from Schnei- 
 der's Book of Choice Ferns. 
 
 A. Rachides unarmed; Ivs. white beneath. 
 
 dealb&ta, Swz. Rachides with pale rusty wool when 
 young ; Ivs. firm , bi-tripinnate. almost pure white beneath . 
 N^. Zealand. C. Smithii, Hort., is regarded by some as 
 a horticultural variety. 
 
 AA. JSachides unarmed; Ivs. green beneath. 
 
 Barkei, Hook. Stalks with tubercles near the base 
 beiiriiij;': large, glossy rusty scales: Ivs. bipinnate, with 
 broad pinnules. S. Africa. 
 
 merid^nsis, Karst. Figs. 631, 632. Lvs. tripinnati- 
 fid. with oblong-lanceolate pinnae and rather rarrow 
 lanceolete pinnules; segments scaly on the ribs beneath. 
 U. S. Columbia. 
 
424 
 
 CYATHEA 
 
 CYCLAMEN 
 
 AAA. Rachiden spiny; 
 lv8. green beneath. 
 
 xnedull^ris, Swz. Lvs. 
 bi-t rii>innate, den "-ely scaly 
 when young, with soft, de- 
 ciduous hair-like scales ; 
 segments coarsely serrate 
 or pinnatiHd. on spore- 
 bearing lvs. N. Zealand. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
 CYCAS (clas^j^al Greek 
 name). Cycr.d&eeat . 
 
 Twenty or fewer species of widely distributed tropi- 
 cal or warm-temperate palm-lik" plants. Plants dioe- 
 ceous. The lis. appear in a mass in the bosom of 
 the great crown of lvs. Stamiuate tis. are anthers 
 borne beneath a scale ; the pistillate tis. are naked 
 ovules borne in the angles of rusty-fuzzy, pinnatifld 
 lvs. They have striking analogies with the gym- 
 nospenns an<l ferns. C'yca<ls are popular conserva- 
 tory plants, for they are of easy culture, and the 
 crowns of lvs. withstand much neglect, or even 
 abuse. Cycas stems and leaves are imported in 
 vast quantities directly from Japrn. btaminate 
 plants are rare in cultivation. For a horticultural 
 synopsis of the genus, see I. H. 11. un«ler tab. 405. 
 A running sketch, by W. Watson, is in Ct.F. 4: WW. 
 
 Cycads in the various species are among the most 
 popular decorative plants for both house and garden. 
 Their culture is comparatively simple, as they suc- 
 ceed in varying tempe'-ature and any well drained 
 soil. C revulntit is probably the most hardy spe- 
 cies, withstanding the trying climate of the upper 
 coast of the Uulf of Mexico, where it occasionally 
 loses its entire crown of leaves during severe 
 freezes, but is seldom killed outright. It usually 
 stands well at Savannah. Plants are propagated by 
 seeds, which keep well for a month or more after 
 ripening. They should be sown in shallow boxes or 
 the greenhouse bench, lightly ct>vered with sand, 
 and, after germination, potted off in small pots of 
 moderately rich, light soil. The growing plants do 
 their best in partial shade, where they should have 
 proper attention in watering and weeding. The old 
 plants freqtiently send up suckers around the base of 
 the trunk, which may be cut off and rooted, if takea 
 in a dormant state. The leaves, if any have formed, 
 should be cut off at the time of its removal, as other- 
 wise they would dry up the sucker before it wa* es- 
 tablished. The large stems, or trunks, are safely 
 shipped from their native home to most distant 
 countries, after cutting off leaves and roots and pack- 
 ing in cases .'n a dry condition. Upon arrival at their 
 destination, the stems are planted in as small pots 
 as possible and kept close and moist until new 
 leaves form, when a cooler and drier air will answer 
 for them. Their use as decorative specimens for the 
 home is increasing, although many failures result 
 from lack of moisture and sunshine. The soil which 
 suits them best is a sandy or gravelly loam, and 
 should never be allowed to get quite drj-, but be kept 
 in a moderately moist conditionat all seasons. When 
 dormant, they may be placed in the most shaded 
 positions occasionally, but ought to have sunshine 
 daily, when possible, for at least an hoiir. During 
 their periodical growth, they should ha.-e a great deal 
 of sunshine to insure a 
 stocky and vigorous growth ; 
 otherwise the leaves will be 
 drawn to an unnatural 
 lengt^h, with few i)inna^, 
 ruining their symmetrical 
 form. 
 
 Cult, by E. X. Reasoxer. 
 
 revoltita, Thunb. Sago 
 Palm. Figs. 6:$.'i, 6:{4. Pe- 
 coming G-10 ft. high, and 
 then branching : 'vs. long 
 and recurved at the end 
 (2-7 ft.), the many pinnae 
 curved downward, narrow. 
 
 "1 
 
 sharp-pointed and stiff, 
 
 dark, shining green. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 J.H. III. 
 
 21:1G;{. 
 
 309. A.G 
 
 19: 4;{6. 
 
 G:i:U. -The 
 
 est species 
 
 B. M. 21W».'M. 
 
 29:;J79. R.B. 
 
 R. H. 189(;, p. 
 
 13:141; 18:1; 
 
 Mn. 2:88: 
 
 comnion- 
 
 in cult. 
 
 Produces a handsome 
 crest or crown of out- 
 ward-flowing lvs., which remains in per- 
 fection fur months and years. The fniit 
 is densely tomentose, but is not ofteu 
 seen in cultivated plants. Much used at 
 funerals. " 
 
 circin&lis. lAnn.(C.Thmidrsii, R. Br.). 
 Taller, rarely branching : lvs. twice 
 longer than those of C. revoluta, gracefully archintr, 
 the pinnap afoot or less long, falcate, dark irreen abovf 
 and pale beneath. Moluccas. B. M. 282«>-7. F. S. 
 20: 2118-19.— Fruit glabrous at maturity. Not un- 
 common in good collections. Rapid grower as com- 
 pared with some other species. 
 
 Biimphii, Miq. Usually low, but said to be tall in 
 the wild : crown large and full : the lvs. Tm; ft. 
 long and 12-18 in. wide : pinna* pale, thin, lanceo- 
 late. 12-14 in. long and H in. wide ; petiole spinv. 
 E. ind. 
 
 Bellefdnti. Lind. & Rod. Stem short, cylindrical 
 and erect : lvs. long and graceful, recurved, the 
 linear-lanceolate slightly falcate, sessile pinna* en- 
 tire and plane on the border, somewhst glaucous ; 
 petioles spinulose at the base. China. I.H. 33 : 586. 
 
 mddia, R. Br. Tall (10-15 ft.), the trunk cylindrical, 
 bearing a large crown : lvs. curved downwards, 
 4 ft. or more long, elliptic or lanceolate ; i)innaB 
 numerous, linear and pointed ; petif>le convex below, 
 flat or nearly so on top. Australia. I.H. 26: 368. 
 
 Names which have appeared in the Amer. trade are : 
 C. Cotnorien»i8 = l — C. i«'/i//j«nju = Encephalartos Leh- 
 manni. — r. Neo-Caledonica, Lind. Much like C. circitialis, 
 but the fronds narrower und the pinnse closer, C. Han- 
 deri&nn — ? 
 
 Other cnltivated Cycads o~ C. Beddomei, Dyer. Per- 
 hap:? a small form of <^. ci^ lalis. E. Ind.— C. Norman- 
 b}fdna, Muell. Lvs. oblong-ovate, with niimerons linear 
 pinna* 6 in. long. Australia.— C. pectindta. Griff. Stem 
 short, sending np very long, rich green, plume-like, semi- 
 erect lvs., with long, thin, blunt-tipped pinna*. Ind. <i.F. 
 4: li4. Said to be the finest si)ecies. — C Jiimniniana, 
 Regel. Stem rather stout : lvs. bright green, erect, spread- 
 ing in a vase-form crown, the pinna? fine-pointed. Philip- 
 pines. I. H. II: 4Qri.— C. Siamensis, yii(i. Much like C. cir- 
 cinalis: lvs. 2-4 ft. long, bright green, graceftd : trunk miuh 
 swollen at the base. Siam and Cochin China. I.H. 
 
 R. H. 1881, p. 397. 
 
 'sif>r.f^:t<-^.v!Nv^-fi-rT^ ,• 
 
 < ».t*«w»ta:?fr;^.< 
 
 •IV>^,^ 
 
 ■.•■i;i>; ■-■■■'•■.■ 
 
 corm 
 
 
 •' •;■• •-:.ft7<i.-t»?>^*aS!!<?r^~-*---l/>^ 
 ..•.,,.«■.- ;r->',.'.->3K'J,<.-.:.v,«Jfa^ 
 
 
 631. 
 
 Cyathea meridensis. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 CYCLAMEN ( classical 
 name, probably from the 
 Greek word for circle, in 
 allusion to the si)irally 
 twisted p e d u n c 1 e s I . 
 Prim u h'lcetr . A dozen or 
 more species, mostly of 
 the 31editerranean re- 
 gion and the Caucasus. 
 Herbaceous and low, 
 from a flattish tuber or 
 fi. single, on a scape, 
 with usually 5-parted calyx and 
 corolla (the parts strongly re- 
 flexed), 5 connivent stamens, 
 with pointed, sessile anthers, 
 1 style and stigma, and aTj-split- 
 ting capsule. C. hififolimn i> 
 the source of the standard flo- 
 rists' Cyclamens. Most of the 
 other species are grown only 
 as curiosities in this countr>'; 
 and thev are essentially out- 
 door plants. Old English name 
 Sowbread, from the tubers be- 
 ing sought by swine. Con- 
 
CYCLAMEN 
 
 CYCLAMEN 
 
 425 
 
 suit Fr 
 181)8. 
 
 Hildebrand, T>k 
 
 Oattung Cyclamen, Jena, 
 L. H. B. 
 
 All Cyclamens are very beautiful, ami would be much 
 more popular were they hardy in our ea.stt'rn climate. 
 On the Pacific slope many of them probably would be 
 perifci-tly at home as outdoor plants, producing? a ^eat 
 number of Howcrs alM>ve the bare soil in the depth of 
 winter before the lfuv« s are developed. It is, however, 
 with the Persian Cychmien, which is tender, that florists 
 have had the greatest success. There is no common 
 winter-Howering subject of as much value for du-ation 
 in bloom, variety of eoloriiijE:, or wealth of color. 
 
 It is preferable at all times to be>;in the culture of 
 Persian Cyclamen with seeds, sown in the early winter 
 months. Grow on without any ch«'<'k for the following 
 year. They should bloom freely about fifteen months 
 from planting. Old tul)ers, such as are offered in fall 
 with other florists' bulbs, rarely give any satisfaction as 
 compared with a packet of seeds. It is not the nature 
 of the plant to have all its roots dried off. as if it were 
 a Hyacinth or Tulij*. Our summers are rather too warm 
 to suit Cyclamen perfectly, and it will be foun<l that the 
 most growth is made in the early autumn. It is best to 
 give th a little shade in the hut months, such as a 
 frame < i.joors near the shade of overhanging trees at 
 midday. This is oetter than gi'owing them under painted 
 glass, as more light is available, together with plenty of 
 fresh air on hot days. It will be found that Cyclamen 
 seeds reijuire a l<>n« time in which to genninate, — often 
 two months. This is <lue to the fact that the seed pro- 
 duces a bulb or conn before leaf growth is visible. As 
 soon as two leaves are well developed, place the plants 
 around the ed^re of '- or o-inch pots until every one is 
 large en(»ugh for a iJ-inch pot. The roots are produced 
 sparingly in the initial stages, and too much pot room 
 would be fatal at the start. By the middle of summer 
 another shift may be given. an<l in September all will 
 be ready for the i>uts in which they are to flower, — .')- or 
 6-inch pots, according to tlie vigor of the plants. It 
 will always be found, however, that there will be a cer- 
 tain percentage that will not grow, no matter how much 
 persuasion is used. These may be thrown away to save 
 time and labor early in the season. The Giganteum 
 
 named varieties that will reproduce themselves almost 
 to a certainty. 
 
 Of recent' years cultivators have had much trouble 
 with a tiny insect or mite that attacks the plants and 
 renders them useless for bloom. Its work is done mostly 
 
 633. Cy-as revoluta. 
 Specimen gro'^n in partial shade. 
 
 strains produce the largest l)looms, but at the expense 
 of quantity. For the average cultivator it is better to 
 trv a good strain that is not gigantic. There is a recent 
 departure in the form of crested flowers. Cyclamens 
 come true to color from seeds, and one can now buy 
 
 634. Leaf of 
 
 Cycas revoluta. 
 
 after the plants are taken 
 into the greenhouse and 
 when about to mature into 
 blooming specimens. If 
 the first flowers come deformed, or 
 abnormally streaked with colors 
 that are darker in shade, it is a 
 sure indication that the pest is 
 present. Xo other treatment can 
 be recommen<led but to destroy 
 the infected plants and keep the 
 stock clean, for the pest has not yet been 
 studied carefully. 
 
 Cult, by E. O. Okpet. 
 
 Cyclamens should be removed to the 
 greenhouse about the end of September, 
 or before any danger of frost. In the 
 house they should always have the lightest 
 bench. It is impossible to grow thtin in a 
 warm, shady house. About 50° at night is the 
 ideal temperature when in flower. The soil 
 best suited to them is a fresh, tufty loam, 
 with a fourth or fifth of well rotted' horse- 
 manure, to which add some clean sand if the 
 soil is heavy. At all times, the pots should be 
 well drained. Greenfly is sure to attack the 
 plants at all stages of" their growth. In the 
 frames the plants can be plunged in tobacco 
 stems, and in the greenhouse they must be fumigated 
 or. what is better still, vaporized with some of the 
 nicotine extracts. Wili.iam Scott. 
 
 A. Fall-hlooming species. 
 
 Afric^num, Boiss. & Reut. The largest of Cyclamens: 
 tubers often as large as a turnip (4-10 in. across) : Ivs. 
 ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed, pale beneath, dull and 
 l>ale green marbled above: calyx pubescent, the lobes 
 broadly ovate-aeuminate: corolla nearly white, faintly 
 rose- or purple-tinged, the segments 1 in. long and deep 
 purple at the base. Algeria. B.M, 5758. F.S. 8:841. — 
 Little known in this country, but sold by the American 
 agencies of the Dutch bulb houses. The same remark 
 will apply to most other species, except C. latifolium. 
 Perhaps a form of the next. 
 
 Neapolitinum, Ten. Tuber very large, black, thick- 
 rinded: Ivs. variable, from hastate to round-reniform, 
 more or less wavy-plaited on the edges, green or some- 
 what parti-colored: calyx small: corolla pink or rarely 
 white, the segments short and twisted and the edges 
 raised .«ind white-edged at the base, S, Eu. B.R. 24: 49. 
 Gn. 51, p. 3", R.H. 1855: 21. as C. liedirce folium. 
 
 Europaeum, Linn. [C. Clhsii. Lindl.). Lvs. ovate-or- 
 bicular, entire or nearly so, with a deep and narrow 
 basal sinus, more or less white-nuirbled al>ove, purple- 
 tinted beneath: fls. on scapes 4-5 in. high, briirht red and 
 very fragrant, the corolla-segments oblong-spatulate 
 ( >4in. or less long) ; calyx glabrous. Central and S. Eu. 
 B.R. 12:1013. — Lvs. appearing with the fls. Variable. 
 
 CilicicTun, Boiss. & Heldr. Much like C. Europceum: 
 fls. white, with purple at the mouth, about twice larger; 
 calyx puberuleut. Sicily G,C. 111.23:81. 
 
426 
 
 CYCLAMEN 
 
 CYDONIA 
 
 AA. Spring-bloom i»<j species. 
 
 latildliam, Sibth. & Sm. {C. Prrsieum, Mill.). Fig. 
 63.'). The cumnion jcrfenhouse or Persian Cyclamen, in 
 many forms: Ivs. appearing with the fls., ovate, crenate- 
 dentate, usually marbled or variejrated with white: fls. 
 on scajies G-7 in. hi^h, large, scentless, white, purple- 
 blotched at the mouth, but varying? into rose-colored, 
 purple and spotted forms, oblong-spatulate in shape, not 
 eared or lobed at the base. 
 (Jreece to Syria.— C. firi- 
 gantdmn, Hort., is the 
 common larpe-tld., im- 
 proved form of this spe- 
 cies. There are also dou- 
 ble-fld. forms (R. H. 1886, 
 p. 250); also fimbriate or 
 
 trianpular, dark creen above, a little paler b^low ; 
 sliffhtly :$-iobed ; lobes triauf^ular or ovate-oblon»f, the 
 middle one acute, the side lobes much shorter, obtuse, 
 acute or almost wanting ; margin of Ivs. with minute, 
 remote teeth : male fls. minute, crowded into few-fld. 
 racemes, which are usually shorter than the petiole: fr. 
 ovate-reniform, obtuse, with a few short spines in the 
 back; seeds small, black, narrowly winged. New (iran- 
 ada, 
 
 CYCLANTHU8 {flouern in a circle). CycluHthdcnr. 
 
 A small tropical American genus, giving name to a 
 
 small order which is allied to the palms. The species 
 
 are not in the Amer. trade. Culture of Carlu- 
 
 '^ dovica (which see). 
 
 CYCLOBOTHRA (name referring to the nec- 
 taries). Liliariit. A small group of west Amer- 
 ican plants, now referred to Calochortus (which 
 see). The fls. are open-campaiiulate, with nak«<l 
 or only sparsely hairy nectur glands, the sepals 
 more or less pitted. C. fldva, Lindi. (now known 
 as Cnlochortun flavtts, Schult.), is in the trade 
 as Yem.ow Shell-flowkr. Stem rather tall, 
 branching, with small, yellow black-dotted 
 fls.: Ivs. narrow-linear. Mex. 
 
 635. 
 
 Cyclamen latifolium. 
 
 Showing a flower of perfect 
 form, and the crested va- 
 riety (X>^). 
 
 crested forms. (\ Papllio (I.H. 4.3:6.3. G.F. 5:23.5. G.C. 
 III. 21:71; 2.3:173). C. AUppicum, Fisch., is a form of 
 it. F.S. 22:2.345. Other portraits of C. latifolium are : 
 I.H. .35:43. Gn. 47:1016; 48:10.30. J.H. III. 34:578. Gt. 
 1895, p. 203 ; 189<>, p. 164. F.S. 22:2.345. A.G. 14:390- 
 392; 17:261. A. F. 7:521-525; 11:1176-9; 12:499. 
 
 Cdum, Mill. Tuber smaller than in the last: Ivs. with 
 the fls., nearly orbicular, entire, firm, not marVded nor 
 variegated : fls. small, deep red. scentless, half or less 
 as large as those of the last. S*. Eu. B.M. 4. F.S. 22: 
 2345. — There is a white-fld. form (C. album, Hort.). 
 
 Ib^ricum, Goldie. Dwarf : Ivs. appearing with the 
 fls.. ovate-orbicular and rounded at the apex, entire or 
 obscurely undulate, more or less zoned with white 
 above: fls, red, with a purple mouth. Caucasus. — Per- 
 haps a geographical form of C. Coum. C. Atkinsii, 
 Hort., is a form (perhaps a hybrid) with larger white 
 fls. F.S. 23:2425. 
 
 r. titUeneiuiiiiiii, Hort. (and Ait,?), is C. Neapolitanum.— C 
 Libaiwti^mm,, Hild.,is a new hardy si)ecies from Lebanon, with 
 "large, rosy fls., with T-fomi deep carmine markings at the 
 base of the petals" (see Bot. .Tahrb. 25:477).— C repdndum, 
 Hort. (not Sibth. & Sm.)=C. Coum?— (7. v»mum, Sweet=C. 
 Coam. L. H. B. 
 
 CYGLANTH£:BA (Greek, anthers in a circle). Curar- 
 bitdcetF. This genus is interesting as a plant with a 
 fruit that explodes with a considerable noise when ripe. 
 The plant is a climbing half-hardy annual of easy cul- 
 ture. The seed should be started indoors earlv.' The 
 genus is near Echinocystis and Elaterium, and" has 30 
 or more species, all from tropical America. They are 
 annual, climbing herbs, glabrous or pubescent, with a 
 perennial root : Ivs. entire, lobed or 5-7 foiiolate : fls. 
 minute, yellow, greenish or white, with t;>eir parts in 
 6's. Monograph by Coigneaux in DC. Mon. "han. 3:822 
 (1881). 
 
 explddens, Naud. Stem slender, branche*!. angled or 
 furrowed, slightly villous, especially at tht joints, 6-8 
 ft. long : Ivs, 2K-3 in. long, and about as wide, ovate- 
 
 CYCLOLOMA (Greek for circle and bor- 
 der, from the encircling wing of the calyx). 
 ChenopodiAceip. One weedy herb {C. pUi- 
 tiiphfillum, Mo<i. ) of sandy soils from 
 Minn., west and south, which was once in- 
 troduced as the Cyclone Plant, since the 
 plant \H a tumble-weed or rolls before the wind when 
 it is matured and becomes detached from the s(»il. The 
 plant is annual, 1-2 ft. high, pubescent or nearly gla- 
 brous, with narrow, but flat and sinuate Ivs., and bract- 
 less fls. in an open panicle. The fls. are very small, 
 perfect or sometimes lacking the stamens ; calyx 5- 
 cleft, the lobes strongly keeled and becoming winged 
 and inclosing the seed. Plant not fleshy nor jointed. 
 
 CYCNdCHES {.<<wnn's neck, from the Greek, referring 
 to the curved column). Orchiddceip, tribe I'dndtif. 
 Swan Orchid. An interesting genus of deciduous 
 orchids found in tropical America. Pseudobulbs long, 
 fusiform: Ivs. lanceidate, plicate, labellum continuous 
 with column ; column arcuate, terete, flattening out and 
 becoming clavate at the apex; pollinia 2. The flowers 
 are of different sexes. The same plant may produce 
 male and female floweis. One kind of flower may be 
 fragrant, the other kind scentless. Staminate flowers usu- 
 ally smaller than pistill.ite flowers; ovary of pistillate 
 flowers thickish. Staminate flowers more numerous thfin 
 pistillate flowers. About a dozen species. Cult, like Cat- 
 asetum, either in 'pots or baskets. Prop, by dividing the 
 pseudo-bulbs just as growth begins. Very few forms are 
 in cultivation in America, due to the want of brilliancy 
 in the flowers. Some of the species produce varving 
 flowers on different racemes on the same plant. 
 
 aiireum, Lindl. & Paxt. Fls, numerous, large and yel- 
 low, drooping ; sepals and petals lanceolate, purple- 
 dotted, the petals curved; lip small and much divided, 
 the column purple -dotted. Cent. Amer. 
 
 chlorochilon, Lindl. Racemes about 3-flowered: fls. 
 large, no«lding, 5-8 in. across, green; sepals oval-oblong; 
 petals falcate, slightly larger, labellum subsessile rather 
 obovate and concave at base, yellowish green except at 
 the base; column slender, with a wide base, greenish. 
 Venezuela. I.H. .35:65. J.H. 111.35: 285. Gn. 49, p.403; 
 51: 1108 and p. 173. 
 
 pentaddctylon, Lindl. Fls. greenish or white, barred 
 or bhttched with orown; labellum partly white, spotted 
 with crimson ; c(dunin purple below the anther. Rio d© 
 Janeiro. B.R. 29: 22. 
 
 ventricdstim, Batem. Raceme (often 2) about 5-fld.: 
 fls. greenish yellow, fragrant; lip white, with a black 
 callou!? spot on the claw. Guatemala. ^^ __ - Amfs 
 
 GYDONIA (the fruits known to the Ro,nans as mala 
 Cfldonia, apples from Cydon, now Canea, in Crete i. 
 i^o»dce«, sub-family PoMjdcetr. Quince. Shrubs or small 
 
CYDOXIA 
 
 CYMHIDIL'M 
 
 427 
 
 treeB, sometimes «piny : Ivs. petioled, deciduous or 
 semi-persiMtent, alternate, stipulate, serrate or entire : 
 tin. white or red, rather large, solitary «ir in few-Hd. 
 clusters; petals '>; stamens numerous : fr. aromatic, a 
 lar);e 5-celled pome, each cell containing many seeds. 
 Four species in Asia from Turkestan to Jap. Ornamen- 
 tal shrubs, nearly hardy north except <'. Shienitis, 
 which can only be grown south. C Japnuiia and Man- 
 lei, with handsome glossy foliage and abundant Hs.Jn 
 early spring, varying in all sha<les from pure white to 
 deep scarlet, are highly decorative, and especially 
 a<lapted for borders of shrubberies and for low ornamen- 
 tal hedges. The fr. of all species can be made Into con- 
 serves, but usually only C riihjnris, a species of less 
 decorative value, is grorvn for this purpose. The 
 Quinces thrive in alm<»st any soil, but require sunny 
 position to bloom abundantly. Prop, by seeds usually 
 stratified and sown in spring; C. Japonica and C. 
 Mmilei are rea<lily in«'reased by root -cuttings made in 
 fall or early si)ring. and rarer kinds or less vigorous* 
 growing varieties are grafted in the greeidiouse in early 
 spring, on stock of the Japanese or common Quince; 
 they grow also from cuttings of half-ripened or nearly 
 mature wood, under glass an«l from layers. C. vnUjurin 
 (the Quince) is mostly increased by cuttings of 1-4- 
 year-old wood, taken in fall and stored until spring in 
 sand or moss in a cellar or frame; also by layers and 
 bud<linp, or by grafting on vigorous growing varieties. 
 See (Quince. 
 
 A. Fls. solitary, on nhort leafy branchlets, irith re- 
 flexed xerratt calyx lobta- utipuhs small. {Cydo- 
 nia proper.) 
 
 vuIgJLris, Pers. {PifruH Cyddnia, Linn.). Quince. 
 Fig. HM. Shrub or small tree, with slender, spineless 
 branches: Ivs. oval or oblong, rounded or slightly cor- 
 date at the base, acute, entire. villous-i)ubescent be- 
 neath, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or light pink, 2 in. across: 
 fr. large, yellow, villous, pyriform or globular. May. 
 Cent, and E. Asia. — Var. Lusit^nica, Mill., is of more 
 vigorous growth, with larger Ivs. an<l fr. pear-shaped 
 and ribbed. Var. malifdrmis has apple-sliaped, and var. 
 pyrif6nni8 pear-shaped fr. Var. marmor^ta, Hort., has 
 whitish and yellow variegated Ivs. See also Qiiiure. 
 
 Sinensis, Thouin ( Pyrus Cathayensis, Hemfel. ) . Shrub 
 or small tree: Ivs. elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute 
 at both ends, sharply and finely serrate, villous beneath 
 when young, 2-3 in. long : fls. light pink, about 13^3 in. 
 across : fr. dark vellow, oblong, 4-<i in. long. May. 
 China. B.R. ll:00r>. R.H. 1889:228. A.G. 12: lO.-The 
 Ivs. assume a scarlet fall coloring. Not hard) north of 
 Philadelphia, except in favored localities. See IJuince. 
 
 ovoid, 1^-2 in. high, yellowish green. March, April. 
 China, Jap. K.B. I:2(i0. L.B.C. 1(»: ir)y4. Gn. 50:10«.- 
 Many garden forms in all shailes from white to deep 
 scarlet, and also with d«ujble fls. Some of the best are 
 the following : Var. Alba, Lo<ld., fls. white, blushed. 
 L.B.C. 6:541. Var. atrotangrulnea pldna, deep scarlet, 
 
 636. Twig of Common Quince — 
 
 Cydonia vulgaris (X 3^). 
 
 Showing where the fruit was borne at A and "B. 
 
 AA. Us. in leafless clusters, nearly sessile, before or 
 tcith the Ivs.: calyx lobes erect, entire : stipules 
 large, (dmenomeles.) 
 
 Jap6nica, Pers. (P^rus Japdnica, Thunbg. Chcrno- 
 meles Japdnica, Lindl.). Japan Quince. Japonica. 
 Fig. 6.37. Shrub, 3-ij ft., with spreading, spiny branches : 
 Ivs. ovate or oblong, acute, sh.trply serrate, glabrous, 
 glossy above, 1^2-3 in. long: fls. "in 2-()-fld. clusters, 
 scarlet-red in the type, 1/3-2 in. across; fr. globular or 
 
 Z'.:^^ 
 
 637. Cydonia Japonica (XK)- 
 
 double. Var. c&ndida, pure white. Var. cardln&lis, deep 
 scarlet. R.H. 1872: .i.Ut f. 1. Var. Gaujirdi, salmon- 
 orange. Var. ^andiflora, nearly white, large fls. R.H. 
 187(»:410. Var. Mallardi, fls. rose, bordered white. V^ar. 
 p6ndula, Hort., with slender, pendulous branches. Var. 
 Tdsea pl^na, rose, semi-double. Var. rubra grandifldra, 
 ris. large, deep crimson. Var. sanguinea plena, scarlet, 
 double. Var. umbilic^ta, with rose-red lis., and large 
 frs. umbilicate at the apex. 
 
 Maiilei, Nichols. (Pyrus ^fa^^lei, Mast. Chcenomiles 
 alp)na, Koehne). Low shrub. 1-3 ft.: branches spiny, 
 with short, rough tomentum when young: ivs. round- 
 ish oval to obovate, obtuse or acute, coarsely crenate- 
 serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. bright orange -scarlet, 
 ]-l>2 in. across : fr. vellow, nearlv globular, about '1}4 in. 
 across. March, April. Jap. B.M. 6780. G.C. II. 1:757 
 and 2:741. —A very desirable hardy shrub, with abun- 
 dant fls. of a peculiar shade of red. Var. alplna, Rehder 
 {Chienomeles Japdnica, var. alp'ina, Maxim. Cyddnia 
 Sdrgenti, Lem.). Dwarf spiny shrub, with procumbent 
 stems and ascending branches: Ivs. roundish oval, K-1 
 in. long: flowering and fniiting profusely. Var. snp^rba, 
 Hort. F!s. deeper red. Var. tricolor, dwarf shrub, with 
 pink and white variegated Ivs. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 CYMBlDIUM [boat, from the Greek, referring to the 
 shape of the lip). Orchidclce(v, tribe Vdndett. Plants 
 epiphytal, rarely terrestrial, stems pseiulobulbous or 
 not so: leaves coriaceous, long, rarely short, persistent: 
 sepals and petals sub-e(|ual. labellum usually tri-lobed, 
 adnate to the base of the ccdunm; column erect; pollinia 
 2. Species, tropical, sub-tropical, found on mountains at 
 high elevations in Asia. A few species are found in Af- 
 rica and Australia. For horticultural purposes this 
 genus is of comparatively little value. Oakes Ames. 
 
 No difficulty will be experienced in growing the several 
 species of (.'ymbidium under one method of treatment. 
 A shaded position in the Mexican house or cool end of the 
 Cattleya department, where the temperature ranges be- 
 tween .')0° and 5.^° Fahr. at night and about G.^° or with sun 
 heat 70° through the day will be found Luitable. During 
 the warm summer months they must be kept shaded in 
 a cool, moist atmosphere with a free circulation of air. 
 As they are robust growing plants, pot culture will suit 
 them best, but those with pendulous inflorescence, such 
 as C. Findlaysonianum, C. pendulum, etc., may be 
 grown in baskets if desired. Repotting and top-dress- 
 ing should be attended to in spring at the commence- 
 
428 
 
 CYMBIDIUM 
 
 CYNODON 
 
 ment of the growing season, and should be executed with 
 judgment, so tnat it will last three or four years, as the 
 roots dislike being disturbed. The potting soil should 
 consist of one-half chopped sod, the balance of equal 
 parts leaf-mold, peat and live chopped sphagnum moss, 
 well mixed together; about one-third of the pot room 
 should be devoted to drainage— potsherds or charcoal, 
 covering the same with a little rough material to kf ep it 
 open. When the large, fleshy roots are carefiti'y dis- 
 tributed the material should be worked in firmly f.bout 
 them, leaving the base of the plant on a level with the 
 rim of the pot when finished. Water sparingly until 
 the new growths appear, when a r lore liberal supply will 
 be necessary, but never enouerh to keep the soil con- 
 stantly wet, or the new roots are liable to decay and the 
 foliage to become spotted. Stock is increased by remov- 
 ing the old pseudobulbs, potting them up in small pots and 
 giving them a little more heat and moisture until they 
 start new growth action, when they may be removed to 
 their proper department. Robert M. Gkey. 
 
 A. Inflorescence erect. 
 
 ebumeum, Lindl. Stems tufted : Ivs. dis- 
 tichous at base, 1 or 2 ft. long, linear or lo- 
 rate, bifid at apices: peduncles not as long as 
 the Ivs., few-fid. : fis. about 3 in. across, ivory 
 white, sometimes tinered with rose ; sepals 
 and petals oblong - lanceolate ; labellum 3- 
 
 lobed, with a golden yellow ridge 
 running down the center. Khasia 
 Hills, at an elevation of from 5,000 
 to 6,000 ft. B.R. 33:67. B.M. 5136. 
 Gn. 46, p. 398. 
 
 Inflorescence arcliing, 
 not pendent. 
 
 Sepals and petals veined with 
 red, brown or purple. 
 
 Lowi^num, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs oblong : Ivs. 2-3 
 ft. long, linear-acute, recurved: racemes many-fid.: se- 
 pals and petals oblong-lanceolate (lateral ones sul)-fal- 
 cate), greenish yellow marked with brown; lateral lobes 
 of labellum yellowish ; midlobe refiexed, margined with 
 yellow, the front blotched with brown-crimson ; fis. 
 about 20 in number, several inches across. Burma. 
 Gn. 48, p. 263. Gng. 5:73. — Var. Mandaiilnum, Hort. 
 {C. Mnndaiilnum, Hort.), has yellow fis. A beautiful 
 hybrid of C eburneum and C. Lotvianum is shown in 
 Gn. 48:1034. 
 
 gigantdum, Wall. Fig. 6.38. Fis. dull purple (brown- 
 ish, or yellowish green stripeu with purple) ; sepals and 
 petals^oblong, the petals narrcwand shorter; midlobe '"f 
 labellum refiexed, vellow, spotted with red : lateral lobes 
 yellowish geeu. Nepal. B. Id. 4844. P.M. 12:241. 
 
 longriidliom, Don. Lvs. linear-acuminate : peduncle 
 stout, sub-en ..r. then drooping: fis. about 12; scxH 
 sub-equal, oblong; the u-^per one broadest and inci " ; 
 both sepals aud petals green striped with brownit i ^ni\ 
 
 pie; disk and midlobe of labellum white, spotted with 
 purple; lateral lobes with purple lines. Ind. 
 
 ensifdliom, Swartz. Lvs. ensiform, acute : peduncle 
 many-fid. : fis. greenish yellow, veined with purple ; 
 sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute ; labellum spotted. 
 Ind., Jap. B.M. 1751. 
 
 Huttonii, Hook. f. Plant about 2 ft. high: fis. 10, in 
 drooping racemes ; sepals yellow, striated with brown ; 
 petals brown ; labellum greenish, dotted with brown. 
 Java. B.M. 5670. 
 
 BB. Sepals and petals not veined with purple or brotcn. 
 
 tigrinum, Parish. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: peduncles 
 slender 'i-6-fld. : sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute, 
 green spotted at base ; petals often paler and with more 
 spots than the sepals; labellum with yellow, red -brown 
 striped lateral lobes ; midlobe white, transversely 
 streaked with purple. Burma. B.M. 5457. 
 
 Hookeriiina:ai, Reichb. f. Lvs. about 2 ft. long, acute: 
 peduncle aohing above, erect at base : fis. from 6-12, 
 large; .sepals and petals oblong, greenish; labellum yel- 
 low, spotted with purple. Sikkim. B.M. 5574. 
 
 BBB. Sepals and petals whitish. 
 
 Mdstersii, Griff. (CyperdrcJiis Masters ii, Benth.). 
 Lvs. linear, acuminate: peduncle stout, longer than the 
 raceme: sepals and petals sub-equal, oblong-lanceolate, 
 white, flushed with rose at the apices ; labellum mi- 
 nutely pubescent ; lamellae orange-yellow. Sikkim. 
 B.R. 31 :.'>0. Var. ilbum, Hort.. has white fis. C. dlba- 
 fldra, of Amer. trade, is equivalent to C. Alastersi:^ var. 
 album. 
 
 AAA. Inflorescence pendent. 
 
 pendulum, Swartz. The leathery lvs. distichous, 2-3 
 ft. lung, broadly linear : fis. yellowish ; side lobes and 
 midlobe of labellum rose-color; the disk more or less 
 white with j'ellow crests; sepals and petals narrowly 
 oblong, with a purple median line. E. Ind. 
 
 Finlaysoniinum, Lindl. {C. pendulum, hindl.). Lvs. 
 ensiform: raceme many-tid: sepals and petals linear- 
 oblong, obtuse, dull yellow sometimes, with a reddish 
 median line ; lateral lobes of labellum crimson ; mid- 
 lobe white, tipped with crimson. Malaysia. — Var. atro- 
 purpilreum, HoA. Lvs. narrower, racemes longer, with 
 larger fis. : sepals and petals purplish, front lobe of la- 
 bellum white, spotted with purple. Borneo. 
 
 C. aloifolium, Swz., with pale purple fls.. and C. virescens, 
 Lindl. (C. virens, Reichb. f.), with greenish sepals and petals 
 and yellow, red-blotched lip, are offered by importers of Japa- 
 nese plants.— C Undleyi is a name which has appeared in the 
 Amer. trade, but which is not identified.— For C. Saudersoni, 
 seeAusellia. Oakes Ames. 
 
 CTNANCHUM (Greek, dog poison). Asclepiadacea. 
 About 20 species in S. Eu., Africa, Asia and Australia, 
 herbaceous or sometimes half woody at the base, twin- 
 ing. Lvs. opposite, entire. Plant very like Vincetoxi- 
 cum, but the fls. differ in having a scale or ligule on the 
 inside of each of the 5 parts of the crown. 
 
 acuminatifdlium, Hemsl. ( Vincetdxicum acumindtum, 
 Decne. J'. ^fipd«JCH»t, Hort. ). Mosqcito Plant. Ciuel 
 Plant. Perennial : erect or nearly so, or the tips show- 
 ing a somewhat twining habit: the stems grayish and 
 more or less rngular: lvs. opposite, broadly ovate and 
 acuminate, short-peti(ded, strontrly pinnate-veined, en- 
 tire, usually conspicuously gray-pubescent beneath : 
 fl. -clusters lateral (1-2 between the lvs.), shorter than 
 the lvs. : fis. white, smell, in umbel-like cymes: fr. a milk- 
 weed-like follicle. Japan. — In the flowers, mosquitoes 
 and other insects are caught, miu'h as they are in other 
 asclepiadaceous plants. The native J w.soHirt Tahfrno'- 
 monfana is sometimes sold as this plant, and it has 
 been figured as such. L. H. B. 
 
 CYNARA (invDlucre spines likened to a dog's tooth). 
 Comp6sit(F. A half-dozen S. European species, of which 
 the Artichoke and Cardoon {which see) are ciltivated. 
 
 CtNODON. See Capriola. 
 
CYNOGLOSSUM 
 
 CYPERUS 
 
 429 
 
 639. 
 
 Bur of Hound'8-tongue 
 
 or Stick -tieht. 
 
 (X3.) 
 
 CYN0GL6SSTJM (Greek, hound's tongue, from the 
 shape and soft surface of the Ivs. of the commonest 
 species). Borragindcfoe. A large and widely dispersed 
 group of little horticultural interest, being mostly tall, 
 
 coarse, weedy herbs. C. offivi- 
 nAle, Linn., [Fig. 639, has a bur 
 that becomes attached to cloth- 
 ing and to the fleece of sheep. 
 It is a biennial weed, natural- 
 ized from the Old World, 
 grows about 2 ft. 1 igh in pas- 
 tures and waste places of the 
 Atlantic states, and has soft- 
 pubescent, lanceolate Ivs., and 
 dull red-purple (sometimes 
 white) fls. in panicled racemes. 
 C. grdnde, Dougl. Once cult, 
 from California as a hardy 
 border perennial ; grows about 
 2 ft. high, with lower Ivs. ovate- 
 oblong, or somewhat heart- 
 shaped at the base, acute or 
 acuminate, 4-8 in. long, on mar- 
 gined petioles of about the same length : upper Ivs. 
 smaller, ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into 
 shorter winged petioles : fls. violet or blue. For O. Ap- 
 pennlnum, Linn., see Solenanthus. 
 
 CYN6KCHIS (Greek for dog orchid). Orchiddceoe, 
 tribe Ophrydece. A dozen Habenaria-like African or- 
 chids, not in the Am. trade. Culture of Bletia. >'ot to 
 be confused with Cycnoches. 
 
 Clli08tJB.VS {Greek, dog's tail). Gramineie. An- 
 nual or perennial, cespitose grasses, with flat leaves. 
 Spikelets of two forms in small fascicles, these forming 
 a dense somewhat unilateral, spike-like panicle; termi- 
 nal spikelets of the fascicles 2—4 fld., hermaphrodite; 
 lower spikelets sterile, consisting of many empty 
 glumes: flowering-glumes mucronate or awn-pointed; 
 stamens 3. Species 4 or 5, in the north temperate re- 
 gions of the Old World. 
 
 cristiltiis, Linn. Crested Dog's-tail. A slightly 
 tufted perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with narrow Ivs. 
 and a rather slender, erect, spike-like panicle. Int. 
 from Europe. — Well adapted for shaded lawns and wood- 
 lands. Also recommended for mixed pastures, espe- 
 cially in hilly regions. The mature stems are used in the 
 manufacture of Leghorn hats. 
 
 Slogans, Desf. Silkt-awned Dog's-tail. A pretty 
 perennial grass varying in height from 6 in.-l Vi ft. : 
 ivs. small and scarce: panicle one-sided and spike-like: 
 spikelets with long white silky a\vns 3^-1 in. long. Int. 
 from Europe.— Handsome for dry bouquets. 
 
 P. B. Ken>t;dy. 
 CYNTHIA. All referred to Krigia. 
 
 CYP£LLA (application obscure). Iridhcece. Eight 
 species of South American bulbs, inferior to Iris for 
 general culture because not hardy, and also less showy, 
 '''he genus differs from Iris and Moraea in its stigmas, 
 which are neither petal-like nor filiform, but erect, and 
 in the anthers, which are broad, erect, not sloped, bear- 
 ing the pollen on their edges, also in the plaited leaves. 
 C. Herberti is the only species offered by the American 
 trade, and the catalogues say it comes from Peru, but, 
 according to Baker (Iridea?, p. 62), the only species from 
 the western coast of South America is C. Peruviana. 
 The bulbs should be set out in spring, lifted in fall and 
 stored over winter. Prop, by offsets or by seed, which 
 should be sown as soon as ripe. The blue-flowered spe- 
 cies are presumably equally worthy of culture, though 
 C. plumbea, Lindl., from S. Brazil and Argentine, is 
 shown in R.M. 3710. with dull, lead-colored fls. hi F.S. 
 4: 3*j5 and 14; 146C the colors are showier, the latter be- 
 ing a variety with handsome purple streams. For the 
 still showier C. ccerulea, Seub., see Marica. 
 
 a. Style appendages npur-lihe. 
 
 H6rberti, Herb. Lvs. about 1 ft. long, linear, acumi- 
 nate, twice plaited, the angles of the plaits winged ; 
 scape 2-3 ft. high, erect, flexuoae, glaucous, branched, 
 
 many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, chiefly yellow, odorless oon 
 withering ; outer segments bearing a rather lon^ cusp 
 or tail. South Brazil. Uruguay. Argentine. B. R. 
 11:949 and 3. M.2.yjy show utterly distinct colors, but 
 Baker says there is a lilac variety. 
 
 AA. Style appendages petal-like, flat. 
 
 Femviiina, Baker. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, linear, narrowed 
 gradually from the middle both ways, glabrous, plaited : 
 fls. 2-3 in a solitary stalked cluster, soon withering, 
 chiefly yellow ; segments with a distinct long claw and 
 a proportionately shorter and broader blade and a shorter 
 cusp, at the base spotted brown. Peru. B.M. 6213. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 CYPERORCHIS [CyperustLTXiX Orr^fs, from the sedge- 
 like appearance). Orchid(\cea>, tribe Vdndea?. Very 
 closely allied to C3rmbidium, which see. There are only 
 three species, of which C. Mdstersii, Benth. ( Cymbidium 
 Mastersii, Griff., of this work, and C. elegans, Blume 
 (Cymbidium elegans, Lindl., B.M. 7007) are cult. The 
 latter does not appear in the Amer. trade. 
 
 CYPfiRUS (ancient Greek name). Cyperdcece. A large 
 genus of the Sedge family, inhabiting both tropical and 
 temperate regions. The species in cultivation are all 
 perennials from rootstocks or tubers: leaves grass-like; 
 stem simple and mostly naked above : flowers perfect, 
 v'ithout perianth, borne in small, compressed spikes, 
 which are variously aggregated in compound umbels, 
 the latter surrounded by foliaceous bracts; stjie- and 
 stamens 3. A few are cultivated in jardinieres, a tic 
 gardens and aquaria. Several others are pests in .ti- 
 vated fields. 
 
 A. Basal leaf-sheaths without blades. 
 
 altemifdlius, Linn. Umbrhlla Plant. Umbrella 
 Palm. Fig. 640. Strict, l}4-3% ft. high: stem nearly 
 terete, ribbed, smooth and slender: involucral lvs, very 
 numerous, spreading or slightly drooping, linear, 8 In. 
 long, %-}4 in. broad, dark green, acute, rough-margined: 
 umbel rays only 1-2 in. long, nearly simple: spikes few, 
 in a cluster, ovate, very flat, 2 lines long, pale brown: 
 
 640. Cyperus alternifoUus, or Umbrella P.ant. 
 
 scale acute: rachis winged and pitted. Madagascar.— 
 Much used for aquaria and jardinieres. Var. varieg&tus, 
 Hort. Stem and lvs. striate, sometimes entirely white. 
 Var. grtlcilis, Lort. Involucral lvs. much narrower and 
 not so spreading. 
 
430 
 
 CYPERUS 
 
 CYPRESS 
 
 Papyrus, Linn. (Papyrus Antiqudrum^V^illd.). Egyp- 
 tian Paper-plant. Strict, tall and stout, 4-8 ft. high, 
 dark-green: stem obtusely 3-angled, smooth: involucral 
 Ivs. only 3-10, small, 3-6 in. long, H-H in. wide, linear, 
 acute: primary rays of the umbel very numerous, terete, 
 slender, equal and drooping, 10-16 in. long: secondary' 
 bracts prominent, filiform, 2^ in. long: spikes clustered 
 and sessile, pale chestnut : rachis wingless. Egypt, 
 Palestine.— For aquaria and damp soil. Not hardy. 
 
 AA. Basal sheaths blade-hearing. 
 
 B. Lower h's. few, very broad aud condupUcate. 
 
 Natal^nsis, Hochst. Stem 214 ft. high, smooth, with 
 1-3 leaf -bearing sheaths and several leatless ones at the 
 base: ii^vclucre 2-3-lvd.. short: rays cf the umbel short, 
 unequal : spikes much congested, numerous, linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, paie brown, 10-12-fld. : rachis 
 winged: scales oblong-ovate, obtuse. South Africa.— 
 Decorative. Not hardy. 
 
 fortius, Borck. Stem short, slender, 4-5 in. high, 
 3-angled: Ivs. numerous, thin and broad, 4-9 lines wide, 
 6 in. long, equaling the stem, linear-lanceolate, folded 
 below, dotted, margin denticulate: umbel simple, 5-7- 
 rayed: rays elongated, pendulous, often rooting at the 
 spex, 1-2 ft. long: involucral bracts short: spikelets 
 < rowded, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly compressed, 
 kvhite. Central Africa.— Recently introduced, and fine 
 for hanging baskets ; the umbel-rays often boar plantlets 
 instead of flowers. 
 
 lilcidus, R. Br. Rother stout: stem 1-2 ft. high, terete 
 above: ivs. numerous, large and broad, spongy-thickened 
 at the base, spinulose-margincd : umbel spherical, 6-8 in. 
 in diam.: spik*^ -ts dense, digitate, long and linear: 
 scales persist^L ixis continuous. Australia. 
 
 BB. Lower Ivn. numerous, narrow and grass-Uke, 
 flat or nearly so. 
 
 61egaiis, Linn. {C. Idxus, Lam. and Hort. ). Stem 
 3-angled, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. large, broadly linear, numer- 
 ous, spreading, half as long as the culm: involucre short-, 
 spreading, few-lvd. : rays long and slender, unequal, 
 compound : spikes small, distant, oblong, greenish brown, 
 blunt, 6-11-fld.: scales round-elliptic, mucronat*. West 
 Indies, Brazil. G. C. II. 2: 99 ; III. 13: 41.- For table 
 decoration. 
 
 strigdsus, Linn. Stout, 1-3 ft. high, sharply 3-angled, 
 base bulbous : Ivs. numerous, long and grass-like, 
 smooth, 2-4 lines wide; involucral similar, 6-12 in. long: 
 rays very unequal, 6 in. or less long: spikes 4-10-fld., 
 awl-shaped, chestnut -brown, densely clustered, at the 
 spike-like (1-1/^ in. long) tips of the rays. N. Amer.— 
 Hardy perennial, used for the borders of aquatic gardens. 
 
 eacul^ntus, Linn. CnrPA. Much like the last: root- 
 stock slender and bearing little tubers : spikes pale : 
 akene obovoid. Tropics.— Sometimes a weed in sandy 
 fields ; also cult, south for the edible tubers. Not hardy. 
 
 pangens, Borck. Stem very short and thick, 1-2 in, 
 long, angled below: Ivs. equaling the stem, rigid: umbel 
 simple, contracted or capitate: spikelets linear-lanceo- 
 late, compressed, shining, straw-colored, 10-18-fld. : invo- 
 lucral bracts 2-4, scarcely 1 in. long. North Africa.— 
 Recently introduced. May be used for hanging baskets. 
 
 C.compressus.lAmx. Umhel lax: spikes linear-oblong: scales 
 acuminate. Trop. — C. flabellifonnis, Ro^^tb. Rare in Amer. 
 trade. Central Africa. — Tall and palm-lik' used by natives for 
 wickerwork; very ornamental in water gaidens.— C. rottindvs, 
 Linn. Nut-grass. CorvvoRA.''S. Like C.esoulentns. but spikes 
 darker and akene lineai. ^eed in cult, field.s. — ('. strictus, 
 Hort.= f K. M. WiEGAND. 
 
 CTPHOMAHDRA (from the Greek, referring to the 
 hump-shaped anthers). Solandcecs. Two dozen S. 
 American spineless shruV)3 or small trees (essentially 
 herbs in culture in the north), distinguished from So- 
 lanum chiefly by the thickened anthers. The large Ivs. 
 are ent-re, 3-lobed, or pinnatisect. 
 
 bit^cea, Sendt. {Soldnum frdgrans, Hook.). Tree 
 Tomato. Fig. 641. Cult, occasionally for the egg- 
 shaped, reddish brown, faintly striped fruits, and un- 
 der such conditions it becomes a tree-shaped, half- 
 vr^'jdy plant 6-10 f*. high: Ivs. large, soft-pubescent, 
 ' . rdate*ovate ; more or less acuminate, entire: fls. small. 
 
 pinkish, fragrani, in small axillarj- or super-axillary clus- 
 ters: fr. about 2 in. long, on slender stalks, 2-loculed 
 and seedy, musky-acid and tomato-like in flavor, agree- 
 able to those who like tomatoes. Brazil. B.M. ,%84 J 
 H. III. 31:470. G.C. IIL 25:105. A.G. 11.409.— Bears 
 
 641. Cyphomandra betacea (X K 
 
 the second and third year from seed, under glass (where 
 it must be grown in the northern states). For further 
 notes, see BaUey, Forcing-Book. l_ g^ g^ 
 
 CYPHOPH(ENIX, (hump and Phoenix, a palm). Pal- 
 nidc(T, tribe Areceie. A genus of only 2 species of 
 palms of minor importance. Spineless palms with a stout, 
 ringed caudex. Leaves terminal, pinnatisect, the .^eg- 
 ments coriaceous, elongated, sword-shaped, narrow^ d io 
 ward the apex, the margins thickened, plicate, recun-ed at 
 the base ; the prominent nerves and midrib sparsely scaly 
 beneath; rachis stout, rather broad, slightly convex on 
 the back, acute above: spadices glabrous, the branches 
 long, stout : bracts short ; bractlets scaly ; fr. dark 
 brown, medium, long-ovoid or ellipsoid, lentiform. Spe- 
 cies 2. New Caledonia. 
 
 Slogans, Benth. & [Hook. [K^ntia flegans, Brongn. 
 &Gris.). Rachis convex below, flat above; leaflets 
 alternate, approximate, scaly along the mid-nerve below: 
 fr. oblong-elliptical, acute. 
 
 hilclta. Benth. & Hook. (Ke'nfia fulcMa, Brongn.). 
 Stem clothed at the base with smooth aerial roots: fr. 
 ovoid, attenuate above. 
 
 CYPHOSPfiRMA (Greek, hump and seed). Palmh- 
 cece, tribe Arece(s. Two Australian warmhouse palms, 
 scarcely known in this country. C. Viellardii, Bentb. 
 & Hook., with pinnatisect Ivs., and long-ensiform cori- 
 aceous segments, is sometimes known as K^ntia rohusta 
 and A". Viellardii. Culture of Areca and Ptychosperma. 
 
 CYPRESS. See Chamtrcyparis, Cupressus and Taio- 
 dium. 
 
 CYPRESr TIKE. See Ipomoea. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 431 
 
 GTFSIFfiDIUM ( I'enus' slipper). Lady's Slipper. 
 Moccasin Flower. OrchidAcece, tribe Cypriphliect'. 
 The genus Cypripedium is widely distributed, being found 
 in botii South and North America, Asia, Europe. Japan, 
 and the Malay Archipelago. At present no species are 
 reported from Australia or Africa. Scapes usually 1-fld. : 
 floral segments fleshy : upper sepal usually larger than 
 the petals: ovary 1-celled: fertile stamens 2; interme- 
 diate stamen sterile and petaloideous : column short, cer- 
 uuate: apex trifld: lateral lobes anther-bearing: pollen 
 viscid or mealy, not compound: stigma deltoid, on front 
 of column beneath the stamens : capsule slender, pubes- 
 cent: placentation parietal: the lower sepals commonly 
 coalescent: labellum cup-form, inflated: Ivs, usually lig- 
 ulate, either tessellated or uniform green. The structTire 
 ■of the column (or essential organs) of a Cypripedium is 
 shown in Fig. G42. The two anthers are at o o. The third 
 stamen is represented by the body, b. The stigma is at c. 
 The floral envelopes are torn away beneath. The ma- 
 jority of Cypripediuras grow well, and increase in value 
 from ye&r to year. They do not require a period of rest 
 like species of Cattleya. The hardy species, such as 
 C. aeaule and C. piibescens, are well worthy of a place in 
 gardens. C speetabile, for color and form, ranks among 
 the finest species. It is a valuable orchid for forcing in 
 the greenhouse. As yet, no hybrids have resulted from 
 the intercrossing of our native Cypripediums. Inter- 
 crossing of tropical with hardy species has proved fruit- 
 less. There is a tendency to resolve Cypripedium into 
 several genera. For the purposes of this work the 
 old classification will be observed. 
 
 The genus is closely akin to Selenipedium, which see 
 for C. caxidatum, C. palmifoliiim, C. Sa'zUi, C. Lind- 
 leyantim, C. Sargentiauum, C. Schlimii, C. Srhomburg- 
 kiunum, C. vittatum, and tne like. See, also, Hoidletia. 
 Selenipedium differs from Cypripedium in having a 
 3-loculed and 3-ribbed ovary,' Figs. 643 and 644 con- 
 trast some of the structural points in the two genera. 
 The genus Cj'pripedium is naturally not a large one. Ben- 
 tham and Hooker think that the species are less than 40. 
 The species have been much hybridized and modified 
 by cultivation, however, so that the garden forms are 
 legion. Most of the names represent horticultural vari- 
 eties ; and these names may be expected to increase. One 
 section of the genus has been separated recently as a 
 genus, Paphioped)lnm. Monogr. of Cypripedimn and 
 rela:^ ^ gei c:ra by F. Desbois, Ghent, 1898. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 Nes.^y all Cypripediums are of easy culture and may 
 be reuuily growi- in one department, by devoting the 
 cooler ^ rtion to C bar^atum , C. hiaigtie, C.Javanicum, 
 C. venustum and the Selmipedium group. The coria- 
 ceous-leaved evergreen sx»9cies are all in more or less 
 
 a week will be found of great assistance to keep the 
 plants in health. The hygrometer should never register 
 below 60, nor often above 80, as moi.sture in excess of 80 is 
 liable to damp-off the young growths. Ventilation reg- 
 
 642. 
 
 Structure of column of Cypripedium (X M). 
 C. Dormanianum. 
 
 active growth the year round ; therefore a liberal supply 
 of water must be given at all seasons, only allowing the 
 compost to become dry occasionally to prevent stagnation. 
 Light syringing should be frequent in bright weather, 
 and an application of weak liquid manure once or twice 
 
 643. Csrpripedium Charlesworthii. 
 
 Shows section of ov-ary; of labellum or lip on the right; stigma 
 on the left ; column on the right below. 
 
 ulated according to external conditions is essential at all 
 times to maintain atmospheric action. 
 
 During the winter months the thermometer should 
 register from 60° F. to 65° F. by night and about 70° F. by 
 day. With sun heat a few degrees more will do no harm. 
 On t-he approach of spring the temperature should be 
 advanced to prepare the plants for stunmer heat, and ac- 
 cordingly decreased on the approach of fall. About the 
 middle of February a light shading will be necessary to 
 prevent excessive heat and sunburn, with heavier shad- 
 ing toward midsummer, this to be gradually removed in 
 the fall and entirely dispensed with during the winter. 
 
 The greater part of the species grow best in pots in a 
 compost of two parts peat-iiber to one part chopped liv- 
 ing sphagnum moss, one-half of the pot room being de- 
 voted to cleau drainage. The compost should be pressed 
 in rather firmly about the roots, and the surface left 
 convex to discard surplus water and to insure the base 
 of the plant against decay during dull weather. A few 
 heads of living moss pricked iu over the surface will 
 give a neat appearance. 
 
 Cypripedium in.sigHe and kindred species should have 
 one-third chopped sod atlded to the above mixture ( see 
 note on culture in Veitch's Orchid Manual 2: 34). 
 C. viUoHum and C.Exnl sometimessuffer under pot cul- 
 ture from fungi, which attack the base of the plant dur- 
 ing sultry summer weather. Basket culture will c'.\ i te 
 this, as it allows a better circulation of air ihrou^u the 
 CO npost. C. Lowei, C. Parishii, C. Philippinense 
 and allied species, together with Selenipedium cau- 
 datum, are truly epiphytic and preferably should be 
 grown in baskets. By this method the roots are better 
 preserved and less liable to decay during the winter 
 season. 
 
432 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 The Concolor section requires a warm, moist location 
 with free access to the air. The species should be grown 
 in rather small pots, with at least half the space devoted 
 to drainage of broken charcoal or other free material. 
 The potting compost should consist of equal parts 
 chopped sod, peat-fiber and living sphagnum. Lime- 
 stone is often recommended as essential in the culture 
 of this section, but, the conditions being equal, I have 
 never noticed any beneficial results from it (Orchid 
 Review 4: 45; Veitch's Manual 2: 19-20). 
 
 The deciduous tropical species, of which C.Irapeanum, 
 C .Thibet ic urn and Selenipedium palmifolium afford good 
 
 644. Selenipedium Schlimii. 
 
 The picture shows on the left a section of the labellum; on the 
 right, a section of the ovary. 
 
 examples, require similar treatment to the evergreen 
 kinds. They have a long dormant period during which 
 they should be rested in a temperature of 50° F., with 
 sufficient water to keep the compost moist until growth 
 starts, when they must be returned to their proper de- 
 partment and enjoy a liberal supply of water until after 
 the flowering season, when they must be ripened off 
 and the water supply gradually withheld. 
 
 The hardy species do better planted out in the open 
 fe ound or in rockeries, where they should be so situated 
 as to obtain good drainage and shade. The soil must be 
 free and porous and consist of three parts chopped turf 
 and equal parts of peat and sphagnum. They require a 
 liberal amount of water and frequent syringing over the 
 foliage while growing, but the supply should be grad- 
 ually reduced after the flowering period until only 
 enough water is given to keep the soil moist. During 
 the winter the plants should be protected with leaves or 
 pine boughs. C. spectabile and C. pubexcetis grow well 
 under pot culture. A 7-10-inch pot will hold eight or a 
 dozen crowns which should be planted 2 inches below 
 the surface. Two inches of drainage are sufficient. The 
 pots should be filled with soil (firmly pressed in) to 3^ 
 inch below the rim. After a thorough watering they 
 should be stored in a coldframe and protected with 
 leaves and boughs. Aboi^t the middle of February they 
 may be removed to a coolhouse, where they should re- 
 main for a week, and then be placed in the cool end of 
 the Cypripedium house, where they should be watered 
 sparingly until growth action starts. These plants make 
 strong gro\vths under this treatment, and the flowers are 
 a decitied improvement over those produced normally 
 outside. 
 
 All Cypripediums are propagated by division. 
 
 Robert M. Grey. 
 
 Index to species described in the main list : Abbotia- 
 nrm, 5; acaule, 40; albens, 25; Amesianum, 25; Apple- 
 t»>nianum, KJ; Argus, 6; arietinum, 43; Amoldianum, 
 25; atropurpureum, r>; aureum.25; auriculum, 5; bar- 
 batum, 1; bellatulum, 20; bifloiiim, 1; Bozalli, 28; 
 
 Breevisianum, 25; Brownii, 25 ; Bullenianum, 15 ; Cal« 
 ceolus, 48; candidum, 46; Califomicum, 52; callosum 
 4; caudatum is a Selenipedium; Chamberlainianuni, .'{8 • 
 Chantinii, 25; Charlesworthii, 24; ciliolare, 7; cjerul«-sl 
 cens, 1 ; coloratum. 5 ; concolor, 17 ; corrugatuni, 25 • 
 Coulsonianum, 25 ; Cowperianum, 25 ; Crossianuni, 1; 
 Curtisii, 9; Cuttingianum, 25; Dayanum, 12; Dorainia- 
 num, 25 ; Dormanianum, 25 ; Draryi, 27 ; elegans, 41 • 
 
 Godefroyae, 19; gracile, 1,25; grandiflonim, 1; grande, 
 5; guttatum, 25; Haynaldianum, 31 ; Hendersoniunum, 
 1 ; Himalai''um, 44 ; hirsutissimum, 22 ; Hookers, 15 ; 
 Horsmanianum, 25; Hyeanum, 5; illustre, 25; insigne, 
 25; Irapeanum, 54; Javanicum, 1.3; Japonicum, 42; Kira- 
 ballianum, 25, 35, 37; leevigatum. 34; Lawrenceanuni, 5; 
 leucochilum,19; Lindeni,5: longisepalum,25; Lowei,.30; 
 Lutwycheanum, 25 ; Macfarhvnei, 25 ; macranthum, 51 ; 
 macuiatum, 25; magnificum,5; majus, 1; Mandevillea- 
 num, 25: marmoratum, 5; Mastersianuni, 14 ; Maulei, 
 25; maximum, 25; montanum, 53; Moore.inum, 25; mo- 
 saicum, 1; Moulmeinense, 25; nanum, 1; Neo-Guineense, 
 35; nigritum, 2; nigrum, 1, 5; Nilssonii, 25: nitens, 25; 
 niveum, 18 ; nobile, 1 ; O'Brienianum, 1: Parishii, 32 ; 
 parviflorum, 49 ; Petri, 12 ; Philippense, 34 ; pictuni, 
 1,5; Pitcherianum, 5, 6; pleioleticum, 5; plumosum, 1; 
 praestans, 35; pubescens, 47; pulcherrimum, 1; purpu- 
 rascens, 5; purpuratum, 3; purpureum, \; Pynaerti,25; 
 roseum, 5; Rothschildianum, 37; Sallieri, 29; Sanderap, 
 4, 25 ; Sanderianum, 3G ; spectabile, 50 ; Spicerianum, 
 23; Stonei, 33; Studleyanum, 25; superbiens, 8, 25; su- 
 perbum, 1, 5; Sylhetense, 25; Thibeticum, 45; tonsum, 
 10; Veit<?hianum, 8 , veaustum, 11: Viptoria-Marie, 39; 
 villosum, 28; virens, 13; virescens, 5; volonteanum, 15 ; 
 Warnerianum, 1. Many other names are accounted for 
 in the supplementary lists. 
 
 A. Leaves tesselated (or checkered in squares). 
 
 B. Petals more or less ligulate, smaller than the 
 
 upper sepil. 
 
 c. Upper sepal veined with green and purple: spots 
 on the petals marginal. 
 
 1. barb&tum, Lindl. Lvs. oblong, about G in. long, pale 
 beneath, upper surface dull green with darker green 
 markings: scape long, reddish brown: ovary slender, 
 subtended by a small bract; upper sepal orbicular, 
 evenly reflexed, white, with a green translucent base; 
 veins green part way, becoming deep purple: petals 
 green at the base, finely dotted, gradually passing into 
 brown-pink at the apices, upper margin provided with 
 several blackish warts; labellum brown-purple, infolded 
 portion yellowish or purplish with raised dots; lower 
 sepal narrow, greenish, veined with green: staminode 
 pubescent, broa<lly crescent-shaped. June and July. 
 Malay Peninsula. B.M. 4234. — Of this useful species 
 there are many excellent varieties in which the flowers 
 are larger or more richly colored. The variation in foli- 
 age is; very remarkable. In general appearance this 
 species resembles C. Lawrenceanum. Many vars. in 
 cult. 
 
 The following are varieties of C. barbatnm : Biflbrum. A 
 chance variation, due undoubtedly in most cases to vigor. See 
 Crossianum below. — Coerulesceiig . — Crogsianuin. iSanie as 
 Crossii. — Cros/rii. Upper sepal very large, roiind-orbirular, 
 white, veined with green and apparently transversed by a band 
 of crimson: petals much detlexed. I.H. 35:72: 36: 81. A. F. 6:55.1. 
 — Oiganthun='mgmm.— Ordeile.— Orandiflbrum. Upper sepal 
 unusually Xaxgfi.—Hendersfmidnum.—Majus. A richly colored 
 and vigorous iorva..— Mosdicum.— Nanum.— N\nrum. A dark 
 flower, the lab'dliim of a very deep brcwn-piirple.— A^(56i7«.— 
 O 'Jirien idnum, or O 'Brieni. — Pictu m . — Plvmomnn . This is not 
 a permanent variety. It does not maintain the characters to 
 which it owes its name.— Pulcherrimum.— Purpureiim.— Su- 
 perbum. Almost any good form of the type is called by this 
 n&me.— Wa rnpn'dnum , or Wdmerii. See Crossii 
 
 2. nigritum, Reichb. f . Probably identic il with C. pur- 
 puratum, var. obsrumm. Dorsal sepal res embles that of 
 C. purpuratum, in other respects very similar to C. 
 barbatum. 
 
 3. purpuriituin, Lindl. Lvs. elliptic-oblong to narrowly 
 ovate, 4-5 inches long, glaucous, pale green tesselated 
 with darker dull gre"", pale beneath : scapes short 
 (abouc 5 in. long), purplish : ovary subtended by a 
 
CYPR1PEDIU3I 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 433 
 
 small bract ; upper sepal white, 4-angled, appearing as 
 if inserted at one of its angles, about 15-nerved, outer 
 nerves carmine-purple, others metallic green; margins 
 strongly redexed; lower sepal greenish with white mar- 
 gins, veined with green ; petals subspatulate, greenish 
 at base, dotted, becoming purplish toward the apices, 
 veined with deep metallic green ; labellum brown -purple, 
 infolded portion with raised dots : staminode crescent 
 shape. Autumn. China. B. M. 4901. R. H. 1858, p. 182 : 
 1883, p. 353. 
 
 4. calldsum, Reichb. f . Lvs. ovate-oblong, obscurely 
 tesselated. pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper 
 sepal about 3 in. across, unevenly reflexed, slightly con- 
 cave at base, and translucent ; blush ground color 
 veined with green, upper part white-margined, suffused 
 >vith rose mauve ; veins carmine-purple toward the apex ; 
 petals oblique, recurving, pale green at base, pale rose- 
 luauve at and toward the extremities, upper margin with 
 several blackish warts, ciliate ; labellum dull reddish 
 brown, infolded lobes greenish, with red-brown, shiny 
 warts ; staminodium crescent-shaped. February and 
 March; also at other seasons. Siam. R. H. 1888:252. 
 
 Var. Sanderae, Hort. An albino form of the species, 
 with no trace of rose-mauve or purple. The tts. are 
 white and delicate green. J. H. III. 28: 423. 
 
 5. Lawrence^nmn, Reichb. f . Lvs. oval-oblong, nearly 
 1 ft. long, tessellated with yellowish and dark f,'reen: 
 scapes tall, reddish brown, sometimes 2-fld. : tls. large; 
 upper sepal orbicular, white, with broad carmine-purple 
 veins, which are greenish at the base ; lower sepal 
 small; ovary long, subtended by a small bract; petals 
 purplish at and toward the apices, otherwise greer.ish, 
 provided with black warts along the margins ; labellum 
 dull brown-purple; staminode broadlv crescent-shape. 
 ApriWulv, Borneo. B.M. G432. l.H. 30:4/8. F. S. 
 23:2372. 0.0.111.21:291. 
 
 The following arc forms of C Laicrenceanum : Abbotianum. 
 Fls. large, with deep crimson veins on the upper sepal.— Atro- 
 purpiireum. A dark form, upper sepal with deeply colore I 
 veins.— Auri^^ulum.— Colordtum. Veins deep colored, the intei • 
 spaces suffused.— Giganteum. A variation from the tjrpe in tho 
 large size of the lis.— Grande.— Hyeanum. Upper sepal veined 
 with green; i)etals green; lal>elhim green. G.CMII. 21: 37.— 
 Lindeni.— Magnificum.— Martnoratum.—Xlgrum.— Plcttim.— 
 Pitcherianum . — Pleiuleucum. Upper sepal white, with only a 
 few colored veins. — Purpurdscens.— Boseum.— Superbum.— 
 Virescens. 
 
 CC. Upper sepal veined with green, hut slightly if at 
 all veined with crimson; petals more or less 
 spotted or dotted. 
 
 6. Argus, Reichb. f. (C. barbcitiim, var. Argus, Hort. 
 C. Pitcheridnum, Hort.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 
 6 in. lon^. pale green mottled with deeper green : scape 
 long, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract; 
 upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, dotted at base, 
 veined with green, the longer veins sometimes purplish: 
 petals oblong, undulate, deflexed, pale green tinged with 
 purple at the apices, irregularly spotted with blackish 
 ^\arts; labellum dull brown-purple, greenish beneath; 
 infolded lobes purplish, spotted with deeper purple; 
 staminode crescent - shaped. March, April. Luzon, 
 Philippines. B.M. G175. A.F. 3:179. 
 
 7. ciliol^re. Reichb. f . Lvs. oblong, pale green, tessel- 
 lated with dark green: scapes tall, reddish brown: ovary 
 subtended by a small bract ; upper sepal broadly ovate, 
 acuminate, ciliate on the margins, blush white at base, 
 otherwise white, veined with green; petals ligulate, de- 
 flexed, recurved, with long marginal hairs, greenish at 
 base, becoming pale mauve at and toward the extremi- 
 ties, thickly dotted with blackish wurts; labellum dull 
 brown-purple; infolded lobes yellowish, with reddish 
 brown warts: staminode reniform. April-Julv and 
 even later. Philippine Islands. I. H. 31:530. G.C. III. 
 21:348. 
 
 8. sup6rbien8, Reichb. f. (C.r«?j7c7u(>n«»w,Lem.). Lvs. 
 oval-oblong, about 6 in. in length, yellowish green, mot- 
 tled with deeper green, pale beneath: scapes tall, green- 
 ish: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal 
 broadly ov'ate, whitish, evenly veined with green; petals 
 deflexed, almost droop'ng, ligulate, hairy-margined, 
 white, suflftised With pale rose, tinged with r'^ddish 
 brown at base, veined ^'ith green and copiously dotted 
 
 with reddish brown; labellum dull brown-purple; in- 
 folded lobes brighter, with raised dots; staminode reni- 
 form-subrotund, horns straight. June, Julv. Malay 
 Peninsula. l.H. 12:429. F.S. 19:1996. A.F. 7:707. R. 
 H. 1871, p. 590. 
 
 9. Curtisii, Reichb. f . Lvs. broadly oval oblong or 
 narrowly oblong, pale green tessellated with darker 
 green, pale beneath: scapes about 1 ft. high, reddish 
 brown: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal 
 iisproportionately large, broadly ovate, greenish with a 
 white margin, tinged with brown-purple at the base, green 
 veined with brown and green: petals ligulate, deflexed, 
 dull brown-purple or brownish green at the base, veined 
 with green, pale along the median vein, and thickly 
 dotted with red -brown; margins ciliate; labellum large, 
 dull reddish brown, mfolded lobes paler, dotted; stami- 
 node reniform. May-July. Sumatra. A.F. 6:557. (Jng. 
 1: 41. — C. ciliolare and (J. siiperbiens are very closely 
 relat^^d. 
 
 10. t6nsain, Reichb. f . Lvs. ovate-oblong, pale green 
 conspicuously maculate with dark green, pale beneath 
 or spotted toward the base: scapes 12 in. or more long, 
 brownish green: ovary pale green, subtended by a small 
 bract : upper sepal broadly obovate, with wide base, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, whitish, often with blush rose suffu- 
 sion; veins green; petals broad, devoid of marginal hairs, 
 oblong ovate or subspatulate, green, median nerve paler 
 green, with a row of large reddish brown spots, other 
 veins brownish, giving a tinge of brown to adjacent 
 tissue ; labellum large, compressed dorsiventrally, 
 brownish; infolded lobes pale yellowish green, with 
 raised pale dots; staminode crescent-shaped, the horns 
 strongly oblique. Autumn. Mountains of Sumatra. 
 
 11. venustum, Wall. Lvs. oblong, dull purple beneath, 
 upper surface pale green, marbled with dark green: 
 scapes about 8 in. tall: ovary subtended by a bract 
 which sheaths it for half its length; dorsal sepal ovate, 
 white veined with green; petals green at base, dull 
 purple toward the extremities, provided with several 
 blackish warts ; labellum pale green, conspicuously veined 
 with emerald-green, infolded lobes paler ; staminode 
 crescent-shaped. January-March. India. B.M. 2129. 
 
 ccc. Upper sepal distinctly veined with green: spots 
 on the petals, if any, few. 
 
 12. Dayiinum, Reichb. f. (C. Pttri, Reichb. f.). Lvs. 
 oblong, pale green, remotely cross-veined with dark 
 green, pale beneath : scapes reddish brown ; upper sepal 
 ovate, acuminate, whitish, veined with green, upper 
 margin recurved; petals brownish green at base, salmon- 
 pink toward the apices, upper margins obscurely spotted, 
 ciliate with dull crimson hairs; labellum roughish, dusty- 
 looking, infolding portion greenish, with dull crimson- 
 brown warts ; staminode oblong. Borneo. May, June. 
 F.S. 15:1527. 
 
 13. Jav&nicum, Reinw. Lvs. oblong, pale, maculate 
 with dark green: scape greenish, 1-or 2-flowered: ovary 
 subtended by a small bract; upper sepal ovate acuminate, 
 greenish white veined with green, lower margin reflexed; 
 petals oblong, greenish, with fine blackish dots, becom- 
 ing purplish or pale rose color at the apices, ciliate on 
 the margins; labellum darker green than the petals, in- 
 folded lobes pale green, but variously dotted ; staminode 
 reniform-subrotund. Java.— Var. vlrens, Hort., is 
 smaller, the green color more pronounced. 
 
 cccc. Upper sepal not distinctly veined with green, hxit 
 more or less with purple. 
 
 14. Hastersi&niun, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong, remotely 
 tessellated: scape tall, brown-purple, ovary subtended 
 by a short bract; upper sepal orbicular, acute, bright 
 green with a greenish white or yellowish border, veired 
 with greenish brown: petals spreading, brownish, piler 
 at and toward the base, and provided with blackish 
 warts on the upper i.iargin and median vein; labellum 
 large, brownish, infolded lobes paler, with dull purple 
 spots ; staminode crescent-shaped, horns converging. 
 Java. G.C. ill. 15: 593; 25: 274. B.M. 7629, as a Paphio- 
 pedilum. 
 
 15. Hodkeree, Reichb. f. Lvs. variegated dull git-:n 
 and greenish white, pcle '^"neath, o^^.t'^ oblong: scapes 
 tall, slender: upper sepal rotund, acuminate, ^een, with 
 
434 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 a cream-colored margin; petals subspatulate, purplish 
 at the apices, with a green stripe toward the base; 
 labellura greenish brown, infolded portion greenish, 
 with a few raised warts; staminode oval. Borneo. B.M. 
 5362. 
 
 Var. Bulleni^num, Hort. (C. Bullenidnum, Reichb, f.). 
 Lvs. not so strikingly mottled: fls. smaller, upper sepal 
 
 streaked at the base. Borneo. 
 
 Var. volonte&nnm, Hort. Fig. 
 045. Fls. larger than in the 
 type ; petals oblong spatulate, 
 green, except at extremities, 
 where they are pale mauve, 
 median portion richly dotted 
 with crimson-brown ; labellum 
 greenish brown. June and July, 
 and earlier. Borneo. 
 
 16. Appletoni&num, Rolfe 
 ( C BuUenid^ntim, var. Apple- 
 fonidnum, Hort.). Lvs. less 
 tessellated than in the preced- 
 ing ; staminodium very small, 
 greenish. This form is some- 
 times considered as a sub-variety 
 of C. BulleniAnum. Borneo. 
 
 BB. Petals and sepals nearly 
 equal : fls. fleshy. 
 
 17. c6ncolor, Batem. Lvs. 
 oval-oblong, mottled, dull pur- 
 ple beneath: scape short: up- 
 per sepal yellow, dotted with 
 purple, similar to the petals; 
 laoeilum yellow, compressed. 
 
 Burma. B.M. 5513. 
 
 6^.5. Cypripedium 
 
 Hookerae. var. volonte- 
 
 anum (X %). 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 18. nlveom, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong to oblong, 
 short, mottled: fls. white; petals and upper sepal nearly 
 equal, finely dotted at base with purple, dots variable in 
 number and distribution. Burma. B.M. 5922. 
 
 19. GddefroyaB, Leb. Lvs. narrower than in the pre- 
 ceding: scape short: fls. whitish to pale yellow, spotted 
 with purple-magenta ; petals deflexed. Early, and as 
 late as July. Cochin China. B.M. 6876. Gn. 25, p. 396. 
 
 Var. leucoclilluin, Hort. Upper sepal white, blotched 
 wi*"h deep purple ; labellum white ; petals like the upper 
 sepal, spots smaller. G.C. III. 15: 815. J.H. HI. 30: 423. 
 F.R. 1:371. 
 
 20. belUtnlum, Reichb. f. Lvs. broad, rounded at 
 apices, slate-green, mottled with darker green, thickly 
 dotted beneath with brownish purple, except in var. 
 album, when the lvs. are pale beneath : scapes very short : 
 upper sepal concave, roundish, white, spotted with 
 brown-purple; lower sepal also spotted; petals orbicu- 
 lar, tending to be concave, spotted with large, irregu- 
 lar, brown-purple spots; labellum ovate, finely dotted 
 with brown-purple. Fls. in summer; also at other 
 seasons. Shan States. G.C. III. 21:. 320. J.H. III. 30:513. 
 A.F.6:557; 13:77, 622; 14: 675. Gng. 7: 129. -Var. Album, 
 Hort. Has white fls. devoid of spots: lvs. not brown- 
 purple beneath. 
 
 'aa. Lvs. coriaceous, Ugulate, not tessellated or only 
 _^ obscurely so. 
 
 B. I''ls. not more than 2, except in vigorous plants. 
 
 C. Staminodium without a protuberance or horn 
 
 from its center. 
 
 21. Fairieintim, Lindl. Upper sepal sub-rotund, whit- 
 ish, veined with dark carmine-purple; petals oblong, 
 deflexed, recurved at the apices, whitish, veined with 
 green and purple; labellura brownish green, reticulated: 
 staminodium orbicular, with a pronounced beak or tooth 
 from the lowf z mar;rin, white, with green veins. Habitat 
 unknown, 1857. — Tho only living records of this species 
 in America are found in soverU splendid hybrids, such 
 as C. X JViobe, C, x rej-illarium ^ C. x Arthurianum, C. 
 X Amesv and C.xff. Ballantine. There are several 
 plants in English collections. There are no living plants 
 in America. The species :s not vigorous enough to be 
 woc^h the growing. 
 
 22. hirantissimum, Llndl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform 
 green: scape greenish: ovary and bracts clothed with 
 shaggy hairs ; upper sepal narrow at base, broader 
 toward the summit, nearly ovate, brownish, with a green 
 margin, finely dotted at base; petals green at base, finely 
 dotted, becoming piirplish; margin sinuate, undulate- 
 labellum green, finely dotted, downy and ciliate; stami- 
 node bluntly quadrate or spade-shaped, with 2 white 
 eyes. March, April and May. Java. B.3I. 4990. R.H. 
 18.')9, pp. 182-3.— Int. at same time as C. Fairieanum 
 (1857). 
 
 23. Spiceri&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. linear-oblong, dark 
 green: scape about 8 in. long: ovary subtended by a 
 spotted bract ; upper sepal white, strongly reflexed so as 
 to have a narrow base and broad, incurved summit, 
 median line carmine-purple; petals short, wavy mar- 
 gined, yellowish green, with conspicuous mid-veins of 
 reddish brown; labellum green or brownish; stamino- 
 dium white-margined, otherwise pale mauve. Oct.-Dec 
 Assam. B.M. 64«)0. I.H..30:473. Gn. 48, p. .304. A.(i 
 11:159. A. F. 3:226. Gng. 1:242. F. E. 9: 329. -Habitat 
 unknown when first plants were introduced. Many 
 varieties. 
 
 CC. Staminodium provided tcith a protuberance or horn. 
 
 24. Cli4rIe8Worthii, Rolfe. Lvs. ligulate, obscurelv 
 tessellated, heavily spotted beneath throughout or only 
 at the base: scapes short, spotted like the lvs.: ovary 
 spotted, subtended by a small, spotted 
 bract; upper sepal orbicular, white, 
 mottled and suffused with pale carmine, 
 purple rose, brownish at base or clear; 
 petals short, rarely wavy margined, 
 yellowish or brownish, veined with 
 brown; labellum similar in color to the 
 petals ( variable ) , spread- 
 ing at the aperture, 
 small in comparison 
 with the upper sepal ; 
 staminode shiny, pure 
 white, with an orange- 
 yellow lipped process. 
 Autumn. E. Indies. B.M. 
 7416. R. B. 20:241. Gn. 
 47:1009 and p. 425. A.F. 
 13:430.— A very varia- 
 ble and beautiful spe- 
 cies, which should give 
 rise to interesting hy- 
 brids. 
 
 25. insigncWall. Lvs. 
 linear-ligulate. uniform 
 green, usually finely 
 spotted at the base : scape reddish 
 brown, about 1 ft. high : upper sepal 
 oval, arching at the summit, mainly 
 green, upper margin white, surface 
 covered with brownish spots ; petals 
 pale greenish brown, veined with 
 deeper brown ; labellum also brown- 
 ish; staminodium longer than broad, 
 rough and pubescent, with a yellow 
 projection. Autumn. India. B. M. 
 3412. G. C. III. 18: 763. A. F. 7: 633. 
 F. E. 9:327. Gng. 1:243. A. G. 16:73; 
 19:825. 
 
 Var. Ch&ntinii, Hort. Hab't as in 
 
 type : dorsal sepal larger with larger 
 
 spots, broad toward the summit, 
 
 mainly green, heavily spotted with 545, 
 
 brown, except on the upper portion, ^ ■ a- 
 
 u ■* • „u-4. „-4.i 1 1 Cypripedium 
 
 where it is white, with several pale '. . 
 
 mauve spots ; labellum colored like msigne, 
 
 the spots, deep polished brown. R. H. var. banderae. 
 
 1878:130. tx /aJ 
 
 Var. £mestil, Ilort., is a yellow form with faint spots 
 on the upper sepal, which lack the characteristic brown 
 and are called "false spots." 
 
 Var. SAndersB, Hort. Fig. 646. Foliage pale to the 
 base: scape very pale green : upper sepal white above, 
 otherwise primrose-yellow, with minute reddish brown 
 dots, which vary in number from season to season, and 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 435 
 
 different fls. on the same plant; petals colored like 
 . ,.er sepal; labellum waxy yellow, (spreading at aper- 
 ture; staminode yellow, with an orange-yellow projec- 
 tion. Gng. 7:196.— The most beautiful Cypripedium. 
 
 C. inaigne runs Into many forms. Following are some of 
 them: Albo-marginatum. Fls. yello wish; upper sepal bordered 
 all round with white; spots litcht colored, found only on the 
 greenisii yellow i\\^\i.—Albens. Color of fls. soft greenish yellow; 
 upper sepal half vi\i\t<i.— Amegidnum. Fls. rather large; upper 
 .s«»pal brownish, with a white margin, not spotted, suffused with 
 rii'h hrown.— Arnoldidnum. Fls. largerthan in var. Maulei; up- 
 per sepal with a broad, white margin, spots confined to the greer- 
 ish yellow disk. (t.F.7: 425. A.F. 6: 11.").— A itreum. Upper sepal 
 pale yellow; vtals and laljellum hrovnnsh.— Breecesidnum. 
 Upptr sepal oblong, upper third white, otherwise yellowish 
 green, with r gular lines of brown >lots; petals reddish brown. 
 —K,\>uin'i. Fls. green; upper sepal heavily blotched or si>otted; 
 p.'tals spo'ted. A.F. l-.H^i.— Corrugdtum. LaViellum corrugated, 
 otherwise tjijical.— CVn(/«o;itdn«m. A very large flower, with a 
 broad upper sepal. Closely allied to var. Schroederianum (?). 
 — Vowperidnum. Upper sepal spotted at base, similar to that 
 of var. albo-marginatum; petals rather longer than usual; 
 bbellum large. — Cutting idnum. Fls. large, greenish; upper 
 st'pal broad, with violet-purple spots on the white. — Domtnid- 
 num.— Donnanidnum.— Eyermanidnum. Fls. light yellow, 
 with several light 'brown spots at base of upper sepal.— /a?r- 
 ttermanni. Upper sepal with a broad white border; petals 
 distinctly veined with hroym.—Fvscdtinii . R.B.2(i:25.—Grdcile. 
 Upper sepal narrow.— Gilmorednuin. Fls. rather large; upper 
 .sepal spotted with brown.— G««d<«/H. R.H. 1851: 201.— if or«- 
 manidnuin. Sepals long and narrow.— /iiM^^re. Yellowish va- 
 riety: sepals and petals spotted.— Kimballidnum. Upper sepal 
 flat, reflexed at the summit, yellowish green; spots running in 
 liaes into the white border; i>etals strongly veined.— Xonf7i«^- 
 palum. Long, narrow sepals; upi)er sepal brownish below, 
 greenish above, not spotted. — Lutwychednum. Upper sepal 
 somewhat narrower than usual, basrd margins wavy; tipper 
 margin white, passing to pale yellow; spots hardly visible, same 
 color as the sepal. Belongs to the Emesti group of ^ arieties.— 
 Maculdtum. An obscure variety f —Jfandepi7/irtn»/n. Form 
 same as Albo-marginatum. Petals thickly covered with spots in 
 reguhir lines.— Maulei. White portion of the upi)er sepal pre- 
 dominating, extendin,; to the base on either side of the green 
 disk; uppermost spots violet-purple, otherwise the spots are 
 larger brownish and few.— Maximum. Upper sepal large, dee^ 
 green.— Mdcfarlanei. Allied to var. Sandera?. Sepal and pet- 
 als narrower, deeper yellow.— Jfoored/iw/zi. Fls. pale yellow; 
 
 petals pale greenish yellow; upper sepal margined with white; 
 broadly ovate ; basal margins finely dotted; spots largest at the 
 center: i)etals brown-veine<l; staminode with a mucro.— AYud- 
 bydnum — Superbieng. — Sylhetenne. Large dark'siK)t, somewhat 
 contluent, in lines along the middle of the upper sepal. 
 
 647. Cyp.' .edium Rothschildianum'(X H). 
 
 spots IsLTge.—Moulmeininse.- yiUtoni.— M<«i«.— Larger than 
 the type, stronger in growth: fls. very large; upper sepal white- 
 margined; spots in irregular rows.— Pynaerti. — Schroederi- 
 anum. Fls. extremely large; upper scpai nearly orbicular, or 
 
 648. Cypripedium acaule (X J^). 
 
 26. Eztil, Rolfe. Lvs. narrower and more rigid than in 
 the preceding species: upper sepal greenish yellow at 
 the base, spotted with brown, upper part white ; petals 
 and labellum' similar to those of C. Druryi. Siam. B,M. 
 7510.— Considered by some to be a form of C. insigne. 
 
 27. DrtUryi, Beddome. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green: 
 scape about 1 ft. high : ovary subtended by a small 
 bract ; upper sepal arching at the summit, yellowish 
 with a dark median band; petals ligulate, yellow, with 
 a dark median band ; labellum yellowish. May, June. 
 India l.H. 24:265. A.F. 6:555. 
 
 28. villdBom, Lindl. Lvs. linear-ligulate, uniform 
 green spotted with brown -purple at the base: scapes co- 
 piously long-hairy : ovary subtended by a bract nearly 
 as long as itself : upper [sepal narrow at the base, 
 broader above, brownish at the base, otherwise greenish 
 yellow, finely margined with white ; petals spatulate, 
 broad at apices, wavy-margined, oblique, with a con- 
 spicuous brown midvein, otherwise brownish yellow ; 
 labellum brownish yellow; staminode large, oblong, yel- 
 lowish. Jan., Feb. India. l.H. 4:126. A.F. 6:555. 
 
 Var. Bdxalli. Hort. (C. Bdialli, Reichb. f.). Upper 
 sepal spotted with blackish spots, which are more or 
 less confluent along the median line. Burma. l.H. 
 26:345. 
 
 29. S^llieri, Godef. Petals somewhat resembling 
 those of the above; upper sepal large, broad at and to- 
 ward the summit, yellowish green, spotted with brown, 
 and provided with a broad white border round the up- 
 per half. Supposed natural hybrid between C. villosum 
 and C, insigne. 
 
436 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 BB. Fls. more than 2. 
 c. Petals spattilate. 
 
 30. Ldwei, Lindl. Lvs, ligtilate, uniform green: scapes 
 often more than 3 ft. lun^r, arching, Wearing several Hs. : 
 upper sepal yellowish veined with brownish purple at 
 the base, broadly oval, basal margins revolute ; petals 
 fully 3 in. long, deflcxed, twist('<l, spatulate, yellowish, 
 with numerous brown-purple spots at and toward the 
 base, the spoon-shaped extremities dull crimson-purple; 
 labellum brown, infolded lobes paler; staminodium ob- 
 cordate, with aLurn-lik«! projt'ctionatbase. April, May. 
 Borneo. F.S. 4:375. A.P. 11:1349. R.H. 1857, p. 40L'; 
 1883, p. 352; 1885, p. 473. 
 
 31. Haynaldi&nam, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, leathery, 
 uniform gri't-n : scapes about 20 in. long, villose, green- 
 ish brown, l-S-fld. : upper sepal oval, lower margins 
 revolute, cream-white above, purplish ut the margins, 
 the base yellowish, spotted with redcli.sh 1)rown; petals 
 linear, broad at the extremities, and of a dull purple 
 color, yellowish from the base about half way, with 
 several large, reddish brown spots ; labellum green 
 tinged with dull purple; staminodium similar to that of 
 preceding, but narrower. Jan.-May. Philippine Isls. 
 B.M. 62%. 
 
 649. Cypripedium 
 
 pubescens (X J^). 
 
 cc. Petals linear, usually drooping and twisted. 
 
 32. Pdrisliii, Reichb. f. Lvs.coriaceons, thick, ligulate: 
 scapes arching, pale green, bearing several fis. : upper 
 sepal yellowish, with green veins, narrowly oval, basal 
 margins reflexed; petals linear, twisted, obliqu*^ly pen- 
 dent, greenish yellow at and toward the base, with sev- 
 eral blackish spots and a row of marginal dots ; distal 
 ends dull, glossy, browuish purple ; labellum dark 
 green, usually tinged with brown-purple ; staminodium 
 
 obcordate, with a tooth at base. Autumn. India B Af 
 5791. Ot. 47:25. I.H. 22:2l4.-Not a free-bl'oomin; 
 species. * 
 
 .33. Stdnei, Hooker. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green, de- 
 cidedly coriaceous: scapes long, greenish brown. 3-5- 
 Hd. : upper sepal nearly orbicular, white, with 4 crimson- 
 magenta veins or streaks, 2 on each side near the upper 
 margin, suffused behind with crimson; lower sejial nar- 
 rower, with several streaks, similar in color to those on 
 the upper sepal; petals linear, at first spreading, then 
 drooping, twisted at the extremities, pale yellow at the 
 base, becoming deeper and finally reddish brown at and 
 near the apices, spotted with crimson-brown; labellum 
 calceiform, dull rose on the front, paler beneath, finely 
 veined with deeper rose. Autumn. Borneo. B.M. 5349. 
 — One of the finest in the genus. 
 
 34. Philippin6n8e, Reichb. f. {C. Icpvigdtum, Batem ). 
 Lvs. thick, ligulate-oblong, uniform green: scape b own- 
 ish, bearing from 2-5 fls.: upper sepals whitish, broadly 
 ovate, striped with crimson-magenta ; lower sei)al 
 striped with green; petals linear, twisted, drooping ob- 
 liquely, greenish at base, becoming pale brown-puri>le 
 toward the extremities; labellum small, yellowish; 
 staminodium sub-cordifomi. April, May. Philippine 
 Isls., 18(>4. B.M. 5508. Ci.F. 3:309. 
 
 35. prsBStans, Reichb. f. (C. glandithferum, Blume. 
 C. jVeo-Guinetns€,H<)rt.). Lvs. coriaceous, deep green: 
 peduncle longer than the lvs. : sepals about equal, 
 broadly ovate, yellowish white, veined with reddish 
 brown; petals with marginal warts, twisted, yellowish 
 green ; labellum calceiform, yellowish ; staminodium 
 nearly quadrangular, lateral margins inflexed. Aug 
 New Guinea. I.H. :{4:2t;. R.H. 181M>, p. 421.-0. pmstatis, 
 var. KimbalUavum, Hort., is another form. This is not 
 to be confounded with C Kimballianum (see No. 37). 
 
 3G. Sanderi&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, thick, uni- 
 fonn green: scape long, reddish brown, bearing several 
 fls. : upper sepal narrowlj' ovate, yellowish, striped with 
 brown; petals linear, about 18 in. long, yellowish at the 
 base, marked with reddish brown, the middle part 
 barred with reddish brown and yellow, purplish brown 
 at and toward the blunt apices ; labellum brownish. 
 Feb.-Mav. Habitat known but not revealed: perhaps 
 nortn Borneo. G.C. 111. 19:329. Gt. 43:520. 
 
 37. Rothschildi^num, Reichb. f. Fig. G47. Lvs. thick: 
 scape reddish brown, bearing several fls. : upper sepal 
 ovate, acute, striped with brownish (almost black) veins, 
 ground color yellowish ; petals linear, spreading, ob- 
 lique, yellowish, striped and spotted with dark Lrown- 
 purple; labellum slipper-form, brownish, margin pale 
 j'ellow, whitish beneath ; staminode with a projecting 
 beak. Winter months. Borneo. B.M. 7102. G.F. 6:145. 
 — C EUiottid.num, O'Brien, is a variety of the above, or 
 at least very closely allied to it. J.H. III. 32:55. A.F. 
 6:557; 7:855. — C. Kimballidnum, from Borneo, is a nat- 
 ural hvbridof C. Sothschildiamtm x C. Dayanum: see 
 A.G. 20:719, Fig. 186. 
 
 ccc. Petals much twisted, not drooping. 
 
 38. Chamberlaini^num, O'Brien. Lvs. dark oreen, 
 ligulate: scape arching, bearing several fls. that open in 
 succession: ovary not conspicuously ribbed; upper se- 
 pal pale green, brownish at base, with about 12 veins 
 which, brown at first, terminate green; margin whitish, 
 ciliate, dorsal surface hairy; petals narrow, spreading, 
 reflexed, twisted, green, with lines of numerous? red- 
 brown spots, tinged rose-pink near the column ; 
 labellum pale rosy mauve, copiously dotted with deeper 
 mauve ; infolded lobes pale green : staminodium oval. 
 Sumatra. B.M. 7578, as a Paphiopedilum. R.H. 1892, 
 pp. 104-5. G.F. 5:413. 
 
 39. Victdria-Mariee, Rolfe. Similar to the above: la- 
 bellum dull puri)le ; petals and upper sepal not lined 
 with brown spots. Perhaps only a variety of C. Cham- 
 herlainianum. Sumatra. B.M. 7573, as a Paphiopedilum. 
 
 AAA. Lvs. membranaceous, plicate. 
 B. Foliage of two lvs. upon the ground, or nearly so. 
 
 40. acatde. Ait. Fig. 648. Lvs. ovate, oblong oval: 
 scape naked, tall : upper sepal and petals brownish, 
 lanceolate ; labellum pink-purple to white (variable), 
 
CYPRIPEDIU3I 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 437 
 
 with a fissure in front ; staminodiura spatuliform. May 
 an<l June. Newfoun»ilan<l to N. C, west to Ind., Mich, 
 and Minn. O.W.F. 11. A.G. 13:514; 14:405. Gng. 
 4:263. A.P. 11:1049. G.W.F.A. 11. 
 
 BB. Foliage of two Ivtt. above the ground. 
 
 41. ^legani, Rcichh. f. Plant about 4 in. high: Ivs. 
 opposite, home on an elongated annual stem: upper se- 
 pal narrowly ovate, veined with reddish brown; petals 
 lanceolate, similar in color to the sepals ; iahellum brown- 
 ish, corrugated ; staminode elliptic. July. Sikkim.— 
 Probably not in cultivation in this country. 
 
 42. Japdnicum, Thunb. Lvs. nearly opposite, roundish, 
 undulately plicate: bract longt r than the vary, fl. ter- 
 minating the scape: st^pals and petals lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, greenish, «lotted with red; labellum white-pink; 
 staminodium cordate, channeled. April, May. Japan. 
 
 BBB. Foliage of several or many Ivs. on the stem. 
 C. Lower sepal divided. 
 
 43. arietinom, R. Brown. Plant about 6 in. high, slen- 
 der: Ivs. lanceolate: tls. small, terminal, solitary; upper 
 sepal ovate-lanceolate, brownish green ; petals linear; 
 labellum tapering at the apex, white veined with red- 
 dish purple, clothe<l with white, woolly hairs near the 
 aperture ; stamino«iiura nearly round. May. Maine to 
 N. Y., Mich, and Minn., and northward. B.M. 1569. 
 L.B.C. 13:1240. F.S. 20:2095.-Fls. curiously irregular 
 in shape, resembling a ram's head. 
 
 44. Himaliicum, Rolfe. Plant 8-12 '.n. high: Ivs. 3, 
 elliptic-oblong : uj»per sepal ovate, brownish, with 
 deeper colored veins; petals narrow, oblong, paler than 
 the upper sepal; labellum purple-brown, m8ny-ncr\'ed; 
 staminode heart-shape. July. Bhotan. — Probably not 
 cultivated in this country*. 
 
 45. Thib^ticum, King. Lvs. 3, close together on the 
 stem: lal'fllum larger than in the preceding, and not de- 
 pressed, brown-purple; petals pale brown; st%iniinode 
 oval-cordate, angled at the base. July. Sikkim. — Prob- 
 ably not in cultivati'>n. 
 
 cc. Lower sfj tl little or not at all divided. 
 
 46. cdndidum, Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. ter- 
 minal, solitary; sepals broader than the petals, ovate- 
 lanceolate; petals spreading like the sepals, greenish ; 
 labellum white, striped inside with purple; staminodium 
 lanceolate. May and June. N. Y., Penn., Minn., Mo. 
 and Ky. 
 
 47. pub68cens, Willd. Fig. 649. Lvs. oval, acute : 
 petals usually twisted, much narrower than the ovate- 
 laoceolate sepals ; labellum pale yellow; staminodium 
 triangular. Same range as No. 49. May and June. 
 B.M. 911, as C. parviflorum. A.G. 13:513. Mn. 7:5. 
 
 48. Calcedlus, Linn. Fls. usually solitary; labellum 
 yt'llow, slightly compressed, shorter than the lower se- 
 }>al; sepals and petals deep, rich brown; staminodium 
 triangular. Yorkshire and other northern counties of 
 Eng.,Eu. R.H. 1892. p.392. R.B. 21:210. 
 
 49. parvifldrum, Salisb. Lvs. ovate, acute: fls. smaller 
 than in C pubescens: labellum flattened from above and 
 lit'low, not laterally, bright yellow; staminodium trian- 
 gular. May and June. Newfoundland to Ga., west 
 to Minn, and E. Kans. A.G. 13:515. 
 
 50. spectdbile. Swartz. Fig. 650. Plants stout: Ivs. 
 oval, acute: sepals ovate, rather roundish, white; petals 
 oblong, white ; labellum white or pale pink-purple ; 
 staminodium ovul-cordate. June. Maine, western New 
 Eng. to Minn, and Mo,, mountains of N. Car. R.H. 
 1868:410. Gn. 53, p. 77. R.B. 20, p. 198. A.F. 11:1048. 
 Grg. 4:262, 327. 
 
 51. macrdntbon, Swartz. Lvs. oblong, acute : fls. 
 purple, not spotted ; upper sepal oblong, acute ; lower 
 sepal smaller ; petals ovate-lanceolate ; labellum con- 
 tracted at the r.perture. Moist, shady places, northern 
 Asia, Siberia. R.H. 1877:310. 
 
 52. CaUfdmicum, Gray. Plants either slender or stout, 
 varjing in height, sometimes xceeding 2 ft.: lvs. ovate- 
 alternate : floral bracts very large, becoming narrowly 
 ovate: fls. small, from 6-12 open at the same time, an 
 inch or more apart on the stem; labellum whitish; se- 
 
 pals oval, yellowish green; petals narrowly oblong, col- 
 ored like the sepals. Calif. B.M. 7188. G.F. 1:281. 
 
 53. mont&num, Dougl. One to 2 ft., leafy, pubescent: 
 lvs. ovate to broad-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long : fls. 1-3, 
 short-pedicelled, the wavy-twisted petals brownish, the 
 
 oSO. Cypripedium spectabile. Natural size. 
 
 inch-long lip dull white veined with purple ; capsule 
 erect or nearly so. Calif, to Wash. B.M. 7319. — Fra- 
 grant. Grows in clumps. Handsome. 
 
 54. Irape&num, Llave et Lex. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate: 
 fls. large, several, sepals and petals about equal ; label- 
 lum very large, much inflated, suggesting the inflated 
 petal of a Calceolaria. Mex.— This species has not as 
 yet been successfully cultivated. 
 
 Supplementary list, comprising hybrid Cypripediums (for 
 catalogues of hybrids, see (t.C. III. 17: 199 and A.G. 16: 118): 
 Am = Lawrenf*eanum X insigne. var. Maulei.— Adra«fw« = 
 l^eeanum X villosum, var. Boxallii. — A leides = insigne X hir- 
 sutissiraum.— A/^r^-f/ 2/o//(«/7Mm = ciliolare X Philippiner '.— 
 A Uaniannm= Spicerianum X Curtisii.— Almum — barbatumX 
 Lawrenceanum. — Arnandnm = insigne X venustnm. — Amesi- 
 anu/n — villosum X venu.stum (see Mea.«nresianum).— A;>i>u- 
 latum = barbatum X villosum. var. Boxallii.— J rtemis = Da^- 
 anum X Swanianum. — Arthurianum =» insigne X Fairieanum. 
 
438 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 cyphipedium 
 
 A. P. 6:557.— Arthurianum, var. puleMlum '^ Innlgne Chan- 
 tlni X Falrieanum. — ^«/i6urfom<» (C. obspurum ) ^ barba- 
 turn X insigne. l.H. 35: fil.— Ashburtonice. var. expaiautn 
 =» same. — Atpcuia =» selligerum niajus X tonsnva.— Aureum 
 "■nitens. var. Sallierii X Spioerianum. Dint. Icon, des O. — 
 Aurnretim^ LawrenceanurnXvenustum.— iicafnV^^Boxallii X 
 Ijowii.— Berggreniatm tn—l)HnthieriiXinsigne.— Jiryaniidivir- 
 fordense)^ Philippineni»e X Ariciis.—Hui haiUanutn = Druryi X 
 Spii-erianum.— C'a/a/U/iMW — barbatum (.'rossiiXLowii.— Cali- 
 oart' ^ venustumX Dayanum.— Vallc-KothtehildUinum = callo- 
 iumX Ro'hschildianum.— Calyp»n. 8e^ Lathamiaiium.— Cau- 
 hainii (Chas. Cauham)="villo8uniX8uperbien8.— (^'flfr;i»«»a?i«w» 
 ^HaynaldianumXSpicerianum. — fVr<'«='SpicerianumXhir8u- 
 tissiinum. — C'AW»t^n»« = LowiiX barbatum, var. Wamerii.— 
 C'/i/or«nntrum=»barbatumXvenustnni.— C'i<'opatra=opnanthum 
 XHookeriB.— C/mA-afc*rn/an«m==Philippinen8eXCartisii.— Cio- 
 tilde Moens=ljee&nnm, var. superbiimXHaynahlianum.— Con^ 
 cinn«m=villo8umXpurpuratutn. — C'on«pi<ruum=Harri8ianum 
 X villosum.— Constance = Curtisii X Stonei.— Cooktonianum == 
 almum. — Cr<o»=» Harrisianum, var. superbum X cenanthum, 
 var. superbum.— Crr<Au«=.Spic'erianumXAr^8.— Croggianum 
 = insijfne X venustum. — Cybele =* Ijawrenceanum X Druryi.— 
 Daxithierii. See Harrisianum. — />t7»rfm, var. Davigianum '^ 
 villosum, var. Boxallii X Arifus, var. Moen8ii.— i>i7«'<'?Mm = vil- 
 losum, var. BoxalliiXhirsutissimum.— Z)t«o/or=venustumX ? 
 — Z)ona^iant«/>='in8ifirne.var.WiotiXHarri8iantxm.— i>oHra«'«t- 
 on»jm=hir8uti88imumXcallosum.— X>orw=vemi.stumX Stonei. 
 — i>runo-ifooi:?r«=I)ruryiX Hookerae.- ^ii-rfra^cenanthum, 
 var. electra.— £n/i€W«i#<'=Liawrenr-eammXHookerje.— Ephi- 
 altea — insiipie, var. Chantini X auroreum. — Euryale = Law- 
 renceanum X superbiens.— £uri/anrfr« in=barbatumX Stonei.— 
 Eurylochus =» ciliolare X hirsutis.simum. — Excelsior = Roth- 
 sohildianumXHarrisianum.— Fain/ yM<'«i=» Curt isilXDruryi.- 
 Finetianum =* Philippinrnse, var. Rcebbelenii X barbatum. — 
 Fitchianum = Hookerse X barbatum. — Frau Ida Brandt — lo, 
 var. grandeX Youngianum.— Galatea = Harrisiantim X insigne 
 Maulei. — Qemmiferum = Hookerae X purpuratum. — Oerminy- 
 anum, var. God«ff^tanum = villosum, var. BoxalliiX hirsutissi- 
 mum. — Oerminyanum = villosum X hirsutissimum. — Oiga^=* 
 Harrisianum, var. superbum X Lawrenpeanum.— Oowerianum 
 = Lawrenceanxim X Curtisii. — Greyanum =* Druryi X cilio- 
 lare. — Harrisianum = barbatum X villosum. F. S. 22:228&-90. 
 R. B. 22:148. A. F. 6: .557. — Harrisianum, var. superbum = 
 barbatum X villosum.— Harrisianum, var. Dauthierii = bar- 
 
 =- Argufl X Curtisii. — Hybridum =■ villosum X barbatum 
 /no=-HaynaldianumX Mra.Cauham.— /iiffTWfdium. See Hy" 
 bridum. - lo =• Lawrenreannm X Argus. - JavanicoSpieeri- 
 anum. bee Lutescens.— Javanico-superbiens. — Joseph Donate 
 
 651. Cypripedium Lathamianum (X H)- 
 Hybrid. (See supplementary list.) 
 
 bstnm X villosum. — H. Ballantine = purpuratum X Fairie- 
 anum. — Hephaestus — oallosum X ? — Hobsonii = Lawrence- 
 anura (pistillate) X ^'hilippense. A.F. 14:1094. Gng. 7:242.— 
 Homianum « Spicerianum X superbiens. — Murrellianum 
 
 65'-. Cypripedium Niobe (XK). Hybrid. 
 (See suppleme. tarv list.) 
 
 Ashbnrton® X Spicerianum. — Josephianum saDrrTyi X Ja- 
 vanico- superbiens. A.F. 7:707.— Juno=eallosumXFairieanum. 
 
 — KimhaWianum = Rothsehildianum X Dayanum. - Krameri- 
 anuOT=oenanthumXvillosum. — ALrwA?Mi=in8igneXton.su'n.— 
 £a^rcad<a = barbatum X insigne, var. Chantini. — 2-a*Aami- 
 anum (Fig. 6.')!) = Spieerianum X villosum. — Lathamianvm, 
 var. Caii/p»o= Spicerianum Xvillosuui, var.Boxallii.— Xft-anwOT 
 =insigne X Spicerianum.— i^eanum, var. i,"f;an<«^m^insgne 
 X Spicerianum. A.F. 9:765. — Leeanxim, var. Masareelianum=' 
 insigne, var. Chantini X Spicerianum. I. H. 36:77. A. F. 6: 555. 
 A.G. 12: 65. — I/^ea/ium. var. superbum is a good form raided 
 by YeitAih. — Loetcegren'MPun. = Spicerianara X lo graudis.— 
 £«cidum=LowiiXvillo8ui;i. — X,uridum=LawrenceanumXvil- 
 losum, var. 8ui)erbum.— iu/e«ce7i«=SpicerianumXJavanicam. 
 
 — Lynchianum, — Spicerianum X sellegerum. — Macropterum =» 
 LovrtiXsuperbiens.— jlfarmoro/>/ii/Hum=HookerapXbarbatum. 
 
 — Marshallianum = venustum, var. pardinum X concolor. — 
 Masereelianum. See Leeanum. — Jfa*»aiaHuw = 8uperciliarp 
 X Rothschildianum.— 3fa^/Mardi= purpuratumX Spicerianum. 
 
 — Measuresianum == viiiosum X venustum. — Measuresianum, 
 var.paronin«rn=villosnm,var. BoxailJiXvenustum.— 3forpa7i«p 
 =superbiensX Stonei. I.H. 34: 5.— Mis. Cat/Aar«=sui)erbien8X 
 villosum.— Jfr«. G. D. On'«r = 8ui)erciliareXvillo.sum.— Miilus 
 =»hirsutissimumX Lawrenceanum.— Niobe (Fig. 652)= Spiceri- 
 anumXFairieanum.— iVi7<'/i#=»vil!osumXinsigne, var. Maulei — 
 Nitens, var. iS'aWj<'r»i=in8igneXvillosum.~A'tfe/i«, var. Sallierii, 
 sub-var. ifj/t-a/mm^insigneXvillosum.— iVi<«*7i», var. Schlesin- 
 (;erianum=^•illo8um,var.BoxalliiXinsigue.— iVi7p;i«, var. If on«de 
 OiirtP^Boxallii X insigne Chantini.— A'u?na=LawrenceanumX 
 Stonei.— OaAe* J. m€«=ciliolareXRoth8childianum.—06sn<na/t 
 =oenanthum.— CBna7i^/iw;rt=HarrisianumXinsigne.— Olivia— 
 tonsum X nivetim. — . Orestes — cenanthum, var. Orestes. —.Or- 
 phanum = barbatum X Druryi.— Osbomei = Harrisianum, var. 
 superbumXSpicerianum.- PaflreonMm=superbiensXHookeraB. 
 
 — Fallens = Spicerianum X Dayanum. — Patersonii = Lowii X 
 Lawrenceanum.— Paroninum. See Measureianiim. A.F. 7:707. 
 
 — Peii<M=HaynaldianumX insigne.— Pefo/>»=NiobeXjavanico* 
 superbiens.- Pellucidum = insigne, var. Matxlei X Dayanum.— 
 Pfcturatum= Spicerianum X superbiens. — PifcAerianw ?n= Har- 
 risianum, var. superbum X Spicerianum.- Pleistochlorum=\i&r- 
 batum X javanicum, var. virens. — Pleuroneuron =* vcnustumX 
 villosum.— Plunerum =» villosum X venustum ( ? ) .— Politum = 
 barbatum X venustum. — Pollettianum = caiophyllum X cenan- 
 thum, var. superbum. — Pr^7r«'^^"i = Harrisianum Xvillostim.— 
 Radiosum = LawrenceanumXSpicerianxtm.— Regale = insigne, 
 var. MauleiXpurpuratum. — Poiraifiarium = villosumXvenus- 
 tum (.see Measureianum).— /fH^/fijeen* = cenanthum, var. su- 
 perbumXvillosum. v.tr. Boxallii.— iSaraj7<'anMnj=Harrisianum 
 X Spicerianum. — Selligerum = barbatum X Fhilippense. — Sel- 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM 
 
 CRYTOMIUM 
 
 439 
 
 liaerum, rht. majus -» barbattunX Phillppinense. A. P. 11: 1349. 
 
 — Seegerianum =■ HarrisianomX Splcerianara.— Supereiliare =* 
 barbatum X snperbiens. — Susan Ainet =* Leeanum X uitens. 
 
 — A' Dimd-Brunn =- Lowei X CurtUli.— iS'u)ania/iur»»"Dayamim 
 Xbarbatum.— A'lcinfrumrt = insijfne, var. Maiilei X ArguK.— 
 T. B. Haywood =■ Druryi X 8ui>erhien8. — Ti-Kselntum ^ oon- 
 colorX barbatum. A.F. 7:707.— Thayerianum — li^iwrenceanum 
 Xvillosum, var. Ik)iallii. — Thibautianum= HarrisijinumXin- 
 silfne, var. Maulei.— rAom/omt=«uiM'rbiensXinsigiie.— Thorn- 
 tonii, var. /iiow/xTj/u^insiifneXHUperbiens. — Tityiis==Spiceri- 
 anumXtpnanthum, var. superbuiu.— ro/i«(>-ri7/«»Hm=t<»nsumX 
 villosum.— jTurp^ = barl>;auraX.Vrgus.— r. IF. .Bo/Jd = bir8lltiH- 
 8imumXS•vanianum.— t'm/rt?/ft»rt«um=in.slgne, var. Chantini 
 X Lawrenceaniim. — Van Houteanutn =* nivetun X Dawthieri. 
 A.F. 6: 557.-- Vemixum = .\rBU8 X villosum. — Vfxillarium — 
 barbatum X Fairieanum.— Walloertianum^^ Harrisianum X vil- 
 losum. — Tr«(7an»auu»rt = Harrisianum or HookersB X Ashbur- 
 tonsB.— TrtWia7»«»a/«um=narri8ianumXvenu8tum or villosum. 
 
 C. debile, Reichb. f.,a small Japanese 8i)e<'ie8, is offered by 
 importers of Japanese plants. It is the C. eardlophyllum, 
 Franch. & Sav. Fls. very small, not much larger than those of 
 Calypao borealis.—C. tasciculatum is offered by importers of 
 Dutch bulbs. The €. fascicitlatum, Kelloffi;, is Calif omian: 
 2-6 in., bearing a pair of nearly opi)osite, ovate, somewhat acute 
 Jvs. : fls. solitary or several, greenish, the depressed lip greenish 
 yellow with a purplish margin. Oake.s Ames. 
 
 CTBlLLA (after Dominico Cyrillo, professor of medi- 
 cine at Naples, 1734-1799). Cyrilldceai. Shrub, rarely 
 tree: Ivs. short-petioled, entire, glabrous, deciduous or 
 nearly persistent: fls. small, white, in narrow slender 
 racemes, S-merous: fr. a smaU indehiscent 2-celled cap- 
 sule with 2 seeds. Probably one variable species from 
 N. Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, and in W. India 
 and S. America. Ornamental shrub, rarely cultivated, 
 with handsome bright green foliage, and graceful ra- 
 cemes of white fls., hardy north to New York. 
 Thrives best in humid sandy soil and shady position. 
 Prop, by seeds and cuttings under glass, with slight bot- 
 tom heat. 
 
 racemindra, Linn. Leathkrwoop. Shrub, occa- 
 sionally tree lo 30 ft.: Ivs. cuneaie, oblong or oblanceo- 
 late, usuialy obtuse, reticulate-veined, 2-3 in. long, 
 bright «?! c?»n, turning orange and scarlet in fall, but in 
 tropical climates evergreen: racemes 4-6 in. long, erect, 
 at length nodding. B.M. 2456. S.S. 2:51. -The variety 
 from "VV . India has been described as C. Antillana, 
 Michx., and that of Brazil as C. racemifera, Vandelli. 
 
 Alfred Rehdee. 
 
 GTSTAHTHITS (Greek, curved flowers; from their 
 pendulous habit). Amarylliddcece. Twenty species of 
 tender bulbs from South Africa, known only in a few 
 American greenhouses. Their culture is presumably 
 like that of many other bull)3 from the same region. 
 They are suitable for pot culture, or for planting out in 
 summer. The following analytical key gives an idea of 
 the group, and its three subgenera. 
 
 A. Fls. many in an umbel, pendulous. 
 
 B. Lvs. strap-shaped. (Cyrtanthus proper.) 
 
 obllqatui, Ait. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick: lvs. 10-12, 
 strap-shaped, distichous, produced after the fls., 1 J^-2 
 ft. long : scape 1-2 ft. long, stout, mottled: fls. 10-12 in 
 an umbel, entirely drooping, odorless, bright red, with 
 more or less yellow, and greenish tips 2-3 in. long; pedi- 
 cels J^-1 in. long; style not exserted. Cape Colony. B. 
 M. 1133. 
 
 BB. Lvs. linear. (Monella.) 
 
 M4ckenii, Hook. f. Bulb IK in. thick: lvs. 2-6. ap- 
 pearing with the fls., linear, 1 ft. long: scape slender, 
 slightly glaucous: fls. 4-^0 in an umbel, pure white, 
 2 in. long; style exserted. Natal. G.C. I. 29:641. Gn. 
 50, p. 63. 
 
 AA. Fls. single, or few in an umbel, erect or slightly 
 curved downward. (Gastronema.) 
 
 sangofneus, Hook. Bulb 2 in. thick: lvs. 3-4, appear- 
 ing with the fls., lanceolate, petioled, 1ft. long: scape 
 slender, 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-3, bri^'ht red, 3-4 % in. long, 
 wider funnel-shaped than in the two preceding species, 
 with a throat 1 in. across. Caflfraria, Natal. B.M. 5218. 
 
 C. Hiittoni, Baker, belongs to Cyrtanthus proper, but its lvs. 
 appear with the fls., and it has 6-8 or even 12 pale red fls. about 
 1 in. long, and a much shorter style than in C obliquus. Cape 
 Colony. B.M. 7488. Gn. 50:1076. "W^. jjl. 
 
 CTBTOCABPA (Greek, curved fruit). Anacardideea. 
 Two Mexican trees, of which one bears a small fruit, 
 likened to a cherry by the natives of Lower Calif. In- 
 tro<luced into S. Calif, by F. Franceschi. Santa Bar- 
 bara. 
 
 prdcera, HBK. Very tall tree, with slender, terete, 
 dark purj'Ii-'^h, resinous branches : lvs. alternate, odd- 
 pinnate: leaflets 5-7 or 9, oblong, entire, with a very 
 slight silkiness, especially below, very shortly stalked, 
 1 in. or more long, half as wide: fls. white, inconspic- 
 uous, in panicles 1-2 in. long; calyx 5-parted, villour, 
 persistent ; segment." roundish ; petals 5, elliptic ; sta- 
 mens 10; style 1: fr. the size of an olive, edible. Mex. 
 HBK. 6, t. 609. 
 
 CYKTOCHlLUM. Referred to Oncidium. 
 
 CTRT0D£IEA. See Episcia. 
 
 CTBTOMIUM (Greek, a bow). Polypodiicect. A 
 genus of Asiatic half-hardy or greenhouse ferns of 
 rigid habit, with simply pinnate lvs., anastomosing 
 veins and firm indusia fixed by the depressed center. 
 Culture as for Polystichum, to which it la closely allied. 
 
 653. Cyrtomium falcatum 
 
 (Leaf X J4.) 
 
 A. Margins of pinna entire or slightly undulate. 
 
 lalektwan, J. Sm. Fig. 653. Pinnee ovate, falcate ; 
 
 the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base, 4-6 
 
 in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Japan and India. — The large thick, 
 
 glossy foliage makes it an excellent fern for decorations, 
 
 F6rtanei, J. Sm. Pinnae lanceolate, opaque, 2-4 in. 
 long, }{-l in. wide. Japan. 
 
 B. Margins of pinnee toothed or some*imes lobed. 
 c&ryotideam, J. Sm. Pinn» larger. 5-7 in. long, 1>^- 
 23-8 wide, oft^en auricled on both sides at the base» 
 sharply toc*ii» A. India. jj, ji. UjnJEEWOOD. 
 
440 
 
 CRYTOPERA 
 
 CYTISUS 
 
 CYKTOPfiBA. Consult Cyrtopodium Woodfordii. 
 
 CYBTOPODIUM ( Greek tot curved foot, from the shape 
 of the lip). Orchiddceo', tribe Vdndece. Epiphytes: 
 stems fusiform, bearing plicate leaves: sepals and petals 
 equal, free ; column semiterete : pollinia 2, caudicle 
 short, gland ovate: scapes radical, bearing numerous 
 flowers, pure yellow or spotted with crimson. Probably 
 two dozen species, widely distributed in the tropics. 
 They are large-growing plants, with large and showy 
 flowers. They need a rich, fibrous soil with manure. 
 Grow in a warm or tropical house. 
 
 Andersonii, R. Br. Stems 5 ft. high": Ivs. long, lan- 
 ceolate, sheathing at the bfc«e: scape often 3 ft. high, 
 branching, bearing many yellow flowers: sepals and 
 petals broad, bright yellow, the labellum brighter, front 
 lobe slightly concave. Specimens with over 100 fls. have 
 been recorded. Tropical Amer. B.M. 1800. 
 
 punct^ttim, Lindl. Habit as above: scape from 2-3 ft. 
 high, branching about midway, dotted with dull purple, 
 the branches subtended by membninaceous sheathing 
 bracts, which are lanceolate, unduliiting, and dotted 
 with crimson : sepals oblong-lanceolate, undulate, 
 greenish yellow blotched with crims- »^etals similar, 
 spotted at the base; luhellum % in. 1 leshy, bright 
 
 yellow, lateral lobes crimson, midlc spotted and 
 
 margined with crimson; column green. Extensively dis- 
 tributed through S. Araer. B.M. 3507. F.S. 22: 2852.- 
 Var. Saintlegeri&num, Hort. {C. Saintlegeriiinum, 
 Reich, f. ). Has blighter markings on the bracts and 
 flowers. 
 
 Woddfordii, Sims (Cyrtoplra Woddfordii, Lindl.). 
 Stems fusiform: Ivs. lanceolate: scane radical, bearing 
 a manj'-flowered raceme: fls. greenish, with a purple la- 
 bellum; sepals linear lanceolate; petals oblong. Trinidad, 
 Martinique. B.M. 1814. Oakes Ames. 
 
 CYETOSPEEMA (Greek, CM /'ffd seed). Aroldece. 
 This genus includes a handsome wamthouse tuberous 
 foliage plant, with large, hastate red-veined leaves, 
 resembling an Alocasia, but easily distinguished by its 
 spiny stems. It was introduced into cult, in 1880 from 
 the Solomon Islands as Alocasia J6hnsfoni, but two 
 years later it flowered, and it became evident that the 
 plant was a Cyrtosperma. This plant was once adver- 
 tised by Pitcher & Manda as Cyrtemeria, upparently a 
 'typographical error, as there is no such genus. Cyrto- 
 sperma has 9 species, remarkably scattered in the tropics. 
 They are herbs with tnibers or long rhizomes : leaf and 
 flower-stalks often spiny or warty: Ivs. hastate or sagit- 
 tate; petioles long, sheathing at the base. Culture 
 presumably same as Alocasia. 
 
 Jdhnstoni, N. E. Br. (Alocdsia Jdhnstoni, Hort.). 
 Tuberous: petiole 2-2% ft, long, olive green, spotted 
 rose, covered with fleshy, spine-like warts: Ivs. sagit- 
 tate, depressed in the middle, 1^2-2 ft. long, olive-green, 
 with prominent and beautiful red veins above. I.H. 
 27:395. 
 
 C. fkrox, Lind. & >.*. E. Br., is a second species of this genns, 
 figured iu I.H. ;{9:1.">;5. but not known to l>e in the Amer. trade. 
 It has narrow-sagittate Ivs. on slender, very prickly petioles : 
 spathe rather large, reflexed, greenish white. Borneo. 
 
 CYRTOSTACHYS (Greek for arched spike). Pal- 
 mAceif, tribe Arececf. Three Malayan, spineless, pin- 
 nate-leaved palms, sometimes seen in choice collections. 
 They thrive on the treatment given to Areca and Chrys- 
 alidocarpus. Spadix large, branching and pendent: fls. 
 monoecious, the two kinds in one spadix— each pistillate 
 accompanied by two staminates with G stamens. Two 
 species are oft'ered in this country : 
 
 B^nda, Blume. Height 25-30 ft. : leaflets linear or 
 ensiform. obtuse, unequally 2-toothed, delicate gray be- 
 neath, the petioles dark, brownish red. 
 
 L^kka, Becc. Petioles gr.en : Ivs. broad, boldly 
 arched, the leaflets unequally 2-toothed. 
 
 CYBTACANTHUS (Greek for bladder Acanthus, be- 
 cause the flowers are inflated). Acanthdce<x. Five erect, 
 evergreen herbs of Burma and Cochin China, with 
 shov-y, sessile fls. in the axils of bracts, the entire in- 
 
 florescence more or less crowded into a terminal panicle 
 orthyrse. CV rolla-limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed, the 
 lobes short-rotund : stamens 2 ; style filiform, the stigina 
 2-toothed : Ivs. entire. One speoies is cult, in the Old 
 World, but is not known to be in the Amer. trade. This 
 is C. tiirgida, Nicholson, B.M. <»043 as Meninia tiirgidn, 
 Fua. It comes from Cochin China; 2 ft. or less hitrh! 
 with prominently jointed stems and opposite, elliprii-- 
 lanceolate Ivs.: fls. white, yellow in the throat and pink- 
 reticulated on the lobes. Cult, as other wanuhouse 
 Acanthads. (See Aphelandra for example.) Prop, by 
 cuttings of young wood. 
 
 CYSTOPTEBIS (Greek, bladder- fern). Polypodid- 
 cece. A small genus of hardy native ferns, with deli- 
 cate foliage, and round sori, covered by a delicate indu- 
 sium which is attached under one side and opens at the 
 other, becoming hood-like in appearance and finally 
 disappearing. The 5 .species all grow in the north tem- 
 perate zone. Of easy culture in shady, rich borders. 
 
 C. bulbifera. Bemh. Lvs. 8-24 in. long, widest at the 
 base, tripiuuiitifid, bearing on the under surface of the 
 rachis a series of bulb-like bodies, which germinate and 
 propagate new plants. Thrives best on lime-bearing 
 rocks. Canada to North Carolina. 
 
 C. frtlgriliB, Bemh. Fig. 654. Lvs. clus- 
 tered, 4-8 in. long besides the slender stalks, 
 tripinnatifid, widest above the base. Widely 
 distributed over the world at all altitudes. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
 CYTISUS (Greek name for 
 a kind of clover). Ltgtt- 
 miH(is(f. Br(X)M. Mostly low 
 shrubs, rareiy small trees : 
 lvs. trifoliolate, sometimes uni- 
 foliolate, rather small, alter- 
 nate, deciduous or persistent, 
 sometimes few and minute and 
 branches almost leafless : fls. 
 papilionaceous? axillary or in 
 terminal heads or racemes, yel- 
 low, white or purple; "sta- 
 mens 10, connate ; style 
 curved : pod flat, dehis- 
 cent, with few or many 
 seeds ; seeds with a cai- 
 lose appendage at the 
 base. About 45 species 
 in S. and M. Europe, Ca- 
 nary Isl., N. Africa and 
 W. Asia. Ornamental 
 f r ee - flowering s h rubs , 
 blooming most in early 
 spring and summer. 
 Nearly hardy north are 
 C. hirsutit8,C. eapitatus, 
 C. scoparius, C. nigri- 
 cans ,V .leuca nfJiKs, -whWe 
 the evergreen species C. 
 Canariensis, C. candi- 
 cans. V. filipes are hardy 
 only south. Most of the 
 species are well adapted 
 for borders of shrubberies, and thrive in almost any 
 well drained soil and in sunny position; they naturalize 
 tl '^m«elves often very quickly in drj-, gravelly soil. 
 where *"eiV other plants will grow; C scoparius espe- 
 cially does so. The Cytisus ought to be transplanted 
 carefully and wh»^n young, as they do not bear trans- 
 planting well as older plants. Some dwarf species like 
 C Ardoini. Kea-ensis, glabrescens, purpurens and 
 leucanthus are very handsome for rockeries. The ever- 
 green C Canariensis and racemosus are much grown 
 in the north as greenhouse shrubs, blooming profusely 
 in early spring ; also the white-flowering C. albus and 
 filipes make handsome pot-plants, and may be had 
 in bloom in February with gentle forcing. For pot- 
 plants, a light sandy loam with peat added forms a suit- 
 able compost. After flower? ncr the plants should bo cut 
 back and repotted as soon as they start into new growth. 
 
 654. Cystopteris fraffilis. 
 
 (X3'3.) 
 
CYTISUS 
 
 CYTISUS 
 
 441 
 
 After repotting they are kept close and often syringed 
 until they are estaV)lished ; then they ought to have plenty 
 of air and only slight shade. When the new growth has 
 been finished they may be put in the open air until frost 
 is threatening. During the winter they should be kept 
 in a cool greenhouse with plenty of light and carefully 
 and moderately watered. From January they may be 
 transferred gradually in a warmer house for forcing. 
 
 655. Cytisus Canariensis. 
 
 Cuttings started in early spring, transplanted several 
 times and then gradually hardened off, cu be grown into 
 dowering specimens fo • the following spring. Prop, by 
 seeds sown in spring and by greenwood cuttings under 
 glass i they are also sometimes increased by layers or by 
 grafting. As stock C. nigricans is much used, or La- 
 bunium vulgare for small standard tr-^es ; for plants 
 grown in the greenhouse or south, C. C'anar'->nsis is a 
 good stock. Alfred Rv.hdek. 
 
 Of Cj^isus, the young growtLs root readily in Decem- 
 ber and January in the ordinary way. They should be 
 shifted on as they grow. Good sized plants can be pro- 
 duced if shifting and pinching is not neglected. By the 
 following winter, the winter-propagated plants should 
 be in 5-in. pots, in which size they are most useful. 
 Keep very cool during winter and withhold any forcing. 
 They flower in March, or, if tept at a night temperature 
 of 45°, as late as April. Syringe at all times to prevent 
 red spider. To produce good sized plants in one year, 
 it is best to keep them plunged on a bench under the 
 glass the jntire summer, with little 3iiv.c!». Older plants 
 can be plunged out of doors during July, August and 
 September. William Scott. 
 
 Index: albus, 2 ; Andreanus, 1; atropurpureus, 5; 
 Canariensis, 10; candicans, 8; capitatus, 7; cameus, 5 ; 
 elongatus, 14, and suppl. list ; Everestianus, 11 ; falca- 
 tus, 6; tilipes, 3; hirsutus, 6 ; inca^natus, 2; Linkii, 2 ; 
 linifolius, 13; Maderensis,9; nigricans, 14; Palmensis, 
 3; pendulus, 5; proliferus,4; purpureus, 5; racemosus, 
 11, 12; ramosissimus, 10; Schipkaensis (which is oflFe '. 
 in the trade as this page goes to press) will be found iu 
 the supplementary list under C. levcanthus; scoparius, 
 1; stenop stains, 12. See Laburnum and Adenocarpus. 
 
 A. Fls. lateral along the branches. 
 
 B. Style very long, spirally incurved at the apex: 
 fls. large, yellow or partly crimson. 
 
 1. scoparius, Link. {Sarothdmnns scopdrius, Wimm, 
 Spdrtium .scopdrium, Linn.). Scotch Broom. Shru./, 
 to 10 ft., with erect, slender branches: Ivs.short-petioled, 
 1-3-foliolate ; Ifts. obovate or oblanceolate, sparingly 
 appressed-pubescent, %-% in. long: fls. usually solitary, 
 % in. long ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous : pod 
 brownish black, glabrous, villous only at the margin. 
 May, June. M. and S. Europe. — Var. Andre&nus, Dipp. 
 {Genista Andredna, Puissant). Fls. vollow with dark 
 crimson wings. R.H. 1886:373. Gt. 40: 1.342. R.B. 19: 
 129. J.H. III. 32:4»>2. There are also varieties with 
 double and with yellowish white fls. and a form with 
 pendulous branches. All the vars. are more tender than 
 the type. — The Scotch Broom, C. scopariiitt, has J)eoome 
 established in this country, as a naturalized plant, in 
 waste places from Nova Scotia to Virginia; and it is 
 also reported from Vancouver Is''-.nd. It is also recom- 
 mended by landscape gardeners foi- covering raw and 
 broken places. Its yellow fls. and nearly bare stems 
 mako a unique combination in the American landscape. 
 
 Even when it kills to the ground in winter, it throws 
 up its stems again in the spring. 
 
 BB. Style not or not much longer than the keel, 
 slightly curved. 
 
 C. Color of fls. white or purple. 
 
 D. Calyx short campanulate, not longer than xcide: 
 foliage scarce. 
 
 2. ^Ibos, Link. ({7. Linkii, Janka. Genista alba, Lam.). 
 Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender, erect, grooved branches : 
 Ivs. sht>rt-petioled, 1- to 3-foliolate; Ifts. obovate-oblong 
 to linear-oblong, H-% in. lonj?, sparingly appressed- 
 pubescent: fls. axillary, 1-3. white, %-% in. long: pod 
 appressed-pubescent, usually 2-seeded. May, June. 
 Spain, N. Africa. — Var. incamiltas, Dipp. Fls. white, 
 slightly blushed. L.B.C. 11 :10r)2 as a Spartina. 
 
 3. tilipes, Webb ( Spartoci/tisus filipes,\\ehb}. Shrub, 
 with slender, antrnlate, thread-like branches : Ivs. slen- 
 der-petioled, 3-foliolate. nearly glabrous ; Ifts. linear- 
 lanceolate : fls, axillary, 1-2, fragrant, pure white ; 
 wings much lontrer than the keel. Feb. -May. Tene- 
 riffa. — As C. Palmensis, Hort., in the Amer. trade. 
 
 DD. Caylx tubular, longer than wide : Ivs. always S-fO' 
 liolate : branches terete. 
 
 4. proliferus, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with long and slen- 
 der pubescent branches : Ifts. oblanceolate, silky pu- 
 bescent beneath, green and sparsely pubescent above, 
 l-l/'4 in. long : fls. white, 3-8 on rather long tomentose 
 pedicels ; calyx tomentose ; standard pubescent outside; 
 pod densely tomentose-villous, lM-2 in. long. May June. 
 Canary Isl. B.R. 2:121. L.B.C. 8: 761. -Recommended 
 as a fodder plant for California. 
 
 5. pnrpiireus. Scop. Procumbent or erecl shrub, to 2 ft., 
 quite s^lubrous : Ivs. rather long petioled : Ifts. oval or 
 obovate, dark green above, }4-l in. long : fls. 1-3, purple; 
 calvx reddish: pod black, ^-1% in. long. Mav, June. 
 S. Aust4-ia, N. Italy. B.M. 1176. L.B.C. 9: 8'/2.-Var. 
 ^Ibtis, Hort. Fls. white. Var. cameos, Hort. Fls. light 
 pink. Var. atropurptireus, Hort. Fls. dark purple. Var. 
 pendulus, with slen<ler. pendulous branches, is some- 
 times grafted high on Laburnum. 
 
 cc. Color ot fls. yellow. 
 
 6. hirstittis, Linn. Shmb, 
 to 3 ft., with erect or procum- 
 bent, villous,lcrete branches: 
 Ifts. obovate or obovate-ob- 
 long, villous pubescent be- 
 neath, }4-% in. long : fls. 
 2-3, short,- petioled ; calyx 
 villous pubescent: pod 1 in. 
 long, villous. May, June. 
 M. and S. Europe, Orient. 
 B. M. 6813 (leaflets erro- 
 neously shown as serrate). 
 L. B. C. 6: 520 (as C. falca- 
 tus) B. R. 14: 1191 (as C. 
 multiflorus). 
 
 a; . Fls. in terminal heads, 
 with bracts at the base. 
 
 7. capit&tus, Scop. Shmb, 
 to 3 ft., with erect, terete, j^^ 
 villous branches: Ifts. ob- 
 ovate or oblong - obovate, 
 sparingly app-essed pubes- 
 cent above, villous pubescent 
 beneath, %-l in. long : fls. 
 yellow, brownish when fad- 
 ing:, nearly 1 in. long : pod 
 villous, 1-lJ^ in. long. July, 
 Auff. M. and S. Europe. L. 
 B.C. 5:497. I.H. III. 31:161 
 (as Genista). 
 
 AAA. Fls. in terminal racemes. 
 
 B. Foliage persistent : branches grooved or striped. 
 
 c. Lvs. distinctly petioled. 
 
 D. Racemes rather short and dense. 
 
 8. c&ndicans, Linn. Shmb, to 10 ft.: branches villous- 
 pubescent wlien young: lvs. short-petioled, usually gla- 
 
 656. Cytisus racemosus. 
 
 (XK.) 
 
442 
 
 CYTISUS 
 
 brcus above, pubescent beneath; Ifts. obovate or obo- 
 vate-oblong, mucronulate, %-% in. long: racemes 3-9- 
 fld., short, leafy at the base: fls. fragrant, bright yellow: 
 pod nifous- villous, slightly torulose. May, June. Medi- 
 terranean region, Canary Isl. 
 
 9. Mader^nsis, Voss {Genista Maderinsis, Webb). 
 Large shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., closely allied to C. 
 candicans and chiefly distinguished by the rufous woolly 
 toraentum covering the young branches, petioles and 
 pedicels, and by the longer petioles. Lvs. crowded ; Ifts. 
 obovate, acute or mucronulate, often almost glabrous 
 above, scabby beneath, K-K in. long, about as long as 
 petioles: racemes 6-12-fld., short: fls. bright yellow, 
 slightly fragrant: pod 5-7-seeded. May, June. Madeira. 
 
 10. Canari^nsis, Linn. Genista of florists. Fig. 655. 
 Much-branchou sh.ab, to 6 ft., with villous-pubescent 
 branches: petioles at least half as long as the Ifts.; Ifts. 
 cuneate, obovate or oblong-obovate, pubescent on both 
 sides, 34-K in. long: racemes usually many-fld., secund: 
 fls. fragrant, bright yellow. May-July. Canary Isl. A. 
 F. 6:802.— Var. ramosissimus, Rehder (C. ramosissi- 
 mus, Poir. C. Attleyantis, Hort.). Lfts. very small: 
 racemes short, but niunerous. L.B.C. 13:1201. B.R. 
 3:217. 
 
 DD. Racemes elongated. 
 
 11. racemdBtiB, Nichols., not Mam. Fig. 656. Shrub, to 
 6 ft. : branches pubc* ^ent: lvs. rather long petioled; lfts. 
 oblong-obovate, mucrc^iulate, %-% in. long, silky pu-' 
 bescent on both sides: racemes elongated, many-fld., 
 secund and rather loose, 3-5 in. long. Probably of gar- 
 den origin and hvbrid between C Canariensis and C. 
 stenopetalus. A'.F. 6:802 ; 13: 11.36. -Better florists' 
 plant than the last. Var. Everesti^nos, Hort. Fls. of a 
 deeper shade of yellow, very free-flowering. R.H. 
 1873:390. 
 
 12. stenopetalus, Voss ((7. racewidsM«, Mam.). Shrub, 
 to 6 ft., with silky pubescent branches : lvs. slender 
 petioled ; lfts. cuneate, oblong or narrow-oblong, obtuse, 
 silky pubescent on both sides, %-\}4 in. long: racemes 
 many-fld., loose: fls. large, bright yellow. May, June. 
 Canary Isl. B.R. 26:23 (an Genista bracteoldta). — Sojne- 
 times cultivated as C. splendens, but less desirable as a 
 greenhouse plaut than the two former. 
 
 cc. Lvs. nearly sessile. 
 
 13. linifdlius, Lam. Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect, an- 
 pressed-silky tomentose branches: lfts. linear or lineai- 
 lanceolate, acute, revolute at the margin, nearly gla- 
 brous and shining above, silvery pubescent beneath, ^- 
 1 in. long; racemes short and compact: fls. bright yel- 
 low: pod torulose. April-June. Spain, N. Afr., Canary 
 Isl. B.M.442. 
 
 CYTISUS 
 
 BB. Foliage deciduous: branches quite terete. 
 14. nigricans, Linn. Shrub, 2-i ft., with erect, ap. 
 pressed-pubescent branches : lvs. long petioled; lfts. 
 obovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous above, appressed- 
 pubescent beneath, %-l in. long: racemes very long and 
 slender, 3-8 in. long. June, July. Germanv, X. Italy 
 Hungary. L.B.C. 6:. 570. B.R. 10:802. Var. elongitus', 
 Borkh. Blooming again in fall at the top of the elon- 
 gated fruiting racemes. R.H. 1891, p. 149 (as var. 
 Carlieri). 
 
 C. Adami, Poir.=Labumum Adami.— C. dlbus, Haoqu.= C. 
 leucanthus.— C. alpinus, Mill.= Laburnum alpinum.— C. Ar- 
 doini, Fourn. Prostrate shrub, to 1 ft. high : lvs. trifoliate, 
 silky: fls. 1-6, axillary, yellow; calyx campanalate. Apr., May! 
 Southeastern France.— C. Austriac^is, Linn. Allied to C. capi^ 
 tatus. Lfts. narrow, oblanceolate, silky pubescent on.both sides: 
 fls. yellow: calsTc densely villous. Southeastern Eu., Cauoasna. 
 — C. biflbrus, L'Herit. = C. Ratisl)onensis.— C Cantabiicus, 
 Willd. Allied to C. scoparius, but prostrate, with silky lvs. and 
 large bright yellow fls. : pod \'illous. May. Spain.— (7. Capita. 
 bricus, Hort.= C. scoparius, var. pendulus.— C congestus, Voss 
 (Teline congesta, Webb) . Allied to C. Canariensis. Densely vil- 
 lous-toaientose, small-leaved: racemes short. Tenerififa.— C. 
 deciimbeng, Walj^. Prostrate: lvs. simple, oblanceolate, loosely 
 villous: fls. yellow, axillary, 1-2. S. Eu. L.B.C. 8:718.-C.don- 
 gdto-purpuretis, Hort.=C versicolor.— C. elongdtxig, Waldst. &■ 
 Kit.=C. Ratisbonensis, var. elongatus. — C. elongatut, Hort.= 
 C. hirsutus.- V. frdgrans, Lam. Allied to C. filipes. Petioles 
 short : lfts. densely pubescent : fls. fragrant, white. Spring. 
 Tenerififa.- (7. glabriscens. Sartor. Procumbent, sparingly ap- 
 pressed-pubescent : lvs. 3-foliolate: fls. lateral, yellow : pod 
 glabrous. jN. lt&\j.—C. KewensiSy'Bea.n (C. albusX Ardoini). 
 Prostrate: lvs. 3-foliolate, pubescent: fls. creamy white. Origi- 
 nated at Kew.— C. Laburnum, Linn.=Labumum vulgare.— (7. 
 leucanthus, Waldst. & Kit. Allied to C. capitatus. Lfts. nearly 
 glabrous above, acute : fls. white or yellowish white. June, 
 July. Southeastern Eu. Var. Schipkaensis, Dipp. Dwarf : fls. 
 pure white. Balkan.— C nubigenus, Link = C. fragrans.— C. 
 prceeox, Hort. (C. albus X purgans). Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect 
 branches : lvs, 1-3-foliolate : fls. yellowish white. Of garden 
 origin.— C. polytrichus, Bieb.=C. hirsutus. — C. piirgans, WiUd. 
 Shrub, to 3 ft., appressed-pubescent : branches striped : lvs. 
 1-3-foliolate, oblong or linear- lanceolate : fls. axillary, yellow, 
 fragrant: pod glabrous. May-July. Spain, S. France.— C 
 ramentdceus, Sieb.=Petteria ramentacea.— C. Ratisbonensis,. 
 SchaeflF. Allied to C. hirsutus. To 3 ft.: branches slender, ap- 
 pressed-pubescent: lfts. glabrous above, silky beneath: fls. 1-2, 
 yellow : calyx with appressed, yellowish, silky hairs. April- 
 June. M. Eu.,W. Asia. Var. elongatus, Koch. More erect: 
 fls. larger, 3-5; .ilyx with somewhat spreading hairs. B.R. 
 4:308 (as C. bifli lus).— C. Ruthenieus, Hort., not Fisch.=C. 
 hirsutus.— O. sessilitHius, Linn. Allied to C. nigricans. Quite 
 glabrous: lvs. nearly sessile, with roundish-obovate lfts.: ra- 
 cemes short, 4-ll-fld. May, June. S. Eu. B.M. 255.— C. triflorus, 
 L'Herit. Similar to C. hirsutus. Fls. long-i)edicelled, yellow: 
 calyx tube short, not tubular. April, May. S. Eu., N. Afr. Ten- 
 der.— (7. versicolor, Dipp. (C. hirsutus Xpurpureus). Low 
 shrub, with sparingly villous lvs. : fls. yellowish white and pale 
 purple. Sometimes cult, as C. incamatus. — C. Weldeni, Vis.» 
 Petteria ramentacea. Altred Kehdeb, 
 
D 
 
 DABCECIA (after its Irish name St. Dabeoc's Heath). 
 More commonly spelled Daboecia. Hyrx., Boretta, Erich' 
 cece. Low evergreen shrub with alternate entire Ivs. and 
 drooping pedicelled fls. in long termlual racemes : corolla 
 ovoid, contracted at the mouth and shortly 4-lobed, with 
 recurved lobes ; stamens 8, included : capsule 4-celled, 
 dehiscent. One species in western Europe. Very 
 pretty heath-like shrub, with purple or white fls. in ele- 
 gant loose racemes, well lapted for rockeries or bor- 
 ders of evergreen shrui- series. Requires protection 
 north during the winter, and thrives best in a peaty, 
 sandy soil. Prop, by seeds treated like those of Erica, 
 and by cuttings of half -ripened wood under glass. 
 
 polifdlia, Don {D. Cantdbrica, Koch. Memiesia poH- 
 fblia, Juss. ) . Irish Heath. To 2 ft. : branchlets glandu- 
 lar pubescent : Ivs. elliptic, the uppermost narrower, 
 revolute at the margin, whitish tomentose beneath, 
 shining and dark green above, )>i-% in. long: racemes 
 many-fld. : corolla %-% in. long, purple in the type. 
 June-Oct. Ireland, W. France, N. Spain. Gn. 52:1142. 
 Gt. 47:1450. L. B. C. 20: 1907. S. B. F. G. 2: 276. There 
 are many varieties, as Alba, with -^hite fls. ; bicolor,with 
 white and purple striped fls. ; rdsea, with pink fls. ; gTan- 
 difldra, with larger purple fls. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 DACTYLIS ( Greek, finger, from the size of the spikes ) . 
 Gramineve. Cock's-Foot. A perennial tufted grass with 
 flat-keeled or folded leaf -blades, and narrow panicles 
 which expand when in flower: spikelets several-flowered, 
 much flattened, sessile, and densely crowded in thick 
 one-sided clusters. A single species in Eu., Asia and 
 N. Africa, also naturalised in Australia and N. America. 
 
 glomer&ta, Linn. Orchapd Grass. Fig. 657. A some- 
 what coarse grass forming dense tufts. Culms 2-3 ft. 
 high, very leafy: Ivs, flat, spreading: spikelets com- 
 pressed, 3-5 fld. : fl. -glumes lanceolate, very acute or 
 short awn-pointed, ciliate on the keel above. — One of the 
 best known and most useful pasture grasses, and useful 
 for lawns under trees. 
 
 Var. varieg&ta, Hort., is a dwarf form of neat, com- 
 pact habit, with beautifully variegated silver and green 
 foliage.— Well adapted for forming edgings. It grows 
 13^-2 ft. high, and is prop, by divisions. 
 
 P. B. Kennedy. 
 
 DACTTLOCTllNinM (Greek, daktylos, finger, and 
 ktenion, comb). Finger -Comb Grass. This genus 
 closely resembles Eleusine, from which it differs chiefly 
 in having the terminal spikes shorter and each tipped 
 with a sharp prolongation of the axis. Annual, with 
 culms tufted or creeping, and rooting at the joints, 1)4- 
 2 ft. high. Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, about 
 2 in. long; spikelets several-fld., crowded in two rows 
 alo g ono side of a continuous axis. Species 2, one in 
 Australia, and the other appearing as a weed in all the 
 warmer countries of the world. 
 
 ■Sgryptiacum, Willd. (Eleushie ^gypfica. Cynosuma 
 ^gyptius, hinn.). Crow- Foot. Spikelets very closely 
 packed, spreading at right angles to the rachis, 2 fld., 
 with rudiments of two other fls.— An ornamental grass 
 introduced into N. Amer. from Asia or Africa. Mojave 
 Indians of S. California use the grain for food. In Africa 
 a decoction is prepared from the seeds for inflam- 
 mation of the kidneys. p^ g^ Kennedy. 
 
 DS DAL ACANTHUS (Greek words, meaning an ^ en n- 
 thad of curious sttticture). Acanthdcecp. This genus 
 contains some tender shrubs of difficult culture under 
 glass, but great favorites in the tropics, particularly in 
 India. D. vervosus is a popular winter and spring- 
 blooming shrub in S. Fla. It has blue flowers, an inch 
 across, 5-lobed, and shaded purple at the mouth of the 
 tube. The names are much confused with those of 
 Eranthemum. The kinds mentioned below are, how- 
 ever, very distinct, from the garden standpoint, from 
 any given in this work under Eranthemum by the color 
 
 of their fls. and the great size and relative showiness 
 cf their bracts. For culture, see Justicia. 
 
 A. Fls. dark blue. 
 
 nervdsus, T. Anders. (Eranthemum pulchillun,, 
 Andrews and some dealers, while that of others is E. 
 bicolor, and of Roxburgh is D. purpurascens. E. ncr- 
 i')SMm, R. Br. ), Fig. 658. Lvs. ovate or elliptical, ac'iu>i- 
 nate at both ends, somewhat crenate or entire : spikes 
 axillary, opposite, overlapping: bracts ellipMual, acute: 
 limb of the corolla as wide as the tube is long. India. 
 B.M. 1358 as J UA^icia 7iervosa. Gn. 51:1113. i.C.Il. 
 
 657. Dactylis slomerata— Orchard Qrass (X ^). 
 
 21:415.— A very pretty shrub for the warmhouse, its fls. 
 being of a color that is not very common in winter- 
 blooming plants. It is an es^sy subject to manage, re- 
 quiring a light, rich soil, full sunlight and plenty of 
 water. Cuttings of young growth root readily in a warm- 
 house. 
 
 AA. Fls. purple. 
 
 purpor&scens, T. Anders. (E. purpurdscens, Wight. 
 E. pulch4llum, Roxb., not Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate. 
 
 (443) 
 
" x^"* Vi " 
 
 444 
 
 D^DALACANTHUS 
 
 cuspidate-acuminate, repand-crenate : spikes as above: 
 bracts ovate-rhombic, with a slender beak, ciliate. In- 
 serted for contrast. Probably not cult. India. 
 
 W. H. Taplin and W. M. 
 
 658. Daedalacanthus nervosus (X /^). 
 
 DAEMONOBOPS (probably means God-like, of divine 
 appearance). Palmdcew, trihe Lepidocdrpece. Slender 
 palms, differing from Calamus in the deciduous, cymbi- 
 form or open spathes. Species about 40. Tropical 
 Asia. Same culture as Calamus. D. Draco produces 
 some of the "Dragon's Blood" of commerce. 
 
 calic4rpu8, Mart. ( Ca la m us ca licdrpus , Griff. ) . Stem 
 erect or climbing, 1 in, diam.: Ivs. 6-8 ft. long, upper 
 small with long tiagella ; Ifts. very many. 12-l.S in. long, 
 %-}i in. wide ; petiole 1 ft., base not gibbous or puck- 
 ered. Malacca. 
 
 Lewisi&nus, Mart. (Cdlamus Lewisthnns, Griff.). 
 Stem climbing, 1 in. diam.: petiole 1 ft., base much 
 swollen, armed below with scattered, short, deflexed 
 spines, and above with straight and hooked spines 134 
 in. long ; Ifts. 13-15 in. long, %-\ in. wide ; sheath armed 
 with solitary or seriate flat back spines. Penang. 
 
 Palemb^nicus, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate, 
 broadly ovate, bright cinnamon -brown when young, and 
 Ifts. many, long, narrow ; peti(»les erect, with stout 
 spines on the back, which are deflexed and not thick- 
 ened at the base. Sumatra. 
 
 peri&cdnthtis, Miq. Height 15 ft. Resembles D. Pa- 
 lembanicus, hut the young Ivs. are nearly straw-colored, 
 and the spines are placed in irregular rings. Sumatra. 
 —A most graceful species. 
 
 melanochaetes, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate, the 
 pinnae long and narrow, dark green and drooping, the 
 petioles sharp-spined at the sheathing base. Malaya. 
 —Very decorative. A small form is Var. microc^rpus. 
 
 interm^dius, Mart. Lvs. loug-peticled, 4-6 ft. long : 
 Ifts. opposite or scattered, 18-20 in. long, 1-lJ^ in. wide, 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins and 3-5 cost© 
 bristly above and below; rachis semi-cylindrical, spa- 
 ringly armed : petiole 1 ft. long, with flattened spines; 
 stems at length 15-20 ft. long, %\n. in diam. Malaya. 
 
 plumdsus, Hort. Graceful plume-like lvs., with pinnae 
 4 ft. or less long, petioles with rigid black spines with 
 white bases. India. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 DAFFODIL. See J!^arcissus. 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA (named after Professor Andreas Dahl, a 
 Swedish pupil of Linnaeus, and uuiucrof Observationes 
 Botanicap, a work of minor importance). Compdnitce. 
 Dahlias are amongsl the commonest and most im- 
 portant garden plants. The spelling of the word D«hlia 
 shows that the a should be given the broad sound , but in 
 England it is everywhere given the long sound, and in 
 America it is often given the short sound. The long 
 sound of a makes the word indistinguishable from the 
 legumi:iouh genus Dalea, named after Dale. In Germany 
 Dahlias are still commonly called Oenrgi»en, because in 
 1803 Wili'ienow gave the name Georgiiia to these plants 
 under the mistaken Jmpression that some very different 
 plants had been previously described as Dahlia. Prac- 
 tically all of the named varieties of Dahlias have come 
 from one immensely variable spet-ies, usually known 
 as D. iHtriahllis. For garden purposes, however, a 
 second form of great importance, D. Juarezii. the 
 parent of the cactus forms, must be kept distinct 
 as will be explained later. There are 5 other species 
 cultivated to a sliifht ext;nt. The genus has many 
 names of species, but mo^ t of them are synonymous 
 and ill-un<ler8tood names. There are perhaps 's or 9 
 fairly distinct species altogether, Mexican almost ex- 
 clusively, with a very few in Central and South 
 America. It is curious that these showy plants should 
 be closely related to a common weed, the beggar's tick, 
 of the genus Bidens ; but other species of Dahlia have 
 leaves whose forms pass gradually into those of Bidens. 
 Other close allies are Cosmos and (Coreopsis. Cosmos 
 flowers are some shade of purple, rarely white in wild 
 natui J, and only one species has yellow fls. ; Core- 
 opsis has yellow fls. only; Bidens yellow or white; and 
 none of these genera have produced double-flowered 
 forms of the first importance. Dahlia has all these col- 
 ors and more, being far richer in bright retls, and lack- 
 ing only sky blue an«i its closely related hues, which are 
 seen to perfection in the China' Asters. Few cultivated 
 plants have such a wide range of colors as the Dahlia; 
 even the Chrjsanthemum is distinctly inferior in ranjje, 
 as it lacks the brilliant and vivid scai'let. vermilion, and 
 other shades of red. 
 
 Although Dahlias are popular plants, especially in old 
 gardens, they are destined to still greater popularity 
 from the new " Cactus " and " Decorative " types. There 
 exists a prejudice against Dahlia.^ in many locali- 
 ties where these new types have nevijr been seen. This 
 prejudice is part of a reaction a rainst formal and 
 artificial flowers in general. The old-time Dahlias were 
 as round and hard and stiff as a Oall. The new-time 
 Dahlias are flatter, and tend tov.ards loose, free, fluffy 
 chrysanthemum-like forms. The possibilities of the 
 old form have been practically exhausted; those of the 
 new form seem to be almost as boundless as those of 
 the Chrysanthemum— which is the most fertile in new 
 forms of all the garden composites. 
 
 Dahlia roots 
 
 History of the Dahlia.— Of the important and very 
 variable florists' flowers the Dahlia was one of the latest 
 to come into cultivation. The first break of considerable 
 importance in the wild type occurred about 1814. Up to 
 that time there were perhaps a dozen well-marked colors 
 in good single-flowered varieties. Dahlias had been cul- 
 
DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 445 
 
 tivated iu Europe since 1789, and it is a curious fact that 
 they showed sitms of doubling the very first year of their 
 European resi<lence; but it was not until 25 years later 
 that a marked gain in do' bling was made. The Dahlia 
 seemed to be undevelored until 1814, when the era of 
 doubling began. Bef< re another 25 years ha<l passed 
 the Dahlia had sprup^ into the front ranks of garden 
 plants. In 182G there were already GO varieties cultivated 
 by the Royal Hortio Iturr.l Society. In 1841 one English 
 dealer had over 1,2.K) varieties. Today it is not uncom- 
 mon for thp leadi. g tradesmen to keep .■»0()-1,000 distinct 
 varieties. In th» absence of good records it is conjec- 
 tured that over 3,000 different nan.es of varieties have 
 been published in the catalogues. Most of ^>:e varieties 
 are the Show and Fancy types, which are as spherical and 
 regular as possible, and differ only in color. At tirst the 
 distiuction between the two typos seems to have been 
 the same as that between "self colored" and "variegated" 
 flowers in general, the former presenting to the view 
 only one color, while the latter presents two or more 
 colors. Lately, for purposes of exhibition in prize com- 
 petitions, the following arbitrary distinction has been 
 adopted: A Show Dahlia is often of one color; but if 
 the edges of the rays are darker than the ^round color 
 the variety can be exhibited in the Show section. A 
 Fa.ncy Dahlia always has two or more colors, and if the 
 rays are striped or if the edges are lighter than the 
 ground color the variety must be exhibited in the Fancy 
 section. The two types reached full perfection certainly 
 by 1840, and after that date the improvements made were 
 mostly in matters of secondary importance. The im- 
 mense distance the Dahlia had travelled fan be seen in 
 Fig. (^3. These types held full sway u? ' 1 about 1879, 
 when the first Cactus Dahlia appeared ir igland with 
 a promise of new and freer forms. ]NT wt . . the longest- 
 lived varieties belong to the Sho lul Fancy type. 
 This form is the one which is perhi; larthest removed 
 from nature, and it is probably ?.o highly esteemed 
 largely because the most work has been spent on it. 
 
 A reaction against formalism in all departments of 
 life and thought set in about the time of our own Civil 
 War. It was in the sixties that the Japanese Chrj'san- 
 theraums did much to emancipate the floral world. 
 With Dahlias the reaction came much later and has pro- 
 ceeded more slowly, because the new forms did not come 
 to us readj made, but had to be slowly evolved against 
 long-standing prejudice. The first Cactus Dahlia was 
 so called because of its resemblance in form, but chiefly 
 in color, to the brilliant crimson-flowered Cereus spe- 
 ciosissimiis, a well-known garden plant. The name is 
 now highly inappropriate because the color range of the 
 pure Cactus type has been extended to include all of 
 the important well-defined colors of which the Dahlia 
 seems capable. The original Cactus Dahlia was named 
 Dahlia Juarezii, after President Jaarez, the "Wash- 
 ington of Mexico." It was pictured for the first time in 
 the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1879, and this interesting 
 picture is here reproduced in a reduced size in Fig. 6(>5. 
 The type is still cultivated under the same name, and in 
 all essentials seems to be unchanged. 
 
 The origin of the Cactus type, as of all the other 
 types of Dahlias, is wrapped in uncertaintj', and our 
 efforts to get full and definite information upon some 
 of the most interesting points may perhaps always be 
 baffled. A Dutch dealer got a root from Mexico 
 that produced one plant, which is tiie parent of all 
 the Cactus forms. It is not known whether the seed 
 which may have produced the original root came 
 from a wild or a cultivated flower. Neither is it 
 known whether any wild single-flowered Dahlia of 
 the Juarezii type has been found. To prove that D. 
 Juarezii is at best only a variety of D. variabilis, it 
 has been said that seedlings of the former have pro- 
 duced in cultivation forms approximating the Show 
 type of D. variabilis. The reverse process is also said 
 to have taken place, but full, authoritative and convinc- 
 ing statements are lamentably wanting. In the garden 
 D. Juarezii is exceedingly distinct from the florists' 
 forms of D. variabilis. It is usually a slenderer, taller 
 and longer jointed plant, with much handsomer and 
 more delicate foliage, the leaves being narrower than 
 in the coarse and almost ugly foliage of the old forms. 
 It has another peculiarity of growth, which is still one 
 
 of the most serious defects in the pure Cactus type. 
 The plants tend to hide some of their flowers beneath 
 their foliage. This comes about in a curious way. At 
 a node between 2 young leaves there commonly appear, 
 at about the same time, 3 new growths. The middle 
 one develops into a flower with a naked stalk only 2 or 
 3 inches long, while the side shoots quickly overtop it 
 and repeat the sam»^ 3-fold story indefinitely. The other 
 most serious objection to the pure Cactus tjrpe is that it 
 
 660. A single Dahlia with rounder rays than the 
 wild prototype. 
 
 does not stand shipment well, and does not last as long 
 as a cut-flower as the Show Dahli?s. 
 
 The Decorative or Cactus Hybrid types are numerous, 
 and their popularity comparatively lecent. They have 
 been largely seedlings from Show fls. Their rays are 
 rarely, if ever, recurved at the margins. All t»-- other 
 types of Dahlias are well defined, and a single ture of 
 each one will represent its type with sufficient exactness. 
 No one picture, however, can give any conception of the 
 great variety of forms included in this horticultural sec- 
 tion. The name Cactus Hybrids means practically "mis- 
 cellaneous," and is analogous to the "Japanese" section of 
 Chrysanthemums, which is purposely left by the National 
 Chrysanthemum Society as vague and undefined as pos- 
 sible. It is on this section and the pure Cactus type that 
 the greatest hopes for the future of the Dahlia are based. 
 
 The Pompon type is u small brother of the Show and 
 Fancy types. It has the same colors and the same form, 
 but the flowers are smaller and more abundant. As 
 a rule the smaller the flowers the prettier and more 
 individual they are. The larger they are, the more they 
 suffer by comparison with the Show type. Perhaps 
 their greatest point is their productiveness. When pro- 
 fusion is the main idea, not great size and quality, the 
 Pompons are the favorite type of Dahlia for cut-flowers. 
 The single flowers may be just as freely produced, but 
 they are not so lasting as cut-flowers. 
 
 The Single 'type has had many ups and downs. In 
 the reaction against formalism it came to the front 
 
446 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 abont 1881, and for several years thereafter several 
 hundred forms were kept distinct, and they were made 
 the chief feature of the European shows. It is exceed- 
 ingly interesting to get seeds of wild Dahlias from 
 Mexico. They give flowers like the star-shaped one in 
 Fig. 663. When the Dahlia first came into cultivation 
 its rays were relatively long, slender, acuminate, 
 notched at the end, and with such wide spaces between 
 the tips of the rays a3 to give the flower the stellate 
 appearance seen in Fig. 663. In the course of the evo- 
 lution of the single type, the gardeners retained the 
 most regular and symmetrical forms. Single Dahlias 
 with always and only 8 ray^^ -rrerf^ preserved. The rays 
 of Dahlias became broader and tounder, as in Fig. 660, 
 until finally in pedigree varieties they closed up the 
 vacant spaces, and the flower presents to the eye one 
 unbroken picture— one concentrated impression of a 
 single color. The same mental ideals have produced the 
 
 661. A Dahlia of the Single Cactus type (X}Q. 
 
 Tose-petaled Geraniums and the shouldered Tulips. In 
 a high bred single Dahlia there are no minute teeth or 
 notches at the tips of the rays. 
 
 In the wild Dahlia, no matter what the color of the 
 Tay may be, the base of the ray is usually yellow ; some- 
 times this yellow is very objectionable. Two different 
 policies have been pursued in the matter— suppression 
 and encouragement. Most of the single Dahlias of high 
 pedigree have rays of uniform coloration with no sec- 
 ondary color at the base, but a few have a distinct ring 
 of color at the base, often called an "eye or crown," 
 which is sometimes yellow and rarely red or some other 
 <Jolor. Usually the rays of a single Dahlia are spread 
 out horizontally, sometimes they bend back, and rarely 
 they bend inwards and form a cup-shaped flower. These 
 three forms can doubtless be separated and fixed dur- 
 ing those periods when the interest in the Single type 
 warrants it. 
 
 Single Dahlias are likely to lose some of their rays 
 after a day or two in a vase. In cutting them it is well 
 to select the younger flowers. A vigorous shake often 
 makes the older ones drop their rays. It is an easy 
 matter to keep the seeds from forming and save the 
 strength of the plant for the production of flowers. 
 
 There are three modem types of minor importance, - 
 the Single Cactus, Pompon Cactus and Tom Thumb. 
 The Single Cactus type differs from the common single 
 type, in having rays with recurved margins, which give 
 a free and spirited appearance to the fls. Instead of 
 spreading out horizontally, the rays often curve inward 
 forming a cup-shaped flower. This type originated with 
 E. J. Lowe, Chepstow, Eng., was developed by Dobbie 
 & Co. about 1891, and was first disseminated in 11*94. 
 The Single Cactus Dahlias are very nov^l, intcrestinf 
 and pretty. There should be a Pompon Cactus form to 
 connect the Single Cactus and Cactus t>-pes, just as the 
 Poripon !s intermediate between the Single and Show 
 types. The writer has seen only two varieties of this 
 type, "Pompon Cactus" and "Little Cactus." They hare 
 small fls., with flat, reflexed rays. The Tom Thumb 
 type is a miniature race of round-rayed single Dahlias, 
 which grow from 12-18 inches high, and are used for 
 bedding. The type originated in England with T. W. 
 Girdlestone, and was developed and intro<lueed by Cheal 
 & Sons. The "green" Dahlia can hardly be called an 
 important type, but it is an interesting abnormal 
 form, in which the rays are partially or wholly sup- 
 pressed, and the chief feature of interest is a confused 
 mass of green .stuff, not resembling petals at all, but 
 evidently a multiplication of the outer involucral scales, 
 which, in the Dahlia, are green, leafy bracts. This form 
 is essentially unstable and unhealthy. It can never be 
 propagated extensively. This freak was pictured as 
 long ago as 184 '> in G.C., p. 626. Several different varie- 
 ties have probably degenerated into this condition. See 
 F.S. 19:1994. Another interesting variation, which 
 hardly ranks in present importance with the 9 types 
 contrasted below, is the laciniated form, which makes a 
 very pretty and novel though rather formal effect. 
 Examples re Germania Nova, Mrs. A. W. Tait and its 
 yellow varuty among large double forms, and White 
 Aster among the Pompons. In these cases, the notches 
 at the tips of the rays, instead of being minute and in- 
 conspicuous, are deepened so much that they give the 
 laciniated effect. At present this form is available in a 
 very narrow range of colors. It is not probable that it 
 will be an iaiportant factor in producing chrysanthe- 
 mum-like forms. Another form which baffles descrip- 
 tion, but is nevertheless very distinct, is that of Grand 
 Duke Alexis. It is nearer the Show type than any other, 
 but is perhaps best classed with the Cactus Hybrid sec- 
 tion, simply because it seems advisable to keep the 
 Show type the most sharply deflned of all. It is to be 
 hoped that the form of Grand Duke Alexis can be re- 
 peated in all the leading colors. Grand Duke Alexis is 
 a very flat flower, and the rays are remarkably folded, 
 leaving a round hole at the top of each. About midway 
 between Grand Duke Alexis and the show or cupped type 
 is an interesting form, the "quilled" Dahlia, a name 
 which is necessary, perhaps, though unfortunate. In 
 A. D. Livoni (which is one of the most popular of all 
 Dahlias, and the nearest approach to a pure pink un- 
 tainted by any suggestion of purple derivation) the rays 
 are rather tightly folded for about two-thirds of their 
 length, leaving a round hole at the tip as in Grand Duke 
 Alexis, but giving a peculiar whorled effect, which 
 plainly shows the spiral arrangement of the successive 
 tiers of rays. Among Pompons, Blumenialter is an ex- 
 ample of this rosette-like or quilled form, and many 
 colors are procurable. However, the word "quilled" usu- 
 ally suggests a long tube with a flared opening, whereas 
 in the form described above the margins of the ray are 
 merely rolled tightly together, but not grown togetlier 
 into a thin, seamless tube. Perhaps the most important 
 variation that has not yet appeared in the Dahlia, is the 
 wonderful elongation of the disk florets into long, thin, 
 variously colored tubes which have produced such 
 charming effects in the China Aster and have culmi- 
 nated in the marvelous grace of such Chrj-santhemums 
 as lora. Northern Lights and Lillian B. Bird. The Dah- 
 lia mav not be denied such possibilities, for in G.C. III. 
 20:3:{9"(1896) anew Dahlia was described in which the 
 quills are really tubes for two-thirds of their length. 
 May we hope for some striking development of this 
 form within our generation ? 
 
 The main types of Dahlias may perhaps be distin- 
 guished more clearly by the following scheme ; 
 
^>^ h}* : 
 
 Plate IX. A modern Dahlia. 
 One of the Decorative or Cactus Hybrid section. 
 
 * ■. 
 
 i«3s%; 
 
DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 4-17 
 
 A. Plants not very dwarf. 
 
 B. Fls. single, 
 
 ?. Rays naf, not recurved at the margins. 
 
 1. The Sixot^ Tyt'E. Fig. \-J0. 
 
 cc. Bay.tcf'ht.. ved margins. 
 
 2. The Sinole Cactcs Tvpe. tT'^. 661. 
 
 BB. Fls. doubt.. 
 
 c. Size of fls. small, 1-f in. across. 
 
 D. Says cupped. 
 
 3. The Pompon Tvpe. Fig. 662. Also called "Bouquet" 
 
 and ''Lilliputian." 
 
 DD. Bays flat. 
 
 4. The Pompon Cactus Type. 
 
 cc. Size of fls. large, 3-5 in. across, averaging 4 in. 
 
 V. Bays cupped. 
 
 E. Colors single, or the edges darker than the ground 
 
 color. 
 
 5. The Show Type. Fig. 663. 
 
 EE. Colors i or more, striped, or with edges lighter 
 than the ground color. 
 
 0. The Fancy Type. 
 
 DD. Bays not cupped, hut long and flat, or with re- 
 curved margins, 
 
 7. The Cactus Type. Pigs. 665, 666. 
 
 DDD. Bays various in form. 
 
 8. The Cactu;* Hybkid Types. Also called "Decora- 
 
 tive" Dahlias. 
 
 AA. Plants very dwarf, 
 
 9. The Tom Thumb Types. 
 
 Societies and Shows.— The Dahlia is one of about a 
 dozen genera of plants whose horticultural value has 
 been attested by permanently successful special socie- 
 ties. There are national Dahlia societies in England and 
 America. Dahlia shows are usually held the second or 
 third week of September. With the growing interest in 
 nature-study, attempts are being made to moke a per- 
 manent institution of local fall flower shows, which 
 shall come at a sufficient interval before the Chrysan- 
 themum shows, and in which the children may exhibit 
 their own products. The Dahlia and China ,Aster are 
 especially suited for such shows. 
 
 Garden Evolution op Dahlias.— In the evolution 
 of Dahlias in general, some of the great changes are 
 as follows: (1) The growing season has been greatly 
 .shortened and the flowering season lengthened. In 
 these and in all other particulars Dahlias were wonder- 
 fully variable even in the first decade ol their European 
 culture, but in general they bloomed for only a few days 
 before frost. Nowadays, the Dahlia season is in full 
 force a month and a half or two months before frost 
 with a good show of blooms in favored localities for In- 
 dependence Day; and June 15th is a record of extreme 
 earliness for Wm. Agnew, after six weeks' growth from 
 tubers planted out of doors. (2) The colors of the flow- 
 ers have been greatly improved, as even the most senti- 
 mental objector to the idea of "improvement" in flow- 
 er« would have to acknow^ledge if confronted with wild 
 and cultivated plants. The number of colors has been 
 greatly increased and the vividness of the colors inten- 
 sified. Most people can distinguish and enjoy from 12 
 to 30 colors, and these colors have occurred in each type 
 and been carefully saved, purified and strengthened. 
 Dull and intermediate shaties tend to drop out. (3) Im- 
 mense numbers of variegated forms are produced. 
 Broadly speaking, variegation is perhaps later to appear 
 than pure colors, and is conserved by a formality-loving 
 class. It is said that the Fancy Dahlia originated later 
 than the Show Dahlia, and was for many years inferior 
 in size and outline. It is also said by botanical collectors 
 in Mexico that wild Dahlias are mostly self-colored, 
 rarely variegated. Among the bewildering variety of 
 variegated Dahlias the leading types of variegation are 
 
 perhaps only 5: (a) the "tipped" or "sbaded" Dah- 
 lias, a ver>'' common form, in which the upper part 
 of the ray is evenly painted with another color, the 
 former term being used for the smaller, an«l the latter for 
 the greater amount of secondary color; (6) the 'edged" 
 Dahlias, in which the secondary color is confined to the 
 sides of the ra> s, does not affect the tip, and is usually 
 a broad strip; (c) the "margined" Dahlias, with a very 
 narrow strip of color which outlines the whole margin of 
 the ray <» , and often gives a very delicate and dainty effect ; 
 (d) the "striped and banded " Dahlias, with broad bands 
 down the middle, and often merging into the " edged " 
 forms; (e) the "mottled" Dah 15. ".j^', ^hich are variouoly 
 dot^^^ed and splashed. (4 ) Returning now to the broad fea- 
 tures in the evoluti-^nof the Dalilia, a fourth is the pro- 
 duction of varieties with long flowering stems suitable 
 for cut-flowers. Many of the old sorts have thick, short 
 stems with superabun<lant foliage, which requires 
 thinning. (5) The process of doubling has been carried 
 to ^n extnM)rdinary degree. The " yellow center" has 
 been the one thing about a forming var'ety that the 
 florist has hated most and has most relentlessly sup- 
 pressed. It is often a sign of poor stock. The tempta- 
 tion to over-propagate novelties is almost irresistible, and 
 the apnearance of a disk is usually taken as a sj-mptom 
 of over-propagation or deflcient culture. A yellow center 
 is considered objectionable by most people when it 
 occurs with rays of magenta or allied shades, as the 
 colors conflict. There is no question that it breaks the 
 absolute regularity and unity of a perfect show flower, 
 but it is a question, especially with white ailtt yellow- 
 rayed forma, if the yellow disk does not often add a 
 pleasant variation. Aside from matters of taste, it is 
 probable that no other florists' flower has had more full, 
 precise and minute rules laid do^^-n for its perfect form 
 than the Show Dahlia. The process of doubling seems 
 to be associated with a cool climate. Dahlias soon de- 
 generate to a relatively single condition in our southern 
 states, and new stock of desired varieties has to be se- 
 cured from the north. (6) The habit ha^ been vastly im- 
 
 662. The Pompon type (X J^). 
 
 This is really a Fancy variety, hnt the only distinction is one of 
 size, and compared with Fig. 663 this is a Pompf.n. 
 
448 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 proved. Wild Dahlias, when brought into cultivation, 
 soon g^rew too tall to bt Helf-supporting. An old-fashioned 
 unbranched Dahlia tied to a large anu ugly stake was 
 often a hopeless and helpless object. Many varieties of 
 Dahlias can be made to branch at the ground and lie- 
 come self-supporting by successive early pinchings of 
 
 663. A Show Dahlia and its wild progenitor (XK). 
 
 the leading shoots, but some varieties seem to be too 
 firmly set in the old tree-like habit to submit to pinch- 
 ing. In the early days the average height of plants 
 may have been 5 ft. Nowadays 3 ft. is perhaps the 
 average, but the tendency to retain only dwarf forms 
 still continues, and the Dahlia must ultimately be freed 
 from stakes. The main thing is to secure the good 
 flower first and improve the habit la*er, if possible. It 
 is to be hoped that the coarser kinds of foliage will give 
 way to more graceful and attractive forms. The "f em- 
 leaved" type is a much cut and delicate kind. Ami 
 Barillet has handsome dark purple, finely cut foliage. 
 All the above features represent general tendencies 
 which, however, work out very differently in each im- 
 portant case. 
 
 The Dahlia has had one difficulty as peculiar to it- 
 self as the calyx bursting of the Carnation, or the differ- 
 ent values of crown and terminal buds of Chrj-santhe- 
 mums. They are often troubled with a "green eye." 
 This is a hard round button in the center of a blossom 
 formed by the inner involucral bracts, which, at that 
 stage, are longer than the unopened rays which they 
 protect. Of tener ?.till, this "green eye " is followed by a 
 yellow center. This "green eye" is still considered to 
 de'^troy the unity of a flower, and in exhibitions is often 
 surreptitiously removed. The yellow disk can be cut 
 out with a knife and the innermost rays carefully re- 
 placed. A fundamental difficulty associated with this 
 matter is the slowness with which some Dahlias open. 
 The outer rays open first, and in Fig. 06.3 , where the suc- 
 cessive stages are shown: the outer ones are the most 
 expanded ; then comes a series of cupped rays ; then 
 some that are tightly folded with two creases, and finally 
 the hard green eye. A poor Show Dahlia opens slowly, 
 and shows an eye while the outer rays are tumbling out, 
 withering, or being burned by the sun. A good Show 
 Dahlia opens its tiers in rapid succession, and shows no 
 green eye. 
 
 Literature.— A.fi in many other cases, the magazine 
 literature of the Dahlia is the most bulky, and, in some 
 respects, more important than the books on the subject. 
 
 The latest bibliographv is that by C. Hamian i'avne 
 in G. C. 111. 21 : 329 ( 1H97 ) . There have been about 25 
 books devoted to the Dahlia, many of them pamphlets 
 and cheap cultural manuals. These books were mostly 
 published from 1828 to 1857, with none at all for nearly 
 40 years after that date until 1896, when Lawrence K, 
 Peacock's bo<»k, The Dahlia, which is the best American 
 book, made its appearance. The first American treatise 
 was by E. Sayers, published at Boston, 1839, and now 
 forgotten. Many interesting facts came out in 1889, the 
 centennial year of the Dahlia. A report of the National 
 Dahlia Conference is reprinted from the Journal of the 
 Royal Horticultural Society for 1890, but Shirley Hib- 
 berd's statements therein regarding the botany of the 
 Dahlia agree very poorly with Hemslev's revision of 
 the genus in G. C. II. 12 : 437, 524, 557 ( 18t9) , which is the 
 latest botanical monograph. 
 
 A. Height tall, tree-like. 
 
 B. Fh. nodding, bell-shaped. 
 
 imperi&lis, Koezl. Height 6-18 ft.: stem usually un- 
 branched, knotty, 4-6-angled : Ivs. 2-3-pinnately parted; 
 leaflets ovate, narrowed at the base, acuminate, toothed, 
 with a few short scattered soft hairs : fls. nodding, 4-7 in. 
 across, white, more or less tinged with blood red, espe- 
 cially at the base: rays sterile or pistillate, lanceolate, 
 sharp-pointed, not 3-toothed at the apex. (it. 186.3:407. 
 G.C. 1870:459; II. 12:437. B. M. .5813. Gn. 12:95; 33, 
 p. 527. R.H. 1872:170. A.G. 15:313. Mn. 8: 61. -As few 
 conservatories can make room for so large a plant, it is 
 common to graft this species on dwarf varieties of J). 
 rosea. The inflated and pointed fl.-buds (1^-4 in. long) 
 are verj' characteristic. It is not known whether the 
 original plant collected by Roezl was found in wild or 
 cultivated surroundings. This species and the next 
 are mostly cultivated under glass; the others are grown 
 outdoors in summer, and the roots stored in winter. 
 
 BB. Fls. erect, not bell-shaped, b\U opening out flat. 
 
 exc6l8a, Benth. {D. arborea, Regel). Height 20 ft. or 
 more: stem usually unbranched, glaucous, marked with 
 horizontal rings made by the stem-clasping base of the 
 petioles as the lower Ivs. fall away: Ivs. bipinnate, as 
 much as 2}4 ft. long, 2 ft. wide; leaflets as many as 25, 
 ovate, those of the upper Ivs. often contracted at the base, 
 acuminate, toothed, pale green beneath, with a few short 
 scattered hairs or none : fls. 4K in. across, dilute purple, 
 
 664. A semi-double form of Dahlia (X3^). 
 
 This is one of many that have been crowded out in the 
 struggle to perfect the Show and Fancy types. 
 
 crimson-pink. Maund, Botanist 2 : 88 ( 1838 ? ) . G.C. II. 
 19: 80.— This was described from a cultivated plant with 
 8 rays in a single row, but with considerably elongated 
 disk fls. It was almost an anemone-flowered type, and 
 
DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 449 
 
 all the florets were sterile. />. nrborea has never been 
 suffleiently (Ie»oril)e(l, but plants have been cultivated 
 for many yoars under this nanit*. The tree forms oi 
 Dahlias are not sufficiently known. 
 
 AA. Height medium, averaging S ft., commonly from 
 
 si-o ft., rarely exceeding these extremes. 
 
 B. Lvs. once pinnate: stem not branching from the ba$e: 
 
 habit erect. 
 
 C. Stems not glaucous : rays fertile. 
 
 D. Rays of the single fls. not recurved at the margins ; 
 
 of the double fls. never flat, but cupped. 
 
 rd8e»,Cav. (D. rari«/fc*7t/»,Desf. ). Fig. 663. The origi- 
 nal of practically all the old-fashi<»n»*il Dahlias, particu- 
 larly the Single, Pompon, Show and Fancy 
 types. It is therefore the parent of the vast 
 majority of the horticultural varieties. Lvs. 
 typically once pinnate, sometimes bipinnate; 
 leaflets ovate, toothed, broader and coarser 
 than in the other 8j»ecies. B.K. 1:. '. B. M. 
 1885. — This is a wonderfully variable species. 
 Some plants are densely hair>', otht-rs scarcely 
 at all. The lvs. are sometimes bipinnate in 
 parts of plants or throughout an entire plant. 
 In double forms the rays usually have abor- 
 tive pistils. Many garden forms have glau- 
 cous stems. Some authors have doubted 
 whether this species is distinct from />. coc- 
 cinen, but the two tjrpes are very distinct, 
 particularly in the garden, although there are 
 intermediate forms in nature. 
 
 DD. Hays of the single f^<*. with recurved mar- 
 gins; of the doi' fls. not cupped, but 
 long, flat ««' ,. inted and some at 
 least with recw. "ed margins. 
 
 Juar6zii, Hort. (/>. Yt^ar^zii, Hort.). Figs, 
 665, G()6. The p»w^utof tiie pure Cactus Dah- 
 lias. These all originj.ted fnmi one plant, 
 which was flowered in Europe for the first 
 time in 1864, and first pictured in G C. II. 
 12:43:? (1879). F.M. 1879: 383. Gn. 18, p. 589; 
 19:283; 50, p. 236. 
 
 cc. Stems glaucous : rays not fertile. 
 
 coccinea, Cav. Fig. 667 ; see B. M. 762 
 (1804). Always more slender than Z>. rosea, 
 with narrower leaflets, and in the wild, at 
 least, dwarf er than the D. rosea. The 
 color range is much smaller, and does not in- 
 clude white or any shade of purple or crim- 
 son. The colors vary from scarlet, through 
 orange to yellow. There are no double forms, 
 and it has been frequently said that this spe- 
 cies will not hybridize with D. rosea. The 
 named varieties pictured in I.H. 31:515 and 
 533 (1881 ), which are emphatically declared to 
 be varieties of D. coccinea, are probably gar- 
 den forms of D. rosea. The only characters that cer- 
 tainly distinguish D. coccinea from I>. rosea are the 
 glaucous stems and infertile rays of the former, but 
 these characters break down in garden forms. B. M. 
 762. Gn. 19:270. G.C. II. 12:525. 
 
 BB. Lvs. twice pinnate: stems branched from the base: 
 habit spreading. 
 
 M6rckii, Lehm. (2>. glabrdta, Lindl.). Fig. 668; 
 confer B.M. 3878 (1841). Height 2-3 ft.: roots much 
 more slender than those of D. rosea : stem and lvs. 
 wholly devoid of hairs : lvs. bipinnate: floral bracts 
 linear: fls. typically lilac; ravs pistillate: outer involu- 
 cral bracts linear. B.R. 26: 29"(1840). Gn. 19: 270 (1881). 
 —This is a very distinct garden plant, and is worth 
 CTowing merely as a foliage plant. Seeds of species 
 trathered from wild plants in Mexico by Pringle have 
 been grown at the Cornell Experiment Station lately. 
 The fine-cut character of the foliage makes it vastly 
 more attractive than the coarse foliage of most of the 
 varieties of i>. rosea. Several of these seedlings had 
 bf-autiful dark red or purple foliage. The plants are 
 much dwarf er and wider spreading than most florists' 
 Dahlias, and show no stem while growing The branched 
 flowering stems are remarkably long, slender and wiry, 
 
 29 
 
 often riainjf 2-3 ft. above the foliage. The rays are very 
 short and often roundish, with a short sharp point in- 
 Htea«l of 3 minute teeth. There are no red, yellow or 
 white forms in nature. The roots of this and D. coccinea, 
 being slenderer than those of D. rosea, must be pre- 
 served with greater care during winter. 
 
 D. Zimapani. See Cosmos diversifolias. W.M. 
 
 Propagation. — There are four methods by which 
 Dahlias are propagated : by cuttings (an important 
 commercial method) ; by division of roots (the amateur's 
 
 665. The original Cactus Dahlia (XJ4). 
 
 Photographed and re«hiced from the Gardeners' Chronicle, 
 where it was first pictured. 
 
 method); by grafting to perpetuate rare kinds; and by 
 seeds, to produce new varieties. 
 
 Division of Boots.— This is the easiest and most sat- 
 isfactorj' to amateurs. As the eyes are not on the 
 tubers, but on the crown to which the tubers are at- 
 tached, care must be taken that each division has at 
 least one eye, otherwise the roots will never grow. It 
 is, therefore, best to start the eyes by placing the roots 
 in a warm, moist place a short time before dividing. 
 The roots are sometimes placed in a hotber*, and shoots 
 grown CO considerable size, then set out as plants ; but 
 this plan has many drawbacks, and is not advised. 
 
 Cuttings.— This method is used mainly by commercial 
 growers, and though the amateur may propagate plants 
 successfully, the attention a few cuttings would require 
 vvould be so great that it would be cheaper to buy plants. 
 The roots are planted closely in benches in the green- 
 house early in January, and cuttings are made from the 
 
 •Skjif 
 
450 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 younjf ahootfl an fa^f an they form the third or fourth 
 set of leaveH. These cuttintf* are c-arefully trimmed 
 and placed in pure sand in tlie propui(atin>; bench, uninia; 
 a dibble, and putting the euttin»;H in rows about '3 in. 
 arnirt and H-l in. between the euttiniCM. 
 
 The propagating? In-nch In ma«Ie by running a flue, hot 
 water or 8team pipen iM'uenth an ordinary iM'nch, an«l 
 boarding up the wide to confine the heat. Altliough 
 there may be a difference of opinion among propagators, 
 yet a lM>ttom of sand heat of i'u>°, with the temperature 
 of the house from .>-10° less, will give the l)e«t prac*,. U 
 results. With this temperature, the cuttings will :wot 
 in about two weeks, an*! will be far stronger than if 
 rooted in less time with greater heat. As so<(n as cut- 
 tings are rootetl, they are potte<l off into small i>ots and 
 grown in a cool greenhouse until danger of frost is over, 
 when they are plante<l out in the open ground. Cuttings 
 made too far below a joint, or tfwi lute iu summer, will 
 produce flowerinpf plants but no tubers. 
 
 Graffhuj. — Thia is a very interesting, though not 
 profitable, mo<ie of propagation. The top of the tuber is 
 cut slantingly upward, and the cutting slantingly down- 
 ward, placed' together and tied with raflia or any soft, 
 handy material. They ire then planted in a pot deep 
 enough to cover the lower part or the graft with earth, 
 and they will soon adhere if placed under a hand glass 
 or in a frame. Grafting is practiced only for the pres- 
 ervation of rare an<l weak-growing sorts. 
 
 Seedn. — The chief use of seeds is the production of 
 new varieties. Seeds are also used by those who chiefly 
 desire a mass of color, ami are not particularly desirous 
 of finely formed blooms. If planted early enough in- 
 doors and transplanted to the open as soon as safe, fine 
 masses of color can be secured before frost, and the 
 roots of the more desirable kinds can be saved, and will 
 give even better results the next season. 
 
 Position. — Dahlias are easily destroyed by high 
 winds unless they are given a protected position, and 
 they need plenty of air and simlight for best results. In 
 shaded, close, airless quarters the growth is sappy and 
 the flowers are poorly colored. 
 
 Soil.— The soil is not so important, except in its 
 ability to hold moisture during severe droughts. Any 
 rich soil that will grow corn will also grow Dahlias to 
 perfection, if all other conditions are favorable. They 
 will grow equally well in clear sand, clay or gravel, if 
 the proper kinds and quantities of plant-food are added 
 and well and thoroughly worked in. It is. however, un- 
 reasonable to expect Dahlias or any garden plants to 
 succeed in a hard clay, devoid of humus, easily baked 
 and never tilled. 
 
 Feeding. — It is always best to broadcast the manure 
 and plow or spade it into the soil; thorough sp Aiug is 
 absolutely necessary if the manure is not well decom- 
 posed. On heavy clay or gravelly soils, loose, coarse 
 manure may be used, but on light or sandy soils, ma- 
 nure should always be fine and well-rotted. 
 Commercial fertilizers are also largely used, 
 and are most valuable when used in connec- 
 tion with manure. Any good fertilizer, rich 
 in ammonia and phosphoric acid, with a 
 liberal amount of potash, will answer at the 
 time of planting, out as a top-dressing later, ; 
 nothing equals pure bone meal and nitrate *• 
 of soda, 4 parts bone to 1 part soda. 
 
 Kinds of Stock.— Dahlias are offered in 
 five forms: large clumps, ordinary field roots, 
 pot roots, green plants and seeds. The clumps ^-^ 
 give the best satisfaction the first year, but 
 are entirely too large and unwieldy for any- 
 thing but a local trade and exchange among 
 amateurs. The ordinary field roots are the 
 most valuable, as they can be easily and safely 
 handled, and always give satisfactory results. 
 Pot roots are largely used in the mailing 
 trade, and, while they will not always give as 
 good results the first year, are valuable for 
 shipping long distances, where larger roots 
 could not be profitably used owing to heavy 
 transportation charges. Green plants are 
 mainly used to make up any deficiency in the 
 field crops, owing to unfavorable seasons, or 
 an unusual demand for certain varieties. 
 
 Pi.ANTivo— There is a iliversity of opinion am to the 
 proper time to plant Dahlias, but the writer has always 
 found it best to plant early, and wouhi advise planting 
 large, strong r«M»ts alMmt two weeks before danger »if 
 frost is over. This w(mhl be, in the vicinity of Phila- 
 delphia, alntut April 1.5; and as it takes fnmi two to three 
 weeks for the plants to get up through the gnmnd, there 
 will be no danger, while the plants will bloom that much 
 earlier. It is Iw-st, however, not t<i plant small roots or 
 green plants until langerof frost Is over— in the vicinity 
 of Philadelphia, a)>out May 1 to 10, according to the sea- 
 son. A gfMxl rule to follow everywhere would be to 
 idant smtJl roots and green jdanfs as soon as danger of 
 frost is over, and large r<H>ts ai>out three weeks earlier. 
 
 TiLLA(JE. — The first requisite of successful garden 
 cultivation is to thc»nmghly stir the soil to consi«lerable 
 depth and enrich it. if it is not alreafly rich, by broad- 
 casting and i)lowing or spading in a good coat of well 
 rotted manure. Too much stress cannot he placed upon 
 the thorough preparation of the soil, as it not only allows 
 
 
 666. Matchless. Half size. A velvety maroon Cactus Dahlia. 
 
DAHLIA 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 451 
 
 the roots to go down deep after the moisture more readily 
 dunoK dry weather, hut affonlH p>o<l drainaKe during 
 exee«iive rainH. Having prepared the Moil an al>ove, 
 mark out rows 4 ft. apart and tJ to 8 In. deep, and plant 
 the r<M>t» from 18 in. to 3 ft. apart in the row, according 
 as Molid rowH or .specimen plantM ure dexired. 
 
 During its early stage of devehipmenf, the Dahlia 
 grows very rapidly, and should be kept thoroughly 
 tilled. But while deep tillage is Wnetieial during Its 
 early stages of .<levelopment, it Is almost fatal to the 
 production of Howers if practiced after the plants come 
 into hluom. Therefore, when the plants commence to 
 bloom, cease deep tillage and stir the soil to the depth 
 of 1 to 3 in. only, but stir it often, and never allow the 
 surface to become hard and baked. This will not only 
 prevent excessive evaporation of moisture and keep the 
 under soil cool an<l moist, but will also prevent the de- 
 struction of immense quantities of feeding roots. 
 
 As long as the roots supply more nourishment than Is 
 needed to support the plant, both the plant and the 
 tiowers Increase in size and beauty; but as the supply 
 gradually l>ecome8 exhausted, the plants cease ^-rowing 
 and the flowers become much smaller. This condition is 
 what is generally called "bloomed out," but what is really 
 "starved out," and can easily l>e prevented if the proper 
 attention is given to the plants. As soon as the flowers 
 commence to grow smaller, broadcast around each plant 
 a small handful of pure bone meal and nitrate of soda, 
 in proportion four parts bone to one part soda, and care- 
 fully work it Into the soil. 
 
 Wat£Rino. — This Is a debatable subject, and, al- 
 though a judicious application of water during a severe 
 dry spell is very beneflcial, yet In nine cases out of 
 every ten where water Is applied a thorough stirring of 
 the surface soil would give better results. 
 
 Many people bei'eve Dahlias should be watered every 
 i'venlng, and as soon as they are up commence watering 
 them daily unless it rains. This practice Is very Inju- 
 rious, as It causes a rapid but soft growth, and "as the 
 soil Is seldom stirred, the roots become so enfe'tbled for 
 want of air that they are unable to supply the needs of 
 the plant ; as a consequence, but few buds are formed, 
 and they generally blast before developing into flowers. 
 In other cases, as the enthusiasm wears off, watering Is 
 stopped, probably right at the beginning of a severe 
 4lrought, and the weak, pampered plants are fortunate 
 to survive, much less to bloom. 
 
 If large, strong roots are planted and the soil Is kept 
 thoroughly stirred, there will be little need of artificial 
 watering until after the plants come out in full bloom. 
 However, If It should become hot ard dry after the 
 Dahlias come Into bloom. It would be very beneficial to 
 give them a thorough watering once each week or ten 
 (lays during the continuance of the drought. But care 
 should be taken to stir the soil to the depth of 1- r in. 
 the next day, carefully pulverizing It later, In order to 
 sf^al the natural capillary tubes by which the moisture 
 is evaporated. 
 
 The best rule to follow Is not to allow the plants to 
 .suffer for want of moisture, nor to water them except 
 where they need It, but to water them thoroughly when 
 necessary, and not to allow excessive evaporation for 
 want of frequent stirring of th^ soil. 
 
 Training. — In planting the roots or tubers, place 
 them on their sides with the eye as near the bottom as 
 possible, and cover only 2-3 In. deep. As soon as the 
 shoots appear, remove all but the strongest ore, and 
 pinch out the center of that one as soon as two or three 
 pairs of leaves have formed, thus forcing It to branch 
 below the level of the ground. As the plants develop, 
 the soil Is filled In gradually by subsequent hoelngs. By 
 this method the entire strength of the root and the soil 
 is concentrated on the one shoot, causing It to grow 
 vigorously; while the pinching back not only causes it 
 to branch below the surface of the soil, and thus brace 
 it against all storms, but also removes all of those im- 
 perfect, short-stemmed flowers that appear on some 
 varieties. If the plants are pinched back low,as described, 
 there is no danger of the branches splitting down, as the 
 soil around themwlll hold them securely In place. How- 
 ever, where they branch above ground an'l are inclined 
 to split down, drive a short, stout stake near the stem 
 and tie the branches to it. These short stakes are not to 
 
 hold the plants up, but to prevent the branches splitting 
 down where the above directions have not been followed 
 closely. 
 
 The writer was the first to use and a«lvf>cate this 
 method of training, and by its practice has grown many 
 thousands of Dahlia bhxmis 
 on stems from 18 in. to 2 ft. 
 long, selling them to florists 
 by the thousands for four 
 times the ruling price of 
 carnations, and higher than 
 that asked for roses. 
 
 667. Dahlia coccinea. 
 
 See the Botanical Magazine. 
 
 1804, plate 762. 
 
 Storikq the Roots.— As soon as the plants are killed 
 by frost, lift the roots, and, after removing all the soil 
 from them possible, allow them to dry In the air for a 
 few hours, when they should be stored In the cellar or 
 some other cool place secure from frost. If the cellar is 
 very dry or is not frost proof, put the roots in a barrel 
 or box and cover completely with dry sand or some 
 other suitable and convenient material, such as sawdust 
 or tanbark, to prevent freezing or loss of vitality by 
 drying or shriveling. 
 
 Varieties. — /'or cu^^/oM•<'r.<^, the Decorative or Cactus 
 hybrid kinds are the most valuable, and the following 
 are among the very best : N'ymph»a, Cllflford W. 
 Bruton, Henry Patrick, Grand Duke Alexis Wm. Agnew, 
 Perle de la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Orange King. Sundew, 
 Mrs. E. C. Monroe. The Cactus Dahlias are beautiful 
 and artistic, but will not last long after being cut. The 
 best are : Alger, Austin Cannell, Strohleln Kronne, 
 Henry P. Mif'hell, Mrs. Bennett, John W. Roach, Geo. 
 Marlow, Loreu'V, Beatrice and Mrs. Peart. 
 
 Of the Show Dahlias, among the best are : Miss May 
 Lomas, A. D. Livoni, Storm King. Emily, Ruby Queen, 
 Arabella, Constancy, Queen of Yellows, Willie Garrett, 
 Lady Maud Herbert. 
 
 Fancy: Frank Smith, Miss Browning, Penelope, 
 American Flag, Lottie Eckford, Uncertainty. Of the 
 Pc^npon or Bouquet Dahlias, ' e best are Snowclad, 
 Fairy Queen, Daybreak, Eleganti., Little Prince, Le Petit 
 Jean, Carol, Little Beauty, Yellow Bird and Red Piper. 
 The Single varieties are especially •"'ri^icu lor cutting, 
 but should be cut as soon as opened, otherwise the 
 petals will fall. 
 
 For bedding, the plants must be dwarf, of branching 
 habit, and profuse bloomers. A few desirable kinds are: 
 Marg. Bruant, Magnificent, Triomphe de Solferlno, 
 Collbre, Snowclad, Sunbeams, Mrs. Dodd and Bloom- 
 enfalter. 
 
 For Massing and Banking. — Cactus : Aeglr, Stroh- 
 leln Kronne, Mrs. A, Beck, Cyclops, Baron Schropder. 
 
 Decorative: Wm. Agnew, C. W. Bruton, Perle de 
 
452 
 
 DAHLIA 
 
 DAIS 
 
 668. Dahlia Merckii. 
 
 S'je the Botanical Magazine, 1841, 
 plate 3878. 
 
 la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Mrs. E. C. Monroe, Indescent, 
 Wilhelm Miller, Black Beauty, Grand Duke Alexis, 
 Nymphsea, Oriental, Orange Scarlet. 
 
 Show : S*orm King, A. D. Livoni, Model of Perfec- 
 tion, Willie Garrett, Honest John, Eme.st Krebig, 
 Foyche, Bird of Passage, Oakfleld, Arabella, La France, 
 
 Princess Bonnie, 
 Queen of Yel- 
 lows. 
 
 Pompon: Klein 
 Doraitea, Snow- 
 clad, Carol, Fairy 
 Queen, Catherine, 
 Sunshine, Little 
 Beatrice, Ele- 
 ganta. Elfin, Miss 
 Lou Kramer, Le 
 Petit Jean, Bes- 
 sie, Tom and 
 Teddy. 
 
 Singles are val- 
 uable for this pur- 
 pose, especially 
 St. George, Ami 
 Barrillet, Ada, 
 Jolin D o w n i e , 
 Evelyn, Isaac Pit- 
 man. Painted 
 Lady, Corinne, 
 Brilliant and 
 Niiuce. 
 
 For Borders 
 and Hedges. — 'So 
 special list of va- 
 rieties can be re- 
 commended for 
 this purpose as 
 it is largely a 
 matter ot tasip. 
 Other Purposes.— Dahlias are used for mary other 
 purposes, and are grown in many other forms with 
 pleasing effect. Some train the tall varieties on trel- 
 lises in espalier form; many train them to tall supports, 
 while others spread them out on the ground and peg 
 them fast, to ^ive the appearance of a bed of large- 
 flowering pigmies. The latter form is quite unique and 
 satisfactory, as plants of some of the varieties grow un- 
 usually well and bloom profusely. The Fancy Dahlia 
 Uncertainty and Cactus Dahlia Delicata are typical 
 varieties that seem to do better in this form than any 
 other. 
 
 ^»emifs.— Dahlias are generally remarkably free from 
 enemies, but in some localities the tarnished plant bug 
 (Lygus pratensis) makes success impossible, as there 
 is no practical remedy. This bug is chiefly responsible 
 for the blasted buds and one-sided flowers. It pierces 
 
 the young buds, shoots, and 
 sucks the sap. The shoots 
 curl over, blacken, check the 
 growth of the plant, and 
 new side .ots are stimu- 
 lated which often meet the 
 samt. fate. Consult Bulletin 
 47, Mo. Exp. Sta. 
 
 Lawrence K. Peacock. 
 
 Varieties recommended 
 by Lathrop and Higgins : 
 
 For General Purposes.— 
 Show : Dawn, Robin Adair, 
 of Athens, Madam 
 Zules, Madge Wild- 
 fire, Miss >niler, A. 
 D. Livoni, Mary D. 
 Halleck, Snow, Bird 
 of Passage, Cham- 
 pion Rollo, Dr. J. P. 
 Kirtland. 
 
 Fancy : Rev C. 
 W. Bolton, Young 
 America, Mrs. J. 
 
 Maid 
 
 669. Bellis perennis. 
 
 Downie, Rev. J. B. McCamm, John Forbes, Mrs. Brown- 
 ing, Keystone, Frank Smith. 
 
 Pompon: Burning Coal, Eurydice, Daybreak, Phoebe, 
 Lillian, Purity, Sunbeam, Little Bessie, Brunette, Fash- 
 ion, Suowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, Hedwig Polwig, Cath- 
 erine, Guiding Star, Aillet's Imperial, Alewine, Vivid. 
 
 Decorative : Grand Duke Alexis, Wm. Agnew, Juno, 
 Bowery Girl, Josephine, Lyndhurst, Perle de la Tete 
 dOr. 
 
 Cactus: Matchless, Bertha Mawley, Mrs. Bennett, 
 Harmony, Edelcactus. 
 
 For Exhibition. — Show: Miss Cannell, Wm. Powell, 
 Duchess of York, Harrison Weir, John Walker, R. T. 
 Rawlings, Kaiser Wilhelm, Muriel, Pearl, Alice Emily, 
 James Vick, Emily Edwards, A. 1). Livoni, Wm. Faw- 
 cett, James Service, Madge Wildfire, Mrs. Langtry, 
 Hector, John Lamont, J. T. Saltmarsh. 
 
 Fancy: S.Mortimer, Dorothy, Sunset, Young Amer- 
 ica, Champion Rollo, General Grant, Mrs. J. Downie, 
 Lottie Eckford, Salamander, Prince Henry, Matthew 
 Campbell, Duchess of A bany. 
 Rev. J. B. McCamm, 
 Forbes, Frank Smith, x^ 
 stone. 
 
 Cactus : Matchless, Ernest 
 Glasse, Mrs. Bennett, John 
 Welch, Harmony, Gloriosa, 
 Mary Hillier, Beatrice, 
 Prince of Orange, Mrs. A. 
 Peart, Starfish, Green's Gem, 
 John Roach. 
 
 Decorative : May Pictor, 
 Wm. Agnew, Oban, Juno, 
 Lancelot, Amphion, Bowery 
 Girl, White Swan, Marchioness 
 of Bute, Perle de la Tete d'Or, 
 Rayon d'Or, Wilhelm Miller. 
 
 Pompon: Burning Coal.Eu- 
 lydice , Phoebe, Eleganta, Min- 
 nie, Lillian, Hilda Searl, Hen- 
 rietta, Mars, Purity, Ernest, 
 Sunbeam, Mattie Mourey, 
 Snowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, 
 lolanthe, Hedwig Polwig, Lit- 
 tle Hermon, Golden Gem, 
 Raphael, Alewine, Aillet's Im- 
 perial. 
 
 For Cut-flowers , — Cactus : 
 Beatrice, Ernest Glasse, John 
 Roach, Harmony, Matchless, 
 Edelcactus, Starfish, Green's 
 Gem. 
 
 Decorative : Grand Duke 
 Alexis, C, W. Bruton, Alpha, 
 Wm. Agnew, Nymphaea, Jose- 
 phine. White Swan, Lynd- 
 hurst, Bowery Girl, Oban, 
 Perle de la Tete d'Or, Rayon 
 d'Or, Bennett Goldney. 
 
 Pompon: Alewine, Purity, 
 Eurydice, Sunbeam, Rosalie, 
 Guiding Star, Phoebe, lolan- 
 the, Minnie, Lillian, Golden 
 Gem. 
 
 DAHOON HOLLY. Ilex 
 Dahoon 
 
 DAIS (Greek, pine torch; 
 application not obvious). 
 Thymelisctceai. This genus 
 contains a tree that yields a 
 strong fiber, and is also rarely 
 cult, for ornament, especially 
 in Fla. and S. Calif., and pos- 
 sibly in one or two northern 
 conser\-atories. It has Ivs. 
 resembling the Smoke Tree, 
 Rhus Cotiniis, &nd bears long- 
 stalked umbel-like head:^ of 
 starry pink fls., with floral 670. Ox-Eye Daisy or Wh*te 
 parts in 5's. The genus has Weed— Chrysanthemum 
 half a dozen species, all from Leucanthemum (X Hh 
 
DAIS 
 
 DAMASK VIOLET 
 
 453 
 
 S. Africa or Madagascar. Tender deciduous shrubs : Ivs. 
 opposite, often crowded at the ends of branches: fls. in 
 terminal heads; perianth tube cylindrical, often curved; 
 stamens 10, in a double series, the alternate ones shorter, 
 upper or all exserted ; style exserted. The plants are 
 prop, by cuttings of half ripened wood. 
 
 cotinifdlia, Linn. Lvs. oppo- 
 site and alternate, oblong or 
 obovate, acute at both ends : in- 
 volucre a half shorter than the 
 fls. : head about 15-fld. : fls. Kin. 
 across; fragrant. South Africa. 
 B. M. 147. 
 
 672. Wild Aster, or 
 Michaelmas Daisy. 
 
 DAISY (i. e., day^s eye, in 
 allusion to the sun-like form of 
 the flower). A name which 
 properly belongs to the Bell is 
 perennis of Europe, a low 
 early -flowering composite, 
 which, in its double foims 
 (Fig. r)69), is widely known as 
 a garden plant ( see Bellis ) . The 
 American congener is B. in- 
 tegrifolia, Michx., an annual 
 or biennial, very like the Old 
 World species, ranging south- 
 westward from Kentucky; it is not domesticated. In 
 N. America, the word Daisy is applied to many field com- 
 posites, particularly to those of comparatively low growth 
 and large flower-heads. Unqualified, the word is com- 
 monly understood to mean Chrysanthemum Leucanthe- 
 mum (Fig. C70), an Old World plant which has become 
 an abundant field weed in the eastern part of the coun- 
 try. This plant i.s also commonly known as the Ox-Eye 
 Daisy, although iu parts of New England it is known as 
 W^hiteweed, and thf term Ox-Eye is applied to Budbeckia 
 hirta (Fig. 671), which has a yellow-rayed head. Kin to 
 the Olirysanthemum Lencanthemum are the Paris Dai- 
 sies, or Marguerites, of the conservatories (see Chry- 
 santhemum). The wild Asters (Fig. G72) are called 
 Daisies, especially Michaelmas Daisies, in many parts 
 of the country, particularly west of New York. Spring- 
 flowering Erigerons also are called Daisies. The Swan 
 River Daisy is Btuchycome iberidifolin (Figs. 255, 250). 
 The African Daisy is a species of Lonas. l_ jj^ b_ 
 
 DALB£BGIA (X. Dalberg, a Swedish botanist, 17.30 to 
 1820). Legumin-osie. About 60 species of trees, shrubs, 
 or climbers, belonging to tropical regions v.\\ over the 
 world. One species only introduced to S. Calif., and 
 most likely to prove of grreat interest as a timber tree. 
 Experiments in E^j-pt have shown its most remarkable 
 property of standing severe droughts, as well as sub- 
 mersion for a long period. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate, 
 without stipules: fls. small, numerous, purple, violet or 
 white, in forking cj-mes or irregular cyme-like panicles. 
 
 The Sissoo tree is worth trial in nearly frost4ess dis- 
 tricts, especially along sandy river banks. It improves 
 
 sterile lands. The wood is very elastic, seasons well, 
 does not warp or split, is easily worked, and takes a fine 
 polish. It is also a durable wood for boats. The tree is 
 raised easily from seeds or cuttings, and is of quick 
 growth. The demand is greater than the supply in 
 India, and the tree is cult, for timber. ( F. von Mueller, 
 Extra Trop. Plants.) Other species of Dalbergia are of 
 economic value. 
 
 Sissoo, Roxb. A good sized tree, 80 ft. high in India: 
 lvs. pinnate; leaflets 5, auernate, stalked, obovate, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, pube'<cent beneath : fls. white, in short, 
 axillary panicles. — In India considered one of the best 
 timbers, whenever elasticity and durability are required. 
 
 F. Franceschi and W. M. 
 
 'DALECHAMPIA( after the French savant, Dalechamps, 
 1513-15b8). Jf^nphorbidceif. This genus contains a tropi- 
 cal shrub rarely cultivated for its showy rose-red bracts. 
 In 1867, Hooker said it was one of the noblest plants 
 introduced for many years, comparable only with the 
 Bougainvilleas, and surpassing them in size of bracts 
 and brilliuacy of color. It is presumably inferior to 
 Euphorbia pulcherrima as a florists' plant, but is worth 
 trial in the finer conservatories. The genus has about 
 50 species widely scattered in warm regions, shrubs, 
 twiners or tall climbers, some of which have white bracts. 
 Cult, in a warm house. Prop, by cuttings. 
 
 Boezli&na, Muell. Arg. Erect shrub, ;j-4 ft. high, much 
 branched, leafy: lvs. 6 in. long, sessile, obovate-lauceo- 
 late, acuminate, entire, or with coarse obtuse teeth above 
 the middle, narrowed to a cordate base: bracts 2-2% in. 
 long, broadly heart-shaped, sessile, toothed, membra- 
 nous, ner\-ed, rose-red, with other smaller bracts: fls. 
 small, yellow, clustered. Mex. B.M. 5640. Var. ^ba, 
 Hort., has white bracts. 
 
 DALIBARD A (after Thomas Dalibard, French bota- 
 nist). Bosdceo'. A low-growing, native, hardy her- 
 baceous perennial plant, with foliage resembling a 
 violet and fls, like those of a strawberry. It is a shy, 
 modest plant, flowering from June to August in shady 
 woods. It is rarely cultivated in alpine gardens and 
 rockeries, being a slow-growing plant, liking a deep 
 fibrous soil and a sheltered position. Prop, by cuttings. 
 The genus has lately been referred to Rubus. but it 
 differs utterly in habit, in the carpels being usually well 
 defined instead of indefinite and the akenes dry instead 
 of drupaceous. 
 
 rdpens, Linn. {Bubus Dalibdrda, Linn.). Fig. 673. 
 Tufted, creeping: lvs. heart-shaped, wavy -tooth ed : fls. 
 whit«, 1 or 2 on each scape; cah-x 5-6-parted, 3 of the 
 divisions larger and toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens numer- 
 ous; pistils 5—10. Common in northern woods. D. 85. 
 In Fig. 673, a shows the perfect flower; 6, c, akenes of 
 the cleistogamous fls. 
 
 DAMASK BOSE. Bosa Damascena. 
 
 DAMASK VIOLET. Eesperis matronalis. 
 
 571. Yellow field Daisy, or Brown-eyed Susan— Rudbeckia hirta. 
 
454 
 
 DAME S ROCKET 
 
 DANDELION 
 
 DAME'S EOCXET and DAME'S VIOLET. Heaperis 
 
 matronal is. 
 
 DAMMABA. ^ee Agathis. 
 
 DAMN ACANTHUS (Greek, powerful spines). Bubi- 
 d.ceve. This monotypic jfenus contains a tender, ever- 
 green, Japanese shrub, chiefly valued for its coral-red 
 berries, which remain on the bush until the fls. of the 
 next season are produced. Branches numerous, spiny: 
 Ivs. small, opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, broadly 
 ovate, acuminate : fls. small, axillary, in I's or 2'8, 
 white, fragrant; calyx tube obovoid, limb 4-5-cut; co- 
 rolla funnel-shaped. Prop, by cuttings. This plant may 
 be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants. 
 
 Indicus, Gaertn. (D. mdjor, Sieb. & Zucc). Described 
 above. Himalayas and Jap. — Var. submitis is not so 
 spiny. 
 
 DAMPING-OFF. A gardeners' phrase for a disas- 
 trous rotting of plants, especially of seedlings and cut- 
 tings, and generally at the surface of the ground. It is 
 usually associated with excessive moisture in the soil 
 and air, with high and close temperatures, and some- 
 times poor light. Such conditions weaken the plants 
 and allow them to fall a prey to the minute parasitic 
 fungi which live upon the decaying vegetable matter in 
 the soil, and can remain alive for months, even if the 
 Hoil is thoroughly dry or frozen. As soon as the disease 
 is noticed, the healthy plants should be removed to 
 fresh soil, as the disease spreatis rapidly. A whole 
 bench of cuttings may be ruined in a night. The skill- 
 ful propagator takes every possible precaution. His 
 benches have perfect drainage, he uses fresh sharp 
 sand, and sometimes sterilizes it with steam heat for 
 several hours. Damping-off is one of the most trying 
 experiences of the beginner, and nothing can prevent it 
 
 673. Dalibarda repens. 
 With perfect and cleistogamous flowers. 
 
 but a thorough grasp of the principles of Greenhouse 
 Managemtnt in general, and Watering in particular. 
 (Consult articles on these subjects.) The terms Damp- 
 
 ing-oflf and Burning are also used for ruined flowers. 
 Burning is often caused by sunlight or by imperfections 
 in glass, but a flower spoiled by dripping cold water, or 
 by some unknown cause, is said to have a burned look. 
 
 One of the commonest occasions of Damping-oflp is the 
 sudden flooding of a bed or bench after leaving it too 
 dry for a long time. 
 
 674. Floret of Dandelion: 
 enlarged. 
 
 DAMSON. See Plttm. 
 
 675. Mature fruit of 
 Dandelion. 
 
 D AN JEA (a personal name). Marattidcece. A small 
 genus of fern-like plants, with synangia sessile, ar- 
 ranged in rows, ani covering the entire under surface 
 of the leaf. They are rarely seen in cultivation inAmer. 
 
 DANDELION (i. e., dent de lion, French for lion's 
 tooth; referring to the teeth on the Ivs.). The vernacu- 
 lar of Taraxacum officinale, Weber, a stemless peren- 
 nial or biennial plant of the Compdsitce. It is native to 
 Europe and Asia, but is naturalized in all temperate 
 countries. On the Rocky Mts. and in the high north 
 are forms which are apparently indigenous. A floret from 
 the head of a Dandelion is shown in Fig. 674. The ovary 
 is at e; pappus (answering to cal>-x) at a; ray of corolla 
 at c; ring of anthers at h; styles at d. The constricted 
 part at e elongates in fruit, raising the pappus on a long 
 stalk, as shown in Fig. 675; and thus is the balloon of the 
 Dandelion formed. A Dandelion plant, with its scattering 
 fruits, is shown in Fig. 676. There is another species of 
 Dandelion in this country, but evidently not common. 
 It is the Red-seeded Dandelion (T. erythrosp^rmum, 
 Andrz.), with red seeds, not reflexed involucral scales, 
 the shorter beak. 
 
 The Dandelion is much prized for "greens." For this 
 purpose it is cultivated in parts of Europe ; also about 
 Boston and in a few other localities in this countrj". 
 There are several improved large-leaved varieties, 
 mostly of French origin. Some of these named forms 
 have beautiful curled 'vs. Seeds are sown in the spring, 
 and the crop is gathered the same fall or the following 
 spring,— usually in the spring in this countrj'. Com- 
 monly the seeds are sown where the plants are to stand, 
 although the plantlets may be transplanted. The plants 
 should stand about 1 foot apart each way, and a good 
 crop will cover the land completely when a 5'ear old. 
 Sandy or light loamy soil is preferred. The crop is har- 
 vested and marketed like spinach. The Ivs. or heads 
 are often blanched by tying them up, covering with 
 s&nd or a flower-pot. The plants are sometimes grown 
 more closely in beds, and frames are put over them to 
 force them. Roots are sometimes removed from the 
 field to the hotbed or house for forcing. When treated 
 like chicory {which see), the roots will produce a win- 
 
DANDELION 
 
 DAPHNE 
 
 455 
 
 ter salad very like barbe de eapucin. Roots dug in 
 fall and dried are sold for medicinal purposes in drug 
 stores under the name of Taraxacum. l^ jj_ b_ 
 
 DANGLEBEBB7 or BLUE TANOLEBEBBT. Gay- 
 lussacin frondomt. 
 
 DAFHNE (Greek name of Latirus nobilis). Thy- 
 melcehce(t. Ornamental evergreen or deciduous shrubs, 
 with handsome foliage and sweet-scented, white, purple, 
 lilac or rarely greenish fls., which, in warmer climates, 
 often appear during the winter. Lvs. alternate, rarely 
 opposite, entire, short-petioled : fls. in clusters, short 
 racemes or umbels, apetalous, mostly fragrant ; perianth 
 tubular cr campaniilate, 4-lobed, corolla-like, usually 
 clothed with silky hairs outside ; stamens 8, included; 
 stigma capitate, sessile or nearly so : fr. a fleshy or 
 leathery l-seeded drupe. About 40 species in Eu. and 
 Asia. Only D. Mezereum, with very early lilac, fra- 
 grant fls. and decorative scarlet fr., and some low ever- 
 green species, like D. Cneorum and D. BUi gay ana, are 
 hardy north, while most of the evergreen species can be 
 recommended only for warmer climates. D. Pontica and 
 D. Laureola, with large evergreen lvs., are hardy as far 
 north as New York. Daphnes thrive best in a well 
 drained, light soil and in a partly shaded position, but 
 some, as D. Cneorum and D. Blagayona, which are ex- 
 ceedingly pretty plants for rockeries, do better in sunny 
 situations. In the north, D. odora and its varieties are 
 often groMm in pots for their sweet-scented and hand- 
 some fls. appearing during the winter. A sandy com- 
 post of peat and loam in equal proportions will suit them ; 
 they require a good drainage and careful watering dur- 
 ing the winter, and pots not larger than just necessary 
 should be given ; they may also be planted out in a cool 
 greenhouse and trained as a wall plant. D. Genktra, 
 with abundant lilac fls. before the lvs., is sometimes 
 forced. Prop, by seeds, sown after maturity or strati- 
 fled, but germinating very slowly ; also by layers put 
 down in spring and taken oflf the following year. The 
 evergreen species may be increased by cuttings of ma- 
 ture wood in fall under glass, and kept in a cool green- 
 house during the winter. If gentle bottom heat can be 
 given in early spring, it will be of advantage to the de- 
 velopment of the roots ; softwood cuttings taken from 
 forced plants may also be used. D. odora is often 
 veneer-grafted on seedling stock of Z>. Laureola in win- 
 ter, or on roots of D. Mezereum. D. Cneorum and 
 probably its allies are readily increased in spring by re- 
 moving the earth around the plant, pegging down the 
 branches and filling with fine compost almost to the 
 tops of the branches. Next spring, if the compost is 
 carefully removed, a large number of little buds, each 
 supplied with a white root, are found along the branches ; 
 they are easily detached and planted in pans or boxes. 
 
 In California, according to Franceschi, the species 
 most commonly grown is D. odora, the plants being 
 mostly imported from Japan. Many plants are also sent 
 from Japan for eastern greenhouse culture. A decoction 
 of the bark of D. Mezereum is sold in drug stores under 
 the name of Mezereum. It is stimulant and diuretic. It 
 is also known as Olive Spurge. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 Althougli iiardy Daphnes are generally recommended 
 to be planted in partial shade, they invariably succeed 
 in open, sunny pla«*es, and even in dry spots when the 
 start is made with strong, well-rooted plants. They 
 grow very freely in a light, open, well drained soil, en- 
 riched with thoroughly decayed manure. An annual top- 
 dressing of the same material is of great benefit to the 
 plants, young or old. 
 
 For propagation by cuttings, half-ripened wood is 
 best. Layers should not be separated until early in the 
 following spring, and it is advisable to shade the young 
 plants in their new quarters for a few weeks until the 
 roots have taken hold in the ground and growth has 
 started. Cuttings should not be subjected to a very 
 strong bottom heat before a good callus has formed, as 
 they are slow to emit roots, and free growth can not be 
 expected until the young plants attain the age of 2 
 years. The commonest of the hardy kinds is D. Cneo- 
 rum; but D, Blagayana, which is still very rare in 
 America, is a charming species, worthy of greater popu- 
 larity. Grafts of this species are likely to die without 
 
 apparent cause. D. NeapolUana needs a sheltered 
 position. J. B. Keller. 
 
 Alphabetical list of species described below : D. au- 
 tumnalis, 1; Blagayana, 5; buxifolia, 7; Cneorum, 4; 
 collina,G; Dauphini, 8; Delphini,S; Fioniana, 7: For' 
 tunei,3; Genkwa, .'{; Houtteana. 3; hybrida, 8; Indies, 
 9; Japonica,9; Jenkwa, 3; Laureola, 10; Mazeli, 9; 
 Mezereum, 1, 2; odora, 9; odorata, 9; oleoides, 7; Pon- 
 tica, 10; sericea, 6; Van Houttei, 2. 
 
 A. Lvs. deciduous : fls. axillary along the branches of 
 the previous year, appearing before the lvs. 
 
 1. Mezereum, Linn. Erect shrub, with stout branches, 
 to 4 ft. : lvs. alternate, cuneate, oblong or oblanceolate, 
 glabrous, grayish beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. usually 3, 
 sessile, silky outside, fragrant, IHac-purple, appearing 
 much before the lvs.: fr. roundish ovoid, scarlet. Feb.- 
 Apr. Eu. to Altai and Caucasus. Gn. 29:550.— Var. 
 
 \i'if^ 
 
 676. The Dandelion 
 
456 
 
 DAPHNE 
 
 DARLIXGTONIA 
 
 bescent branches 
 
 Alba, Ait., has white fls. and yellow fr. Gn. 29:550. 
 G.C. 111. 2L:183, 185. Var. Alba pldna, Hort., has double 
 white fls. Gn. 29:550. Var. grandifldra, Hort. (var. 
 autumndlis, Hort.). With larger, very early fls., some- 
 times blooming in fall. 
 
 2. HoutteJlna, Planch. {D. Mtzereum, v&r. atropurpu- 
 rea, Dipp.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect, stout branches: 
 Ivs. alternate, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, 
 coriaceous and often persistent, purple : fls. appearing 
 before the Ivs., lilac-violet, 2-4, in short-peduncled clus- 
 ters. Apr. F.S. 6 :.592. — Of garden origin, and probably 
 hybrid between D. Laureola and Mezereum. 
 
 3. O^nkwa, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. Fdrtunei, Lindl. D. 
 Jinkwa, Hort.). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender branches : 
 Ivs. opposite, oblong-elliptic, appressed-pubescent on 
 the veins beneath, 1^-2 in. long: fls. lilac, 3-7, in short- 
 stalked clusters, scentless, denselv silky, villous outside. 
 Mar., Apr. Jap. S.Z. 75. Gt. 15':499. F.S. 3:208. Gn. 
 42:868. R.L. 10:73. 
 
 AA. Zfvs. evergreen, alternate {see JVo.S). 
 
 B Fls. in terminal heads, rarely axillary and pinkish. 
 
 c. Habit lotv, procumbent or trailing. 
 
 4. Cnedrum, Linn. Fig. 677. With long, trailing, pu- 
 Ivs. crowded, cuneate, oblanceolate, 
 
 mucronulate, flnally gla- 
 brous, dark green and 
 glossy above, glaucescent 
 beneath, J^-l in. long: fls. 
 in sessile, many-fld. heads, 
 pink, fraf.'Tant. Apr., May, 
 and oftn^ again in sum- 
 mer. Mts. of M. Eu. B. 
 M. 313. L. B.C. 18:1800. 
 Gn. 45, p.237. —Var. m^jus, 
 Hort. Of more vigorous 
 growth. Gn. 51, p. 358. 
 Var. maximum of Euro- 
 pean nurseries = i>. Nea- 
 polifana. 
 
 5. Blagay^tna, Freyer. 
 Branches often ascending, 
 glabrous : Ivs. cuneate, 
 obovate or oblong, gla- 
 brous, 1-1 34 in. long: heads 
 many - fld. : fls. white or 
 yellowish white, fragrant, 
 nearly glabrous outside, 
 almost 1 in. long. Apr., 
 
 May. Mts. of southeastern Eu. B.M. 7579. F.S. 22:2313. 
 
 Gt. 29:1020. Gn. 14:143. G.C. II. 13:245 ; 17:505 ; III. 
 
 11:491. 
 
 CC. Habit erect, 1-4 ft. high. 
 D. Perianth densely pubescent outside. 
 
 6. serlcea, Vahl (D. colllna, Sm.). Height 1-3 ft.: 
 branches pubescent : Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblanceo- 
 late, obtuse, slightly revolute at the margin, glabrous 
 and shining above, appressed-pubescent beneath, 
 1-1^ in. long: fls. fragrant, infew-fld. heads, with bracts, 
 purple, densely pubescent outside, with ovate-obtuse 
 lobes, % in. long. Spring. Italy to W. Asia. B.M. 428. 
 B.R. 24:56. L.B.C. 14:1348. 
 
 7. oleoides, Schreb. (D. buxifolia, Vahl). Shrub, to 
 3 ft.: branches pubescent: Ivs. obovate-elliptic to obo- 
 vate-lanceolate, usually mucronulate or acute, villous- 
 pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous at length, 
 l-l^in. long: fls. in few-fld. heads without bracts, 
 white or pale lilac, with ovate-lanceolate, i^ointed lobes, 
 34 in. long. Southeastern Eu. L.B.C. 3:299. B.M. 1917. 
 — Very variable in shape and pubescence of Ivs. Var. 
 Fioni^na, Hort., with obovate-lanceolate. obtuse Ivs. and 
 lilac fls., is said to be a hybrid between this species and 
 the former. 
 
 8. bi^brida, Lindl. (Z>. Dnnphiui, Hort. D. D^Jphiui, 
 Lodd.). Garden hybrid of I), collina x odora. Similar 
 to D. odora, but hardier. Erect shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. cu- 
 neate, oblong-elliptic, dark green and shining above, 
 glabrous or slightly hairy along the veins beneath when 
 young, 2-3 in. long : fls. reddish purple, very fragrant, 
 rather iarge, in few-fld. beads. B.R. 1 1:1177. 
 
 677. Daphne Cneorum. 
 
 DD. Perianth glabrous outside, or nearly so. 
 
 9. oddra, Thunbg. (Z>, Jap&niea, Thnnhg. D.Indica, 
 Loisel., not Linn.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with glabrous 
 branches : Ivs. oblong-elliptic, acute at both endg 
 bluntly pointed, glabrous, 2-3 in. long : fls. in dense' 
 terminal heads, very fragrant, white to purple: ovary 
 glabrous. Winter and spring. China, Jap. Gn. 28:4i«9. 
 Gng. 2:211. — V^ar. dlba, Hort. Fls. white. Gn. 28:4y9! 
 Var. Maz61i, Hemsl. Fls. inpeduncled, axillary clusters 
 along the branches, pink outside, white within. Gn. 
 14:154. R.H. 1872:392. Hardier than the type. Var. ptinc- 
 tklA, Hemsl. P'ls. in dense heads, wlnte, spotted out- 
 side with red. B.M. 1587. Var. margin^ta, Hort. Lvs. 
 bordered yellow: fls. red. P.M. 8:175. R.H. 1866:251. 
 Var. rtlbra, Don. Fls. purple. S.B.F.G. II. 4:320. 
 G.C. III. 21: 173. D. odorbta, Hort., is a common mis- 
 print in catalogues for D. odora. D. odorata, Lam.= 
 D. Cneorum. 
 
 BB. Fls. axillary, yellowish or greenish white, glabrous 
 
 outside. 
 
 10. LauT§ola, Linn. Shrub, to 4 ft. : lvs. cuneate. obo- 
 vate-lanceolate, acute, shining and dark green above, 
 glabrous, 2-3. Va in. long : fls. in 5-10-fld., nearly sessile 
 racemes, yellowish green, scentless : fr. black, ilar.- 
 May. S. Eu., W. Asia. — Var. pnrpiiren of the Kew 
 Arboretum = i>. Uontteana. 
 
 11. F6ntica, Linn. Shrub, to 5 ft. : lvs. cuneate, obo- 
 vate or obovate-lanceolate, acute, shining, glabrous, 2-3 
 in. long: fls. in long-peduucled, 1-3-fld. clusters, green- 
 ish yellow, fragrant, with linear-lanceolate lobes. Apr., 
 May. Southeastern Eu., W. Asia. B.M. 1282. G.C. 
 II. 14:209. 
 
 D.alplna, Linn. Erect shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cu- 
 neate-lanceolate, sparingly silky: fls. white or blushed, termi- 
 nal, fragrant. May, June. S. Eu. L.B.C.1:66.— Z>. Ai<dica,Pall. 
 Shrub, to 4 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, 
 glabrous: fls. white, in terminal, 1-5-fld. heads, fragrant. May, 
 June. Altai, Songaria, Mongolia. B.M. 1875. L.B.C. 4:399.— Z). 
 anstralis, CyrilL^C. serieea.— Z). Caucdsica, Pall. Allied toD. 
 Altaica. Lvs. narrower: tls. in 3-20-fld. heads. Caucasus. B.M. 
 7388.— Z). Delahaydna, Hort.=D. Neapolitana. — I), glomerata. 
 Lam. Allied to D. Pontica. Low: fls. light pink, fragrant, the 
 clusters crowded at the end of the branches. May. W. Asia.— 
 i>. Gnidixw, Linn. Evergreen shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, acTite, glabrous: fls. yellowish white, fragrant, in terminal 
 racemes or panicles. S. Eu. L.B.C. 2:150.— />. yeapcUtatia, 
 Ijodd. (.T>. Cneorum X sericea). Evergreen shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs. 
 cuneate-oblong, obtuse, nearly glabrous : fls. in terminal heads, 
 rosy purple, fragrant. May, sometimes again in fall. L.B.C. 
 S-.llQ.—I). papyrifera, Sieb.=Edgeworthia Gardneri.— i>. j>«- 
 trcea, Leyb. Dwarf evergreen shrub : lvs. linear-lanceolate, 
 small, obtuse: fls. light pink, in terminal, S-G-fld. V'-.ads, fra- 
 grant. .June, July. S. Tyrol.— Z). rupestris, Facch. etrjea.— 
 Z). «fl/jci76fta, Lam.=D. Caucasiea.— Z). striata, Tratt. Dwarf 
 evergreen shrub : lvs. small, cuneate, linear-lanceolate, gla- 
 brous: fls. in terminal, many-fld. heads, pink. June, July. 
 Switzerland and Carpath. Mts. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 DAPHNlDIUM. See Benzoin. 
 
 DAPHNIPHtLLUM (Greek, literally a laurel-leaf). 
 jEuphorbidcece. A genus of oriental trees, perhaps 15 
 species. The following species are very rare in cultiva- 
 tion, and are obtained through dealers in Japanese 
 plants. The genus has no near allies of horticultural 
 value. Tropical glabrous trees: lvs. alternate, entire, 
 stalked, leathery, usually narrow, feather-veined : ra- 
 cemes axillary, f hort : bracts minute or none : fls. 
 stalked, dioecious, without petals : fr. an olive-shaped 
 drupe. 
 
 macrdpodun, Miq. Lvs. leathery; petiole 2 in. long; 
 blade about H in. long, 2 % in. wide, elliptic-oblong, with 
 a very short, hard, abrupt point: racemes of female fls. 
 3 in. long, slender; pedicels distint. Japan. 
 
 glauc63cen8, Blume. Tree, often 20-30 ft. high, in In- 
 dia, Java and Corea: petiole three to four-fifths in. long 
 in the pistillate plant; in the staminate 8-13 tenths of 
 an inch long; lvs. obovate-lanceolate, rounded at the 
 tip; blade 3-4 in. long, 12-16-tenths of an inch wide. 
 —There is a variegated form. W. M. 
 
 OABLINGTONIA (after William Darlington, the 
 American botanist, to whom we are indebted for the de- 
 lightful Memorials of Bartram and Marshall). Sarrnce- 
 nidcece. One of the most interesting and distinct of all 
 
DARLINGTONIA 
 
 DASYLIRION 
 
 457 
 
 J itcher plants. There is only one species in this genus. 
 The plant was first collected near Mt. Shasta by the 
 Wilkes Exploring Expedition. Indians attacked the 
 party, and as the explorers retreated to their carap W. D. 
 Brackenridge grabbed something, which turned out to 
 be fragments of this exciting plant. The Darlingtonia 
 grows at an altitude of 5,000 feet on the Sierra Nevadas 
 of California, in sphagnum bogs along with sundews 
 and rushes. The pitchers grow in clusters, and are a 
 foot or two high. The pitcher is slender, erect, spirally 
 twisted and rounded at the top, something like a fiddle 
 head. From this hangs a curious reddish stnicture 
 with two long flaps. Underneath the rounded top is 
 seen the entrance to the trap, which means death to all 
 sorts of insects, big and little. How the plant attracts 
 them is not obvious, but the fate of the inscots is clear. 
 They climb down a long, narrow funnel, guided by nee- 
 dle-like downward-pointing hairs. Arrived at the bot- 
 tom, the insects find these needles numerous and con- 
 verging. As they attempt to escape they are confronted 
 by an impassable array of lances. The manner of their 
 death can be easily imagined. They sink into the bot- 
 tom in a putrid, sticky mass, and the products of de- 
 composition are presumably absorbed by the plant. 
 
 Darlingtonias have been grown outdoors in the east 
 the year round in a few special localities. Edward Gil- 
 lett, at Southwick, Mass., grows them in a favored spot 
 without artificial protection. F. H. Hor^ford can pre- 
 serve them at Charlotte, Vt., w^ith the aid of a winter 
 mulch. 
 
 Califdmica, Ton*. Fig. G78. Rootstock horizontal: Ivs. 
 forming pitchers as described above, which are curi- 
 ously veined, and have a wing on the ventral surface 
 and a crest on top, green, finally becoming a pear yel- 
 low: scape erect, %-\%it. high, clothed with obtuse, 
 erect, concave, half -clasping bracts: fls. solitary, nod- 
 ding, 3 in. across; sepals 5, pale green; petals shorter 
 than the sepals, about 1 in. long, converging, greenish 
 yellow, w'th broad reddish brown veins, contracted 
 above the middle; stigmas 5; ovary cylindrical below, 
 dilated into a broad .i-lobed top with a deep depression 
 in the center, 5-ceIled : seeds obovate-club-shaped. B.M. 
 5920. I.H. 18:75. F.S. 14:1440. G.C. III. 7:84, 85; 
 17:304; 24:339.-Int. to cult, about 1861. w. M. 
 
 As greenhouse plants, Darlingtonias require the same 
 treatment as their allies, Sarracenias, Dioneas and Dro- 
 seras. A well grown collection of these plants is not 
 only very interesting and curious, but also very beauti- 
 ful. To succeed, they must occupy a shaded position, 
 and never be allowed to become dry. Give a cool, moist, 
 even temperature. If possible a glass case should 
 be provided for them, with provision made for ven- 
 tilation; a constant moist atmosphere can be more 
 easily maintained, and at the same time the green- 
 house in which they are grown may be freely ven- 
 tilated without injury to these plants. The material 
 in which they grow best is two-thirds fern root fiber 
 with the dust shaken out, and one-third chopped sphag- 
 num moss and silver sand, with a few nodules of char- 
 coal added. About the first week in July is perhaps the 
 best time for potting, though one must be guided by the 
 condition of the plants, choosing a time when they 
 are the least active. When well established they wiH 
 only require potting once in two years. The pots should 
 be placed in pot saucers as a safeguard against their 
 ever becoming dry, and all the space between the pots 
 should be filled with sphagnum moss up to the rims of 
 the pots. A temperature of 40° to 45° during winter, with 
 a gradual rise as the days lengthen in spring, will suit 
 them admirably. During the summer they should be 
 kept well shaded, or they may be removed to a well 
 shaded frame outside, in some secluded position free 
 from hot, drying winds. Propagation of these plants is 
 effected by division of the r(X)ts, or by seeds sown on 
 live sphagnum moss in pans, the moss being made very 
 even and the pans placed either under a bell jar or glass 
 case in a cool, moist atmosphere. [For detailed English 
 experience, see G.C. III. 24:338.] 
 
 Edward .J. Canning. 
 
 Darlingtonia Courfii was named after William Court, 
 for many years hybridizer and traveler for James 
 Veitch & Son. Some say it is a hybrid between a 
 
 Nepenthes and Darlingtonia Califomica. Its Ivs. or 
 pitchers are shorter ami stouter than those of D. Cali' 
 fornica, and more rounded at the mouth. The stalks of 
 the pitchers bend out almost horizontally from the base 
 or crown of the plant and then be- 
 come erect. The treatment is much 
 the same as for D. Califomica. ex- 
 cept that it must be kept indoors in 
 w^inter. It .hrives well in a house 
 with OdontogloHSum crispum and 
 Masdevallia. It is generally st;j- 
 pended like Nepenthes. The writer 
 has successfully g^rown it when it 
 was potted in peat or sphagnum, in a 
 
 i 
 
 678. Young leaves of Darlinetonia. 
 
 small pot which was inverted into a larger pot, with a 
 layer of sphagniun packed in between, and the whole 
 kept constantly moist. It is an interesting and attrac- 
 tive plant, and enjoys considerable popularity in Eng- 
 
 ^^^^' Henry A. Siebrecht. 
 
 DABNEL. Lolium perenne. 
 
 DASTLtBION (Greek, tufted lily). LilicicecB. Highly 
 ornamental plants, well adapted for rockeries, for iso- 
 lated specimens on lawns, decoration of conservatories, 
 staircases, et«., and eminently suitable for terraces and 
 vases, in the formal style of gardening. Trunk short or 
 missing altogether : Ivs. in large number, inserted in a 
 symmetrical way, so as t(> form a dome or globe-shaped, 
 regi^' 
 e 
 
 ,', 
 
 ' '*ad, more or less serrulated, and in some 
 iding in a brush-like tuft of dried fibers. The 
 < '^f numberless whitish green, minute flow- 
 " a striking feature. Dasylirions generally 
 Dr. ncL ». -. ' io<miing. They are of the easiest pos- 
 sible culvur J, and will stand some degrees of frost, par- 
 ticularly if kept dry. Easily propagated from seeds 
 and from cuttings of the branches when produced, as 
 they do not sucker as a rule. Six or perhaps more 
 species altogether. Natives of the arid region com- 
 prising southwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona 
 and northern Mexico. The following are grown in south- 
 em gardens and in conservatories up north, but not as 
 much as they deserve. y. Fkanceschi. 
 
 These plants are inferior to Yucca filamentosa in 
 hardiness and in showiness and regularity of fiowering, 
 but they have an individuality of their own which should 
 commend them to amateurs who like things that every- 
 body doesn't have. They are especially esteemed in 
 California, where the great flower-stalks, 8 or 10 ft. high, 
 
458 
 
 DASYLIRION 
 
 DATE 
 
 give a strong impression of the desert, which contrasts 
 forcibly with civilized surroundings. The individual 
 flowers are not highly colored, but the spikes are 
 several feet long. Three plants sold as Dasylirions be- 
 long to Nolina, a closely related genus, which is chiefly 
 distinguished by fruit characters. In Dasylirion the 
 ovarj' has .*i ovules, and the fruit is dry and indehiscent, 
 or splits through the partitions and between the cells. 
 In Nolina the ovary has 2 ovules, and the fruit is dry, 
 often 3-winer^d, ami bursts in an irregular fashion. The 
 latest monograph is in Latin by J. G. Baker in Joum. 
 Linn. Soc. Vol. 18(1881). 
 
 A. Stems 4-angled, square in section. 
 
 qoadrangrulJltain, S. Watson. Trunk 3 ft. high : Ivs. 
 drooping, dark green, 2 ft. or more long, 2-3 lines broad 
 at the base, soon narrower and quadrangular, the mar- 
 gin rough but not toothed. Mex. Discovered in 1878.— 
 This is the only species with entire, not toothed, leaf- 
 marglns. With Franceschi the trunk is so short as to 
 be almost globular ; the Ivs. are 4-G ft. long, slightly 
 arching, and not splitting into fibers. 
 
 AA Stems not 4-angled. 
 
 B. Tips of Ivs. not splitting into fibers. 
 
 glaucoph^llum, Hook. {D. glaiictim, Carr.). Recog- 
 nized by the above charatiter and by the very glaucous, 
 bluish green Ivs., of which the inner ones are strict and 
 rigid, not gracefully drooping, the outer ones recurved, 
 2-3 ft. long, S-9 lines wide above the base. Mex. B.M. 
 5041. R. H. 1872, p. 435. G.C. II. 13: 205.] 
 
 BB. Tips of Ivs. splitting into fibers, 
 
 c. Trunk long, 2-5 ft. 
 
 D. Teeth on the leaf-margins yellowish. 
 
 Tex&ntun, Scheele. Lvs. light green, 3-4 ft. long, 5-6 
 lines wide above the base ; margin serrulate, armed 
 with hooked teeth 1 line long and 3-6 lines apart; 
 flower-stalk 8-10 ft. high. Tex. and New Mex. 
 
 DD. Teeth on the leaf-margins brown. 
 
 Whedleri, S.Wats. Lvs. very similar to those of D. 
 Texamim, 7-9 lines wide. The lvs. are shorter than in 
 D. glaucophyllum, and they usually have a spiral twist, 
 which gives the plant a remarkable appearance. Ariz 
 and N. Mex. 
 
 cc. Trunk short. 
 
 D. Bacemes short, densely fid. 
 
 E. Length of lvs. S-i ft. 
 
 graminildlitun, Zucc. Trunk very short : rosette of 
 lvs. 4-5 ft. across : lvs. 3-7 lines wide above the base, 
 tipped with 6-8 spreading fibers. Mex. Int. into cult, 
 about 1835. — This name and D. serratifolium were given 
 by Zuccarini without description, and are greatly con- 
 fused in botanical literature and perhaps also in gardens. 
 
 EE. Length of lvs. 2-3 ft. 
 
 acr6trichum, Zucc. (D. grdcile, Zucc). Trunk in gar- 
 dens unbranched, finally 4-5 ft. high : lvs. G-8 lines wide, 
 pale green, hardlv glaucous, splitting at the tip into 
 20-30 fibers, the outer lvs. recurved. Mex. B.M. 5030. 
 F.S. 14:1448. G.C. III. 19: 204. 
 
 DD. Bacemes long, loosely fid. 
 serratifdlium, Zucc. Lvs. exactly as in />. acrotrichum, 
 7-8 lines wide above the base. Mex. —Can be distin- 
 guished only in flower. ^^ t^j^ 
 
 DATE. A palm, Pho'nix dactylifera, Linn., native 
 to N. Africa and Arabia, and extensively planted in 
 countries under Arabic control. It is also grown to some 
 extent in southern Asia and southern Europe and in 
 other tropical and subtropical countries. The pulpy 
 fruits constitute one of the most important articles of 
 food of the Arabs ; and the leaves and other parts of the 
 plant afford materials for dwellings and many domestic 
 uses. Nearly all parts of the plant are utilized in some 
 way. The Date palm reaches a height of 100 ft., mak- 
 ing a straight, shaggy trunk, an«l it continues to bear 
 for one or two centuries. It is dioecious. See Phoenix. 
 
 The Date palm has been grown in parts of the United 
 States and adjacent Mexico for many years. In Florida, 
 California, and restricted areas of a few other states, 
 
 it has been grown for decorative purposes for more than 
 a century. At the missions founded by the Spaniards 
 at St, Augustine, and other places in Florida, and that 
 long line of missions extending from far into Mexico 
 northward and westward through southern New Mexico' 
 Arizona and California, it is probable that the Date was 
 planted wherever the climatic conditions were favor- 
 able. Within the borders of the United States the 
 greater number of these early plantings were in Florida 
 or along the coast of southern California, regions where 
 the sum total of summer heat is not sufficient to perfectly 
 develop the Date fruit. The Date, as a fruit producer 
 being indigenous to a desert environment, does not take 
 kindly to humid regions, even where it is not suflBciently 
 cold to prohibit the growth of the tree. For this reason 
 the greater number of the early plantings in this country 
 matured little fruit, while that produced was of poor 
 quality, although in many instances the trees grew luxu- 
 riantly and to large size. In the more arid portions of 
 Lower California and Sonora, where there is sufficient 
 water for irrigation, the early plantings have been con- 
 tinued down to the present time, and Dates of fair 
 quality have been grown for many years. Moreover, 
 etwh year the area devoted to Dates is increasing. Not 
 only have sufficient Dates been grown in Sonora to sup- 
 ply the local markets and the markets of the larger 
 cities, Hermosillo, Guaymas and Altar, but during the 
 past year a surplus has been shipped from the state. 
 
 The part of tlie United States suitable for growing 
 the Date tree, for the profitable production of fruit, is 
 confined to rather narrow limits; viz., the irrigable por- 
 tion of southern Arizona below an altitude of 2.500 feet 
 and the somewhat similar area of southern California 
 east of the coast ranges of mountains, where the sum- 
 mer temperature is not lowered by proximity to the sea. 
 As a tree, however, it will make excellent growth over 
 a much larger area, including the semi-arid regions of 
 central and southern California. Over the larger area 
 it will occasionally bloom and the earlier varieties ma- 
 ture fruit, but the summer heat will rarely be sufficient 
 to bring it to a high degree of perfection. In recent 
 years Dates have matured in favorable localities in 
 California, in both the San Joaquir. and Sacrament(> 
 valleys, but it is only east of the mountains in the irri- 
 gable regions of the Mojave desert that there is suffi- 
 cient summer heat to mature an annual crop. In the 
 strictly desert regions of southern Arizona and south- 
 eastern California the planting of seedling Dates is 
 rapidly increasing, and the time is not far distant when 
 in this region not a little attention will be given to the 
 production of this fruit. Among the older trees may be 
 mentioned those on a ranch owned by Hall Hanlon, 
 situated on the California side of the Colorado river a 
 few miles below Yuma. In 1875 Mr. Hanlon received a 
 box of Dates from La Paz, Lower California, which were 
 grown at that place, and planted the seed the same year. 
 From these seeds 12 pistillate and several staminate 
 trees were raised, the trees beginning to bloom at the 
 age of 5 years. All the pistillate trees have fruited 
 abundantlj' each year since 7 years of age. and now vary 
 in height from 20 to 50 feet, each tree producing yearly 
 from 6 to 17 bunches of fruit, the bunches varying in 
 weight from 20 to 38 pounds. 
 
 In recent years many seedling palms ha%'e come into 
 bearing in southern Arizona, particularly in Salt river 
 valley. On the Bartlett, Adams & Co's. ranch at Glen- 
 dale, several seedling Dates were in bearing in the 
 fall of 1898, at which time one tree, 8 years from seed, 
 bore an estimated crop of more than 400 pounds. On 
 a ranch owned by E. L. Arthur, in the vicinity of 
 Tempe, a dozen or more palms were in bearing the same 
 year, several of which bore one or more bunches of fruit 
 the fourth year after planting. In addition to those 
 cited above, many seedling palms bore during the fall 
 of 18(t- at Pha?nix, Tempe, Glendale, Mesa, Arizola, 
 Flore! Yuma, Tucson, and other points in southern 
 Arizona, and a number of localities in California. 
 
 An impetus was given to Date culture in this country by 
 the importation by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 in the spring of 1891 and 1892, of 74 rooted suckers. 68 of 
 which were supposed to have been taken from female 
 trees of approved varieties, while the remaining six were 
 labeled male. These trees were distributed to various 
 
DATE 
 
 DATE 
 
 459 
 
 679. An American 
 seedllne Date. 
 
 points in New Mexico, Arizona and California. Those 
 planted on the Experiment Station farm at Phoenix 
 have made a much V>etter growth and bloomed more 
 freely than the plants sent elsewhere, some of the speci- 
 mens at this Station, in the fall of 1898, measuring more 
 
 than 20 feet to the topmost leaf and 
 producing 100 to 200 pounds of 
 fruit to the tree. A sulficient num- 
 ber of the imported palms have 
 blossomed to indicate that they 
 are not true to name, more than 
 one-half of those blossoming to 
 date being staminate, while those 
 that have fruited are inferior to a 
 number of the choicer seedlings 
 grown in Arizona. It yet remains 
 for another importation to be made, 
 when greater care may be taken 
 that the imported plants are suck- 
 ers from trees of recognized merit 
 and approved varieties. 
 
 An examination of specimens of 
 fruit from many of the seedling 
 Dates grown in the United States^ 
 as well as in the state of Sonora, 
 Mexico, during the season of 1898, 
 and also an examination of the 
 fruit of the imported Dates at the 
 Experiment Station farm at Phoe- 
 nix, showed considerable variation 
 in the size, flavor, shape, color, and 
 general desirability of the differ- 
 ent specimens. Only about 50 per cent of the trees ex- 
 amined bore edible Dates, the remainder being astrin- 
 gent even when fully ripe, and little more than a skin 
 over a pit. Of the remaining 50 per cent only about 
 one-fifth were especially desirable and worthy of per- 
 petuating by growing suckers. It must be rememberf d 
 in this connection that Dates, like most other fruits, do 
 not come true to seed ; hence, it is not reasonable to ex- 
 pect a very large percentage of desirable Dates as a re- 
 sult of growing seedlings. Some of the best seedling 
 Dp -38 grown in Arizona in 1898 were light in color and 
 varied in weight from two-sevenths to one-fourth ounce 
 to the specimen, with from 10 to 11 parts in weight of 
 flesh (mesocarp) to one part of pit. The largest of the 
 imported Dates; viz., the variety labelled "Seewah," pro- 
 •iuced Dates averaging nearly one-third ounce to the 
 specimen. Although this is the largest Date yet pro- 
 duced in Arizona, and probably in the United States, 
 the pit is extremely large, there being but 8 parts of 
 flesh to one of pit. Fuitherraore, the flesh is covered 
 with a thick skin ( epicarp ) , and there is a firm papery 
 covering (endocarp) over the pit. An excessive develop- 
 ment of either epicarp or endocarp is undesirable. 
 Choice varieties of Dates should have thin skins and 
 small see<ls surrounded by a thin, papery covering. The 
 flesh should be thick, of medium firmness, sweet, and of 
 agreeable flavor. The Date industry' in the United 
 States is in its infancy. Approved varieties have not as 
 yet been introduced and the quantity of fruit produced 
 has not reached suflicient magnitude to give it a com- 
 mercial rating. 
 
 The Date palm grows upon nearly all kinds of soil. If 
 it be sufficiently irrigated and has the rt-quisite amount 
 of heat, the soil seems to be a secondary consideration. 
 In general it may be said, however, that iean. sandy soils 
 of the desert, with a small percentage of clay and 
 charged with alkaline salts, are preferable to rich and 
 heavy soils, suitable for growing ordinarj' crops. The 
 question of water is of great importance in the culture 
 of Dates, as it is necessary that the roots of the Date 
 palm be in moist earth throughout the year. In general, 
 the amount of water required for successful culture is 
 considerable. If sufficient water cannot be supplied by 
 natural methods, we must resort to irrigation. Water 
 should be supplied at frequent intervals throughout the 
 year. However, the most should be supplied in the 
 spring before blot)ming, and in the fall prior to the 
 ripening of the fruit. The amount of water for each 
 palm depends so much upon soil and local conditions 
 that an estimate would be worthless. Care should be 
 taken not to irrigate to excess at the time of blooming 
 
 and Immediately after, as it will militate against the 
 successful setting of the fruit. The Date seems not only 
 to enjoy a high atmospheric temperature, but a high 
 temperature of the water supplied in irrigation as well. 
 In irrigating small crops by flooding, it is necessary in 
 midsummer to irrigate late in the afternoon or at night 
 in order to prevent scalding. Care should be taken, dur- 
 ing the warmer portion of the year, that the Date palm 
 is not subjected to hot water about the roots, rising 
 above the soil for a considerable length of time, and 
 later left until the soil becomes exceedingly dry and 
 baked by the sun. Such extremes may sometimes seri- 
 ously injure or destroy the tree. 
 
 Dates are propagated either by seeds or suckers. As 
 with the apple and most other fruits. Dates do not come 
 true to seed, hence the only sure way to obtain good 
 Dates is to secure a sucker from a tree of established 
 excellence. Propagation from seed is of little value 
 when we desire to obtain Dates of the same quality as 
 those from which the seeds were obtained, or when we 
 wish a correct proportion of male to female trees. 
 Again, seedling palms are usually very much later in ma- 
 turing their fruit, and generally the fruit from such 
 trees have large seeds and little flesh. It is always 
 preferable to propagate Dates from suckers unless one 
 desires to originate new varieties, not only on account 
 of the knowledge of the sex (it being hardly necessary 
 to state that the sex of a sucker is the same as that of 
 the plant from which it is taken), but on account of the 
 ability to make a selection in the variety and quality of 
 the fruit. 
 
 All species belonging to the genus Phoenix are diffi- 
 cult to transplant with uniform success. Frequently as 
 high as 50 per cent of transplanted Dates die even 
 when watered daily and given the best of care. In plant- 
 ing suckers, with the 
 best of attention, a 
 large percentage die: 
 while without care not 
 one in a hundred will 
 grow. It is due not so 
 much to the lack of ex- 
 perience in removing 
 the suckers as to lack 
 of proper care after 
 removal, that so large 
 a percentage fail to 
 grrow. Suckers may be 
 removed at any time 
 during the spring or 
 early summer, or even 
 in the winter, if proper 
 care be given them 
 after removal. If they 
 are to be planted in the 
 open ground it is advis- 
 able to remove them 
 during the spring or 
 early summer, April 
 probably being the best 
 month. In winter, when 
 the plants are at a 
 standstill, the suckers 
 may be removed with 
 comparatively small 
 loss, if the bulbs be 
 not less than 4 inches 
 in diameter and have 
 a few roots. It is nec- 
 essary, when suckers 
 are removed at this sea- 
 son, to set them in 
 rather small pots, so 
 that the earth, which 
 should be given a daily 
 soaking, may have a 
 chance to get warm 
 quickly. The pots 
 should be kept in a greenhouse, or, better yet, imbedded 
 in a hotbed of manure, covered with the customary 
 frame and glass. In all cases the leaves should be 
 cut back to 6 to 12 inches in length. If proper atten- 
 tion can be given it is best to plant the suckers where 
 
 
 s*'^'^ 
 
 ^.•» 
 
 
 680. Fruit clusters of Date, 
 as erown in Arizona, 
 
460 
 
 DATE 
 
 DATURA 
 
 they are to rpmain, as a second chance for loss occurs 
 when they are planted in a nursery and later moved to 
 the position that they are finally to occupy. A 2-inch 
 chisel, well sharpened, and an appropriate mallet are 
 the important tools to use in reniovintf suckers. The 
 leafstalks should be cut away, exjwsinK the bulb of the 
 sucker, care beinj? taken not to injure the bulb in re- 
 movinjjf. One should cut in rather deeply at either side, 
 not beinj? afraid of injuring the old plant, cutting out a 
 V-shaped portion extending from the base of the bulb 
 downward for a foot or more, and being careful to se- 
 cure in uninjured condition all the attached roots. If 
 the position of the sucker be not too high above the 
 ground the V-shaped portion should be continued down- 
 ward into the soil, that all established roots be obtained. 
 
 Under proper cultivation the Date palm should pro- 
 duce from 10 to 14 leaves each year. A well developed 
 tree will have at one time from 30 to 60 leaves, the old 
 ones dying away below while new ones are forming at 
 the top. The different varieties show great variation in 
 rapidity of growth, form and length of leaves, size of 
 stem, and general aspect of plant. The stem of the 
 Date palm is very elastic, and when it reaches a height 
 of 10 or more feet it is frequently necessary to tie the 
 growing bunches of Dates securely to the lower leaf- 
 stalks, that they be not broken and injured by the wind 
 before maturity. 
 
 For further information, consult Bull. 29, Arizona 
 Exp. 6ta. J. w. TouMEY. 
 
 A successful method of propagation of Date trees is 
 to bank up earth about the base of the parent tree and 
 above the base of the suckers, and keep moist by wa- 
 tering daih' to induce formation of rtKjts. Suckers may he 
 partially severed from the old stock before the banking 
 is done, or after the roots have started. When the roots 
 are well grown, the suckers may be transplanted with 
 little loss. 
 
 For purposes of pollination the Arabs usually plant 
 about one male tree to 25 female or fruit-bearing trees. 
 In order to secure perfect pollination, they cut sprays 
 of male blossoms, when the pollen is in the best condi- 
 tion, and tie them to the leaf-stems above the pistillate 
 flowers at the time they are opening. If this were done 
 in cases where isolated female Date trees are growing 
 in America, there would be much perfect and delicious 
 fruit where now there is that which is worthless, be- 
 cause of the lack of pollination. 
 
 In the earlier importations the agents were imposed 
 upon by either ignorant or designing natives of Egypt, 
 by sending seedlings instead of rooted suckers, which 
 were specifically ordered. The varieties from Algeria 
 and Arabia were suckers from the best varieties, but un- 
 fortunately, most of them have died. At least two are 
 yet living at the California Experiment Station at Tulare. 
 This year, 1899, the Department of Agriculture at Wash- 
 ington has succeeded in importing, through a special 
 agent sent to Algeria, a number of suckers from the best 
 bearing trees in that country, and further efforts are be- 
 ing made to secure more plants from there, and from 
 other famous Date-growing countries. 
 
 H. E. Van Deman. 
 
 DATE PLUM. Another name of Persimmon. 
 
 DAT0BA (Arabic name). Includes Brugmansia. 
 Solaniicew. This genus contains the widespread James- 
 town Weed and several plants cultivated for their 
 huge trumpet-like flowers, which have an odor that is 
 verj' pleasant to some. The genus has perhaps 25 
 species, widely dispersed in warm and temperate re- 
 gions. Herbs, shrubs and trees : Ivs. large, entire or 
 wavy -toothed : fls. large, solitary, erect or pendulous, 
 mostly white, with more or less violet, rarely red or 
 yellow: fr. spiny. The most popular kind in northern 
 gardens is commonly called Z>. cornucopia (Fig. 681), 
 which is especially interesting when its flowers develop 
 2 or 3 well-defined trumpets, one within another. Some- 
 times, however, these double flowers are a confused 
 mass of petalage. Double and triple forms are likely to 
 occur in any of the species described below. The Horn 
 of Plenty, D. cornucopia, has been especially popular 
 in America since about 1895, when it was found in South 
 America by an orchid collector of the United States 
 
 Xursery Company, and soon became widely distributed 
 ill "yellow, white, blue and deep carmine," all double 
 forms. The " yellow" was probably a dull, creamy sha<le 
 and the "blue," a violet. The disseminators' assert 
 that seeds started in Januar>', Februar>- or March will 
 produce 200-.'{00 fragrant flowers in a season. 
 
 Daturas contain strong narcotics. Large doses are poi- 
 sonous, small iloses medicinal. Separate preparations of 
 Stramonium seed and leaves are commonly sold in the 
 drug stor<->. />. Stramonium (Fig. 682) is the Thorn 
 Apple or .lamestown Weed, the latter name being cor- 
 rupted into Jimpson Weed. Its foul, rank herbajre and 
 large spiny fruits are often seen in rubbish heaps. At 
 the first successful settlement in America— .Jamestown 
 Va., 1607— dt is said that the men ate these thorn apples 
 with curious results. Capt. John Smith's account of their 
 mad antics is very entertaining. It has been conjectured 
 that this same plant was used by the priests at Delphi to 
 produce oracular ravings. The seeds of I), xauguineu 
 are said to have been used by Peruvian priests that were 
 believed to have prophetic power. The Arabs of central 
 Africa are said to smoke parts of the drie<l plant for 
 asthma and influenza. 
 
 Daturas are of easy culture. Some are treated as 
 tender annuals. In the north the woody species can he 
 grown outdoors in summer, and stored in cellars durinij 
 the winter; in the south and in S. California they are 
 almost everblooming. Daturas are sometimes kept 
 in c&ol conservatories the year round, in which case 
 they should be planted in the border, as Daturas rarely 
 flower well in pots, their roots being large and spread- 
 ing and requiring a constant supply of moisture. This 
 method produces great quantities of bloom in sprintr. 
 After flowering, the plants should be cut in to the main 
 limbs, or a very straggling and unsightly growth will 
 result. 
 
 A. Flowers red. 
 
 aanguinea, Ruiz. & Pav. Tree-like shrub, 4-12 ft. hijrh : 
 brunches fragile, leafy at the apex: Ivs. clustered. ;>-7 
 from the same point, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, almost 
 7 in. long, 2}4-2% in. wide, pubescent on both sides, 
 shining green above, paler beneath, the lower Ivs. wavy 
 or angled, upper one entire; petioles 2V2 in. long, chan- 
 neled, pubescent : peduncles terminal : fls. pendulous, 
 brilliant orange red, about 8 in. long; calyx ovate, 5- 
 angled. variegated, inflated. Peru. B.R. 20:17.39. F.S. 
 18: 1883.— Franceschi says it is more erect-growing 
 than i>. corttigera and 2>. suaveolens, with smaller, less 
 open and not fragrant fls. All the other species are 
 said to be easily raised from cuttings, but this is very 
 slow to take rooi;. 
 
 681. A triple lorm of Datura fastuosa. commonly known 
 as D. cornucopia. 
 
 AA. Flowers yellow. 
 cMor^ntha, Hook. Shrub, glabrous throughout: Ivs. 
 broadh' ovate, almost triangular; margin wavy, with 
 short, rather sharp, very distinct teeth: peduncles axil- 
 lary, very short: fls. pendulous, yellow; calyx tubular, 
 with 5 nearly uniform, short, triangular teeth. Habitat 
 imknown. B.M. 5128. Gn. 46 : 988 and 49, p. 379. - Datura 
 "(Tolden Queen'' is presumably a horticultural variety 
 of this species. While this species is horticurally dis- 
 tinct by reason of its yellow fls., it is a very doubtful 
 
DATUliA 
 
 DAVALLIA 
 
 461 
 
 gpecies botanirally. heinp founded on a very double 
 garden fomi of unknown origin. In Vilmorin's Blumen- 
 gartnerei it is referred to D. humilis. Dent., but D. hu- 
 milin, according to Index Kewensis, is to be referred to 
 j), faatuosa. 
 
 682. Pods of Datura Stramonium (X /^). 
 
 AA. FIs. white, sometimes touched with violet. 
 
 B. Plants tall, 7-15 ft. high: blossoms pendulous. 
 
 c. Calyx tubular, with 5 obscure teeth. 
 
 suavdolens, Humb. & Bonpl. (Z>. Gdrdneri, Hook.). 
 Angels Trumpet. This is the plant which is usually 
 cultivated as D. arborea. It is said to be very distinct 
 from the true D. arborea of Linn., but it can be sepa- 
 rated with certainty only by the calyx. Tree-like shrub, 
 10-15 ft. high : Ivs. ovate oblong, 6-12 in. long, 2M-4 in. 
 wide, entire, glabrous, petioled, often unequal at the 
 base: fls. 9-12 in. long; calj'x inliated, angled, glabrous, 
 with 5 obscure teeth ; corolla tube plaited, the limb with 
 ') short lobes; anthers crowded together. Mex. G.C. III. 
 11:593; 23:71. S.H. 2: 433.-Franceschi says it resem- 
 bles D. cornigera in habit and fls., but the Ivs. and 
 stems are almost glabrous, and the calyx lacks the char- 
 acteristic spur-like appendage of D. cornigera. The 
 double form is much commoner in the gardens than the 
 single. 
 
 CC. Calyx spathe-like, not toothed. 
 
 arbdrea, Linn. (Brugmdnsia arbdrea, Steud.). 
 Akgel's Trxjmpet. Small tree: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 
 margin entire, never wavy or angled, pubescent, in 
 pairs, one a third shorter than the other; petioles 1 in. 
 or more long: fls. with a niusk-like odor; calyx tubular, 
 entire, spathe-like, acuminate; corolla tube terete, the 
 lobes of the limb very long; anthers distinct, not con- 
 glomerate. Peru and Chile. G.C. II. 11: 141.— Most of 
 the plants cult, under this name are presumably D. swa- 
 '■iolens. The extent to which the true Z>. arborea is 
 cultivated is undetermined. 
 
 BB. Plants less tall, only 2-5 ft high. 
 
 C. Blossoms erect: calyx not spurred. 
 
 D. Corolla 5-toothed. 
 
 fastudsa, Linn.(Z?. and B. comucdpia, Hort. ). Fig. 681. 
 Annual, 4--5 ft. high, herbaceous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, acute and unequal at the base, toothed or 
 "ivavy, glabrous on both sides, solitary, upper onps in 
 pairs, one of which is larger, 7-8 in. "long, 214-3% in. 
 wide: petioles \%-2)4 in. long: fls. 6^-7 in. long, violet 
 outside, whitish within; calyx purple, angled, 2 in. long, 
 
 5-toothed, the teeth triangtilar lanceolate, acuminate, 5 
 lines long, 2-3 lines wide. Native of Intlia. Naturalized 
 in the tropics of both worlds. F.S. 14: 1457. (in. 46: 978 
 and I.H. 42: 25. -There is a variety Haberiina. This is 
 the commonest of all Daturas in eastern gardens. 
 
 DD. Corolla 10-toothed. 
 
 meteloides, DC. {D. Wrlghtii, Hort.). Perennial (cult, 
 as an annual north ) : branches slender, forked : Ivs. 
 ovate oblong, almost entire, acuminate, acute at both 
 ends, not cordate or angled, upper leaves often in pairs, 
 the larger 2-2 M '"• !*»">?. 8-9 lines wide; pftinles thick 
 ened al Ihe base, 4-5 lines wide: calyx tubular, the teeth 
 large, 5-10 in. long, very acute, unequal; corolla about 
 4-8 in. long, or twice as long as the calvx, 10-toothed, 
 the teeth short. California. Gt. 18.'j9:2«iO. R.H. 1857, 
 p. 571.— Misspelled metalioides, etc. The name means 
 "like D. Metel" which is a common plant in S. Europe. 
 "i>. meteloides is a perennial, spreading over the ground 
 in large clumps: Ivs. greyish dull green color: fls. stand- 
 ing erect, white, delicately tinged with light violet- 
 purple, not quite as fragrant as D. suaveolens. This can 
 be grown also as an annual, easily blooming the first 
 year from seed. The common statements that this plant 
 is an annual are incorrect."— i'Vanc<?«fAi. 
 
 CC. Blossoms pendulous : calyx with a long spur. 
 
 cornigera, Hook. {D. and B. Knlghtii, Hort.). Height 
 3-4 ft., branches downy : Ivs. chiefly at the ends of 
 brandies, ovate, petioled, acuminate, margin entire, 
 wavy or angled : fls. pendulous, white or creamy white, 
 very fragrant at night, striated, 5-lobed, the lobes ter- 
 minated by a long awl-shaped spreading or recurved 
 point; stamens included. Mex. B.M. 42.^2. B. Knightii 
 seems to be only a trade name for the double form. Gn. 
 45: p. 549. — Cornigera means homed or spurred, referring 
 to the character of the calyx, which easily separates this 
 species. "This and D.suaveolens are known as ' Flori- 
 pondio' to the Spanish-Americans, perhaps no other 
 plant being more popular with them."— JP. Franceschi. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 DAUCIJS (ancient Greek name). Umbellifercp . Per- 
 haps 2.") annual and biennial herbs of very wide distribu- 
 tion. One or 2 species are native to N. Amer., and the 
 wild Carrot is an abundant old-fitld weed in the north- 
 eastern states. See Carrot. 
 
 DAVALLIA (a personal name). Polypodidcece. A 
 large genus of mostly tropical ferns, usually with firm, 
 somewhat finely divided foliage and coriaceous semi- 
 cylindric indusia, which are attached at both the base 
 and sides. Some of the smaller species are large' y used 
 for hanging baskets. For D. concinna and I), oenicu- 
 lacea, see Loroscaphe ; D. parvula, see Leucostegia ; 
 D. platyphylla, see Mierolepia ; D. stricta, set Steno- 
 loma ; D. tenuifolia, see Stenoloma : D. Tyermauni, see 
 Humata. l. M. Under-wood. 
 
 The diverse habits of growth of the many different 
 species of Davallias, and their good lasting qualities, 
 peculiarly fit them under ordinary care for decorative 
 purposes, where delicate and graceful plants are desired. 
 Among the many species, the following are most often 
 seen and best adapted for commercial purposes: D. bul- 
 lata, D. parvula, very dwarf; B. pentaphylla, young 
 fronds of a dark bronzy g^een, and D. Tyermanni, are 
 well adapted for hanging baskets. D. disseeta and var. 
 elegans, D. concinna, I). Fijiensis and vars. plumosa and » 
 majus, D. forniculacea, D. solida, D. pallida (syn., 
 Mooreana) and I), pyxidata are a<iapted for large speci- 
 men plants. D. tenuifolia and vars. stricta and I'eitchi- 
 ana are desirable for fern dishes, because of their 
 dwarfish habit of growth and the ease with which they 
 may be raised from spores. 
 
 Old plants of Davallia may be cut into a number of 
 smaller ones with a sharp knife. Planted firmly into 
 shallow pans and placed in a temperature of 60-65° F., 
 they soon develop into symmetrical plants. The rhizomes 
 should be firmly fastened to soil by strong copper-wire 
 staples, where they will root in a short time. To gain 
 a large number of small plants, the rhizomes should be 
 detache«l, cleaned from all soil and roots, laid on sand 
 and thinly covered with moss. Placed in a shaded posi- 
 
462 
 
 DAVALLIA 
 
 DEARBORN 
 
 tion in a temperature of 65-70'' and kept moderately 
 moist, a number of small plants will develop from the 
 dormant eyes, which may be separately potted as soon 
 as of sufficient size. Spores of Davallia should be sown 
 on a fine compost of soil, leaf-nutld or peat and sand in 
 equal parts, and placed in a shaded position in a tem- 
 perature of 0(M>5° P. All the operations of propagation 
 of Darallias will be most successful if carried on during 
 the spring months. All Davallias delight in a rich and 
 open compost, an abundance of light and air, and moisture 
 at their roots, a temperature of (>(M>5° F. and a thorough 
 syringing every bright day. x. N. Bbcckner. 
 
 A. Lva. once pinnate, with few linear segments. 
 
 pentaph^lla, Blume. Lvs. scattered from a stout 
 fibrilictse rootstock, with 1 terminal and -MI lateral 
 pinnae, 4-4> in. long, J^in. broatl; sori in marginal rows. 
 Java and Polynesia. 
 
 AA. Li's. tt'i-quadri-pinnatifid, deltoid. 
 B. Length of lvs. usually less than 1 ft. 
 
 boll&ta, Wall. Fig. GKJ. Lvs. scattered from a creep- 
 ing rootstock, which is clothed with light brown fibrillose 
 scales, often whitish when young ; 8-10 in. long, 
 4-6 in. wide, quadri-pinnatitid, with deeply incised seg- 
 ments; texture firm. India to Java and Japan. F.E. 
 11:543. 
 
 683. Davallia bullata. 
 
 MiLriesii, Moore. Rootstock stout, with brownish 
 scales, which are lanceolate from a broad dilated base: 
 lvs. deltoid, 4-'j in. each way, with the pinnae cut away at 
 the lower ?ide at base; segments short-linear, l-nerved; 
 sori intrainarginal. Japan. G.C. III. 13: 571. 
 
 BB. Length of lvs. 1-S ft. 
 
 c. Foliage commonly iri-pinnatifid. 
 
 6Ie^an8, Swz. Rootstock clothed with woolly fibers: 
 lvs, 9-15 in. wide, with the main rachis slightly winged 
 
 toward the apex ; indusia several to a segment, with the 
 sharp teeth projecting beyond the cups. Ceylon to Aus- 
 tralia and Polynesia. 
 
 861ida, Swz. {D. orndta, Wall.). Rootstock clothed 
 with appressed scales or fibers : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 1>-15 
 in. wide, the center of the apex broad ami undivided • 
 segments broad and slightly cut ; indusia niurginal. 
 Malaya. 
 
 cc. Foliage commonly quadri-pinnatifid. 
 
 pyxidJLta, Cav. Rootstock clothed with pale Itrown 
 linear scales : lvs. tri-quatiri-pinnatifld. 6-9 jn. limad. 
 with ol)long s«>gments ; sori with a broad space outside^ 
 which is extended into a horn-like projection. Australia! 
 
 Fiji^nsis, Hook. Lvs. 6-12 in. broad, with the lower 
 pinna' deltoid and the segments cut into narrow, linear 
 divisions >H->4in. long ; sori on the dilated apices of 
 the segments, with no horn. Fiji Islands. A.F. 6:900- 
 9: 233. G.C. III. 23: 323.-One of the finest species, with 
 numerous varieties. 
 
 diss^cta, J. Sni. Rootstock stout, with dense, rusty 
 scales : lvs. ll>-12 in. broad, on straw-colored stalks ; 
 segments oblong, cuneate at base, with simple or bifld 
 lobes ; sori minute, often with two projecting horns. 
 Java. 
 
 BBB. Length of lvs. 2-S ft. 
 
 divaric&ta, Blume (D. polydntha, Hook.). Rootstock 
 with linear rusty scales : lvs. tri-pinnatitid. sometimes 
 2 ft. broad, with deltoid segments cut into linear oblong 
 lobes ; sori at some distance from the edge. India to 
 Java and Hong Kong. 
 
 p&llida, Mett. (D. Mooredna, Masters). Rootstock 
 stout, with lanceolate dark brown scales : lvs. with straw- 
 colored stalks 12-18 in. long, quadri-pinnatitid, with del- 
 toid, stalked segments, the ultimate obovate-cuneate, 
 bearing the sorus on the upper side at the base. Anei- 
 teum and Borneo. A.F. 6: 901; 9:231. A.G. 13:143. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
 DAY FIOWEE. See Commelina. 
 
 DAY LILY. Funkia and Hemerocallis. 
 
 DEAD NETTLE. Lamium. 
 
 DEANE, KEY. SAMTTEL, poet and ai^eultural writer, 
 was born at Dedham, Mass., July 30, 1733, and died at 
 Falmouth (now Portland), Maine, Nov. 12, 1814, where 
 he had been pastor since Oct. 17, 1764. While vice-presi- 
 dent of Bowdoin College, he published, in 1790, his "New 
 England Farmer, or Geo rgical Dictionary,"thefirst Ameri- 
 can encyclopedic work on agriculture. This had a much 
 wider circulation, probably, than Jared Eliot's "Essays 
 upon Field-Husbandry," 1747. Its influence may be traced 
 to the middle of the present century. Deane's work was 
 freely quoted by F. G. Fessenden until his death, in 1837. 
 The second edition, 1797, was entitled The Georgical 
 Dictionary. A third edition was published in 1822. 
 
 Deane and Eliot were the chief writers in that early 
 stage of American horticulture when it was hardly im- 
 portant enough to be considered distinct from general 
 agriculture. For biographical details, see Drake's Dic- 
 tionarj- of American Biography. 
 
 DEABBOBN, HENRY ALEXANDER SCAMHELL, 
 
 soldier, statesman and author (1783-1851), was also au 
 ardent horticulturist. He was a moving spirit in the or- 
 ganization of the Massachusetts Hortj'-ultural Society, 
 and was elected its first president on the 17th of March, 
 1829. He was partly instrumental in the establishment 
 of an "experimental garden and cemetery at Mount 
 Auburn," the parent of rural cemeteries. The plan of 
 the cemeterj' was largely his ( cf . Bigelow ) . He " devoted 
 himself to this work most assiduously," writes the 
 chronicler of the society, "spending the greater part of 
 the autumn [1831] at Mount Auburn, in laboring with 
 hands as well as mind, without money and without price." 
 The Abbe Berlese's Monography of the Camellia was 
 translated by him, and published in Boston in 1838. He 
 also translated from the French, in 1830, an account of 
 the since famous Mortis multicaulis. He left MS. 
 writings on horticulture. For notes on his horticultural 
 
DEARBORN 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 463 
 
 labors, see "History of the Mass. Horticultural Society," 
 1880, which contains a portrait ; also John B. Russel 
 in Tilton's Journ, Hort. 7:88, 157, 27r>, Uen. H. A. 8. 
 Dearborn was son of Gen. Henry Dearborn, of Revolu- 
 tion and later fame. L, H. B. 
 
 DtCOHOH {fireek.fentonthfd). Li/fhriiceir. A hardy 
 pefLimial herb rarely cultivated by dealers in native 
 plants. It has opposite or whorled Ivs., the upper with 
 axillary, short-stalked clusters of fls. Abroad Decodon 
 is usually considered u sul>>jrenus of Nestpji. It is dis- 
 tinjfuished from Lythrum by havinj; '> (rarely 4) petals 
 instead of (i. and* 8-10 stamens, while Lythrum has 
 mostly 6 or 12. 
 
 verticillAtus, Ell. {Xesim verticiUilta, UTiK.). Swamp 
 Lcx>se-!Stkifk. Smooth or downy: stems recurved, 2-8 
 ft. long, 4-0-side<l: Ivs. lanceolate, nearly sessile: pet- 
 als .'), cuneate-laneeolate, rose-purple, 'iin. long; stamens 
 10, half of them shorter. Swampy pnmnds, N. E. to 
 Fla.,west to Minn, and La. — Int. by'U. P. Kelaey. 
 
 DECUMABIA (Latin, decumns, tenth, referrinp to the 
 number of the parts of the tl.). SajrifrtKjdctff. Shrubs 
 climbing by aerial rootlets : Ivs. deciduous, opposite, 
 petioled : ds. in terminal peduncled corymbs, small, 
 white, perfect; sepals and petals 7-10 ; stamens 20-30: 
 fr. a r>-10-celled ribbed capsule opening between the 
 ribs, with numerous minute seeds. Two species in E. 
 N. Amer. and China, of which only the American species 
 is in cultivation. Ornamental climbing shrub, with 
 handsome glossy foliage and fragrant white tts., forming 
 a corymb of feathery appearance, well adapted for cover- 
 ing walls, rocks, trellis work and trunks of trees, but 
 not hardy north. Thrives in almost any humid soil. 
 Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass, 
 rarely by seeds. 
 
 birbara, Linn. {D. sarmentdsa, Bosc). Climbing to 
 30 ft., but usually less high : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or acute, 
 remotely denticulate or entire, glabrous and shining 
 above, 2-4 in. long : corymbs 2-3 in. broad, semiglobose. 
 May. June. Va. toFla.,we8ttoLa. B.B. 2:18.5. Mn. 1 : 41. 
 
 Alfred Rehdeb. 
 
 DEERBEBBY. Vaecinitim stamintum. 
 
 DEEB6BASS. Bhexia. 
 
 DELABBBEA (after a French naturalist). AralidiceaE. 
 A genus of two species of tall, tender shrubs from New 
 Caledonia, distinguished from Aralia by the fruits. 
 Culture same as Aralia. 
 
 spectibilis, Linden & And. {ArdiUaconcinna, Nichol- 
 son). Stem ashy grey, with brown, warty spots: Ivs. 
 odd-pinnate, Ifts. in 8-10 pairs, each 1ft. 3-toothed or 
 twice cut, sometimes so deeply cut as to make 3 entirely 
 free segments. New Caledonia. I.H. 25: 314. —Under 
 the name of Aralia spectabilis, two different plants 
 have been sold. The English dealer Bull's plant was 
 Aralia filicifolia. The Belgian dealer Linden*s plant 
 was Delarbrea'spectabilis. (See I.H. 23, p. 72. G.C. II. 
 5 : 603. ) The two plants can be distinguished at a glance. 
 The primary division of the leaf in A. filicifolia is long 
 and narrow, thrice as long as in D. spectabilis, and 
 tapering to a long point, while in D. spectabilis the pri- 
 mary division of the leaf is short and has 3 well-marked 
 segments. In A. filicifolia the secondary divisions are 
 deeply and irregularly cut ; in D. spectabilis they are 
 merely serrate. The two plants are also immediately 
 distinguished by the spots on the stem. 
 
 DELAWABE, HOBTICULTTJBE IV. The state of 
 Delaware (Fig. 684) is situated close to the largest fruit- 
 consuming cities of the New World. An emphatic com- 
 mercial advantage in the development of a diversified 
 horticulture arises from the modifying climatic influence 
 of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays; from a variety of 
 fertile soils ; and from the ripening of its fruits and vege- 
 tables between the products of the North and South. 
 There is probably no area in the United States which, in 
 its natural commercial advantages, in its climatic en- 
 vironment, and in the diversity of its soils, is so pre- 
 eminently fitted for the development of an extensive 
 and diversified horticulture as the peninsula to which 
 Delaware belongs. 
 
 New Castle, the northern county, is hilly and rolling, 
 and varies from a dense clay to a clay loam. Horticul- 
 turally, it is well wlapted to plum, pear, apple and bush- 
 fruit culture, and, in restricted areas, to the cherry, 
 peach and trucking industries. But the production of 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 I ^^GEpR&ETOWf 
 
 ©SEAFORD 
 
 684. Delaware, to illustrate the horticulture. 
 
 hay, grain, and dairy products is the leading feature in 
 New Castle's rural activities. Kent, the central county, 
 is gently undulating. The soil varies from a clay loam 
 in the northern part to a sandy loam along the southern 
 border. The most diversified horticulture of the state, 
 including tree fruits, bush fruits, strawberries, grapes, 
 and vegetable products, has been developed here. In 
 Sussex, the southern county, which is mostly level, a 
 sandy soil predominates, although the underlying clay 
 frequently approaches the surface and forms local areas 
 of clay loam. The peach, strawberry, and bush fruits 
 are most prominently developed in Sussex, the horti- 
 cultural areas lying in the western half of the county. 
 Delaware horticulture was bom in 1832, with the peach 
 industry, when the tirst extensive orchard was set near 
 Delaware City. In a single year the value of its peach 
 crop was $16,<H)0. Then an era of the most rapid horti- 
 cultural extension was inaugurated. By 1840, half a 
 million baskets of peaches were shipped from the county. 
 But in 1842 the peach-yellows broke out near Delaware 
 City, and by 1867 more than one-half of the crop of three 
 million baskets was grown in southern New Castle 
 county. The orchards of New Castle had largely 
 disappeared in 1870, and in 1890 it contained less 
 than 5,000 acres. Kent county, however, in 1890 had 
 23,000 acres, and Sussex county 20,000 acres. In 1899, 
 extensive orchards were being planted again in New- 
 castle county and northern Kent county. 
 
464 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 DELPHINIUM 
 
 The center of the peaeh belt in IfiOO was along the 
 goutheni Ixinler of Kent county, where the trees were 
 comparatively healthy, but in 1890 the yellows had ex- 
 tended into northern SuHnex, where it ha« remained sta- 
 tionary for several yearM. In \H\Mi the IH-Iawiire division 
 of the I'hilailelphia, WilmiUi^on & Baltimore railroail 
 carried over two million bankets of Delaware peaches, 
 which was over 90 {»er cent of the total crop, and esti- 
 mated that there were between four and five million 
 bearing trees in the state. 
 
 The peach-yellows has been Responsible, primarily, for 
 the shifting of the peach-growing centers. No sys- 
 tematic, cooperative effort has l)een made to suppress 
 the disease. Yellows legislation is Inoperative from 
 a lack of public and piditical supjmrt. Intelligent grow- 
 ers remove trees at the first indication of infection, but 
 the efforts of a few individuals have not been effective 
 in checking the progress of the disease. The ultimate 
 remedy for the yellows In Delaware lies in a more 
 diversified horticulture. 
 
 The principal varieties of peaches are : Hale Early, 
 Foster, Crawf«»rd Early, ()ldmix«»n, M(M>re Favorite, 
 Mountain Rose, Reeves Favorite, EUierta, Brandywine, 
 Crawforti Late, Stump, and Smock. 
 
 Next to the peach in commercial impoi'tance are the 
 small fruit interests, which are most extensively de- 
 veloped in the southern half of Kent and the western 
 half of Sussex. There are between 7,<X)0 and 8,000 acres 
 of strawberries, rasplierries, and blackberries in these 
 counties, and in 1890 the Delaware Division of the P. W. 
 & B. R. R. carried 9,.">n0,000 quarts, or over 90 per cent 
 of the total product of the state. In 1898, this road car- 
 ried over 24,000,000 quarts of berries, and a still larger 
 quantity in 1899. 
 
 Since 189<5, the Lucretia dewberry has been set out in 
 large quantities in l>oth Kent and Sussex ci)unties, while 
 the blackberry a<*reage has fallen off in consequence. 
 
 Among the principal varieties of strawberries are Bu- 
 bach, Tennessee Prolific, Gandy, Greenville, Michel and 
 Haverland. The Souhegan, Palmer and Mills cora- 
 prise the prominent black raspberries ; the Miller, 
 C'uthbert, Loudon and Brandywine the red varieties ; 
 and Early Harvest and Wilson the blackberries. 
 
 In Kent county the pear industry is a prominent 
 horticultural feature. The Kieffer is the leading va- 
 riety. Its adaptability to various soils, its early and 
 precocious bearing tendencies, and the cheapness of its 
 production give it tmusual commercial value through<»ut 
 the state. In the fall of 1897 more than 40,(MK) Kieffer 
 trees were sold in central and southern Kent county, 
 and young orchards are not infrequently seen in Sussex 
 and New Castle counties. Sussex county will develop the 
 Kieffer to a large extent in the near future. In 1899, 
 there were about 100,000 Kieffer trees under 3 years 
 old and 60,000 trees over 3 years old in the state. 
 
 Previous to the advent of the Kieffer, the Bartlett, 
 Duchess, Lawrence and Anjou were the leading kinds, 
 the orchards existing in the two upper counties. 
 
 The introduction of the Japanese plum has opened 
 the way to plum culture. Scattering orchards of Bur- 
 bank and Abundance have been set in Sussex and New 
 Castle counties, but an extensive development is under 
 way in Kent. In the vicinity of Clayton and Smyrna 
 there were 6,000 trees in bearing in 1897, since when 
 10,000 trees have been set. There were 32,000 trees in 
 the state in 1899. The Japanese plums, as a class, are 
 well adapted to the state. They are destined to prove 
 an increasingly important factor in the horticulture in 
 the future, but with their concentration in neighbor- 
 hoods, their weak points may be expected to show more 
 prominently. Burbank, Abundance and Ogon have been 
 the leading varieties, and Red June, Chabot and Hale 
 are growing in popularity. 
 
 The native plums of the Hortulana and Chicka&;\w^ 
 groups, which ripen before the northern Domestics v,v 
 rieties, are rapidly attaining deserved prominence. They 
 are hardy, easily grown, and generally command re- 
 munerative prices. Milton, Whitaker, Newman, Smiley 
 and Wild Goose comprise tlie bearing orchards, but 
 other varieties are growing in favor. The later ripen- 
 ing natives are worthless for Delaware, as the markets 
 are then supplied with Domestica plums. 
 
 In the vicinity of Smyrna and Clayton there are from 
 
 l.W to 200 acres of grapes, where the history of viticul- 
 ture began about 18.")r». (irai/e culture has wl-n a 
 prj>fltabl« industry in this neighborhood, the net Income 
 frequently exceeding |100 per acre. Recently, however 
 the profits have been somewhat less on acc<»uiit of the 
 lower prices and the grape diseases. Many of the vine- 
 yanls are nunlels of intelligent tilling, pruning, spray- 
 ing and training. Tlie prim ipal varieties are Niagara 
 Moore's Early, Concord, Brighton, Agawam and Wvoni- 
 ing Retl. 
 
 Delaware is widely knowTi, not only through her ex- 
 tensive «»rchards and small fruit plantations, but hImo 
 through the prcKlucts of her canning factories. In i^,»>,-, 
 the tomato output amounted to 280. (MM) cases ; peaches 
 to 50.000 cases ; peas to nearly a like quantity; com to 
 over .'jO.iKK) cases ; and a large amount of Iwrries, pears 
 and other fruits, not separately classified. Since 1805, 
 the amount of the various canne<l gmxis has not Huctu- 
 ated wi<lely, except witi' canne«l peas, which in 1898 had 
 reached 144,000 cases; and with tomatoes, which have 
 steadily increased. 
 
 Although Delaware is preeminently a horticultural 
 state, its capabilities in horticulture are largely unde- 
 veloped. Its physical environment makes it a natural 
 fruit garden. There are several industries that could 
 be profitably introduced or extended to larger acreages. 
 Apple culture ; plum culture, of the Japanese and early 
 native types ; sour cherry culture, especially for can- 
 ning ; nut culture, on cheap lan<l ; vegetable" growing, 
 and glass-house gardening— all offer opportunities for a 
 greater horticultural diversity. The various fruit inter- 
 t sts are gradually extending over wider areas, and it 
 may lie expected that Delaware will not only maintain 
 its present horticultural prestige, but will be an in- 
 creasingly potent factor in American horticulture in the 
 f^^^re. ^1 Harold Powell. 
 
 DELPHINIUM (Greek, a dolphin, from the resem- 
 blance of the flower). Ranunculdretf. LAKKSPrB. A 
 genus of beautiful hardy plants, with large, irregular 
 flowers. Aboat 60 species, native of the north temperate 
 
 685. Single Larkspur.— 
 D. grandiflorum. 
 
 686. Double Larkspur. 
 D. grandiflorum. 
 
 zone. Annual or perennial, erect, branching herbs: Ivs. 
 palmately lobed or divided: tts. in a showy raceme or 
 panicle; sepals 5, petal-like, the posterior one prolonged 
 into a spur'; petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones 
 spurred, the lateral ones small, if present; the few car- 
 pels always sessile, forming many-seeded follicles. Full 
 double forms are very common in a number of the spe- 
 cies (compare Figs. 685, 686). 
 
 Delphiniums thrive in any good garden soil, but are 
 improved by a deep, rich, sandy loam, exposed to the ^'^n. 
 Deep preparation of the soil is very important. The 
 annuals are propagated from seed, which are very slow 
 in germinating, and often should be sown in the fall to pro- 
 duce flowers early the next season. The perennials may be 
 prop. : ( 1 ) Bv root division in the fall or spring. (2) By 
 cuttings, about which J. B. Keller says : "Take a few cut- 
 tings from each plant in early spring, when growth is 
 about 3 or 4 inches long, or else use the second growth, 
 which has come after the flower-stems have been re- 
 m( ved. Cuttings root readily in a shaded frame, no 
 l)ottom heat being required, but a:i occasional sprinkling 
 during dry and hot weather is necessary. When rooted 
 
1 
 
 DELPHINIUM 
 
 DELPHINIUM 
 
 465 
 
 they arp treatpd like (♦♦•♦•(llintfM." (.11 By «ee<l«, started 
 in th»' Kr»'t'nh(»U!*i' or h«>tb«Ml in March or even earlier. 
 The younK Mee«llin>c» «houl<l be given plenty of room by 
 traiispluntint; us they grn^\ and may be set in the open 
 (fiinleri by June. If starte«l thus early th«'y flower the 
 Hrst autumn, but the need may be plant;»d in late Mpring 
 or Huninier, eare betnK taken to water well durinK dry 
 weather, and fluwerM will come the next Hummer. To get 
 the best results, the perennials should l>e transplanted 
 every 2 or 3 years. Two k^kkI crops of blossoms may 
 be secured in one seas<in by cuttinjf away the flower- 
 stemH of the ttrst cr(»p as soon as the flowers have 
 faded; of course no ^eeds will be prrnluced in this way. 
 The Delphiniums are much jfrown in the open garden 
 and bonier, and are of great value for cut-flower pur- 
 poses. Four species are of much greater |M»pularity than 
 the others: the annual, J). Ajaeix, an<l the perennials. 
 D. grandiflorum, I), hifbrithim ant' I). formo»um. The 
 last three have l)een especially pi jlific in named va- 
 rieties. 
 
 R<M;ket and Candelabrum are names used to designate 
 the forms of inflorescence in the two annual species. The 
 "Rocket" or spike-like form is more commonly found in 
 the Ajacis type, and the "t'andelabnmi," with a number 
 of short spike-like heads of different heights, is found 
 more often in Consolida. — A. Gray, An attempt to dis- 
 tinguish l>etween the Amer. Delphiniums, Bot. (Jaz. 
 12:4»-.')4, 18«7. E, Huth. Monojfraphie der (iattung 
 Delphinium, in Eng. Bot. Jahrb. 20: :e2-4«)9, 1895. 
 
 Alphabetical list of species descril>ed below: Ajacis, 
 1; alphium, 10; altissimum. 14; azureum, 18; bicolor, 7; 
 Jireckii, 17; Brun<mianum, 8 ; cardinale,4; Carolinia- 
 uura, 18; Cashmerianuni. 10; cheilanthura,24; Chinense, 
 17; ColumbiaHHm,'22; Consolida, 2; decorum, 9; elatum, 
 16; exaltatum,l.'); formosum,25; grandiflorum, 17; hybri- 
 dum,27; Maackianum,2r»: Menziesii,I2; mesoleucimj,19; 
 nudicaule, 3; Nuttallii, 22; ocridentnle,2'^', pauciflorum, 
 13; Prttewalskiantim, ') ; Przewalskii, 5; pyramidnle, 
 16; scopulorum, 23; simplex, 21 ; Sinense,\l', »ulphu- 
 reiim, 6 ; tricome, 11 ; trolliifolium, 20 ; vireseemt, 18; 
 Zalil, 6. 
 
 A. Annuals: petals only S, united : follicle 1. 
 
 -. AjiiciB, Linn. Fig. 687. An erect annual, about 
 18 in. high, with a few spreading branches: Ivs. of stem 
 sessile, deeply cut into tine, linear segments; root-lvs. 
 similar, but short-petioled : fls. showy, blue or violet, 
 varying to white, more numerous than in D. Consolida, in 
 a spicate raceme; petals 2, united; calyx-spur about 
 equaling the rest of the flower: follicle only 1, pubes- 
 cent; seeds with wrinkled, broken ridges. ' Mav-Aug. 
 Eu. R.H. 1893, p. 228. Same figure in S.H. 2: 282. 
 
 2. Consdlida, Linn. An erect, hairy annual, 1-1)^ ft. 
 high: Ivs. similar to />.4jact«; fls. few, loosely panided, 
 pedicels shorter than the bracts, blue or violet or white; 
 jtetals 2, united: follicle 1, glabrous; seeds with broken, 
 transverse ridges. June-Aug. Eu. Baxter Brit. Bot. 4, 
 t. 297. R.H. 1893. p. 228 (var. ornAtum CandelAbrutn). 
 Var. iraperialis, Hort. {D. imperial is fl.pl., Hort.). Fls. 
 doubk . From the English gardens. 
 
 AA. Perennials: petals 4: follicles S-5. 
 
 B. Sepals red. 
 
 3. nudicaiile, Torr. & Gray. Stem 1-1 H ft. high, gla- 
 brous, branched, few-lvd. : ivs. rather succulent, 1-3 in. 
 across, lobed to the middle or farther 3-7 times, the 
 secondary lobes rounded and often mucronate ; petioles 
 3-.T in. long, dilated at the base: fls. panicled; sepals 
 bright orange-red, obtuse, scarcely spreading, shorter 
 than the stout spur; petals yellow, neariy as long as 
 sepals: follicles 3, spreading and recurved, soon becom- 
 ing glabrous; seeds thin-winged. April-July. Along 
 mountain streams, northern Calif. B.M. 5819. F.S. 
 19: 1949. R.H. 1893, p. 2r>9. A good perennial in the E. 
 
 4. cardinWe, Hook. Stem erect, 2-334 ft. high, partly 
 pubescent : Ivs. smooth, fleshy, deeply 5-parted, the parts 
 cut into long, linear lobes: raceme elongated, many-fld. : 
 fls. bright red, with petal limbs yellow: follicle's gla- 
 brous, usually 3; seeds smooth. Julv, Aug. Calif. B.M. 
 4887. Gt.208. F.S. 11:1105. R.B.6;101. Gn. 19:273. 
 
 BB. Sepals clear yellow or tipped with blue. 
 
 5. Przewdlskii, Huth. {D. Prsewalskidnum, Hort.). 
 Nearly glabrous, often branched at base, erect, varying 
 
 much in heltrht: Ivs. .1-5 times deeply parted, parts di- 
 vided into narrow, obtuse lobes: fla. clear yellow, or 
 Kometimes tipped with blue; spur equaling the sepals: 
 follicles 3, densely hairy. July, Aug. Asia. Int. 1892. 
 
 6. Z4m. Aitch. & Hems. 
 {D. Mulphureum, Hort. />. 
 
 .^:Cr~"*>v ItMI'A h^bridum, var. sulpkureum, 
 
 ^"^ ~\]Jm/,/ Hort.). Stem nearly simple, 
 
 V^*^!^^^!^rA erect, 1-2 ft. hi^'b. rather irla- 
 
 ^ .^^WBiMi^te*. \ brous, or Incoming so: \\n. 
 
 of several narrow, linear 
 lobes, dark irreen. petioles not 
 dilating at thf base : tin. large, 
 light yellow, in long ra<'ep'es: 
 follicles .'{, longitudinally fur- 
 rowed and riblH'd; seef'^twith 
 transverse, flbroiis 'j<lates. 
 June, Julv. Persia. Int. 1892. 
 ^ B. M. 7049. Gn. .50: 1094; 54, 
 p. 347. G.C. III. 20:247. Seed- 
 lings from tubers and plants 
 die down as if dead; but they 
 make a second growth after 
 a short period of rest. 
 
 BBB. Sepals blue or varying 
 to white. 
 
 c. Height i}4 ft. or less. 
 
 D. Petioles dilating at the 
 base. 
 
 7. bicolor, N» t. Erect, 
 rather stout, H-1 ft. high, 
 from fascicled roots : Ivs. 
 
 687. Delphinium Ajacis -The small, thick, deeply parted 
 common annual Larkspur, a^d divisions cleft, except 
 
 perhaps m the upper Ivs.; 
 segments linear and obtuse: raceme rather few fld., the 
 lower pedicels a.scending 1-2 in. : spur and sepals nearly 
 equal, % in. long or more, blue; upper petals pale yel- 
 low or white, blue-veined ; lower petals blue: follicles 
 glabrous or l)ecoming so. May-Aug. Dry woods, Colo., 
 west and north to Alaska. 
 
 8. Brunoni&num, Royle. Musk Larrspcr. Stems 
 erect, ^a-l-aft. high: plant somewhat pubescent: upper 
 Ivs. 3-parted, lower ones reniform, 5-parted ; segments 
 deeply cut, musk-scented : fls. large, light blue with 
 purple margins, center black ; spur very short ; sepals 
 1 in. long, membranous and often clinging until the 
 fr. is mature: follicles 3 or 4, villose. June, July. China. 
 B.M. 5461. R.B. 1863:34. 
 
 9. d6contm, Fischer & Meyer. Stem slender and 
 weak, %-\% ft. high, smooth or nearly so: Ivs. few, 
 bright green; upper ones small, 3-5-parted into narrow 
 lobes; lower and rmlical ones somewhat reniform in out- 
 line and deeply 3-5-parted, lobes often differing widely: 
 fls. in a loose raceme, or somewhat panicled; sepals 
 blue, % in. long, equaling the spurs; upper petals at 
 least tinged with yellow: follicles 3, thickish, glabrous. 
 Spring. Calif. Int. 1881. B.R. 26:64. 
 
 DD. Petioles hardly dilating at the base. 
 E. L'pper petals never yellow. 
 
 10. Cashmeri&num, Royle. Plant pubescent, not very 
 leafy: stem. simple, erect, slender.10-18 in. high: root-lvs. 
 orbicular, 2-3 in. in diameter, 5-7-lobed, coarsely, acutely 
 toothed and cut; petiole 5-8 in. long; stera-lvs. short- 
 petioied, 3-5-lobed, cut like the ratlical ones, all rather 
 thick, and bright green : inflorescence corymbose, the 
 branches rather spreading: fls. 2 in. long, deep azure 
 blue; spur broad, obtuse, inflated, decurved, little over 
 half as long as sepals; upper petals almost black, 2-lobed, 
 lateral ones greenish f follicles 3-5, hairv. July-Sept. 
 Himalayas. B.M. 6189. Gt. 1105. Gn. 18:261. R.H. 
 1893, p. 259. Hardy in Mass., and choice. 
 
 Var. Wdlkeri, Hook. Stem very short, leafy, many- 
 fld. : upper Ivs. less lobed or almost entire, small, long- 
 petioled: fls. verv large, li^ht blue with yellow petals. 
 Suited to rockwork. B.M. 6830. 
 
 EE. Upper petals yellow or striped with yellow. 
 
 11. tricdme, Michx. Stem succulent, about 1 ft. high: 
 Ivs. 3-5-pa:*ted, with 3-5-cleft linear lobes ; petioles 
 
 30 
 
-■.->■. " s.- 
 
 466 
 
 DELPHINiJM 
 
 smooth, hardly dilating at the base : fls. large, blue, 
 rarely whitish; upper petals sometimes yellow, with blue 
 veins, lower ones white-bearded: sepals nearly equa'ing 
 the spur : follicles 3-4, very long becoming glabrous, 
 strongly diverging ; seeds smooth. May. Northern 
 states. L.B.C. 4 : .'{06. — Very beautiful and much used. 
 Best for rockwork. The foliage dies down in midsum- 
 mer and the plant appears as if dead. 
 
 12. M6n2iesii, DC. Plant sparingly pubescent : stem 
 simple, slender, Y^-VA ft. higli, few-lvd.: Ivs. small, 
 3-5-parted, the divisions mainly cleft into linear or lan- 
 ceolate lobes; petioles hardly dilating at the base: fls. in 
 simple, conical racemes; sepals blue, s<miewhat pubes- 
 cent outside, nearly equaling the spurs in length; 
 upper petals yellowish: follicles .3, pubescent, or some 
 times glabrous; seeds black, winged on the outer angles. 
 April-June. On hills, Calif, and northward to Alaska. 
 B.R. 11: 1192. 
 
 13. paacif '/rum, Nutt. Roots oblong or fusiform, fas- 
 ciculate-tv.oerous : stems slender, nearly glabrous, )^-l 
 ft. high , Ivs. small, parted into narrow, linear lobes; 
 petioles not dilating at base: lis. and fr. similar to those 
 of D. JL'emiesii, but on shorter pedicels. May, June. 
 Colo, to Vash. and Calif. Int. 1892. 
 
 cc. Height usually more than 1% ft- 
 
 D. Seeds tcrinkled or smooth, not winged nor scaly. 
 E. Follicles always J. 
 
 14. altissimum, Wallich. Flant shagery -hairy above: 
 stem tall and slender, branched: Ivs. palmately o-parted, 
 the divisions 3-lobed and toothed : bracts long-lanceolate : 
 fls. blue or purple, in long, branching racemes ; -pur 
 straight or slightly incurved, equaling the sepals; Ratals 
 2-lobed : follicles 3, erect ; seeds not winged or scaly. 
 Aug., Sept. Himalayas. 
 
 15. exaltitum, Alton. Stem stout, 2-4 ft. high, 
 smoothish: Ivs. flat, nearly glabrous, deeply cleft into 
 3-7 wedge-shaped lobes, which are often trilid; petioles 
 usually not dilated at the base: fls. blue, with yellow on 
 the upper petals, medium in size, on long, crowded, 
 erect, pyramidal racemes ; sepals nearly equaling the 
 spur in length : follicles 3, pubescent or smooth ; seed 
 coats irregularly wrinkled. June-Aug. Borders of 
 woods, Ala. to Minn. 
 
 16. eUtum, Linn. {D. alplnum, Waldst. & Kit. 
 D. pyramidale, Royle). Bee Larkspub. Glabrous, 
 2-6 ft. high : Ivs. soii:°what pubescent, 5-7-parted, 
 parts rather narrow, cut-lol;"d ; upper Ivs. .3-5-parted; 
 petiole^} not dilated at the base: raceme much like D. 
 exaltatum or more spike-like: fls. blue, with dark violet 
 petals ; sepals ovate, glabrous, nearly equaling the 
 spurs : follicles 3; seeds transverselv wrinkled, not 
 scaly. June-Aug. B.R. 23:196.3. Gt. 736 b. <fcc. (vars.) 
 F.S. 12:1287. (var. fl.pl.). R.H. ;'859, p. 529; 1893. p. 258 
 —A polymorphous and complex species of Europe. It is 
 probable that all or nearly all the plants sold here 
 under this name should be called D. exaltatum, which 
 is a closely allied species. 
 
 17. grandifldnun, Linn. (Z>. 5/H^Hse, Fischer). Fij::s. 
 685-6. Stem rather slender, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather 
 small, many times parted into nearly distinct, narrow, 
 linear lobes: fls. large, blue, varj-ing'to white, the spur 
 and lower petals often violet, upper petals often yellow ; 
 spurs long and taper pointed: follicles 3, pubescent; 
 seeds triangular, coats wrinkled, not scalv. July, Aug:. 
 Siberia. Int. 1880. B.M. 1686. Gn. 46:991 and' p. 484. 
 Var. ^bum, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. albo-pl^no, 
 Hort. Fls. double and pure white. Var. flore-pleno, 
 Hort. (var. hfihrhhnn fl.-pl., Hort.). Fls. double, blue, 
 very pretty. R.H. 1893, p. 259; 1895, p. 379 (same). 
 
 Var. Chin^nse, Fischer. Stem very slender, not much 
 branched: Ivs. and fls. like the type, but fl^^. more nu- 
 merous. China. L.B.C. 1:71.— A favonte garden form. 
 The double blue form has been known as D. Brickii, 
 Hort. 
 
 EE. Follicles varying from 3 to 5. 
 
 18. Carolini^num, Walt. {D. azureum, Michx. D. 
 t'irhcens, Nutt. ). Plant somewhat pubescent: stem 1%- 
 2}4 ft. high, not much branched: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the di- 
 visions .'i-5-cleft into usually linear lobes: rac;enies spi- 
 cate, usually mauy-fld. ; fls. azure blue, but varj-ing to 
 
 DELPHINIUM 
 
 whitish or white ; sepals often with a brownish spot: 
 follicles 3-5, oblong, erect; seeds transversely wrinkled! 
 July. N. C. to III., west and south. P.M. 16:2.58. Var! 
 albam, Hort. {var.dlbidum, Hort.). Stems 2-3 ft. high: 
 Ivs. larger than the type and with broader divisions: 
 fls. creamy wuite.— Tl ; double f' rm of this is not much 
 used. 
 
 Var. vimineum, Gray. Stem 2-4 ft. high, sometimes 
 branched, broatler-lvd., looser-fld. : fls. violet or white 
 Tex. B.M. 3593. B.R. 23:1999 (as D. azureum). 
 
 19. mesoleilciun, Link. Stem 3 ft. high, pubescent 
 above: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the segments wedge-shaptd and 
 deeply serrated; petioles somewhat dilated at the base: 
 fls. blue, with pale yellow or whitish petals : seeds not 
 seen. June. Nativity not Known. 
 
 DD. Seed winged. 
 
 E. Upper petals never ydlow. 
 
 20. trolliifdlitxm, Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., leafy, often re- 
 clining : Ivs. thinnish, lavre, often reniform at base, 
 3-7-parted; lobes wedge-shaped, incised : racemes in 
 larger plants 1-2 ft. long and vry loose: fls. blue, with 
 upper petals white; spur and sopals each %in.lon^: 
 follicles glabrous; seeds with thin wing or crc^,-n at the 
 end. Apr. Moist grounds, Columb a river. Ant, 1881. 
 
 EE. Cpper petals of^en yellow. 
 
 21. simplex, Dougl. Stem nearly simple, 2-3 ft, high, 
 soft - pubescent throughout: 
 Ivs. many-parted, into linear 
 divisions and lobes: racemes 
 aense, little branched : fls. pale 
 blae,with upper petals yellow, 
 lower petals white - bearded ; 
 sepals equaling the spur: fol- 
 licles 3, pubescent ; seeds 
 dark, with margins white- 
 winged. June. Mountain.^ of 
 Idaho and Oregon. Int. 1881. 
 
 22. Nuttallii, Gray (D. Co- 
 lumbiav.Hvi, Greene), Stem 
 erect, simple, nearly glabrous, 
 leafy, V4-214 ft.: Ivs. thin- 
 nish, 3-5-parted, parts divided 
 into many linear-oblong lobes : 
 racemes long, many-fld. : se- 
 pals deep blue, ovate, 
 sparingly pubescent, 
 shorter than the spur ; 
 petals blue or upper 
 ones yellow, lower ones 
 white - bearded : fol- 
 licles 3, pubescent, 
 rather erect ; seeds 
 thin, dark, with yel- 
 low wings. Summer. 
 Low, open woods, Co- 
 lumbia river. Int. 1892. 
 
 23. scopuldrum.Gray. 
 Stem 2-5 ft., glabrous, 
 at least below : l.'s. 5- 
 7 -parted, the upper 
 ones the more nar- 
 rowly cleft ; petioles 
 d Jating at th? base : 
 racemes simple, dense- 
 ly many-fld. : fls. blue 
 or purple, rarely white, 
 upper petals often yel- 
 low ; spur % in. 1 'Ug, 
 equaling the sepals : 
 follicles 3, pube. ent; 
 seeds rge - winged. 
 Aug., pt. Moist 
 ground, west of Rock- 
 ies.— A pol}nnorj)hous 
 species. 
 
 Var. sabalplnum, 
 Gray (Z>. accident Ale, 
 Wats.). A smaller 
 plant, pubescent above 
 shorter racemes, larger 
 
 licles glabrous, Wasatch ?.' untains 
 
 688. Delphinium formosum. 
 
 broader divisions of Ivs., 
 evA deeper-colored fls.: £ol- 
 
■ '-Ir^-r 
 
 DELPHINIUM 
 
 24. oheil&ntliam, Fischer. Stem erect, simple or 
 branched, 2-;{ ft.: Ivs. glabrous or slightly pubescent, 
 ,5-parted, the lobes pointed, sub-tritid, and somewhat 
 toothed: fls. dark blue, the upper peta'a sometimes pale 
 yellow, the lower ones inflexed, o it •, entire ; spur 
 rather long, straight or somewhat curv ^d : follicles 3, 
 either glabrous or pubescent ; seeds 3-comered, 3- 
 winged, not scaly. June, July. Siberia. B.R. G:473. 
 Gt. 13:253. P.M. 16:258 (asl>. magnifi um). 
 
 DDD. Seeds scaly. 
 
 25. formdstim, Boiss. & Hult. Fig. 088. Stem strong, 
 2-3 ft., hairy below, rather glabrous above : lower Ivs. 
 o-7-parted, long-petioled ; upper ones 3-5-pRrted, short- 
 petioled or sessile, all alternate: racemes many-fld.: 
 tls. blue, with indigo margins; spur long, violet, bifid at 
 the tip: follicles 3, pubescent ; f v»eds scaly. June, July. 
 Asia Minor perhaps, but its origin is disputed. F.S. 
 12:1185. Vick's Mag. 2.305. R.H. 1859, p. 528. -The most 
 permanent f ^ rm for naturalizing. 
 
 26. Maackiinif'« Regei. Erect, 3 ft. high, pubescent 
 or glabrous, branched above : Ivs. pubescent .m both 
 sides, base often truncate or reniform, Ii-5-parted, the 
 parts serrate; petioles dilated at the base : peduncles 
 yellow-hairy, with the bracts often inserted above the 
 base: fls. in loose panicles, sepals blue, 14 as long as the 
 spurs; petals dark violet: follicles often glabrous, ^4 in. 
 long; seeds small, distinctly scaly. 
 July. Siberia. Gt. 344. 
 
 27. h^bridum, Steph. Stem 3-4 
 ft., pubescent above : root some- 
 what bulbous : Ivs. 5-many- 
 parted ; lobes linear ; petioles di- 
 lated and sheathing at the base : 
 racemes denso : fls. blue, lower limbs 
 white -bearded ; spur straight, 
 longer than the sepals : follicles 3, 
 hairy; seeds ovate, with transverse 
 scales. June-Aug. Mountains of 
 Asia. R.H. J893, p. 2.58 ; same cut 
 in S. H. 2: 282. -There are many 
 double and semi-double vars. of 
 this type. 
 
 Var. B&rlowi, Paxt. Very large, 
 semi-double fls., deep blue, with 
 brownish center. A supposed hy- 
 brid with D, grand if lornm. B.R. 
 23:1944. Int. 1892. 
 
 D. emruUscens, Freyn. A fine Asiatic 
 species, with single and double forms. 
 P.M. 16:258.— 7). Wheehrii is listed in 
 the trade, but is of unknown origin. 
 
 K. C. Davis. 
 
 DEMAZ£BIA (Desmazeria). 
 Gramiiiece. Annuals or peren- 
 nials, with narrow, involute leaf- 
 blades : spikelets peculiarly dis- 
 tichous on two sides of a 3-sided 
 rachis, many-fld., sessile, or some ,-. _ • o- 1 
 
 of the lower spikelets pedicellate. ^^' Demazena Sicula. 
 Four species known. Mediterra- ^^ '^■' 
 
 nean and S. African. 
 
 sicula, Dum. {Brizoppriim Sictilum, Link.). Spike 
 Grass. Fig. (J89. A smooth, erect annual, 8 in. to 1 ft. 
 high: Ivs. few: panicle spike-like, 2-3 in. long ; spike- 
 lets ovate to liuear, 8-20-fld. Mediterranean. — Fre- 
 quently used for edging. p, b. Kennedy. 
 
 DEMEBABA ALMOXD. Consult Terminalia. 
 
 DENOBOBIUM (tree^ and life: they are epiphytes). 
 Orch iddceif , tribe £ p idendrecr . A genus containing many 
 species of great horticultural merit. Flowers racemose, 
 fasciculate or solitary ; perianth usually spreading; 
 labellum articulate or connate with the base of the 
 column; column short, seniiterete; base produced con- 
 spicuously; pollinia4: stems cane-like, in some species 
 deciduous, so that during the resting season the plants 
 appear like a group of dried sticks. The species (more 
 than .300) are distributed through the tropical countries 
 of the eastern hemisphere, Australia, Japan, China, 
 India and the Philippine Islands furnishing a large 
 
 DENDROBIUM 
 
 467 
 
 number. They are particularly abundant in parts of 
 India. No species vre known in Africa. The term 
 pseudobulbs has been used throughout this article for 
 the sake of unifonnity, but these members are verj* 
 variable in the genus, ranging from very large (several 
 feet long) to very small and thin. The flowers are of 
 many sizes, forms i.nd colorr. Some of the species re- 
 semble Epidendrums, Cattleyas, and other genera. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 The growing c* most of the commercial Dendrobiuras 
 can generally be understood and accomplished in observ- 
 ing three steps: (1) The season of rain, that produces 
 the abundance of growth. (2) The season of colder 
 temperature, to ripen the wood. (3) The dry season, pro- 
 ducing the flowers. 
 
 .Tn the selection of varieties, there are very few thut 
 will not respond to the treatment suggested ty this 
 scheme. />. thrij-^iflomim, fimbriatutn, chrysoioium, 
 Farmerii, and all varieties of this irroap, respond most 
 generously to this treatn^ent in tl warm glasshouse. 
 There are no plants mor.. beautiful . the orcliitl family. 
 
 The soil required is equal part.s of clean peat and 
 moss. Fi:: the plants very firmly in pots or baskets. 
 While growing, an abxxndance of water must be given, 
 with syringing on all fine days. When the growth is 
 well maile and developed, then comes the season of rest, 
 and water can be withheld gradually, until finally none 
 is given. Commercially speaking, Dendrobiums can be 
 flowered in any ordinary glasshouse, and with only 
 partial shade. Another method is to give more shade at 
 the growing season, and more air at the resting period. 
 
 The propagation of these species is by division of 
 the growths, either in the resting season or the starting 
 of the growing season. Pruning is not to be practiced, 
 as, being of slow growth, they require the leaves for the 
 furnishing of the plant. Shading should be adopted. 
 With all Dendrobiums, care should be taken not to over- 
 pot. Grow in small pots or baskets, so as to confine the 
 roots. D. Dearei may be grown continuously, with- 
 out rest. 
 
 The commoner conservatory Dendro])iums, as D. 
 Phalasnopsis, J). Ainstrorthii, etc., are propagated by 
 laying the stems flat on baskets, attaching them firmly 
 by means of wire. Pruning of these varieties was once 
 practiced extensively, but when there is plenty of 
 growth the stem and flowers can be cut at the same 
 time; this adds more beauty to the flower, D. nobile 
 and I). Wardiftnttm are easy to grow, only care should 
 be taken not to be too severe on all classes of this sec- 
 tion, after the growth is matle, until midwinter. They 
 bloom best whet *he late autumn sun purtially ripens 
 the stems. See Orchids. '^'oll' Ogston. 
 
 Index: aggregatum, 14; Ainsworthi , 43; albiflorum, 
 10; albo-sanguiueum, 48; amoenum, 58; anosmum, 68; 
 Aphrodite, 03; aqueum, 53; aureo-flavum, 10; aureitm, 
 50; Ba'leanum. 43; Barberianura. 60; barbaiulum, 19; 
 Bensoniae, 67; bicameratum. 12; bigibbum, 22; Boxallii, 
 61; BrjTnerianum, 16; Calceolaria, 30; Calceolus, 30; 
 capillipes, 41; cariniferum, 32; chrysanthum, 54; Chry- 
 sotis, 27; chrysotoxum, 17; clavatiim,24; Cooksonianum, 
 43; crassinode, 60; crepidatum, 66; cretaceum, 74; cru- 
 entum, .33; crumenatum. 6; cumulatum,2; crystallinum, 
 65; Dalhousianum, 31; Dayanum, 18; Dearei, 3; densi- 
 florum, 8; Devonianum, 57; dixanthum, 29; Draconis, 
 37; erythroxanthum, 13; Falconcri, 62 ; Funnerii. 10; 
 Findleyanum, 46; flmbriatum, 25; formosum, 35; Free- 
 manii,'69; fuscatum, 26; Fytchianum, 19; Gibsonii, 28; 
 giganteum,02,68, 71; gratiosissimum. 64; Griflithianum, 
 9; heterocarpum,49; hololeuca, 23; Hookerianuni, 27; in- 
 fundibulum, .36; Jamesianum, 36; Japonicuni. 40; Jen- 
 kinsii, 15; lasioglossum, 52; leucolophotum, 4; Linawi- 
 anum,44; lituiflorum,69; Loddigesii,.56; longicornu,.34; 
 Lowii,39; luteoiam, 50; Macfarlanei. 20; macrophyllum, 
 18,68; McCarthi8e,70; moniliforme, 40; moschatum, .30; 
 nobile. 43; liobilius. 43; ochroatum, 55; oculatum, 25; 
 Palpebrse, 5; Parishii, 45; Po j-/om/, 25, 54; Phala^nopsis, 
 23; Pierardi, 73; primulinum, 72; piilchellum, 56; rho- 
 dopterj'gium, 49; Ruckeri, 51; scabrilingue, .38; Schroe- 
 derianumj23; Schrcederi, 8; secundum. 1 ; suavissimum, 
 17; sulcatum. 11; superbiens, 21 : superbum, 68; thyrsi- 
 florum.7; tortile, 47; transparens, 71; Veitchiamim,l8i 
 Wardianum, 59. 
 
468 
 
 DENDROBIUM 
 
 DEXDROBIUM 
 
 A. Inflorescence racemosfe. (fl. usually solitary in Jen- 
 
 kinsii). 
 
 B. Racemes densely flotcered. 
 
 c. Petals pinkish or purplish. 
 
 1. secandum, Wall. Pseudobulbs terete, neaiiy 2 ft. 
 long: !vs. ovate-oblong: fis. all on one side of peduncle, 
 crowded; petals smaller than sepals, rose-mauve; la- 
 bellum paler, with an apical blotch of orange. Sumatra. 
 
 2. cuinul&ttun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs tufted, slender, 
 erect, about 18 in. long: Ivs. oblonp: fls. 1 in. across, 
 purplish, suffused with white; inflorescence globose. 
 Burma. 
 
 cc. Petals white. 
 
 3. DSarei, Reichb. f . Fig. GOO. Pseudobulbs tall: Ivs. 
 about 2 in. long, oval-oblong : fls. about 2 in. across, 
 white ; sepals lanceolate ; petals nearly orbicular ; label- 
 lum oblong, with a pale, vellowish green blotch in the 
 throat. Philippine Isls. Gn. 54, p. 237. G.O. III. 24:193. 
 
 4. leacolophdtam, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs stout, erect: 
 racemes many-fld. : fls. white, lateral lobes of labellum 
 greenish; midlobe narrowly oblong. Malay archipelago. 
 
 5. Pdlpebrae, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, 4-angled: 
 Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : raceme loosely fld. : fls. white, 
 with a yellowish disk near the base of the labellum. 
 Burma. 
 
 6. crumen^tum, Swartz. Pseudobulbs erect: Ivs. ovate- 
 oblong: raceme terminal, many-fld,: sepals and petals 
 ovate; iabelluui white. Malay archipelago. 
 
 7. thyrsifldrum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs terete, 
 jointed: Ivs. oblong: racemes pendulous, ample: sepals 
 and petals white ; labellum yellow, downy-pubescent. 
 Burma. B.M. 5780. I. H. 22:207. Gn. 50, p. 28. A.F. 
 3:155. F.E.9:.T29. J.H. III. 31:229. G.C. II. 15:463.- 
 Much like the next, and by some united with it. 
 
 Dendrobium Dearei. 
 (X%.) 
 
 ccc. Petals yellow. 
 
 8. densifldrum, Wall. Pseudobulbs jointed, about 15 
 in. high: Ivs. oblong : racemes pendulous, ample: fls. 
 13^-2 in. across ; sepals and petals yellow ; labellum 
 orange-yellow, downy-pubescent. Nepal. B.M. 3418. 
 G.C. II. 17:737; III. 14:123 and 24:185. 
 
 Var. Schrdederi, Hort. {var. album, Hort.), has whitish 
 sepals and petals. A.G. 20:5. 
 
 9. Griffitliiiiitun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs. 
 lanceolate-oblong : fls. in drooping, flexuose racemes •' 
 petals ciliate, yellow. Burma. * 
 
 10. F4rmerii, Paxt. Pseudobulbs round, attenuate at 
 base, thickening above : Ivs. oblong : racemes ample, 
 pendulous: fls. 2 in. across, tinged with pink; throat of 
 labellum orange-yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals oval. 
 Khasia Hills. B.M. 4659. — Var. albiflorum, Hort. (var! 
 dlhum of catalogues), has white fls., the labelluni 
 marked with yellow. F.S. 23:2461. Var. atireo-flivum, 
 Hort. (aurea of catalogues }). Fls. golden yellow; disk 
 of labellum deeper yellow. 
 
 11. sulciittun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, com- 
 pressed: Ivs. ovate-oblong: racemes 10 or more fld. : fls. 
 yellow, crowded. Khasia Hills. B.M. 6962. 
 
 12. bicamer&tam, Lindl. {D. breviflbrum of cata- 
 logues). Pseudobulbs fusiform or clavate, about 18 in. 
 long: Ivs. elliptic, oblong: fls. yellow, marked with red, 
 clustered on a short rachis, forming a capitate raceme. 
 Sikkim. 
 
 13. erythroxintlnun, Reichb. f. Fls. in dense racemes, 
 yellowish striped with crimson-purple. Philippine Isls. 
 
 BB. Racemes loosely flowered. 
 C. Pseudobulbs one-leaved. 
 
 14. aggrregitom, Roxb, Lvs. oblong, coriaceous, at the 
 summits of ovate pseudobulbs : fls. yellow, numerous, in 
 lateral drooping racemes; sepals ovate; petals broadly 
 ovate; labellum broader than long, with orange throat; 
 disk pubescent. Burma. B.M. 3643. — Var. milia8» 
 Hort., is a larger-fld. form. 
 
 15. J6nkinsii, Wall. Pseudobulbs short, compressed: 
 Ivs. oblong, coriaceous: fls. orange-yellow, solitary; se- 
 pals oval; petals broadly ovate. Assam. B.R. 25:37.— 
 Very like D. aggregatum. 
 
 cc. Pseudobulbs leafy at summit. 
 
 D. Flowers yellow. 
 E. Labellum pectinately fringed. 
 
 16. Brymeri&num, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs jointed, 
 slender, about 2K ft. high, sometimes much shorter: 
 Ivs. several, lanceolate: fls. fle hy, golden yellow; upper 
 sepal oblong; petals and lateral sepals very similar; la- 
 bellum reflexed at apex, disk downy; margin provided 
 with a conspicuously long and pectinate fringe. Burma. 
 B.M.6383. A.F.6:609. G.C. U. 11: 475; 16: 689. 
 
 EE. Labellum not pectinately fringed. 
 
 17. chrysotdzum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs. 
 several, 4 in. long, coriaceous: racemes arching, many- 
 fld. : petals and sepals about equal, golden yellow ; la- 
 bellum of similar color, deeper in the throat. Burma. 
 B.M. 5053. G.F. 5:533. Gn. 48, p. 239. -Var. Buavissi- 
 mtun, Hort. Pseudobulbs stout : fls. delightfully fra- 
 grant; labellum with blotch deeper-colored than in the 
 type. Burma, 1847. 
 
 DD. Flou-ers greenish. 
 
 18. macroph^Uuxn, Rich. (D. Veitchihnnm, Lindl.). 
 Pseudobulbs clavate, compressed: Ivs. oblong: racemes 
 many-fld.: fls. large; sepals greenish, hairy behind; 
 petals whitish ; lateral lobes of labellum greenish, 
 shaded with purple; midlobe greenish, with purple- 
 dotted lines. I. H. 35:57. — Sold as D. We itchianum, not 
 D. macrophyllum of gardens (see Z>. superbum). Java. 
 Day&nuin, Hort., is said to be a better form than the 
 type. 
 
 ccc. Pseudobulbs more or less leafy to base. 
 
 D. Flowers white. 
 
 19. Fytchitoum, Batem. (Z>. barbdtulum, Hort.). 
 Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. oblong -lanceolate, acute: 
 racemes 10-15-fld. : fls. white; lateral lobes of the label- 
 lum tinted with purple. Burma. B.M. 5444. 
 
 20. Macfdrlanei, Reichb. f. Fls. several inches across, 
 white; labellum marked with purple, 3-lobed; sepals 
 lanceolate; petals narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 
 New Guinea. 
 
DENDROBIUM 
 
 DENDROBIUM 
 
 469 
 
 DD. Flowers purple. 
 
 21. Btip^rbiens, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs cylindric : Ivs. 
 linear-oblong: racemes remotely fld.: fls.ricb mageuta- 
 purple; sepals and petals undulate-margined; labellum 
 similar in color, 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved; disk 
 with raised -white lamellte. North Queensland. 
 
 22. bigibbam, Lindl. Pseudobulbs elongated, erect, 
 
 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: racemes sub- 
 erect: fls, magenta-purple; sepals oblong-lanceolate; 
 petals spreading, reflexed ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes 
 incurved, deeper colored than the petals, with a white 
 crest. Torres Straits. B.M. 4898. I. H. 30:476. 
 
 23. Phalaendpsis, Fitzg, Pseudobulbs tall, terete: Ivs. 
 lanceolate: tls. on slender pedicels, pale mauve; sepals 
 lanceolate, spreading, paler than the petals ; petals 
 orbicular, spreading ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes 
 incurved. Australia. B.M. 6817. A.G.20:5. G.F.5:440. 
 A.P. 13:1224. For var. Schroederiinum, see G. C. III. 
 10:642-3; 15:339. R.B. 23:85. A.F.10:401. For var. 
 hololetica, see G.C. III. 18: 397. J.H. III. 31: 149. -One of 
 the most useful Dendrobiums for cut-flower purposes. 
 There are many fine varieties, pale in color or even 
 white. 
 
 DDD. Flowers yellow. 
 
 E. Labellum not slipper-like. 
 
 24. clav§itxun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 20 or 
 more in. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes few-fld.: 
 fls. orange-yellow ; labellum brighter yellow, with a 
 maroon blotch, denticulate on the margin. Nepal. 
 B.M. 6993. 
 
 25. fimbri^ttun, Hook. Pseudobulbs 2 or more ft. high, 
 slender: Ivs. lanceolate, dark green: racemes lax, pen-^ 
 dulous: sepals and petals orange-j-ellow, ciliate; label- 
 lum yellow, with an orange-yellow throat, margin irregu- 
 larly fringed. Nepal. G.C. III. 25: 305. V'ar. ocul^ttiin, 
 Hort. (i). Pdxtoni, Paxt.),ha3 smaller fls., with a deeper 
 colored blotch on the labellum. B.M.4160. G.C.III. 14:97. 
 
 26. fnsc^tum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric or nearly 
 so: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes with a zigzag rachis, 
 drooping: fls. yellow, with 2 maroon spots on the label- 
 lum. Sikkim, Himalayas. 
 
 27. Hookeritlnam, Lindl. (D. Chrysdtis, Reichb. f.). 
 Pseudobulbs slender, swollen at the base: Ivs. lanceolate 
 to oblong: fls. large, in pendulous racemes, golden yel- 
 low ; labellum with 2 deep maroon blotches, margin 
 fringed. Sikkim. B.M. 6013. J.H. III. 33: 221. 
 
 28. Gibsonii, Paxt. Lvs. lanceolate: racemes from the 
 upper nodes of the stems : fls. 5 or more, yellow, with 
 maroon spots on the labellum. Khasia Hills. 
 
 29. dizinthum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs clavate, about 
 
 2 ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. yellow, in racemes 
 from the upper part of the stems. Burma. 
 
 EE. Labellum slipper-like. 
 
 30. moscliitum, Wall. Pseudobulbs several ft. high, 
 leafy from the base: lvs. oblong-linear, striate: fl.-stem 
 radical, longer than the pseudobulbs: racemes pendu- 
 lous: fls. 2-4 in. across; sepals, and petals about equal, 
 oblong, orange-yellow; labellum inflated, colored like 
 the petals, with crimson markings at the base. Burma. 
 B.M. .3837. Var. CalceoUria, Hort. (D. Calceolus, Hort.). 
 Fls. smaller, orange-yellow. 
 
 31. Dalhousi&num, Wall. Pseudobulbs elongated, rod- 
 like, spotted with purple when young: lvs. clasping, 
 narrowly ovate : racemes pendulous, lax : fls. large ; 
 sepals spreading, yellow, tinted with rose; labellum con- 
 cave, orbicular, blotched at base with maroon-purple. 
 Burma. B.R. 32:10. I.H.28:423. Gn. 48:1032, p. 223. 
 G.C. in. 21: 157. 
 
 AA. Inflorescence not racemose. 
 
 B. Pseudobulbs black-hairy. 
 
 C. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 32. cariniferum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs subcylindric, 
 6-9in. long: lvs. narrowly oblong: fls. IJ^in. across, soli- 
 tary or in 2's or 3's, near apex of stem; sepals lanceo- 
 late, acute, strongly keeled at back, pale fawn-yellow, 
 fading to ivory white: petals ovate, white: labelhim 
 3-lobed, spurred at base, side lobes triangular, reddish 
 
 orange, midlobe spreading, undulate, tufted, with long 
 woolly hairs along the veins on the upper surface, red- 
 dish orange at base, usually white at apex. Burma. 
 B.M. 6715 (var. Wattii). 
 
 33. cru6ntiun, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs erect, terete, 
 1 ft. long, swollen at base: lvs. elliptic-oblong, decidu- 
 ous: fls. solitary or in pairs, lJ^-2 in. across; sepals tri- 
 angular-ovate, keeled at back, pale green, longitudinally 
 veined with darker green; petals linear-acute, colored 
 like the sepals; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes oblong, 
 erect, crimson- scarlet, midlobe ovate, apiculate, pale 
 green, with red border, and a large warty crest, below 
 which are 5 raised red lines, the 2 outermost being most 
 developed. Malay Isl. G.C. III. 18: 91. 
 
 34. Iongic6mu, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, 8-12 In. 
 high: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-2)4 in. long: fls. solitary 
 or in 2's or 3's, not fully expanding; sepals and petals 
 sub-equal, elliptic-oblong, transparent white; labellum 
 funnel-shaped, anterior portion fimbriate, white, with a 
 broad raised orange-red central band, with divergent 
 lateral streaks of same color; spur slender. Burma. 
 
 cc. Lvs. not deciduous. 
 
 35. lormdsam, Roxb. Pseudobulbs stout, erect: lvs. 
 ovate-oblong: peduncle from the summit of the stem, 
 3-5-fld. : fls. 3-4 in. across, white; sepals oblong-lanceo- 
 late, apiculate; petals nearly orbicular; labellum large, 
 the small basal lobes clasping the column, throat with a 
 yellow band, which expands in a large yellow blotch 
 near the distal end. Khasia Hills. B.R. 25:64. Var. 
 gigantdum, Hort. F's. measure 4-5 in. across. G.C.III. 
 24:471. Gng. 1:118-9. F.E. 10:1240. 
 
 36. infundibulum, Lindl. Fls. white; sepals spread- 
 ing, elliptic-oblong; petals broad; labellum large, with 
 an orange-yellow blotch in the throat; basal lobes infold- 
 ing the column. Burma. B.M. 5446. I.H.21:172. Var. 
 Jamesiinum, Hort. Pseudobulbs stouter and more rigid : 
 labellum of flower differently formed, especially the side 
 lobes, which are roughened on their inner surface; disk 
 cinnamon red. 
 
 37. Dracdnis, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs stout, erect, 
 12-18 in. long: lvs, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long: fls, in fas- 
 cicles from the uppermost joints of the stem, l}iin. in 
 diam., ivory white, striped with orange-red at base of 
 labellum; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals oblong-lanceo- 
 late, reflexed at tips ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes 
 small, rotund ; midlobe oval, oblong, crisped and mi- 
 nutely toothed on the margin, with 3 longitudinal raised 
 lines. India. B.M. 5459. 
 
 38. Bcabrilingue, Lindl. Pseudobulbs stout, erect, 
 slightly attenuated below, 9-12 in. high : lvs. oblong: 
 fls. l^^'in. in diam., in fascicles from the uppermost 
 joints of the stems; sepals and petals similar, sub-equal, 
 ovate-lanceolate, ivory white; labellum 3-lobed ; lateral 
 lobes obloner, erect, yellow-green ; midlobe oval-oblong, 
 reflexed, yellow, with .5-7 orange-j-ellow sunken lines on 
 disk; spur small, conical. Burma. 
 
 .39. L6wii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: sepals and 
 petals pale yellow; labelluui marked on the side lobes 
 and midlobe with crimson. Borneo. B.M. 5303. F.S. 
 23:2395. 
 
 BB. Pseudobulls not black-hairy, upright. 
 
 c. Leaves persistent. 
 
 D. Petals and sepals white. 
 
 40. Jap6nicum, Lindl. (X>. monilifdrme, Swartz). 
 Pseudobulbs tufted, 6-12 in. long, attenuated below : 
 lvs. liuear-lanceolate, acute: fls. fragrant, l}4 in. across, 
 solitary or in pairs, white, dotted or speckled with 
 mauve at the base of the labellum. S. Jap. 
 
 DD. Petals and sepals yellow. 
 
 41. capillipes, Reichb. f. Dwarf, tufted plants, with 
 fusiform '_ ^eudobulbs: lvs. lanceolate: fls. in pairs or 
 solitary, p-olden yellow, with a deeper blotch on the 
 labellum. India. 
 
 42. lutdoium, Batem. Pseudobulbs erect, about 1% ft. 
 long: lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. about 2 in. across, 
 yellowish or cream-white ; labellum with a few reddish 
 lines. Burma. J.H. III. 32:143. G.C. XL 19:340 (var. 
 chlorocentrtim). 
 
470 DENDROBIUM 
 
 DDD. Petals and sepals rose-color. 
 
 43. n6bile, Lindl. Fig. 691. Stems stout: lv8. oblong: 
 sepals and petals white, suffused with rose at the apices; 
 labellum white, with a blotch of amethyst-purple at dis- 
 tal end, throat dark crimson. Himal., China. G.C. II. 
 11:565; III. 23:341. J.H. III. 34:295. R.B. 23:25. A.F. 
 4:415; 13:620. 
 
 Var. nobiliiu, Hort., has larger fla., which are more 
 intense in color, the sepals and petals pale only at the 
 base. I.H. 42:36. 
 
 Var. Gooksonitoum, Hort., is a pelorian form, the 
 petals having acquired at the base the rich coloring so 
 characteristic of the labellum. Gn. 55, p. 445. 
 
 Var. Balle^num, Hort. Sepals and petals white; la- 
 bellum yellowish, with pale crimson blotches on either 
 side of the throat. Sikkim. 
 
 691. Dendrobium nobile. 
 
 D. AinswortMi, Moore, is a beautiful and popular hy- 
 brid of J), htterocarpiim and D. nobile. Blossoms in 
 small, lateral racemes ; sepals and petals white ; lip 
 with a feathered, purple blotch, white. Gn. 51, p. 338. 
 G.C. II. 16:624. 
 
 44. Linawi&num, Reichb. f . Stems long, clavate: Ivs. 
 narrow, several inches long: sepalsoblong; petalsovate, 
 white at base, otherwise rosy mauve; distal end of la- 
 bellum pale mauve, anterior portion white, with 2 mauve 
 spots. China, Jap. B.M. 4153. 
 
 DENDROBIUM 
 
 45. P4Ti8llii, Reichb. f. Stems thick : Iva. oblong- 
 lanceolate: sepals and petals rose-mauve; labellum or- 
 bicular, amethyst-purple, blotched on each side with 
 maroon. Burma. B.M. 5488. 
 
 46. Findleyinum, Parish & Reichb. f. Stems shinino', 
 yellowish, internodes slender : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate^' 
 lis. large, in pairs ; lateral sepals and petals overlapping, 
 pale pink-lilac ; labellum yellow margined with white 
 Bu'Tna. B.M. 64.18. Gn. 49:1070. 
 
 47. tdrtile, Lindl. Stems clavate, irregular when old: 
 Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in. long: fls. 3 in. across; 
 sepals and petals pink-lilac; labellum pale yellow, with 
 a deep crimson blotch in the throat. Burma. B.M. 4477, 
 — V"ar. rdseum, Hort. Fls. delicate rose color. The next 
 is very similar. 
 
 cc. £/vs. deciduous . 
 
 48. Albo-sanguineum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. high, 
 stout: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 together, 2-3 in! 
 across, whitish; petals streaked with red at the base ; 
 labellum with 2 blotches in the middle. Burma. A f' 
 11:1350. B.M. 5130. 
 
 49. rhodopterygium, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cvlin- 
 dric, erect, about 1 ft. long : Ivs. linear-lanceolate : 
 fls. about 2 in. across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; 
 petals ovate, both pale purple mottled with white; 
 labellum crimson-purple, striated, bordered with 
 white. Burma. — Supposed natural hybrid between 
 D. Parishii and D. Pierardi. 
 
 BBB. Pseudohulbs drooping. 
 
 c. Lvs. persistent : fls. yellow . 
 
 50. heterocArpum, Wall. {D. aiireum, 
 Lindl.). Stems erect, attenuated at base, 
 or nearly so: lvs. oblong-lanceolate: sepals 
 and petals pale yellow ; labellum orange- 
 yellow, blotched and streaked with crimson. 
 Assam, Khasia Hills, Nepal, Philippine 
 Isls. B.M. 4708. 
 
 51. Ruckeri, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, 
 about \% ft. long, attenuated below: lvs. 
 linear-lanceolate : fls. either solitary or in 
 pairs; lateral sepals triangular; sepals and 
 petals yellowish; labellum with white lateral 
 lobes streaked with rose, yellow. Philip- 
 pine Isls. 
 
 52. lasiogldssum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 
 about 13^ ft. long, attenuate above and be- 
 low: lvs. lanceolate : fls. \% in. across, in 
 2'8 or 3'a, white ; lateral lobes of labellum 
 lined with red. Burma. 
 
 53. iqueum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs decumbent: lvs. 
 ovate-oblong : fls. solitary or in pairs, yellowish 
 white, with a yellow disk on the labellum; upper 
 sepal elliptic-oblong, acute; lateral sepals falcate; 
 petals ovate. Nilghri Hills, India. 
 
 cc. Leaves decidxious. 
 D. Flowers yellow. 
 
 54. chrysAnthum, Lindl. (Z>. Prfar/onti, Lindl.). Pseu- 
 dobulbs slender, tall, flexuose, leafy to the base: lvs. 
 ovate-lanceolate : fls. yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals 
 broader, oval, denticulate; labellum orbicular, fringed, 
 throat maroon-purple, base infolding the column. 
 Burma. B.R. 15:1299. G.C. III. 15:565. 
 
 55. ochre&tum, Lindl, Pseudobulbs with swollen 
 joints : lvs, narro.vly-ovate : fls. in pairs; sepals and 
 petals about equal, golden yellow ; labellum orbicular- 
 concave, yellow, with maroon-purple blotch. India. 
 B.M. 4450. 
 
 DD. Fls. tvhite or pinkish. 
 
 E. Labellum glandular, ciliate. 
 
 56. L6ddige8ii, Rolfe (D. pulcMllum,hoM.). Habit 
 dense, dwarf: stems very slender, 3-4 in. long: lv.s. ob- 
 long-lanceolate: fls. on slender pedicels, solitary ; se- 
 pals and petals pale pink or rose-lilac ; labellum with 
 an orange-yellow disk bordered with rose-lilac. India. 
 Not D. pulchellum, Roxburgh, for which species it often 
 passes in gardens. B.M. 5037. 
 
 57. Devoni&nnm, Paxt. Stems pendulous, about 3 ft. 
 long: lvs. linear-lanceolate : sepals and petals white. 
 
DENDROBIUM 
 
 DENDROPANAX 
 
 471 
 
 tipped with amethyst-purple; labellum cordate, with an 
 amethyst-purple blotch in front, otherwise white, with 
 2 orange-yellow blotches in the throat, the margin deli- 
 cately fringed. Khasia Hills. B.M. 4429. J.H. III. 34: 
 197. G.C. III. 7:680. 
 
 E£. Labellumnot glandular, ciliate. 
 F. Pseudobulbs conspicuously nodose. 
 
 58. amcBnam, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. linear- 
 lanceolate: rta. usually solitary, otherwise in 2's or3's; 
 sepals and petals white, tipped with violet-purple; la- 
 bellum violet-purple bordered with white and blotched 
 with yellow. Xep :. B.M. 6199. G.C. II. 16:625. 
 
 59. Wardi&nuii; . Warner. Stems 2, 3 or more ft. high, 
 pendent : I^s. oblong-lanceolate : Hs. usually 2 or 3 to- 
 gether, 3-4 in. across ; sepals and petals tipped with 
 rose-ma'.ve (amethyst-purple); labellum with an apical 
 blotch of same color, otherwise yellow shading into 
 white at the margin, and blotched with maroon in the 
 throat. There is a variety in which the apical blotches 
 are wanting. Burma. B.M. 5058. I.H. 24:277. F.R. 
 1:231. Gn. 47, p. 84. R.B. 23:25. J.H. III. 30:454: 
 32:237. 
 
 60. crassindde, Reiehb. f . Stems pendulous or nearly 
 so, 1-2 ft. long, swollen conspicuously at the contiguous 
 internodes : Ivs. linear-lanceolate: flis. 2 or 3 together, 
 about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with 
 rose-mauve; labellum similarly tipped with rose-mauve, 
 otherwise yellow with a white border. Burma. B.M. 
 5766. — Var. Barberianiun, Hort., is a stronger-growing 
 form of the species, with brighter colored fls., the col- 
 oring at the tips of the petals covering more surface. 
 
 61. B6xallii, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs pendulous, about 
 30 in. long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. 25^<in. 
 across, usually in pairs; sepals and petals white, tipped 
 with pale mauve ; labellum yellowish, bordered with 
 wh'te, tipped with pale mauve. Burma. 
 
 62. F4Iconeri, Hook. Stems slender, knotted, branch- 
 ing above : Ivs. linear: fls. solitary, about 3 in. across : 
 sepals and petals white, tinged with rose and tipped 
 with amethyst-purple; labellum spreading in front, ma- 
 roon-purple, with 2 deep orange blotches, tipped with 
 amethyst-purple, bordered with white. India. B.M. 4944. 
 I.H. 23:243. — Var. grigantdom, Hort.. is a stronger-grow- 
 ing form of the species, with larger fls. 
 
 63. Aphrodite, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs 6-12 in. tall : 
 Ivs. linear-lanceolate : lis. 2 in. across, often in pairs ; 
 sepals whitish; petals similarly colored ; midlobe of la- 
 bellum large, yellowish, with 2 maroon blotches at base. 
 Burma. 
 
 FF. Pseudobulbs not conspicuouslif nodose. 
 
 o. Lip yellotv at base. 
 
 64. grratiosissimum, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs slender 
 at base, tliiekened above, swollen at the nodes : Ivs. 
 lanceolate : tis. in 2's or 3's, from the leafless stem, 
 about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with 
 pale crimson-purple ; labellum white, blotched with 
 crimson-purple at the apex and marked with yellow on 
 the disk. Burma. 
 
 65. crystalllnum, Reiehb. f . Stems about 1 ft. long, 
 slender, striated, nearly pendulous: Ivs. narrow: fls. in 
 pairs or solitary; sepals and petals white, with amethyst- 
 purple apices; labellum yellow, with an amethyst blotch 
 on front, margin whitish. Burma. B.M. 6319. 
 
 66. crepid^tum, Lindl. Stems 1 ft. long, slender, 
 striated: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 in a group, 
 about 1 in. across, white, tinted with lilac ; labellum 
 yellow, with a white border. Assam. B.M. 4993. — Var. 
 rdseum, Hort.. occurs in catalogues. 
 
 67. B6n80ni8B, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindric: Ivs, 
 linear : fls. 2% in. across, in 2's or 3's, white, disk of 
 labellum orange-yellow, with 2 maroon spots at base. 
 British Burma. B.M ")679. I.H. 35:47.-Var. xn^jus, 
 Hort., is alarger-fld. t -rra. 
 
 GG. Lip not yellow at base. 
 
 68. snp^rbum, Reiehb. f. (i>. macrophyllum, Hort.). 
 Stems stout, pendent : Ivs. ovate : sepals lanceolate ; 
 petals ovate-lanceolate, delicate rose-mauve ; labellum 
 of same color, with deep crimson-purple throat. Philip- 
 
 pine Isls. B.M. .3970.— Var. andsmum, Hort. Fls. scent- 
 less or nearly so, mostly solitary ; sepals and petals 
 shorter, not undulate. J.H. 111. 28:275 (var. Houttoni). 
 Var. gigantdum, Hort. Fls. larger. 
 
 69. lituiildrum. Lindl. Stems about 2ft. long, grey- 
 ish: Ivs. linear: fls. in pairs or sometimes 4 or more in 
 each group, amethyst-purple ; sepals oblong-lanceolate; 
 petals ovate-oblong; labellum funnel or trumpet-shaped, 
 deep maroon, anterior portion white. Burma. B.M. 
 6050. — Var. Fre^manii, Hort. Labellum with a pale yel- 
 low zone, sepals and petals deeper colored than in the 
 type. Very similar in habit to Dendrobium nobile, but 
 more slender. 
 
 70. MacC&rthisB, Thwaites. Fls. bell-shaped, rosy 
 mauve and white; sepals and petals only sligiitly 
 spreading; labellum pale mauve, striped and blotched 
 with purple, a maroon spot on the disk: racemes pendu- 
 lous. India. B.M. 4886. 
 
 71. transp^rens, Wall. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. lin- 
 ear-lanceolate: fls. 1 /4 in. across, in 2's and 3's; sepals 
 white, tinted with pale mauve; petals similarly colored: 
 labellum white with mauve spots, tinted with mauve at 
 the apex. India. B.M. 4663. 
 
 EEE. Labellum cttcullate, wholly or in part, pale sulfur 
 
 yellow. 
 
 72. primuUnam, Lindl. Stems drooping, slender, 
 about 1 ft. long, greyish: sepals and petals about equal, 
 pink-lilac; labellum yellow with deep crimson margin. 
 Nepal. B.M. 5003 (as D. nobile, var.). — Var. gigan- 
 t^tun, Hort. Pseudobulbs longer and more slender: fls. 
 much larger. 
 
 73. Pierdrdi, Roxb. Stems long, slender, pendulous: 
 Ivs. ovate-lanceolate : sepals and petals pink-lilac ; la- 
 bellum yellow, marked with deep crimson at base. 
 Burma. B.M. 2584. Gn. .55, p. 405.-Var. latifdlium, 
 Hort., is very similar to this. 
 
 74. cretdceum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. long: Ivs. ob- 
 long-lanceolate : fls. solitary, whitish, disk of labellum 
 yellowish, with crimson marking, margin fringed, 
 khasia Hills. 
 
 Hybrids : D. Ain8worthii = D. heterocarpum XD. nobile (see 
 No. 42).— D. i>o/nmiaMHM( = D. nobileXD. Linawiauum.— D. 
 Cas8iope=D. JaponicumXI). nobile, var. albiflorum.— D. splen- 
 didissimum = D. aureum X nobile.— Var. grandiflorum =D. 
 aureumXnobile. 
 
 D. .Tohannis, Reiehb. f., and D. rohustum are not in cult, in 
 the United States, but have appeared in trade eatalognes. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 OENDBOCALAUUS. Consult Bamboo. 
 
 OENDBOCHlLTJM. Compare Platyclinis. 
 
 DENDBOMECON ( Greek dendron,tTee ; m^cow , poppy ) . 
 The only genus of Papaverdcece known to have woody 
 stems. California. Probably only one species. D. rlgi- 
 dtun, Benth. Dry, rocky hills of the Coast Range, mainly 
 in the south : 3-10 ft. high : stems up to 1 in. thick: 
 bark whitish : branches stiff, erect: Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, not cut, coriaceous, reticulately veined, very acute 
 and mucronate : fls bright yellow, 1-3 in. in diara., on 
 pedicels 1-4 in. long: capsules linear, nerved, lK-2)4 
 in. long; seeds black, almost globular. Hardy in some 
 parts of England. Propagated from seeds, that take 
 very long to germinate. B.M. 5134. F.S. 14:1411. Gn. 
 50:1087. J.H. III. 29:92.-D. HArfordii, Kell., and D. 
 fl6xile, Greene, from Santa Cruz an<i Santa Rosa Islands, 
 are now considered as forms of above, varying mainly 
 in the habit, more drooping and graceful, and in the 
 much larger, ovate, more glaucous leaves. These differ- 
 ent forms occur also in the mountains near Santa Bar- 
 bara. Considerable variation in size of flowers appears 
 to depend mostly upon the conditions where plants are 
 growing. Outdoor shrubs. p. Fbanceschi. 
 
 DENDEOPANAX (Greek, tree Panax). Aralidcea: 
 A genus of about 20 trees and shrubs from tropical 
 America and Asia, also China and Japan. D. Japonicus, 
 Seem., may be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants. 
 The leaves have been compared to Fatsia Japonica, hut 
 are small'ir and mostly 3-lobed. The floral parts are in 
 5's. Be^i'Y globose. 
 
472 
 
 DENDROPHYLAX 
 
 DFSCHAMPSIA 
 
 DENDBOFHl^LAX (Greek, groicmg on a tree). Orehi- 
 ddcece, tribe Vdndece. Epiphytes : sepals and petals 
 spreading, labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, angular, 
 middle one with spreading lobes; spur long, tiliform: 
 column short; pollinia2. Near Phaltenopsis. The fol- 
 lowing are introduced into American horticulture: 
 
 Llndenii, Reichb. f . Scape leafless, bearing a single 
 white flower : sepals and petals lanceolate ; divisions 
 of midlobe of labellum lanceolate: capsule smooth. On 
 Oreodoxa Hegia, and live oaks, S. Florida. 
 
 funiLlis, Hort. { CEcoclddes fimdlis, hindl. Angrceeum 
 fundle, Lindl.). Leafless, roots numerous, fleshy: pe- 
 duncles 2-fld.: fls. white; sepals and petals oblong-lan- 
 ceolate ; labellum 3-lobed, with a long horn. Mts. of 
 
 Jamaica. „ 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 
 DENNST£DTIA (a personal name). Polypodidcece. 
 A genus of hardy or greenhouse ferns of wide distri- 
 bution, often referred to Dicksonia but belonging to a 
 different family from the antarctic or southern hemi- 
 sphere tree ferns of the latter genus. Indusium inferior 
 cup-shaped. For culture, see Dicksonia 
 
 punctil6btila, Moore (Dicksdnia piJosius- 
 cula, Willd.). Figs. 692, 69.S. Lvs. light 
 green, from a slender, creeping rootstock, 
 1-2^2 ft. long, 5-9 in. wide, usually tri- 
 pinnatifid, under surface minutely glandu- 
 lar, giving the dried lvs. a somewhat pleas- 
 ant fragrance ; sori minute, on 
 small, recurved teeth. Canada to 
 Tennessee. 
 
 692. Tip of leaf of Dennstaedtia 
 punctilobula. 
 
 693. Fruiting lobe of 
 Dennstfcdtia punc- 
 tilobula. 
 
 Smlthii, Moore. Lvs. thick, the under surface almost 
 woolly, glandular, tripinnate; lower pinnae 9-12 in. long, 
 3-4 in. wide; sori 2-8 to each segment. Philippines. 
 
 diss^cta, from the Wes<- Indies, often 6-7 ft. high, 
 with broad (2-4 ft.) lvs. is sometimes seen in cultivation, 
 and is well worth a place in the trade. 
 
 L. M. Underwood, 
 
 DENTABIA (Latin, dens, tooth ; referring to the 
 toothed rootstocksh Crucifercp. Toothwort. Dealers 
 in native plants sometimes cultivate a tew of these hardy 
 herbaceous perennials, which have pleasant tasting root- 
 stocks, 2 or 3 lvs., mostly with 3 leaflets, and corymbs 
 or racemes of large white or purplish fls. in spring. 
 The European and eastern American species are readily 
 told from Cardamine by habit and many obvious differ- 
 ences, but the western American of the two genera 
 converge •'o that some botanists have merged Dentaria 
 into Cardamine. (SeeE. L. Greene, Pittonia. 3:117-124.) 
 The genus contains no arctic or alpine forms. About 9 
 species are cultivated in Old World rockeries. They are 
 of easy culture in light, rich soil and moist, shady posi- 
 tions. Usually prop, by division, as seeds are not 
 abundant. 
 
 A. Rootstock not tuberous. 
 
 diphtllftt Michx. Pepper-root. Rootstock several 
 In. long, often branched, strongly toothed at the many 
 nodes : stem-lvs. 2, similar to the root-lvs., close to- 
 gether ; leaflets 3, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely cre- 
 
 nate, the teeth abruptly acute: petals white inside, pale 
 purple or pinkish outside. Nova Scotia to S. C. , west 
 to Minn, and Ky. B.M. 1465. — Rootstocks 5-10 in. long, 
 crisp, tasting like water-cress. Pretty spring flower. 
 
 AA. Rootstock tuberous. 
 B. Lvs. S-parted, but not into distinct leaflets. 
 c. Tubers usually not jointed or prominently tubercled. 
 lacini&ta, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, 
 with lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong 
 to linear, more or less sharply toothed: petals pale rose 
 to white. Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 
 
 cc. Tubers with joints about 1 in. long. 
 
 macroc&rpa, Nutt. {C. gemmdta, Greene). Lvs. 1-3, 
 palmately or pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, segments 
 linear to oblong, entire : fls. purple or rose. N. Calif, 
 to B. C. 
 
 BB. Lvs. cut into S distinct leaflets. 
 
 c. Leaflets linear, entire. 
 
 ten6lla, Pursh. Tubers small, irregular: stem-lvs. 1 
 or 2, nearly sessile, sometimes bulbiferous ; leaflets 
 linear-oblong or linear, obtuse, entire : petals rose. 
 Washington. 
 
 cc. Leaflets not linear or entire. 
 
 Calif6niica, Nutt. Tubers mostly small: stem 3^-2 ft. 
 high : lvs. very variable ; stem-lvs. 2-4, mostly short- 
 petiolate, and above the middle of the stem, with 3-5 
 leaflets, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly short- 
 petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or 
 toothed: petals white or rose. Mts. of Calif, and Ore. 
 
 maxima, Nutt. Tubers near the surface jointed, 
 strongly tubercled : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, usually alternate; 
 leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and 
 somewhat cleft or lobed. Vt. to western N. Y. and 
 Penna. "VV. M. 
 
 DEODAB. Cedrus Deodara. 
 
 DEFABIA (Greek, depas, a beaker or chalice; refer- 
 ring to the form of the involucre). A small genus of 
 Hawaiian and South American ferns related to Denn- 
 stfedtia, rarely seen in cultivation in America. The 
 sori are marginal and usually on stalked projections 
 from the margin of the leaf. l. ji. Underwood. 
 
 DEBBIS (Greek, a leather covering). Legumindso'. 
 A genus of tropical, tall, woody climbers, one of which is 
 cult, in S. Calif. About 35 species, mostly Asian. Lvs. 
 alternate; Ifts. opposite, the odd one distant; stipules 
 none: fls. violet, purple or white, never yellow. 
 
 Bc^ndens, Benth. Climbing: Ifts. 9-13, 1J4-2 in. long, 
 oblong, obtuse, muticous or retuse, glabrous or minutely 
 pilose beneath : racemes 4-6 in. long, unbranched: fl.s. 
 purple: pod long, lanceolate acute at both ends, narrowly 
 winged at the base ; ovules 6-8. S. Asia and Indian Ar- 
 chipelago. — It has been offered in this country, but has 
 not been successfully cultivated. The above description 
 is made from specimens contributed by Dr. Franceschi, 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 
 DESGHAMPSIA (after Deschamps, a French bota- 
 nist). Perennial grasses with small, shining spikelets, 
 like Trisetum and Aira. The plants are usually stouter 
 and the spikelets longer than in Aira, from which it dif- 
 fers in the prolongation of t|ie rachilla. Lvs. flat or con- 
 volute: spikelets 2- (rarely 3-) fld., in terminal, usually 
 spreading panicles : awn slender, twisted below. Spe- 
 cies about 20, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a 
 few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics. 
 About 8 species are found in N. America. 
 
 csespitdsa, Beauv. {A)ra ccfspitosa, Linn.). Tufted 
 Haik-Grass. Hassock-Grass. a native perennial hav- 
 ing a tendency to form tufts or tussocks. Panicle 
 pyramidal or oblong. 2 in. long ; rays slender, bearing 
 spikelets above the middle ; awn variable in length.— 
 Abundant in the Rocky Mt. region, where the tufts 
 help to bind the spongy soil and prevent land-slides. 
 In England it is sometimes used by the farmers to 
 make door mats. Also used for ornament. 
 
DESCHAMPSIA 
 
 DEUTZIA 
 
 473 
 
 flezudsa, Trin. {AVra flexubaa, Linn.). Wood Hair- 
 Grass. A slender, perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with 
 numerous very fine root-Ivs., and a delicate capillary 
 panicle. It grows in tufts like the above, and can be 
 distinguished by the much longer and twisted awn. N. 
 Amer., Eu. — Valuable for woodland pastures, as it will 
 grow well in the shade. Also used for ornament. 
 
 P. B. Kennedy. 
 
 DESIGN. The "design-work" of florists refers to 
 formal arrangement of material as opposed to informal 
 arrangement of cut-flowers. Funeral designs are per- 
 haps the commonest. Dried grasses and everlasting 
 flowers are used in funeral designs. The term design 
 ia borrowed from the language of art, and can also be 
 applied to formal styles of bedding as opposed to the 
 informal border. Design work is less popular in America 
 than in parts of the Old World, the distinguishing 
 feature of our floriculture being the general taste for 
 cut-flowers and for their free arrangement. Many pic- 
 tures of designs may be seen in the florists' trade 
 papers. 
 
 D£SMAZ£BIA. See Demazeria. 
 
 DESMODIUM (Greek, a hand or chain; referring to 
 the jointed pods). By some called Meihomia. Legumi- 
 ndsce. Tick Trefoil. Mostly herbs, of 150 or more 
 species, in temperate and warm regions of America, 
 Asia, Africa and Australia. Lvs. pinnate, with 3-5 
 (rarely 1) leaflets: fls. small and papilionaceous, in ter- 
 minal or axillary racemes in summer, mostly purple : 
 pod flat, deeply lobed or jointed, the joints often break- 
 ing apart and adhering to clothing and to animals by 
 means of small hooked hairs. Fig. 694. A number of 
 species are native to N. America, and are sometimes 
 grown in the hardy border, where they thrive under or- 
 dinary conditions. One hothouse species, D. gyrans, 
 is sometimes cult, for its odd moving leaflets. D. pen- 
 dulifloriim and D.Japonicum will be found under Les- 
 pedeza. Several of the native species are worthy of 
 cult., but are practically unknown in the trade. The 
 following have been offered by collectors : Canadense, 
 DC; cuspidattim, Hook.; Dillenii, Darl.; Marilandi- 
 (um, Boott; nitdiflonttn , DC . ; paniculafum, DC. ; patici- 
 flortim, DC; sessiliflorum, Torr. & Gray. The Florida 
 
 gfrtaa, DC. Telegraph Plant. From 2-3 ft. high, 
 with 3 oblong or elliptic leaflets, the small lateral ones 
 (which are almost linear) moving in various directions 
 when the temperature is congenial, and especially in 
 the sunshine : tts. purple or violet, in a many-fld. 
 panicle. S. Asia. Grown occasionally as a curiosity, 
 particularly in botanical collections. See Darwin's 
 Power of Movement in Plants, and various botanical 
 treatises, for fuller accounts. 
 
 Pesmodiitm gyrans is of tolerably easy culture. It 
 requires stove temperature, and, although a perennial, 
 it is best treated as an annual. The best method of 
 propagation is by seeds. These should be sown in Feb- 
 ruary in a light, sandy soil, in 4-in. pots, and placed in a 
 warm, close atmosphere, where they will soon germi- 
 nate. The seedlings should be potted singly into small 
 pots as soon as large enough to handle, and be grown on 
 as rapidly as possible, using a mixture of good, fibrous 
 loam and leaf soil in about equal proportions. By mid- 
 summer they will be bushy plants, and, though not 
 showy, they will be very interesting. 
 
 L. H. B. and Edwarp J. Canning. 
 
 DEtTTZIA (named by Thunberg in honor of his friend 
 and patron, Johann van der Deutz). lSaxifragdce(e. 
 Very ornamental shrubs with showy white or blush fls. 
 appearing in spring or early summer. Lvs. deciduous, 
 opposite, petioled, serrate, usually with rough stellate 
 pubescence : fls. in racemes or corymbs, white, some- 
 times purplish, epigynous; calyx-teeth 5; petals 5; sta- 
 mens 10, rarely more, shorter than the petals; filaments 
 usually winged and toothed at the apex : capsule 3-5- 
 celled, with numerous minute seeds. About 15 species in 
 E.Asia and Himalayas and 1 in Mexico. D.parvi flora and 
 D. Lemoinei are the hardiest, but/>. scabra, SieboJdiana 
 and gracilis are also hardy north in somewhat sheltered 
 positions or with slight protection, while most of the 
 others are more tender and can not be grown safely 
 north of New York. The Deutzias thrive in almost any 
 well drained soil, and are well adapted for borders of 
 shrubberies. Potted plants forced with a temperature 
 not exceeding 50° develop into beautiful specimens for 
 the decoration of greenhouses and conservatories, es- 
 pecially D. Lemoinei, D. gracilis and discolor. The 
 same plants cannot be forced again. Prop, readily by 
 greenwood and hardwood cuttings, also by seeds sown 
 in pans or boxes in spring. 
 
 petals valvate in 
 
 a. Fls. in racemes or panicles 
 
 the bud. 
 
 694. Loments or pods of Desmodium Canadense. 
 
 Beggar-weed is Desmodium tortuosum, DC, of the W. 
 Indies. It is coming into prominence in the south as a 
 forage plant (see Farmers' Bull. 102, U. S. Dept. of 
 Agric). 
 
 B. Longer filaments narroired toward the apex, 
 without teeth. 
 
 Sieboldi&na, Maxim. {D. scdbra, Sieb. & Zucc). Low 
 shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. short-petioled, the pair below the 
 panicle sessile, ovate or ovate-elliptic, rounded or cor- 
 date at the base, rough and rugose above, stellate-pubes- 
 cent beneath, light green, 1-2 in. long: panicles erect, 
 loose, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, rather small, with spread- 
 ing petals; calyx lobes persistent. June. Japan. S.Z. 7. 
 —Graceful low shrub, but less showy than the two fol- 
 lowing species. 
 
 BB. All filaments with 3 large teeth heloiv the 
 
 anthers. 
 
 BC&bra, Thuub. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. all petioled, ovate 
 to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, crenate-dentate, 
 with rough pubescence on both sides, dull green, 1-3 in. 
 long: panicles erect, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or blushed, 
 with erect petals; calvx lobes deciduous. June. July. 
 Japan, China. S.Z. 0. B.M. 3838. B.R. 20:1718. S.B.F.G. 
 11.4:393. A.G. 18:356. Var. angustifdlia, Voss. Branches 
 reddish brown : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, rougher. Var. 
 crenilta, Voss (D. crendta, Sieb. & Zucc). Branches 
 brown: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, less rough. This var. 
 is less common in cultivation than the former. Var. 
 xnarmor^ta, Hort. Lvs. spotted with vellowish white. 
 Var. plena, Maxim. With double fls. R.H. 1867:70. F.S. 
 17:1799; 18:1850. I.H. Il:389.-Cult. in different forms 
 as Candidissima, with pure white double fls. (A.F. 
 6:263. J.H. III. 34:153. G.C II. 18:173) ; Pride of Roches- 
 ter, with very large white double fls.; Purpurea Plena, 
 double outside purplish ; Watereri, with large double 
 fls., tinged rose. 
 
 'ML 
 
474 
 
 DEUTZIA 
 
 DEWBERRY 
 
 695. Deutzia gracilis (X Ji^) 
 
 grdcilis, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 695. Shrub, to 3 ft., with 
 slender, often arching branches: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, sharply serrate, with sparse stellate hairs 
 above, nearly glabrous beneath, bright green, 1-2 in. 
 long: fls. pure white, in racemes; petals erect or some- 
 what spreading, oblong; stamens much shorter than the 
 petals; calyx-teeth persistent. Mav, June. Japan. S.Z.8. 
 P.F.G. 2,p. 7. F.S. 6:611. R.H. 1891, p. 203. Thereare 
 vars. with yellow and with variegated Ivs. ; see, also, 
 D. rosea (Suppl. list). 
 
 AA. Fls. in corymbs. 
 
 discolor, Hemsl. Shrub, to 7 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 
 late, denticulate, dark green above, much paler beneath, 
 coated with stellate hairs, sparingly above, densely be- 
 neath: corymbs loose, 10-20 fld. : tis. white, with spread- 
 ing petals, valvate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. 
 China. Var. parpur&scens, Franch. Three-4 ft. : Ivs. 
 ovate, less stellate-hairy, 1-2 in. long : corymbs rather 
 few-tld. : petals pinkish outside ; calvx red, with large 
 teeth. June. China. R.H. 1895:61. 'g.F. 7: 287. G.C. 
 111. 26:45. 
 
 Lem6inei, Hort. (D. grdcilis y. parviflbra). Fig. 696. 
 Spreading shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, finely 
 Sv rrate with appressed teeth, with sparse stellate hairs 
 above, nearly glabrous beneath, lK-3 in. long : fls. in 
 large corymbs or broad panicles, pure white ; petals 
 broadly ovate, spreading, partially valvate and partially 
 imbricate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. G.F. 
 9:285. A.F. 11:457. Gt. 44, p. 567 and 46, p. 383. Gng. 
 4:135. J. H. 111.34:77. G.C. III. 18:389. Gn. 48, p. 317. 
 — A very desirable shrub, more vigorous and with 
 showier fls. than D. gracilis. Excellent for forcing. 
 
 parvifldra, Bunge. Shrub, to 6 ft., with erect branches : 
 Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, with stellate 
 hairs on both sides, often grayish green beneath, 2-3 in. 
 long: fls. in many-fld. corymbs; petals roundish obovate, 
 spreading, imbricate in the bud; longer filaments with- 
 out teeth. June. N. China, Mongolia. G.F. 1 :365. Gt. 
 11:370; 43, p. 65 and 46, p. 382. R.H. 1892, p. 223. G.C. 
 III. 14:153. 
 
 D. angustifdlia,Dii>i>.=D. \jemoinei.— D. Bninoniana, 'R.Br. 
 =D. staminea var.— Z>. corymbi flora, Lem. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs. 
 ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, pubescent beneath : corymbs 
 many-fld.: petals spreading, .lune, July. China. R.H. 1897, p. 
 466 (as D. corymbosa) and 1898, p. 402. G.C. III. 24:267. A.F. 
 14:166. Gng. 7:2.—D.corymbd8a, R.Br. Allied to D. parviflora: 
 
 Iva. ovate or lanceolate 
 long acuminate: fls. larger* 
 all filaments toothed' 
 Himalayas. — D. dentata 
 Hort.=D. scabra.— Z). For- 
 '«»'^. Hort. (D. scabraX 
 Sieboldiana). Lvs. ovate- 
 oblong: fls. large, pure 
 white : filaments p.-irtly in- 
 distinctly toothed. Csually 
 a variety of D. scabra is 
 cult, under this name.— D 
 mltia, Hort. =»D.scabra, var 
 crenata. — D. rbaea, Hort" 
 ( D. gracilis rosea. Lemoine) 
 Hybrid between D. discolor 
 purpurascens and D. gra- 
 cilis, with campanulato 
 blush fls, in panicles. Of 
 the same parentage as are 
 var. campanulata and var. 
 venusta, with white, and 
 var. grandiflora with large 
 blushed fls. The.se vars. are 
 described by Lemoine as 
 forms of D. gracilis, except 
 var. grandiflora, which he 
 has under D. discolor.— A 
 staminea, B. Br. Shrub, to 
 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, with whitish 
 stellate pubescence be- 
 neath: corymbs many-fld.; 
 fls. white, fragrant ; fil.v 
 ments with large teeth. 
 Himalayas. B. R. a'}: l.'j. 
 Var. Bnmv-miana, Hook. f. 
 & Thoms. Lvs. less densely 
 pubescent: fls. larger. B.R. 
 26:5 (as 1). corymbosa). —Z). 
 Setchuensis, Fr&naYi. Shrub: 
 Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, bright 
 green above, whitish beneath, with appressed stellate hairs : 
 coombs few-fld.; filaments toothed, half as long as petals. 
 China.— Z>. Wdtsoni&nH Wellsi, Hort.=D. scabra vars. 
 
 Alfred Rehdeb. 
 DEVIL-IN-A-BUSH. Nigella. 
 
 DEWBERRY. The Dewberry is one of the most recent 
 acquisitions among garden fruits. As a cultivated fruit, 
 it is American, and the varieties are forms of native 
 species. It is distinguished from the blackberry chiefly 
 by its low, trailing habit, its method of propagating by 
 tips instead of suckers, and its few-flowered cymose 
 clusters. Four distinct species are found in cultivation. 
 (1) The northern Dewberry (Bubxis villosits, Ait., until 
 
 696. Deutzia Lemoinei (X /a). 
 
 lately known as -B. Canadensis). In this species the 
 leaflets are thin and deciduous, the stems sparsely and 
 lightly prickly, and the flower-stalk slightly fuzzy but 
 not glandular, A well marked sub-type has been set ofif 
 from this species, comprising the Lucretia Dewberry 
 
DEWBERRY 
 
 DI AN ELLA 
 
 475 
 
 (var. roribaceus, Bailey), which is a stronger plant, 
 with wedge-ovate, jagged leaflets, long Hower stalks, 
 large flowers and leaf-like sepals. Figs. 697, 698. (2) 
 
 697. Lucretia Dewberry (X M). 
 
 The B'artel type (B. invisus, Bailey), with stout, stiff 
 stems, straight, reflexed prickles, large leaflets with 
 simple teeth, and having the unopened buds surmounted 
 by a tip formed by the sepals which clasp around it. 
 (3) The southern Dewberry (A', tricialis, Michx. ). This 
 has round, shrubby, trailing stems, bearing strongly re- 
 curved or reflexed prickles, glandular-tipped hairs and 
 bristles. The leaves are evergreen, leathery and 
 smooth, with numerous stout, recurved or reflexed 
 prickles on the veins and petioles as well as on the 
 flower-stems. It is represented in cultivation by the 
 Manatee and a few others. (4) The western Dewberry 
 {B. vitifolins, Cham. & Schlecht. ). This has round, 
 woody stems, usually weak and trailing but sometimes 
 uprierht, the fruiting branches numerous, armed with 
 slender prickles, often rendering? the smaller parts 
 densely setose. It includes the Skagit Chief and others. 
 Still another species, better known as the cut-leaved 
 blackberry, has been long in cultivation, chiefl}'' for or- 
 nament. Its stems are armed with stroner. recurved 
 prickles and its leaves are much parted and divided. 
 
 The culture of the Dewberry is much the same as 
 that of the blackberry, except in the matter of training, 
 though it is thought to thrive better on light and 
 sandy soils than the blackberry. No summer pruning 
 of the canes is needed, although the old canes may be 
 removed as soon as done fruiting. Various meth- 
 ods of training are employed, the object of all be- 
 ing to keep the bearing canes off the frround, so that 
 they will not interfere with cultivation and the fruit will 
 be kept clean. For this purpose the single stake and 
 the wire trellis methods are best known. Tyinff the 
 canes to stakes (Fig. 699) is perhaps the best'metho*!. 
 The fruiting canes are tied to the stake or trellis in 
 spring, being shortened to from .3 to 5 feet in length. 
 The young canes are allowed to grow upon the ground 
 at will, or at most are turned in the direction of the row 
 if they interfere with cultivation. They remain in this 
 position during winter, where they can be very con- 
 veniently protected, and take their place upon the trellis 
 or stakes the following summer. 
 
 The Dewberries have proved successful and profitable 
 with some and a failure with others. Different varieties 
 should be planted together to insure proper fecundation 
 of the blossoms. Their chief value lies in their season 
 of ripening, which is in advance of the blackberries. 
 Lucretia and Bartel are the most important varieties. 
 
 For history and botany, see Bailey, Evolution of Our 
 
 Native Fruits; for culture, see Card's Bush -Fruits, and 
 Cornell Bulletins 34 and 117. Consult Blackberry, Lo- 
 ganberry And Bnbus. Fred W. Card. 
 
 DIACBIUM {through and point; the stems are sur* 
 ro» nded by sheaths). Orchiddceie, tribe tlpidindrece. 
 Fo;ir tropical Amer. epiphytes, closely allied to Epi- 
 dendrum, with which they have been included. Differs 
 from that genus in the fact that the column and lip are 
 not united. Fls. showy, in loose racemes : Ivs. few, 
 sheathing : pseudobulbs slender. Culture of Epiden- 
 drum and Cattleya. 
 
 bicomtltam, Benth. {Epidendrum bicoruutum, Hook.). 
 Pseudobulbs 1-2 ft. long, hollow, bearing dry sheaths: 
 Ivs. short and leathery : raceme slender, 3-12-fld. : the 
 fls. white, with small crimson spots on the 3-lobed lip, 
 fragrant. B.M. 3332. G.C. III. 16:3,37. J.H. III. 33:29. 
 — A handsome orchid, requiring high temperature. 
 
 D. bidentatnm, Herasl. {Epidendrum bidentdtuni, Lindl.), 
 of Mexico, has been listed in trade eataloijiies, but it is practi- 
 cally unknown to cult., and is probably not now in the Amer. 
 
 *»de- L. H. B. 
 
 DIAMOND FLO WEE. See lonopsidium. 
 
 DIANllLLA (diminutive of Diana). LilideecF. Tender 
 perennial tibrous-rooted plants, with hard, linear, sheath- 
 ing, grass-like Ivs., often 2-3 ft. long, large, loose 
 panicles of blue fls. on delicate, pendent pedicels, and 
 great numbers of pretty blue berries, which remain at- 
 tractive for several weeks, and are the chief charm of 
 the plant. There are about a dozen species of world- 
 wide distribution. They perhaps s'ioceed best in the 
 open border of a cool greenhouse. Prop, by divisions, 
 or by seeds sown in spring in mild heat. A few plants 
 have lately been imported, but the species are not ad- 
 vertised. Latest monograph by J. G. Baker, in Journ. 
 Linn. Soc. 14:574 (1875). 
 
 A. Stems entirely wanting. 
 
 B. Anthers 1 line long. 
 
 Tstsm&nica, Hook. Height 4-5 ft.: Ivs. numerous, in 
 a rosette, broadly ensiform, 2-4 ft. long, %-l in. wide, 
 margined with small reddish brown 
 spines, that cut the hand if the leaves are 
 carelessly grasped : panicle very lax, sur- 
 passing the Ivs. 1-2 ft., with as many as 
 60 fls.: fls. pale blue, nodding, i^-;'4 in. 
 across, segments finally reflexed. Tas- 
 mania and Australia. B.M. 5551. 
 
 698. Lucretia Dewberry. 
 Natural size. 
 
 699. Training Dewberry 
 to stakes. 
 
 BB. Anthers l}^ lines long. 
 C, Veins of the outer perianth-segments rather distant. 
 
 laevis, R. Br. Lvs. l-\}4 ft. long, 6-9 lines wide, less 
 leathery and paler than in D. cceritlea and at first slightly 
 glaucous: panicle deltoid, the branches more compound 
 than in D. revolnta: outer segments of the perianth with 
 5 fhstant veins, inner ones densely 3-veined in the 
 middle third. Eastern temperate parts of Australia. 
 B.R. 9:751. L.B.C. 12:1136. 
 
476 
 
 DIANELLA 
 
 DUNTHUS 
 
 cc. Veins of the perianth-segments crowded into a 
 central apace. 
 
 revoltita, R. Br. Height '^-3 ft. : Ivs. in a rosette, 1- 
 \}4 tt. long, 3-4 lines wide, dark green, purplish at the 
 base and margin, not spiny at the margin : panicle 
 branches short, ascending : fls. later than D. ccrrulea. 
 W. and E. Australia in temperate parts. Tasmania. 
 B.R. 9:734 and 13:1120. 
 
 AA. Stems present but short. 
 
 ceerdlea, Sims. Subshrubby, with a short stem in age, 
 branching : Ivs. about 6, clustere<l at the ends of branches, 
 9-12 in. long, G-9 lines wide, dark green, rough on the 
 back and margin : outer perianth -segments with 5 distant 
 veins, inner ones with 3 closer veins. Eastern temper- 
 ate Australia. B.M. 505. 
 
 ensildlia, Red. Caulescent herb,3-<> ft. high, the Ivs. 
 never in a rosette, numerous, hard, linear, 1-2 ft. long, 
 9-12 lines wide, lighter colored on the keel and margin: 
 tls. blue or greenish white. Trop. Asia, China, Aus- 
 tralia, Hawaiian Islands. B.M. 1404. w. ^. 
 
 DIANTHUS (Greek for Jove's flower). Caryophyllci- 
 cece. Pink. About 200 species of Old World small herbs, 
 many of them prized for their rich and showy tlowers. 
 Nearly all of them are perennials; they form tufts and 
 have grass-like Ivs., and jointed stems with terminal 
 tls. and opposite Ivs. From kindred genera Dianthus 
 is distinguished by the sepal-like bracts at the 
 base of a cylindrical calyx (of. Figs. 366, 367); petals 
 without a crown; styles 2. They are temperate -region 
 plants. The flowers are usually pink or red, but in 
 garden forms white and purple are frequent colors. 
 Most of the cult, species are hardy in the north and are 
 easy of culture. The perennial species are excellent 
 border plants. The chief care required in their cultiva- 
 tion is to see that the grass does not run them out. 
 Best results in flowering are obtained usually from 2- 
 year-old seedling plants. Two weedy species, D. pro- 
 lifer, Linn., and D. Armeria, Linn., are naturalized in 
 the eastern states. Monogr. by P. N. Williams, Journ. 
 Linn. Soc. 29 (1891-3). L. H. B. 
 
 Dianthus is essentially a European genus, there being 
 but one species found native on this continent( />.« //)j»ji<«, 
 found in high northern regions and in Europe), though 
 others are escapes from gardens, such as D. deltoides 
 and D. barbatus. Among the gems of the genus are 
 various pretty little alpine tufted sorts as />. neglectus, 
 D. glacialis and D. alpiniis, all of which are of dwarf, 
 close habit, not exceeding 3 in. in height and having 
 very large single flowers of brightest colors. These are 
 suited only for rock gardening, as on level ground they 
 often become smothered with weeds or swamped with 
 soil after a heavy rain storm, and to these two causes 
 are attributablethe failures tocultivate them. Dianthuses 
 like a warm soil, and one that will not become too wet 
 at any time, especially in winter, where the perennial 
 kinds are grown, as they are often killed not so much 
 from cold as from too much ice round them. Snow is the 
 best possible protection, but ice is the reverse. 
 
 All Dianthuses are readily propagate^! from seeds 
 sown in rich soil, but the double kinds are reproduced 
 from cuttings alone to be sure to have them true, and in 
 the fall months cuttings are easily rooted if taken with 
 a "heel" or a part of the old stem adhering to the 
 base of the slioot; so that to make cuttings it is best to 
 strip them off rather than to make them with a knife. It 
 will be found also that, if cuttings made from plants 
 growing in the open ground do not root readily but seem 
 to dry up in the cutting bench, if the plants to be in- 
 creased are carefully lifted and potted, placed in a tem- 
 perature of say 50- until young growth shows signs 
 of starting, every cutting taken off at this stage will 
 root easily. The transition from outdoors to the propa- 
 gating house should not be too abrupt. Another method 
 of propagation is by layering, and with the garden 
 Pinks, or forms of D. phimarius, it is the easiest and 
 surest. After hot weather is past stir the soil round 
 the parent plant, take the branches that have a portion 
 of bare stem, make an incision half way through and 
 alongthe stem for an inch, and peg this down in the soil 
 without breaking the shoot off (Fig. 370). Roots will be 
 
 formed and good strong plants be the result before 
 winter. Thf layering method is specially suitable to such 
 species as I), plumarius, D. Carifophyllns and double 
 forms of others, such as Sweet William. e.O. Orpet 
 
 Index: alpinus, U; atmruhens, 2; barbatus, ."); capi- 
 tatus, 3; Carthu8ianoruni,2; Caryophyllus,8; Chinensls, 
 
 700. Sweet William -Dianthus barbatus (X %). 
 
 13; Cincinnatus, 13; cinnabarinus, 1; cruentus, 4; del 
 toides, 10; dentosus, 13; diadematus, 13; glacialis, 12; 
 Heddewigi, 13; hybridus, 13; imperialis, 13; laciniatus, 
 13; latifolius, 14; macrosepalus, 13; plumarius, 6; punc- 
 tafus, 8 ; semperflorens, 13; Sinensis, 13; superbus, 7; 
 sylvestris,9; viscordalis, sub 14. 
 
 A. Flowers in dense cymes or in heads, the cluster often 
 
 subtended by involucre-like Ivs. 
 
 B. Petals not bearing hairs or barbs : bracts dry. 
 
 1. cinnabarinus, Sprun. A ft. high, woody at base, 
 perennial, blooming in Aug. and Sept.: Ivs. linear, 
 sharp-pointed and rigid : petals fiery red above, paler 
 beneath, glandular: stamens included. Greece. -Hand- 
 some little species; useful for hardy border or rockery. 
 
 BB. Petals with hairs or barbs on the lower part of the 
 
 blade. 
 
 2. Carthusiaiidrum, Linn. (Z>. atrSrubens, Willd.). 
 Hardy perennial or biennial, glabrous, scarcely glaucous, 
 12-18 in. high, the stem angled: Ivs. short, linear and 
 pointed, without prominent nerves when fresh : As. in 
 a dense, 6-20-fld. head, in shades of red, the petals 
 sharply but not deeply toothed, the cluster subtended 
 
DIANTHUS 
 
 DIANTHUS 
 
 477 
 
 by very narrower even awl-like Ivs. Denmark to Portu- 
 gal and Effvpt. B.M. 1775, 20.O.- Very variable. Little 
 known in Araer. ffar<lens. 
 
 3. eapititui, Balb. Much like the la8t: plant frlaucouM, 
 conspicuously pubescent, taller: petals purple-spotted. 
 Siberia, Servia. 
 
 4. ertidnttif, Griseb. Cespitofle, {glaucous, glabrous : 
 stem 1-2 ft., terete, forking: Ivs. linear or Innee-linear, 
 sharp acuminate: fls. deep blood-red, small, numerous 
 in a contracted cyme ; petals red-hairy towards the 
 base. July. Greece. 
 
 5. barbJLtui, Linn. Sweet William. Fig. 700. Per- 
 ennial, but readily grown from seed, and flowering well 
 the second year, glabrous, the stems 4-angled, 10-18 in. 
 high: Iva. broad and flat or conduplicate, 5-nervfd: fla, 
 several to many in a round-topped, dense cyme, in many 
 colorH, the petals not hairy. Russia to China and S. to 
 the Pyrenees. B.M. 207. — The Sweet William is one of 
 the oldest garden flowers. It is sure to be found in the 
 old-faahioned gardens. The cult, forms run into many 
 colors. Sometimes found along roadsides as an escape. 
 There are double-ttd. forms. R.H. 1894, p. 277. 
 
 AA. Flowers solitary, or in 2's or 5'«. 
 
 B. Calyx-bracts short and broad, oppressed. 
 
 C. Petals fimbriate. 
 
 6. plumJLrins, Linn. Common Grass or Garden Pink. 
 Scotch Pink. Pheasant's Eve Pink. Low, tufty, 1 ft., 
 blooming in spring and early summer, verv fragrant: 
 ivs. narrow and short, blue-glaucous : fl.s. mettium size, 
 
 pink, purplish and white, 
 the blade of the petal 
 fringed one-fourth or one- 
 fifth its depth ; calyx cylin- 
 drical, with short, broad- 
 topped mucronate bracts. 
 Austria, Siberia. — A uni- 
 versal favorite. Hardy. 
 Much used in old - fash- 
 ioned gardens as edging 
 
 for beds. There are double- 
 
 fld. forms. 
 
 7. sup^rbtui, Linn. Fig. 701. 
 Taller, the stems forking, less 
 tufted, later-fld., broader-lvd. ; 
 calyx longer: petals lilac, dis- 
 sected below the middle. Nor- 
 way to .Japan and Spain. Vari- 
 able. B.M. 297. — A handsome 
 species, growing 16-24 in., 
 fragrant. Perennial. 
 
 cc. Petals only dentate (ex- 
 cept in some garden 
 forms). 
 
 8. Caryophyiltis, Liun. Car- 
 nation. Clove Pink. Pico- 
 tee. Grenadine. Figs. 366-8, 
 370-5. Plate IV. Cespitose, 
 glabrous, 1-3 ft., the stems 
 hard or almost woody below, 
 the nodes or joints conspicu- 
 ous : Ivs. long-linear, very 
 glaucous: fls. on long stems, 
 particularly inAmerican cult. ; 
 calyx - bracts very broad, 
 abruptly pointed : Vars. soli- 
 tary, large, very variable in 
 size, form and color, bvit origi- 
 nally palo lilac, fragrant. 
 B.M. 39 (Bizarre Carnation); 
 1622 (var. imbricatus ) ; 2744 
 (Picotees). — Generally sup- 
 posed to be native to the 
 Mediterranean region, but 
 Williams gives its geograph- 
 ical limits as "north and west Normandy" and "^ south 
 and east Punjab" (northwestern Hindoostan). Long 
 cultivated. In Europe it is largely grown as an outdoor 
 Pink, but in this country it is chiefly known as the 
 greenhouse Carnation. The American forcing type is 
 
 distinguished by very long stems and a continuous 
 blooming habit. Garden varieties of D. Caryophyllut 
 are numberless, and they often pass under I^utiuized 
 names (D.punctt)tHs, Hort., is one of these names). For 
 studies in the history and evolution of the Carnation, 
 see Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, Essay 28. See Carna- 
 tion. 
 
 701. Oianthus superbus. 
 
 702. Dianthus Chincnsis(X5^). 
 
 9. sylv^Stris, Wuif {D. virgineus, Hort.). Slender, 
 1 ft. high, the stem angular compressed and bearing 1-3 
 odorless fls.: Ivs. tufted, linear and sharp-pointed, 
 scabrous on the margins : fls. rather small, red, the 
 petals obovate and shallow-toothed. Eu. B.M. 1740.— 
 Pretty perennial border plant. 
 
 BB. Calyx-bracts half the length of the calyx, mostly 
 narrow-pointed : Ivs. short and spreading, the 
 radical ones obtuse or nearly so. 
 
 10. deltoldes, Linn. Maiden Pink. Tufted, 6-10 in., 
 blooming in spring and early summer, creeping: stems 
 ascending, forking, with solitary fls. on the branchlets: 
 stem Ivs. an inch long, sharp-pointed : fls. small ( %-% 
 in. across), the petals toothed, deep red with a crimson 
 eye, the petals bearing an inverted V-shaped pocket at 
 their base (whence the name deltoides). Scotland to 
 Norway and Japan. — One of the prettiest border Pinks, 
 making neat mats of foliage and bearing profusely of 
 the little bright fls. There is a white-fld. variety. 
 
478 
 
 DIANTHUS 
 
 DICEN'TRA 
 
 11. alplnni, Linn. V'ery dwarf, the l-fld. stems rarely 
 reachintc more than 3-4 in. biKb. more or less prostrate: 
 foliage dark sbining ffreen : fl. 1 in. or more across, deep 
 rose or purplish and crimson spotted, a darker ring 
 around th«» eye. Russia to (ireece and Swiss Alp^. B.M. 
 120:>, Un. 2(J:4.')5; 47, p. 2«r2; 4.5, p. 53. -One of tbe cboic- 
 est of alpine and rockwork plants. 
 
 BBB. Calyi-bracts leafy oud uprtading. 
 
 12. glaci&lii, Ilfenkf . Three to 4 in. hi»;b, the stems 
 tufte<l uiid UMUuliy l-fld.: Ivs. green, narrow-lint-ar and 
 pointed, somewhat serrulate: tlM. small and Oilorless, 
 red-purple; the petals toothed. Mts. of S. Eu. O.C I-. 
 21 :8()9. — A pretty species, but difficult to establish. 
 Grown among alpine plants. 
 
 13. Chin6nii». Linn. (D. Sinensis, Hort.). Fig. 702. 
 Perennial, cespitose, glabrous, more or less creeping at 
 base: stem forking, angled and more or less grooved, 
 pubescent: Ivs. broad and nearly flat or slightly trough- 
 shaped, 3-5-nerved: fls. large, solitary or more or less 
 clustered, pink or lilac; the )>etals (at least in the wild) 
 barbed or hairy towards the base; calyx-bracts 4, in 
 some cult. vars. short. — China and .Japan; but recent au- 
 thorities consider a European Pink to be but a fornj of 
 it, and thereby extend its range west to Portugal. The 
 Amoor Pink ( />. ihfiti^nuf. FMsch.) is a form known as 
 var. macros6palu3, Franch.: it is a hardy border plant, 
 1 ft. high, with bright red lis. and u spot at base of each 
 petal. I}. sepuperfldreHA, Hort., is a hardy [>erennial 
 form, 12-18 in., with silvery foliage and deep j)ink, red- 
 eyed, fragraut fls. J>. Chinensis has given rise to a 
 beautiful aud variable race of garden I'inks, var. H6d* 
 dewigri, Fegel (I). Jliddeirigi, Hort.). These are ex- 
 tensively grown from seeds, and are practically an- 
 nuals, although plants may survive the winter and give 
 a feeble bloom in the spring in mild climates. The 
 flowers are scarcely odorous. They are single and 
 double, of many vivid colors; and many of the garden 
 f(»n'.is have bizarre markings. In some forms, var. la- 
 cioiiitas, Hegel (/>. hicinidtua, Hort.), the petals are 
 slvished and cut. D. imperiiilis, Hort., is a name applied 
 to a strain with strong habit and rather tall growth, 
 mostly double. C. diadem^tus, Hort., is another garden 
 strain. D. Cincinn^tus, Lem., is a red form with 
 shredded petals. I.U. 11:.'588. D. hybridus, Hort., is 
 
 13:1380-1. On. 49:1051. The garden Pinks are of 
 easy culture. Seeds may be sown in the open where 
 the plants are to stand, but better results are obtained 
 at least in the north, if plants are started in the house! 
 
 703. Dicentra spectabilis— Bleeding Heart (X M)- 
 
 another set. This name (/>. hybridus) is also applied 
 to a deutosus-Uke form, which some regard as a hybrid 
 of dentosus and some other species. For portraits of 
 garden Pinks, see B.M. 5536; F.S. 11:1150; 12:1288-9; 
 
 704. Dicentra formosa {><.%)• 
 
 Plants bloom after the first fall frosts. They grow 10- 
 l(i in. high, and should be planted 0-8 in. apart. They 
 are very valuable for borders and flower gardens. 
 
 14. latifdlius, Hort. Perennial, 6-12 in. high, of doubt- 
 ful origin, but in habit intermediate between J). Chi- 
 nensis and />. barbatus. Fls. large, double, in close 
 clusters or even heads: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate.— A good 
 border plant. 
 
 D. viscordalia is a name which once was advertised by Man- 
 ning, but is not now in the trade. The seed was obtained from 
 an English firm. It is probably a garden form of some old 
 species. l, jj. B. 
 
 DIC£NTBA (Greek, din, kentron, two-spurred, but 
 originally misprinted Diclytnt, and then supposed to be 
 Dielytra). Fumarid,cetjp. A genus of charming hardy 
 perennial plants with much cut foliage, and rose, white 
 or yellow fls. of interesting structure. The Squirrel 
 Corn and Dutchman's Breeches are two of our daintiest 
 native springtime flowers, and the Bleeding Heart is 
 one of the choicest memories of old-fashioned gardens: 
 it is also the most widely cultivated of all the plants of 
 this delightful order. Though long known to herbaria, 
 plants of Bleeding Heart were not introduced to western 
 cultivation from Japan until the late forties. Robert For- 
 tune saw it on the Island of Chusan, where he also got 
 Diervilla rosea and the epoch-making "Chusan Daisy," 
 the parent of pompon Chrysanthemums. The first live 
 plants seen in England flowered in May, 1847. It rapidly 
 spread into every garden in the land, and is now rich 
 in home associations. It is an altogether lovely plant. 
 There are about 15 species of Dicentra, mostly N. 
 American. Sepals 2, scale-like : petals united into a 
 2-spurred or heart-shaped nectariferous corolla : stamens 
 diadelphous, 
 
 Dicentras are easily cultivated in borders and wild gar- 
 dens. Two kinds can be readily secured from the woods 
 in the E. Try to reproduce the natural conditions, espe- 
 cially the degree of shade. They like a rich, light soil. 
 Prop, by dividing crowns or roots. It is a singular fact 
 that the forcing of Bleeding Hearts, though practically 
 unknown in America, is said to be commoner in England 
 than outdoor culture. According to Nicholson, the lorc- 
 
DICKNTRA 
 
 DICHORISANDRA 
 
 479 
 
 ing must be very gentle and the plants kept as near the 
 giBHs as poHHible. It in bent to have fresh plants each 
 year, anil return the forced ones to the border. 
 
 A. Fh. roaepiirple. 
 Bacemea simple. 
 
 {Diflntra tpeetdbiUt, G. Don). 
 Fig. 703. Height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. and 
 Ifts. broadest of the 
 group: rts. largest, deep, 
 rosy red; corolla heart- 
 shaped ; Inner petals 
 white, protruding. Late 
 spring. Jap. F.S. 3:2ri8. 
 
 B. 
 
 ■peotibilii. Hem 
 Bleeding Heakt. 
 
 70S. Leaf of Dicentra 
 Canadensis— Squirrel Corn (Xl4)- 
 
 B.M. 4458. R.H. 1847:461. Gn. 40:820.-The white-fld. 
 variety has a weak growth and sickly appearance. 
 
 BB. Hacetnes compound. 
 
 c. Inner petals protruded. 
 
 exlmia, Torr. Fls. deep rose, heart-shaped, tapering 
 to a neck, which is longer and narrower than in D. for- 
 vioKU, the tips of the outer petals much longer. Rocks 
 of western N. Y. and Mts. of Va. Var. multipinniita, 
 Hort.,has Ivs. still more finely cut. "The handsomest 
 foliaged hardy plant in our entire collection."— tf. W. 
 Manning. 
 
 CC. Inner petals scarcely protruded. 
 
 formdsa, Walp. Fig. 704. Fls. pale rose, with a short, 
 thick neck, the tips of the outer petals shorter than in 
 D. eximia. According to Gray, Syn. Flora, the fls. are 
 cordate, but B.M. shows 2 pronounced spurs, with tips 
 pointing toward each other. Mn. 8:17. B.M. 1335 (as 
 Fumaria formosa). Calif, north. 
 
 AA. Flou'ers yellow. 
 
 chrysintha, Walp. Pale and glaucous: inflorescence 
 thyrsoid-pauiculate: fls. numerous, as many aS) 50 in a 
 thyrse, erect, golden yellow; corolla deciduous; outer 
 petals hardly larger than the inner, the tips soon recurv- 
 ing to below the middle. Dry hills, Calif. F.S.8:820(as 
 Capndrchis chrysdntha}. — 'Ra.Te in cult. 
 
 AAA. Flowers chiefly white. 
 
 B. Corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs being short 
 
 and rounded. 
 
 Canadensis, Walp. {DUlytra Canadensis, G. Don). 
 Squirrel Corn, from the scattered tubers resembling 
 grains of maize. Fig, 705. Lvs. finely cut : raceme 
 simple, few-fld.: fls, white, tipped with rose; crest of 
 the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. Nova Scotia 
 to Mich., south to Penn. and Ky., but chiefly northward 
 in the vegetable mold of rich woods. B.M. 3031. 
 
 BB. Corolla not heart-shaped, the spurs longer and 
 
 divergent. 
 
 Cucnlliria, Bern. {Diilytra Cucnlldria, G. Don). 
 Dutchman's Breeches. Fig. 706. Easily told from D. 
 Canadensis by its loose, granular cluster of tubers: lvs. 
 finely cut : racemes simple, few-fld, : fls. white, tipped 
 
 creamy yellow; crest of the inner petals minute. Nov* 
 Scotia to L. Huron, S. C. to Mo. I.H. G:21.'S. Mn. 6:41. 
 A.0. 13:51G. D.3r>. B.M. 1127 (as Fumaria Cueullaria). 
 
 W. M. 
 OICHORISANDBA (Greek words referring to the di- 
 vision of the stamens into two Heries), Commeli- 
 ndee«f. About 28 species of tropical perennial herbs, 
 with handsome foliage, often beautifully variegated, 
 and rich blue fls, borne in thyrse-like panicles. Sepals 
 distinct, ovate or oblong, green or colored, about equal; 
 petals distinct, wider than the sepals; stamens (>. C. B, 
 Clarke in DC. Mv>n. Phan. 3:272 (1881). The following 
 are in the trade but not sufficiently described : If, 
 amcena, D. rnriegata, D. Zanoni. \y jj 
 
 Dichoi isandra thyrsiflora Is a sat- 
 isfactory plant of unusual and inter- 
 esting appearance, which requires lit- 
 tle attention when once well estab- 
 lished, and may be relied upon to 
 flower regularly year after year. It 
 needs careful repotting every year at 
 first until a good-size<l pot (say 8 in.) 
 Is well filled with roots. It then throws 
 up a strong shoot each year about (i ft. 
 high, unbranched, and with perhaps 8 
 or 9 lvs. near the top. The handsome 
 thyrse of dark blue fls. gives a color 
 that is rare in the greenhouse. This 
 plant may be the only representative 
 of its interesting order in a private collection. It is wil- 
 ling to be crowded into the background, where its bare 
 stem is hidden, and where the light may be poorest. 
 The stem dies down in the winter tiro , when water 
 should be gra<lual^ withdrawn. Water should be given 
 liberally during the growing season. Of the foliage 
 plants of this genus, />, niosatca is commonest. It is 
 dwarfer, and does not flower so regularly. 
 
 Cult, by Robert Shore. 
 
 A. Foliage not variegated. 
 
 thsrnifldra, Mikan, Distinguished by its large lvs., 
 which are lanceolate, narrowed Into a distinct petiole, 
 glabrous, 6-10 in. long, 2 in, wide, green on both sides: 
 stem about 3 ft, high, scarcely branched, robust, gla- 
 brous: racemes suhpanicled, pubescent: sepals glabrous, 
 blue or somewhat herbaceous. Braz. B.R. 8:682. L. B.C. 
 12:1196. P.M. 3:127. 
 
 706. Dicentra Cueullaria— Dutchman's Bseeches {X%). 
 
 AA. Foliage variegated. 
 mosaica. Linden (/>.»««.<}<) ica, Koch & Lind.). Dis- 
 tinguisiied by its large, broadly elliptical lvs., which are 
 roundish at the base, sessile, glabrous, about 6 in. long, 
 
480 
 
 DICHORISANDRA 
 
 DICTAMNUS 
 
 3-4 in. wide, with a short, sharp, rather abrupt point: 
 stem unbrancbed, robust, spotted : raceme short, densely 
 thyrsoid: sepals white or greenish. Gt. 1868:593. F.S. 
 16:1711. — Its chief beauty is the mosaic appearance of 
 the foliage, due to numberless short, transverse, whitish 
 lines, which do not pass by the longitudinal veins of the 
 leaf. The under side of the Ivs. is a rich purplish color. 
 Var. gigantda, Hort., is cult, abroad. 
 
 Var. und4ta (D. un<h)ta, C. Koch & Linden). Foliage 
 without any mosaic a{)pearance, the variegation being 
 entirely longitudinal. Each parallel vein lies in the mid- 
 dle of a long, whitish band extending the full length of 
 the leaf. F.S. 17 :176:{. -Clarke refers Z>. undata to D. 
 mo.sdica, but horticulturally they are very distinct. 
 
 Sidbertii, Hort. A little known plant with wh'te mid- 
 rib and margins. 
 
 D.acafilis,Cogn. Stemless: Ivs. in a rosette, almost sessile, 
 narrowly oblong, wa\T. aentish, short-euneate at the b.«tse, 
 sparsely pilose on both sides: panicles terminal, sessile, much 
 shorter than the Ivs. Braz. I H. 41:19. Handsomely varie- 
 gated with countless short, longitudinal lines.— Z>. angustifblia, 
 Lind. & Rod. Stem purple, spotted green: Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 
 late, sessile, glabrous, roundish at the base, acute, about 6 in. 
 loiig, 2 in. wide at the middle, purple below, marked above with 
 short, transverse, white lines. Equador. I.H.',i9:lo8.—D. leu- 
 cophthdlmos, Hook., differs from all here described in having 
 radical inflorescence, its fls. Ijing flat on the ground. Lvs. el- 
 liptic, acuminate, green on both .sides: fls. blue, with a white 
 eye: stamens 6. Braz. B.M. 473.'}.— Z). oxj/p«toia, Hook., is in- 
 stantly recognized by its acute petals, which are purple. Lvs. 
 green on both sides. Braz. B.M. 2721.— Z>. picta, Lotld., has 
 narrower petals than n.sual, with a white spot at the base, but 
 is told from all others here described by the irregular blotches 
 of purple on the upper side of the Iva. The purple is the same 
 color as that on the under surface. Braz.? B.M. 4760. L.B.C. 
 17:1667. — D. Sai'mdersi, Hook., differs ft^ all others here de- 
 scribed in the extreme density of its head-like inflorescence. 
 l>vs. green on both sides, lanceolate: sepals white, tinged blue. 
 Braz. B.M. 6165. ^y j|j 
 
 DIGHROA (Greek, dis, two, and chros, color). In- 
 cludes Adamia. Saxifraghcece. This genus contains a 
 rare greenhouse shrub in habit resembling a Hy- 
 drangea, with violet-blue lis. in a pyramidal panicle a 
 foot across, and handsome blue berries, instead of the 
 capsular fruit of Hydrangea. Lvs. persistent, alternate, 
 stalked, widest at middle, tapering both ways, serrate: 
 panicles terminal, many-fld.: fls. blue, lilac, or violet; 
 petals 5 or 6, valva+e ; styles 3-5, club-shaped. The 
 genus has only 2 species, the commoner and more vari- 
 able one, D. febrifuga, which is glabrous, being found 
 in the Himalayas, Malaya, and China, while Z>.;ju6escews 
 is native to Malaya only. 
 
 febriftiga, Lour. {AdHmia versicolor, Hort.). Later 
 writers also include Addmia cyHnea, Wall., which 
 Lindley distinguished by its smaller lvs. and fls., 5 
 petals, and 10 stamens, while A. versicolor hnA 7, or 
 sometimes 6 petals, and 20 stamens. Plants are still 
 cultivated abroad under the name of A. cyanea, but it 
 cannot be stated here how distinct they are for horti- 
 cultural purposes. A. versicolor, P.M. 13:322. A. cy- 
 anea, B.M. 3046. -^^ j^j^ 
 
 DICESONIA (named for James Dickson, an English 
 botanist, 1738-1822). Cyatheclceip. Tree ferns with a 
 distinctly 2-valved inferior indusium, the outer valve 
 formed by the apex of the leaf segment. A small genus, 
 mostly of the southern hemisphere. For D. pilosius- 
 citla, punctilobula and Smithii, see Dennst(fdtia. 
 
 Dicksonias are amongst the most important tree ferns, 
 both for their beauty and because of their relative hardi- 
 ness. In their native countries some of them are occa- 
 sionally weighted with snow, and D. antarctica has to 
 endure frosts. They can be grown in coolhouses, and 
 should be tried southward outdoors in sheltered places. 
 Their trunks are more fibrous than those of most tree 
 ferns, and hence more retentive of moisture, so that 
 they need less care. A good trunk produces 30-40 fronds 
 a year, and retains them until the nest set is matured, 
 unless the trees suffer for moisture in winter. Although 
 they rest in winter, the fronds soon shrivel up if the 
 trunks are allowed to get too dry. Dicksonias should 
 have their trunks thoroughly watered twice a day dur- 
 ing the growing season. These waterings shoiild be 
 
 gradually decreased until winter, when the trunks 
 should be kept merely moist all the time. Only in the 
 hottest summer days is slight shade needed. It is a 
 pity to grow tree ferns in pots, but if this must be done 
 several principles should be observed. The lapse of a 
 8inf;le day's watering will often cause serious damage 
 As a rule, the pots should be of the smallest size con- 
 sistent with the size of the trunk. Three or four inches 
 of soil all round the trunks is enough. The above points 
 are taken from Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns as 
 tree ferns are little grown in America. ' 
 
 ant&rctica, Labill. Scales of the short leaf-stems 
 dense, dark purplish brown : lvs, 5-6 ft. long, the centr d 
 pinnae 12-18 in. long ; segments oblong, the sterile ij.- 
 cised. Australia and Tasmania. G.C. III. 9:81. — Trunk 
 sometimes 30-35 ft. high. A very useful decorative 
 plant. 
 
 squarrdsa, Swz. Scales of the short leaf-stem flbril- 
 lose, light colored: lvs. 3-4 ft. long, the pinnae 9-15 in. 
 long; segments lanceolate, the sterile toothed, the ribs 
 scabrous. New Zealand and Chatham Island. 
 
 L, M. Underwood and W. M. 
 
 DICL7TBA. This ancient typographical error for 
 Dielytra seems to be immortal. See Dicentrn. 
 
 DIGTAMNUS (old Greek name, supposed to indicate 
 foliage like the ash : hence Fraxinella, diminutive of the 
 Latin Fraxinus, an ash). ^M/()c*'fP. Gas Plant. Burn- 
 ing Bush. Fraxinella. Dittany. This genus includes 
 an old garden favorite which has a strong smell of 
 lemon, and will sometimes give a flash of light on sultry 
 summer evenings when a lighted match is held near 
 the flowers. It is also one of the most permanent and 
 beautiful features of the hardy herbaceous border. In- 
 stances are known in which it has outlived father, son 
 and grandson in the same spot. The genus has only 
 2 species, and is distinguished from allied genera (none 
 of which have garden value) by the 5 unequal petals, 
 
 707. The Gas Plant— Dictamnus albus. 
 
 10 declined stamens, and short stipe, on which the ovary 
 is raised. 
 
 The (Tas Plant makes a sturdy, bold, upright growth, 
 and a clump 3 feet high and as much in thickne.ss makes 
 a brave sight when in flower. A strong, rather heavy 
 soil, moderately rich, is best for these plants. They are 
 not fastidious as to situation, succeeding as well in par- 
 tial shade as when fully exposed tc the sun. and drought 
 will not effect them when once fairly established. Old, 
 strong clumps are good subjects as isolated specimens 
 on a lawn, and a large patch, planted in the border, is not 
 only effective while in full flower, but the dark, persis- 
 tent foliaere is ornamental throughout the season. It is 
 not advisable to disturb the plants very otten, as they 
 improve with age, producing taller flower-stems and 
 more of them as they grow older. They are excellent for 
 cutting, especially the white variety. Prop, with diffi- 
 culty by division, but easily by seeds, which are sown in 
 the open ground in fall as soon as ripe, and ^overed an 
 inch or so. They will germinate the next spring, and, 
 when two years old, the seedlings may be removed to 
 their permanent positions, where they will flower the I'ol- 
 lowing year. 
 
DICTAMNUS 
 
 DIDYMOSPERMA 
 
 481 
 
 ilbus, Linn. (D. Fraxinella, Pers.)- Fig- 707. A vig- 
 orous, symmetrical, hardy herb, with glossy, leathery 
 foliage surmounted by long, showy terminal racemes of 
 good-sized, fragrant fls. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate; 
 Ifts. ovate, serrulate, dotted with oil glands: tls. white. 
 En., N.Asia. Gn. 35:701. A.F. 5: 328. Gng. 5: H21. Var. 
 Tilbra, Hort., has rosy purple fls., the veins deeper 
 colored. Var. gigant^tts, Hort. (/>. giganteus, Hort.), 
 was recently introduced. j. b. Keller and W. M. 
 
 DICTYOGKAMMA (Greek. neffetZ lines). Polypodid- 
 ceif. A genus of a few Japanese and Pacific Island 
 ferns, with naked sori, which follow the course of the 
 reticulated veins. The species are sometimes referred 
 to Gymnogramma. Strong-growing indoor fern, useful 
 for .specimen plants. 
 
 Japdnica, Fee. Lvs. simply pinnate or bipinnate at the 
 base, l)i8-2 ft. high, the pinnae ()-12 in. long and an inch 
 wide ; sori extending from the midrib to the edge. 
 Japan and Formosa. Also known a.s Gymnogramma 
 Jap ^nica. An interesting fern of rather strong growth, 
 and .'ery distinct in appearance. Grows best in a mod- 
 erate temperature — for example, 5.>-60° — and requires 
 an open and well-drained soil of peaty character. 
 
 L. M. Underwood and W. H. Taflin. 
 
 . DlCIYOSFfRlB. A. (Greek, netted seed). PalmdcecB, 
 tribe Arictct . Tliis genus of Areca-like palms contains 
 a few species of considerable commercial importance, 
 the j'oung plants beitg used chiefly for house and table 
 decoration. Slender n'pineless palms, with a ringed 
 trunk: lvs. equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate or bifid, the apica' ones confluent: mar- 
 gins thickened, recurved at the I ase; midrib and nerves 
 prominent, sparsely clothed with persistent scales 
 beneath, or naked: rachis and petiole slender, scaly, 
 3-sided, furrowed, sheath elongated, entire: spadix on a 
 short glabrous or tomentose peduncle, the branches erect 
 or spreading and flexuose, the lower ones with mem- 
 branaceous bracts at the base: spathes 2, complete, dor- 
 sally compressed, papery, the lower one 2-crested ; 
 flower-bearing areas much depressed: bracts and bract- 
 lets scaly : pistillate fls. rather large, white or yellowish : 
 fr. scaly, small, olive-shaped or subglobose. Species 2 
 or 3. Indian Archipelago. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 Dictyosperma is a genus of medium-sized palms of 
 slender habit, and having pinnate leaves. At least two 
 species of Dictyosperma {rubra and alba) hswe been 
 included among commercial palms for some years past, 
 though not grown in such quantities as the popular 
 Kentias, Arecas and Latauias. D.aurea is also occa- 
 sionally seen in commercial collections. 
 
 The cultivation of these palms does not present any 
 great difltculties, similar conditions to those required by 
 Chrifsalidocarpiis lufescens answering well. These 
 conditions may be briefly summarized as follows: A soil 
 consisting of well rotted sod, to which has been added 
 about one-> ixth, in bulk, of good stable manure, firm 
 potting, and an abundance of water both at the root and 
 overhead, a night temperature during the winter of GO 
 to 65° F., and moderate shade on the glass from March 1 
 to November I. This treatment applies especially to 
 young stock, and may be modified somewhat withhold 
 and well established specimens, the latter enduring a 
 slightly lower temperature without injury, providing 
 they are not overwatered, Dictyospermas are rather 
 susceptible to the attacks of some insects, notably red 
 spider and various scale insects, and, if allowed to be- 
 come very dry, are liable to lose their lower leaves, the 
 most satisfactory species being J), rubra. Propagation 
 by seeds, which germinate m 6 to 8 weeks, when sown in 
 a warm greenhouse. W. H. Taplin. 
 
 dlba, Wendl. & Drude (Areca dlba, Bory. Pfi/cho- 
 sperma dlba, Scbalf. ). Distinguished by the whitish 
 petioles and the whitish areen veins of the lvs. Caudex 
 40-50 ft. high, 8-9 in. in diam., dilated at the base: lvs. 
 8-12 ft. long; petiole 0-18 in. long, grooved down the 
 face; segments 2V2-3 ft. long, 2-3 in. wide. 7-nerved; 
 vein? and margins green or reddish: branches of the 
 spadix 6-18 in. long, erect or slightly reflexed, zigzag 
 when young. 
 
 31 
 
 atirea, Wendl. & Drude {Arica aurea, Hort.). Dis- 
 tinguished by the yellow or orange petioles and veins 
 of young plants. Caudex about .30 ft. high, smaller and 
 more slender than the preceding: lvs. 4-8 ft. long; peti- 
 ole 8 in. long; segments \%-l ft. long, 1 in. wide; sec- 
 ondary veins scarcely visible: branches of the spadix 
 rigidly erect, 9-11 in. long. 
 
 ftirfuritcea, Wendl. & Drude [Areca furfnrheea, 
 Hort. ). Like D. rubra, but the petiole and leaf-sheath 
 of the young plant tomentose. 
 
 rtibra, Wendl. & Drude {Areca rubra, Hort.). Re- 
 sembling Z>. alba, but the lvs. of the young plants 
 darker green, the primary veins and margins dark red, 
 the redness disappearing very much in adult plants: 
 branches of the spadix longer and more reflexed. 
 
 Jared G. Smith. 
 
 DIGYBTA is a gesneraceous genus closely allied to 
 Achimenes, but with smaller fls. and different anthers. 
 It has 2 species, both from Guatemala. D. Candida is 
 cult, abroad as Achimenes Candida. 
 
 DIDlSCUS. See Trachymene. 
 
 DIDYMOCHLiENA{Greek, twin cloak; alluding to the 
 indusium). Polypodidcetp. A small genus of greenhouse 
 ferns of rather coarse foliage. Indusium elliptical, 
 emarginate at the base, attached along a central vein, 
 free all round the margin. 
 
 Iunal4ta, Desv. (Z>. tntnculdta, Hort.). Lvs. clustered 
 from an erect caudex, bipinnate, 3-6 ft. long ; pinnules 
 almost quadrangular %-l in. broa<l, entire or slightly sin- 
 uate, each bearing 2-6 sori. Cuba to Brazil; the same 
 or an allied species in Madagascar and Malaya. — />. Itt- 
 nnlata is a very attractive fern while in a small state, 
 but its articulated pinnules are a <lrawback as a com- 
 mercial species, rendering it of little value for house 
 decoration. l. >i. Underwood and W. H. Taplin. 
 
 The following points are condensed from Schneider's 
 admirable work. The Book of Choice Ferns: D. lunulata 
 is one of the most distinct ferns in cultivation. It looks 
 like a tree maidenhair, but the stems, instead of being 
 black and slender, are thick and fleshy and the leaves 
 are fleshier than any Adiantum. In cult, the trunk is 
 only a few inches high, but the fronds are 4-6 ft. long 
 and densely covered with long> brown, chaflfy scales. 
 The metallic color of its young fronds is a tine feature. 
 This is a warmhouse fern, and may be used for subtropical 
 bedding. It has a hvA trick of droppine its pinnules if 
 allowed to get too dry at the root, but soon rallies under 
 liberal treatment. 
 
 DIDYM0SF£BMA {Qreek, double-seeded). Palmdceo', 
 tribe Arecea. Low or erect palms with slender trunks. 
 Leaves terminal, unequally pinna^^isect, silvery-scaly be- 
 low ; segments opposite, alternate, solitary, or the 
 lower ones in groups, cuneate at the base; obovate-ob- 
 long or oblanceolate. sinuate-lobed and erose, the ter- 
 minal one cuneate; margins recurved at the base; mid- 
 nerve distinct, nerves flabellate; sheath short, fibrous: 
 spadices with a short, thick peduncle and thick branches : 
 spathes numerous, sheathing the spadix: fls. rather 
 large : fr. ovoid or oblong. Species 6- India and Malay 
 Archipelago. 
 
 porphyrocdrpon, Wendl. & Drude ( Wallichia por- 
 phyrocdrpd, Mart.). Stems reedy, .3-6 ft.: lvs. 5-8 ft. 
 long ; leaflets 9-15 in. long, distant, narrowly oblong, 
 longcuneate, blunt, or sinuately2-3-lobed, truncate, den- 
 ticulate, glaucous beneath. Java. 
 
 Didymosperma is a genus of East Indian palms of 
 moderate growth, containing possibly 8 species, most 
 of which are stemless or else forming but a short trunk, 
 the pinnate leaves rising from a nmss of coarse brown- 
 ish fibers that surround the base of the plant. The leaf- 
 lets are of irregular shape, bearing some resemblance to 
 those of Caryota, and the plants frequently throw up 
 suckers from the base. The members of this genus are 
 not very common in cultivation. The species that is most 
 frequently seen is the plant known to the trade as 
 />. carynioides. an attractive warmhouse palm that has 
 also appeared under the synonym Harina caryotoideSf 
 
r^i 
 
 482 
 
 DIDYMOSPERMA 
 
 and has lately been referred to Wallichia, which see. 
 While young, at least, the Didymospermas enjoy a warm 
 house and moist atmosphere with shading from full sun- 
 shine, though we are told that une species. D. oblongi- 
 folia (or Wallichia), \» frequently found in Sikkim at 
 an elevation of 3,000 feet above the -*ea. Prop, usually 
 by seeds; occasionally by suckers, which are kept rather 
 close for a time after their removal from the parent 
 
 Pla^t- Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin. 
 
 DIEITENBACHIA (DieflFenbach, a German botanist). 
 A ro'idece. Low, shrubby perennials: stems rather thick, 
 inclined or creeping at the base, then erect, with a leafy 
 top : petioles half cylindrical, sheathed to above the mid- 
 dle, long, cylindrical at the apex ; blade oblong, with a 
 thick midrib at the base; veins very numerous, the first 
 and second parallel, ascending, curvingupwards at their 
 ends : peduncle shorter than t' e Ivs. Differs from 
 Aglaonema in floral characters. Central and South 
 America. Perhaps a dozen species. Engler (in DC. 
 Mono»?r. Phaner. vol. 2) recognizes G species, with many 
 varieties. Dieffenbachias are popular hothouse plants, 
 being grown for their handsome and striking foliage. 
 
 For Dieffenbachias, similar rooting material to that 
 mentioned for Anthuriums, combined with a high and 
 moist atmosphere, will produce a very healthy aad 
 luxuriant growtu of foMage, especially after the plants 
 have made their first few leaves in ordinary light pot- 
 ting soil. Unless it be the very large-leaved kinds, like 
 triitinphans, nobiJis and liaumanni, three or four plants 
 may be placed together in large pots, keeping the balls 
 near the surface in potting. Jenmani. Shuttle irorthiana, 
 Leopoldil and ebtirnea are all well suited for mass- 
 ing together in large pots. When above a certain 
 height, varying in different species, the plants come to 
 have fower leaves, and those that remain are small; 
 they should then be topped, retaining a considerable 
 P'ece of the stem, and placed in the &f*vn\ bed, where 
 they will throw out th ck roots in a week or two. 
 The remaining part of tie stems should then be cut 
 up into pieces 2 or .3 inches long, dried for a day or 
 so, and then put into boxes of sand, where, if kept warm 
 
 DIEFFEXBACniA 
 
 picta, Schott. Blade* oblong, or oblong-elliptical, or 
 oblong-lanceolate, 2H-4 times longer than wide, rounded 
 or acute at the base, gradually narrowing to the long 
 acuminate cuspidate apex, green, with numerous irregu- 
 lar oblong or linear spots between the veins ; veins 15-20 
 on each side, ascending. L.B.C.7:C08. 
 
 708. Dieffenbachia picta, var. Bausei. 
 
 and only slightly moist, every piece will send out a 
 shoot, and from the base of this shoot roots will be pro- 
 duced. These can be potted up as soon as roots have 
 formed. 
 
 709. Dieffenbachia Seguine. var. nobilis. 
 
 Var. Batisei, Engl. (Z>.i?«M.sf J. Kegel). Fig.708. Blade 
 nearly or completely yellowish green, with obscurely 
 green-spotted margins and scattered white spots. l.H. 
 26:338. 
 
 Var. Shuttleworthiina, Engl. (Z>. ShuttJeu-orthidna, 
 Bull). Blade pale green 8long the midrib. 
 
 Segrtilne, Schott. Lvs. green, with white, more or less 
 confluent siripes and spots, oblong or ovate oblong, 
 rounded or slightly cordate or subacute at the base, nar- 
 rowed toward the apex, short cuspidate; primary veins 
 9-15, the lower spreading, the upper remote and as- 
 cending, ^owe 14 (as var. maculata). W. Indies.— 
 Called " lb Plant " because those who chew it some- 
 times lu.-^c ihe power of speech for several days. 
 
 Var. Barraqoiniiina, Engl.(D. Barraquinidna. Versch. 
 t Lem. C sr/sra»/^o, Versch.). Petioles and midribs al- 
 most entirely white; blade with scattered white spots. 
 l.H. 11:387; 13:470,471. 
 
 Var. n6bili8, Engl. (D. n6bile, Hort. ). Fig. 709. Blade 
 elliptical, acute, dull green with dirty green spots. 
 Brazil. 
 
 Var. liturita, Engl. {D. Leopoldii, Bull. D. Wallisi, 
 Lind. ). Blade dark green, with a rather broad, yellowish 
 green, ragged-margined stripe along the midrib; spathe 
 glaucous. l.H. 17:11. S.H. 1, p. 455. 
 
 Var. irror^ta, Engl. (D. irrorata, Schott. /). Bau- 
 mauni, liort.). Lvs. large and bright green, blotched 
 and sprinkled with white. Brazil. 
 
 The above are the recognized type species. The fol- 
 lowing are in the Amer. trade. Probably some or all of 
 them belong to the foregoing species: 
 
 Ch^lsoni, Bull. Lvs. deep, satiny green, the middle 
 gray-feathered, and the blade also blotched yellow-green. 
 Colombia. 
 
 Cbrsii, Hort. See D. Pnrlatorei, 
 
 ebumea, Hort. Compact : lvs. light green, freely 
 spotted with white, the stems reddish and white-ribbed. 
 Brazil. 
 
 illiistris, Hort. See D. late -maculata. 
 
 imperator, Hort. Lvs. 16-18 in. in length, 5-<> in. wide, 
 olive-green, fantastically blotched, marbled and spotted 
 with pale yellow and white. Colombia. 
 
 insignis, Hort. Lvs. dark green, with irregular, 
 angular blotches of pale yellowish green, 6 or more in. 
 wide. Colombia. 
 
DIEFFENBACHIA 
 
 DIER VILLA 
 
 483 
 
 late-maculiita, Lind. & Andr^ (X>. iUHstris. Hort.). 
 Lvs. glaucous-jrreen, profusely white-barred and white- 
 spotted. Brazil. LH..'>3:234. 
 
 J6nmani, Veitch. Lvs. rich, bright, glossy green, re- 
 lieved by a milk-white band at every lateral nerve, and 
 by a few white spots interspersed between the bands. 
 Guiana. 
 
 magnilica, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, large, 
 dark green, blotched and spotted with white along the 
 veins. Venezuela. LH.30:482. S.H. 2, p. 3oo. 
 
 marmdrea, Hort. See Parlatorei. 
 
 Farlatdrei, Lind. & Andr^, var. marmdrea, Andr6 
 {D. memoria and momtora and C'or^jt, Hort.) . Lvs. 
 long-oblong, acuminate, the midrib white and the blade s 
 blotched white, the green deep and histrous. Colombia. 
 I.H. 24: 29L— Engler refers this plant to the genus 
 Philodendron. 
 
 Reglna, Bull. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, greenish white, 
 mottled and blotched with alternate light and green 
 tints. S. Amer. 
 
 B^x, Hort. Compact: lvs. oblong-lanceclate, the two 
 sides not equal, deep green, but the white angular 
 blotches and midrib occupying more space than the 
 green. S. Amer. 
 
 spUndens, Bull. Stem faintly mottled with dark and 
 light green: lvs. have a thick ivory white midrib, and 
 the ground color is of a deep, rich, velvety bottle green, 
 with a resplendent, lustrous surface, freely marked 
 with whitish striate blotches. Colombia. 
 
 triumphans. Bull. Lvs. dark green, ovate-lanceolate 
 and acuminate, a ft. long, irregularly marked with angu- 
 lar yellowish blotches. Colombia. 
 
 Jared G. Smith and G. W. Olivek. 
 DI£LTTSA. See DUentra. 
 
 DIEBVtLLA (after Dierville, a French surgeon, who 
 took 1). Lonicera to Europe early in the eighteenth 
 century). Capri folictce(e. Weigela. Shrubs of spread- 
 ing habit, with more or less arching branches, and, es- 
 pecially the Asiatic species, with very showy lis. from 
 pure white to dark crimson, appearing late in spring. 
 Lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate : tts. in 1 to several-fld. 
 axillary cymes, often panicled at the end of the branches, 
 yellowish white, pink or crimson, epigynous ; calyx 5- 
 parted; corolla tubular or campannlate, 5-lobed, some- 
 times slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 5 : fr. a slender, 2- 
 celled capsule, with numerous minute seeds. About 10 
 species in E. Asia and N. Amer. They thrive in any 
 common humid garden soil, the Amer. species pre- 
 ferring moist and partly shaded positions. The Asiatic 
 species require protection north during the winter, or 
 sheltered positions. Prop, readily by grreenwood cut- 
 tings or hardwood cuttings ; the Amer. species usually by 
 suckers and by seeds sown in spring. 
 
 Index of species (some of the names in italics were 
 described under Weigela): aniahilis, 3; arborea, 4 
 arborescens, 6; Canad^'usis, I; Coraeensis, 4; flori 
 bunda, 6 ; florida, 3 ; grandiflora, 4 ; Gi-ofncuegeni, 7 
 hortensis.5; hybrida. 7; Japonica. 5; Lonicera. 1 : Mid 
 dendorfiana, 8 ; niultiflorn.G; rosea, 3; sessilifoiia, 2 
 Steltzneri,!; trifida,!; Van HGuttei,!. 
 
 A. Fls. yellow, slightly i-lipped, small, %-% in. long. 
 I iervilla proper. 
 
 1. Lonicdra, Mill. (D. f rifida, Ucench. D. Canadensis, 
 Witld.). Shrub, to 3 ft.: branchlets nearly terete, 
 l^labrous: lvs. distinctly petioled. ovate-oblong, acumi- 
 nate, serrate, nearly glabrous, finely ciliate, 3-4 in. long: 
 cymes usually 3-fld.; limb nearly equal to the tube. 
 June, July. Newfoundland to Saskatschewan, south to 
 Ky. and N. C. B.M. 1796. D. 44. 
 
 2. sessilifdlia, Buckl. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets quad- 
 rangular : lvs. nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
 nearly glabrous, of firmer texture, 3-6 in. long: cymes 
 3-7-fld., often crowded into dense, terminal panicles: 
 limb shorter than the tube. June, July. Carol, and Tenn. 
 G.C. III. 22: 14. -Hardy in Canada. 
 
 AA. I'h. shotcy, ichite, pink or crimson, rarely 
 
 yellowish. 
 
 B. Anthers not connected with each other. ( Weigela.) 
 
 c. Calyji lobes lanceolate, connate at the base, often to 
 the middle: stigma S-lobed: seeds wingless. 
 
 3. fl6rida, Sieb. & Zucc. ( Weig^'i rdsea, Ll-ir^l. W. 
 omdbil'.S: Hort.). Shrub, *o 6 ft.: braiichlets with 2 
 hairy atripeb . lvs. short-petio.ed, elliptic or ovate-ob- 
 long, aerrate, glabrous ab'^ve except at the midrib, to- 
 mentose on the veins beneath: culyy nearly glabrous: 
 ovary slightly hairy: fls 1-3, pale or deep rose, 13'4 in. 
 long; corolla broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed 
 below the middle. Mav, June. N. China. B.M. 4396. 
 F.S. 3:211. B.H. 1:577.-This is one of the most culti- 
 vated species, very free-fiowering and rather hardy. 
 Var. alba. Fls. white, changing to light pink. R.H, 
 1861:331. Var. Candida. Fls. pure white. Var. leollne. 
 Fls. white or slightly pink outside, with yellowish spot 
 in throat. F.S. 14:1445. Var. Kosteri^na variegata. 
 Dwarf: lvs. bordered yellow: fls. deep rose. Var. Sie- 
 boldi alba-margrin&ta. Lvs. bordered white : fls. rose. 
 Var. n&na varieg&ta. Dwarf. Lvs. variegated with 
 white: fls. nearly white. 
 
 cc. Calyx lobes linear, divided to the base: seeds 
 winged: stigma capitate. 
 
 V. Plant nearly glabrous. 
 
 4. grrandifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. {D. Coraeinsis, DC. 
 D. amdbilis, Carr.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : lvs. rather large, 
 obovate or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, crenateiy ser- 
 rate, sparingly hairy on the veins beneath and on the 
 petioles : fls. in 1-3-fld., peduncled cymes ; corolla 
 broadly funnel form, abruptly narrowed below the mid- 
 dle, changing from whitish or pale pink to carmine. 
 May, June. Jap. S.Z.31. F.S. 8:855. — Vigorously grow- 
 ing shrub, with large lvs. and fls., but less free-flower- 
 ine, and the type not common in cultivation. Var. 
 arbdrea, Hort. '( IV. arbdren grandifldra, Hort.). Fla. 
 yellowish white, changing to pale rose ; of vigorous 
 growth. 
 
 DD. Plant more or less pubescent' : corolla finely 
 pubescent outside. 
 
 5. Japdnica, DC. Shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-obovate 
 or elliptic, acuminate-serrate, sparingly pubescent 
 
 710. Diervilla hybrida iX%). 
 
 above, tomentose beneath: fls. usually in 3-fld.', short- 
 peduncled cymes, often crowded at the end of short 
 branchlets; corolla Itroadly funnel form, narrowed below 
 the middle, whitish at first, changing to carmine; style 
 
484 
 
 DIER VILLA 
 
 DIGITALIS 
 
 somewhat exserted. May, June. Jap., China. G.F. 
 9:405. — Var. hortdnsis. Rehder (D. hortimtis, Sieb. & 
 Zucc). Lvs. nearly glabrous above, densely grayish 
 tomentose beneath : cymes usually rather' long-pe- 
 duncled : fls. white or carmine. S.Z. 20, .30. More tender 
 and slower-growing than the type. Offsprings of this 
 variety are the following: Var. grratissima. Fls. light 
 pink. Var. nivea. Pure white fls. Var. Looym&nsi 
 a^ea, with yellow lvs. : of slow growth. 
 
 6. floribunda, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. multindra, Leraaire). 
 Shrub, to 8 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate or elliptic, acuminate, 
 serrate, sparingly pubescent above, more densely be- 
 neath: fls. 1-3, usually sessile, mostly crowded at the 
 end of short branchlets; corolla rather gradually nar- 
 rowing toward the base, brownish crimson in the bud, 
 changing to dark or bright crimson ; lobes about 5 times 
 shorter than the tube; style exserted. Mav, June. Jap. 
 S.Z. 32. I.H. 10 :3S3. -Vigorously growing shrub, with 
 rather small but abundant fls. Var, gnuidifldra, Hort. 
 {W. arbor^scens, Hort.). Fls. rather large, brownish 
 crimson. Var. Lav^lei, Hort. Fls. bright, deep crim- 
 son, smaller. Var. L6wei, Hort. Fls. dull, purplish 
 crimson, small. Var. versicdlor, Rehder (Z>. versicolor, 
 Sieb. & Zucc). Fls. greenish white at first, changing 
 to crimson. S.Z. 33. 
 
 7. hybrida, Hort. (Fig. 710), may be used as a collec- 
 tive name for the different hybrids between D. florida, 
 floribunda, Japonica and grandiflora, which are now 
 more commonly cultivated than the typical species. 
 Some of the best and most distinct are the following: 
 A. Carriere, rose-carmine, changing to red, with yellow 
 spot in throat; Congo, of vigorous gro\vth, with abun- 
 dant large, purplish crimson fls. ; Conquete, very large, 
 deep pink fls. — the largest fls. of all varieties; Desboisi, 
 fls. deep rose, abundant ; B. A ndr6, fls. very dark, 
 brownish purple; Eva liathke, fls. deep carmine-red, 
 erect, very free-flowering, R.B. 19:12G; Grncneu-egeni, 
 fls. red outside, whitish within, somewhat striped with 
 yellowish red; Gustav Mallet, fls. light pink, bordered 
 white; Mad. Confotirier, yellowish white, changing to 
 pink ; Mad. Lemoine, white, with delicate blush, 
 changing to pink; Mad. Tellier, large white fls.. with 
 delicate blush; Othello, fls. carmine, brownish outside; 
 P. DucJiartre, fls. deep amaranth, very dark, free; 
 Prehear fils, fls. violet-rod, abundant; Van Houttei, fls. 
 carmine, F.S. 1-4:1447; Steltzneri, fls. dark red, abundant. 
 
 BB. Anthers connected with each other. (Cabfptro- 
 
 stigma.) 
 
 8. Middendorffi^na, Carr. Shrub, to 3 ft. : lvs. short- 
 petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, 
 glabrous at length: fls. in 2-3-fld. axillary and tenninal 
 clusters ; corolla campanulate, funnel form, yellowish 
 white, spotted orange or purplish inside ; calyx-teeth 
 partiallv connate. Mav, June. E. Siber., N. China. Jap. 
 Gt. 6:183. R.H. 1854:201. F.S. 11:1137. I.H. 4:115. 
 G.C. III. 7:581. 
 
 D. arhbrea, Hort. = D. floribunda.— D. pauciflbra, Carr. D. 
 florida. — Z>. pr^ecox, Lemoine. Allied to D. florida. Fls. large, 
 pink, w'^h yellow in throat : early and free-flowering. Jap. 
 Gt. 46:1441.— D. Wrw?am, Gattinger. Allied to I), sessilifolia. 
 Lvs. and, branchlets pubescent: fls. in large, terminal panicles. 
 <*^^sia. Alfkkd Rehder. 
 
 DIfiTES. See Morcea. 
 
 DIGITALIS (Latin, rfjgr j7m.s. a flng referring to the 
 shape of the flowers). Scrophularuiceai>. Foxglove. 
 A fine genus, numbering several species and some hy- 
 brids of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, famous 
 for their long racemes of inflated flowers, which suggest 
 spires or towers of bells. They are old-fashioned and 
 dignified, clean of growth and wholesome company in 
 the choicest garden. The strong, vertical lines of their 
 flower-stalks, rising from rich and luxuriant masses of 
 cauline leaves, give always an appearance of strength to 
 the rambling outlines of the usual herbaceous border. 
 The genus is a very distinct one, its nearest ally being 
 Isoplexis, which con tains a few greenhouse plants rarely 
 cultivated. About 18 species, natives of Europe and 
 middle and western Asia. The flowers are conipanulate 
 or ventricose, 4-5-lobed ; calyx 5-parted : seed pod ovate, 
 2-va'ved; seeds numerous. For a week or two the Fox- 
 
 gloves usually dominate the whole border. The com- 
 monest species in cultivation is D. purpurea, which is 
 one of the commonest English wild flowers. The name 
 "Foxglove" is so inappropriate that much ingenious 
 speculation has been aroused, but its origin is lost in 
 antiquity. The word "fox "is often said to be a corrup- 
 tion of "folk," meaning the "little folk" or fairies. Un- 
 fortunately, etymologists discredit this pretty suggestion. 
 In the drug stores, several preparations of V. purpurea 
 are sold. They are diuretic, sedative, narcotic. F^or 
 medicinal purposes, the leaves of the second year's 
 growth are used. 
 
 Foxgloves are of the easiest culture. The common 
 species and hybrids can be grown as biennials from 
 seed. The perennial species are propagated by seeds or 
 by division. J. B. Keller says: "A light, well enriched 
 soil, not too dry, suits them admirably. They succeed 
 in partial shade or in open places." 
 
 A. Middlejobe of the lower lip longer than the others. 
 
 B. jF7s. rusty red. 
 
 lerrusinea, Linn. (/>. aiirea, Lindl.). Biennial, 4-6 ft. 
 high : stems densely leafy : lvs. glabrous or ciliate : 
 racemes long, dense : fls. rusty yellow, reticulate- 
 marked, downy outside ; lower lip of corolla ovate, en- 
 tire, bearded. July. S. Eu. B.M. 1828. 
 
 BB. Fls. gray or creamy yellow. 
 
 lan&ta, Ehrh. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high : lvs. oblong, 
 ciliate: lis. rather small, 1-1 >^ in. long, grayish or creamy 
 yellow, sometimes whitish or purplish, downy, in a 
 dense, many-fld. raceme, with bracts shorter than the fls. 
 July, Aug. Danube river and Greece. B.M. 1159 (poor 
 figure).— A fine species. 
 
 711. Digitalis purpurea, var. iploxiniseflora. 
 
 Sibirica, Lindl. Has the habit of D. ambigua, with fls. 
 like those of D. lanata. Lvs. downy, ovate-lanceolate: 
 fls. ventricose, villose ; calyx segments linear, villose. 
 Siberia. —This is a rare tradename, and it is doubtful if 
 this little known plant is really in cultivation. 
 
DIGITALIS 
 
 DIMORPHOTHECA 
 
 485 
 
 BBB. Fl.'<. purplish. 
 
 TMpsi, Linn. Plant much like D. purpurea. Peren- 
 nial, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. oblonsr, rugose, decurrent: fls. 
 purple, throat paler, marked with red dots. June-Sept. 
 Spain. 
 
 AA. Middle lobe of the lower lip shorter or hardly 
 longer than the others. 
 
 B. Fls. yellowish. 
 
 ambigruat Murr. (Z>. grandifldra. Lam. D. ochro' 
 Uuca, Ja.cq.). Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate- 
 lanceolate, toothed, sessile, downy below : fls. 
 large, 2 in. long, yellovvish, marked with brown; 
 lower bracts about as long as the fls, Eu., W. Asia. 
 B.R. 1:G4. 
 
 BB. Fls. white to purple, seMoa; itellowish. 
 
 purpfirea, Linn. (/>. lomentdsa. Link. & 
 Hoffmgg. ). Common Foxglove. The spec'es most 
 commonly cultivated. Mostly biennial, but some- 
 times perennial. Height 2-3 ft.: Ivs. rugose, s'>nie- 
 what downy : fls. large, 2 in. long, ranging from 
 purple to white and more or less spotted, rather 
 obscurely lobed. On. 34: 676. Var. gloziniaefldra, 
 Hort. (/>. gloxinioules, Carr. D. gloxiniceflhra, 
 Hort.). Figs. 711, 712. Of more robust habit, 
 longer racemes, larger fls., which open wider, 
 nearly always strongly spotted, though a sub- 
 variety, gioxinirfflbra alba, is offered. J), alba and 
 punctata of the seed trade are presumably white 
 and spotted varieties. I), alba, i^chr&nk := D. pur- 
 purea. 
 
 1). laeinidta, Lindl. Perennial, 2 ft. high : Ivs. lanceolate, 
 jagged: fls. yellow, downy, with ovate, bearded segments; bracts 
 much shorter than the pedicels. Spain. H.R. 14: 12()1.— D. Itvvi- 
 gdta, Waldst. & Kit. Perennial, 2-',i ft. high: Ivs. linear-lanceo- 
 late, radical ones obovate-laneeolate: rts. scattered, glabrous, 
 yellow. Danul>e and Greece. — D. Maria na.Ho'iAs. Lvs. radical, 
 very downy, ovate-oblong: fls. rose: corolla bearde<l. Spain. — 
 D. monstrbsa, Hort. An irteresting abnormal fomi of I), pur- 
 purea. P.G.4:l.'il. Monstrosities are common in this genus. — 
 D. purpurdscens,RoxY.. Biennial: fls. j-ellow or sometimes pur- 
 plish, pale inside, spotted at the mouth; lower lol»e of corolla 
 short. Eu. P. A. Wauoh. 
 
 DILIVARIA. See Acanthus. 
 
 DILL {Anethum graveolens, Linn.), an annual or 
 biennial plant of the L'mbelliferoe. Native of S. Eu., 
 the seeds of which are used as a seasoning, as seeds of 
 Caraway and Coriander are. It is of the easiest culture 
 from seeds. It should have a warm position. The plant 
 grows 2-3 ft. high: the lvs. are cut into thread-like di- 
 visions: the stem is very smooth: the fls. are small and 
 yellowish, the little petals falling earl}\ It is a hardy 
 plant. The foliage is sometimes used in flavoring, and 
 medicinal preparations are made from the plant. The 
 seeds are very flat and bitter-flavored. 
 
 DILL£NIA (named by Linna»us for J. J. Dillenius, 
 botanist and professor at Oxford). Dillenid.cece. A ge- 
 nus of handsome East Indian trees, thought by some to 
 be as showy as a magnolia. One species is cult, in S. 
 Fla. and S. Calif., but it takes too much room and 
 flowers too rarely for northern conservatories. It has 
 gorgeous white fls. fully 9 in. across. Tall tropical trees 
 from Asia, Indian Archipelago and Australia. Lvs. 
 large, with pronounced pinnate, parallel A'enation: fls. 
 white or yellow, lateral, solitary or clustered. D. Indiea 
 is said to be the showiest of the whole order, being at- 
 tractive in foliage, flower and fruit. Dillenias may be 
 grown in light, sandy loam. Prop, readily by seeds, but 
 with difficultj* from cuttings. 
 
 tndica, Linn. ( />. spi'cidsa, Thunb. ). Trunk stout, 
 not high: branches numerous, spreading, then ascend- 
 ing: lvs. confined to the ends of branches, on short, 
 broad, channelled sheathing petioles, the blade 6-12 in. 
 long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed 
 at the base, strongly serrate: sepals 5, thick, fleshy, en- 
 larging and inclosing the fr. : petals obovate, white; sta- 
 mens very numerous, forming a large yellow globe 
 crowned by the white, slender, spreading rays of the 
 
 stigma: fr. . ''ble, acid, the size of an apple, many celled 
 and many o\ '^'d. Trop. Asia. B.M. 5016 (B.M. 449= 
 Hibbertia rolubt, ?). 'w. M. 
 
 DIMOBFHANTHUS. Included in ^ra?ia. 
 
 
 712. Border of Foxgloves. 
 
 DIM0BFH0TH£:CA (Greek, two- formed receptacle; 
 the disk florets of two kinds). Comp6,sit(f. Acharniing 
 genus of plants from the Cape of Good Hope which is 
 almost totally neglected here, largely because the cli- 
 matic conditions of that wonderful region are not gon- 
 erallj- understood. This genus contains about 20 spe- 
 cies, sonic of which rival the Paris Daisy and others vie 
 with Cinerarias. Annual or perennial h-;rbs, or even 
 somewhat shrubby: lvs alternate or radical, entire, 
 toothed, or incised, often narrow: heads long-peduncled: 
 rays yellow, orange, purple or white: disk fls. same 
 colors except white. The genus is closely allied to Ca- 
 lendula, but has straight instead of incurved seeds. The 
 fls. are usually said to close up, like those of Gazania, 
 unless they have sunlight. Their backs have as great 
 a variety of coloring as their faces. The fls. are often 3 
 in. across, and their long, slender rays (20 or more) give 
 a distinct and charming effect. A dozen kinds are grown 
 abroad, representing a wide range of ^jolors and foliage. 
 They are wintered in coolhouses and flowered in spring, 
 or else transplanted to the open, where they flower freely 
 during summer. The shrubby kind, J). £cklon>s, has 
 been grown at Kew as a summer bedding plant, flower- 
 ing from July to frost, and was a surprising success as 
 a coolhouse plant, making a much branched plant 3 ft. 
 high, and flowering freely all spring. Monograph by 
 Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis 3:417 (1864-65). 
 Sometimes called Cape Marigolds. 
 
 4nnua, Less. (Calendula pluriiilis, Linn.). This is 
 the only white-fld. annual kind and the only species 
 sold in America at present. Erect or diflfuse, simple or 
 branched, rough with jointe«l an<l gland-tipped hairs 
 (seen with a small lens): lvs. narrowly oblong or ojo- 
 vate-oblong, tapering to the baye, with a few distant 
 
486 
 
 DIMORPHOTHECA 
 
 DIOON 
 
 teeth, pilose, the uppermost smaller and narrower: pe- 
 duncles terminal, noddine: in fr. : fls. white above, pur- 
 ple or discolored beneath. Var. ligruldsa, Voss (Calin- 
 dula Pdngei, Hort. ). is a double form- -the heads full of 
 rays — with heads white on upper siue and yellow or 
 violet beneath. 
 
 Seven species have been pictured under various 
 names in the Botanical Magazine — all perennials, and 
 worth importation. 
 
 D. awri/UUwa, DC. Lvs. slender, entire: fls. yellow. B.M. 
 408.— D. Bdrberice, Haw. Perennial: fls. purpJe above, paler be- 
 neath: disk all purple, with corollas of 2 forms. B.M. 5337.— 
 D. chruaanthemifblia, DO. Lvs. cut like a Chrysanthemum: 
 fls. yellow, reverse reddish. B.M. 2-_'18.— Z). cunedta, DC. Lvs. 
 strongly cut: fls. scarlet-orange. B.M. VAi'i.—D. Ecklonis, DC. 
 Diflfers from all in its shrubby stem and branches, and is per- 
 haps the most promising of all. Fls. white, violet-blue, and 
 strongly veined on the back: the disk azure-blue. B.M. 7535.— 
 D. nudicaulis. var. grammifolia, Harv. & Sond. Fls. white, 
 with a purple ring at the base, and orange-brown on the back, 
 the disk purple. B.M. 5252.— />. Tragus, DC. Lvs. narrower 
 than in D. Ecklonis, linear: fls. white, veined purple, the rays 
 narrower at the base, reverse orange purplish, the disk pur- 
 plish. B.M. 1981. W. M. 
 
 DIOCLfiA (after Diodes Carytius, said to be second 
 only to Hippocrates among the ancients for his knowl- 
 edge of plants). Legumindsce. About 16 species of tender 
 shrubby twiners, mostly tropical American, with delicate 
 trifoliolate leaves and blue, violet, scarlet or white fls., 
 sometimes nearly an inch long, and borne in clusters 
 which have been roughly compared to Wistaria. Calyx 
 bell-shaped, 4-cut, 2 lobes shorter and narrower, stan- 
 dard wider than long: ovary nearly sessile; pod wide, 
 the upper suture thickened or 2-winged. The following 
 species is oult. in S. Calif., where it has a moderate 
 growth, shining foliage, and clusters of 10 or more large 
 fls. of a splendid scarlet. 
 
 glycinoldes, DC, from Rio de la Plata basin, is prob- 
 ably the only species grown in European gardens and 
 in California. Fls. 1 in. long, bright scarlet, in racemes, 
 somewhat like Wistaria: will stand some cold. Propa- 
 gated by seeds, cuttings, or suckers, freely produced 
 on grown up plants. (Syn. Camptosema rubicundum, 
 Hook. & Am.) p. Franceschi and W. M. 
 
 DION. See Dioon. 
 
 DI0N2EA (an unusual name for Venus). Droserdeea. 
 Venus' Fly-trap. This insectivorous plant is one of 
 the wonders of the vegetable kingdom. See Fig. 713. 
 It closes its trap with remarkable quickness. The plant 
 grows wild only in the sandv savannas of North Carolina. 
 It is a perennial herb, the lvs. all radical and in a rosette, 
 the spatulate portion being regarded as petiole, and the 
 trap as the blade: fls. good sized, white, in a bracted 
 corymb, borne on a leafless scape. It is allied to the 
 sundews, other famous insectivorous plants which are 
 also cultivated, but has about 15 stamens, a columnar 
 style, and seeds at the base of the pod. Many famous 
 naturalists have studied and written about this plant, 
 and it has a large special literature. At times it is sold 
 widely throughout the north, often at high prices, but 
 the plants are soon "worked to death." It is diflicult to 
 keep it more than a year in the north, but it ought to be 
 furnished in large quantities at low rates, so that all the 
 school children may see it. It is mostly grown in con- 
 servatories associated with botanical institutions. 
 
 " It is seldom that this wonderful little plant is seen in a good 
 state of cultivation any length of time after removal from its 
 native haunts. Its cultivation in a greenhouse is usually at- 
 tended with more or less difficulty, owing to unsuitable condi- 
 tions, such as too much dry air, shade or unfriendly soil. It 
 delights in frill sunshine, with a very humid atmosphere. 
 When the plants can be secured and transplants with con- 
 siderable of the soil in which they grow attachetl to the bulb- 
 like root-stalks, they are quite easily dealt with, and may be 
 kept in a healthy growing state for years. I find a round hang- 
 ing earthenware receptiicle most useful to grow them in; the 
 bottom is carefully drained, first with large pieces of broken 
 pots, then smaller pieces, and the upper layer is quite fine. 
 Some chopped fibrous peat is placet! above this, when the plants 
 are built in, ^vith live sphagnum moss used to fill the spaces 
 between the clumps. Arrangetl in this way, it is hardly possible 
 to give them too much water, and they revel in abundant sup- 
 
 plies. If kept in the stm the leaves take on a reddish tinge, but 
 when grown in the shade they are always green. Flowers will 
 develop about the middle of June, but they should be nipped off 
 as they make their appearance, for they are apt to weaken the 
 plant. 
 
 "The Dionjea has been grown successfully in a dwelling 
 house by a very different method. The plants were in a wide, 
 shallow dish, without any drainage, and simply placed, act too 
 
 713. The Venus' Fly-trap- Dionaea muscipula (XH). 
 
 firmly, in loose live sphagnum moss, with a glass covering. 
 Water was given every other day by filling the space above the 
 plants until the dish was filled, and then it was potired off. In 
 this way the potting material never became sour. From the 
 luxuriant condition in which these plants remained for years, 
 I am inclined to think this was a close imitation of the condi- 
 tions under which they thrive in a wild state. Some ye:rs ago, 
 owing to Professor Asa Gray's endeavor to have the Govern- 
 ment purchase a strip of land on which this plant grows, there 
 existed a widespread idea that it was graduallj' becoming ex- 
 tinct. There seems to be little likelihood of this calamity, how- 
 ever, as Dionapa is found abundantly in some places all the way 
 from Wilmington to Fayetteville, in North Carolina. Its per- 
 manency is all the more assured seeing that the plants thrive 
 on soil which is of little use for agricultural purposes."— 6?. TF. 
 Oliver, in Garden and Forest, 10:237 {1897). 
 
 muscipula, Ellis. Fig. 71.3. Described above. B.M. 
 785. F.S. 3:280. Mn. i:69. — The genus has only on© 
 species. w. M. 
 
 DiOON (Greek, two and egg; each scale covers two 
 ovules and the seeds are in pairs). Cycaddceo!, Hand- 
 some foliage plants suitable for warm or temperate palm 
 houses. This once powerful order is now nearly extinct, 
 and the few remaining species are of the greatest scien- 
 tific interest and also decorative value. Z). edule has a 
 flat, rigid frond which is more easily kept free from 
 scale insects than Cycas revolufa, the commonest species 
 of the order in cultivation. A specimen at Kew had a 
 trunk 3-4 ft. high and 8-10 in. thick, the crown spread- 
 ing 8-10 ft. and containing 50 fronds, each 4-5 ft. long 
 and 6-9 in. wide. Both sexes make cones frequently, 
 the male cone being 9-12 in. long and the female 7-12 in. 
 The seeds, which are about the size of Spanish chest- 
 nuts, are eaten by the Mexicans. Many Cycads yield 
 arrowroot. This genus is said to be the closest to the 
 fossil forms of any living representative of the order. 
 The genus has the cones and twin seeds of Zamia and 
 Encephalartu.s, with the flat, woolly scales of Cycas, but 
 without the marginal seeds and loose inflorescence of 
 the latter. Prop, by seeds. Culture same as Cycas. 
 
 ^dule, Lindl. Lvs. pilose when young, finally gla- 
 brous, ;j-5 ft. long, pinnatifid, rigid, narrowly lanceolate 
 segments, about 100 on each side, linear-lanceolate, sharp- 
 pointed, widest at the base, rachis flat above, convex 
 beneath: male cones cylindrical, female cones ovoid. 
 Mex. B. M. 6184. Gn. 55, p. 365. Gt. 48, p. 157. Var. 
 
DIOON 
 
 DIOSMA 
 
 487 
 
 lanngindanm, Hort., is a very woolly kind. Gt. 48, pp. 
 154, 155. — A variable species. D. tomentdgtim, once sold 
 by Pitcher and Manda, was probably Woollier than the 
 type. D. spinuldsum, Dyer, differs mainly in having the 
 segments margined with small sharp points. Mex. A.F. 
 7:461. W. M. 
 
 DI0SC0B£A (Di6scorides, the Greek naturalist). 
 Dioscoredct(e. The type genus of a small family (of 
 about 8 genera) allied to Liliaceae. It contains upwards 
 of 150 widely dispersed and confused species, most of 
 them native to tropical regions. Stems herbaceous and 
 twining or long-procumbent, usually from a large tuber- 
 ous root, and sometimes bearing tubers in the axils. 
 Lvs. broad, ribbed and netted-veined, petiolate, alternate 
 or opposite, sometimes compound. Dioecious. Fls. 
 small ; calyx 6-parted, anthers 6 ; styles 3, ovary 3-loculed 
 and calyx adherent to it. Ft. a .'{-winged capsule. Seeds 
 winged. The great subterranean tubers of some species 
 are eaten in the manner of potatoes. For an inquiry into 
 the prehistoric cultivation of Dioscoreas in America, 
 see Gray & Trumbull, Amer. Joum. Sci. 25:250. 
 
 A. Sfems strongly winged. 
 
 aliita, Linn. Fig, 714. Stem 4-winged or angular: lvs. 
 opposite, cordate-oblong or cordate-ovate, with a deep, 
 basal sinus, glabrous, devoid of pellucid dots, 7- 
 nerved ( sometimes 9-nerved ) , with the outer pair united : 
 staminate spikes compound, special ones whorled, short, 
 flexuose : pistillate spikes simple : Us. distant, anthers 
 subglobose, about as long as the filament : capsule 
 leathery, elliptical. India and the S. Sea Islands. 
 — Widely cult, in the tropics under many vernacular 
 names. Tubers reach a length of 6-8 ft., and some- 
 times weigh 100 lbs.; edible. The roots continue to 
 grow for years. Variable. 
 
 714. Dioscorea alata. 
 Showing foliage (X K) and a small tuber. 
 
 AA. Stems terete (cylindrical). 
 
 B. Lvs. plain green. 
 
 divaricita, Blanco. {D.Batdta.'i,Decne.). Yam. Chi- 
 nese Yam. Chinese Potato. Cinnamon Vine. Very tall 
 climbing (lO-IW ft.), the lvs. 7-9 ribbed, cordate-ovate 
 and shining, short-petioled, bearing small clusters of 
 cinnamon-scented white fls, in the axils: root tubers 
 
 deep in the ground, 2-3 ft. long, usually larger at the 
 lower end. Philippines. F.S. 10:971. R.H. 18 ', p. 
 247, 451-2. — This is often grown in the tropics r its 
 edibie tubers, which, however, are difficult to di In 
 this country the word Yam is commonly applied vo a 
 tribe of sweet potatoes (see Sweet Potato). The Yam 
 is hardy. The root will remain in the ground over 
 winter in New York, and send up handsome tall, twining 
 shoots in the spring. The plant bears little tubers in 
 the leaf -axils, and these are usually planted to produce 
 the Cinnamon Vine; but it is not until the second year 
 that plants grown from these tubercles produce the 
 large or full grown Yams. A form with short and potato- 
 like tubers is D. Decaisnedna, Carr. (R.H. 1865:110). 
 
 715. Air Potato— ./Erial tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera (X Jii). 
 
 bolbifera, Linn. Am Potato. Fig. 715. Tall-climbing: 
 lvs. alternate, cordate-ovate and cuspidate, 7-9-nerved, 
 the stalks longer than the blade: fls. in long, lax, droop- 
 ing, axillary racemes. Tropical Asia. G.C. II. 18:49.— 
 Somewhat cult. 8. as an oddity and for the very large 
 angular axillary tubers (which vary greatly in size and 
 shape. ) These tubers sometimes weigh several pounds. 
 They are palatable and potato-like in flavor. The root 
 tubers are usually small or even none. 
 
 villdsa, Linn. Stems slender, from knotted rootstocks : 
 lvs. cordate-ovate, cuspidate-attenuate, 9-11-ribbed, 
 somewhat pubescent or downy beneath, alternate, oppo- 
 site or whorled: fls. greenish, the staminate in drooping 
 panicles, the pistillate in drooping, simple racemes: cap- 
 sules very strongly winged. — Common in thickets from 
 N. Eng. to Fla. Perennial. Twining 8-10 or even 15 ft. 
 Offered in the trade as a hardy border and arbor plant. 
 
 BB. ZfVS. variously marked and colored, at least beneath. 
 
 discolor, Hort. Lvs. large, cordate-ovate, cuspidate, 
 with several shades of green, white-banded along the 
 midrib and purplish beneath: fls. greenish and incon- 
 spicuous: root tuberous. S. Amer. Lowe .i4. — Useful 
 for the conservatory. Suggestive of Cissus discolor. 
 
 multicolor, Lind. & Andr^. Probably only a form of 
 the last : lvs. variously marked and blotched and veined 
 with silvery white, red, green and salmon. S. Amer. 
 I.H. 18:53. — Very decorative glasshouse plant. 
 
 Other species are cult, in the Gulf region. One, with 2- 
 winged stem and 3-lobed lvs. (the "Yanipie"). is perhaps i>. 
 triloba, Linn. One with prickly cylindripal stems and opxxjsite 
 oblong-ovate lvs. may be D. nummiildria, Lam. 
 
 D. satlra, Linn., was foinded upon a numlK^r of tropical cul- 
 tivated species, and the name shotild Vie dropped.— For .lapanese 
 cultivated species, see Georgeson, A. G. 13:80, with illustrations. 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 DI6SMA (Greek, dirine odor). Rutdcece. Small, ten- 
 der, heath-like shrubs from southwestern Africa. Of 
 the 228 species described, barely a dozen now remain in 
 this genus, the rest being mostly referred to allied 
 genera, especially Adenandra, Agathosnia and Barosma. 
 Lvs. alternate or opposite, linear-acute, channeled, ser- 
 rulate or sometimes ciliate, glandular dotted: fls. white 
 or reddish, terminal, subsolitary or corymbose, pedicel- 
 late ; calyx 5-parted; hypogynous disk, 5-sinuate, 5- 
 plaited; petals 5; style short ; stigma capitate. Latest 
 monograph in Flora Capensis, vol. 1 ( 18,")9-60). \^^ ]y£^ 
 
 Diosma ericoides is more or less well known in 
 America, and is put to various uses in floral decora- 
 tions, in spray, or branchlets cut to the required length, 
 and stuck in formal designs as a setting for other flow- 
 
488 
 
 DIOSMA 
 
 DIOSPYROS 
 
 ers in the same manner and for the same purpose as 
 Stevia is used, to give that necessary grace and artistic 
 effect to the whole. This species, likemost of the genus, 
 has an agreeable aromatic fragrance in the foliage. It 
 is a strong grower, loose and heath-like in habit and 
 
 716. Native Persimmon— 
 
 Diospyros Virginiana. 
 Nearly natural size. 
 
 foliage, iis the specific name indicates ; flowers white and 
 small, one or more on the points of tiny branehlets. While 
 Diosmas undoubtedly do best in soilsuitable for heaths, 
 that is, soil composed largely of fibrous peat, they are not 
 nearly so exacting in their requirements in this respect, 
 and can be grown in good fibrous loam and leaf-mold in 
 equal parts, with considerable clean, sharp sand added 
 thereto. 
 
 The plants should be cut back rather severely after 
 flowering to keep them low and bushy; this refers more 
 particularly to the above species, other members of the 
 genus being of more compact growth and needing 
 very little corrective cutting to keep them in shape. 
 Diosma capitata (now Ardouinia capitafa) is a fine ex- 
 ample of the latter class, and is a nmch better one than 
 D. ericoides for exhibition and show purposes; flowers 
 pinkish lilac, in corymbs of many flowers. The propa- 
 gation of Diosmas by cuttings is similar to that of 
 heaths, but much easier with the same amount of care. 
 The best ma^^erial for cuttings is young wood, when not 
 too soft or too hard. Kekxeth Finlavson'. 
 
 The Diosma capitata referred to above was described 
 by Linnteus. but is now referred to Ardnuinin capifntn, 
 Brongn., which belongs in miifferent order (BrnniUceiP) 
 
 and even in a different subclass of the Dicotyledons. It 
 is a heath-like shrub 2-3 ft. high, with erect branches 
 and somewhat whorled, mostly clustered branches: Ivs! 
 spirally arranged, stalkless, overlapping, linear,3-angled, 
 roughish, with 2 grooves beneath: fls. crimson (accord- 
 ing to Flora Capensis), crowded into oblong, spike-like 
 terminal beads. Generic characters are calyx adhering 
 to the ovary, 5-cleft, segments large, overlapping: petals 
 
 with a long, 2-keeled claw, nnd 
 a spreading, roundish limb ; 
 stamens included: ovarv half 
 inferior,3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; 
 style H-angled, with 3 small, 
 papilla-like stigmas. This plant 
 is not advertised for sale in America. 
 
 ericoldes, Linn. Much-branched: branches 
 and twigs quite glabrous : Ivs. alternate, 
 crowded, recurved-spreading, oblong, obtuse, 
 keeled, pointless, glabrous : fls. terminal, 
 2-3 together, with very short pedicels; calyx 
 lobes ovate, obtuse; petals elliptic-oblong, ob- 
 tuse. B.M. 2;K{2 under this name is in realty I), ml- 
 garis, var. longi folia. 
 
 D. fragrans, Sims. =• Adenandra fragrans.— D. rultjaris, 
 Schlei'ht., has narrower Ivs. than I), ericoides, and they are 
 ai'ute: branehlets minutely pulieseent: Ivs. scattered, rarely 
 opposite, linear, convex-earinate. subiilate-acuminate. There 
 are 5 well-marked botanical varieties. y^^ -^j 
 
 DIOSF^BOS {Dios, Jove^a, pyros, grain; alluding to 
 its edible fruit). Kbeudceip. Persimmon. Ebony. 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite, entire 
 Ivs., deciduous or persistent, without stipules: fls. dioe- 
 cious or polygamous in few ormany-fld., axillary cymes, 
 the pistillate often solitary, yellowish or whitish: calyx 
 and corolla 3-7-, usually 4-lobed ; stamens usually h-h\, 
 included: fr. a large, juicy berry, 1-10-seeded, bearing 
 usually the enlarged calyx at the base; seed flat, rather 
 large. About 180 species in the tropics, few in colder 
 climates. The few cultivated species are ornamental 
 trees, with handsome, lustrous foliatre, rarely attacked 
 by insects and with decorative and edible fr. The only 
 species which is tolerably hardy north is />. Vinjiviann, 
 while D. Ktiki, much cultivated in Japan for its large, 
 edible fruits, is hanly only in the southern states. 
 Most ;pecies have valuable hard and close-grained wood, 
 and that of some tropical species is known as ebony. 
 They thrive in almost any soil, but require, in cooler 
 climates, sheltered and sunny positions. Prop, by seeds 
 and by cuttings of half-ripened wood or layers ; the 
 tropical species bj* cuttings of mature wood in spring, 
 with bottom heat; the fruit-bearing varieties are usually 
 grafted or budded on seedling stock of D, Virginiana. 
 See Persimmon. 
 
 Virginiilna, Linn. Commox Persimmon. Fig. 716. 
 Tree, to 50 ft., rarely to 100 ft., with round-topped head 
 and spreading, often pendulous branches: Ivs. ovate or 
 elliptic, acuminate, shining above, glabrous at length or 
 pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long : fls. short-stalked, 
 greenish yellow, staminate in 3's, 3^ in. long, with 16 
 stamens; pistillate solitary, larger, with 4 2-lobed styles, 
 connate at the base: fr. globose or obovate, plum-like, 
 with the enlarged calyx at the base, l-lj^in. in diam., 
 pale orange, often with red cheek, edible, varying in 
 size, color and flavor. June. Conn, to Fla., west to 
 Kans. andTex. S.S. 6:2.^2, 253. G.F. 8:265. Mn. 4:2L 
 
 Ldtus, Linn. Round-headed tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. ellip- 
 tic or oblong, acuminate, pubescent, often glabrous above 
 at length, 3-5 in. long: fls. reddish white, staminate in 
 3's, with 16 stamens, pistillate solitary: fr. black when 
 ripe, globular, ^^-?4 in. in diam., edible. June. W. Asia 
 to China. A.G. 12:460. 
 
 KAki, Linn. f. Kaki. Fig. 717. Tree, to 40 ft., with 
 round head : Ivs. ovate-elliptic, oblong-ovate or obovate, 
 acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above, 
 sparingly hairy or glabrous beneath, 3-7 in. long : fls. 
 yellowish v;hite, staminate with 16-24 stamens, pistil- 
 late to ^4 in. long; styles divided to the base, pubescent : 
 fr. large, IV2-3 in. across, very variable in shape and 
 size, mostly resembling a tomato. June. Jap.. China. 
 R.H. 1870, pp. 412, 413 ; 1872, pp. 254, 255 (as D. Box- 
 
DIOSPYROS 
 
 DIPLADENIA 
 
 489 
 
 burghi). — ya.r. oost^ta, Mast. Fr. large, depressed, 
 globular, orange-red, with 4 furrows. R.H. 1870:410. 
 G.C. 11.4:777; III. 9:171 ; 13:51. Gn. 49, p. 171. Var. 
 Maz^li, Mouillef. Fr. orange-yellow, with 8 furrows. 
 R.H. 1874:70. Other varieties are figured in R.H. 
 1872, p. 2r>4; 1878:470; 1887; 348; 1888:60, and A.G. 
 12:331-8, 459-(>2. A very desirable an<l beautiful fruit- 
 bearing tree for the southern states, where a number of 
 different varieties introduced from Jap. are cultivated, 
 but the hardier varieties from the north of Jap. and 
 China.which are likely to be hardy north to New England, 
 seem hitherto not to have been intro(iuced. Fig. 715 is 
 from Georgeson's articles in A.G. 1891. 
 
 AA. Jjvt. small, obtuse or emarginate : corolla and 
 calyx 5-lobed. 
 
 Tez^na, Scheele (/>. Mexicdna, Scheele MS.). Small 
 tree, intricately branched, rarely to 40 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, 
 oblong or obovate, pubescent below, 1-2 in. long: Hs. 
 with the Ivs., pubescent, on branches of the previous 
 year, .staminate with 16 stamens, pistillate with 4 pu- 
 bescent styles, connate at the base: fr. black, %-l in. 
 indiam. Spring. Tex., N. Mex. S.S. 6:254. 
 
 D. Eb^nuin, Koenitr. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. elliptic -oblong, 
 bluntly acuminate, glabrous: fls. white, staminate, in short ra- 
 cemes. E. Ind., C*»ylon. For cult, in hothoiises or tropical cli- 
 mates. This species is said to jield the best eljony. 
 
 Alfred Rehder. 
 
 A cultivated fruit of Kaki 
 Nearly natural size. 
 
 BIFCADI (meaning uncertain). Lilihcea. Tender 
 bulbous plants of minor importance, allied to Galtonia, 
 with radical, thickish, narrowly linear Ivs. and loose 
 racemes of odd-colored fls, on leafless scapes. About 20 
 species in southern Europe, tropical and south Africa 
 and India. During the winter, their resting time, the 
 bulbs should be kept dry. A compost of light, sandy 
 loam and leaf -mold has been recommended. Latest mon- 
 ograph in Latin, 1871, by J. G. Baker, in Journ. Linn. 
 Soc. 11:395: the South African species in English by 
 Baker, in Flora Capensis, vol. 6 (18%-7). 
 
 A. All perianth-segments equally long. (Tricharis.) 
 
 serdtintun, Medic. Lvs. 5-6, fleshy-herbaceous, gla- 
 brous, narrowly linear, 6-12 in. long, 2-3 lines wide near 
 the base, channeled on the face: scape 4-12 in. long: ra- 
 ceme loose, 4-12-fld.: bracts lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, 
 longer than the pedicels: perianth greenish brown, .">-G 
 lines long:ovarv sessile or subsessile. S. Eu., N. Afr. 
 B.M. 859. 
 
 AA. Outer perianth-segments longer than the inner and 
 
 tailed. 
 
 filamentdsum, Medic. (D. vlride, Moeuch). Lvs. 5-6, 
 fleshy-iierbaceous, narrowly linear, glabrous, 1 ft. long, 
 l>^-3 lines wide near the base: scape 1-2 ft. high: 
 raceme loose, 6-15-fld. : bracts linear-acuminate, 4-6 lines 
 long: perianth green, 12-15 lines long, outer segments 
 4-6 lines longer than the inner: capsule sessile. S. Afr. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 DIPHTLL£IA (Greek, double leaf). Berberiddcea- 
 Umbrella Leaf. An interesting hardy perennial herb 
 with thick, creeping, jointed, knotty rootstocks, send- 
 ing up each either a huge peltate, cut-lobed, umbrella- 
 like, radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem 
 bearing two similar ( but smaller and more 2-cleftj alter- 
 nate lvs., which are peltate near one margin, and a 
 terminal cyme of white fls.: sepals 6, fugacious: petals 
 and stamens 6 : ovules 5 or 6 : berries globose, few- 
 seeded. This is one of many genera having only 2 spe- 
 cies, one of which is found in N. E. North America, the 
 other in Japan. There is a wonderful similarity between 
 the floras of these 2 regions, and few areas have pro- 
 duced so many plants esteemed in cultivation. 
 
 cymdsa, Michx. Root-lvs. 1-2 ft. across, 2-cleft, each 
 division 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed: berries blue. May. 
 Wet or spriiitry places in Alleghanies from Va. south. 
 B.M. lt)66. — Int. into general trade by H. P. Keisey. 
 Grows readily in dry soil under cultivation, but is dwarf. 
 
 DIFLAD£NIA {Greek, double gland, referring to the 
 two glands of the ovary, which distinguish this genus 
 from Echites ) . A pocy ndeece . A 
 charming genus of coolhouse twiners, 
 mostly from Brazil, with large, showy 
 more or less funnel-shaped lis. having 
 a remarkable range of color, rarely 
 white or dark red, but especially rich 
 in rosy shades and with throats'often 
 brilliantly colored with yellow. The 
 buds, too, are charming. The genus is 
 fully as interesting as Allamanda, 
 which belongs to another tribe of the 
 same order. Other allied genera of 
 irreat garden interest are Echites, 
 Ontadenia, Mandevilla and Urechites. 
 Some species are naturally erect 
 bushes, at least when young, and 
 many can be trained to the bush 
 form. The group is a most tempting 
 one to the hybridizer. An all-yellow- 
 flowered kind is desirable. Many names 
 appear in European catalogues, but 
 they are badly mixed, as the genus 
 greatly needs a complete botanical re- 
 vision. Very many pictures are found 
 in the European horticultural periodi- 
 cals. Several prizes for American seed- 
 lings have been taken at Boston, by Geo. 
 McWilliam, Whitinsville, Mass., who 
 has given a full account of his cultural 
 methods in Gardening, 5:18 (1896). 
 
 W. M. 
 
 Although Dipladenias are natives of the tropics, they 
 grow at high altitudes, and it is a mistake to keep them 
 in close, steaming hothouses, as many gardeners do in 
 the Old World. The writer has kept them in a house 
 whose temperature was never above 50° F., and fre- 
 quently went down to 40° on winter nights. Cuttings 
 should be rootedin winter, and the young plants planted 
 outdoors during the summer, being careful not to bury 
 the crowns deep in the soil. They can endure 5 degrees 
 of frost without losing their foliage, but even after 7 
 degrees of frost and complete loss of foliage, the plants 
 have been lifted, brought into the greenhouse, and 
 flowered with success. A good specinien will have 
 50-80 open fls. at one time. Tufts of fern root are ex- 
 cellent for potting soil, with some sharp sand added. A 
 fine specimen may be grown in a pan 2 ft. across and 
 9 in. deep. Plants never need shading. In late fall, as 
 the nights get cooler, the water supply may be gradually 
 reduced until the middle of November, when water is 
 
490 
 
 DIPLADENIA 
 
 DIPLADEXIA 
 
 used sparingly until it is desired to start the plants into 
 fresh growth. For points concerning training and 
 pruning, consult Gn. 5:18. qeo. McWilliam. 
 
 Few tropical plants excel the Dipladenias as green- 
 house twining plants, their handsome sprays of flowers 
 being produced in profusion from May to November, 
 when well grown. The usual method of propagation is 
 by 1- or 2-jointed cuttings of the well ripened growths 
 inserted in sand with brisk bottom heat, when they will 
 usually root very readily. Seeds are not often produced 
 in this genus, though occasionally well grown plants 
 will produce seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, 
 in pans of light, peaty soil, with a goodly proportion of 
 silver sand mixed with it, and the pans placed in a 
 warm, moist atmosphere. If given good attention the 
 seedlings will flower the first year. Dipladenias thrive 
 best when potted in fern or kalmia root fiber only. The 
 potting should be atten.led to in early spring, just before 
 active growth commences. Care must be taken not to 
 injure their tuberous roots, as this will result in weak- 
 ening very materially the vitality of the plants. Great 
 care must also bo exercised in watering until the plants 
 are in active growth, when they will require an abun- 
 dance of water at the roots; they are also greatly bene- 
 fited by an occasional watering of clear liquid cow- or 
 sheep-manure water. Frequent spraying of the foliage 
 will also be necessary to keep down the attacks of in- 
 sects. Dipladenias do best when grown in full sunlight, 
 the roof of an unshaded greenhouse being well suited 
 to them. The pots should be covered with some non- 
 conducting material, however, such as sphagnum moss, 
 to prevent injury to the roots by the heat of the sun. 
 As soon as the season of blossoming is past, the plants 
 should be cut back, and allowed to rest by gradually 
 withholding the water, keeping them during the winter 
 almost dry in a temp, of 55°. Edward J. Caxntxg. 
 
 The following kinds sold in America are presumably 
 horticultural varieties which have been insuflBciently 
 described: 
 
 D. amdbilig. Lvs. short-stalked, oblong, acute: fls. rosy crim- 
 son, 4-5 in. across; corolla lobes very round and stiff. See tin. 
 51, p. 227. Said to be a hybrid of D. crassinoda and D. splen- 
 dens.— D. Brearleyana. Lvs. oblong, acute, dark green: fls. 
 pink at first, changing to rich crimson, very large. Gn. 51,p. 
 226.—/). eximia. A recent hybrid.—/), hybrida. Lvs. large, 
 stout, bright green : fls. flaming crimson red. — D. itisignis. 
 Stout growing; foliage strong; fls. rosy piirple. 
 
 A. Fl.t. dark purple. 
 
 atropurptirea, DC. Glabrous, lvs. ovate, acute: ra- 
 cemes axillary, 'J-fld. : peduncles a little longer than the 
 lvs.; pedicels twisted, bracted; calyx lobes lanceolate- 
 acuminate, a little shorter than the pedicel, and a third 
 as long as the cylindrical part of the corolla; corolla 
 tube funnel-shaped above tlie middle; lobes triangular, 
 wavv, spreading, shorter than the dilated part of the 
 tube. Brazil. B.R. 29:27. Gn. 44:9.'J7. LH. 42:33. Gt. 
 43, p. 548. — Lvs. about 2 in. long, acute at the very base: 
 petiole }4 in. long; corolla dark purple inside and out; 
 tube 2 in. long. None of the pictures cited above show 
 the fleshy, spreading, scale-like stipules nearly as long 
 as the petioles which De Candolle says are characteristic 
 of the subgenus Micradenia. F.S. 1:33 is said to be JD. 
 atroviolacea of the subgenus Eudipladenia, in which the 
 stipules are absent or else small and erect. The plate 
 shows a strongly ribbed corolla-tube and lvs. cordate at 
 the base. 
 
 AA. Fls. white: throat yellow inside. 
 
 Bolivi^nsis, Hook. Glabrous: stems slender: lvs. pe- 
 tioled, 2-3 % in. long, oblong, acuminate, acute at base, 
 bright green and glossy above, pale beneath; stipules 
 none: racemes axillary, 3— 4-fld. : peduncles much shorter 
 than the lvs., about as long as petioles and pedici-ls: 
 bracts minute at the base of the twisted pedicels: calyx 
 lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 lines long: corolla almost sal- 
 ver-shaped, tube and throat slender and cylindrical, the 
 former }4 in. long, the latter twice as long and half as 
 broad again : limb 1 % in. across ; lobes broadly ovate, 
 more acuminate than in D. atropurptirea. Bolivia. 
 B.M. 5783. Gn.'44:922. Gng. 7:.342. 
 
 Fls. •»VJ»«.' throat deep ro»e or purple within, 
 whitish outside. 
 
 ipl^ndenf, DC. Fig. 718. Stem glabrous: lvs. sub- 
 sessile, elliptic-acuminate, cordate at the base, wavy, 
 pubescent, especially beneath, veins elevated, numer- 
 ous: racemes axillary, longer than the lvs., 4-<»-fld,: 
 calyx lobes red-tipped, awl-shaped, as long as the cylin- 
 drical part of the corolla tube, which Is half the length 
 of the funnel-shaped portion: l<>bes of the limb rotund, 
 subacute, almost as long as the tube. Brazil. Lvs. 4-8 
 in. long, 1 3^-3 in. wide, pedicels '-i-l in. long: corolla 
 tube 1 % in. long, white outside, lobes rosy, throat 
 deeper, almost purple. Brazil. B.M. ."WTfi. F\S. 1:34 
 shows a yellow throated form. Var. profilBa, Rod. ( D. 
 profusa, Hort.), has larger and brighter rosy fls., lineil 
 with yellow inside, the outside of the tube rosy except 
 
 718. Dipladenia splendens (XK)- 
 
 at the ba.se, which is yellow. LH. 30:491. — Int. by B. S. 
 Williams. D. amdbilis, Hort., is said to be a hybrid of 
 D. crassinoda and Z>. splendens. I.H. 27:39(3, shows a 
 12-fld. raceme with exceptionally bright red fls. 
 
 AAAA. Fls. salmon-colored: throat yellow inside and 
 
 out. 
 
 uroph^lla, Hook. Named for the long, narrow apex of 
 the leaf. Glabrous, erect bush, not a vine : branches 
 numerous, swollen at the joints: lvs. ovate-oblong, ob- 
 tuse at the base, suddenly narrowed at the apex into a 
 narrow point % in. long; peduncles long, drooping, flex- 
 uose: -acemes axillary, 4-6-fld.: calyx segments awl- 
 shaped: corolla dull yellow outside, deeper and brighter 
 yellow within; tube cylindrical in lower third, then 
 swelling into an almost bell-shaped throat; lobes of the 
 limb salmon inclined to purple, acute. Brazil. B.M. 
 4414. P.M. 16:66. F.S. 5:425. 
 
 D. crassinoda, DC. Glabrous: stem much branched, with 
 many nodes: lvs. lanceolate, acute or almost acuminate, acute 
 at the base, shining and leathery on both sides: racemes axil- 
 lary, about 6-rtd. : calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, a little 
 shorter than the cylindrical part of the corolla tube, 2 or 3 
 times shorter than the pedicel; corolla tube bell-shaped above 
 the midtlle; lobes obovateorbicidar. The above is the original 
 description by De (^andolle, who adds that the lvs. are 3-3?^ in. 
 long, %-\ in. wide, petiole 2-3 lines long: stipules interpetiolar, 
 with 4 short cuspidate teeth. The plant pictured in B.R. .30:64 
 was renamed D. Lindleyi by Lemaire chiefly for its pilose stem 
 and stellate-lobed stipiileB. Later authorities refer B.R. 30:64 
 
DIPLADENIA 
 
 DIPSACUS 
 
 491 
 
 to D. Martiana. F.S. 22:2:j10 may be the same plant aa B.R. 
 30:64. but with variable Ivs. and stipules. The plant was prizeil 
 for its deli<'»te colors, being white at llrst, then shot with soft 
 rose like a rtame tulip, and tlnaily a deep rose. Only one dower 
 in a raceme was open at a time, and each lasted 8 or 9 days, 
 throat orange inside. D. crassinoda is said to be a parent, 
 with I), splendena. of D. amabilis. (On. +4, p. 141.) />. Hdr- 
 ritii, Hook.=Odontadenla spet-iosa. — i>. illuatri*, DC. Gla- 
 brous or pul>e8cent: Ivs. oblong or rotund, obtuse or nearly 
 acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, many nerved; stipules 
 none: petiole short: racemes terminal. 4-8-fld.: fls. rosy, throat 
 yellow inside, purple at the mouth: corolla tube cylindrical to 
 the middle, then funnel-shaped; limb 3-3 H»n. across, lobes 
 rosy, orbicular-ovate, obtuse. Brazil. F.S. 3:256. Var. glabra, 
 Muell. Arg. B.M. IVi&.—D. Sdnderi. Hems., has flesh-colored 
 fls. with throat yellow inside, and outside at the base has smaller 
 Ivs. than I), illustris, and no circle of purple at the mouth of the 
 fl. On. 51:1111. W. M. 
 
 DIPLABBH^NA (Greek, two anthers; the third being 
 imperfect). Iriddcece. Only 2 species of tender plants 
 from Australia and Tasmania. They belong to the same 
 subtribe with our native Blue-eyed (irass, Sisyrinchium. 
 Rhizomes short: stems terminal, erect, simple or some- 
 what branched: Ivs. In a tuft, narrow, rigid, acuminate, 
 equitant: spatheterminal, rigid, acuminate: fls. whitish; 
 perianth without any tube over the ovary; segments un- 
 equal, inner ones shorter, connivent: upper stamen im- 
 perfect. This plant is advertised in the American edi- 
 tion of a Dutch bulb dealer's catalogue. 
 
 Morsa, Labill. Stems lJ^-2 ft. long, with a single 
 terminal cluster, and several sheathing bracts: Ivs, 6-8 
 in a tuft, 1-m ft. long, H-^a in. wide: spathes cylindri- 
 cal, 2-3 fid., 2 in. long. 
 
 DI?LAZinM (Greek, doubled). Polypodidrece. A 
 genus oi' rather large, coarse ferns allied to Asplenium, 
 out with the mdusia often double, extending to both 
 sides of some of the veins, which are unconnected. 
 Eighty or more species are found, mostly in the warmer 
 portions of the world. For culture, see Ferns. 
 
 A. Lfs. simple: low plants. 
 
 l&nceum, Thunb. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, %-l in. wide, 
 narrowed upward and downward, the margin mostly en- 
 tire; sori reaching nearer to the edge than the midrib. 
 India, China, Japan. 
 
 AA. Lvs. pinnate, with the pinnce deeply lobed: rootstock 
 not rising to form a trunk. 
 
 arbdrenm, Willd. Lvs. 12 -1S in. long, 6-8 in. wide, 
 with a distinct auricle or lobe at the base. The habit i.s 
 not arboreous, as originally supposed, and as the name 
 would indicate; quite near the next, but less deeply cut. 
 West Indies and Venezuela. 
 
 Bh6pherdi, Spreng. {Asplenium Sh^pherdi, Spreng. ). 
 Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-9 in. broad, deeply lobed, the lobes 
 at the base sometimes reaching down to the rachis, some- 
 what toothed and often ]4 in. broad ; sori 
 long-linear. Cuba and Mexico to Brazil. 
 
 AAA. Zfvs. bipintiate: trunk someivhat 
 arborescent. 
 
 latifdlium, Moore {Asplenium latifdlium, 
 Don). Caudex erect, somewhat arborescent: 
 lvs. .'{-4 ft. long. 12-18 in. wide, with about 
 12 pinnse on either side. India, China and the Philip- 
 
 P*°^S- L. M. UXDEKWOOD. 
 
 mum, which is found along the coast of Brazil, ia but 10 
 feet in height when fully «levtloped. This genus i.s with- 
 out spines, the leaves being pinnate, very dark green on 
 the upper side and usually covered with white tomentum 
 on the under side, the pinnae being clustered along the 
 midrib in most instances. In a very young plant of this 
 genus the ultimate character is not at all apparent from 
 the fact that the seedling plants have undivided or simple 
 leaves, this characteristic frequently obtaining in the 
 case of D. cnudescens until the plant is strong enough 
 to produce leaves 4 or 'i feet long. A warm greenhouse, 
 rich soil and a plentiful supply of water are among the 
 chief requisites for the succes-sful culture of Diplothe- 
 miums. 1). caudescens is the best known of the genus, 
 and where space may b» had for its free development it 
 is one of the handsome.«it palms in cultivation. 
 
 caud^Bcens, Mart. {Cerdxylon nivenm, Uort.). Wax 
 Palm. Stem 12-20 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick, remotely 
 ringed, often swollen at the middle: lvs. 9-12 ft., short 
 petioled; segments 70-90 on each side, ensiform. densely 
 waxy white below, the middle ones 24-28 in. long, 1% 
 in. wide, the upper and lower ones shorter and narrower, 
 all obtuse at the apex. Brazil. R.H. 1876, p. 2.'{5. 
 
 Jaked G. Smith and W. H. Taplin. 
 
 DtFSACUS (to thirst, from the Greek: the bases of 
 the connate lvs. in some species hold water). DipsAcea. 
 Teasel. Perhaps 15 species of tall, stout biennial or 
 
 DIPLOTHfiMIUM (Greek, double sheathed). Pal- 
 mdicece, tribe Cocoinece. Spineless palms, low or stem- 
 less, or often with ringed, stout, solitary or fascicled 
 trunks. Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect; segments crowded, 
 lanceolate or ensiform, acuminate, glaucous or silvery 
 beneath, margins recurved at the base, midnerve promi- 
 nent : rachis 2-faced, strongly laterally compressed ; 
 petiole concave above: sheath fibrous, open: spadices 
 erect, long or short-peduncled, strict, thickish: spathes 
 2, the lower coriaceous, tiie upper cymbiform, beaked, 
 ventrally dehiscent: bracts short, coriaceous: fls. rather 
 large, cream colored or yellow: fr. ovoid or obovoid, 
 small. Species 5. Brazil. 
 
 Diplothemium is a small genus of very handsome 
 palms. In size the members of this genus seem to vary 
 as much as those included in the Cocos group. D. mariti- 
 
 719. Fuller's Teasel— Dipsacus 
 Fullonum {X%). 
 
 perennial herbs of the Old W^orld. The fls. are small 
 and in dense heads, like those of compositous plants, 
 but the ai.thers are not anited (or syngene.sious) as they 
 are in the Compositfe. One species, />. sylv'stris, 
 Mill., is an introduced weed along roadsides in the 
 northeastern states and Ohio valley. It is biennial, 
 the stem arising the second year and reaching a height 
 of 5 or 6 ft. It is said to be a good bee plant. The Fuller's 
 Teasel, I>. Fulldnum, Linn. (Fig. 719), is probably de- 
 rived from the former, and differs from it chiefly in the 
 very strong and hooked floral scales. These scales give 
 the head its value for the teasing or raising: the nap on 
 woolen cloth, for which no machinery is so efficient. This 
 plant is grown commercially in a limited area in central 
 New York. l. h, B. 
 
492 
 
 DIRCA 
 
 DlBCA (Greek, from dirke, a fountain; referring to 
 the plant an growing in moist places). Thymeltedet(i>. 
 Two species of North American shrubs, with tough, 
 fibrous baric, alternate, thin, short, entire, petiolate, de- 
 ciduous Iv8., apetalous perfect tis. in peduncled fascicles 
 of the previous season's growth, the branches develop- 
 ing subsequently from the same n<><Ies : calyx corolla-like, 
 yellowish, carapauulate, undulately obscurely 4-toothed, 
 bearing twice as many exserted sfaraens as its lobes 
 (usually 8): ovary nearly sessile, free. 1-loculed, witha 
 single hanging ovule; style exserted, fliiform: fr. berry- 
 like, oval-oblong. Hardy deciduous branching ^hrubs, 
 often with the habit of miniature trees. Dark ' inter- 
 laced, strong fibers, and branches so tough and flexible 
 that they may be bent into hoops and thonsjs without 
 breaking. So used by tne Indians and early settlers. 
 The Leatherwood is not one of the showiest of hardy 
 shrubs, but its small, yellowish flowers are abundant 
 enough to make it attractive, and it deserves cultivation 
 especially for the earliness of its bloom in spring. It is 
 of slow growth, and. when planted singly, makes a com- 
 pact miniature tree; planted in masses or under shade 
 it assumes a straggling habit. It thrives in any moist 
 loam. Prop, by seeds, which are abun«lant and germi- 
 nate readily: also by layers. 
 
 Leatherwood— Dirca palustris {X%). 
 
 paluBtris, Linn. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Fig. 
 720. A shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with numerous branches 
 having scars which make them appear as if jointed, at 
 the beginning of each annual growth, and with yellow- 
 brown glabrous twigs: Ivs. oval or obovate, with obtuse 
 apex, 2-3 in. long, green and smooth above, whitish and 
 downy below, becoming smooth, the base of the petiole 
 covering buds of the next season: fls. yellowish, abun- 
 dant enough to be attractive, nearly sessile, ^in. long, 
 falling as the Ivs. expand: fr. hidden by the abundant 
 foliage, egg- or top-shaped, 3^ in. long, reddish or pale 
 green. Woods and thickets, mostlv in wet soil N. and S. 
 B.R. 4:292. -Common. 
 
 D. occidentdlis. A. Gray. A similar species fouml on the Pacific 
 coast, differs mainly in the deeper calyx-lobes, lower insertion 
 of the stamens, sessile flowers, and white involucre. Not in the 
 trade, but worthy of cult. a. Phelps Wyman. 
 
 DtSA (origin of name unknown). Orchiddcece, tribe 
 Ophrydeas. One hundred or more terrestrial orchids, 
 mostly S. African, of which several are known to fan- 
 ciers, but only one of which is in the Amer. trade. 
 Sepals free, spreading, upper one galeate, produced in a 
 horn or spur at the base; petals inconspicuous, small, 
 adnate to the base of the column. The species described 
 below is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of known 
 orchids, but as yet difiicult to manage under artiflc •'I 
 conditions. 
 
 grandifldra, Linn. Flower of the Oods. Rootstock 
 tuberous: stems 1 ft. or more high, unbranched: Ivs. 
 dark green: fls. several; upper sepal hood-like or gale- 
 ate, 3 in. long, rose-color, with branching crimson veins ; 
 lateral sepals slightly shorter, brilliant carmine-red; 
 petals and labellum orange, inconspicuous. S. Afr. 
 B.M.4073. G.C.II. 18:521; 111.9:365. Oakes Ames. 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 William Watson, in Garden aud Forest 9: 284, says of 
 Disa : "They all require cool-greenhouse treatment, 
 plenty of water, an open, peaty soil and shade from direct 
 sunshine. As soon as the plants have flowered, they are 
 shaken out of the soil, the suckers taken off, and potted 
 singly in small pots and watered liberally. In November 
 they are asjain potted into 3-inch pots, in which they 
 remain until they flower. They make a display of flowers 
 for about two months." In G.F. 7: 324, Watson writes of 
 D. KeweHne: "This is a beautiful hybrid, which is as 
 easily grown as any orchid I know of, and multiplies 
 itself by means of offsets with all the pro«lijfalitv of 
 Couch Grass. Many connoisseurs declare it is the best 
 of all Disas. ***/>. Veitchii is a noble plant, and 
 almost as free as D. Ken'enite. I wouM recommend all 
 grower? of orchicls to procure both and propagate them 
 as rapidly as possible. • * • The Kew plants are in 
 4-inch pots, and each bears a spike 18 inches high with 
 from 10 to 20 flowers, each 2 inches across." For portrait 
 of D. Kewense, see G.C. IIL, 18: 273. 
 
 OISANTHUS (Greek, din, twice, and anthos, flower; 
 the tls. being in 2-fld. heads). Uamamelidclcece. Shrub', 
 with alternate, deciduous, entire, long-petioled Ivs.: fls! 
 similar to those of Hamamelis, but borne in pairs on 
 erect axillary peduncles and connate back to back: cap- 
 sule 2-celled, with several seeds in each cell. The only 
 species, O. cercidifdlioB, Maxim., is a shrub, with slender 
 branches, 8-10 ft. high: Ivs. roundish-ovate, palraately 
 nerved, \i-A in. long: fls. dark purple, in October. G.F. 
 6:215. Hardy ornamental shrub of elegant habit, with 
 distinct, handsome foliage, turning to a beautiful claret- 
 red or red and orange in fall. Prop, by seeds, germi- 
 nating very slowly, and by layers ; probably also by 
 grafting on Hamamelis. Alfred Rehder. 
 
 DISEASES of plants are of many classes. The word 
 disease as applied to plants is commonly associated with 
 those manifestations which are the result of seriously 
 disturbed nutrition, rather than with mere attacks of 
 devouring insects. We might classify diseases, for hor- 
 ticultural purposes, as those due to parasitic fungi (or 
 fungous iliseases), those due to bacteria or germs, those 
 due to nematodes or eel worms, and those which are as- 
 sociated with disturbed or imperfect nutrition. To 
 these four classes we shall now prive our attention: 
 
 FrsiJous Diseases are those that are due to the inva- 
 sion of tissue by fungi (see Fungus). All crop plants 
 ar3 more or less subject to the pttack of chese insidious 
 foes, and the havoc they bring is rarely fully appre- 
 ciated. 
 
 The chief lines of treatment with plants subject to 
 injury from fungi are, first, to reduce the number of 
 spores to a mmimum, and, secondly, to surround the 
 plants with conditions unfavorable for their develop- 
 ment and yet not to interfere with the growth of the plant 
 itself. Fungi as a rule are fond of moisture and. there- 
 fore, dry weather is an ally of the cultivator, while a sea- 
 son with high humidity and a large rainfall is asso- 
 ciated with an abundance of plant diseases. So long, 
 therefore, as the weather is without man's control there 
 will be an uncertain quantity in the problem of plant 
 healthfulness. 
 
 The Krowine: season for crop plants is practically the 
 same as that for fungi, and during the winter inactivity 
 prevails for both host and parasite. In other words, 
 there are several months of the year when the fungi are 
 either inactive in the host plant or lying dormant out- 
 side of it, ready to begin their destructive work. When 
 the plant is a perennial, the fungus may live over winter 
 in its tissue, as is well illustrated in the black-knot, Plow- 
 riijhtia morhoaa, of the plum and cherry. The swellings 
 upon the twigs increase from year to year until the 3tem 
 is pirdled or otherwise destroyed. The fungus is peren- 
 nial, and every knot, unless the branch is dead, is the di- 
 rect starting point for new growth. Along with this 
 fact is the equally important one that in the hard, black 
 crust of the excrescence there are innumerable spheri- 
 cal pits in which countless spores pass the winter, and 
 are ready to spread the disease *'o new. healthy twigs as 
 the knot breaks up and fresh growth starts in the tree 
 in ppring. In the light of the above facts, there are 
 many reasons for destroying the knots upon a plum or 
 
DISEASES 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 493 
 
 ni 
 
 Colony of apple-scab. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
 cherry tree. Tbe limbs affected »re nractlcally worth- 
 less, and by destroyint? tbera the disease js kept from 
 spreading further in the branch and the forming spores 
 are destroyed before they have an opportunity of get- 
 tin/ a tootbold elsewhere. 
 
 If the horticulturint understands the methods of growth 
 and propagation of a destructive fungus, he is better 
 able to take tbe step that may lead to the eradication of 
 
 the pest. Let another example 
 * ~^- be tn' en, namely, the apple- 
 
 leaf rust, which in some parts 
 of the country is a serious 
 menace to the orcbardist. It 
 is recognized as yellow 
 blotches upon the foliage, fol- 
 lowed by groups of deep cups 
 in the under half of the leaf 
 tissue, where otange-colored 
 spores are produced in great 
 abundance. The life cycle of 
 this fungus, Gynnioxporan- 
 gium macropua, involves two 
 hosts; that is, it lives in one 
 stage upon the common red 
 cedar and in the next it infests 
 the apple tree. Upon the cedar the fungus, forn-s galls 
 of a chocolate color half an inch or more in diameter, 
 which during the spring rains become swollen and have 
 a gelatinous exterior. In this jelly the spores are pro- 
 duced that find their way to the apple tree and there 
 form, after vegetating for a few days, the destructive 
 rust. It is seen that in a case like this the most impor- 
 tant thing is to destroy the cedar-galls, for in them the 
 funtrus passes the winter; and this can be done 
 by picking and burning. To those who do not 
 set a high value upon their cedar trees, the end 
 may be accomplished by removing the cedar 
 trees that stand at all near the infested 
 orchard. 
 
 But there are many destructive fungi 
 that pass their whole life upon the 
 same plant, and the method men- 
 tioned for the apple rust would not 
 obtain. In many such cases the 
 use of fungicides has proved ef- 
 fective. The apple-scab (Fig. 721), 
 due to a fungus {Fusicla- 
 diiim dendriticum), is a good 
 case in point. It infests both 
 the leaf and the f niit. caus- 
 ing irregular blotches upon 
 
 722. Peaches of last year's crop still haneing on the tree. 
 
 attacked by monilia {X%). 
 
 The branch is dead from the effects of the fungus. 
 
 both, and frequently destroying the crop. Many ex- 
 periments have demonstrated that this scab-produc- 
 ing fungus can be kept down by the use of the Bordeaux 
 mixture and various other similar substances. Tbe fun- 
 
 gus thriTes below the skin of the fniit and the epider- 
 mis of the leaf, producing spores in abundance upon the 
 surface. The funi^icide, when left in a thin tilm upon the 
 susceptible surface, prevents the germination of the 
 spores and the extrance of the fungus. It likewise may 
 kill the spores in the places where they are formed and 
 before they have been transplanted to another part of 
 the plant. The fungicide cannot act as a cure in the 
 sense of replacing tlie diseased, by healthy tissue, but 
 may, by destroying the spores, so prevent the spread that 
 the healthy parts may predominate. In the case of foli- 
 age, the spraying is chieHy preventive, and should be 
 particularly directed to the younger leaves, the older 
 ones, with the fungus already established in them, in 
 time falling away. With the ordinary fruits there is no 
 
 723. Effects of the leaf-curl fungus on peach foliage (X H). 
 
 such succession, and the aim is to have each apple or 
 pear coated with the fungicide. 
 
 As a rule a fungus that attacks the fruit also infests the 
 lea' es, and may likewise thrive in the stems. From this 
 it 's gathered that the spray should be very thoroughly 
 applied to all parts of the plant, in order that the foliage 
 may be kept in vigor and make the required food sub- 
 stances for the growth of the fruit, and the latter saved 
 from decay due to direct attack of the fungvms germs. 
 But this is not enough. From what has been remarked 
 concerning the hibernation of fungi, it goes without long 
 argument that much can be done by thorough sanitation 
 in the orchard and fruit garden when the crop is off and 
 the plants are at rest. In short, the foliage of a blighte*! 
 orchard or vineyard is too important to be overlooked 
 in considering the subject of fungous diseases. The pear 
 leaves, for example, may be infested with the leaf-spot, 
 Entomosporium maeulatum, and spraying may have kept 
 them from falling prematurely and a good crop saved 
 thereby, but the old leaves, as they drop in autumn, are 
 more or less infested with the disease, and, as far as pos- 
 sible, should be destroyed before the winds have scat- 
 tered them. In the same way the black-rot of the grape 
 (Lasiadia BidwrCii) maybe carried over in the foli- 
 age and the mummy berries that are left tipon the vines. 
 Here, again, the spray pumps can.be largely supple- 
 mented by picking, pruning and burning. In the winter 
 care of vineyards we can take a lesson from the grape 
 growers of Europe, where much care is taken to clean 
 up after every crop. They do not stop with the gather- 
 ing of tbe refuse, but spray the leafless vines in win- 
 ter, and the trellises as well, with Bordeaux or plain 
 solution of cupr'c sulfate. The subject of remedies for 
 fungous diseases would be slighted were not emphatic 
 words used in tiiis connection. It is folly to delay the 
 
494 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 use of remedial measures until after the fungi are in 
 evidence. With many quicli-acting diseases it is then 
 too late, and in fact with some the spray pump, when the 
 trees are in full leaf and fruit, is of secondary impor- 
 tance. The fruit-rot or graj' mold [Monilia fructi(jena) 
 of the cherry, plum and peach is of this type. To eradi- 
 cate this pest, it is not enough to wait until the disease 
 is in the trees, for then, if the weather is warm and 
 moist, the crop is destroyed. Here, again, the work of 
 prevention should begin the w^inter before; by destroy- 
 ing all mummy fruit (Fig. 722) and blighted branches 
 the disease is attacked at its weakest point. 
 
 Another point in this connection that must be kept in 
 mind is the general health of the plant. Every tree or 
 shrub should be well nourished and come to its ap- 
 pointed task in good health. This means the best 
 fomi of the plant for the purposes intended, obtained 
 by the use of the pruning knife or other means. Fungi 
 do not love the sunshine half as well as the shade, and 
 an open-tcpped tree needs less spraying than one with 
 the branches crowded. This will also obviate in some 
 measure another point of weakness, namely, overload- 
 ing. A peach tree attempting to carry a double comple- 
 ment of fruit will breed more decayed fruit and foliage 
 than many that are not overloaded. Thinning, in other 
 words, is often as essential to healthfulness as spraying, 
 and a congenial soil and situation are more important 
 than either. Naturally, the question of remedies for fun- 
 gous diseases comes in only after all the conditions for 
 the best growth of the plants have been met. 
 
 The number of fungi injuric'is to the horticulturist is 
 large, and space permits of the mention of but a few 
 under the several crops. Apples: Aside from the rust 
 and scab used above for general illustration, there are 
 the ripe-rot (Gloeosporium frtictigevum) ; powdery mil- 
 dew (PodospJurra Oxyacanthce), and the fire-blight {Ba- 
 cillus amylororus). The first of the three grows also 
 upon the grape, and the fire-blight attacks the pear and 
 the quince, upon the former being a serious enemy. In 
 this fire-blight we have a bacterial disease in plants, 
 that resides during the winter in the twigs, and is con- 
 veyed to flowers by insects which gather on the v^oze of 
 cracked, blighted stems in spring. All such diseased 
 branches should have been previously removed. 
 Quinces: The black-rot {Sphffropsis malorum) and 
 rust (BcEstelia aurantiaca, are often destructive. 
 Plums, in addition to the black-knot, have leaf-blight 
 ( CylindrosporinmPadi) , while the cherry has the ''shot- 
 hole" fungus ( Septoria cerasina). Peaches are some- 
 times much afflicted with the leaf-curl ( Exoascun deform- 
 ans, Fig, 723), and the scab or "gray back" {Cladoxpo- 
 
 The affected trees produce tufts of smai oranches upon 
 the older branches, with slender leaves, known as "Pen- 
 nyroyal sprouts" or "willow shoots," Trees with these 
 "bushes" are fit subjects for the burn heap. 
 
 Of the small fruits, the grape leads in the number of 
 fungi, the black-rot and ripe-rot previously mentioned 
 being among the hief, while the authracnose {Sphace- 
 
 724. Currant foliaee attacked by the leaf-spot fundus (X J^). 
 
 rinm curpophilum). The most obscure disease of the 
 peach is the "yellows," a name given to a contagious 
 disorder that manifests itself in a premature ripening of 
 thefruit, which takes on an unnatural spotting of red or 
 purple, with the flesh streaked and the taste insipid. 
 
 "35. Strawberry leaf rolled up from the attack 
 of the leaf-blight. Natural size. 
 
 loma atnpelinf n) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viti- 
 cola) are quite destructive. Blackberries and raspber- 
 rise suffer from similar diseases, the leading ones be- 
 ing the rust (Puccinia Peckiana ), requiring the destruc- 
 tion, root and branch, of the infested plants, and the an- 
 thracnose (Ghjeosporium tvijc/um), amenable to spray- 
 ing. Currants and gooseberries are similarly akin, and 
 have nearly the same fungi , as leaf-spot(<5>V/)^oWa liibis, 
 Fig. 724) and anthracnose (Gl<eosporium Itibis), in ad- 
 dition to which the gooseberry is badly troubled with a 
 mildew {Sph(erotheca Mors-Uvif), that may be kept off 
 by sulfide of potassium, one ounce to two gallons of 
 water, as a spray. Strawberries have the leaf-blight 
 (SphtvreUa Fragarice, Fig. 725) as the leading fungous 
 trouble, and this sometimes requires heroic treatment, 
 even to the burning over of the bed in autumn to de- 
 stroy the infested leaves and the germs they contain. 
 
 Annual Plants. In the previous discussion, peren- 
 nial crop plants only have been considered. With the 
 annuals the treatment is in large part the same, except 
 that there are no live plants in winter to be considered, 
 no stems and branches to be cleansed, and there is the 
 very important difference that it is possible to grow the 
 annuals upon new ground each season. While it is im- 
 possible to move the vineyard or fruit garden, it should 
 be the rule not to grow an annual upon the same piece 
 of soil continuously. In one sense the grower can move 
 away from his troubles by practicing a judicious rota- 
 tion of Ci'ops. However, the truck grower and the gar- 
 dener in a small way should not trust entirely to thi 
 itinerancy, but instead should place the spraying ma- 
 chine upon ♦he same footing as the plow or planter as a 
 necessary implement; and as insects compete with fungi 
 for the possession of his crops he should spray for both, 
 and usually this can be done at the same time. The 
 
DISEASES 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 495 
 
 «p aying of crops like potatoes, beans, egg-plants and 
 celery, can be done with great rapidity with the cart 
 machines. 
 
 With the annual crops the idea of cleaning up and 
 burning the rubbish should be enforceil as thoroughly 
 as with the tree crops. The burn heap is a successful 
 ally of the spray pump, and with the rotation suggested, 
 growers of vegetables and vegetable fruits should hope 
 to be exempt from serious fungous attacks, except when 
 the weather is unusually favorable for the excessive de- 
 velopment of blights and rots. 
 
 Some of the leading fungous enemies upon the vege- 
 table fruit plants are the &nthr&cuose iColletotrichuvt 
 JLagenarium) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Phaseoli) of the 
 bean, both held in check by Bordeaux; the leaf-spot 
 {Ascochyta Pisi) and mildew {Erysiphe Martii) of the 
 pea; leaf-spot {Septoria Lycop€rsici),hi&ck-rot (Mac- 
 rosporium Tomato) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Solance- 
 arnm) of the tomato; leaf-spot (PhyUosticta hortorum) 
 and stem-rot (Nectria Ipomcra) of the egg-plant; and 
 anthracnose {Colletotrichum Lagenarium) of melons and 
 cucumbers. 
 
 Among vegetables strictly so-called, there is the leaf- 
 blight (Cercospora Apii) and bacteriosis of celery; mil- 
 dew (Peronospora e^/wsa) of spinach; avaut (rrocystis 
 Cepuliv) of onions; rust ( Puccinia Asparagi) of aspara- 
 gus; club-root (PaLsmodiophora Brassica) of cabbage, 
 and mildew (Breuiia Lactucce) of lettuce. 
 
 The root crops have their subterranean fungous ene- 
 mies, and for these a soil treatment is necessary. For 
 the club-root of turnips and cabbage, named above, and 
 allied plants, lime is a preventive when added to the 
 soil, 35 bushels per acre; while the scab (Oospora 
 scabies) of the round potato is checked by soaking the 
 seed in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, or by 
 flowers of sulfur added to the soil, 300 pounds per 
 acre. The same treatment is effective for onion smut 
 and the fungous diseases of the sweet potato. Use a 
 new field each year whenever possible. In short, feed 
 and care for the crops well, so that the plants will be 
 perfectly at home in the place assigned them, and then 
 use fungicides as an enlightened judgment dictates, 
 not forgetting to destroy the autumn rubbish, the win- 
 ter hiding places of the insidious germs of disease. See 
 Put)gicide. 
 
 Bacterial Diseases,— There is much damage done 
 to higher plants bj' infesting bacteria. These low or- 
 ganisms may flourish in leaf, stem or root, and with 
 some crops they are widespread and destructive. One 
 of the most prominent of the bacterial diseases is the 
 fire-blight of the pear, apple and quince, due to the 
 Bacillus amylovoruH, the germs of which multijily in 
 the nectar of the blooms with great rapidity, and are 
 carried from one flower to another by insects, and in 
 this way an orchard may become infected. From the 
 blossoms the disease extends downward into the 
 b'-Pifhes or -uns in from lateral fruit-spurs and girdles 
 It • Ihi?b9. i'he blight also enters through the tips of 
 g- ,-,.^ !• -r nches, as in the nursery when plants are too 
 5-1. R i"* o- • flowers. This is "twig-blight," as dis- 
 t I.: ' . ■»"! from "flower-blight," while a third form is 
 a ', o. . "-.t," where the germs attack the main 
 
 SI M ! the tree through the buds that may be found 
 there. Warm, moist weather, with frequent showers, 
 favor the spread of the disease, and with opposite con- 
 ditions the germs may die out, even when in the cam- 
 bium and protected by the bark. The germs, when they 
 live over winter in the branch, may reach the surface as 
 ooze from the blighted parts in spring and be carried 
 by insects to the flower and other buds. As yet there is 
 nothing better for a renjedy than the removal of the 
 blighted twigs, cutting well below where the dead ad- 
 joins the living bark. Trees highly fertilized with ni- 
 trogenous manures are especially subject to blight and, 
 therefoi-e, over-stimulation with manure is to be avoided, 
 and upon very rich soil an orchard may do better in sod. 
 
 The above is a fair type of the bacterial diseases of 
 ligneous plants. Among the many upon herbs, there is 
 one that is very destructive to tomatoes, the Bacillus 
 solanaceanttn, which is recognized by a sudden wilting 
 of the foliage, followed by a yellow or brown color. 
 Here, again, the germs are transmitted by insects as 
 Colorado and flea beetles. One of the chief preventive 
 
 measures, therefore, is to protect the tomatoes by insec 
 ticides, and when any plant is diseased it should be de- 
 stroyed. Other plants allied to the tomato, as potato> 
 egg-plant, petunias and the common weeds, as James- 
 town weed, nightshade and ground cherry, are affected 
 with the same disease; and, therefore, clean culture is 
 demanded, and also a wide rotation of crops upon soil 
 liable to bear infected plants. 
 
 A similar bacterial disease is met with in sweet corn, 
 due to Pseudomonas Hfewarti; while other species at- 
 tack sorghum and a long list of field and garden crops, 
 particularly the roots like beet, carrot, turnip and simi- 
 lar plants, as the bean, onion and celery. Sprays do not 
 seem to materially check these diseases, and the chief 
 means of combating them are through soil sanitation 
 and a judicious rotation. 
 
 Nematodes.— There are many troubles experienced 
 by plants that are due to animals. None of these are 
 more abundant and destructive than the nematodes, 
 namely, microscopic worms, that infest various parts of 
 plants, but the roots in particular, when they cause en- 
 largements known as root-galls. As the conditions of 
 continued warmth and moisture favor tiiese eel worms, 
 they are more frequently found in destructive numbers 
 in the plant house. Roses are particularly subject to 
 nematodes, which upon their roots cause a multitude 
 of small swellings. The same is true of violets, with 
 which they have been very serious at times. Cucumber, 
 tomato, cyclamen, coleus (see Fig. 518, p. 351), and 
 other plants are likewise attacked. 
 
 It is thought that lime added to the soil has been bene- 
 ficial, but the most effective method of exterminating 
 these pests is by heating the soil by steam up to at least 
 180°-2r2°F. for one hour or more before being used in 
 the pots or benches. The nematodes are killed by freez- 
 ing, and probably on this accoimt the number of these 
 worms in field crops is kept within bounds at the north, 
 while they are a menace to field crops at the south. In 
 greenhouse work, take care that no soil is used which 
 has not been thoroughly frozen since it bore a crop of 
 indoor stuff. 
 
 Imperfect Nutrition. — There are doubtlo any 
 
 ills of plants due directly to lack of proper ph on- 
 
 ditions. Some are overfed, others are starved, .le are 
 
 726. Disease of Cucumber leaf (X 3aK 
 
 The dying uiargin indi<*;ites that the trouhle is due to some 
 
 interference with the food supply. 
 
 drowned, and many perish from protracted thirst. Aside 
 from all this, plants will sicken even when the ordinary 
 conditions seem satisfactory. For some reason not 
 easily assigned, a change will come over the plant, the 
 activities of growth are checked or cease, and the plant 
 dies and without any cause that falls under the previous 
 heads. Some physiological defect is charged with the 
 cause, and various terms have been used to conceal the 
 manifest ignorance. The "yellows" of the peach seems 
 
496 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 DISPORUM 
 
 to be one of this class, and is as interesting to the vege- 
 table pathologist as it is destructive to the orchardist. 
 The latest view of this particular form of disorder is 
 that of the unorganized ferment, which by causing cer- 
 tain chemical changes in the substances of the cells brings 
 abet :ae peculiar and well marked malady of the "yel- 
 lows. If we '■tart with the premise that there is a cer- 
 tain smaii aniount of chemical ferment in all plants, it 
 is only nece sary to have this increased to get the re- 
 sults in ques.ion; and how to prevent this augmentation 
 is the practical point at issue. This ferment in active 
 form might be communicated from one plant to another 
 by budding or grafting, and, instead of introducing liv- 
 ing germs, it is a transmission of a germless ferment 
 like diascase, that is found in seeds, and does its ap- 
 pointed work as a solvent, in the period of germination. 
 There are other disorders that are called "CEdema," or 
 a dropsical form of disease. The tomato hi subject to 
 this, and pelargoniums likewise. Tumors are formed, or 
 the leaves bear translucent dots along the veins. This 
 trouble is most apt to appear with greenhouse plants in 
 early spring, and may be favored by lack of sun- 
 shine, especially if the warm soil is wet and root action 
 is excessive. The remedy lies in furnishing, so far as 
 
 727. A blight of grapes due to some constitutional disorder. 
 Notice that the leaves die first at the edges (X%). 
 
 possible, the conditions opposite to those above named. 
 
 In general, it may be said that diseases which are 
 due to germs or to malnutrition show the disorder 
 more or less generally spread over the plant, rather than 
 confined to local areas. For example, if the foliage 
 shows a general wilting, it is evident that the trouble 
 lies farther back than the leaves themselves. If one 
 leaf begins to die all around the edge (as in Fig. 726), it 
 is indication that the trouble is a cutting off of food 
 supply in the entire leaf; the trouble may be near the 
 base of the leaf, or farther back. After a time, the leaf 
 becomes dry and brittle, and the winds break it. In Fig. 
 727 it is evident that the trouble is in the whole branch. 
 
 Byron D. Halsted. 
 
 DISHCLOTH GOUED. See Luffa. 
 
 DISPOBIJM (Grcc!i. double pored). Lilidcece. Per- 
 ennial herbs with the appearance of our much-loved 
 eastern Bellwort or Uvularia. but distinguished by an 
 indehiscent berry, while Uvularia has a capsule that 
 splits down the back of each cell. In 1879, Bentham and 
 Hooker proposed to include Prosartes in this genus. 
 The American species of Prosartes are said by S. Watson 
 to differ from the Asian ones in having their ovules himg 
 from the top of the cell instead of ascending from the 
 base, but in one American species, I), trachycarpa, they 
 are fixed on the sides, as they are also in one Hinralayan 
 species. The habit of all is said to be alike. Latest 
 monograph of both genera by Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. 
 14:586, 588 ( 1875) ; of the American species of Prosartes 
 by S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:270 (1879). 
 
 These plants have been little tried in the eastern 
 states, and are probably not hardy without some winter 
 covering. 
 
 A. l/vs. rarely cordate at base: stigma 3-cIeft. 
 
 B. Perianth very broad and unequally rounded at 
 
 the base. 
 
 M6uziesii, Nicholson (P. M^nziesii, Don). More or 
 less woolly-pubescent: stem 2-3 ft. long, forking, arch- 
 ing above: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acu- 
 minate or the lowest acute, sessile, 2-3 in. long, often 
 resin-dotted: fls. 1-3. greenish, from the topmost axils, 
 nodding. 7-9 lines long: pe licels puberulous; perianth 
 segments nearly erect, acute, 6-11 lines long; stamens 
 a third shorter ; anthers included, \}4-2 times shorter 
 than the filaments: berry 3-6 seeded: cells 1-2-seeded: 
 fr. oblong-obovate, narrowed to a short beak. Calif, 
 to B. C. 
 
 BB. Perianth narrow and more wedge-shaped at the base. 
 
 lanugindsum, Nicholson. Woolly-pubescent: Ivs. ob- 
 long-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate: perianth-segments 
 greenish, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, 6 or 7 
 lines long, stamens a third shorter; style and narrow 
 ovary glabrous: capsule oblong-ovate, obtnsish or with 
 a very short, stout beak, glabrous ; cells 1-2-seeded. 
 W. N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn. B.M. 1490. -Int. by H. P. 
 Kelsey. 
 
 trachyc&rpum, Hook. & Jack. (P. trachycarpa, V^&tf<.). 
 More or less pubescent: stem l-lVaft. high, forking, 
 with foliage on the upper half: Ivs. ovate to oblong-laii- 
 ceolate, acute or rarely acuminate, 2-4 in. long: pedicels 
 pilose ; perianth-segments whitish, slightly spreading, 
 more narrowly oblanceolate than in D. Memiesii, acute, 
 4-6 lines long, about as long as the stamens : berry 
 many-seeded; cells 2-6-seeded: fr. broadly obovate, ob- 
 tuse, rather deeply lobed, papillose. Saskatchewan to 
 N. Idaho. Utah and Colo. 
 
 AA. IfVS. mostly cordate-clasping. 
 
 Oreg&num (P. Oregdna. S. Wats.). More or less 
 woolly -pubescent: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long- 
 acuminate: perianth segments spreading, acute, nar- 
 rowed below, very distinctly net-veined, 5-7 lines long, 
 as long as or shorter than the stamens : fr. ovate, 
 acutish, somewhat pubescent; cells 1-2-seeded. Oreg. 
 and Idaho to B. C. 
 
 The following kinds are cult, abroad: D. Hobkeri, Nicholson 
 (P. l.inuginosa, var. Hookeri, Baker). Before D. Oregamunin 
 the kej-. More or less rongh-pubescent, with short, usually 
 spre.iding hairs : Ivs. ovate or sometinios oblong : peri.inth 
 rather broad at the ba.so : fr. obovate, ohtuse; cells usually 2- 
 8e<^ded. Calif. Baker regards this as u more robust form of 
 
DISPORUM 
 
 DODECATHEON 
 
 497 
 
 D. lanuginosum, less pnberulous, with Ivs wider, more deeply 
 cordate at the base, r.nd clasping the bnin<-hes.— 1>. Leschenaxtl- 
 tidnum, D. Don, differs from the others here described by hav- 
 ing white fls. India, Ceylon. B.M. 69.^5.— Z). pulltim, Salisb. 
 Readily told from American forms by its brown or purplish 
 
 green fls. India, Java, China. B.M. 916. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 DtSTICSLLlS {Greek, tu-o-ranked). Graminece. Salt- 
 grass. Marsh Spike-gkass. D. spicUta, Greene, is an 
 upright, wiry grass, 10-20 in. high, with strong, exten- 
 sively creeping rootstocks. A Salt-grass found on the 
 coast of both continents, and thrives even in ground 
 heavily crusted with alkali and other salts. Prospectors 
 and miners consider its presence a sure sign of water 
 near the surface. Good grass for binding loose sands or 
 soils subject to wash. Not cult. p g_ Kexnedv. 
 
 DISTJ'LIUM:( Greek, two styles). JTamameUddceai. 
 An oriental genus of two species of evergreen trees, one 
 of which has variegated foliage, and is used for hedges 
 in China and Japan. The genus is very unlike our Witch 
 Hazel, as it has no petals, a superior ovary and 2-8 
 stamens. Lvs. alternate, thick, leathery, ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, entire : fls. small, polygamous. Seeds and 
 young plants of D. racemdsum, Sieb. & Zucc, may be 
 obtained through dealers in .Japanese plants. 
 
 DITTANY is an old English word which in England 
 often means Dictamnus albus, a plant of the rue family. 
 The name is supposed to be derived from Mt. Dicte, in 
 Crete, where the ancient Dittany grew. The Cretan Dit- 
 tany is supposed to be Origanum Dictamnus, a plant of 
 the mint family, and of the same genus with the wild 
 marjoram. The plant commonly called Dittany in the 
 eastern U. S. is Cunila Mariana, Linn. {0. origa- 
 noides, Britton), another mint. It has been used as a 
 substitute for tea, and is a gentle aromatic stimulant. 
 AH these plants yield an oil used as a mild tonic. 
 
 DOCK. A name applied to various species of Rumex 
 (of the PolygonhcecB). The commonest species — grow- 
 ing in fields and yards— are the Curled or Narrow-leaved 
 Dock ( J?, crispus, Linn, ), and the Bitter or Broad-leaved 
 
 i 
 
 728. 
 Spinage Dock. 
 
 7». 
 Belleville Dock. 
 
 Dock {li. obtusifolius, Linn.). These are introduced 
 from the Old World. Several species are native. 
 
 Various species of Docks aad Sorrels have long been 
 cultivated as pot-herbs. Sc-sne of them are vei^* desir- 
 able additions to the garden because they yield a pleas- 
 ant food very early la spring, and, once planted, they 
 remain for years. The Spinage Dock and the Large 
 
 33 
 
 Belleville are amongst the beet kinds. The former 
 (Fig. 728) is the better of the two, perhaps, and it has 
 the a<ivantage of being a week or 10 days earlier. The 
 crisp leaves ( blade 1 ft. long) appear early in April, when 
 there is nothing green to be had in the open, and they 
 can be cut continuously for a month or more. This Dock 
 is the Herb Patience (Bumex Patientia, Linn.). It has 
 long been an inhabitant of gardens, and it has sparingly 
 run wild in some parts of this country. It is a native of 
 Europe. The Belleville (Fig. 729) is also a European 
 plant, and is really a Sorrel (Rumex Acetosa, Linn.). 
 It has also become spontaneous in some of the eastern 
 portions of the countrj*. It has thinner, lighter green 
 and longer-stalked leaves than the Spinage Dock, with 
 spear-like lobes at the base. The leaves are very sour, 
 and will probably not prove to be so generally agreeable 
 as those of the Spinage Dock ; but they are later, and 
 afford a succession. In some countries this Sorrel yields 
 oxalic acid sufficient for commercial purposes. The 
 roui d-leaved or true French Sorrel (Rumex scutatus, 
 Linn.) would probably be preferable to most persons. 
 All these Docks are hardy perennials, and are very ac- 
 ceptable plants to those who are fond of early "greens." 
 Some, at least, of the cultivated Docks can be procured 
 of American seedsmen. l^ g^ g^ 
 
 DOCKMACKIE. Viburnum acerifolium. 
 DODDEB. SeeCuscuta. 
 
 DODECATHEOIT (Greek, ^M-fh-e gods). Prinuldcece. 
 Shooting Star. American Cowslip. Hardy herba- 
 ceous plants, with flowers that are never forgotten after 
 the first sight. Shooting Star is a capital name. The 
 flowers have been compared to a diminutive cyclamen, 
 for they are pendulous and seem to be full of motion 
 (see Fig. 730). The stamens in D. Meadia and all east- 
 em species come to a sharp point and seem to be shoot- 
 ing ahead, while the petals stream behind like the tail 
 of a comet. The fls. represent every shade from pure 
 white, through lilac and rose, to purple, and they all have 
 a yellow circle in the middle, i. e., at the mouth of the 
 corolla. Dodecatheon is a most puzzling genus to sys- 
 tematic botanists. It is found from Maine to Texas and 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and along the Pacific 
 slope, from the islands of Lower California to those 
 of Behring straits. In this vast region, it varies 
 immensely. It is also found in Asia, especially north- 
 eastward. This wonderful distribution and variability 
 is all the more remarkable if, as Gray believed, it is 
 all one species, because monotypic genera are con- 
 sidered, as a rule, to be comparatively inflexible or 
 invariable. Dodecatheon belongs to tlie same order 
 with Primula and Cyclamen, but in a different tribe 
 from tue latter, while its reflexed corolla lobes dis- 
 tinguish it from the 10 other genera of its own tribe. 
 For the honor of American horticulture, it is a 
 pity that the improvement of theee charming Ameri- 
 can plants should have been left to Englis}^ and 
 French horticulturists. An important era iik their 
 amelioration was probably begun with the introduction 
 of the D. Jeffreyi from the Rocky Mts., first pictured 
 about 1866, which was stronger-growing than the com- 
 mon or Atlantic type, with longer and erect lvs. (not 
 crowded in a flat rosette), and with larger fls. and more 
 of them. The improvement of the Shooting Stars is 
 very recent. Twenty-six horticultural varieties are given 
 in 1897 in R.H.,p. 380. The best kinds are robust in 
 habit, with 12-16 large fls., the main colors being white, 
 lilac, rose, violet, and deep purplish red. with matiy deli- 
 cate intermediate shades. After the fls. are gone the 
 pedicels become erect. Some species have all their 
 parts in 4's. The best picture of the mo.st advanced 
 types is R.H. 1898: .502. For other pictures, see B.M. 12. 
 Gn. 10:41 and 24: 4U. Gng.5:29.-). Mn.4:05. 
 
 Of their culture, .7. B. Keller says : "All they require 
 is an open, well drained soil, not too drj', and moderately 
 rich, and a shady or partially shady position. In a sunny 
 border the fls. are of short duration. The rockery with 
 a northern or eastern aspect suits them to a dot. They 
 are prop, by division of the crowns, or by seeds, the 
 latter method being rather slow." J '^. Manning ad- 
 vises a cool spot in rich loam. The lvs. disappear 
 
498 
 
 DODECATHEON 
 
 DODECATHEON 
 
 after flowering and do not appear again undl the next 
 spring. Shooting Stars are said to be easily forced. The 
 best varieties at present are obtained from Europe. 
 
 The genus Dodecatheon is much confused : that is, 
 it is differently understood by different authors. In 
 the Synoptical Flora, 1878, Gray accepted but one spe- 
 cies, />. Meadia, and referred all the known forms to 
 
 730. ShootinK Star— Dodecatheon pauciflonim (X3^). 
 
 six varieties of it. Later (Botanical Gazette 11:231) he 
 revised his view of the genus, ant' recognized five spe- 
 cies. A synopsis of this latter view is here given, and 
 it is followed by a conspectus of the latest view of the 
 genus by Professor Greene. Various garden names are 
 not accounted for in either sketch, nor is it possible to 
 refer them to their proper places without studying the 
 plants themselves; and these forms are Old World pro- 
 ductions, and are not known to be in the American trade. 
 
 A. Anthers on evident filaments, the latter being in- 
 serted at the very orifice of the short corolla-tube 
 and distinctly monadelphous : Ivs. with tapering 
 base. 
 B. Capsule acute, opening at the apex by valves. 
 
 Mdadia, Linn. Common or Eastern Shooting Star. 
 Roots fibrous : Ivs. 3-9 in. long, crowded on a thickish 
 crown, spatulate oblong or oblanceolate. entire or nearly 
 so, sometimes repand obtuse, below tapering into more 
 or less of a margined petiole: scape 9-24 in. high: fls. 
 few to many in an umbel. Penna. south and west. — 1>. 
 integrifoliu'm, Michx. (B.M. 3622) is regarded by Gray as 
 probably synonymous, hut in European horticulture it 
 seems to be loosely used to di«tinguish an entire-lvd. 
 from a dentate form. 
 
 BB. Capsule obtuse, opening at or from the apex by 
 
 valves. 
 
 J^ffreyi, Moore. Large : Ivs. from narrowly or elon- 
 gated to obovate-spatulate : capsule oblong or cylindri- 
 cal, usually much surpassing the calyx. Pacific coast. 
 F.S. ltJ:H}(i2, which represents a strong plant with erect 
 root-lvs. 1 ft. long, and purplish red fls. twice as large 
 as any cultivated before 1865-7. The name is sometimes 
 spelled Jeffrayi and Jeffreyanum. To this species, 
 Gray provisionally referred his vars. alpXnum and 
 frigid um. The former appears to be the J), alpinum, 
 Hort. 
 
 elUpticum, Nutt. {D. Meadia, vat. brevifdlium, Gray). 
 Distinguished by its globular or short-ovoid capsule, 
 barely equaling or slightly surpassing the calyx ; also 
 by the short and blunt anthers : Ivs. short, obovate or 
 oval, with cuneate base. Cal. and north. 
 
 BBB. Capsule obtuse, thin, more or less cylindrical 
 surpassing the calyx, dehiscent by a circum- 
 scission of the apex. 
 
 H6ndersoni, Gray. About a foot high : Ivs. small, obo- 
 vate: fls. like those of D. elUpticum. Idaho to Calif, 
 and norih. 
 
 AA. Anthers seemingly sessile, the very short filaments 
 inserted below the orifice of the corolla. 
 frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. {D. Meadia, var. 
 frigidtun, Gray). Lvs. obovate to oblong, very ob- 
 tuse, mostly entire : calyx-lobes longer than the tube : 
 capsule oblong. Behring straits to Rockies and Sierras 
 B.M. 5871. 
 
 Var. dent^ttun. Gray (Z>. dentdtum, Hook. D. Meadia, 
 var. latilobum. Gray). Larger: lvs. with blade 1-4 in. 
 long, oval or ovate to oblong, repand or sparingly den- 
 tate, abruptly contracted into long winged petioles. 
 Utah, west and north. 
 
 Following are mostly Old World horticultural forms : 
 D. LemMnei, Hort. Said to be a hybrid between D. intejrri- 
 foiiam and D. Jeffreyi, and intermetliate in character.— D. 
 Lemoinei, var. robugtum, is like D. intejfrifoliiim, but more ro- 
 bust and erect, with larger fls., which are purplish rose, circled 
 with white.— Z). wdj:i»jMMj, Hort. Fls. rose.— />. Jtf^adia, var. 
 elegans, Hort. Lvs. wider and shorter : scape shorter : fls! 
 more numerous, dark colored. — D. Meadia, var. giganthim, 
 Hort. Much larger than the tyi)e in all its parts: lvs. paler: lis. 
 a little earlier. There is a white-fld. variety of it.— Z). Miadia. 
 var. spleiididum, Hort. Fls. 4-10, crimson, with a yellow circle, 
 —D. tetrdndrum, Suksdorf, has the general aspect of D. Jef- 
 frey!, but the lvs. are ampler and relatively broader. Roots, 
 as in D. Jefifreyi, areabimdant, fleshy-fibrous, persistent: roots, 
 lvs. and scapes form a short, vertical crown : whole plant 
 glabrous : corolla purplish, with a yellow ring near the base; 
 segments and stamens usually only 4: capsule circumscissile 
 very near the apex. Mountains, apparently throughout east- 
 ern Washington and Oregon. Quite distinct from D. JeflFreyi, 
 though it is the nearest ally of that species: but it belongs to 
 another tra<-t of country. Fully descril>ed by E. L. Greene in 
 Erjrthea, S:40 (1H9.1). Introduced to cultivation in the east by 
 F. H. Horsford in 1899. -^^ jj 
 
 Another View op Dodecatheon.— The species fall 
 into two well-marked groups : lowland species, which 
 flower in winter and rest during the long, dry summer; 
 and subalpine species, which rest in winter and flower 
 in the subalpine spring of July and A.ugust. Si ecies of 
 the lowland group propagate by bulblets formed on the 
 crown oi the root. In the following notes, only some of 
 the leading species of different regions are taken up. 
 They are not all in commerce. 
 
 A. Lvs., roots and scapes from a short, vertical croicn. 
 
 B. Anthers long, sharp, convergent; capsules valvately 
 opening from the top, 
 
 Mdadia, Linn. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, 
 6-9 in. long, toothed more or less irregularly, of a light 
 green: fls. from deep lilac-purple to pinkish. Ranges 
 from Maine to perhaps Texas, east of the mountains.— 
 The Allegheny mountain plant is entire-leaved, and is the 
 Z>. integrifolium of Michx. 
 
 cren&tum, Raf. Stouter, and of more fleshy texture 
 than the last ; foliage deep green, crenate rather than 
 dentate: fls. more numerous in the umbels, equally va- 
 riable in color. Inhabits either low prairies or moist 
 woodland borders of the upper Mississippi prairie 
 region. 
 
 cord&tum, Raf. Very light green, thin foliage, each 
 leaf made up of broad, subcordate, crenate blade and 
 distinct though broad petiole twice the length of the 
 blade : fls. very few in the umbel, pale pink or white, 
 but with very dark purple ring at base. Cult, at Phila- 
 delphia early in the nineteenth century, and named and 
 described by Raflnesque, the habitat not then known, 
 but it is now known to inhabit the limestone region of 
 southern Illinois and adjacent Missouri, along with a 
 few other equally rare and local plants. A most distinct 
 species by its foliage. 
 
 BB. Anthers obtuse, forming a column {not convergent). 
 
 c. Capsules opening valvately : alpine species, or at 
 least subalpine, blooming in summer, resting in 
 winter. 
 
 paacifldnun, Greene. Fig. 7.^0. Variable in size, 6-18 in. 
 high, but slender; hairs oblanceolate, entire, suberect, 
 
DODECATHEON 
 
 DOMBEYA 
 
 499 
 
 3-5 in. long : fls. often few in the umbel, sometimes many, 
 half the size of those of D. itf'<^a(7iVj(, usually deep purple: 
 filaments long, united into a slender tube ; column of 
 blunt anthers relatively short. Exclusively of the Rocky 
 mountain region and subalpine. 
 
 alplnum, Greene. Smaller than the last, but with fls. 
 twice as large and always with parts in i's; filaments 
 very short, wholly disconnected : Ivs. narrowly ob- 
 lanceolate or almost linear: corolla of a rich, dark pur- 
 ple. Peculiar to the high Sierra Nevada and Cascades. 
 
 J6ffreyi, Moore. Lvs. oblanceolate, erect, entire, mu- 
 cronate, 5-10 in. long: scape 1-13^ ft. high: fls. 4-merous; 
 pedicels and calyx hairy and glandular : segments of 
 the large corolla dark purple; stamens disconnected, 
 dark purple : capsule not exceeding the calyx. High 
 Sierra Nevada and Cascades. 
 
 cc. Capsules circumscis.ule at top, this part falling off 
 as a lid. Californian lowland, winter-blooming 
 species, with broad, depressed lvs. except in D. 
 Clevelnndi. 
 
 H^ndersoni, Gray. Lvs. obovoid, very obtuse, entire, 
 depressed, thick and glossy: scapes 8-12 in. high: seg- 
 ments of corolla rose-purple, the base de.K maroon en- 
 circled by a band of yellow: capsule oblong, twice the 
 length of the calyx. Calif, to Brit. Columbia. 
 
 cmci&tam, Greene. Foliage as in the last : scapes 
 taller, more slender, few-fld.; parts of fl. in 4's; corolla 
 of a darker purple ; antliers more elongated ; capsule 
 longer. Coast Range of Calif. 
 
 pAtulum, Greene. Lvs. as in the foregoing, nearly, 
 but stout scapes only ;{-7 in. high : umbel verj' many- 
 fid. : corolla large, with pale cream-colored segments, 
 sometimes purplish tinged: tube of a dark, velvety ma- 
 roon-purple: anthers very short and broad, of a deep 
 blue-purple: capsule subglobose, hardly surpassing the 
 calyx. Plaiis of the interior of middle Calif. 
 
 These three species have, among other peculiarities, 
 that of propagating by their roots. Each root, after 
 flowering time, thickens and shortens, detaches itself 
 from the ground and forms a bud at the end, thus be- 
 coming a new plant. 
 
 CUvelandi, Greene. Lvs. more elongated, not de- 
 pressed : scape tall and stout; umbel very many-fld.; 
 corolla usually rose-purple, with yellow base and some 
 dark velvety spots next the stamens, these very short 
 and broad, purple. Dry hills of southern Calif. — Most 
 beautiful species; winter-blooming like the foregoing, 
 but not propa:' ting by root-metamorphosis. 
 
 AA. Lvs. and .capes from a horizontal rootstock, this 
 rooting from beneath. Far northwestern species. 
 
 dent^tum, Hooker. Pale green, white-fld. species, 
 with broad, subcordate lvs. as in X>. cordatum of the 
 southeastern states, but anthers blunt : lvs. coarsely 
 dentate, but the horizontal rootstock mv.st, as well as 
 the blunt stamens, prevent its being confused with D. 
 cordatum. Washington and Brit. Columbia. — Appa- 
 rently rare. 
 
 frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht., is a similarly rhizoma- 
 tous species, but with purple fls., from the shores of 
 Behring sea. Is not in ciilt., nor likely to be. 
 
 viviparum, Greene, is a very large and handsome, 
 purple-fld. species ; subalpine on Mt. Rainier. In the 
 axils of the lvs., alontr the thick rootstock, bulblets are 
 produced, by which it propagates. Its capsule opens by 
 a lid, as in many far-western species, e. L. Greene. 
 
 DODONSA (from the Greek name of a famous oracle 
 of Jupiter). SapindiiceiP. About 50 species of trees and 
 shrubs, widely scattered, but especially abundant in 
 Australia. Lvs. alternate, without stipules, sintple or 
 abruptly pinnate, inconspicuous, solitary, or in racemes, 
 corymbs or panicles. Reasoner Bros., Oneco, Fla., in- 
 troduced D. remotiflora and D, divia. Switch Sorrel, from 
 Australia, in 18S9. These names are not found in Index 
 Kewensis, 
 
 D0OBA.NE is Apocynum. 
 
 DOO'S-TAIL OBASS. Eleusine Indica. 
 
 DOGTOOTH VIOLET. See Erythronium. 
 
 DOGWOOli. Cornus, especially Comus Mas. 
 
 DOLICHOS (old Greek name). Leguminbsae. Differs 
 from Pha.seolus in technical characters : keel of the co- 
 rolla narrow and bent inwards at a right acgle, but not 
 distinctly coiled; style bearded under the stigma, ■'vhich 
 is terminal; stipules small. Tropical twining beans of 
 perhaps 40-50 species, of which a few forms are in cult, 
 in this countrj'. D. Japonicus, a most worthy orna- 
 mental vine, will be found under Pueraria. For the 
 Velvet or Banana Bean, D. multiflorus, see Mucuna. 
 For D. ungtiicnlatus, see I'igna. 
 
 LAblab, Linn. ( D.cultrdt us ,Thunh. 
 I), purpiireus, Lindl.). Hyacinth 
 Bean. Tall-twining (often reaching 
 10-20 ft.): leaflets broad-ovate, 
 rounded below and cuspidate-pointed 
 at the apex, often crinkly : fls. pur- 
 ple, rather large, 2-4 at the nodes, in 
 a long, erect raceme : pods small 
 (2-3 in. long) and flat, usually 
 smooth, conspicuously tipped with 
 the persistent stvle ; seed black, 
 smaM. Tropics. "B. M. 89<>. B. R. 
 10 :830. A. G. 14 : 84. - Cult, in this 
 country as an ornamental climbing 
 bean, but in the tropics the seeds 
 are eaten. Annual. It is easily 
 grown in any good garden soil. Like 
 common beans, it will not endure 
 frost. It is very variable. A form 
 with white fls. and seeds is D. albvs, 
 Hort. A form of verj- large growth, 
 also white-fld., is />. giganteus, Hort. 
 (Fig. 731). A perennial form (per- 
 haps a distinct species) is D. lig- 
 ndsus, Linn., the Australian Pea. 
 B.M. 380. 
 
 gesquiped^lis, Linn. AsPARAcrs 
 Bean. P'rench Yard-Long. Tau- 
 KOK. Fig. 194. Long- 
 rambling or twining an- 
 nual plant, with deltoid- 
 ovate or deltoid -oblong 
 blunt - pointed leaflets: 
 fls. rather large, 1-3 in 
 the axils, the peduncles 
 elongating and bearing 
 the pods at their sum- 
 mits : pods compressed 
 or nearly terete, slender 
 and very long(often2ft.) 
 and sometimes curiously 
 twisted; seeds small, ob- 
 long, moi-e or less trun- 
 cate or squared at the 
 ends, usually reddish or 
 dim-colored. S. Amer.— 
 Cult, as a vegetable gar- 
 den esculent, the green 
 As easily grown as 
 
 L. H. B. 
 
 731. Dolichos Lablab (form 
 eisanteus). {X%.) 
 
 pods and dry beans being eaten, 
 other beans. 
 
 D6HBETA (after Joseph Dombey, (1742-1793), 
 French botanist and companion of Ruiz and Pavon in 
 Peru and Chile). l:itercuUdce(e. About 24 species of 
 shrubs or small trees of minor importance from Africa or 
 Madagascar : lvs. often cordite, palmately nerved : fls. 
 rosy or white, numerous, in loose axillary or terminal 
 cymes or crowded into dense heads; calyx 5-parted, per- 
 sistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 15-20, 5 sterile, the rest 
 shorter: ovary 3-5-celled. 
 
 Natal^nsis, *^ond. Distinguished by its cordate, acute 
 lvs. and the narrowly awl-shaped leaflets of the invo- 
 lucre. Lvs. long, petioled, somewhat angular, toothed, 
 with minute stellate pubescence, 5-7-ribbed : umbels 
 4-8-fld. Natal. — Cult, in S. Fla. and north under glass. 
 " Very rapid growing, foliage poplar-like : fls. pure white, 
 larcre, sweet-scented ; a very good winter blooming 
 plant."— Franceschi, 
 
500 
 
 DOMBEYA 
 
 DORSTENIA 
 
 D. anitdngnla.Cav. HeightOft.: Ivs.glabrons. heart-shaped, 
 long-acuminat*', serrate, deeply 3-5-lobe<.l or cleft: tls. few, large, 
 pink, in compact, forking corymbs. Mauritius. B. M. 'JHOo 
 shows a form with entire Ivs.— 1>. Burgessice, Gerrard. Lvs. 
 pubescent, cordate, but with 2 deep, wide cuts, and 2 shallow 
 ones oesides the basal one: lis. numerous, large, white, rosy at 
 center and along veins; petals rounded. S. Africa. B.M. 5487. 
 —D. ildstergii. Hook. Shrub, 4-5 ft. high: lvs. velvety, heart- 
 shaped, serrate: fls. fragrant, white, with thinner veins of rose 
 than in D. BurgessisB: petals acute. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5639.— 
 D. vibumiflbra, Boj., has very numerous white fls. with nar- 
 rower iwtals than any here described: lvs. cordate. 3-lobed, the 
 cuts not as wide as in D. Burgessite. Comoro. B.M. 4568. 
 
 DOODIA (after Samuel Doody). Polifpodidcece. A 
 small f^enus of greenhouse ferns from Ceylon, Malaya 
 and New Zealand. Sori curved, placed in one or more 
 rows between the midribs and the margins of the piunee. 
 
 A. Lvs. pinnatifid. 
 
 iispera, R. Br. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 2-4 in. wide, 
 pinnatifid, the lower pinnsp gradually becoming smaller: 
 sori in 1 or 2 rows. Australia. Crested varieties occur in 
 cultivation. 
 
 AA. Lrs. pinnate in the lotcer half. 
 
 mddia, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with pinnae 1-2 in. 
 long, the lower ones gradually smaller. Australia and 
 New Zealand. Z>. Kunthiiina, Gaud., from the Hawaiian 
 Islands, has close central pinnae. D. superba, Hort., is 
 a larger garden form. 
 
 caud&ta, R. Br. Lvs. G-12 in. long, with pinnae about 
 an inch long, the spore-bearing ones shorter; apex often 
 terminating in a long point. Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 L. M. UXDERWOOD. 
 
 According to Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns, all 
 Doodias, except D. bleehnoides, are of dwarf habit, and 
 are useful for fem-cases and for edgings of window 
 boxes, especially for northern aspects, where flowering 
 plants do not prosper. Cool and interme<"'ate tempera- 
 tures are best. They are excellent for forming an under- 
 fn"owth in cool houses, as they are seldom infested with 
 insects, endure fumigation, and do not care whether their 
 taller neighbors are syringed or not. Schneider recom- 
 mends 3 parts of peat and one of silver sand. Loam 
 does not help, but a little chopped sphagnum does. They 
 are ve' sensitive to stagnant water, and do not like 
 full exi .>sure to sunlight. Always prop, by spores, but 
 division is possible. 
 
 In the American Florist 12:142, "A. H." writes: "T). 
 aspera and its crested variety are most useful, but they 
 can hardly be recommended as market ferns. They re- 
 quire similar treatment to the Blechnums. and are seen 
 at their best in a 4-inch pot. The young fronds have a 
 very bright tint, which livens up the more somber hue 
 of the older fronds. They lose the bright tint much more 
 quickly when allowed to get too dry. Being of slender 
 growth, care should be taken not ti over-pot. They like 
 plenty of leaf -mold and peat in the compost, and good 
 drainage." 
 
 DOOE-WEED. Polygonum aviculare. 
 
 DORONICUM (Latinized Arabic name). CompSsifce. 
 Leopard's Bane. Hardy herbaceous plants, 1-2 ft. 
 high, with 5'ellow flowers, mostly one on a stem and 2-3 
 in. across, borne high above the basal crown of foliage, 
 from April to June. From 10-24 species, natives of 
 Europe and temperate Asia. Stems little branched or 
 not at all: lvs. alternate, radical ones long-stalked, stem- 
 Ivs. distant, often clasping the stem. The genus is al- 
 lied to Arnica, and distinguished by the alternate lvs. and 
 by the style. The plants are of easy culture in rich loam. 
 The flowers are numerous and good for cutting. Doroni- 
 cums have been strongly recommended for forcing. 
 
 A. Boot-lcs. not notched at the base, ovate. 
 
 plantaglneum, Linn. Glabrous, but woolly at the neck, 
 with long, silky hairs: root-lvs. ovate or oval, wavy- 
 toothed : stem-lvs. nearly entire, the lower ones narrowed 
 into a petiole and not eared, the upper ones sessile, ob- 
 long, acuminate. Sandy woods of Eu. Rhizome tuberous, 
 roundish, or creeping obliquely. Stalk of the root-lvs. 
 about 3 in. long. Typically about 2 ft. high. G.C. III. 
 
 17:229. Var. excMflom, Hort. {D. ercilsum, Hort. D. 
 '^ffarpur Creue," Hort.), is more robust, grows about 
 5 ft. high and is probably more cult, than any other 
 kind of Uoronicura. Fls. sometimes 4 in. across. On. 
 47, p. 209, and 28:518. G.C. 11. 20:297. 
 
 Cltisii, Tausch. Lvs. ovate or oblong; stem-lvs. half 
 clasping, with distant teeth or many small ones. One 
 subvariety has long, silky hairs on its lvs., while another 
 has none. Swiss and Austrian Alps. — " Soft, downy foli- 
 age," J. W. Manning. "Grows 2 ft. high," Woolson. 
 "Larger and later fls. than £>. Caticasicum," Ellwanger 
 and Barry. 
 
 AA. Boot-lvs. notched at the base, heart-shaped. 
 
 B. Hoot tuberous. 
 
 Pardalidnches, Linn. Hairy: lvs. toothed; lower stem- 
 lvs. eared at the base of the stalk, suo-ovate, upper ones 
 spatulate-cordate, highest ones cordate-clasping, acute. 
 Woods of lower mts. of Eu.— While all species are tj'pi- 
 cally 1-fld.. any of them may have now and then more 
 than 1 fl. on a stem, and this species particularly may 
 have 1-5 fls. 
 
 BB. Boot not tuberous. 
 
 Caucisicum, Bieb. Glabrous except as noted above: 
 lvs. crenate-dentate, lower stem-lvs. eared at the base 
 of the stalk, the blade subcordate, highest ones cordate 
 to half -clasping. Shady woods of Caucasus, Sicily, etc. 
 B.M. 3143, which shows r+ems with 1 fl. and 1 If.-Fls. 
 2 in. across. 
 
 Aa8trlacam,Jacq. A trifle hairy: lvs. minutely toothed, 
 lower stem-lvs. spatulate-ovate, abruptly narrowed at 
 the base, half-clasping, highest ones cordate-clasping,, 
 lanceolate. Subalpine woods. Eu. •^^ j|^ 
 
 732. Dorstenia Contrajcrva (XM). 
 
 D0RST£NIA lan early German botanist, Theodor 
 Dorsttn). L'rticdcecf (or A[or(ice(p). Between 40 and 
 50 tropical herbs, remarkable for the dilated receptacle 
 
-=:"'. -V- 
 
 
 DORSTENIA 
 
 DOWNING 
 
 501 
 
 in which the unisexual fls. are borne. The plants are 
 not in the Amer. trade, but they are often grown in 
 botanical establishments to illustrate morphology. The 
 fig is a hollow receptafle; the Dorstenia bears a flattened 
 or cup-like receptacle, and is an intermediate stage be- 
 tween the tig and other plants. One of the common spe- 
 cies is Z>. Contraj4rva, Linn. (Fig. 7.3;?), which is native 
 to trop. Amer, Both staminat* and pistillate fls. are 
 without perianth ; stamens 1 or 2 : ovary 1-loculed ; 
 stigma 2-lobed. Dorstenias are easily grown in warm, 
 shady glasshouses. L. H. B. 
 
 DOBTANTHES /Greek, spear-flower; the flowering 
 stem 8-25 ft. high, crowned by a spike of fls. 3 ft. high). 
 Amaryllidd.ceaB. A genus of 4 species of gigantic desert 
 plants from Australia, with 100 or more Ivs. 6 ft. long 
 when full grown. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif,, 
 writes, "They are impressive plants for large conserva- 
 tories, or for open ground in the South, where they will 
 stand slight frosts." They belong to the same family 
 with the Century Plants, and are the only ones in the 
 tribe outside of America. The roots are fibrous and 
 clustered. The ovules and seeds, though inserted in two 
 series, are so placed above one another as to form one 
 row in each cell. The Ivs. have a curious brown tubular 
 tip, which is especially long in D. Palmeri. Franceschi 
 saya, "Z>. Gidlfoylei and i>. Lnrkini, recently described 
 from Queensland, are yet to be introduced to this coun- 
 try." A plant of D. Palmeri remained at Kew 16 years 
 before flowering. Plants of Doryanthes are prop, by 
 suckers, which are produced only after flowering. The 
 process is very slow. The young plants must be repotted 
 for several years until they have attained a large size. 
 They are said tr> do best in a compost of loam and leaf- 
 mold in equal parts. 
 
 A. Lvs. not ribbed. 
 
 ezc^Isa, Correa. Lvs. sword-shaped, smooth, entire, 
 with a very narrow cartilaginous margin, lower ones re- 
 oupved. others erect: scape clothed with lanceolate lvs., 
 whioh sheath the stem at their base: fls. in a globular 
 head, deep crimson or maroon inside and out. B.M. 1685. 
 R.H. 1865, pp. 466, 471 ; 189l,p.548. G.C. II. 11:339. 
 
 AA. Lvs. slightly ribbed. 
 
 P&lmeri, W. Hill. Even more gigantic than D. excelsa, 
 lvs. longer and broader, and a longer brown point: fls. 
 in a thyrsoid panicle, bright scarlet outside, whitish 
 within. B.M. 6665. P.S. 20:2097. R.H. 1891:548. G.C. 
 II. 17: 409.— "This has been flowering and fruiting sev- 
 eral times in southern California."— fVance«cft«. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 DORYOPTEBIS (Greek, lance-fern). Polypodi fleece. 
 A genus of small sagittate or pedate greenhouse ferns, 
 with continuous marginal sori and copiously anas- 
 tomosing veins. Sometimes joined to Pteris, which see 
 for culture. Not to be confused with Dryopteris. 
 
 palm^ta, J. Sm. Lvs. 4-9 in. each way, with 5 or more 
 triangular lobes or the fertile still more divided; ribs 
 black. West Indies to Brazil. 
 
 ndbilis, J. 8m. Larger: lvs. sometimes 1 ft, long, pe- 
 dately bipinnatifid ; ribs chestnut. South Brazil. 
 
 D. decipiens, with lvs. resembling a geranium leaf, 3-6 in. each 
 waj', is sometimes cultivated, as is I), decora, with more divided 
 lvs. Both are natives of the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
 DOSStNIA (E. P. Dossin, Belgian botanist, 1777-1852). 
 Orchiddcece. A genus of 2 species of terrestrial orchids, 
 allied to Anoectochilus, but lacking the bearded fringe 
 on the lower part of the labellura. The species described 
 below may possibly be cult, by a few amateurs who 
 are skilled in the cultivation of dwarf warmhouse foli- 
 age plants, 
 
 D. marmordta, C. Morr. (Anoectochilus Lowei, Hort.). Lvs. 
 golden- veined or marbled, 4-5 in. long, elliptic : scape pubescent, 
 10 in. high: spike 5 in. long, with many white, pubescent tis. 
 Java. F.S. 4:370.— There is a stronger-growing var., with 
 foliage better colorevl. 
 
 DOUGLASIA (after David Douglas, the tireless Scotch 
 botanist, who explored (\'ilifornia. Oregon and British 
 Columbia in 1823 and 1829, introduced many splendid 
 plants to cultivation, and perished in the Hawaiian 
 
 Islands, at the age of 34, by falling into a pitfall made for 
 wild animals). Pri/nuldceof. Five species of tiny prim- 
 rose-like plants, one of which has yellow fls. and dwells 
 in the mountains of middle Europe; the rest have rosy 
 purple fls, and nre lound in the Rocky mountains and 
 the shores of the Arctic ocean. The genus is closely 
 allied to Androsace and Primula, but in those two genera 
 all the lvs. come from the root, while Douglasia has 
 branches, though very short ones, which are densely 
 clothed with lvs. Douglasia has a corolla-tube longer 
 than the calj'x, and the capsule is l-2-3eeded. Androsace 
 has a corolla tube as long as or shorter than the calyx, 
 and its capsule may have few or many seeds. Primula 
 is usually long-tubed, always many-seeded. The secret 
 in the culture of alpine plants is a steady supply of 
 moi.sture. " Like all the hardy Primulaceae, ' writes J. B. 
 Keller, "Douglasia requires half shade and a certain 
 amount of moisture during the hot summer months. 
 Frequent and copious waterings must be administered. 
 A light mulch will assist in keeping the ground from 
 drying out too fast. A winter protection of evergreen 
 boughs is indispensable. The plants are prop, by division 
 or by seed." Some of the American species can be ob- 
 tained of foreign dealers. 
 
 Vitalitoa, Benth. and Hook. (ArHia rt7a ?i<Jr»a, Willd. 
 Gregdria Vital idna, Duby). Height 2 in. : stems numer- 
 ous, prostrate, somewhat woody: branches denuded of 
 lvs. at the base, but at the tips clothed with overlapping, 
 linear, entire, pilose lvs.: fls. nearly stalkless, solitary, 
 yellow, rather large: corolla tube 2 or 3 times longer 
 than the calyx, not dilated at the throat, the lobes ovate- 
 lanceolate, obtuse. Alps, Pyrenees. 
 
 DOUGLAS SFBUCE. Pseudotsuga Douglasii. 
 
 DOWNING, ANDBEW JACKSON (Plate II), the first 
 great landscape gardener of America, was born at New- 
 burg, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1815, and perished by drowning July 
 28, 1852, at the early age of 37. As a boy, he was quiet, 
 sensitive, and much alone with himself and nature. The 
 Catskills, the Hudson, and his father's nursery had much 
 to do with his development. His "Treatise on the Theory 
 and Practice of Landscape Gardening," published 1841, 
 when he was but 26 years old, is, in many respects, a 
 unique production. It was the first, and is to-day one of 
 the best American books on the sub.iect, and has exerted a 
 greater influence upon American horticulture, it is said, 
 than any other volume. "Cottage Residences, 1841, also 
 had great popularity. In 1845 appeared simultaneously 
 in London and New York the first edition of "Fruits and 
 Fruit Trees of America." and in 1846 he founded, at Al- 
 bany, "The Horticulturist," which he edited from his 
 home at Newburg until his untimely death. His edi- 
 torials in this excellent periodical (now represented in 
 succession by American Gar<leni!i£r) were republished 
 after his death, with a letter to his friends by Frederika 
 Bremer, and a memoir by George William Curtis, under 
 the title of "Rural E.ssays," It was not until 1850 that 
 he had an opportunity to visit the great estates of Eng- 
 land, and to see with his own eyes the landscape garden- 
 ing of Europe. On his return in 1851, he was engaged to 
 lay out the grounds near the Capitol, White House, and 
 Smithsonian Institution at Washington. On July 28, 
 18.52. he left Newburg on the steamer Henry Clay for New 
 York. The Clay took fire near Yor.kers, while -.t was 
 racing, and Downing's life was lost in an attempt to 
 save others. It would b« diflicult to overestimate the 
 influence of Downing. He created American landscape 
 gardening. His only predecessor, Andr^ Parmentier, is 
 little known, and his influence was not of a national 
 character. Downing's quickening influence afl'ected 
 country life in its every aspect. He stood for the simple, 
 natural, and permanent as opposed to the intricate, 
 artificial, and ephemeral. He was the first great Ameri- 
 can practitioner of wh it is known in polite and technical 
 literature as the English or natural school of landscape 
 gardening in distinction from all artificial schools, as 
 the Italian and Dutch. Downing's pupils are many, and 
 his spirit still lives. He gave inspiration to Frederick 
 Law Olmsted, our next great eenius in landscape gar- 
 dening, who. by his earh* work in Central Park, New 
 York, aroused that popular enthusiasm which has culmi- 
 nated in the American idea of great municipal park sys- 
 
502 
 
 DOWNING 
 
 DRABA 
 
 terns, as opposed to the earlier Old World idea of exclu- 
 sive pleasure grounds and private parks. Downing's 
 books have had large sales, aud have gone through many 
 editions. His intellectual successor in his purely pomo- 
 logical work was his brother Charles, whose modest 
 labors in the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees 
 of America have brought him little popular fame, but 
 much sincere admiration from students. Most horti- 
 cultural writings are, in reality, only records of progress ; 
 they do not create progress. Few of our horticultural 
 books are epoch-making. Downing's writings, however, 
 started a great popular movement in America toward 
 beautiful homes and home grounds. By many persons, 
 Andrew Jackson Downing is considered the greatest 
 single figure in the history of American horticulture, 
 and one of the few persons who can be said to have had 
 real genius. An appreciation of Downing's personality 
 will be found in Frederika Bremer's "Homes of the 
 New World." (See Downingia, for the genus of plants 
 named after him.) -^ -.. 
 
 DOWNING, CHAELE8 (plate II), distinguished po- 
 mologist and elder brother of Andrew Jackson Downing, 
 the landscape gardener, was bom at Xewburg, N. Y., 
 July 9, 1802. He was educated at the local academy, 
 and from the age of 13 to 18 worked part of the time in 
 his father's nursery. At the age of 20 he started in the 
 nursery business on his own account. From 1834 to 
 1839 his brother Andrew was a partner in this busi- 
 ness. About 1850, he sold out his nursery business and 
 devoted himself to the study of varieties of fruits, on 
 which subject he was the leading authority until his 
 death. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America is the 
 monumental American work on varieties of fruits. The 
 book was projected by Andrew, but the great bulk of the 
 work was done by Charles in continuing and revising it. 
 His test orchard contained trees and grafts of 1,800 va- 
 rieties of apples, 1,000 pears, and other fruits in pro- 
 portion. In 1809 a city street was put through it. Charles 
 Downing was very modest and retiring. He would never 
 make a public speech, but he wrote many poraological 
 articles over the signature "CD." All his work is marked 
 by conscientious accuracy. He was married, but, like his 
 brother, had no children. He died Jan. 18, 1»85. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 D0WNIN6IA (after Andrew Jackson Downing, of 
 whom a sketch is given above). LobeJldce(r>. Three 
 species of annual herbs, 2 from western America, 1 from 
 Chile, much branched, diffuse, with pretty and charac- 
 teristic fls. Lvs. alternate, entire, passing above into 
 bracts : fls. 'olue or violet, marked with yellow and 
 white; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lobes much narrower 
 than the 3 lower ones; tube of stamens free from the co- 
 rolla: seed-i numerous, small, oblong to spindle-shaped. 
 This genus has no near allies of much garden value. It i8 
 still kno^fn to the trade as Clintonia. David Douglas 
 (see Donglasia) named it after DeWitt Clinton in 1829, 
 but in 1818 a genus of the lily family \\sA been named 
 after the celebrated Governor of Xew York and projector 
 of the Erie canal. 
 
 In jl836 Lindley wrote, in the Botanical Regist'^r, f C. 
 pnlcaeUa : "I figure this little plant more for ^r oa,ke 
 of recording its existence than from any erpt^ci-ition 
 thf-t it will ever become an object of hortif-ul* izW 'rter- 
 esc, for since C. elegnns, a far hardier and nio-c cultiva- 
 ble plant, has disappeared, there can b-^ little hope that 
 this, beautiful as it is, will be preserveu." Nevertheless, 
 pulchella is still cultivated, while elegans is unknown to 
 the American trade. In Lindley's time, pulchella was 
 grown in a flower pot and treated as a tender plant. 
 Nowadays it is considered perfectly hardy, the seed be- 
 ing sown in the open ground. The credit of simplifying 
 the culture of this plant is given to Haage & Schmidt, 
 Erfurt, (Tormany. who have fixed varieties that are 
 chiefly blue and chiefly violet, though in each case the 3 
 lower lobes of the corolla have a 3-lobed spot of white 
 in the middle, and a 3-lobed spot of yellow at the base. 
 The plants grow about 6 in. high, and have been recom- 
 mended for edgings. For culture, see Annuals. 
 
 A. Fls. large, icith a S-lohed spot of yellow : lvs. obtuse, 
 
 narrow. 
 
 pulch611a, Torr. {CUntdnia pulchella, Lindl.). The 
 lower lip more dilated and more deeply 3-lobed. The 2 
 
 divisions of the upper lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong and 
 strongly divei;ging. Calif. B.R.22:1909. R.H. 1861: 171. 
 R.H. 1895, p. 19. shows its straggling habit as a pot-plant. 
 Many of the branches fall below the top of the pot. 
 
 AA. Fls. half as large as the above, and no yellovc spot : 
 lvs. acute, broader. 
 
 ilegAna, Torr. ( C. Elegans, Doug. ). Lvs. ovate tx, lan- 
 ceolate ; the broad lip motlerately 3-lobed ; the 2 divisi<<ns 
 of the smaller lip lanceolate, parallel; lower lip with a 
 white, but no yellow spot. Calif. B.R. 15: 1241. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 DBABA (Greek, acrid, from the taste of the lvs.). 
 Cruciferve, WHITLOW Gkass. One of the most impor- 
 tant groups of spring-flowering plants for the alpine 
 garden. It is a large and widely scattered genus of 
 tufted, hardy herbs, with stellate hairs: lvs. often in a 
 rosette, mostly uncut : scapes or stems leafy or not : ra- 
 cemes short or long : fls. without bracts, small, white, 
 yellow, rosy or purple, 
 
 Drabas are very pretty, dwarf, compact alpine plants, 
 with small but numerous fls.: admirably adapted for the 
 rockery or front part of a sunny border. They require 
 a sunny position and an open soil. It is important 
 that they be well matured by the autumn sun. The 
 plant forms a dense little rosette of lvs., and has a neat 
 appearance at all times. In spring, Drabas are thickly 
 covered with their little fls., and when planted in masses 
 are decidedly effective. Prop, chiefly by division; also 
 by seed, which may be sown in the fall if desired. 
 
 Cult, by J. B. Keller. 
 
 Of the species described below, only the first, second, 
 fourth and sixth are advertised in Amer. at present. 
 The rest are worth introduction, and can be procured 
 abroad under their names or synonyms. 
 
 A. Flowers yellow. 
 
 B. Lvs. rigid, keeled, ciliate. 
 
 c. Scape not hairy. 
 
 D. Style as long as the pod is wide. 
 
 aizoldea, Linn. About 2-3 in. high : lvs. lanceolate- 
 linear : stamens nearly as long as the petals. March. 
 Eu. B.M. 170. 
 
 DD. Style half as long as the pod is wide. 
 
 Aizoon, Wahl. About 3 in. high : lvs. linear. April. 
 Europe. 
 
 cc. Scape hairy {villous or pubescent). 
 D. Pod lanceolate, bristly. 
 
 cuspid&ta, Bieb. Lvs. linear : style a little shorter 
 than the pod. Asia Minor. 
 
 DD. Pod oval, pubescent. 
 
 Ol^mpica, Sibth. {D. brunicefdlia, Stev. ). About 4 in. 
 high: lvs. linear, a trifle keeled: petals twice as long as 
 the calyx and stamens : style very short. June. Greece, 
 Orient. 
 
 BT» C-»'.s, not rigid or keeled. 
 
 C. Scape not hairy. 
 
 hispida, Willd. (D. tridentdta, DC). About 3 in. 
 high : lvs. obovate, narrowed into a long petiole, ob- 
 scurely 3-toothed at the apex, somewhat bristly: pods 
 oblong, not hairj-. Scotland, Caucasus. 
 
 cc. Scape more or less hairy. 
 
 D. Hairs long, soft and slender, i.e., pilose. 
 
 alplna, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, flat: pods oblong: style 
 very short. April. Arctic regions. 
 
 DD. Hairs short, soft and downy, i.e., pubescent. 
 
 ai^ea, Vahl. Doubtfully perennial or biennial: lvs. 
 ovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate : pods ob- 
 long-lanceolate. Arctic regions. B.M. 2934. 
 
 AA. Flowers white. 
 
 B. Plants biennial or annual. 
 
 cindrea, Adams. Lvs. oblong-linear: pods oblong, pu- 
 bescent, shorter than the pedicel. Early spring. Siberia, 
 — Closely related to D. confusa, but has a looser, weaker,, 
 less leafy stem, the steja-lvs. 5S, scattered, entire. 
 
DRABA 
 
 DRACJCNA 
 
 503 
 
 BB. PlantH perennial. 
 
 c. Leaves rigid. 
 
 M&wii, Hook. Forming low, densely tufted, bright 
 green patches : stem much branched, densely clothed 
 with spreading, rosulate Ivs.: Ivs. linear-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, bristly, with a prominent midrib below: scape very 
 short, woolly, 2-4-fld., very short-pedicelled : petals 
 thrice as large as the sepals, obcordate, white: pods el- 
 lipsoid, compressed. Spain. B.M. G186. 
 
 cc. Lvs. not rigid, 
 
 Fladniz^niis, Wulf (D. nirdlis, DC. D. Lappdnica, 
 Willd.). Lvs. oblong-linear to lanceolate, ciliate: pods 
 elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, not hair>'. Arctic re- 
 gions.— According to De Candolle, these three names 
 were distinct species. 
 
 AAA. Fls. rose or purple. 
 
 Pyren&ica, Linn. Height 2-3 in.: lvs. inversely wedge ■ 
 shaped, 3-lobed at apex: ♦Is. white at first, changing to 
 rosy pink. May. Pyrenf^es. B.M. Tl.'i. — Said to be 
 easily prop, by cuttings. 
 
 Yiol&cea, DC. Lvs. obo'-ate-oblong, obtuse, equally 
 woolly on both sides : scapes leafy: petals obovate, 
 dark purple. Andes of Equador at elevations of 13,000- 
 15,000 ft. B.M. 5650. ^-^ M. 
 
 DRACSNA {female dragon; the dried juice supposed 
 to resemble dragon's blood). Liliiiceir. A genus of 
 tropical plants of which but few are in cultivation. They 
 are all woody, often arborescent, with sword-shaped or 
 broad ivs., mostly crowded at the summit of the stem: 
 fls. clustered in panicles or heads, greenish white or yel- 
 lowish ; perianth salver-form or companulate ; lobes 
 spreading; stamens C: fr. a 3-celled berry. Diflfers from 
 Cordyline in having larger fls., and solitary instead of 
 many ovules in each cell of the ovary. All ornamental 
 stove plants, frequently with variegated lvs. See Baker, 
 Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. 14, for a monograph of the genus. 
 Dracaena Draco, of the Canaries, is the Dragon Tree. It 
 reaches a height of 30-fiO ft., branching when of great 
 age. The Dragon Tree of Teneriffe, famous for centuries, 
 is 70 ft. high, and one of the oldest of known trees. 
 
 Some American trade names not referable to species 
 are : alba-marginafa, argenteo-striata, DeSmetiana, 
 £]lizabethi(t, Frederica, Hendersotn, imperator, Sal- 
 monea, Alexandria, reciirva, specfabilis. See Cordy- 
 line for other names not found in this article; also for 
 culture. D. Nova-Caledonica is probably Cordyline Neo- 
 Caledonica, Linden, with bronze lvs. 
 
 The following is a key to the cultivated species of 
 both Dracana and Cordyline, based upon the lvs. : 
 
 A. Lvs. long and sword-shaped, sessile. 
 
 B. Glaucous beneath, 2-5 in. wide. C. indivisa. 
 BB. Both faces similar, narrower. 
 
 c. Of mature plants quite narrow (6-15 lines 
 broad). C. .*ttricta. 
 CC. Of mature plants broader (1-2 in.). 
 D. Margins green. 
 
 Glaucous green, costate, 1 ^^-2 ft. 
 
 by 1.5-21 lines. D. Draco. 
 Green, costate, undulate below, 
 2-3^/^ ft. by l>^-2 in. D. urn- 
 bracnlifera. 
 Green, costa obscure. 3—4 ft. by 
 i:}-18 lines. C. auKtralis. 
 DD. Margins white-pellucid. D. Hook- 
 er iana. 
 AA. Lvs. oblanceolate, broadly petioled or sessile. 
 
 B. 3-4 in. by l>^-2 in., opposite or whorled. D. 
 
 Godseffiana. 
 
 BB. 12-15 in. by 18-21 lines, alternate. C. rubra. 
 
 BBB. 11-^-3 ft. by 2^-2-4 in., alternate. D. fragrans. 
 
 Lvs. ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical, petioles narrow. 
 
 Lvs. 4-8 in. by 2-2 >^ in., oblong-falcate, green. 
 
 C. Haageana. 
 Lvs. 7-8 in. by 4-5 in., oblong, white -spotted. 
 
 D. Goldieana. 
 Lvs. 7-10 in. by }i-V4 in., lanceolate, white- 
 margined. D. Sanderiana. 
 
 Lvs. 10-18 in. by l-3>^ in., elliptical. C. termi- 
 nalis. 
 
 The following Dracaenas are in the American trade : 
 
 Boerhavii, 1; Draco, 1; fragrans, 4; OodsefRana, 7; 
 (foldieana, 5; Hookeriana, 3; Knerkii, 4; latifolia, 3; 
 Ijindeni, 4: Massangeana, 4; Rothiana. 4; Sanderiana, 6; 
 umbraculifera, 2. 
 
 1. Dr&co, Linn. Dragon Tree. Arborescent (60 ft. 
 high), branched : lvs. ver>' numerous, crowded, .sword- 
 shaped, erect or the outer recurved ( l>2-2 ft. x 15-21 in. ), 
 scarcely narrowed below, long-att«nuate at the apex, 
 glaucous-green: pedicels 3-6 lines long: bracts minute, 
 lanceolate : perianth 4 lines long, greenish; filaments 
 flat : berries orange. Canary Isl. B.M. 4571. R.H. 
 1869, p. 416; 1880, p. 196. G.C. U. 14: 749. -Fine forcon- 
 servatorj'. D. Boerhayii, Tenore, is a garden form, 
 with ehmgated lvs. all recurved. 
 
 2. umbraculifera, Jacq. Arborescent (3-10 ft. high), 
 simple : lvs. vtry numerous, crowded, sword-shaped 
 (2-3*2 ft. X 1^2-2 in.), outer recurved, all green and shin- 
 ing, attenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed toward the 
 conspicuously undulate base, costa distinct on both 
 faces: pedice's 4-6 in. long: bracts minute, deltoid: 
 perianth large, 2 in. l<mg, white, tinged with red; fila- 
 ments flliform. Mauritius. L.B.C. 3:289. 
 
 3. Hookeriikna, Koch. Trunk .3-6 ft. high, sometimes 
 branched : lvs. numerous, densely clustered, sword- 
 shaped (2-2^ ft. xlJ^-2 in.), outer reflexed, all long at- 
 tenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed below, margin 
 white-pellucid, lower face concave, indistinctly costate 
 l)eneath: bracts lK-3 in. long, white: pedicels 3-4 in. 
 long; perianth greenish, 12-15 in. long; filaments fili- 
 form: berries orange. Cape Good Hope. D. latifdlia, 
 Regel, is a horticultural varietv, with lvs. 3-3J', in. 
 wide. G.C. 20:.305 (var. latifdlia). B.M. 4279 as Cordy- 
 line Humph it. 
 
 4. frigrans, Ker-Gawl. {Aletris trdigrans,lAan. San- 
 seviera frdgranx, Jacq.). Arborescent (20 ft. high or 
 more), sometimes branched: lvs. (13^-3 ft.x2Vs-4 in.), 
 sessile, oblanceolate, lax and spreading or recurved, 
 flaccid, green and f^hining, acute, indistinctly costate : 
 bracts minute, scarious, deltoid: pedicels 1-1 j4 in. long: 
 
 733. Dracaena fraerans, var. Lindeni. 
 
 fls. glomerate ; perianth G-8 in. long, yellow ; berrv 
 orange-red. Guinea. B.M. 1081. A.G. 18:389. F.R". 
 4:189. — Much used for greenhouse and table decoration. 
 D. Knerkii, Hort. Form with glossy light green, less 
 pendulous lvs. D. Bothiana, Hort. A garden form. I.H. 
 43, p. 97. R.H. 1877, p. ^iS. Var. Lindeni, Hort. (/>. Lin- 
 deni, HoTi.). Fig. 7:i3. Lvs. re<'urved. traversed from 
 base to apex bv creamy white l>ands. Verv decorative. 
 I.H. 27:384. F.R. 4:191. Var. Massangeina, Hort. (i?. 
 Massangedna, Hort.). A broad, yellow stripe along 
 the center of the leaf throughout its entire length. 
 F.R. 4:193. 
 
' '.•rp^ -^^pj ■ 
 
 ; -^n-- ' 
 
 504 
 
 DRACfiNA 
 
 5. Ooldie&na, Hurt. Trunk simple, slender: Ivs. dis- 
 tant, spreading?, thick-oblung (7-8 in. x 4-5 in.), cuspi- 
 dately pointed, ba«e broadly rounded or cordate, jflossy 
 green, conspicuously white-spotted and banded, young 
 Ivs. often tinged with red; petioles* erect (2-3 in. long), 
 deeplv grooved: tls. unknown ( f I. W. Trop. Afr. B.M. 
 eaw. R.H. 187H, p. 1.5. I.H. 25::{00; 42, p. 257. G.C. II. 
 17:49. — A tine foliage plant. 
 
 6. Sanderi&na, Hort. (/>. thaloidea, var. variegdta, 
 Hort. h. Slender: Ivs. distant, alternate, spreading or 
 recurved (7-10 in. x ^4-1l4 in.), narrowly lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, on rather broad petioles (1-3 in. long), glossy- 
 green, broadly margined with white. Congo. A.F. 8: 
 1281 ; 11:2.^). I. H. 40:175. G.C. III. 13:445.-Int. by 
 Sander & Co. in 1893. 
 
 7. Godseffi&na, Hort. "Woody, but very sle"hder, rather 
 diffuse: Ivs. at many nodes small, erect, scale-like and 
 lanceolate, the others opposite or in whorls of 3, oblong 
 or obovate, spreading, cuspidate, sessile {'.i-i m. x lH-2 
 in.), firm, green, with copious white spots : raceme 
 short-peduncled; bracts small : fr. globular, greenish 
 vellow or red, nearlv 1 in. in diani. Congo. G.C. III. 
 21:347. Gn. 50, p. 270; 51:1115, and p. 299. A.F. 13:1340. 
 F.E. 10, supp. 2:12. Gng. 6:294. -Int. by Sander & Co. 
 Fine for decorative purposes. 
 
 D. arbdrea. Link. Lvs. green. sword-shai)ed, dense, sessile. 
 Gt. 46. p. 226 and U;w.— />. Broinnfieldi, Hort. J.H. III. .33:r)41. 
 G.C. III. 20:667; 2:{:24<».— i>. concinna. Kunth. Lvs. oblanceo- 
 late. green, imrple on the margin, green-petioled. (it. 441: 1864. 
 — D. cylindrica, HtM)k. Lvs. linear-lan<'ef)lateor obovate-lanceo- 
 late, bright green, spreading. B.M. 5846.— />. elHptica, Thunb. 
 Lvs. spreading, i>etioled. thickish, elliptic-lanceolate, glossy, 
 acute, longitudinally striate. B.M. 4787 and G.C. II. 17:261 
 (var. maculitta).— Z>. J^erkhanti, Hort. F.R. 446:1899.-2). mw- 
 folia, Hort. Amer. =Dianella ensifolia.— />. marginata. Lam. 
 Lvs. sword-shai)etl. dense, spreading, green margined and 
 veined with red. — D. inarmorata, Hort. B.M.7078.— />. j>Arj/- 
 nioXde^, Hook. Lvs. petiole<l, mostly oval, acuminate, coria- 
 ceous. Slotted with yellowish white, pale l)eneath. B.M. 5352. 
 — D. rpfh'xa. Lam. Lvs. lanceolate or sword-shaped, acute, con- 
 tracted into &x>^tio\e.—D. Snposehnikoiri, Kegel. Lvs. sword- 
 shaped, crowded, green. Gt. 705. — />. Smithii, Baker. Lvs. large, 
 narrowly sword-shaped, crowded bright green. B.M. 6169. 
 
 K. M. WiEGAM). 
 
 Dracaenas should be divided into two sections or 
 types for practical purposes: 
 
 ( 1 ) The Tropical type : This includes the colored fo- 
 liage sorts and the garden hybrids, all of which can be 
 propagated from both root and stem-cuttings or joints. 
 All of them require a stove or warmhouse temperature, 
 and must be grown quick, and never allowed to get pot- 
 bound until tliey are as large as required; then they can 
 be allowed to get pot-bound, and with liquid or other 
 stimulant and plenty of light will color well. 
 
 (2) The Cordyline or Subtropical or Australian type : 
 This embraces the kinds known to gardeners as aus- 
 trails, indivisa, lineafa, aonguinen, n urea -striata, 
 I}oucetiana,nmbraculifera,Ifunipliii. Nearly all of these 
 are propagated from seeds, and require a cooler tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Following are some popular current Dracaenas: San- 
 deriana makes not only a perfect center plant for table 
 jardinieres with small ferns and selaginellas, but it also 
 makes a fine large decorative plant by putting from 3- 
 5 in a 4-5 in. pot, and letting tliem get fairly well pot- 
 bound until each plant throws up shoots from the base; 
 then repot, and one will have a fine, large specimen in a 
 short time. Godseffiana is a valuable plant for a hang- 
 ing basket, easily propagated from top shoots. Other 
 popular kinds are: j\^orwoodie».si}<, alho-marghiafa, 
 terminalix alba, Gladstonei (one of the most brilliantly 
 colored of the broad-leaved type), Guilfoylei, Aner- 
 leyensis, Scottii, hybrida, metalliea, ferrea, De-Smet- 
 iana, Victoricp -JRegince, Sanderiaua, Godseffiana, 
 gracilis. H. A. Siebrecht. 
 
 DBACOCllPHALnM (Greek, dragon's head, from the 
 wide-open mouths of the flowers). LubidttP. This 
 genus contains a few hardy herbaceous perennial plants 
 of the mint family, of easy culture and of minor im- 
 portance. The whorls of fls. are distant or crowded !nto 
 spikes or heads, the colors blue or some shade of pur- 
 ple. The genus has altogether about .30 species, from 
 Europe, especially the Me<literranean region; also Asia 
 outside the tropics. All the species described below are 
 
 DRACOCEPHALUM 
 
 erect, but some others are diffuse ; uppermost lvs. like 
 the lower ones or reduced to bracts. Very closely allied 
 to Nepeta. Sandy loam, moderately rich, and a rather 
 moist, partially sliaded situation will suit these plants 
 best. In a sunny, dry border they are never very 
 showy ; the fls. are of short duration, and are seldom at 
 their best except in very moist seasons. Prop, by di- 
 vision or seeds. 
 
 734. Uracunculus vulgaris (X ^-^). 
 
 A. Lvs. entire, not cut in any way. 
 
 Ruyschi^na, Linn. Stems slightly pubescent : lvs. 
 linear-lancet !ate, glabrous: bracts ovate-lanceolate, en- 
 tire; whorls in somewhat interrupted spikes: fls. 1 in. 
 long, purplish blue or purple; anthers villous. Siberia. 
 Var. Jap6nica, Hort., has white fls. shaded with blue, 
 and is a distinct improvement. G.C. II. 12:107.- Ac- 
 cording to Vilmorin, this species has been sold as D. 
 Altaiense (see D. gravdiflorum). 
 
 AA. Lvs. deeply S-5-cleft. 
 
 Austrlacuin, Linn., has the habit of the above, and be- 
 longs to the same subgenus Ruyschiana, but the Iv.s. 
 are divided and more distinctly revolute at the margin. 
 About 1-1 J^ ft. high : fls. blue, l}-^ in. long and more. 
 July, Aug. Eu., Caucasus. 
 
 AAA. Lvs. cut only at the margin, mostly crenate. 
 
 B. Whorls crowded together into spikes or heads. 
 
 r. Color of fls. blue: lvs. not wrinkled. 
 
 grandifldrum, Linn. (D. Altaiense, Laxm., but plants 
 in trade under this name are said to be D. Ifuyschiana). 
 About 1 ft. high. Root-lvs. long-stalked, oblong, notches 
 at base: stem-lvs. few, short-stalked, ovate, not notched 
 at base, the uppermost still more rounded : whorls in 
 spikes 2-.3 in. long, the lowest whorl usually at some dis- 
 tance: fls. 2 in. long. June, Juiy. Siberia. B.M. 1009. 
 P.M. 13:51. 
 
 C(\ Color of fls. purple: lvs. wrinkled. 
 
 specidsum, Benth. Allied to D. grandiflorum, but 
 stem pubescent instead of pilose above, root-lvs. more 
 
DRACOCEPHALUM 
 
 DRAINAGE 
 
 505 
 
 broadly heart-shaped, and all Ivs. pubescent beneath in- 
 stead of nearly ^liibrous: Hs. purpli-sh to deep purple. 
 Jane, July. Himalayas. B.M. 6281. 
 
 B. Whorls distant, in long racemes. 
 
 C. Flowers erect. 
 
 Mold4vica, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, inciso-crenate, the 
 floral ones narrower and saw-toothed at the base. Eu., 
 N. Asia. 
 
 Bdprechtii, Re^el. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, variously 
 incised and toothed: fls. rosy purple or lilac, about 1 in. 
 long, in axillary clusters. Turkestan. Qt. 1018. 
 
 cc. Fls. somewhat nodding. 
 
 niitans, Linn. Lvs. ovate, crenate, the floral ones ob- 
 long-lanceolate and more nearly entire : fls. blue. May- 
 July. N.Asia. Mn. 4:137. B.R. 10:841. -Var. alplna, 
 Hort., is commoner. 
 
 D. Virginidnum. Linn. See Physostejfia.— />. Canadense of 
 Bridgeman's Catalogue is a misprint for D. C"anariense==Ce- 
 dronellii triphylla. j, jj, Keller and W. M. 
 
 DBAC^NCULUS (Latin, a little dragon). ArAcece. 
 This genus contains the plant pictured in Fig. IM. It 
 has uncanny, drairon-tingered lvs. and a terrifying odor 
 when in flower. Its tubers are sold by bulb dealers un- 
 <ler the name of Arum J>ni('intriilnii. The latest monog- 
 rapher of this order (Eugler, in DC. Mon. Phan., vol. 
 2, 1879) puts this plant into the genus Dracunculus be- 
 cause the ovules are attached to the base of the ovary, 
 while in Arum they are attached to the side. The lvs. 
 of the true Arums are always arrow-shaped, while in Dra- 
 cunculus they are sometimes cut into flngeMike lobes. 
 For culture, see Arum. 
 
 There are only 2 species. The common one is an en- 
 tertaining, not to say exciting, plant. When it flowered 
 in the forcing-houses at Cornell University, innocent 
 visitors thought there must be a dead rat under the floor. 
 It is well worth growing for the experience, though its 
 stench is not quite as bad as that of a Helicosideros, 
 sold as Arttm crinifum, which makes any house un- 
 bearable in which it flowers. Nearly all Arums are ill- 
 smelling. 
 
 vtUgiris, Schott. Fig. 734. Sheath of lvs. livid, spot- 
 ted : stalks g'reen : bla<les with 10 fingers projecting 
 from a bow-shaped base : tube of spathe streaked with 
 purple except at the bottom: spathe purple all over and 
 much darker along the wavy border. Mediterranean 
 regions. ^ ^^ 
 
 DBAGON PLANTS. The Dragon Arum, Dragon Root 
 or Green Dragon, is the native Aristfma Vracontiitm. 
 The Dragon T'ant of Europe is Drucu»cnlux rulijaris. 
 The Dragon's Head is not an Aroid, but a Dracocepha- 
 lum, a genus of mints. False Dragon's Head is Physo- 
 stegia. The Dragon's Blood of commerce is a dark red, 
 
 ft«<tringent, resinous secretion of the fruits of a palm, 
 DifmoHorops Praco. Other kinds of Dragon's Blood 
 are produced by Itraetrna Drneo and Frastaphyllum 
 Monetaria. "Sticks," "reeds," "tears" and "lumps" of 
 Dragon's Blood are known to commerce. The resin is 
 used in col(»ring varnishes, dyeing horn in imitation of 
 tortoise shell, and n the composition of tooth-powders 
 and various tinctures. 
 
 DBAINAOE. Underground or sub-drains serve to re- 
 lieve the land of free water, which is harmful to most 
 plants if left to stagnate in the surface soil or subsoil. 
 They serve not only to drj' the land iu early spring, but in- 
 directly to warm it, for if the water is removed the sun's 
 heat warms the soil instead of cooling it by evaporating 
 
 
 V? 
 
 735. Diagrams showing the effect of lowering the water-table by means 
 
 of under-draininfiT. 
 
 On the undrained soil, the roots do not penetrate deep : and when 
 
 droughts come, the plants snffer. 
 
 736. Old-fashioned drain tile. 
 
 the surplus water. Tenacious lands devoted to garden- 
 ing and small fruits are made more productive, warmer 
 and earlier by sub-drainage. Drains promote nitrifica- 
 tion, assist in liberating mineral plant-fcMui and cheapen 
 tillage. They serve not only to remove deleterious stag- 
 nant water, but they promote aeration as well, and this 
 hastens beneficial chemical changes in the soil. Drainage 
 promotes the vigor, healthfulness and fniitfulness of 
 plants. Tenacious soils are ma<le more friable by drains, 
 thereby giving easier access to i>lant roots, w'hile the 
 percolation through the soil of niinwater, which carries 
 some plant-food, is hastened. Rainwater in the spring 
 is warmer than the soil; in midsimmier it is cooler than 
 the soil: therefore, percolation of rainwater warms the 
 soil in the spring and cools it in extremely hot weather. 
 Drains serve not only to relieve land of free water, but 
 they impart to it power to hold additional available mois- 
 ture, which materially benefits plants during droughts. 
 Drainage is of two kinds, surface an<l sub-drainage. 
 On land on which large outlays of money are to be ex- 
 pended, as in horticultural plantations, it is of the 
 utmost importance that the soil be freed to considerable 
 depths from stagnant water. Trees, many shrubs, and 
 even some garden crops send their roots deeper into the 
 subsoil than most of the cereals, hence they require a 
 greater depth of drained feeding ground. In horticul- 
 ture the planting may often precede the harvest by 5 to 
 10 years, while with many farm crops the harvest fol- 
 lows the planting in a few months. If the grain raiser 
 loses one crop, an annual, by planting on wet land, the 
 loss is not great, but if the orchardist loses 15 to 20 years 
 of labor by planting on undrained lands, before the 
 mistake is discovered, the losses are seri- 
 ous. Some lands require little more than 
 to be relieved from surplus surface water 
 in early spring. This may be accomplished 
 by forming ridges and open furrows as 
 far asunder as the rows of trees are to be 
 placed. But it is only rarely that surface 
 drainage fully prevents serious damage 
 from surplus moisture. Surface drainage 
 may be considered a cheap way of tem- 
 porarily alleviating undesiralde condi- 
 tions. It does not always eradicate them. 
 Fig. 73.") illustrates how sub-drainage low- 
 ers the water-table (or the area of stand- 
 ing water), and thereby ameliorates the 
 soil. 
 
 Sub-drainage consists in placing con- 
 duits of tile or other material in the 
 ground at depths varying from 2/^2-4 feet, 
 and at such distances apart as will serve to 
 relieve the subsoil of deleterious stagnant 
 ■water. When suitable stones are at hand 
 they are sometimes used instead of tile 
 for forming drainage conduits. If such 
 use is made of them, the drains should be 
 somewhat deeper than tile drains, since 
 the stones which form the drain occupy 
 
 ~ I riW'-iMiii I 
 
5UG 
 
 DRAINAGE 
 
 nearly a foot of the depth of the ditch and are more 
 likely to l)econie ohstruetfd, especially if placed near 
 the surface, than are tile drains. The throats or open- 
 ings of Mtone drains are irrej^ilar In size, while those of 
 tile drains are smooth and uniform in size, and are, 
 therefore, most desirable. Years asro, various tlat-lNit- 
 tomed tiles (Fig. 7M) were used, but the only stvle in 
 general um«' at present is the cylindrical unglazed tile 
 shown in Fig, 737. 
 
 In some sections drains are placed 200 to 300 feet apart, 
 and serve their purpose well. In others they should not 
 be placed farther apart than from 20 to 30 feet. Where- 
 erer the subsoil is composed of tenacious, fine clay, 
 through which the water moves upwards or downwards 
 with difficulty, the narrower in- 
 tervals are necessary. In some 
 instances the surpIuH water in 
 the subsoil is underpressure l»y 
 reason of wttt»'r wliich finds itc 
 way into it from higher levels, 
 and if this is not removed, the 
 water has a constant tendency 
 to rise to the surfm-e. In many 
 such cases drains placed at wide 
 intervals may serve to relieve 
 the pressure and drain the land. 
 Since 8ub-<lrains are designed 
 to be permanent, are expensive 
 to construct and difficult to re- 
 pair, the principles of drainage 
 should be well understood, and 
 the work should be undertaken 
 only after a most careful inspec- 
 tion of the land ant! after the 
 fundamental principles of the 
 subject have been mastered. 
 
 Mains and sub-mains should 
 be avoided so far as possible, 
 since they greatly increase cost, 
 tend to become obstructed, and 
 are often unnecessary. The 
 three long mains in Fig. 738 are 
 not drains, strictly speaking, 
 
 737. Common cylindrioU drain-tile ; and a scoop for 
 preparing the bed for the tile. 
 
 since the land may be as fully drained without them, as 
 shown in Fig. 739 ; therefore, they only serve to conduct 
 the water of the drains proper. Tiles of 3 to 4 and 5 inches 
 diameter should be used when the drains are infrequent 
 and the flow of water considerable. Smaller ones. 2 to 3 
 inches in diameter, will suffice when the intervals be- 
 tween the drains are narrow. Drains should have as 
 uniform a fall as possible, and no abrupt lateral curves 
 or sharp angles should occur as are seen in manj' plates 
 in Fig. 738. If the drain has a rapid fall in its upper 
 reaches, as is often the case, and but slight fall in the 
 lower, a silt basin should be constructed at the point 
 at which the rapid chamres into the slight fall, if obstruct- 
 ing silt is present. All drains whi<'h may be necessary 
 should be placed before the planting: occurs. Orchard 
 lands may be drained in the spring, fallowed in the sum- 
 mer, and planted in the fall or the following spring. 
 Drains placed at frequent intervals because of the te- 
 nacity of the soil should be comparatively shallow, for 
 if placed deep or at wide intervals, the water will be too 
 long reaching them. If drains are placed at wide inter- 
 vals they should be at least 3j-$ feet deep to be most effi- 
 cient. If the parallel system is adopted (Fig. 739), there 
 
 DREEU 
 
 may be more outlets to construct and maintain than is 
 desirable; if so, the system might In* mo<litled by con 
 tttnicting a sub^ain, one side of which will serve also 
 
 738. Improper method of draining a field. 
 
 as a drain, and but one outlet will be required ( Fig. 740). 
 Drains through which water runs for the greater part 
 of the year are likely to become obstructed by roots, if 
 water-loving trees, such as the willow, soft maple and 
 elm, are allowed to grow near them. If floating silt is 
 present the joints of the tiles should be protected for 
 two-thirds of their upper circumferences by a narrow 
 strip of tarred building paper, or collars should be used. 
 Stone drains should receive a liberal covering of straw 
 before they are filled. j. p. Roberts. 
 
 DBEEB, HENBT A. Seedsman, and founder of one 
 of the oldest American horticultural establishments; 
 was bom in Philadelphia, Aug. 24, 1818, and died there 
 Dec. 22, 1873, at the age of fifty-five. His parents were 
 Frederick Dreer, of Hanover, and Fredericka Augusta 
 Nolthenius, of (irossakenheim, Germany. They were 
 married in America. The Nolthenius family emigrated 
 to the United States in the la.st decade of the eigh- 
 teenth centur\% and were closely connected with the 
 Lutheran Church. Henrv A. Dreer's education was 
 largely in (lennan, and obtained in Philadelphia. He was 
 fond of gathering seeds and plants in the country, and 
 would bring them home to cultivate. He was trained in 
 his father's business, that of a cabinet-maker. In 1838, at 
 the solicitation of a friend, he began as a florist in a 
 small way, near Front and Chester Sts. About 1870 he 
 removed to Seventh and Chestnut. In 1869 he enjoyed 
 a 5 months' trip to Europe, where he met business cor- 
 respondents of 30 years' standing. He was marrsird 
 June 22, 1847, to Mary Leavenworth, of Reading, Pa., 
 
 739. Best method of draining a field. 
 
DREER 
 
 DEYMOPHLCEU8 
 
 507 
 
 and had «lx children. Of the two son«, one died In infancy, 
 anil ihe other, William F. Dreer, conducts, at 714 C'hent- 
 nut Htreet, the buMinexM which In incorporated In the 
 name of hi» father. Henry A. Dreer died of a nervous af- 
 fection of the heart. He waH of niodeHt temperament 
 and frail conxtitution, and conflned hiniHflf to busineDfl 
 rather closely. He wan lilwral in jpulilic matters, but 
 always kept out of political lift He compiled several 
 Rmall works in connecti<»n with <■ buniness, and wrote 
 frequently for the Weekly Satunlay Evening Post, of 
 Philailelphia. and for <}odey's Ladies' Magazine. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 740. Showing how the drains may be sathered into 
 one when there is only one place at which an 
 outlet can be secured. 
 
 DEOPWORT. 
 
 Filiptmluln. 
 
 Spinea Filipendula; also Potentilla 
 
 DBOSE&A (Greek, dew; referring to the dew-like 
 drops on the glandular leaves). Dro8erdcea>. Sundew. 
 Dew Plant. A very interesting group of insectivorous 
 plants. About 100 species scattered throughout the 
 world, except the Pacific islands, and most common in 
 Australia outside the tropics. Perennial bog herbs with 
 basal Ivs. slothed with glandular hairs, which secrete a 
 fluid that holds insects fast. F*bliage and inflorescence 
 diflfer widely. The .*} species described below may be ob- 
 tained through dealers in native plants. For culture, 
 see Darlingtonia. 
 
 A. Lvs. thread-like, with no distinct stalk: petals 
 
 purple. 
 
 filifdrmis, Rafln. Lvs. 6-1.5 in. long, glandular-pubes- 
 cent throughout, at the very base woolly with brown 
 hairs: racemes 1-sided, 10-30-fld. : 
 fls. 4-12 lines broad. July-Sep. 
 Wet sand near the coast. Mass. to 
 Fla. 
 
 jLk. Lvs. icifh an oblong blade: 
 petals white. 
 
 longifdlia, Linn. Lvs. longpet- 
 ioled; blade S-15 lines long, 1 J^-2 
 lines wide, the petiole glabrous. 
 Summer. Bogs, northern and arc- 
 tic regions. 
 
 AAA. Lvs. with a blade that is 
 wider than long : petals white. 
 
 rotundifdlia, Linn. Fig. 741. Lvs. 
 with a blade 3-6 lines long, glan- 
 dular above, petiole %-2 in. long, 
 pubescent but not glandular : ra- 
 cemes 4-12-fld. : fls. about 2 lines 
 broad, opening in sun- 
 shine. July, Aug. Bogs, 
 Labrador to Alaska, 
 south to Fla. and Ala., 
 and in the Sierra Ne- 
 vada to Calif. 
 
 Other Droseras are to be 
 expected in fine collections, 
 and some of them are more 
 showy than those men- 
 tioned above. Some of the - , „ 
 best are as follows: D. bi- 741. Sundew— 
 ndta, LabUl., of Austral. Drosera rotundifolia (X>a)- 
 
 and N. Zeal., with Irs. deeply parted Into 2 louf. linear loh««. 
 Prop, by root <>uttinffii. B.M. :«W-'. — /> CapenMia. Linn., of 8. 
 Afr , bait linear uri*trap-tthap«> leMf-blaUeM ax long mm the petiole, 
 and larite (1 in. in diaiu ), tony n-ii rt»%. Fn>p. by nnn -cuttings. 
 H.M. O^Ki. — /> dich4>tuma. Hurt I> liiiiMta. — />. lintariM, 
 (}oldie, Lake Superior and W., has linear olituKe Iv*. on naked, 
 erert petioles, and purple Us. — />. tpathuldta. t.<«l>ill., Aoatral., 
 N. Zeal., haa Hhnrt, oblong Kpatulate Ivs. in a rosette, narrowed 
 into short petioles, and purplish fis. O.C. 1881, 16:862. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 DRUPE. A fleshy fruit containing a single seed with 
 a bony covering or "stone," 
 as a plum. Fig. 742. A Drupe 
 resembles an akene in being 
 1-sided, and not splitting, but 
 an akene is dry instead of 
 pulpy or fleshy. The most 
 important drupaceous or stone 
 fruit.s are peaches, plums, 
 apricots, cherries and rasp- 
 berries. Each of the fleshy 
 parts of a raspberry is a 
 drupelet. 
 
 743. Young drupes lapri* 
 
 cots), cut in two, show* 
 
 ing ovules. Nat. size. 
 
 In drupes of the genus 
 Pninus there are two 
 ovules, but osoally only 
 one matures. 
 
 ORt^AS (Greek, wood- 
 nymph). RosHcece. A genus of 
 
 2 or ;{ species of dwarf, hardy, 
 tufted, evergreen, somewhat 
 shrubby plants with oblong Ivs. half an inch long, 
 recurved at the margins, shining above, snowy white 
 beneath, and large white or yellow fl.s. borne singly on 
 slender scapes: calyx glandular-hairy : petals 8-9, 
 broadly obovate: stamens many. The genus is close to 
 Geum, but the species of (teum are herbs with deep'y 
 cut f diage. J. W. Manning recommends a soil well 
 furnished with peat. 
 
 Dryns octopetala requires a well drained, porous soil, a 
 sunny but not dry position. It is well to shade the foli- 
 age from bright sun during the winter months with 
 evergreen branches to prevent the foliage from having a 
 scorched appearance. A capital plant i?or the rockery. 
 Prop, by cuttings, division, or by seed. 
 
 octopetala, Linn. Lvs. oblong, deeply and regularly 
 crenate, downy beneath: scapes 2-3 in. long: fls. white: 
 seeds with a feathered awn over 1 in. long. North tem- 
 perate and arctic regions. j^ q Keller. 
 
 DRTMOGLOSSUM. a genus of small ferns from 
 Japan, with wide creeping rootstalks, and small, entire 
 leaves : sori resembling those of Polypodium. None 
 are advertised in America. Three or' four kinds are 
 cult, abroad. l, 2>i. Undebwoou. 
 
 DRTMOFHLOEUS (Greek words meaning oak and 
 smooth inner bark). P(ilmi)ce<r, tribe Arecew. This 
 genus contains a tropical palm, with very distinct wedge- 
 shaped leaflets and ornamental scarlet fruits, borne 
 every year. It flowers when only a few feet high, and 
 is suitable for pot culture, t^pineless palm, with slender, 
 medium caudex: lvs. terminal, etjually pinuatisect, the 
 segments cuneate-oblong or linear, broadly oblique, sub- 
 membranaceous, 3- to many-nerved, the margins re- 
 curved at the base: rachis scaly, 3-sided: .'<heath long: 
 spadix with a short peduncle and slender branches : 
 spathes 2 or many, the lower one 2-crested. Species 12. 
 Australasia and the Pacific islands. 
 
 The chances are that most of the plants now known to 
 the American trade as D. olivaformis are really D. ap- 
 pendicnlnta. The true I). oliva>formis is said to have 
 been offered by a few dealers as Ptychoxpenna Humphii. 
 D. appendicu'lata was described and figured by William 
 Watson, in Garden and Forest, erroneou.ily as D. olii'ot- 
 tormis, as explained in B.M. 7202. He adds, "Like 
 all the palms of this section of the order, Drymophloeus 
 requires a tropical moist house with abundance of water 
 at all times." The plant figured was about 14 years old, 
 
 3 ft. high, with lvs. about 3 ft. long. The plant takes 
 about six months to mature its fruits. 
 
 appendiculata, Scheff. {Areca gracilis, Griseke, not 
 Roxb. or Thou.). Leaflets wedge-shaped, raggedly cut, 
 serrate. Moluccas. New Guinea. B.M. 7202. G.F. 4:331. 
 
 D. olivceformis. Mart., has narrower leaflets than the above, 
 and the fruit half immersed in the greatly enlarged perianth. 
 
 Jaked G. Smith and W. M. 
 
508 
 
 DRYXARIA 
 
 DRYOPTERIS 
 
 DBTNABIA (Greek, oak-like). Polypodideea. A 
 genus of 10 or more East Indian ferns, with round naked 
 sori, allied to Polypodiuni, but with a fine net-work of 
 veins, with free included veinlets, and with either a 
 separate oak-like leaf or with the lower portion of the 
 spur-bearing leaf deeply pinnatifid like an oak leaf. D. 
 quercifdlia, with two sorts of Ivs.. the sprre-bearing 
 2-3 ft. long, is the commonest species, i). rigrldtila, 
 Sw. {D. diversifdlia, R. Br.), a similar but larger 
 species from the same region, also appeared at one time 
 in the American trade, but the species are seldom seen 
 in cultivation in this country. D. muscefdlia is occa- 
 sionally seen in fine collections, where it is grown 
 for its striking, simple foliage, which reminds one 
 of the Bird's Nest Fern ( Thamnopteris ) . It is really a 
 Polypodium, which see for description, 
 
 L. M. UXDERWOOD. 
 
 DRY6PTEEIS (Greek, oak-fern). Polypodidcece. 
 Wood Fekn. A widely distributed genus of handsome 
 ferns with dissected foliage and bearing round sori 
 ■covered with heart-shaped or reniform indusia, which 
 are fixif'd at the center or along the sinus. The veins 
 are either wholly free or the lowest united. A consider- 
 able number of our common wood ferns belong to this 
 genus. The species have been variously known under 
 the names Lastrea, Aspidium, and Nephrodiuni. Other 
 species sometimes referred to under this genxis may be 
 found under Polystichum. For D. acrostichoid^s, see 
 Poljfstichum ; for D. decurrens, see Sagenia. In North 
 America, known mostly as Aspidiuvis. For cm. .re, see 
 Ferns. Not the same as Doryopteris. 
 
 A. Veins entirely free. 
 
 B. Pinna lobed less than one -third to midrib. 
 
 hlrtipes, Kuntze (Xephrbdiutn, ftirfjpes, Hook.). Lvs. 
 2-3 ft. long, 8-16 in. broad, on stalks clothed with dense 
 black scales ; pinnae with broad, blunt lobes, the lower 
 ones not reduced in size : sori medial on the lobes. In- 
 ■dia. 
 
 BB. Pinnce cleft nearly to midrib, or lvs. bipinnat". 
 or tripinnatifid. 
 
 c. Texture thin, membranous ; veins simple or once 
 
 forked. 
 
 D. Lower pinnce gradually reduced to mere lobes. 
 
 lToveborac6n8i8,Gray(^spMiH>H Xovehoracinse, Sw.). 
 Lvs. somewhat clustered from creeping rootstocks, pale 
 green, 1-2 ft. long, tapering both ways from the middle. 
 Canada to N. C. and Ark. 
 
 Fischerl, Mett (Lastrea opdca, Mett). Lvs. 6-8 in. 
 long, 2-3 in. wide, bipinnatifid, cut into close, entire 
 lobes, the lowest much reduced; surfaces smooth. Braz. 
 
 DD. Lower pinnce scarcely smaller than those above. 
 
 E. Veins forked. 
 
 Tliel^pteris, Gray (Aspidiutn Thelypteris, Sw. ). 
 Marsh Fekn. Lvs. scattered on wide creeping black 
 rootstocks, 1-2 ft. long ; margins of the spore-bearing 
 pinnse often strongly convolute: sori 10-12 to each seg- 
 ment. Canada to Fla. and Tex. 
 
 EE. Veins simple. 
 
 simul&ta, Dav. Lvs, scattered from a creeping root- 
 stock, 8-20 in. long, 2-7 in. wide, with 12-20 pairs of 
 lanceolate pinnsB : sori rather large, somewhat distant, 
 4-10 to each segment. Native in N. Y. and N, Eng,, 
 where it is often confused with D. 'Thelypteris. G.F. 
 -9:485. 
 
 p&tens, Kuntze, Lvs, clustered at the end of a thick 
 rootstock, 2-3 ft, long, 4-10 in, wide, soft-hairy be- 
 neath ; pinnae cut thr«^e-fourths to the midrib, ."le basal 
 segments usually longer. Fla. to Tex. and Trop. Amer. 
 A,G. 20:25. 
 
 cc Texture firm or subcoriaceous ; veins 2-4 times 
 
 forked. 
 
 D. Lvs. bipinnatifid or nearly bipinnate: indusia 
 large, mostly flat. 
 
 crist^ta, Gray {Aspidium cristdtum, Sw,), Lvs. 1-2 
 ft. long, with short, triangular pinnae ? 3 in. long, which 
 
 arp nuch w! ler at base. Var. Clintoniana is larger, 
 with pinnae 4-6 in. long, and with the sori rather near 
 the midvein. Canada to Ar'i. ; also in N. Eu. Hybrids 
 are described with D. marginalis. G.F. 9:445. 
 
 Goldieina, Gray (4sjo»<iJMm 6ro Wtedn m m, Sw.). Lvs. 
 growing in large crowns, 2^ ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, the 
 pinnsD broadest at the middle : indusia very large. 
 Canada to Ky,— One of our largest and most stately na- 
 tive species, 
 
 DD, Lvs. mostly bipinnate: indusia convex, rather 
 
 firm. 
 
 Flliz-m&s, Schott (Aspidium FMix-mds, Sw.). Male 
 Fern. Lvs. growing in crowns, 1-3 ft. long, sori near 
 the midvein. Used as a vermifuge, as is also the next 
 species. N. Eu., Canada and Colo. 
 
 743. Dryopteris marginalis. 
 
 margin&lis, Gray (Aspidium margindle, Sw.), Fig. 
 743, Lvs, 6 in. to 2 ft. long, growing in crowns, mostly 
 in rocky places: sori close to the margin. Canada and 
 southward. — One of our commonest ferns. 
 
 DDD, Lvs. mostly tripinnatifid ; segments spinulose- 
 toothed: indusia shriveling at maturity. 
 
 E, Leaf-stalks naked, polished. 
 
 virid^scens, Kuntze. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, on stalks 
 two-thirds as long; lower pinnae largest: sori near the 
 midribs. Japan. 
 
 EE. Leaf a Iks ily» 
 
 spinuldsa, Kuntze ( pidium ^^tnuldsum, Sw.). 
 Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, w n a few pale, deciduous scales 
 at the base : indusia smooth, without marginal glands. 
 Var. intermedia, Underw,, has more persistent scales, 
 with a brown center, and the margins of the indusia 
 with stalked glands. One of our commonest wood ferns 
 in the northern states. — Var, dilat&ta, Underw,, has 
 similar scales to the last and ^^ipinnate lvs. In woods, 
 from Canada to Ore. ; also in Europe. 
 
 Bodttii, Underw. (Asf'.dium Bobttii, Tuckni.). Lvs. 
 elongate-lanceolate, with broadly oblong pinnules : in- 
 dusia minutely glandular. Canada, N. Y. and N. Eng. 
 
 DDDb. Lvs.ntnple, 4-3-pinnatifid. 
 
 efftisa, Kuntze. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long, 2 ft. or more wide, 
 with polished stems and short, creeping rootstocks : 
 sori abundant, scattered, often without indusia. Cuba 
 to Brazil. 
 
 diss^cta, Kuntze (Lastrea membranifolia, Hort. ). 
 Lvs. 1-5 ft. long. 1-3 ft, wide, membranous, d»*compound; 
 segments broad and blunt; surfaces nearly naked: sori 
 near the margin, abundant. India and Madagascar to 
 Australia. 
 
 AA. Veins not entirely free, the lower veinlets of adjoin- 
 ing segments xinited. 
 
 Otaria, Knr\tze (Lastrea aristdta, Hort.). Lvs. 1 ft. 
 long, with a long terminal pinnae an inch or more wide, 
 with lanceolate lobes, and 6-lL similar lateral pinisae; 
 texture thin ; surfaces naked ; veins united half way 
 from the midrib to the edge. Ceylon to the Philippines. 
 — Good for table ferneries, but slow of growth. 
 
DRYOPTERIS 
 
 DYPSIS 
 
 509 
 
 m6xli8, Kuntze. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 8-12 in. wide, bipin- 
 xwitifid, the pinnc" cut into blunt lobes; lower pinnae dis- 
 tant from the others and somewhat shorter ; surfaces 
 flneiy villose. Trop. regions of both hemispheres. 
 Probably several species are confused under this name, 
 
 Fhilippin6nsiB, Baker. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, 
 bipinnatifid, smooth, with a naked rachis; lower pinnffi 
 scarcely smaller: sori midway from midrib to margin, 
 with firm, smooth indusia. Philippines. 
 
 L. M. Underwood. 
 
 DUCHfiSNEA. S^e Fragaria. 
 
 DUCK-WFED. Lemna. 
 
 DUCEWHiDAT. Some years aero, as the story goes, 
 a man in New England shot a wild duck, and in the 
 crop found strange seeds. These seeds were planted, 
 and the flour from the grain was found to make good 
 pancakes. He increased his stock to hundreds of 
 bushels. The grain was offt*red by seedsmen as Duck- 
 wheat. It seems not to have had great popularity, and 
 for the past 2 or 3 years it evi<lently has not appeared 
 in catalogues. It turns out that this grain is the India 
 wheat or Tartarian buckwheat, /'aj/o/jyrMm Tatnricum, 
 an Asian grain, which has been known in this country 
 for some tim'"^ It is earlier than buckwheat, but is very 
 similar to it 7 "^ "heat and Fagopyrum. 
 
 T TT T> 
 
 DUD'JM li <T«J : Ctcumis. 
 
 DUFOUE, JOHN ' ?f^lo. . Swiss vigneron, who was 
 at the head of a f .laj t j , 'W the wine grape iu Ken- 
 tucky, and the au.._ -t ot ^ - ir Dresser's Guide," pub- 
 lishe<i in Cincinnati in ib:id. xhe Kentucky experiment 
 failed, and the colony then settled in southern Indiana, 
 on the banks of the Ohio river; and this settlement is 
 now the city of Vcvay. Here Dufour died in 1827. This 
 Indiana experiment brought out the merits of the 
 Alexander grape, a native, and thereby did much to es- 
 tablish ,in American viticulture. For detailed account 
 of the Dufours and their associates, and the results of 
 their v/ork, see Bailey, Evolution of our Native Fruits. 
 
 DUGUfiTIA (probably made from a personal name). 
 Anondceoe. A dozen South American trees differing 
 from Anona in technical characters, particularly in the 
 imbricated petals, which are wide-spreading in flower 
 (in Anona the petals are valvate). D. longrifdlia, Baill. 
 (Anbn" 'ongifolia, Aubl. ), is a small tree: lvs. oblong- 
 acum' -ve, raucronate and smooth : fls. axillary and 
 stalked, the 2 series of petals much alike; inflorescence 
 lateral; outer stamens sterile and petaloid: fr. ovate- 
 globose, dotted and reticulated, nearly smooth, flesh- 
 colored. <iuiana and Peru. Recently introduced into 
 southern Florida as a frait-plant, but very little known. 
 
 Li, H. B. 
 
 DULtCHIUM (old Latin nf^me). Ct/perdceie. One 
 perennial species ( />. Spathdi-eum, Pers.), in eastern 
 N. Amer. Grass-like, with terete leafy culms, 2-3 ft. 
 tall: grows in ponds and swales. Has been offered by 
 collectors as a bog plant. 
 
 DTTBANTA (after Castor Durantes, physician and 
 botanist, died 1.590). Ver. -"^ceie. About 10 species of 
 tropical A- *can shrubs, ^ which 2 kinds are culti- 
 vated outdoors in Florida and California, and in a few 
 northern greenhouses. The best known kind has long 
 racemes of blue, 5-lobed fls., followed by yellow berries 
 which remain all winter. It is said to be used for orna- 
 meptal hedges in warm regions. Shrubs, glabrous or 
 woolly, often armed with axillary spines: lvs. opposite 
 or in whorls, entire or toothed: racemes long and ter- 
 minal or short and axillary: fls. small, short-pedicelled 
 in the axis of a small bract; corolla limb of 5 spreading 
 obUqufi or equal lobes; stamens 4, didynamous. 
 
 A. Stems irithotit prickles. 
 Pluml^ri, Jacq. Golden Dew Drop. Shrub, G-15 ft. 
 high: branches ash-colored, villous: lvs. opposite, ellip- 
 tic, acute, entire or obtusely an<l unequally saw-toothed 
 abo" ^ the middle: fls. pale bin* or lilac, with 2 purple 
 Btreu ".s down the middle of the 2 sma'ler and narrower 
 lobes. The above description is from B .. 3:244, where 
 it is said that another plant was cuUixated which had 
 long lanceolate lvs., wi*h deep, c'.ose saw-teeth and green 
 branches. There is a v Ite-fld. variety. 
 
 AA. Stems with a few prickles or spines. 
 
 EUisia, Jacq. This is at least horticulturally distinct 
 from the above by reason of the lighter color of its fls., 
 but it has been lately referred to D. Plumieri. B.M. 
 1759 shows the lower half of each lobe white, and a few 
 short spines on the stem. It adds, "two kinds [of 
 Duranta], one with thorns and one constantly without, 
 are • * * cultivated. The lvs. of the smooth are larger 
 and more coarsely serrated, and the branches more 
 rounded than in the prickly Duranta." w, jx, 
 
 DUSTY MILLEB. Lychnis coronaria ; also species 
 ^f Centaurea and Senecio. 
 
 DUTCHMAN'S BBEECHES. Dicentra CucuUaria. 
 
 DUTCHMAN'S PIPE is Aristolochia. 
 
 DUVAUA. A synonym of Schinus. * 
 
 .D'i'CKIA (after Prince Salm-Dyck, German botanist, 
 and author of a great work on .succulent plants). 
 Brotnelidcece. About 57 species of succulent plants 
 from South America, somewhat resembling century 
 plants, but with smaller spines, as a rule, and flowering 
 regularly. They are usually stemless, and the lvs. form 
 dense rosettes. For culture, see Agave. They are 
 rarely cultivated in Florida and California, and in a few 
 northern collections. The following have showy yellow 
 fls. Latest monograph in Latin by C. Mez in DC. 
 Monogr. Phan. vol. 9 (1890). 
 
 A. Inflorescence amply branched or panicled. 
 
 altissima, Lindl. Lvs. spiny at the margin : floral 
 bracts small, all manifestly shorter than the fls. Braz. 
 Baker's plant of this name is really D. encholirioides, 
 Mez, which is distinguished by the filaments. Beyond 
 the tube they are free in the tree D. altissima, while in 
 Baker's plant they are grown together about a twelfth 
 of an inch. The sepals are obtuse in Lindley's plant, but 
 acute in Mez's. 
 
 AA. Inflorescence not branched, a raceme or spike. 
 
 B. Fls. ivith scarcely atty pedicel; filaments forming 
 
 a tube. 
 
 rarifl6ra, Schult. Lvs. with small spines on the mar- 
 gin, shorter than in i>. altissima : sepals not emargi- 
 nate at the apex : upper sheaths of the scape shorter 
 than the internodes. Braz. B.M. 3449. B.R. 21:1782. 
 
 BB. Fls. with a short but conspicuous pedicel; fila- 
 ments not forming a tube all the tcay. 
 
 c. Fls. loosely disposed, erect. 
 
 gemell^ria, Morr. This is the plant which Baker calls- 
 I), sulphurea, not Koch's plant. 
 
 CO. Fls. more densely disposed, spreading. 
 
 snlphtirea, C. Koch, not Baker. Lvs. with small spine* 
 at the margin : sheaths of the scape longer than the in- 
 ternodes, the higher ones entire: bracts lanceolate, the 
 lowest conspicuously longer than the pedicelled tts.: 
 blades of the petals wide and longer than the stamens. 
 Brazil. W. M. 
 
 DYEB'S WEED. Reseda Luteola. 
 
 DYPSIS (obscure name). Palmiiceo', tribe Arecete. 
 Perhaps half a dozen species of Madagascar palms that 
 have been poorly described and are little known. They 
 are all small, unarmed palms, with reed-like stems. Lvs. 
 terminal, entire, bifid at the apex or pinnatisect ; seg- 
 ments split at the apex or irregularly toothed, the apical 
 ones confluent: sheath short: spadices long, loosely fld.: 
 fruit small, oblong or ovoid, straight or curved, oblique 
 at the I -se. 
 
 Nc pecies of Dypsis are coTumon in cultivation, as 
 they p«>ssess but little beauty. They are among the 
 easiest and quickest to germinate. All of them require 
 a stove temperature. IK Madagasc(iri'''nsis, Nicholson, 
 is also known as Areca Madagascari^'nsis, Mart. i>. 
 pinnatifroHs, Mart. (.1. gracilis, Thou.i, is one of sev- 
 eral pl-...;s that have been known as Areca gracilis. It 
 is a pretty palm, now grown in large (piantities by some 
 dealers. Jabed G. Smith and G, W. Oliver. 
 
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