I Cyclopedia of American horticulture i ■'rt^><^° Cyclopedia of American Horticulture COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI- CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES BY L. H. BAILEY Professor of HorticuJture in Cornell University AsSISTKlt HY WILHELM MILLER , Associate Editor AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS JllusftratrU toitS ober Ctoo 'iXiiousanti i^ngmal (lEngtat)ins0 /AT Four Volumes AD 'CTorontP i VIHTUE & COMPANY \ 10 ADKLAIDK STKEET KAf»T 1 T!h' litiht* <if tettrvdiicdon mid of fninnhitiii,- tire Mtnctl!' •■■>'»'i>'>'<' i Copyright, 1900, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY ^ount ©Iraaant Drinictp J Horace McFarland Company HarrisbutK, t'a. PREFACE T IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK to make a complete record of the status of North American horticulture as it exists at the close of the nineteenth century. The work dis- cusses the cultivation of fruits, flowers and garden vegetables, describes all the species which are known to be in the hor- ticultural trade, outlines the horticultural possibilities of the various states, territories and provinces, presents biographies of those persons not living who have contributed most to the horticultural progress of North America, and indicates the leading mono- graphic works relating to the various subjects. It has been the dream of years to close the century with a comprehensive index to American horticulture, and for a long period the Editor, therefore, has collected notes, books, plants and information for the furtherance of the work. Before the active preparation of the manuscript was begun, a year was expended in making indexes and references to plants and litera- ture. Every prominent plant and seed catalogue published in the United States and Canada has been indexed, and the horticultural periodicals have been explored. A dozen artists have been employed in various horticul- tural centers to draw plants as they grow. Expert cultivators and botanists have contributed on their various specialties. All the important articles are signed, thus giving each author full credit for his work, and holding him ]'esponsible for it. Th ) work is made first-hand, from original sources of information. So fa' as possible, the botanical matter has been newly elaborated from the p ants themseh v^a ; and in all cases it is specially prepared directly for this Cyclopedia, and is not the work of copyists nor of space-writers. In many of the most important subjects, two authors have contributed, one writing the culture and the other the botany ; and in some cases the culture is presented from two points of view. When it has been necessary to compile in comparatively unfamiliar groups, the greatest pains has been taken to select authentic sources of information ; and the proofs always have been submitted to recognized specialists. In f^>ct, (▼) vi PREFACE proofs of every article in the work have been read by experts in that subject. Every effort has been made to present a truthful picture of American horticulture, by describing those plants which are or lately have been in the trade, and by giving cultural directions founded upon American experience. Therefore the Old World cyclopedias, which represent other horticultural floras and other methods of cultivation, have not been fol- lowed. Species which are commonly cultivated in the Old World, or which are mentioned prominently in horticultural literature, but vhich are not known to be in North American commerce, are briefly recorded iu smaller type in supplementary lists. The object has been to make the work essentially American and wholly alive. Particular attention has been given to the tropical and sub -tropical plants which are now being introduced in southern Florida and southern California. These plants already represent the larger part of the cultivated tropical flora ; and a knowledge of them will be of increasing interest and importance with the enlargement of our national sphere. The work is intended to cover the entire field from Key West and the Rio Grande to Quebec and Alaska. North America is a land of outdoor horticulture, and the hardy fruits, trees, shrubs and herbs are given the prominence which they deserve. In most works of this character, the glasshouse and fanciers' plants receive most emphatic attention. Since it is hoped that the work will be of permanent value, descriptions of varieties are not included ; for such descriptions would increase the bulk of the work enormously, and the information would be out of date with the lapse of a few months or years. If the work finds sufficient patronage, it is hoped that a small supplemental volume may be issued annually, to record the new species and varieties and the general • progress of horticul- tural business and science. The illustrations have been m^de under the personal supervision of the Editor so far as possible, and, with few exceptions, they are owned and controlled by the publishers. No trade cuts have been purchased. In various confused groups, copies have been made of old prints for the pur- pose of showing the original or native lorm of a plant, and thereby to illustrate the course of its evolution ; but credit is given to the source of the illustration. The point of view is the garden, not the herbarium. The herbarium PREFACE ^ vii is the adjunct. In other words, the stress is laid upon the plants as domesticated and cultivated subjects. Special efforts have been made to portray the range of variation under domestication, and to suggest the course of the evolution of the greatly modified forms. Garden plants are worthy subjects of botanical study, notwithstanding the fact that they have been neglected by systematists. It is desired to represent the plants as living, growing, varying things, rather than as mere species or bibliographical formulas. The Editor desires to say that he considers this book but a beginning. It is the first complete survey of our horticultural activities, and it is published not because it is intended to be complete, but that it may bring together the scattered data in order that further and better studies may be made. A first work is necessarily crude. We must ever improve. To the various articles in the work, the teacher of horticulture may assign his advanced students. The Editor hopes that every entry in this book will be worked over and improved within the next quarter centuiy. T TT RATI W\ Horticultural Department, ^' ^-^' -o-^^-i-L^-Ci -«■ • College op Agriculture of Cornell University, iTrfACA, New York, December SO, 1899, ■ ■ 'lah Miiiiri COLLABORATORS /. PARTIAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA The asterisk designates the contributors to the first volume, proofs and in other ways. Many of the contributors have also assisted in reading Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston, R. I. {Rhode Island.) *Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and Instructor in Botany in Harvard f niv., Cam- bridge, Mass. {Many genera of Orchids.) *Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. {China Asters.) Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. {Phi"^.olog" of Plants.) Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Mushrooms.) Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash. {fVashington.) ♦Barclay, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. {Na- tive Asters. Various hardy plants.) Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ills. {Fertiliza- tion . Flower. ) Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies, Philadelphia, Pa. {Everlasting flowers.) ♦Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp. Si a., Geneva, N. Y. {Corn. Thinning.) *Bladle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt- more, N. C. {Bamboos.) Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. A^Tie. College, Agri- cultural College, Mich. {Article ''^ Grasses.^') *Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa. {Bougainvillea.) Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nur«'eryman, Augusta, Ga. {Eaki. Has read j>roof of vari- ous groups of importance in the South.) Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta., Champaign, Ills. {Glass. Illinois.) ♦Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's nursery. River- ton, N. J. {The article ^^ Ferns." Many groups of tender ferns. ) Buffum, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp. Sta., Laramie, Wyo. {Wyoming.) Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana.) Bush and Sons and Meissner, Bushberg, Mo. {Grape Culture in the Prairie States.) *BUTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Asst. Horticulturist, Pa. Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation. Pennsylvania. ) •Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of Harvard Univ. ( Various articles and much help on rare plants. Alpinia. Campanula, etc.) ♦Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College, Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many articles and much help on rare plants. Anthu- rium, Gloxinia, etc.) *Card, Prof. Fred. W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp. Sta,, Kingston, R. I. {Nebraska.- Botany and culture of many bush fruits. Amelanchier. Ber- heris. Blackberry. Buffalo Berry. Currant.) Clinkaberry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N. J. {Certain orchids, as Lcelia, Lycaste.) ♦Cook, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and Plant Litroduetion, Dept. of Agric, Washing- ton, D. C. {Coffee.) Corbett, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. Sta., i^org.antown, W. Va. ( West Virginia.) ♦Coulter, John M., Professor and Head of the Dept. of B tany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. ♦Craig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta., Ames, la. {Canada. Gooseberry.) ♦Craig, Roblrt, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. {Arau- caria. Ardisia . Codiceu m . ) Craig, W. N., Taunton, Mass. ♦Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. (Colorado.) CusHMAN, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid, ^ Ohio. {Gladiolus.) ♦Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, N. Y. {Rannnculacew.) ♦Davy, J. BuRTT, Assistant Botanist, Univ. of Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. {Acacia. Eucalyptus. Myrtacece.) ♦Dorner, Fred., Carnation specialist, Lafayette, Ind. {Carnation.) DoRSETT, P. H. , Associate Physiologist and Patholo- gist Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.( Violet.) Duggar, B. M., formerly Asst. Cryptogamic Bota- nist, Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Pollen.) ♦Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly- technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. {Alabama.) Earl^., Parker, Horticulturist, Roswell, N. M. {Nfw Mexico.) COLLABORATORS *ElSELS J. D., Foreman Dreer's Nursery, River- ton, N. J. {Cordyline.) *Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass. {Asparagus plumosus.) Emery, S. M., Director Mont. Exp. Sta,, Boze- man, Mont. (Montana.) *Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. {Achim- enes. Acidanthera.) *EVANS, Walter H., Office of Exp. Stations, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Alaska.) *Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Tropical fruits, as therimoya, Mangosteen, etc.) *Ferxow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry,. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. [Conifers. For- estry.) *Finlayson, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline, Mass. (Diosma. ) •Fletcher, S. W., Horticulturist, Ithaca, Y. (ConvolvuIac€(B. HelianVuus. Papaver.) *Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima- tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. (Rare plants of S. Calif., as Dasyiirion, etc.) Garfield, C. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rapids, Mich. (Michigan.) *Gerard, J. N., Elizabeth, N. J. (Many articles, especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus, Iris, Narcissus. ) Gillett, Edwahd, Nurseryman, Southwiek, Mass. (Hardy Ferns.) GOFF, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta., Madison, Wis. ( Wisconsin.) *GrOULD, H. P., Asst. Entomologist and Horti- culturist, Maryland Exp. Sta., College Park, Md. (Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac. ) Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Minne- sota.) Green, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta., Wooster, Ohio. (Ohio. Sub- irrigation.) *Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables. La Salle^ N. Y". ( Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, As- pa rag us , Bea n. Cress.) *Grey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. (Cypripedium and other oi'chids.) Groff, H. H., Simcoe, Ont. (Gladiolus.) *Gurney, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Cacti.) *Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist, South Glastonbury, Conn. (Conntcticut.) ♦Halsted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. (Diseases. Fungi.) Hansen, Geo., Landscape architect and botanist, Berkeley, Calif. (Epidcndrum.) Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak. Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. [South Dakota.) Hasselbring, H., Instructor in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, >",. Y. (Iris and certain orchids, as Gongora, Odontoglossum.) •Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Some tropical plants, as Berria, Bertholletia.) Hatfield, T. D., Gardener, Welles! ey, Mass. ( Gesnera and various articles. ) Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Mich. (Evaporated Fruits.) •Henderson & Co., Petf.r, Seedsmen, 37 Cort- landt St., New York, N. Y. (Bulbs.) •Herrington, a.. Gardener, Florham Farms^ Madison, N. J. [Chrysanthemum coccineian.) Hexamer, Dr. F. M., Editor American Agricul- turist, New York, N. Y. (A. S. Fuller. ) Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Washing- ton, D. C. (Seed Testing.) *HiLL, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. (Begonia.) Hoopes, Josiah, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa. (Hedges.) •HoRSFORD, Fred. H., Nurseryman, Charlotte, Vt. (Alpine Gardens. Has read proof of many ar- ticles on native plants.) HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta.,. Ithaca, N. Y. [Forcing of vegetables.) Huntley, Prof. F. A., Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow^ Idaho. (Idaho.) Hutchins, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In- dian Orchard, Mass. (Sweet Pea.) •Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar- den, St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum.) •Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen, Newark, N. Y. (Clematis.) Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns- wick, N. J. (Xew Jersey.) •Kains, M, G.,T)iv. of Botany, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Minor vegetables. Pot Herbs. Importations.) •Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. (Many groups of hardy herbaceous perennials .) Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston, Mass. (yorth Carolina plants, as Galax and Leucothoe.) •Kennedy, P. Beveridge, Div. of Agrostology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Many genera of grasses. Begonia.) Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. (Mary- land.) •Kift, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cut- jlo' ers. I King, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi- son, Wis. [Irrigation.) •Kinney, L. F., Horticalturist, Kingston, R. I. -- (Celery.) •Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit, N.J. (Cattleya.) COLLABORATORS Lake, Prof. E. R., Hqrticulturi&., Ore. Exp. Sta., Corvallis, Ore. {Oregon.) Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Horticulture, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Geranium. Pelar- gonium.) *LONSDALE, Edwin, Florist, Chestnut Hill, Phila- delphia, Pa. {Conservatory.) Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects and builde'S, Irvington- on -Hudson, N. Y. [Greenhousr Construction.) *LoTHKOP & IfiGGiNS, Dahlia specialists, East Bridgewater, Mass. ♦Manning, J. Wcodward, Nurseryman, Reading, Mass. {Pyreth'^um. Has read proof of many groups of herbaceous perennials.) Manning, Warren H., Landscape architect, Boston, Mass. {Article^ ^^ Herbaceous Peren- nials.") Massey, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp. Sta., Raleijfh, N. C. {Figs. North Carolina.) Mathews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp. Sta., Lexington, Ky. {Kentucky.) *Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, - Morley St., Boston^ Mass. {Color.) Maynard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass. Hatch Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. {Massa- chusetts.) McDowell, Prof. R. H., Reno, Nev. {Nevada.) ♦McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa. {Border.) *Mc William, Geo., Gardene'*.- Whitinsville, Mass. {Dipladeni4i.) *Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. {Cri- nun. Has helped in matters of extreme southern horticulture. ) Morris, O. M., Asst. Hoiticulturist, Okla. Exp. Sta., Stillwater, Okla. {Oklahoma.) Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisvi c>j Pa. ( Trees for orna ment.) MuNSON, T. v., Nurseryman and grape hybridist, Denison, Tex. {Grape culture in the South.) MuNSON, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp. Sta., Orono, Me. {Maine.) *Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. [Cer- tain orchids. ) Norton, J. B. S., Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan- ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Euphorbia.) *Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball Conserva- tories, Rochester, N. Y. {Dendrobium.) *0liver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens, Washington, D. C. {Many articles on palms, aroids, succulents and rare plants, and much help on proofs. Alstrcemeria. Amaryllis. ) *0rpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster, Mass. {Many articles. Border. Cyclamen. Dian- thus, and certain orchids.) ♦Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Atco, N. J. {Dahlia.) ♦Powell, Prof. G. Harold. Horticulturist, Del. Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. {Cherry. Delaware.) Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp. Sta., College Station, Tex. {lexas.) ♦PuRDY, Carl, Speeialigt in California bulbs, Ukiah, Calif. {Califoryiian native plants, a^ Brodieea, Calochortus, Fntillaria.) Rane, Prof. F. W., Horticulturist, N. H. Exp. Sta., Durham, N. H. {New Hampshire.) ♦Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market -gardener, Boston, Mass. {Cucumber.) ♦Reasoner, E. N., Nurseryman and norticulturist, Oneco, Fla. {Many articles, and much help on extreme southern horticulture. Ccesalpinia. Cocos.) ♦Rehder, Alfred, Specialist in hardy trees and shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Botany and culture of most of the hardy trees and shrubs.) ♦Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric, Cornell Univ., Itliaea, N. Y. {Drainage. Fer- tility. Potato.) Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Horticulturist, S. C. Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S. C. {Florida. Egg- plant.) ♦Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb., Smithsoniau Inst., Washington, D. C. {Agave.) Rose, N. J., Landscape gardener to New York City Parks, New York, N. Y. ♦RowLEE, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Nymphcea. Nar- cissus. Salix. Definitions.) ♦Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Abies.) ♦Scott, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. Y. {Acacia. Cy- tisus. ConvallariA. Cyclamen. Smilax, etc.) ♦Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. {Berto- lonia and other dwarf tender foliage plants.) ♦Semple, James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle - vue. Pa. {Aster.) ♦Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Sta- tions, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. {Cali- fornia. Fig, etc.) ♦Shore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ( Various articles, as Acniypha, Bedding, Marguerites, Dichorisandra, Fittonia.) ♦Siebrecht, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman, New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro- chelle, N. Y. {Dracatna and various articles. Much help on rare greenhouse plants, jmrticularly orchids.) SiMONDS, O. C, Supt. Graeeland Cemetery, Buena Ave., Chicago, 111. {CemeterieSf in article on Ljndscape Gardening.) zu COLLABORATORS Slinqerland, Prof. M. V., Asst. Prof. Economic Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Insects. Insecticides.) *Smith, a. W., Cosmos cultivator, Americas, Ga. ( Cosm OS. Moon flower . ) *Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist, Adrian, Mich. (Chrysanthemum.) *Smith, Jared G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Xearly all palms and va- rious genera, as Centaurea,Cerastium, Cotyledon.) Spencer, John W., Fruit-grower, Westfield, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y. (Grapes. Help on impor- tant fruits.) Starnes, Prof. Hugh N., Horticulturist, Ga. Exp. Sta., Athens, Ga. (Georgia.) *Stinson, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta., Mountain Grove, Mo. (Arkansas.) Taft, Prof. Ii. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric. Coll., Agricultural College, Mich. (Heating. Hotbeds. ) *Taplin, W. H., Specialist in ^alms and ferns, Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. (Culture of many palms, ferns and foliage platits.) *Taylor, Wm. a., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po- mology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Nuts.) ♦Thompson, C. H., Assistant Botanist, Mo. Botani- cal Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Many genera of Cacti.) •Toumey, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta., Tucson, Ariz. (Arizona. Date.) Tracy, S. M., Biloxi, Miss. (Mississippi.) ♦Tracy, Prof. W. W., Seedsman, Detroit, Mich. (Cabbage.) ♦Trelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Aloe. Apicra. Gasteria. Ha- worth ia.) ♦Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aquarium. Aqua- tics. Nymphoki. Nelumhrnm. Victoria, etc.) Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana.) Turner, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. (Farcing Fruits.) *TuTTLE, H. B., Cranberry grower, Valley Junc- tion, Wis. (Cranberry.) ♦Underwood, Prof. L. M., Columbia University, New York, N. Y. (Botany of all ferns.) ♦Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va. (Date.) Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago and New York. (Christmas Greens.) Voorhees, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertilizers.) Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist. N. Dak. Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. (North Dakota.) ♦Walker, Ernest, Horticulturist, Arkansas Exp. Sta., Fayett^ville, Ark. (Anmials. Basket Pla n ts . Wa tering . ) Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la. (Iowa.) ♦Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus- sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Colchicum. Cuttage. Forcing. House Plants.) Watts, R. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta., Knoxville, Tenn. (Tennessee.) ♦Waugh, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp. Sta., Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumber. Lilium. Pentstemon. Salad Plants. Vermont.) ♦Webber, H. J., In charge of Plant Breeding Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Citrus.) Whitney, Prof. Milton, Chief Div. of Soils, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Soil.) Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp. Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Mi<f.souri.) ♦WiCKSOi-f, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac- tice, Univ. of Calif., and Horticulturist, Calif. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apri- cot, Cherry, Grape, etc., in California.) ♦Wiegand, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. Cordyline. Cyperus. Draco'na.) ♦Wyman, a. p., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land- scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. {Dirca, Epigcea, Halesia and other hardy trees and shrubs, ) II. PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY READING PROOF, AND IN OTHER WATS Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo. (Native icestern plants, especial I y neic hardy CacH.) Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila- delphia, Pa. (Palms. Ferns. Foliage Plants.) Barker, Michael, Editor "American Florist," 324 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. (Many sug- gestions. ) Bassett, Wm. F., & Son, Hammonton, N. J. (Hibisctts and other plants.) Berger & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. (Japa- nese and Californian plants.) Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadelphiai Pa. (Cacti. Novelties.) - Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass. (Portrait of Joseph Jireck.) COLLABORATORS xm BUDLOKO Bros., Pickle makera, 1 -ovidence, R. I. (Cucfimber.) Clark, Mis8 Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. {Information as to species since Index Kewensis ) COATES, Leonard, Napa City, Calif. [Fruit Cul- ture in California.) CoviLLE, Frederick v.. Botanist, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. {Suggestions as to con- tributors.) CowEN, J. H., lorticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y. {Colorado.) Dat, Miss Mary A., Librari.an, Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. {Rare books. ) Deane, Walter, Cambridge, Mass. {Various botanical problems.) Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in Bamboos, New Orleans, La. {Batnb^os.) Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. {Bartram.) Dreer, H. A., Seedsmen and plantsmen, Phila- delphia, Pa. {Many and varied services, espe- cially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare annuals.) Eqan, W. C. Amateur, Highland Park, Ills. {Plants of exceptional hardiness.) Ellwanger & Barry, Nurserymen, Rochester, N. Y. {Hardy plants.) Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. {Cacti.) Halliday Bros., Baltimore, Md., Florists. {Azalea. Camellia.) LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. I, {Cabbage.) * Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry grower. West Barn- stable, Mass. {Cranberry.) Manda, W. a.. Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J. {Orchid pictures.) Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass. {Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial plants.) Manning, Robert, See. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston, Mass. ( Biographical sketches. ) Mathews, Wm . , Florist , Utica, N. Y. ( Orchids. ) May, John N., Florist, Summit, N.J. {Florists^ flotccfs. ) Meehan & Sons, Thos., Nurserymen, German- town, Pa. {Hardy plants.) PiERSON, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown - on - Hudson, N. Y. {Bulbs.) Powell, Geo. T., Pomologist, G'aent, N. Y. {Important fruits.) Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton, N. J {Cran- berry.) Robinson, Dr. B. L., Curator Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Lla> . {Various articles.) Sr-ooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y. {Cherry.) Sears, Prof. F. C, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. {Canada.) Shady Hill Nursely Co., Boston, Mass. {Her- baceous perennials.) Slaymaker, A. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del. {Delatrare.) Stokrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville, Ohio. {Various plants.) Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., 11 Broad- way, New York, N. Y. {Japanese plants.) Thorbi'RN & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York, N. Y. {Numerous important and rare plants, especially ann uals. ) Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon- treal, P. Q. {Hardy trees and shrubs.) Vick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y. {Various plants.) Ward, C. W., Florist, Cottage Gardens, Queens, L. I. {Carnation.) Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. {Delaware.) White, J. J., Cranberry grower. New Lisbon, N. J. {Cranberry.) WiLLARD, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y. {Important fruits, as Cherry.) Wood, E. M., Florist, Natick, Mass. Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seaford, Del. {Delaware.) EXPLANATIONS HoRTicuLT is the art of raising fruits, vege- tables, flower^ ud ornamental plants. The lines of demarcation between it and the art of agricul- ture on the one hand and the science of botany on the other, are purely arbitrary. In thif? work, the word horticulture has been interpretit^d liber- ally. Herein are included discussions of land- scape gardening, and brief notes of such impor- tant agricultural subjects as Coffee, Cotton, Flax, and such economic subjects as Cinchona, India Rubber. Forage and medicinal plants are men- tioned only incidentally. fVHAT IS MEANT BY ''THE TRADE'' It is the design of the Cyclopedia to describe fully all those species of plants which are in the American trade, — that is, the species that are bought and sold. In order to determine what species are in the trade, catalogues of nurserymen, seedsmen and florists have been indexed, and other commercial literature has been consulted; in addition to this, specialists have been consulted freely for lists of plants. The work includes the plants offered by foreign dealers who have Ameri- can agents, and who circulate in America cata- logues printed in the English language : therefore, the work will be found to include many species offered by the bulb growers of Holland, and by most other large European concerns. The pur- pose is to make a live record of the real status of our horticulture, rather than a mere compila- tion from the other literature. However, im- portant plants which are not in the American trade are mentioned, for they may be expected to appear at anytime: but these plants are in sup- plementary lists in smaller type. Thus, the size of type indicates that Abobra viridifiora is in the trade, whereas Abroma augusta is not. It will no doubt be a surprise to the reader, as it has been to the Editor, to discover the great wealth of American horticulture in species of plants. NOMEXCLATURE The Editor has desired to be conservative on the vexed question of nomenclature. This effort is particularly important in the discussion of culti- vated plants, because names become established in the trade and are worth money. A plant sells under a familiar name, but it may be a commer- cial failure under a new or strange one. Since plants belong as mi'ch to the horticulturist as to the botanist, it is only fair that the horticulturist be corisulter" before wholesale changes are made in nomenclature. It ifi well to bear in mind that changes in the names of plants proceed from two general causes, — (1) from new conceptions respecting the limits of generi, species, varieties, and (2) from new ideas in the merely arbitrary fashions or systems of nomen- clature. Changes of the former kind are usually welcomed by horticulturists, because they eluci- date our understanding of the plants, but changes of the latter kind are usually deplored. At the present moment, there is the greatest unrest in respect to systems of nomenclature. This unrest is, to be sure, in the interest of the fixity or per- manency of names, but there is no guarantee— if, indeed, there is any hope— that the system which may be adopted to-day will be accepted by the next generation. In fact, the very difficulty of ar- riving at a common understanding on the qutstion is itself the strongest evidence that the systens do not rest on fundamental or essential principles, but upon expediency and personal preference. There is no evidence that names which are mak ing to-day will persist any longer than have those which they are supplanting. So-called reforms in nomenclature are largely national or racial movements, often differing widely between different peoples : consequently it is impossible to bring together under one system of nomenclature the cultivated plants of the world without making wholesale changes in names. Therefore, the Editor has accepted the most ten- able names which the plants bring, without in- quiring into the system under which they are given. In general, however, he believes that the technical name of a plant is comprised of two words, and that the first combination of these two parts should be accepted as the name. Such double names as Caialpa Catalpa and Glaucium Olaucitim are the results of carrying arbitrary rules to the utmost limit, but their ugliness and arbitrariness condemn them. It is to be expected that in the names of plants, as in everything else, the race will not long tolerate inflexibility. ^ (xiv) EXPLANATIONS XV In generic names, the system of Bentham and Hooker (Genera Plmtcium) hftS been followed. This system makes fo»ver chanj^es m accepted horticultural name t^an any other, and this ie considered to be a disiinct merit. The chief rea- son for adopting t le liritisL ideas of genera, how- ever, is that Indfs Kewensis aflfcrds a complete fiuding-llGt of suecies under those genera. It would bo impossible, in a work like the present, to follow the m jre recent system of Engler and Prantl (Die Nitiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien), be- cause there is no index or fiuding-list for *hu species under those genera, and to make the proper combinitions of generic and specific names for horticultur: il plants would necessitate a compi- lation practically equivalent to Index Kewensis. However, the various contributors have been at liberty to adopt their own ideas of generic limita- tions, so that the work will be found to occupy a somewhat mi idle ground between the British and German ideas of genera. CHIEF LITERARY AIDS In the compilation of this worl iif Editor has had access to most of the impor* it world-floras, and to the leading geographical floras. In the systematic botany, the greatest help has been derived fr jm i,he following great general works : Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum (1862- 1883); Hooker & Jackson, Index Kewensis (1893- 1895); DeCandolle's Pi-^dromus (1824-1873)- DeCandolle's Monogrr= phiee Phanerogamanim (1878-1896, and continu'ig); Engler and Prantl, Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (begun 1889) ; Botanical Magazine (1786 to the present, and con- tinuing) ; Botanical Register (1815-1847); Revue Horticole, Paris (1829 to the present, and continu- ing) ; Gardeners' Chronicle, London (1841, and con- tinuing) , Garden, London (1871, and continuing); Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, London (1817-1833); Flore des Serres, Ghent (1845-1880); L' Illustration Horticole, Ghent (1854-1896) ; Gartenflora, Berlin (1852, and continuing) ; Garden and Forest, New York (1888-1897); Nicholson's Illustrated Diction- ary of Gardening, London (1884-1887); Mottet's translation of Nicholson, Paris (1892-1899) ; Siebert and Voss, Vilmorin's Blumengartneri (189G). HOW TO USE THE KEYS In order to facilitate the study of the plants, the species have been arranged systematically, under the genus, rather than alphabetically. However, in all genera which contain 15 or more species, an alphabetical index has been supplied for purposes of rapid reference. The grouping of the species is founded preferably on horticultural rather than on botanical characters, so that the ar- rangement does not always express botanical re- lationships. The grouping and the keys are arranged primarily to aid the gardener in making determinations of species. Every effort is made sharply to contrast the species rather than to de- scribe them. A word of explanation will facilitate the use of the keys. The species are arranged in coordinate groups of various ranks, and groups of equal rank are marked by the same letter. Thus, group A is coordinate with aa and with aaa, and B with BB ai^d BBB. Moreover, whenever possible, the cooruinate keys begin with the same catch- word : thus, if A begins "flowers," so do aa and AAA ; and this catchword is not used for keys of other rank. As an example, refer to Acer, page 12. Look first at a, beginning "foliage;" then at AA (p. 15), also beginning "foliage." Under A are the coordinate divisions B and BB, each with "bloom" for the catchword. Under b there are no subdivisions, but under BB there are divisions c, cc and ccc, each with "fls." for a catchword. Under o there are no subdivisions, but cc has four coordinate divisions, D, dd, ddd, dddd, each with "Ivs." for a catchword, and so on. In other words, if the plant in hand does not fall under a, the inquirer goes at once to aa. If it falls under A, then he determines whether it belongs to B or to BB, and so on. A diagrammatic display of a scheme would stand as follows: A. Leaves, etc. B. Flowers, etc. c. Fruits, etc. c. Fruits, etc. BB. Flowers, etc. AA. Leaves, etc. B. Rootb, tjti. c. Flo vers, etc. D. Margins of leaves, etc. DD. Margins of leaves, etc. c. Flowers, etc. BB. Roots, etc. BBB. Roots, etc. AAA. Leaves, etc. PRONUNCIA TION Accent marks are used to aid the reader in pro- nouncing the name. The accent designates (1) stress, or the emphatic syllable, and (2) the length of the emphatic vowel. Following the American custom, as established by Gray and others, a grave accent ( ^ ) is employed to designate a long vowel, and an acute accent (') a short vowel. Thus, officinale is pronounced offici-nay-Vi ; microcdrpus is pronounced microcarp'-us. Ordinarily in diph- thongs the mark is placed over the second letter. Thus, in aurca the au is meant to have its custo- mary long sound, as if written awe. Double vow- els take their customary English sounds, as ee and I XVI EXPLANATIONS 00. Thus, the oo in Hodkeri is to be pronounced as in hook. In most cases, the letters oi (from the Greek, meaning like to) are to be pronounced sep- arately : if the » is the penultimate syllable (next to the last), it is long, as in yuccol-des ; if the i is the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end) it is short, as in rhomboi-dea. In dioicus and monoicwi, however, the oi is a true diphthong, as in moist. It should be remembered that the final e terminates a separate syllable, as commh-ne, vulga-rcy gran' -de. This final e takes the short sound of », as in whip. These pronunciations follow, in general, the common English method of pronouncing Latin names. However, many of the Latinized forms of substantive and personal names are so unlike Latin in general construction that the pronuncia- tion of them cannot follow the rule. As a matter of fact, biological nomenclature is a language of itself thrown into a Latin form, and it should not be a source of regret if it does not closely follow classical rules in its pronunciation. It has seemed best to make an exception to the literary rules in the case of personal commemorative names in the genitive : we retain, so far as possible, the pro- nunciation of the original name. Thus, a plant named for Carey is called Ca-reyi, not Carey-i; for Sprenger, Spreng-eri, not Sprenger-i. The original spelling ( as written by the author of the name) of the masculine genitive ending is usually retained, whether i or ii, but the syllable is usually pronounced as if the « were single. Whether one t or two is used in the making of a masculine genitive, is largely a matter of euphony and per- sonal preference. It may be well to add what are understood to be the long and short sounds of the vowels : k as in eane. A as in can. d aa in mete. 6 as in met. 1 as in pine. i &s in pin. y is often used as a vowel instead of i. d as in cone. 6 as in eon. ii as in jute. 6 us in jut. SPELLING The original spelling of generic and specific names is preferred. In some instances this origi- nal orthography does not conform to the etymology of the name, particularly if the name is made from that of a person. Such a case is Diervilla, named for Dierville. Ideally, the name should be spelled DierviUea, but Tournefort and Linnaeus did not spell it so, and a name is a name, not primarily a monument to a man. In accordance with the best authorities, the di- graph re is u-^ed in the words cterulea, earuleseens, ceespitosa, e.fsia ; a? is used in ccelestis and coe- lestinum. Digraphs (e and ce have been dropped from Latin - made names which have come into the vernacular. Thus, as a common or English name. Spiraea be- comes spirea, Paeonia becomes peonia or peony, Bougainvillaea becomes bougainvillea. ABBREVIATIONS /. OF GENERAL EXPBESSIINS cult cultivated, etc. diam diameter E. east. ft feet. tn inches. N north. S south. trap tropics, tropical. W west. 11. OF BOTANICAL TERMS fl flower. ^.s' flowers. fid flowered. fr fruit. h height. //. leaf. 1ft leaflet. Ivs. . leaves. sts . stems. syti synonym. var variety. III. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS To aid the student in the verification of the work, and to introduce him to the literature of the various subjects, citations are made to the por- traits of plants in the leading periodicals to which the American is most likely to have access. These references to pictures have been verified as far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof. A uniform method of citation is much to be de- sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi- cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc- tance it was decided to omit the year in most eases, because of the pressure for space, but the student who lacks access to the original vohimes may generally ascertain the year by consulting the p p Th "pi "" t bibliographical notes below. An arbitrary and brief method of citation has been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi- cate whether the cited picture is colored or not. This accounts for the two ways of citing certain publications containing both kinds of pictures, as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Gartenflora. Tht figures gi.on below erplain the method of citation, and incidentally give some hints as to the number of volumes to date, and of the number of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes. A few works of the greatest importance are mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment (p. XV.). The standard works on the bibliography of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A. F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol- umes end with July. Many pictures re- peated in "Gng." (14: 1524= vol. and page). A. G. . . . AmericanGardening. New York. Repre.seiits 14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ- ing The American Garden (1888-1890). Founded 1879! (20:896 = vol. and page.) B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years on title pages. Founded 1839. 8 vols., 50 colored plates in each vol. ( 8 : 400 = vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index. B. B. . . . Britton & Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern U. S., etc. New York. 1896-1898. ( .*i :588 = vol. and page. ) B. H. . . .La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols. (1851-1885.) B. M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London. Founded 1787. The oldest current peri- odical devoted to garden plants. The vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole work. Index to first 107 volumes by E. Tonks. London. ( 7690 = col. plate. ) B. R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14 edited by Edwards : vols. 15-33 by Lind- ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num- bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they are numbered independently in each vol. There are 688 plates ia vols. 24-33. "An Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol- umes " (bound separately or with the 25th vol.), contains an index to the first 23 vols. An index to vols, 24-31 may be found in vol. 31. (33: 70 = vol. and col. plate. ) D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers. New York. 1893. (298 = page. ) Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas- sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates. F.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon- don. 1837-1840. 3 vols., 4to. s' Exchange. New York, A tra<le paper, whose pictures sometimes are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec, 8, 1888. (11: 1298 = vol. and page. ) F. M. . . . Floral Majrazine. Ix)ndon. Series I. 1861- 1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to. (1881 :450 = year and col. plate.) F. R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper. Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26. 1898. Two vols, a year. (4:660= vol. and page.) (xvii) XVlll ABBREVIATIONS F.S. G.C. . O.F. G.M. Gn. Gng. Gt. G. W. F. HBK. . I. H. . Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.) Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate numbers are always found on the plate itself or on the page opposite. Valuable but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19 (23:2481= vol. and col. plate.) Th«) Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se- ries I. (io4l-1873) is cited by year and pr^e. Series II. or "Nevr Series "( 1874- 1886), is cit'd thus: II. 26: 824 = series, volume and page. Series ill. is cited thus: iFT. 26:4i ". Two vols, a vear, be- ginniuj^ 1874. z.. select index is scattered through 1879 and 1^.30. Consult II. 12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub- sequent vols. Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897. ( 10 :518 = vol. and page. ) , Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed. by Shirh'v Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols. 31-42 are cited. ( i2 :872 = vol. and page. ) . The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two vols, a year. (56: 1254 = vol. and col. plate. 56, p. 458= vol. and page con- taining black figure.) An Index of the first 20 vols, was separately published. Complete Index of Colored Plates to end of 1888 in vol. 54, p. 334. Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15, 1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384 = vol. and page.) Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt. 48: 1470 = vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p. 670=vol. and page containing black figure). Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos- ton, 1886. (50 = col. plate.) Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova Genera et Species, etc. 7 vols. Folio. Paris. 1815-25. J. H. L. . . L.B.C. Lind. . Lowe . M. . . M.D.G. Mn. . . N. . L'lllustration Forticole. Ghent. (1854-1896.) (43:72 = vol. and col. plate.) The volumes were numbered continuously, but there were 6 series. Series I.= 1854-63. Se- ries II. = 1864-69. Series I II. = 1870-80. Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887- 93. Series VI. = 1894-96. The plates were numbered continuously in the first 16 vols, from 1 to 614 : in vols. 17-33 they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from 1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols. 10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo. . Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III. 39:504 = series, vol., page.) . In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful Leaved Plants. See " Lind." and " Lowe." . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817- 33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete index in last vol. (20: 2000 = vol. and col. plate.) . Lindenia. Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio. Devoted to orchids. . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and Howard. London. 1864. (60 = col. plate.) . A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar- den. London. 1896. (224 = page.) , Moller's Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung. Erfurt. Founded 1886. (1897:425 = year and page.) , Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila- delphia. Founded 1891. (9: 192 = vol. and page opposite col. plate. ) . Nicholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols. 1-4 (1884-1887). Vol. 5 in preparation. P. F. Q. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon- don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to. P. G. . . . '•opular Gardening. Buflfalo. 1885-90. '5: 270= vol. and page.; P. M. . . . Pax'on's Magazine of Botany. London. 1834^ t9. ^ 16: 376 = vol. and page oppo- site cot. (jiate.) Vol. 15 has index of first 15 vo's. B Reich .nbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon- don. Founded 1886. Folio. R. B. . . . Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et Etrang^re. Ghent. Founded 1875 i (2.{: 288 = vol. and page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of the Cyclopedia "R.B." .sometimes means Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is corrected in later vols., where Belgique Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H." R. H. . . . Revue Horticole, Dates from 1826, but is now considered to have been founded in , 1829. (1899:596 = year and page opposite ^ col. plate. 1899, p. 596 = year and page opposite black figure.) S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns. London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2, 1893. S. B. F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London. Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II., 1831-38, 4 vols. S. H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897. (3 : 548 = year and page. ) S.TI. . . . Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in this fashion a few times in first vol. S. S. . . . Sargent. The Silva of North America. 13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898. (12:620= vol. and plate, not colored.) S. Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol. 1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 bv Miquel, 1870. (2:150 = vol. and plate.) V. or V. M. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded 1878. Vols, numbered continuously through the 3 series. Vols, begin with Nov. (23:250= vol. and page.) Some- times cited as "Vick." IV. OF AUTHORS OF PLANT NAMES By common consent, the Latin name of a plant, in order to be considered by botanists, must first be regularly published by a reputable author in a rep- utable book or periodical. As an index to this name, the name of its author is published with it whenever an accurate account of the species is given. Thus, Abelia Chinensis, R. Br., means that this name v.as made by Robert Brown. This cita- tion at once distinguishes Robert Brown's Abelia Chinensis from any other Abelia Chinensis; for it is possible that some other author may have given this name to some other plant, — in which case the older name must stand. Thus, the Abelia serrata of Siebold & Zuccarini is not the A. serrata of Nich- olson. In some cases, the fact that there are two plants passing under one name is indicated in the citation: Abelia rupestris, B.OTt., not Lindl., means that the rupestns of horticulturists is not the rupes- tris of Lindley. "Hort." means that the particular name is one in use amongst horticulturists, — that it is a garden name. The citation of authorities gives a clue to the time and place of publication of the species. It is ABBREVIATIONS XIX an index, to the literature of the subject. It is no part of thti idea m rcl^ o give credit or honor to the mm who mavlc name. It is held by some that the authority is ^.a intej^ral part of the name, and should always go w 'i it; but coraraon usage dictates otherwise, for tlie authority is never pro- nounced with the Latin *vords in common speech. The authority is a matter of bibIiogra:>ny, not of language. It remains to be said (as already explained un- der the discussion of Nomenclature, page xi» . ^ that the Editor holds that the name of a plant io of t»ro coordinate words. Therefore, it is the habit of this work to cite the author who first made the combi- nation of the two, not the one who first invented the specific name. Thus, Linnaeus called a certain plamt Eupatoritim ccelestinum ; DeCandolle, however, prefers to pxit this plant in the genus Conoclinium, and calls it Conoclinium coelestinum. For the name in Eupatorium, Linnaeus is cited: for the name in Conoclinium, De CandoUe is cited. Some writers would cite both authors under Conoclinium, thus: Conoclinium c<El€stinum, (Linn.) DC. The authority in parentheses is the one who invented the specific name itself: the other is the one who made the particular combination. This double citation is bungling, particularly for a horticultural work. Its merit is the fact that it suggests the history of the name; but it is not complete in this respect, for the name may have been used in other combina- tions, of which the citation gives no hint. The full history of a name can appear only in the synonymy. Adans. Michael Adanson, 1727-1806. France. Ait. William Aiton, 1731-1793. England. Ait. f. William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-1849. England. All. Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy. Andr. Henry C.Andrews, botanical artist and engraver, conducted The Botanists' Repository from 1799-1811, and illustrated books on heaths, geraniums and roses. Andrk. Edouard Andr^, once editor of Illustration Horticole, now editor-in-chief of Revue Horticole. Abn. George Arnold Walker Amott, 1799-1868. Scot- land. Baill. H. Baillon, author of the great natural history of plants in French. Baker. John Gilbert Baker, formerly keeper of the Her- barium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England. 'Balt. Charles Baltet, frequent contributor to Revue Horticole. Bean. W. J. Bean, recent writer from Kew in Gard. Chron. on bamboos. Beal'v. Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Palisot de Beauvois, 1755-1820. France. Bbissn. L. Beissner, Inspector of the Botanic Gardens at Bonn, and Instructor at Poppelsdorf, pub. Hund- buch der Nadelholzkunde. Benth. George Bentham, 1800-1884, one of England's most distinguished botanists. Benth. & Hook. George Bentham and J. D. Hooker, authors of Genera Plantarum. England. Bernh. Johann Jacob Bemhardi, 1774-1850. Germany. Bert. Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, 1789-1831. Died be- tween Tahiti and Chile. BiEB. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 1768-1826. German botanist; lived later in Russia. Bigel. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts. Bl. See Blrrae. Blume. Karl Ludwig Blume, b. 1796 at Braun- schweig, d. 1862 at Leyden. Wrote much on Jav«ui plants. Boiss. Edmond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland. BoJER. W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mau- ritius. Austria. Bbitton. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director New York Botanic Garden, New York, N. Y. Brongn. Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, 1801-1876. France. ' •; Bull. William Bull, plant merchant, London. Bull. Pierre Bulliard, 1742-1793, author of the g^eat Herhicr de la France in 12 folio vols., with 600 plates. BuNGE. Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia. BuBM. Johannes Burmann, 1706-1779, Prof, at Amster- dam, wrote on plants of Ceylon and Malabar. BuRM. f. Nickolaus Laurens Burmann, 1734-1793. Son of Johannes. Carb. Elie Abel Carrifere, 1818-1896, distinguished French botanist and horticulturist, editor of Revue Horticole, Cass. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de, 1781-1832. France. Cav. Antonio Jos^ Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain. Cebv. Vicente Cervantes, 1759 (1)-1829. Mexico. Cham. Adalbert von Chamisso, poet and naturalist, 1781-1838. Germany. Chapm. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, 1809-1899, author of Flora of the Southern United States. Chois. Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859 Switzerland. CUNN. Richavd Cunningham, 1793-1835. Colonial bot- anist in Australia. CcNN., A. Allan Cunningham, b. 1791, Scotland, d. 1839, Sidney, Australia. Brother of Richard. Cuirt. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. Founder of the Botanical Magazine, now known as Curtis' Botanical Magazine. CuBTis. Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina. DC. Augustin Pjramus DeCandolle, 1778-1841, projec- tor of the Prodromus, and head of a distinguished family. Alphonse DeCandolle, the son (1806-1893), and Casimir DeCandolle, the grandson, are also quoted in this work. Decne. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. France. Desf. Ren^ Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France. Desv. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France. DeVb. Willem Hendrik de Vriese, 1807-1862, Prof, of Botany at Leyden. Wrote on medical plants and plants of the Dutch East Indies. Dicks. James Dickson, 1738-1822, Scotch writer on flowerless plants. Dipp. Dr. L; Dippel, of Darmstadt, Germany. Den- drologist ; pub. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. XX ABBREVIATIONS D. Don. David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841. Scotland. Don. George Don. 1798-1856. England. DoNN. James Donn, 1758-1813, author of Hortus Can- tabrigiensis. England. DorciLAi*. David Douelas, 1799-1&J4, collector in north- western America. Scotland. Drude. Prof. O. Drude, of Dresden, Germany. Duchesne. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827. France. DmoRT. Barth^lemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878. Belgium. DuNAL. Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1856. France. Dyer. W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Director of Kew Gar- dens, present editor of the Flora of Tropical Africa, etc. Eaton, A. Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, author of a Manual of Botany for North America, 1st ed. 1817, 8th ed. 1841. Eaton, D. C. Daniel Cady Eaton, Prof, at Yale Col- lege, and writer on ferns. Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1795. Germany. Ell. Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. South Carolina. Ellis. John Ellis, 1711-1776. England. Endl. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, 1804-1849, Prof, at Vienna, Numerous works. Engelm. George Engelmann, 1809-1884. Missouri. Engler. Prof. A. Engler, of Berlin, joint author of Engler and Prantl's Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. F. C. Lehm. See Lehm., F. C. Fee. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F^e, 1789-1874. France. FiscH. Friedrich Ernst Ludwigvon Fischer, 1782-1854. Russia. FoRB. John Forbes, catalogued heaths, willows, coni- fers, and other plants at Woburn Abbey. FoRSK. Pehr Forskal, 1736-1768, collected in Egypt and Arabia. FoRST. Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. Germany. (Also Georg Forster, the son. ) Fraser. John Eraser, 1750-1811, traveled in America 1785-96. Had a son of same name. Frcel. Joseph Aloys Froelich, 1766-1841. Germany. F. V. M. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist of Australia, author of many works on economic plants. See Muell. Gaertn. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany. Gacd. Charles Gaudichaud - Beaupr^, 1789-1864. France. Gawl. See Ker. Gmel. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia. Goepp. Heinrich Robert Goeppert, 1800-1884, Prof, at Breslau. Wrote much on fossil botany. GoRD. George Gordon, 1806-1879, author of the Pine- tum. London, 1858. Gray. Asa Gray, 1810-1888, Harvard University, Massachusetts, America's most noted botanist. Greenm. J. M. Greenman, writes from Ha vard Uni- versity on Mexican plants. Griseb., Gris. Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach, 1814-1879. Germany. Hassk. Justus Karl Hasskarl, 1811- . Germany. Hayne. Friedrich Gottlob Hayne, 1763-18.32, Prof, at Berlin. Medicinal plants; trees and shrubs. Haw. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England. HBK. Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859. Germany. Aim6 Bonpland. 1773-18.58. France. Karl Sigismund Kunth, 1788-18.50. Germany. Authors of a great work on plants of the New World. Hemsl. W. Botting Hemsley, Keeper at Kew, has written many reviews of genera of horticultural value in Gard. Chron. and elsewhere. Herb. William Herbert. 1778-1847. England. Hochst. Christian Friedrich Hochst^tter, 1787-1860, described many African plants. HoFFM. Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany. Hook. William Jackson Hooker, 178.5-1865. England. Hook. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817- England. Hort. Hortorum, literally of the gardens. Placed af- ter names current among horticulturists, but not necessarily all horticulturists. Often used with less exactness than names of authors. Frequently in- dicates garden or unknown origin. Many of these plants have never been sufficiently described. JAOtj. Nicolaus .Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria. Juss. Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836, the first to introduce the natural families of plants. France. Karw. Wilholm Karwinsky von Karwin, d. 1855, col- lector in Brazil. Kaulf. Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss, Prof, at Halle, d. 1830. He described the ferns collected by Chamisso. Ker. John Belleuden Ker, 1765 (?;-1871, botanist, wit and man of fashion. First known as John Gawler. In 1793 was compelled to leave army because of sym- pathy with French Rev. His name was changed in 1804 to John Ker Bellenden, but he was known to his friends as Bellenden Ker. First editor of Edwards' Botanical Register. Ker-Gawl. See Ker. Klatt. Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous botanist. Germany. Klotzsch. Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1805-1860, cu- rator of Royal herbarium at Berlin, monographer of Begoniaceae. Koch. Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany. Koehne. Emil Koehne, Prof, at Berlin. Pub. Deutsche Dendrologie. ^^ r Kotschy. Theodor Kotschy, Asst. curator at Vienna, 1813-1866. Wrote on oriental plants. Kranzl. F. Kranzlin, Berlin, writes on orchids in The Gardeners* Chronicle. Kunth. See HBK. Lag. Mariano Lagasca, 1776-1839, one of Spain's most distinguished botanists. Lam. Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet Lamarck, 1744-1829, author of the Lamarckian philosophy of organic evolution. France. Langs. Georg Heinrich von Langsdorf, 1774-1852, Russian consul-general in Brazil. Lauth. Thomas Lauth, 1758-1826, Prof, of Anatomy at Strassburg, wrote a 40-page monograph on Acer in 1781. Lecq. Henry Lecoq. b. 1802, once Prof, at Clermont- Ferrand, wrote an elementary botany, a dictionary of botanical terms, a book on hybridization, etc. LeConte. John Eaton LeConte, 1784-1860. Pennsyl- vania, ABBREVIATIONS XXI Lkdeb. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851. Kussia. Lehm. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860, Prof, at Hamburg, wrote several monographs, and described many new plants. Lkhh., F. C. F. C. Lehmann, living German collector in South America. Leicht. Max Leichtlin, horticnlturist, Baden-Baden, Germany. Lem. Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium. LHer. C. L. L'H^ritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800. France. LiN'D. & Rod. L. Linden and E. Rodigas, once adminis- trator and editor, respectively, of L' Illustration Hor- ticole. Linden. J. Linden, 1817-1898. Belgium. For many years director of L'lllustration Horticole. LiND., L. Lucien Linden, associated with J. Linden for some years on L'lllustration Horticole. LiNDL. John Lindley, 1799-1865, one of the most illustrious of English horticulturists. Link. Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1767-1851. Germany. Linn. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linn^), 1707-1778, the "Father of Botany," and author of binomial nomenclature. Sweden. Lrs^>. f. Carl vo ,inn^, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden. LoDD. Conrad -^Jdige^.. nurseryman near London, conducted Lrd liges' Botanical Cabinet from 1817-33, 20 vol".. 2. COO colored plates. LoiSEL. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 1774-1849. Fiance. LorD. John Claudius Loudon, 17S3-1843, an extremely prolific English writer. LoUK. Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, missionary in China. Portugal. Marsh. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania. Mart. Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martins, 1794-1868, Prof, at Munich, monographer of palms, founder of the great Flora Brasiliensis, and author of many works. Mast. Maxwell T. Masters, editor of The Gardeners' Chronicle, wherein he has described great numbers of new plants of garden value ; author of Vegetable Teratology, etc. Max. or Maxim. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891, one of the most illustrious Russian systematic bota- nists; wrote much on Asian plants. Medic. Friedrich Casmir Medikus, 1736-1808, director of the garden at Mannheim, wrote a book of 96 pages in German on North American plants in 1792. Meisn. Karl Friedrich Meisner, 1800-1874. Switzer- land. Mett. Georg Heinrich Mettenius, 1823-1866, Prof, at Leipzig, wrote on flowerless plants. Mey. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851. Prussia. Met., C. A. Carl Anton Meyer, 1795-1855, director botanic garden at St. Petersburg, wrote on Russian botany. MicHx. Andr^ Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for ten years a resident of North America. MiCHX. f . Fran<;ois Andr^ Michaux, the son, 1770-1855. France. Mill. PhUlip Miller, 1691-1771, of Chelsea, England, author of a celebrated dictionary of gardening, which had many editions. MiQ. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, 1811-1871. Holland. MiTFORD. A. B. Freeman-Mitford, English amateur, author of The Bamboo Garden . MoENCH. Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany. MoxcH. See Moench. Moore. Thomas Moore, 1821-1887, curator of Chelsea Botanic Garden, author of Index Filicum, and other well known works. Mo<j. Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France. MoRREN. Charles Jacques Edouard Morren, of Ghent, 1833-1886. MoTT. S. Mottet, frequent contributor to Revue Hor- ticole, translator of Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening. McELL. Arg. Jean Mueller, of Aargau, wrote for De CandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 16. MuELL., C. Carl Mueller, 1817-1870, who edited vols. 4-6 of Walpers' Annals. MuELL., F. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist at 3Ielboume, h«s written much on Australian and economic bctany. MuHL. Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. Penn- sylvania. MrRR. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany. MuRR., A. Andrew Murray, 1812-1878, author of The Pines and Firs of Japan. London, 1863. Naud. Charles Naudin, 1815-1899, botanist, frequent contributor to Revue Horticole. Ndn. See Naud. N.E. Br. N. E. Brown describes many new plants in Gardeners* Chronicle. Nees. Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776- 1858. Prussia. Nichols. George Nicholson, Curator at Kew, author of The Dictionary of Gardening. Nltt. Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. Massachusetts. O'Brien. James O'Brien, current writer on orchids in Gardeners' Chronicle. Oliv. Daniel Oliver, once Curator at Kew, and founder of the Flora of Tropical Africa. Orph. Theodor Georg Orphanides, Prof, of Botany at Athens. D. 1886. Ortega, Ort. Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818. Spain. Otto. Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany. : Pall. Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and explorer in Russia. Germany. Pax. Ferdinand Pax, German botanist. Breslau. Paxt. Joseph Paxton, 1802-1865. England. - ^ Pers. Christian Hendrick Persoon, 175.5-1837. Ger- many. Planch. Jules Emile Planchon, professor at Mont- pellier. France. PoHL. Johann Emmanuel Pohl, 1782-1834, Prof, at Vienna, wrote a large book on travels in Brazil. PoiR. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 17.55-1834. France. Presl. Karel Boriweg Presl. 1794-18.52. Bohemia. Pi'RSH. Frederick T. Pursh (or Pursch), 1774-1820. Siberia, but for 12 years in the United States. zxu ABBREVIATIONS Raddi. Giuseppe Raddi, 1770-1829. Italy. Raf. Constantinu Samuel Raflnesque-Sohmaltz, 1784- 1842. Prof, of Nat. Hist. Transylvania Univ., Lex- ington, Ky. R. Br. Robert Brown, b. Scotland, 1773, d. London, 1858. Author of many important worlts. Rkqel. Eduard von Regel, 1815-1892, German, founder of Gartentlora; Dir. Bot. Garden at St. Petersb ir ;. Rkich. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 179:^- 1879. Germany. Reich, f. Heinrich Gustav, 1823-1889, son of the pre- ceding. Orchids. Rich. John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland, [FVance. Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821. RiDDELL. John Leonard Riddell, 1807-1865, Prof, of Chemistry in Cincinnati and New Orleans. Rob. Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., is editing The Synoptical Flora of North America. Rod. Emile Rodigas, for some years connected with L'lllustration Horticole. ROEM. Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland. Also M. J. Roemer. RoscoE. William Roscoe, 1753-1831. England. Rose. J. N. Rose, Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb., Smithsonian Institution. Mexican plants. Roth. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, 1757-1834, Physician at Vegesack, near Bremen. RoxBG. William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India. RoYLE. John Forbes Royle, b. 1800 at Cawnpore, d. London, 1858. Prof, in London. Plants of India. Ruiz & Pay. Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 1764-1815, and Jos^ Pavon, authors of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain. RupR. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia. S. & Z. See Sieb. & Zucc. Sabine. Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. [land. Salisb. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. Eng- Salm-Dtck. Joseph, Prince and High Count Salm- Reiflferscheidt-Dyck, b. at Dyck, 1773, d. 1861. Wrote on Aloe, Cactus, Mesembryanthemum. Sabo. Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, Dir. Arnold Arboretum, author of Silva of North America. ScHEiDW. Michael Joseph Scheidweiler, 1799-1861, Prof, of Bot. and Hort. at Hort. Inst, of Ghent. ScHLECHT. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechten- dahl, 1794-1866. Prof, at Halle, wrote several memoirs in Latin and German, ScHLDL. See Schlecht. ScHOTT. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, 1794-1865, wrote much on Aroids with Nyman and Kotschy. Schrad. Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1836. Ger- many. ScHw., ScHWEix. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780- 1834. Pennsylvania. ScHWER. Graf Schwerin, German authority on Acer. Scop. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy. Seem. Berthold Seemann, Hanover, 1825-1872, wrote on palms, and botany of the voyage of the Herald. SiBTH. John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of Greece. England. Sieb. & Zucc. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1796-1866, and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Ger- many. SiKBEBT. A. SieVrt, Dir. of the Palm Gard.at Frank- furt, joint author of Vilmorin's Blumengartuerei. Sims John Sims, 1792-18.'J8. England, for many years editor of Curtis' Botanical M- ^azine. Smith. James Edward Smith. 1759-1828. England. Sol., Soland. Daniel Solander, 17;i6-1782. England. Spach. Eduard Spach, b. Strassburg, 1801, d. 1879. Author of Histoires Naturelle des Vegetaux. Spaeth. L. Spaeth, Berlin, nurseryman. Spreno. Kurt Sprengel, 1766-1833. Germany. Steld. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-1856. Germany. Stev. Christian Steven, 1781-1863. Russia. St. Hil. Auguste de Saint Hilaire, 1779-lo53. France. SwABTZ. Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden. Sweet. Robert Sweet, 1783-18.35, author of many well known works, as Geraniaceee, British Flower Garden. Swz. See Swartz, Thore. Jean Thore, 1762-1823, physician at Dax. Thunb. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden. ToRR. John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. [setts. TrcKM. Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. Massachu- Ukdebw. Prof. Lucius M. Underwood, Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y.. has written much on ferns, etc. Vahl. Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark. Van Houtte. Louis Van Houtte, 1810-1876, founder and publisher of Flore ^^s Serres. Veitch. John Gould Veitch, 18.39-1867, and successors, horticulturists at Chelsea, England. Vent. Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France. Vebl. B. Verlot, contributor to Revue Horticole. Vebsch. Ambroise Verschaffelt, 1825-1886, founder pnd publisher of L'lllustration Horticole at Ghent, Bel- gium. ViLL,. Dominique Villars, 174&-1814. France. ViLM, Several generations of the family of Vilmorin, Paris, seedsmen and authors of many books and memoirs on botany and horticulture. Pierre Philippe Andr^ Leveque de Vilmorin, 1746-1804. Pierre Vil- morin, 1810-1860. Henry L. de Vilmorin, d. 1899. Voss. A. Voss, author of botanical part of Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei. Wahl. Georg Wahlenberg, 1781-1851. Sweden. Wall. Nathanael Wallich, b. Copeiihagen 1786, d. London 1854, wrote on plants of India and Asia. Walp. WUhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853. Walt. Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of Flora Caroliniana. South Carolina. Wang. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747- 1800. Gt-rmany. Wats. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University. Wedd. H. A. Weddell, wrote for De Candolle's Pro- dromus, vol. 16, etc. Wendl., H. Hermann Wendland, Dir. Royal Bot. Garden at Herrenhausen, one of the chief writers on palms. Willd. Karl Ludwig Willdeuow, 1765-1812. Germany. With., Wither. William Withering, 1741-1799. Eng. Wittm. Max Karl Ludwig Wittmack, editor of Gar- tenflora. Prof, at Berlin. Wood. Alphonso Wood, 1810-1881. Of his Class-Book of Botany, 100,000 copies have been sold in Amer. Zrcc. Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848, Prof, at Munich. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture AB£LIA (after Dr. Clarke Abel, d. 1826). CaprifoUd- eece. Small shrubs : Ivs. opposite, small, petioled and mostly dentate: fls. tubular, unequally 5-lobed, in axil- lary, 1-3-fld. cymes, sometimes forming terminal panicles: fr. adry, leathery berry. E.Asia, Himalayas and Mexico. Pree-flowering low shrubs for cool greenhouse or outdoor cultivation. The Japanese and Chinese species are the hardiest, but in the north require some protection during the winter. The Mexican species are hardy only south. If potted, a sandy compost of peat and loam will suit them; in the often they grow best in sandy soil in a sunny position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer or by layers in sp-lng. Chin^nsis, R. Br. {A. ^-upistris, Lindl.). Lvs. ovate, rounded at the base, serrate, hairy on the midrib beneath and sometimes with scattered hairs above, deciduous: fls. in terminal panicles, white, J^in. long; sepals f .sta- mens exserted. Summer. China. B.R. 32:8. Gn. 27, p. 424. floribiinda, Decaisne. Shrub, 4 ft. : lvs. persistent, oval,crenate-serrate, ciliate: peduncles axillary, 1-3-fld. ; corolla rosy purple, 2 in. long; sepals 5. Summer. Mex. B.M.4316. F.S. 2:5. R.B. 23:157. ^andifldra, Hort. (A. Chinensisxunijtdra, A. rupis- tris, Hort., not LiTkdl. A. rup^stris, var. grandifldra, Andr^. A. uniflbrd. Hort., not Turcz.). Lvs. ovate, rounded or attenuate at the base, serrate, shining above, nearly glabrous, half -'ivergreen : fls. in terminal panicles, white flushed pink, over ^iin. Jong; sepals 2-5; stamens not exserted. Of garden origin. Gt. 41:1366.— One of th'* hardiest and most free-flowering Abelias; it flowers continuously from June to Nov. A. hifibra, Turcz. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely ser- rate, deciduous : fls. vhite: sepals 4. Manchuria, N. China. — A. serrata, Sieb. & Zucc. Allied to A.biflora. Sepals 2. Japan. S.Z.l:^i.—A.spathvldta,Sieb.^.ZnQC. Allied to A.biflora. Lvs. ovate: fls. ovc lin. long, white tinged yellow in throat ; sepals 5. Japan. S.Z.1:34. B.^LmOl.— A. tri/lor-a, R.Br. Lvs. persistent, lanceolate, nearly entire, hairy : fls. white, tinged with pink; Sep. 5, linear, long, hairy. Himal. P.F.G. 3: 91. R.H. 1870: 511.— A.unifldra,R.Br. (A. serrata, Nichols. .notS.&Z.). Lvs. persis- tent, ovate-lanceolate : fls. rosy white with yellow in throat; sepals 2. China. B.M.461H. Gn. 27, p. 425. ^^^^^^ Rehder. ABfiKIA(Mt.Aber). Bixindcecp. The Kei Apple of the Cape of Good Hope; a spiny plant grown S. for hedges, but killed in Fla. by freeze of 1893: is considered prom- ising for S. Calif, and S. Fla. as a fruit plant. Int. 1891. Fresh fruit used as pickles. C&ffra, Hook, f . & Harr. Thorny, glabrous : lvs. obo- vate, obtuse, cuneate at base, entire: fls. dioecious, apetalous. G.C. III. 18: 737. Abies (derivation doubtful). Conijercp. Fir. Tall, pyramidal trees: lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire, sessile, persistent for many years; on youu). plants and lower sterile branches flattened, usually deep green and lustrous above and silvery white below from the pres- ence of many rows of stomata, rounded an>I variously notched at the apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist at their base; on upper fertile branches crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thickened or quad- rangular, obtuse or acute : fls. axillary, appearing in early spring from buds formed the previous summer on branch lets of ♦he year, surrounded by involucres of the enlarged scales of the flower-buds: staminate fls. pen- dent on branches above the middle of the tree: pistil- late fls. globular, ovoid or oblong, erect on the topmost branches: fr. an erect, ovoid or oblong cylindrical cone, its scales longer or shorter than their bracts, separating at maturity from the stout, persistent axis. Northern and mountainous regions of the northern hetnisphere, often gregarious. Twenty-three species are distinguished; greatest segregation on the Cascade Mountains of Ore- gon, in the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, and in Japan. All the species produce soft, perishable wood, sometimes manufactured into lumber, and balsamic exu- dations contained in the prominent resin vesicles in tl»e bark characteristic of the genus. Handsome in cultiva- tion, but usually of short-lived beauty. Moist, well- drained soil. Prop, by sowing and by grafts. Seeds are usually kept dry over winter and planted in frames or seed-beds in spring. Young plants usually need shade. Most species can be grafted with comparative ease; A. Picea and A. balsamea are commonly used for Spanish Fir.— Abies Pinsapo. stocks. Many species which have been referred to Abies are now included in Picea. S. S. 12. Heinrich Mayr, Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches. Gn. 11, pp. 280, 281. See Conifers. The following species, in the American trade, are here described, the synonyms being in italics : amabilis, Nos. 4,8; Apollinis,12; balsamea, G; hrachyphylla,\\; Ceph- alonica, 12; Cilicica, 3; concolor, 9; Fraseri, 7; Gordoni- ana, 8; grandis, 8; homolepis, 11; Hudsonia, 6; Lowi- ana,9; magnifica, 15; nephrolepis, 10; nobilis,14; Nord- manniana, 2; Parson.'iianaj 9; pectinata, 1; Picea, 1; Pichta, o ; Pinsapo, 13 ; Shasteusis, 15 ; Sibirica, 5 ; Veitchii, 10. See supplementary list, p. 3, for other cultivated species. A. Euahies. Leaves fiat, grooved on the upper surface, only occasionally stomatlferous above on upper fertile branches. B. Leaf blunt. c. Foliage essentially green. — the leaves green above and u-hitish only beneath. D. Cones usually upwards of / tM. long. 1. FicetL,Liui\l.( A . pectindta , DC). Silver Fir. Fig. 2.C. Tree 100-200 ft. : trunk 6-8 ft. in diam. : lvs. flat, dis- tichously spreading, dark green and lustrous above, sil- very white below: cones slender, cylindrical, light green to dark purple, 5-6 in. long ; bracts slightly longer than their scales. Mountains oif central and southern Europe, ojftt-ii gregarious. — Wood esteemed and much used; yields Strasburg turpentine. Dwarf forms, with erect and pendulous and with much abbreviated branches, are common in gardens. ABIES ABiES 2. Nordmanniina, Spaeh. Fig. 2, e. Tree 100-130 ft. : trunk 4-6 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. flat, crowded, dark green aud very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones oblojjg- cylindrical or ellipsoidal,dark orange-brown, 4-0 in. long; bracts as long as or slightly longer than their .scales. Mountains south and southeast of the Black Sea,and west- ern spurs of the Caucasus. B.M. (J992. Ung. 6:51, — Very hardy; one of the most desirable tirs iu northern states. 3. Cilicica, Carriere. Tree 45-60 ft. : trunk 2-3 ft. in diam. : Ivs. narrow, flat, dark green above, silvery white below: cones stout, cylindrical, orange-brown, 5-6 in. long; b»*acts rather shorter than their scales. At high elevations on the Anti-Taurus of Asia Minor, and on the Lebanon. A. G. 16:255. Gng. 4:113. — Begins to grow early in the spring and is often injured by late frosts; hardy aud desirable in the northern states. 4. amdbiliB, Forb. TVhiteFir. Tree 100-150 ft.: trunk 4-6 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark green and very lus- trous above, silvery white below, occasionally stoma- tiferous on the upper surface : cones oblong, dark pur- ple, 3V^-6 in. long; bracts much shorter than their scales. Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, and Coast Ranges from Vancouver Island to Oregon. — One of the handsomest of the genus, often forming groves at high elevations ; in cultivation grows slowly, and is not very satisfactory. DD. Con*-H usually under 4 in, long. 5. Sibirica, Ledeb. {A. Pichta, Forbes). Tree 60-100 ft. : trunk 2-4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark yellow-green : cones cylin- drical, slender, brownish yellow, 2>^-3 in. long; bracts mucu.shorter than their scales. Northern and eastern Russia to Kamt- schatka and Mongolia, gregarious on the Altai Mountains. — Very hardy, the early growth often injured by late frosts ; in cult, soon becomes thin and loose in habit 6. bals&mea, Mill. Balsam Fir. F\g.2,h. Tree 50-80 ft. : trunk 17-30 in. in diam. :lvv.. dark green and lus- tree. Trees sold under this name are nearly always forms of A. bafsnmea. 8. grindis, Lindl. (.4.awrf?»j7/.'<,Murr.,notForbes. A. Gordonidna,CArr.). Fig.2,rt. Tree 200-300 ft., becoming 4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cy- lindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded orretuseat the apex, the broati.scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate and furnished with a short point. Coast of northern Cali- fornia to Vancouver Island and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana. S.S.12: 612. Gn. 38, p. 291. R.H.1894, p. 274. — Occasional specimens are seen in parks and choice grounds, but it rarely thrives in eastern states. cc. foliage pale blue or tii^^ glaucous. .t^lJf^f* 9. cdncolor, Lindl.&Gord. ^|» A. Lowidna, O^T ■.>, A. Murr. A. ^ --^. Parsonsidna, Hort.). White Fir. Fig.2,rf. 2. A. errandis Picea; d. Abies or Fir. ; b. A. balsamea ; c. A. A.concolor; e. A. Nord- manniana ; /. A. mai^ifica. trous above, pale tMU'lJii. B ■ ■ wyy^ ^^w' m y/ziia^^ below, rounded or Vj'jr/'jir^mSSBK^B^SSSsr obtusely short- W, J J ^f fj^^^K^^SM^^Km^ I ■ ^^^«PV. pointed and occa- sionally emargi- nate, acute or acu- minate on fertile branches : cones oblong, cylindri- cal, purple, 2}^-4 in long ; bracts shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales. Eastern North America from Labra.ior and the valley of the Athabasca to Iowa and the mountains of Virginia. S. S. 12:610. G.C. III. 17: 423, 425, 431.— Wood occasionally used for lumber; Canadian Balsam, or Balm of Fir, is obtained from bark ; in cult, loses its beauty early. Var. Hudsdnia, Engelm. {A. Huds6nica, Hort.), is a dwarf form. 7. Friseri, Poir. She Balsam. Tree .30-50 or even 70 ft.: trunk reaching 2% ft. in diam.: Ivs. flat, obtusely short-pointed, twisted at the base so as to appear to be crowded on the upper side of the branches, dark green and lustrous : cones oblong-ovate or nearly oval, rounded at the slightly narrower appx, 2^^ in. long and 1 in. thick, the scales dark purple, twice as wide as long and at matu- rity nearlvhalf covered by palereflexed bracts or points. Mountains of Va., Tenn., and N. C. S. S. 12: 609. -Too much like the baLsani fir to be prized as an ornamental Tree 100-250 ft. : tnmk 4-6 ft. in diam.: Ivs. elongated, stoniatiferous on the upper surface, on fertile branches often falcate and thickened and keeled above : cones ob- long, gray-green, dark purple or bright canary-yellow, :{-5 in. long; bracts shor- ter than their scales. Western North America from southern Oregon to Lower California and to Utah, southern Colo- rado, New Mex., Ariz, and Sonora. S.S. 12: 613. G.C. III. 8:748, 749.-Of all fir trees best with- stands heat and drought; very hardy, grows rapidly, and the most desirable of the genus in the eastern states. Leaf pointed, especially on main shoots, and usually rigid. 10. Vditchii, Lindl. (A. nephrolepis, Maxim.). Tree 80-100 ft. : trun' 3-4 ft. in diam. : branchlets slender, pubescent: Ivs. crowded, dark green and lustrous above, silvery white below : cones cylindrical, slender, dark purple, 2-2 >^ in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. Mt. Fuji-san, Japan ; gregarious and forming great for- ests, coast of Manchuria. — Very hardy in the northern states, and in a young state one of the most beautiful of fir trees. 11. hoill61epi8,Sieb.«feZucc.(4. brachyphfflla, Maxim.). Tree 80-100 ft. : trunk 6 ft. in diam: upper branches long and vigorous, ultimately forming a broad round-topped head: Ivs. elongated, sharp-pointed, dark green and very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones cylindrical, stout, dark purple, 3-3^^ in. long ; bracts much shorter than their scales. Mountains of central Japan, singly or in small groves. B.M. 71 14. — Very hardy, and iu its young state one of the most desirable of the fir trees for the northern states. ^ 12. Cephal6nica, Loud. Tree 60-70 ft.: trunk 2-4 ft. in diam.: Ivs. l»road, rigid, sharp-pointed, standing out from the branches at right angles: cones cylindrical, slender, pointed, gray-brown, Cy-G in. long; bracts longer or rarely shorter than their scales. Mt. Enos, on the Island of Cephalonia. Gng. 6:49,— Hardy as far N. as south- ern New York, Var. Ap611iiiiB, Boiss. {A. ApMlinis, Link.), with nar- row and blunter leaves, is remarkable in its power to pro- duco vigorous shoots from adventitious buds. Mountains of (treece and Roumelia, often gregarious: more hardy tlian tlje type in the northern states. ABIES ABUTA 13. Pinsipo, Boiss. Spanish Fir. Fig. 1. Tree 70-80 ft.: trunk 4-G ft. in diara.: Ivs. short, broad, rigid, sharp-pointed, bright green, spreading from all sides of the stiff branchlets : cones cylindrical, slender, gray- brown, 53^-6 in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. Mountains of central and southern Spain, often grega- rious. G.C. III. 21:407.— Not very hardy north of the Middle states. AA. yobiles. Leaves hlne-green, often glaucous, stoma- tiferous on both surfaces, flat or -i-sided on sterile branches; 4-sidefl, acute, incurved and crowded on fertile branches. U. ndbilis, Lindl. Red Fir. Tree 150-250 ft. : trunk 0-8 ft. in diam. : Ivs. on lower branches grooved above, rounded and emarginate at the apex: cones oblong-cylin- drical, purplish or olive-brown, 4-0 in. long; bracts much longer, thin and covering the scales, strongly reflexed, palfl green. Cascade and Coast Mountains of Washington and Oregon, often gregarious. S.S. 12:617. G. C. III. 20: 275.— There is a var. glauca in the trade. 15. magrnifica, A. Murr. Red Fir, Fig. 2, /. Tree 200-250 ft. : trunk 0-10 ft. in diam.: Ivs. quadrangular, bluntly pointed on sterile and acute on fertile branches: cones oblong-cylindrical, purplish brown, 6--9in. long; bracts much shorter than the scales. Sierra Nevada of California; gre- garious and forming great forests. S. S. 12:618. On. 37, p. 591. — Wood occasionally manufactured into lumber. Less hardy in the eastern states than A. nohilis. Var. Sliast^lisis, Lemm., of southern Oregon and northern California, cones somewhat smaller, vrith bracts as long as or longer than the scales. S.S. 620. A. Albertidna, Murr.=Tsuga hetero- phylla. — A. Jiahorensia, Let. Lvs. dark, silvery below, very numerous, }^-l in. long: cones 4 or 5 together, reaching 7 or 8 in. long and 1 in. diam. X. Africa. R.H. 1866, p. 106.— 4. bifida, Sieb. & Zucc.="A. firma— ^. bracteata. Hook. & Am. =A. venusta. — ^4. Can- --jnK^.r^^-.^^f^ adensis, Michx. = Tsuga :.->7VwiJiii*^^.C->?; -7* ?, Canadensis. — A. firma, ' ' '" ' ^^-' - - — ' Sieb, & Z-icc.="A. Mome, Sieb. Lvs. thick and rigid, lin.long:cones cylindrical often Sin.long.with keeled scales. Japan. Promising for S.— A. Hookeridna, Murr.='Tsuga Mertensi- &nai.—A .lasiocdrpa, Nutt. Lvs. blue-green and glaneous: cones 3in. long, with very broad spineless scales. Western L^.S.Gng.4:373. S.S. 12:611.— 4. macro- <rd rpa, V.isey=»Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. — A. Jfdrieaij, Mast. Small tree with crowded branches and short, dark foliage which is pale below: cones large, dark purple. N.Japan. — A. Jlf<rtcn- sidna, Lindl.=T iga heterophylla. — A. Numidica, DeLannoy =»A.Baboren8i' A.Pindrow, Spach.,isaformof A.Webbiana, but has longer If ;ives and smaller cones. Himalayas. — A. Hegi- n(e AmdlUe— A. Cephalonica, var. Appolinis. — A. religiosa, Lindl. Ix)ng, slender, drooping branches: lvs. silvery below: cones Sin. long. Mex. B.M.675;i, — A.^'af/iaZ/rtPn*/*, Mast. Tall tree, with pale bark, white buds, and long, slender, dark green lvs.: cones 3 in. long. E.Asia. — A. «M6a7phm, Engelm.^lasio- carpa. — A.veiiHsta, Koch. Lvs. acuminate, dark yellow, green above and silvery below : cones 4 in. long, with Iv,ng, slen- der bracts. California. S. S. 12 : 615, 616. B. M. 4740. — J.. Webbidna, Lindl. Lvs. l-2Kin. long, flat, silvery below: cones cylindrical, 6 or 7 in. long- Himalayas. See Picea for A. Aja- nensis, alba, Alcockiana, Engelmanni, excelsa, Gregoriana, miniata, Morinda, nigra, obovata, orientnlis, pendula, polita, pungens, Schrenkiana, Smitfiiana. See, also, Fseudotsuga and C. S. Sargent. ABOBRA (Brazilian name). Cucurbitdcece. Green- house climber,cult. for its numerous small, showy fruits : arrows rapidly, and may be planted out in summer. The tuberous roots are stored like dahlias. Prop, by seeds or rarely by soft cuttings. viridifldra, Naudin. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. much di- viili'd: lis. small, pale green, fragrant: fr. a scarlet gourd. Brazil. R.H. 18G2: 111. ABBOMA (from a, not, and broma, food). Sterculid- cexp. Greenhouse evergreen trees. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings in spring from half -ripened wood under glass. A. augtista, Linn. f. Lower lvs. cordate. 3-5-lobed : upper lvs. ovate-lanceolate. Trop As. B.R.518.— A./Mtwdsa, R.Br. Lower lvs. cordate. 5-lobed; upper lvs. ovate: fls. dark purple. Trop. As., Austral. ABBONIA (from abros, delicate, referring to involu- cre). Nyctagindcecp . Trailing plants, with fragrant ver- bena-like flowers suitable for baskets and rockeries; commonlv treated as hardy annuals. Mostly tender perennials from Calif. Height 0-18 in. For early and continuous summer bloom, seeds may be sown in pots of sandy soil the previous autumn and wintered in a frame. Peel off the husk before sowing seed. Cf . Sereno Watson, Bot. Calif. 2 : 3-5. : A. Flowers yellow. Fig. 3. Plant very viscid-pubescent: lvs. thick, broadly ovate or reni- form, obtuse, on distinct petioles: root stout, fusiform. A. are- ndria, Menzies, is probably the same, but is considered distinct by some. B.M. 6546. G.C. II. 16:365. AA. Flowers pink or rose. umbell&ta, Lam. Whole plant viscid-puberulent : lvs. typically narrower than the above, oval or oblong : fls. pink. F. S. 11: 1095. P. M. 16: 36. Var. gran- dilldra, Hort,, Las larger fls. and broader lvs. villdsa, Watson. Smaller and slenderer than the last and t overed with a glandular-villous pubes- latifdlia, E^ch. ^■?i^r^i^ 3. Abronia latifolia (X J-a). cence:'lvs. rarely 1 in. long: fls. 5-15 in a cluster, rose. Not common in cult. Int. 1891. AAA. Flotcers white. mellifera, Dougl. Stouter than A. t<»ihe7Za fa.* involucre larger, scarious: lvs. longer and narrower. B.M. 2879. Int. 1891. frilgrailS, Nutt. Lvs. larger than in A. umbellata, broader at the base and more tapering: fls. night-bloom- ing. B.M. 5544. A.pnlchHla, Nicholson. Fls. pinkish rose.— A. rosea, Hart- weg.=»umbellata ? ^^^ ]y(^ ABBUS (from abros, soft, referring to leaves). Legti- mindscf. Deciduous greenhouse climber, or used S. outdoors for screens. Roots have virtues of licorice. Needs strong heat for indoor culture. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings tinder glass in sand. precatdrius,Linn. Crab's-eve Vine. Weather-plant. Height 10-12 ft. : leaflets oblong, in numerous pairs: fls. varying from rose to white: seeds bright scarlet, with a black spot, used by Buddhists for rosaries, and in India as standards of weight. Tropics.— The absurd claims made for itsweather-prophesving properties are exposed by Oliver iu Kew Bull. Jan. 1890. ABOTA (native name). Menispermdceop. Greenhouse evergreen climber. Prop, by cuttinjrs under gla.ss with bottomlu'at.- A . r»</»''.«c<'M.<{, Aubl. Lvs. ovate: fls. dark purple within. S. Am. Unimportant. ABUTILON ABITTILON AfitfTILON (name of obscure origin). Malvdcece. Flowering Maple. Attractive coolhouse shrubs ami window plants. Lvs. long-stalked, often maple-like: tls. with naked 5-clef t calyx, 5 separate obovate petals, many stamens united in a column about the many-branched 4. Abutilon striatum (X K^ Style. Of very easy culture in conditions which are suit- able for geraniums or fuchsias. Usually grown in pots, but sometimes bedded out in summer. Dwarf and com- pact varieties suitable forbedding are becoming popular. The tall varieties are adaptable to growing on rafters or pillars. A . striatum and A. ,_, Thompsoni are the commonest type forms. Prop, by greenwood cut- tings at any sea- son, preferably in late winter or early spring ; also freely by seeds. Many horticultural varieties, some of them no doubt hybrids, are in common cultivation. Following are well known : Arthur Bel- sham, red, shaded gold, Boule de Neige, pure white, very free. Eclipse, foliage marbled green and yellow: fls. of fair size; sepals scarlet; petals orange-buff : suited for baskets and vases : a form of A . mega - potamicum (another Eclipse is known Erecta, pink orange-veined erect fls. Gol- den Bell, deep yellow, free-flowering. Golden Fleece, pure yellow, free-flowering. Mary Miller, deep rose pendulous fls. Mrs. John Laing, purplish rose. Roste- flora, pinkish rose. Royal Scarlet, rich, shining scarlet. Santana, deep red. Savitzii, dwarf, with white-edged foliage: useful forbedding. Snow Storm, semi-dwarf, pure white. Souvenir de Bonn, lvs. large, deep green, not mottled, but edged with a broad white margin: dis- tinct and striking: a useful bedding plant. Splendens, bright red. A. Leaves prominently lobed, mostly maple-like or- vine-like. — -B. Corolla iridely open or .spreading. D4rwini, Hook. f. Strong pubescent shrub 3-5 ft.: lvs. velvety pubescent beneath, thickish, 5-9-ribbed, the lower ones lobed to the middle, the upper ones shallow- 3-lobed ; fls. 1-3 at a place, orange with blood-red veins. Brazil. B.M. 5917. — Blooms in both winter and summer. Much hybridized with other species. A . grandiflbrum and A. compdctum are garden forms ; also A. floribun- dum, Hort., R. H. 1881: 350. BB. Corolla mostly longer and contracted at the mouth. striatum, Dicks. Fig, 4. Glabrous throughout: lvs. thin, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes long-pointed, rather closely ser- rate, sometimes small-spotted: fls. rather small and slen- der, hanging on peduncles 4-6 in. long, red or orange, •with brown^red veins, the stamens scarcely or not at all exserted. Brazil. B.M. 3840. P.M. 7: 53.— One of the har- diest species, blooming continuously. Tli6mp8oni, Hort. Fig. 5. Graceful but strong-growing plant: lvs. vine-like, mostly3-lobed, the middle lobe long- pointed, thin and usually glabrous, mottled with green and yellowish blotches: fls. medium size, yellow or orange with red veins, the column of stamens conspicu- ously exserted in the single forms. R.H. 1885:324. G.W. 70:133.— Blooms in summer and winter. An oflFshoot of A . striatum, or a hybrid with that species. In the double- fld. form, the fls. are open-spreading. Cions often convey the variegation to the stock. Common and valuable. vendsum, Lemaire. Very strong grower: lvs. large, deeply palmate-lobed and strongly toothed: fls. large, 3 in. long, on peduncles 10-12 in. long. Mex. B.M. 4463. —A showy species. AA. Leaves not lobed, cordate, but prominently toothed, , sometimes angled. B. Corolla wide-spreading. insigne, Planchon. {A. igneum, Hort.). Lvs. medium size, crenate-dentate, acuminate, villous pubescent un- derneath: fls. large, flaring-mouthed, white with very heavy and rich veiningand markings of purple and red, onslenderhangingpeduncles. New Granada. B.M. 4840. Gn. 18: 263. — Very showy; common. longricuspe, Hochst. White-canescent shrub, with long- acuminate, broad-cordate and blunt-toothed long-stalked lvs., felt-like below: blue veiny wide-open fls. on mostly many-branched axillary peduncles. Abyssinia. — Re- cently introduced by S. Cal. Acclimatizing Assoc, irom seed collected by SchweinfurtU and distributed from Berlin in 1893. BB. Corolla long and narrow. megapotdmicom, St. Hil. & Naud. (4. vex'lliiriumf Morren>. Fig.6. Droop- ing habit : lvs. rather small, lance - ovate, acuminate, sharp-ser- rate : fls. 2-3 in. long, on short drooping stalks, the long calyx bright red, the pro- truding petals lemon- yellow, the column of stamens conspicuously protruding. Trop. Am. B.M. 5717. Gn. 37: 745. J. H. HI. 18: 359. -A strikingly handsome species. Common in windows and baskets. There is a variegated-leaved variety. Generally mis- spelled mesapotamicum . .4. ar6^r«im, Sweet. Lvs. cordate, tomentose: Us. pale yellow. Abutilon Thompsoni, double (XVa). ABUTILON ACACIA 'PeTxi. — A.Be4fordidnum,^t.'H.\\. Lvs. lobed: fls. yellow with red: very tall. BtazU.— A. globiAdrum, Don. Fls. large, cream- i-olored. Mauritius.— A.inffOerrimum, Hooker& Jackson, Index Kewensis. (Sidaintegerrima, Hook. B.M. 4360. i Lvs. entire, cor- date, toraentnse below: fl». large, yellow, flariug New Granada. — A..p<eoni4j^rum, W&lpen, Fls. rather small, piak. Brazil. 6. Abutilon mespjiotaniicum (X /^). '-A.pulehellum,Sweet, '.nd ^4. pulchrum, Don.=»Plagianthus pulchellus. — A.vitifdliv/n,Pres\. Lvs. lobed: fls. wide-spread- ing, light blue ( a white-flowered var.) : plant one of the hardiest. Chile. B.M. 4227, 7328. Gn. 51:1117. l H. B. ACACIA (ancient name). Legumindscp, tribe Mimb- nece. Shrubs or trees : lvs. twice-pinnate, of many leaf- lets, or reduced to phyllodia or leaf -like petioles, as in Figs. 8 and 9 (except the earlier lvs. of young seedlings, and occasionally those on robust shoots) : fls. yellow or white, minute, in conspicuous globular heads or cylin- <lrical spikes, axillary, solitary or fasciculate, or diffusely paniculate at the ends of the branches ; stamens very many, exserted. Australia (chiefly); afew in N. and S. America, N. and S. Africa and Asia. Ours Australian unless otherwise stated. Prop, by seeds sown under glass as soon as ripe, or by cuttings of half-ripened wood taken with a heel, in summer; the seeds should first be placed in hot water and left to soak 24 hours. The bark of most of the Australian and of some other species {es^pecia.Uy A. pycnantha, A. moUissima and A. decurrens) abounds in tannins, which may eventually make their cultivation profitable in the southwest. For outdoor planting in Calif, and the S.,keep in pots until large enough to place in permanent quarters, for they do not transplant well. Several African species yield the jrum arable of commerce, especially A. Senegal. Mono- graphed in part by Baron von MUller in his Iconography of Australian Acacias, cited here as F. v. 31. Icon. J. BuRTT Davy. Of several hundred known kinds, not more than 50 are in cultivation, and a dozen species will cover those deserv- ing of greenhouse culture, but these few are gems. All of this most important section thrive in a winter tem- perature ranging from 40° to 50°; in fact, little above the freezing point is .suflicient. They do not like heat, and consequently are not adapted for forcing. If win- tered cool and allowed to come along naturally with the increasing heat and light of the spring, they will flower in March and April, a season when their graceful beauty is appreciated in the private conservatory or is valuable to the commercial florist. The prevailing color of all the Australian species is yellow, varying from pale lemon to deep orange. The tall-growing kinds, or rather those in- clined to make lofcg, straight shoots, make excellent sub- jects for planting permanently against a glass partition of a conservatorj-, or against a pillar. There is scarcely a more beantiful plant than A. pubeseens, with its slightly drooping, yellow racemes. It deserves a fa- vored place in every cool conservatory. The Acacias are of easy culture. If planted permanently in the border, provision for drainage should be made. A good, coarse, tarfy loam, of not too heavy texture, is all they want, with the addition of a fifth part of leaf -mold or well- rotted spent hops. Few of our greenhouse pests trouble them. Water in abundance they like at all times, and in their growing season, which is the early summer months, a daily syringing is necessary. Several 6t the species of bushy habit are very largely grown as pot-plants in Eu- rope, and are now largely imported and sold for the east- em trade. A. armata and A. Dntmmondii are good species for this purpose. We believe, with our hot sum- mers, the commercial man will do better to import than to attempt to grow them from cuttings. The Acacias need pruning, or they will soon grow straggling and un- shapely; more especially is this true of those grown in pots. After flowering, cut back the leafling shoots rather severely. Shift into a larger pot if roots demand it, and encourage growth by a genial heat and syringing, giving »t same time abundance of light and air. They should be plunged out-of-doors as soon as danger of frost is past, and removed to the greenhouse before any danger of early fall frosts. Cuttings root surely but not quickly. The best material is the side shoots from a main stem in the condition that florists call half -ripened— that is, not green and succulent as for a verbena, nor as firm and hard as the wood of a hybrid perpetual rose in Nov. The wood or shoot will be in aboiit the right condition in June. No bottom heat is needed, but the cuttings should be covered with a close frame and kept moder- ately moist and cool by shading. The following spring these young plants can be either planted out-of-doors, where there is a good chauce to keep them well watered, or grown on in pots, as described above. A few of the finest species are A. pubescens, suitable for training on pillars; A. Biceana makes a bush or can be trained; A. longifolla, an erect species, de.serves a permanent position in the greenhouse border. Of all the species best adapted for medium-sized, compact pot-plants, A, armata and A. Drummondii are the best. The former has small, simple, dark green lvs. and glrbular, pure yel- low fls. A. Drummondii has drooping, cylindrical, pale lemon fls. As both these flower in March without any forcing in our northern greenhouses, they are very val- uable acquisitions to our Easter plants. The Acacia has two distinctive charms: the foliage is either small, .•simple and glaucous, as in A. armata, or much divided, graceful and fern-like, as in -1. pubescens. All the Aca- cias are among the freest-flowering of our hard-wooded plants. Cult, by William Scott. The species in the American trade are here described under the following numbers: A. acinacea, 7; aneura, 38; angustifolia, 16; Arabica, 49; argyrophylla, 15; armata, 5; Baileyana, 45; brachybotrya, 15 ; calamifolia, 3; Cate- chu, 52; Cavenia, 48; celastrifolia, 16; cinerascens, 39; cHltrata,12; cultriformis, 12; cuspid.ata, 1 ; cyanophylla, 20; Cyclops, 32; dealbata, 43; decurrens, 41; diffusa, 1; dodonieifolia, 10; Drummondii, 53; extensa. 4; falcata, 17; falciformis, 18; Farnesiana, 47; filicina, 50; genista- folia, !• " ^-'•a, 15; glaucescens, ,39; glaucophylla, 15; c'^J^'*' Jreggii, 51; harpophylla, 29; hispidissima, •io, ' . ^0; implexa, 30; juncifolia, 2; Lafrobei, 7', t ^i; leucophylla, 40; line&rifi, 27', lineata, 6, iin.'Cii ,. . I -'.gifolia, 36; Jongissima,37; lunata, 11; M?issneri,9; m Manoxylon, 31 ; mollissima,42; myrtifolia, 16; neriifolia, 22 : normalis, 16, 41; obliqua, 8; obtusata, 21; ole<e folia, 11; Oswaldi, 27; oxycedrus, 33; paradoxa^ 5; pendula, 28; penninervis, 18; penta'dra,4; pinifolia, 2; pravissima, 13; prominens, 14; pubescens, 44; pul- chella, 43; pycnantha, 23; retinodes, 22; Riceana, 35; rostellifera, 25; rotundifolia,8; salicina, 24; saligna, 19; SophoraB,36; .suaveolens,26; undulata,5; vertieiliata,34. A. Lvs. simple; that is, reduced to phyllodia (except the earlier lvs. of young seedlings, and occasionally those of robust shoots ) . Figs. 7, 8 and 9. B. Fls. in globular heads . c. Fhyll. ter3te, or only slightly flattened. 1. diffiisa, Lindl. {A.genisttefdlia.hmk.). A tall, gla- brous shrub; branches angular: phyll. %-l in. long. ACACIA ACACIA 1-13^ lines wide, quadrangular-linear, l-nerved: fl. hds. solitarv, or 2 or 3 together; peduncles short; fls. yellow, May. B.M.2417. B:R. 634. Var. ctispidita, Benth. (A. ctispiddta, Cunn.). Phyll. % to rarely 2 in. long, slender, often not broader than thick. 2. juncifdlia, Benth. (A.pinifblia, Benth.). Tall, gla- brous shrub : branches slender, quite terete : phyll. 3-6 in. long, often nearly tetragonous, linear-subulate, with a scarcely prominent nerve on each side: fl. hds. solitary or in pairs; peduncles short. F.v.M.Icon. 2: 8. 3. calamifdlia. Sweet. Broom Wattle. Tall shrub 6-10 ft. : phyll. 3-4 in. long, linear-subulate, slightly flattened, with 1 nerve prominent or indistinct ; point fine, recurved or simply oblique: fl. hds. 3 or 4, shortly racemed in the axils of the terminal phyll. ; calyx shortly toothed or lobed. Feb. B.R. 839. 4. ext6nsa, Lindl. {A. pentadrn, Kegel). Shrub: branches angular or sometimes winged: phyll. ;i-4 or even 8 in. long, slender, linear-subulate, almost tetrago- nous, with a prominent nerve on each side: pedimcles 1-headed or rarely irregularly racemose in the axils of the terminal phyll. : calj-x triangular, truncate. Mar. cc. Phyll. vertically flattened. D. Veins of phyll. 1, or very rarely i. E. Fl. heads solitary or in pairs or clusters. P. Length of phyll. 1 in. or less. O. Stipules persistent as slender spines. 5. arm&ta, R. Br. (A. tindnhlta, V^illd. A. paraddxa, DC. Mimosa paraddxa, Poir.). Kangaroo Thorx. Fig. 7. Spreading shrub, 6-10 ft. high : branches pubes- cent: phyll. 1 in. long, semi-ovate, undulate, obtuse, or with a short, oblique point: heads solitary: peduncles axillary, equaling the phvll. , borne all along the branches : fls. fragrant. Feb. B.M. 1653. F.E. 9:401, 431.- Good hedge shrub. Grown also for spring bloom. GG. Stipules small, deciduous, or 0. 8. line^ta, Cunn. Bushy shrub: branches pubescent, terete: phyll. \i-%\n. long, broadly linear; point small, hooked : peduncle solitary, axillarj', very slender, equaling or exceeding the phyll., glabrous: fls. rich yellow. Mar. B.M. 3346. 7. acin&cea, Lindl. [A.Latrbbei, Meissn.). Shrub: branches gla- brous, angular: phyll. M-%vn. long, about 3 lines wide, obliquely oblong or somewhat falcate, obtuse, with a small, recurved point : peduncles slender, about equaling the phyll. Mar. F.v.M. Icon. 4:7. 8. obllqaa, Cunn. {A, rotundi- fdlia, Hook.). Shrub : branches glabrescent : phyll. H to nearly 34in. long, obliquely obovate or or- bicular ; mid-nerve terminating in a minute, recurved point : peduncles very slender, mostly exceeding the phyll. Mar. B.M. 4041. 9. Meissneri, Lehm. Tall shrub: young branches glabrous, acutely angular : phyll. %-l in. long, 2-4 lines broad, obovate-oblong or ob- liquely cuneate, obtuse, or with a small, hooked point : peduncles shorter than the phyll. : fls. yellow. _ _ May. FF. Length of phyll. l%-4 in. ^^ 10. dodoneeifdlia.Willd. Tall shrub, very resinous, shin- ing : phyll. 2-4 lines wide, oblong-linear or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, l-nerved, lateral veins prominent an«l anastomosing: stipules 0: peduncles solitary or in pairs, about ^iin. long. Mar. 7. Acacia armata (X>^). EE. Fl. heads in axillary racemes {rarely reduced to a solitary head). F. Phyll. 2 in. or less long, broad, a. Racemes much exceeding the phyll. 11. luiiita,Sieb.( J..o?ecp/d?m,Cunn.). Glabrous shrub: phyll. less than 1 in. long, obliquely-lanceolate or ellipti- cal-cuneate, obtuse, or with a minute, oblique or recurved point : fls. yellow : pods linear-elliptical, 3—4 lines broad ; seeds placed close to the upper suture. Apr. B.R. 1352. —Without the fruit this may easily be mistaken for A. lini folia var. prominens, 12. cultriibrmis, Cunn. (^.cM?^r^to, Ait.). Tall shrub, glaucous with wax when young : phyll. \4-%m. long, falcate-ovate or almost triangular, mucronulate, with thickened margins and usually a marginal gland at the angle on the convex side: fl. heatis in axillary racemes much exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ; seeds placed close to the upper suture. Mar. R.H. 18%, p. 503. J.H. III. 34:131. 13. pravlssima, F.v.M. Tall shrub or small tree; gla- brous: phyll. mostly 3-5 lines long, obliquely falcate- obovate, or almost trapezoid, recurved, imperfectly 2- veined; marginal gland much below the angle on the convex side : fl. heads in handsome axillar>' racemes much exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ; seeds placed along the center of the pod. GG. Racemes not, or only slightly, exceeding the phyll. 14. linifdlia, Willd. Tall shrub: phyll. 1-1 Kin. long, linear to linear-lanceolate, straight, rather thin ; marginal gland small, near the base: fl. heads in slender, axil- lary racemes about equaling the phyll. : pods linear, very flat, 4-6 lines broad; seeds placed along the center. B.M. 2168. See No. 11. Var. prOmimens, Moore {A . pr6minens, Cunn. ) . Phyll. broader, linear-lanceolate to ol)long- falcate; marginal gland prominent, distant from the base. B.M. 3502. 15. brachybdtrya, Benth. Tall shrub: phyll. K-lKin., rarely, in luxuriant specimens, 2 in. long, obliquely obo- vate or oblong, firm, rather broad, obtuse or mucronu- late: fl. heads few, in short, axillary racemes, about equaling the phyll., or rarely reduced to 1 head: fls. 20- 50 in a head: pods flat, linear to narrow-elliptical. Var. argryroph^lla, Benth. (A. argyrophylla. Hook.). Silvery-silky, turning sometimes golden yellow: phyll. mostly 5^-1 >^ in. long: fl. heads often solitary. B.M. 4384. Var. glaucoph^lla, Benth. Glaucous and more or less pubescent: phyll. mostly >^-%in. long: fl. heads mostly 2-5, shortly racemose. Var. glabra, Benth. Quite glabrous : phyll. small and narrow: fl. heads small. 16. myrtifdlia, Willd. Shrub, rarely tall : phyll. 1-2 in. long, very variable, firm, usually acute or mucronate and narrowed at base, with thickened, nerve-like mar- gins, and a marginal gland below the middle: fl. heads several, in short, axillary racemes about equaling the phyll.: fls. 2-4 in a head, rather large: pods linear, thick, curved, with very thick margins, 2-3 lines broad. B.M. 302, as Mimosa myrtifolia. Var. celastrifdlia, Benth. (A. celastrifdlia, Benth.). Phvll. mostly lK-2 in. long and often 1 in. broad. B.M. 430(5. Var. nonn&lis, Benth. Phyll. mostly 1-2 in. long and about Jiiin. broad. FF. Phyll. S-6-1S in. long {sometimes only 1% in. in A. oittusata). Var. angnstifdlia, Benth. Phyll. mostly 2-4 in. long, 2-4 lines broad. G. Hie phyll. distinctly penniveined. 17. falcita, Willd. Tall shrub or small tree ; glabrous: branches angular: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, lanceolate- falcate, acuminnte, much narrowed to the base; margi nal gland clo- to the ba.se or 0: sepals free, narrow: pods rather nas ;<>w; funicle encircling the seed. 18. pennin6rvis, Sieb. Tree ; glabrous : branches angu- lar: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate- falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margins nerve-like; gland distant from the base or 0: pods broad; funicle encircling the seed. Mar. B.M, 2754, ACACIA ACACIA Var. ialcif6nniB, Benth, {A. falcif6rmin, DC). Phyll. mostly larger and more falcate: young shoots and in- florescence minutely hoarj' or golden-pubescent ; pod nearly ^4 in. broad. 19. saligna, Wendl. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branchlets angu- lar: phyll. 4-ti in. long, falcate-lanceolate or oblan«eolate, narrowed to the base, rather obtuse, glaucous and smooth, the lateral veins but little conspicuous: racemes short; peduncles short: fl. heads few, large. Mar. 20. cyanophiflla, Lindl. Blt'e-leaved Wattle. Tall shrub 18 ft.; stoloniferous : branches drooping: lowt-r phyll. about 12 in. long; upper 6 in. or less and narrower, linear-oblong to lanceolate-falcat«, much narrowed to- ward the base, glabrous and often glaucous: peduncles i^->^in. long: 11. heads 3-5, large, golden yellow. 3Iar. Gn. 52, p. 99. 21. obtusiita, Sieb. Tall, glabrous shrub: phyll. lK-3 in. long, oblong-linear,or almost spatulate, usually almost straight, rather obtuse, point not curved, thick, rigid, with thickened, nerve-like margins; marginal gland 1, distant from the base, not prominent : racemes about ^in. long, with densely packed heads; fls. 30 or more. Mar. GG. The phyll. thick, usually tcifh inconspicuous lateral veins (conspicuous in A. pycnantha). 22. neriifdlia, Cunn. {A. retinddes,Sch\eeht. A.reti- nddes,v&T. Jioribiinda, Hort. ). Fig. 8. Tall, handsome shrub or small tree: branchlets slender: phyll. .3-5 in. long. 2-5 lines wide, linear-lanceolate, falcate, much nar- rowed to the base: racemes 1-2}^ in. long ; peduncles about 2 lines long : fls. bright yellow. Mar. F.v.M.Icon. 5: 9. R.H. 1896, p. 505. A.F. 13: 880. -Useful as a street tree in Calif. 23. pycndntlia, Benth. Golden Wattle. Small tree: phyll. 3-6 in. long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, or, on vig- orous shoots, even obovate-falcate, obtuse or acutish, dis- tinctly penniveined, with a conspicuous marginal gland near the base: fl. heads in axillary racemes, on short pe- duncles, large, fragrant: funide scarcely folded. Feb. R.H. 1896, p. 504. — Very variable in shape and size of phyll. 24. ^alicina, Lindl. Small tree : branches drooping : foli'tjre pale: phyll. 2-5 in. long, 2%-^ lines wide, ob- 1 iu,T-linear or lanceolate, narrowed at base, thick, rigid, with a curved point; midrib and marginal veins scarcely pro ninent: racemes short, often reduced to 2 or 3 heads, or even only 1: peduncles slender: fls. about 20 in the L'-ad: pods straight; funicle scarlet, folded under the seed. 25. rostellifera, Benth. Tall shrub, perhaps only a va- riety of J., snlieina, but, according to Bentham, different in aspect and the nerve of the phyll. much more promi- nent: phyll. linear-lanceolate, with an oblique or re- curved caillous point. 26. snavdolens, Willd. Shrub .3-f) ft. high, glabrous: branches acutely angled: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 lines wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear; margins thickened: racemes about %m. long before opening, inclosed in large, imbricate bracts : fls. 6-10 in a head. Apr. DD. Veins of phyll. several (rarely only 2), longitudinal. 27. Oswaldi, F. v. M. Tall shrub: phyll. 1 ^i-2 in. long. falcate-oblong to linear, rigid, mostly mucronate, finely striate, twisted, mostly 3 or 4 lines broad. F. v. M. Icon. 6:10. 28. p^ndula, Cunn. Weeping Mtall. Handsome small tree: branches pendulous: foliage pale or ash-colored, with minute pubescence: phyll. \%-l%'\n. long, nar- rowly lanceolate or almost linear-falcate, ending in a curved cusp; nerves few, indistinct: racemes very short, sometimes reduced to a solitary head; peduncles 5-6 lines long. F. v. M. Icon. 6: 8. 29. harpophJ^Ua, F.v.M. Tree: branchlets slightly an- gular: phyll. 6-8 in. long, lanceolate, very falcate, nar- rowed at the end but obtuse, much narrowed at the base, coriaceous, pale or glaucous; nerves several, fine; reticu- late veins few and indistinct: peduncles slender, mostly clustered in the axils : funicle short. F. v. M. Icon. 6:9. 30. impl6za, Benth. Glabrous tree: branchlets nearly terete: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 23'a-5 lines wide, lanceolate and very falcate-acuminate, with a short, hooked point, rather thin; reticulate veins numerous and distinct: pe- duncles few, in a very short raceme, long and slender: fls. pale yellow or dirty white: pods rather narrow, bi- convex, curved or twisted, slightly constricted between the seeds; funicle yellow, folded at the end of the seed but not encircling it. F. v. 31. Icon. 8 : 2. 8. Acacia neriifolia, narroAV- leaved form. 31. melan6zyIon,F. Br. Australian B^^ckwood. Tall tree, usually pyramidal, glabrous: branchlets slightly angular: phyll. mostly 3 or 4 in. long, %-\ in. wide, nar- rowly lanceolate to falcate-oblong, or even falcate-ob- lanceolate, much narrowed to the base, verj' obtuse, thick and stiff; reticulate veins numerous: racemes oc- casionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads ; peduncles short, stout : fls. pale yellow or dirty white ; petals connate above the middle : pods flat, 3— 4 lines broad, often curved in a circle ; funicle bright red, doubly Encircling the seed. Mar. B.M. 1659. 32. Cyclops, Cunn. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branchlets angrular: phyll. 1^2-3 in. long, nearly straight, narrow-oblong, ob- tuse, rigid: racemes short, occasionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads : fls. yellow ; petals smooth, free : pods flat, 4-4> lines wide, curved or twisted ; funicle richly colored, doubly encircling the seed. Apr. F. v. M. Icon. 8:3. BB. Fls. in cylindrical, or rarely oblong, spikes, c. Phyll. narrow, pungent-poivted, %-! in. long. .33. oxyc§dru8, Sieb. Tall, spreading shrub : phyll. %-%, or rarwly 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate, scattered, very rigid, striate, with 3 or 4 prominent nerves on each side ; stipules small, often spinescent : spikes often above 1 in. long. B.M. 2928. 34. verticillita, Willd. {Mimosa verticilldta, L'TIer.}. Bushy, spreatling shrub : phyll. K-yiin. long, linear- subulate to lanceolate c<r oblong, mostly whorled, rigid, with 1 prominent central nerve; stipules minute: spikes %-l in. long, dense ; fls. deep yellow. Apr. B. M. 110. .35. Bice&na, Hensl. Tall shrub or small tree, hand- some. dark green: phyll. K-?4»n. long, linear or subulate, sometimes very narrow and 1-lJ^in. long, scattered or whorled, 1-nerved; stipules minute: spikes interrupted, slender, often above 1 in. long ; fls. pale yellow. Apr. N. 1 : 7. 8 ACACIA ACACIA CC. Phyll. broader, leg* rigid, not pungent-pointed, l%-6 in. long. 36. longifdlia, Willd. Sydney Golden Wattle. Fig. 9. Tall, handsome shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate; longitudinal veins several, promi- nent: spikes 1 in. long, loose, axillary, mostly in diver- gent pairs; tls. golden yellow. Mar. B.R. 362. B.M, 2166. R.H. 1896, p. 504. -Useful as a street tree in Calif. 9. Phyllodia and racemes of Acacia loneifolia. Var. Sophdrae, F.v. M. (.4. Sophdrce, R. Br.). Phyll. 2-3 in. long, 5-8 lines wide, broadly oblong, obtuse. 37. linearis, Sims. (.4. 7oM<7Js.siwa, Wendl. ). Shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, linear, with 1 prominent longitudinal nerve : spikes 1-2 in. long, loose and interrupted, slender: fls. pale yellow or dirty white. B.M. 2156. B.R. 680.- Valued as a street tree in Calif. 38. aneura, P. v. M. Muloa. Shrubby; often hoar>-. with minute piibescence : phyll. lS-3 in. long, 1-1 Va lines wide, narrowly linear, without prominent nerves but minutely striate, rigid: spikes short and dense on short peduncles: pods broad, flat, short. T. v. M. Icon. 10: 8. 39. glauc68cena, Willd. (.4.c<Mfrc'sc<'N.s, Sieb,', . Glau- »'ous tree 50 ft. or more high: phyll. 4-6 in. long. .5-12 lines broad at the middle, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, falcate, striate, and with .3-5 more prominent nerves, all free from the lower margin: spikes in pairs, 1-2 in. long : pods narrow-linear, biconvex, irregularly twisted. Mar. B.M. 3174. 40. holosericea, Cunn. (.4 . lencophyUa. Lindl. ) . Shrub or small tree 10-20 ft., white, silky : phyll. 4-6 in. long, 1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with .'{ or 4 prominent nerves confluent with the lower margin at the base: spikes mostly in pairs, sessile, about 2 in. long. Mar. AA. Ijvs. all bipinnate. B. Fls. in globular heads. c. Heads in terminal-axillarif panicles or racemes: stipules small or 0. D. Trees: pinmv in 8-15 pairs, fl. -heads panicled. 41. decurrens, Willd. Green* Wattle. Branohlets with very prominent angles decurrent from the petioles ; glabrous, or the young shoots slightly tomentose-pubes- cent : leaflets 1-2 lines long, narrow, rather distant : fls. whitish yellow: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less contracted between the seeds. Mar.- M«y. Var. norxn&lis, Benth. Leaflets 3-4 lines long. 42. molllssima, Willd. (A. decurrens var. m6lli», Lindl. ) . Black Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent an- gles only slightly prominent: foliage and branchlets pu- bescent, the young shoots of a yellowish or golden tinge; leaflets 2-3 lines hmg, narrow, crowded: fls. fragrant: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less con- tracted between the seeds. Dec-Mar. B.R. 371.— The names of this and of the next species are often inter- changed in gardens and even in herbaria. 43. dealb^ta, Link. Silver Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent angles only slightly prominent : foliage and branchlets very glaucous or hoar>', with a fine pubes- cence, the young shoots whitish; leaflets 2-3 lines long, narrow, crowded : pods mostly more than 4 lines wide, flat, hardlv constricted between the seeds. Mar. A.F. 13:880. R.H. 1896, p. 502. DD. Shrubs or small trees: pinncp mosthj in 3S pairs: fl. heads racemed. 44. puMscena, R. Br. Hairy Wattle. Shrub 6-10 ft. : branches and petioles hirsute: pinnae mostly 3-8 pairs; leaflets 6-20 pairs, 1-2 lines long, crowded, linear, gla- brous: racemes slender, longer than the Ivs. Mar. B.M. 1263. F.R. 1:733. 45. Bailey^na, F.v.M. Small.handsome tree: branches and foliage glabrous and glaucous: pinnae 2-3 pairs; leaflets about 13 pairs, lK-2)^ lines long, crowded, linear: racemes 3-4 in. long. Jan. F. v. M. Icon. 12: 5. G.C. III. 15:37. CC. Heads on simple, solitary, or clustered peduncles: stipules often spinescent. 46. ptilch611a, R. Br. Elegant shrub: branches slender, glabrous or hirsute, usually armed with subulate axillary spines : pinnae 1 pair ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 1-2 lines long, obtuse: fl. heads solitary; fls. yellow. Apr. Var. gT^ndis, Hort. (A.grdndix, Henfr.). Shrub 6ft., glabrous: leaflets 8-10 pairs, longer: fls. yellow. Feb.- May. J.H. III. 35: 369 (1897). Var. hispidissima, Hort. {A. hispidlssima, DC). Branches very hirsute, with long, spreading hairs : leaflets narrow: fls. white. B.M. 4588. 47. 'Ea,Tnesiknei,\^i\ld.{A.leptophyUa,'DC.). Popinac. Opopanax. Cassie. Huisache. Much branching shrub, 6-10 ft. : stipules straight, slender, sometimes minute spines; pinnae 5-8 pairs; leaflets mostly 10-25 pairs, 1-2 lines long, narrow, linear, glabrous : peduncles 2 or 3 in the older axils: fl. heads large, globular, deep yellow, very fragrant: pods almost terete, indehiscent, at length turgid and pulpy. Feb. -Mar. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr. and Austral. Grown in S. France for perfumery. 48. Cav6nia, Bertero. Espino. Cavan. Height 20 ft.: spines stout: leaflets scabrous, scabious-pubescent. Oth- erwise near to A. Farnesiana, of which it is sometimes considered a mere variety. Chile. — A good hedge plant. 49. Ar^bica, Willd. Gum Arabic Tree. Fig. 10. Small tree, with spiny stipules: pinnae ^{-6 pairs, each with 40 or less very- narrow leaflets : fls. white, in globular, pe- dunculate heads, which are usually in 3's. Arab, and Eu. .50. filicina, Willd. Unarmed shrub : pinn» 2-15 pairs; leaflets 20-.50 or more pairs (rarely 10-15), very small: fl. heads globular: pods linear, straight, flat, not pulpy. Tex. and Mex. BB. Fls. in cylindrical spikes. ;"7 51. Qriggii, (tray. Small tree 10-20 ft., pubescent, often with scattered, short, stout, hooked prickles : pinnae 2— i pairs, %-! in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 2 or 3 lines long, oblong or oblong-obovate, thick, and with 2 or 3 straight nerves : peduncles J4-1 in. long. Apr. Tex., S. Calif, and Mex. 52. Cdtechu, Willd. Tree : pinnae 8-10 pairs, each bear- ing 100 or less linear, pubescent leaflets : fls. yellow ; spikes solitary or in 2's or 3's. E. Ind. — Yields Catechu, a valuable tannin. ACACIA ACACIA 9 53. DrAmmondii. Benth. Bush or small tree: pinnsp 2-4 pairs, each with 4-10 linear, very obtuse glabrous leaflets: fls. pale lemon-yellow, in dense, solitary-, droop- ing spikes 1-1 J4 in. long. Austral. B.M. 5191. — Hand- some, and popular for spring bloom, as at Easter. In the following supplementary list, the heights given are those attaine<l by the plants under glass in N. Euroi>e ; in the open air in the southwest U. S. they often rrrow much taller, and sometimes flower 2 months earlier. Except when other- wise stated, the flowers are yellow. Those marked (*) are con- sidered most desirable. Those marked " stove" need hothouse treatment; the others can be grown in a coolhouse, or in the open in California. A. abietina. Willd.=linifolia.— J., acan- thocdrpa, Willd.=Mimosa acanthocarpa. — -4 . Acapuleemia, Kunth.=Lysiloma Acapulcensis.— ^ . aciculdria, " Nee<11e-!cu-vcu AciKla,"! ft.— -4.s/i;iis, Swt;et.=ueaibata.— .i.ff^dm, R.Br., 6 ft. May. B.R. 396.-4. amcena, Wendl.. 3 ft. May. Near to het- erophyUa.- -4. angulata, Desv.=discolor.— .4. angustifblia, Lodd.=longifolia, var. tloribunda.— A. argyrophylla, Hook.= brachybotrya, var. argyrophylla.— J., dspera, Lindl. (A. Aus- feldii, Kegel. A. densifolia, Benth.). 4 ft. ilay.—A.Ausfeldii, Regel.=aspera..— J.. Bancroftidna, Bert.=CaPsalpinia bijuga.— A. Bartheridna, Hort.=Berteriana?— A. Berland'Uri, Benth. Fls.? 'Sle:aco.— A. Berteriana, Balb.=Pitliecolobium fragrans.— il.6t/!dm, R. Br. 3 ft. May.— A. 6i/wrrd<a, DC. 8 ft. May.— .4. Irachuacdntha, Humb. & Bonpl.— Mimosa aoanthocarpa.— j4. brevifolia, Ijodd.=hiTi&ta.— A. brevipes, Cunn.=melanox5-lon.— A. Burmannidna, DC. Fls.1 6 ft. Ceylon. Stove.— J^.frim/o- /ia, Cunn. 4 ft. Apr. Hook. Icon. 164.— J.. <;<K»ia, Wight & Am. (A. Intsia, Willd.). 20 ft. E. Indies. Stove.— .4. celastrifblia, Benth. =myrtifolia, var. celastrifolia.—J^. centrophy Ha, DC. 20 ft.; white. Jamaica. Stove.— J^. Cera<^nwi,Willd. =MimosaCera- tonia.— -4. chrysostachys, Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachy8.— J.. cilidta, R. Br.=strigosa.— J., cinerdscens, Sicb.=glaucescens.— A. cochledris, "Wendl. 4 ft. Apr. to May.— 4. conriuna, DC. 20 ft.; fls. white. E.Indies. Stove.— A. Concordtana, Loud. =Pithe- colobium umbellatum.— 4. coH/erfa, Cimn. Apr.- J., corddia, a trade name, probably belongs to some other 8i)eoies.— ^.cori- deea, DC. 5 ft. May.— .4. cor7jfi7<'ra, Willd.=spadioigera. — .4. coroniU(pfi:)Ua, Dest. 10 ft. N.Africa. Stove.— .4. crassiairpa, Cunn. 6 ft. May.— A. eultrdta, Hort.=cultriformis.— .4. cune- dta, Benth. Apr.— J., cuspiddta, Cunn.=diffusa, var. cuspidata. —A.cycnbrum, Hook.=obscura.— .4. dflciV«iVp/t)Zia, Cunn. 6 ft. June.— A. decipiens, var.prcemorsa, Hort.* 3 ft. May. B.M. 3244. — A. deeurTen8,\ax. mollis, Benth.=mollissima.— j[. dmsifblia, Benth.=aspera.— -4. dentifera, Benth. Apr. B.M. 4032.— .4. de- pindens, Ciinn.=longifolia,var.mticronata.— 4. d^^ijie/j*, Burch. 3 ft. May. S. Afr.— -4. diptera, Willd.=Prosopis juliflora.- J.. dlptera, Lindl. Shrub : fls. 1—A. diptera, var. erioptera, Gra- ham. Sept. B.M. 3939.— J., discolor, Willd. (A. angulata, Desv.). 10 ft. May.— A. dtcaricd^a, Willd.=Lysiloma Schiedeana.— .1. Dvnkeldarii is a trade narae.=Mimosa?— A. doratoxy/on,*" Cur- rawang,"a beautiful small tree : fls. golden yellow.— ,4. ditinosa, Wight& Am.=latronum.— J..€6tir7i«a, Willd. 5ft. E.Ind. Stove. —A.echinula, DC.=juniperina.— J.. ^d?/h"jj, Humb. & Bonpl.= Famesiana.— -4. elata, —*. "Pepper-tree Wattle.'"— A. elongdta, Sieb.*6ft. May. B.M. 3337. Especially suitable for damp, sandy land.- .4. emargindta, Wendl.=stricta.— J., eriocldda, Benth. June.— J.. Esterhdzia, Mackay. 4 ft. May.— .4. faleiformis, DC.=penninervis, var. falcifomis. — .4. ferruginea, DC. E. Indies. Fls.? Stove. — J^. Jlexicaulis, Benth.=Pithecolobium flexicaule, Coulter.— A. Jtoribunda, Wiild.=longifolia, var. flori- bunda.— j4.rtori6u»da,Hort.=neriifolia.— A. formbsa, Kunth. ^Calliandraformosa.— A. /rondo«a, Willd. ==Leuc»na glauca.— A. fruticosa, Mart.=Piptadenia latifolia.— A. genistcefblia, Link.==diffusa.— A. girdffce, Willd. "Camel-thorn." 40 ft. S. Afr. Fls. ? Stove. — A.^^atiwra, Moench.=Leuc»ena glauca.— 4. glauca, Hort.=A. glaucescens.— A.flrrdndw, Henfr.=pulchella, var. grandis. — A. grata, Willd. =Piptadenia niacrocarpa.— A. grareolens, Cunn.==vemiciflua.— A. OuayaqniUtisis, Desf. =Mimosa Guaysiquilensis.— 4. Guianensis, Willd. =Stryph- nmlendron Guianeuse. — A. gummifera, Willd. 30 ft. Guinea. Fls. ? — A.Hoematoxyloji, WUld. 20 ft. Fls. yellow or white. S. Afr. Stove.— A. hastuldta, Sm. 4 ft. May. B.M. o^l.—A. heteracd)itha,B\iTcY\. l.")ft.: fls.? S. Afr.— A. ^e^^ro- phylla, Willd. 5 ft. May. Mascarene Isls.— A. hispida, Hort. =Robinia hispida.— J., hispidissima, DC.==A. pulchella, var. hispidissima.— j4. homalophylla,* "Yarran."- A. homomdlla, Wendl.=glaucescens.— J..If«^f/e?u, Benth.* Pale yellow. Feb.— A. humifusa, Cunn. Austral.— A. hybrida, Lodd.=armata.— A. intermedia, Cunn.=longifolia,var. floribunda. — A.intertijcta, Sieb.=longifolia.— A. Intsia, Willd.=capsia.— A. Jnlibrissin, Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. jw/iip«rjna. Willd.* (A.echi- nula, DC). 6 ft.: near to verticillata.— -4. ^a/Adrrt,G. Don.= Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. Koa, Grtiy. Fls. ? Hawaiian Isls. Stove.— A. Lambertidna, D. Don.=Calliandra Lambertiana.— A. lanlgera, Cunn. 6ft. Apr. B.M. 2922.— A. latisili(iua, Willd. = Lysiloma latisiliqua.— A. Latrbbei, Meissn.=iicinacea.— A. la- frdnum, Willd. (A. dumosa, Wight& Am.). 20 ft.; fls. ? E.In- dies. Stove.— A.^CTMn/o/ia. Willd. 4 ft. May. Pacific Islands. Stove.— A. Lebbeck, Willd.=A]bizzia Lebl)ek.— A. leiophylla, Benth.=8aligna.— A. lentiscifblia, Desf. 20 ft. Fls. ? Mexico. Stove.— A. leprbsa, Sieb.* May. B.R. 1441. "Graceful, linear leaves, and habit of a willow."— .4 . ifpr65a,var. tenuifblia. Benth. Stove.— A. f<7>^)cdrpa, Cunn. 6 ft, Apr.— A. i<7>^>n«'Mra. Benth. 6 ft, Apr. B.M. 43oO,-A. kPtopAi/«a, DC.=Farnesiana.— A. leucophloea. Willd. 12 ft. : pale yellow. Tropical Asia. Stove.— A.leucophylla, ColvilL—holoserieea.- A. liguldta, Cunn.=8ali- cina.— A. longifblia, var. floribunda, F. v. M. (A. floribunda, Willd. A. intermedia, Cunn.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 3203.— A. tonfir»- folia, var. mucrondta, F. v. M. (A. dependens, Cunn. A. mucronata, F. v. M.). Mar. B.M. 2747.— A. longissima, Wendl. ""linearis.- A. lophdntha, Willd. =Albizzia lophantha.— A. lophdntha, var. gigantda, Hort. = Albizzia lophantha, var. gigan- tea. — A. liicida, Baill.=Albizzia lucida.— .4. Mdnyium, Willd. 10 ft. Molucca Isls. Stove.— A. t/it<TojpAy»a, Willd.=- Piptadeniaperegrina.— A. mdllis, Wall.=Albizzia Julibrissin.— A.Nlmu, Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.- A. neuroedrpa, Cunn. — holosericea — A. nigricans, R. Br. 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 2188.— A. nudtyfdm, Willd. (A. Rohriana. DC). 30 ft.: white. W.Indies. Stove.— A. o6«cura, A. DC. (A. cycnorum. Hook.). 2Kft- B M. 465?.— 4 ndornU'sirrtH, Wiiid.=AiDiz2ia odoratissima.— A. oif^- ^ita, Cunn.=lunata.— A. oligophylla, Hotimgg. i it. Habitat? Sto-.-e.— A . omdta is a name in the trade, probably of some well- known species.- A. paradbxa, DC=armata.— A. pentadtnia, Lindl. 10 ft. May. B.R. 1.VJ1.— A.pmi/oiia, Benth.=juncifolia. —A. pinndta, Link.=t.amarindifolia.— A. plafyphylla. Sweet. 10 ft. Jnne.—A.pluinbsa, Lowe. 20 ft. Brazil. B.M. 3366. A stove climber.— A. poda/^no/o^/a, Cunn.* Tall shrub. G.C. III. Vi.l>.3Q.— A. polybbtrya, Benth.* A beautiful pinnate-leaved 8i)e- cies.— A. Portoricensis, Willd. =Calliandra Portoricensis. — A.pri«md<t>a, HofTmgg. 6 ft. Habitat? Stove.— A.promi7K^«, Cunn.=linifolia, var. prominens.— A. Pseudacdcia, Hort.=Ro- binia Pseudacacia.— A. puicAerrt ma, Willd =Stryphnodendron florbundum.— A. '7M<idranflruZdm, Link.=Calliandra tetragona. —A. retinbdes, Sohlecht.==neriifolia.— A. ripdria, HBK. (A. sarmentosa, Griseb.). 10 ft. W. Indies. A stove climber.-A. i?oAridna. DC.=nudiflora.— A.rdsfo, Hort.=Robinia hispida.— A. nisci/blia, Cxinn.==verticillata. var. latifolia.— A. sarmentbsa, Griseb.=riparia.— A. scdndens, Willd. =Entada scandens.— A. Sfmicorddta, Roxb. 40 ft.: fls. ? E. Indies. Stove.— A. Senegal, Willd. 30 ft.; fls. white. Tropical W. Afr. Stove.— A.««rtVdra, Cuna. Apr.— A. Simsii, Cunn. Apr.— A. Sophbrce, R. Br.=» longifolia, var. Sophora?.— A. spadicigera. Ch. & Schl. (A. cor- nigera, Willd.). 15 ft.; pale yellow. Jamaica. B.M. 7395. Stove.— A. specibsa, Willd.=Albizzia Lebbek.— A. speetdbilit, Cunn.* .^pr. B.R. ia43:46. Remarkably beautiful.— A. Spini, Balb. 1,") ft.; red and yellow. Guadeloupe Isl. Stove.— A.»7«a- vidta, Lindl. Apr. Ho«jk. Icon.'Plant.'Ml .— A .stenophylla, Cxxnn. Mar.— A. stipuldta. DC.=Albizzia stipulata.— A. «^ric<a, Willd. (A. emarginata, Wendl.). 2 ft. Mar. B.M. 1121.— A. «m'0d«a. Link. (.\. ciliata, R. Br.). 4 ft.— A. strombulifera, Willd.=- Prosopis strombulifera.- A. subuldta, Bonpl. 4 ft. May.— A. sulcata, R.Br. 2 ft. July. B.R. 928.— A. -Swma, Gurz. 10 ft.; fls. ? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tamarind! fblia, Willd. (A. pinnata). 4 ft.; white. S. Amer. Stove.— A. (oxiydKa, Lodd.=Riceana.— A. tomentbsa, Willd. 20 ft.; fls.? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tri- chbdes, Willd. =LeucaBna trichodes.— A. trinervdta, Sieb. 6 ft. Apr.— A. tristis, Graham=armata.— A. umbelldta. Cunn. Apr. — A-uncindta, Lodd.==undul8Bfolia.— A. undulcsfblia (A. uici- nata, Lodd). 4 ft. May. B.M. 3394.— A. uropAyZZa, Benth. Pale 10. Acacia Arabica. yellow. Apr. B.M.4.'573.— A. wdflPrt, Willd. 40 ft.; white. Brazil. Stove.— A. r*»ni>8?rt,Willd.=Calliandra Portoricensis.— A . r^a, Willd.=AraVdca.— A vemidftua, Cunn. (A. graveolens, Cunn. A.virgata.Lodd.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. ?r}m.'^2.~Q.—A.vertieilldta.\&r, angusta, Hort. 10ft. Ai^r.-A.vertinlldta. var. latifbHa, Benth. (.\. mscifolia. Conn. A.moesta, Lindl.). 10 ft. Apr. B.M 3195. B.R.1846:67.— A.cf«rtm, Ker-Gawl.* 6ft. June. B.R.698.— A. vimindlis. Ait. Adt.— A. virescens, DC. 20ft. S. Amer. Stove.— A. virgdfa, Lodd. =vemiciflua.— A. rindirdwi*, Burch. »=Xero- cladia Zeyheri. — A. viscidula, Cunn. 6 ft. Feb. Gt. 1109. A. viscbsa, Schrad. = dodonjeifolia. — A. vomeriformis, Cunn. Apr.— A, Wallichidna. DC=C)atechu. j^ BuBTT Davy. 10 ACACIA, FALSE ACANTHOMINTHA ACACIA, FALSE. i>ee Bobinia Pseudacacia. ACACIA, ROSE. See Bobinia hhpida. ACSNA (from aknina, thorn). Bosilcece. Dwarf, hardy perennial sub-shrubs with i iconspicuous green flow^ers, cultivated in roekeries for their showy crimson spines, which are borne on the calyx; 1-12 in. As ground- work for dwarf , spring-fluwering bulls, as trilliunjs, they are unsurpassed. Useful in protecting native orchids and bog plants. Prop, by cuttings, cree-ping rootlets, divi- sions and seeds. Monogr. by T. Citt rne, in Revue des Sciences Xaturelle« de I'Ouest, ISTl, Nos. 1,2, ;{. microphylla, Hcwk. f. Lvs. evergreen, pale, pinnate, serrate : spines attrm-tive all summer and autumn. N. Zeal. — Grows well in either wet or dry soils. ovalifdlia, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. a little larger than the latter; leaf ets oblong, subcuneate. Chile. Gn. 52, p. 46. A. argentea, Hmz & Pav. Lvs. silvery. Chilean Andes.— J. adacendena, Vsihl. Austral.— A. cunedta. Hook. & Am., is agood species according to some, Imt may = A. serieea. Magellan. —.1 . millefolia, Nicholson. Fmit not in globular heads. Hab. ? — A. myriiiphylla, Lindl. Fern-like. Chile. Gn..'{7, p. 177.— J. Novce-ZealdndUv, T. Kirk. Good species according to some, but inay = A. niicrophylla.— A. ori/irt, A. Cann. Austral.— d. pin- fiatifida, Ruiz & Pav. Chile.— .4. pulchella, Nicholson. Lvs. \>T<inzy.—A. Santniiaorbiv, Vahl. N. Zeal.— A. sarmentoga, Car- mich.=A. Sangtiisorbsp.— A. tericea, Jaeq. f. ilex.— A. splen- dens, Hook. & Am. Chile. t r» y J. B. Keller. ACAL'^FHA (a name given by Hippocrates to a net- tle). Eupho-rhidceip. Tender foliage plants much used for greenhouse ornament, and especially for bedding- out. For the latter purpose it is desirable to have strong, well hardened plants in 5-in. pots, which should be set out the last week in Slay, and grown in a rich soil with- out check. Prop, by cuttings, chiefly in three ways: (1) in fall from outdoor bedded plants ; (2) from plants lifted in fall, cut back, and kept for spring stock ; (3) from stock plants in pots reserved from the previous season. The well ripened wood of these last is a great advantage, and g^ves cuttings that may %x^M{m 11. Acalypha Wilkesiana, var. Macafeana {X.%), be taken with a heel. A mature stem will furnish sev- eral beside the top one. This is the best method for gen- eral purposes. Cuttings are taken below joints, and re- quire mild bottom heat. For greenhouse ornament in fall and winter, excellent specimens may be secured from cuttings made in summer from such stock plants. Cult, by RoBEKT Shore. WilkesiAna, MUll. Arg. {A. tricolor, Hort. ex Seem.). Lvs. ovate-acuminate, bronzy green, variously mottled witli red: rts. inconspicuous. S. Sea Islands. Var. Mac- ale&na, Hort. Fig. 11. Lvs. red, marked with crimson and bronze. Perhaps the commonest variety. R.H. 1882:288. Var. margin&ta, Hort. Lvs. with a' crimson margin. P.M. 1875: 156. Gn. 7, p. 521. Var. mus^ca, Hort. Lvs green, with orange and red markings. Var. obov&ta, Hoi-t. Lvs. obovate, green, edged white when young, changing to bronzy green with n)sy pink margins. Var. triamphans, Hort. (.1. triiimphans, Lind. & Rod.). Lvs. Iarg»', spotted with crimson, green, and brown. I.H. :J5:55 (1888). Oodseffi&na, Ma«t. Lvs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,, green, with creuniy margin : fls. unknown. G.C. III. 28: 242. Gng. 6: 278. F.E. 10: .5.54. A.F. VA: 1286. hispida, Burm. f. (.1. Sdnderi, X. E. Brown). Fig. 12. Cult, chiefly for its long red, amarantus-like spike.s of flowers : lvs. green. E. Ind. Burm. Fl. Ind., p. .'JO."?, t. 61, f. 1. A.F. i:{:1285. A.G. 19: 45;{, 827. F.E. 10: 554. G.C. III. 2:^: 248. <it. 47: 276. (in. 54:1180. Gng. 6: 279. — The lejMling novelty of 1899. Called by various names^ as Chenille Plant, Philippine Medusa, and others. A. colordta, Spreng.=A. integrifoli.i.— A. Commersonidna ^ BaiIl.=A. integrifolia.- A. inacrophylla, Hort., not HBK.=A. Wilkesiana, var. raacrophylla.— A. margindta, Hort., not Spreng.=A. Wilkesiana, var. marginata.- A.o6ord<rt, Hort., not Benth.=A. Wilkesiana, v.ir. olKJvata.— A. integrifhlia, Willd. 4-7 ft. : lvs. thick, glabrous, oblong, green above, colored below. Madagascar. Other trade names are A. Uamiltonidna (Int. 1893), A. JfiVfontdna, and A. torfa. ^^ ]yj ACAMPE (name<l from the brittle nature of the flow- ers). Orvhiddceif. Greenhouse epiphyte. .1. longifolia, Lindl. (Viinda longifolia, Lindl.). E. Ind. A species of little decorative value, said to be sold by its synonym. ACANTHEFHlPPIUM (meaning unknown). Often spelled Acanthophippium. Orchidiiceo'. Terrestrial stove orchids. Fls. rather large, racemose, few ; sepal.n combined to form a broad pitcher. They do best in a compost of loam and leaf -mold. Being natives of the hottest, moist, densely shaded jungles, they require much heat and moisture during the growing period. Good drainage is essential. Prop, by dividing the pseudobulbs as soon as growth begins. Cult, by E. O. Orpet. Jav&nicum, Blume. Fls. yellow and red, with dis- tinct longitudinal stripes. Java. B. M. 4492. A.bicolor, Lindl. Fls. purple and yellow.— A. Cwrfwii. Reichb. f. Fls. many colored. Distinguished by the five keels between the side lacinia*. Malay Arch. G.C.U.Z'i ■.leO.—A. Sylhetirue. Liiidh Fls. white, much sjKJtted. Himahiyas. ACANTHODIUM. See Blephari.i. ACANTHOLlMON {akanthos, spine, and limon, sea lavender). Syn. ,Armeriasfntm. Plumbagindcecg. Hardy evergreen perennials; dwarf, tufted, with sharp-pointed, rigid leaves; less common than Statice and Armeria. An oriental genus of slow-growing and sun-loving plants for rockeries. Prop, by seeds (which germinate slowly) sown carefully on a warm but somewhat shaded border, and transplanted when plants are large enough to handle; by cuttings made in late summer and wintered in a frame ; by very carefully made divisions. Boissier describes 74 species in the Flora Orientalis. See A. Bunge, Die Gat- tung Acantholimon, St. Petersburg, 1872. glum^ceum, Boiss. Height 6 in. : lvs. green : fls. r.mall, rose, on one-sided, spicate racemes, 6-9 in each short, dense spikelet. July-Sept. Armenia. F. S. 7:677- Gn. 31: 592. R. H. 1891, p. 489. venttstum, Boiss. { Armeria. ttnitn dianthifolium, O. Kuntze). About 8 in.: lvs. grey-green, very stiff : fls. larger than the last, rose, 12-20 in each long, loose spike- let. July-Sept. AsiaMinor. R.H. 1866: 450. Gn. 13: 117. B. M. 7506. Gn. 53, p. 405. tot." .. i tT- -^r * J. B. Keller and W . M. ACANTHOMtNTHA. Labidtce. Thorny Mint. Ten- der annual, with the habit of Lamium. Its chief inter- est is botanical, the nearest relative of the genus being the Brazilian genus Glechon. Only two species known. Prop, by seeds in spring under glass. ACANTHOMIXTHA ACANTHUS u lUcUdlla, Gray. Height G in.: Ivs. petiolcd, ovate, bluntly toothed:' fls. ;t-8 in a whorl, chiefly purple, with yellow and white marks. Calif. B.M. 6750. Int. 1891. — Less desirable than Laraium, which sec. ACANTHOPANAX (a thorny Panax-like plant). Ara- lidctip. Hardy ornamental trees and shmbs: Ivs. alter- nate, long-pet'ioled, lobed or dit?itate, deciduous: fls. in- 12. Acalypha hispida (A. Sanderii. conspicuous, in umbels ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a black 2-5-seeded berry. Cent. Asia ami Himalayas. Prop, by seeds or by root-cuttings; A.pentaplvjlluni also by hardwood cuttings. A. Lvs. simple, palmately lohed. ricinifdlium, Seem.(ArAUa Maximdwiczii, Hort. Kalo- pdnax ricinifdliitm, ^liq.). Tree, 80 ft.: branches with numerous stout prickles: lvs. deeply 5-7-lobed, 9-14 in. in diam.. downy beneath when young ; lobes oblong- lanceolate, serrate : inflorescet.se terminal, large, com- pound. Japan. F.S. 20: 2067.— A very ornamental tree of striking subtropical effect. A new form from Japan has the lvs. less downy beneath and with short, broad lobes. y J- w J AA. IfVS. digitate. sessilifldrtun, Seem. { Panax sessilifldrum, Rupr. & Max.). Shrub, 12 ft.: branches with only few prickles: leaflets mostly ',\, obovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, cuneate, acuminate, 4-7 in. long, irregularly cre- nate-serrate. nearly sm<x>th : fls. dull purplish, sessile, in globular heads on stout, downy peduncles. Manchuria, N.China. G.C. ni.22: 339. Gt. 11: 3G9.- The freely pro- duced heads of black berries are decorative. pentaph^Ilum, Marsh. (.1. spit'dsum, Hort., not Miq. Ardlia pentaphylla,Thunh.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : branches long and slender, with few compressed, straight prickles : leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, cuneate, acute, %-l>^in. long, crenate-serrate, smooth: fls. green, in long and slender-peduncled umbels; styles 5, connate. Japan.— A graceful shrub, with arching branches and bright green, shininur foliage, excellent on rocky banks and slopes. Var. varieg^tum, Hort. Lvs, edged white. F.S. 20:2079. A.aculedtum, Seem. Spiny shrub: leaflets .1-5. shortly peti- oled, glabrous. Himalayas.— J., divaricdtum. Seem. Allied to A. «e?silifloTnTn. Lt«, hairy beneath: fls. pedicelled. Japan.— A. innovang, Franch. et Sav. L'narme*! small tree: lvs. fascicu- late ; leaflets ;}-.'>, nearly sessile, glabrous. Japan.— A. seiado- phulloXdet, Franch. et Sav. L'narmed tree, 40 ft. : leaflets .">, long petiohilute, glabrous. Japan.— .4. Kcnticdtum, Harms. = Eleutherococcus sentieosus.— .1. tpinosiim, Miq. Allied to A. pentaphyllum. Lvs. often sparingly appressed-setose al>ove : I>eduncles shorter than petioles ; styles 2, separate. China. Alfred Rehder. ACANTHOPHIPPIUM. See Acanthephippium. ACANTHOPHGENIX {akantha, thorn, and phanix, a date palm ). Palmdreif, Xr'xhe Arece(r . Tall palms, spiny, with the stout trunk ringed : lvs. terminal, equally pin- natisect, more or less armed with long slender spines, the narrow segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scaly be- low, midrib and nerves prominent, the thickened margins recurved at the base, rachis somewhat 3-sided, sheath long, smooth or spiny: spadix twice branched, pendent, with a short, thick peduncle, glabrous or tomentose, smooth or spiny, the T>ranches slender or thick and twisted : spathes 2, compressed, deciduous : fls. red or orange: fr. black, scarcely longer than a grain of wheat. Species 3 or 4. Madagascar. They need a temperature of 70°-90° F. ; never less than 60*'. The rooting medium should be somewhat light, with a quantity of crushed charcoal. Drainage should be very carefully arranged, as they demand an abundance of moisture. Prop, only by seeds, which muy remain two or three years in the seed-pan before germinating. For gen- eral cult., see Palms aud Areca. crinlta, H.Wendl. {Areca crinlta, Bory). Trunk 50-60 ft.: lvs. 7-13 ft. long ; petiole densely tomentose, 4-8 in. long ; leaf-sheath 2%-4yiit. long, thickly covered with .short brown bristles and spines: segments silver\' white beneath, Mauritius. F.S. 16: 1706. F.R. 2: 201. -Young plants have pale, yellowish green lvs. rtibra, H.Wendl. {Arha rubra, Bory). Trunk 60 ft.: lvs. 6-12 ft. long ; petiole glabrous, 2-4 in. long ; leaf- sheath 2M-A%tt. long, thickly covered with long browTi- black spines; pinn» slightly glaucous beneath: fr. glo- bose, %-%\'a. in diam., with a prominent ridge extending from the stigma to the base. Mauritius and Isl. Bour- bon. — Young plants have dark green lvs. with red veins. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ACANTHOBHIZA (akantha, thorn, and rhiza, root). Palmaceir, tribe Corypheie. Spineless palm, with a rather robust caudex, densely clothed with the bases of the dead sheaths; roots spinescent at the base : lvs. terminal, the orbicular blade deeply cut into 3- to many-parted cunei- form segments, glaucous below, without any rachis ; petiole flattened or convex above, smooth on the margins ; sheath short, fibrous : spadix compressed : the short peduncle and spreading thickened branches whit« : bracts and spathes elongated toward the base of the branches, coriaceous, deciduous; bractlets bristly, deciduous. Spe- cies 2 or 3. Cent. Amer. About one-fourth of the soil given them should be vegetable mold. Prop, by seeds in bottom heat. acole^ta, H.Wendl. (Chamceropsstauracdntha, Hort.). St. spiny at base : lvs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base, whitish beneath. Mex. LH. 26:367. B.M. 7.302.— Succeeds in an intermediate house. Chilico, Drude {Tlirinax CftMco, Mart. ). St. smooth, about 30 ft. high, 9-10 in. in diam., slender, flexuous : lvs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base ; petioles slen- der, 3-6 ft. long, smooth ; blade 6 ft. in diam., divided to or beyond the middle; segments 15-20, lanceolate, acute, 1-2 in. wide, dark green above, paler and glandular be- low. Braz. The following species are rarely seen outside of botanic gar- dens, aud need stove temperature: .1. Wdlli»i, H. Wendl. Hab. ?— J.. Warscewiczii, H. Wendl. Panama. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ACANTHUS (flrfcrt»^^05, thorn). Acanthdcece . Bear's Breech. Mostly hardy herbaceous perennials of vigorous growth and broad foliage, suitable for backgrounds of borders and subtropical effects. The acanthus leaf is one of the commonest of art forms. The ornamentation of the Corinthian column is said to have been suggested by A, spinosus. Height 3-4 ft.: spikes 1-lJ^ft, long; 12 ACANTHUS ACER fls. dull white to rose or purplish. Mostly sonthera Europe. A . mollis may have su^Kested the more conven- tionalized acanthuH leaf of Koman architecture. Must be deeply mulched N. in winter. They need a rich, light, well-drained soil and much sunshine. Excessive moisture is fatal, especially in winter and spring. Fall-planted stock should always be protected for the winter by long 13. Acanthus sptnosissimus. Acanthus muUis. litter or evergreen boughs, even where established plants are hardy. Prop, by division in spring or early autumn, and by seeds. Cult. by J. B. Kelleb. A. Li'n. spiny. spinosissimaa, Desf. Fig. 13. Lvs. dark green, pin- nately parted; spines glistening: tls.infrequent; autumn; spikes loose, pilose or glabrescent : spines of the bracts recurved. spindsus, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, pubescent; spines short, whitish: fls. smaller than in the last; sum- mer ; spikes dense, slightly villous. B. M. 1808. Gn. 8 : 147. AA. Jyt's. not spiny. mdllis, Linn. Fig. 14. Lvs. 2x 1 ft., cordate, sinuately pinnatifid, mostly iwiical: fls. summer: spikes loose, pu- bescent. Gn. 52, p. 239. —Also recommended as a window plant. Var. latildlius, Hort.(.cl. /(i/iYd/tMN, Hort. A.Lusi- tdnictis, Hort. ) is larger and hardier. Gn. 1, p. 303. longifdlius, Poir. Lvs. radical, longer and narrower than in A. mollis, hright green: fls. June. — Though said to be a stove species in Eu., it is the hardiest of all at Cambridge, Mass. * . Cdroli-Alexdndri, Hausskn. 9-18 in. Lvs. few, radical, in a,, xrosette, lanceolate, spiny; spikedense. Grewe.— .l.cnrdwt- tblius, Linn.= Blepharis "arduifolia.— .4. ilieifblius (Dilivaria ilicifolia, Juss.). Smooth greenhouse snb-shmb with leaves re- sembling Ilex aquifolium, the Eu. Holly. Prop, by cuttings under glass. E. Asi&.— A . montdnus . T. Anders. Lvs. pinnatifid or sinuate-spinose. W. Afr. B.M. 5516. Stove species. ACEB (classical Latin name). Sapinddcetr. Maple. Trees, rarely shrubs: lvs. opposite, longpetioled, simple and mostly palniately lobed, or 3-5-foliolate, deciduous. fls. small, in racemes or corymbs; petals generally 5 ; stamens 4-12, mostly 8 : fr. compound of two long- winged nutlets called samaras. Asia, especially E. Asia, N. Amer., Europe. Monograph bv Pax in Engler's Bot. Jahrb., 6:287, and 8: 177 (188.5 and 188fi), suppl. in the same, 10: 393 (1893), and Hook. Ic. Plant. 19, t. 1897 n880). The maples are among our most ornamental and valuable trees for park and street planting. Nearly all a.<«Hume a splendid color in autumn, especially the species of N. \raer. and E. Asia, which surpass by far the European maples. Many of them are valuable tim- iM-r trees, and some American species, especially A, mirt-harnm, pnniuce sugar. For purposes of shade, the common sugar maple is b«'st and most popular. The Norway maple makes a ver}' dense and round head, and is excellent for lawns, but it is too low-headed for the streets. The silver maple, A. saccharinum and its vars., is aiso popular where quick-growing trees are de- sired. The Japanese maples are among the most strik- ing and showy exotic small trees, and are adapted for flne grounds and for growing in pots. Prop, by seeds sown in autumn, or stratified and sown in spring. The early ripening species, like A. snccharinutn and A. rtt- hrutn, must be sown soon after maturity ; the varieties and rare species may be budded in summer on the typical forms or allied common kinds; some shrubby species, as A. palmatum, also A. cissifolium and A. Itftum, var. nibrum, may be propagated by layers or half-ripened greenwood cuttings in summer. Fancy m:iples are readily winter-grafted by the veneer method, the stocks l)eing grown in pots. The Japanese kinds are usually worked on imported stocks of A. palmatvm. Monograph of the garden forms and varieties by Graf Schwerin in Gt., 1893; see, also, G.C. II. 10:75. About 100 species. The following species of maple are cult, in this coun- tn,': campestre, No. 8: carpinifoliura, 28; circinatuni, ■>.■); cissifolium, 30; dasycarpum, 1; Floridanum, 5; Ginnala, 24 ; glabrum, 14 ; grandidentatum, ; Hel- dreichi, 20; insigne, 22; Italum, 7; Japonicum, 17; lae- tum, 12: macrophyllum, 18; Monspessulanum, 9; Ne- gundo, 31; nigrum, 4; Nikoense, 29; palmatum (poly- mori)hum), 16; Pennsylv.jaicum, 27; pictum, 11; pla- tanoides, 13; Pseudo-plantanus, 19; rubrum, ?• rufinene, 26; saccharinum, 1; saccharum, 3; spicatum, 25; Ta- taricum, 23; Trautvetteri, 21; truncatum, 10. A. Foliage of simple, mostly palmate Ifs. {occasionally i-foliolate in ^'o. 14) ; fls. polygamous or monacious. B. Bloom appearing long before the lvs. in dense lateral cluste^rs: lvs. 5-lobed: fr. ripening in May or June. 1. sacchartnam, Linn. (A. dasycarpum, Erhr. A. eriocdrpum, Michx.). SiLVEK Maple. Fig. 15. I.,arge tree, 120 ft.: lvs. deeply 5-lobed to 5-cleft, 4-C in. long, green above, silvery v.hite beneath; lobes deeply and doubly serrate: fls. greenish yellow, apetalous: fr. pu- bescent when young. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:93. G.C II. 1:137. Em. 556. — Ornamental tree, with wide-spread- ing, slender branches, growing best in rich and moist soil, but succeeds almost anywhere. Lvs. turn clear yellow in fall. Many garden forms: Var. Wi^ri, Schwer. ( rar. M'ieri laciniatum, Hort.). Branches pendulous: lvs. deeply cleft, with dissected lobes. A graceful va- riety, remarkable for its drooping branches and finely divided foliage. Var. heteropb^llani, Hort. (var. hetero- phyllnm laciniatum, Hort.). Upright: lvs. deeply cut or lobed. Var. tripartitum, Hort. Upright : lvs. 3- parted. Var. lut^scens, Hort. Lvs. yellow, bronze-col- ored when unfolding. Var. albo-v»'^egiltum, Hort. (var. J nil Ike i. Hort.). Lvs. spotted -vhite or rosy pink. Var. crispum, Hort. Lvs. deepl> and crimped. -Linnaeus evidently supposed this s^ :» to be the sugar maple, and named it accordingly. He did not know the true sugar maple. 2. rtibnun, Linn. Red or Scarlet Maple. Fig. 10. Large tree, 120 ft. : lvs. 3-5-lobed, ^^-4 in. long, green alx)ve, pale or glaucous beneath: lobes unequally and crenately serrate: fls. red or scarlet, rarely yellowish; petals 5: fr. glabrous. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:94. Em. 557. G.t. II. 1:173. —Very valuable tree for street and park planting; attractive at every season from its excellent habit, earliness of the scarlet fls., bright red fruits in late -spring, and the beautiful foliage, which turns brijrht scarlet or orange in autumn. Var. Columndre, Rehd. Of upright, columnar habit. Var. globosum, Hort. Dwarf, compact: lvs. glaucous beneath : fls. bright scar- let. Var. Orummondi, Sarg. (A. Drummondi, Hook. & Am.). Lvs. large, mostly 3-lobed, tomentose beneath fr. bright scarlet. S. states. S.S. 2:95. Var. toment<> ACER ■unit Arb. Muse. {A. tomentdtum. Deaf. A. rufcrwm.var. fiilqfnx, Hort.). Of mo<i(»ratt' trruwth : Ivs. 5-lobed, pubf scent beneath: fls. bright red. BB. Bloom appearing uith or after the Ivs., distinctly stalked. c. F.n. on tonff, pendulous, mostly hairy pedicels, in almost xeHnile corymbs, appearing with the Ivs.f apetaloun; sepals connate. 3. siccharnm, Marsh. {A. saccharlnum, W^jiffh., not Linn. A. barhittum, Michx.). Si(jak or Rock Maplk. Fi>?. 17- Lwge tree, 120 ft., with gray barb ; Iv.s. 3-5- lob<'d, cordate, .'MJ in. long, with narrow and deep si- nuses; U jea acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glau- cous and glabrous beneath : fr. with little spreading wings. E. N. Amer. S.S.'2:90. Em. 558. — An excellent street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does w^U in almost every s«.il. Var. Eug6li {A.Bng^li, Pax., .4. sicrharum, var. barbdtum, Trel.). Lvs. iMobed, gener- ally broader than long, 2-5 in. across, pale green or glau- cous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous; lobes nearly entire. Centr. states. S.S. 2:91, as var, nigntm. 4. nlgnun, Michx. (^1. saccharlnum, var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. A. sdcchariim, var. nigrum, Britt.). Black Maple. Fig. 18. Large tree, 120 ft., with black bark: lvs. cordate, with the sinus mostly closed, gener- ally .'Mobed, with broad sinuses, the sides of the blade mostly drooping, green and pubescent beneath ; lol)es acute, entire or obtusely toothed : fr. with diverging wings. Centr. states. — Similar to A. xaccharum, but of duller appearance and less dense habit. Var. monumen- tAle (A. snechar\num var. monumentdle. Temple). Of upright, columnar habit. 5. Floridinum, Chapm. (A. barbHtum, var. Floridd- nnm, Sarg. ). Tree, rarely .50 ft. : lvs. mostly truncate at the base, 3-lobe<l, 1 %-'i in. across, glaucous beneath and mostly tomentose ; lobes obtuse, entire or slightly 3- loh^d. Gulf states. S.S. 2:91. G.F. 4:148. 6. grandident^ttim, Nutt. Tree, 40 ft. : petioles com- paratively short ; lvs. slightly cordate, .■i-5-lobed, with broa<l sinuses, 2-3 in. across, pubescent beneath, coria- ceous: lobes acute or obtuse, entire or slightly 3-lobed: corymbs few-flowered, short-stalked. Rocky Mts. S.S. 3:92. ACER 1'3 15. Acer saccharlnum (or A. dasycarpum). « FlK. in distinctly peduncled corymbs or short um- bellate racemes, mostly erect, with petals and distinct sepals. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, with obtuse, entire or obtusely toothed lobes: corymbs short-stalked : oviry pubescent : winter-buds with several outer scales. 7. Itilum, Lauth. Small tree, 30 ft. : lvs. 5-Iobed, 3-5 in. long, glaucous beneath and at length glabrous; lobes obtusely dentate, the middle ones often 3-lobed : corymbs cc D. somewhat drooping : fr. with slightly spreading wingii. S. Eu., Orient. — A variable species, similar to a smadl- leaved sycamore maple. Var. HyTcinum, Pax. ( A . Hyrednu'm,F.it[ M. A. Taiiri.'um, Hort. A.trilobdtum. Hort., not Lam.). Petioles very slender, red, 2-4 in. long; segments of the lvs. 3-lobed, with straight margins. 16. Red Maple.— Acer rubrum. 6, staniinate flowers; a, c, pistillate tlovsevs. 8. camp^stre, Linn. Shrub or t -ee, occasionally 50 ft , with corky branches : lvs. .3-.5-lobed, 'i%-'3%in. long, green and pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous; lobes entire or the middle ones slightly 3-lobed : corj'mbs erect, hairy : fr. with horizontally spreading wings. Eu., W. Asia. — Shrub or tree of moderate, dense growth, with dull green foliage, valuable for planting as under- growth and on dr>- ground. Many varieties and garden forms : Var. arg^nteo-variegittum, Hort. Lvs. with large white blotches. Var. pulverul6ntum, Hort. Lvs. sprinkled with white. Var. Austriacum, DC. Usually a tree : lvs. 5-lobed, with acute, nearly entire lobes. Var. Tatirictun, Booth. Shrub: lvs, 5-lobed; small, lobes 3- lobed. Var. hebec4rpiun, DC. Fr. and generally the lvs. beneath pubescent. 9. Monspessulilntun, Linn. {A. trilobdtum. Lam.). Shrub or small tree, 25 ft.; lvs. 3-lobed, coriaceous, 1-3 in. across, shining above, glaucous and <?labrous be- neath ; lobes entire or with few obtuse teeth : corymbs erect : fr. with slightly spreading wings. S. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. — Shrub or small tree of slow growth, with a dense, rounded head and in temperate regions nearly evergreen foliage, thriving well in dry situations. Var. Ibdricum, Koch. (.1. Ibericum, Bieb. ). Lvs. larger, the inner lobes usually slightly 3-lobed, obtuse. DD. Lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, green on both sides; lobes pointed , entire or with fete pointed teeth: ovary glabrous: whtfer-huds with several outer scales. 10. trunc&tum, Bunge. Tree: lvs, deeply 5-lobed and mostly truncate at the base, 2J^-4 in. across, glabrous; lobes acuminate, setosely pointed, sometimes the middle ones 3-lobed : fr. with short, diverging yellow wings. N. China, — Hardy tree, with handsome, dense foliage. 11. pictum, Thunb. Tree, 60 ft. ; lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, 3-7 in. across, usually pubescent beneath when young ; lobes entire, acuminate, sometimes very broad and shorty fls. yellow: wings of the fr. upright, brown or browniso yellow, hardly twice as long as the nutlets. Manchuria, .Japan. Handsome tree, with bright green foliage. Var. Mono, Maxim. Lvs. more cordate : wings of the fr, reflexed. 12. IsBtum, C. A. Mey. Tree, 50 ft.: lvs. .5-7-lobed, mostly cordate. 3-6 in. across, giabrous; lobes entire, acuminate : Hs. greenish yellow : wings 2-3 times as long as the nutlets. Orient, Himalayas. — Much resem- bling A. pictum, but lvs. lighter green and of more membraneous texture. Var, rtibrum, Hort. (A. Colchi- cum, var. rubrum, Hort.). Lvs. dark blood-red when 14 ACER ACER unfolding. Var. tricolor, Ilort. Lvs. dark blood-red, sprinkled with rosy pink when young. These two beau- tiful forms usually remain shrubby. 13. platanoides, Linn. Norway M^ple. Fig. 19. Large tree, 100 ft.: lvs. 5-lobed, cordate, 4-7 in. across, glabrous; lobes pointed, remotely serrate: fls. yellowish green : fr. with horizontally spreading wings. Eu., Caucasus. — Large, handsome tree, with round, spread- ing head, resembling somewhat A. sacehnrum. The lvs. turn pale yellow in autumn. Many garden forms, some of which are here arranged in two groups : the first being chiefly remarkable for the manner in which the lvs. are c- ♦ ; the second being chiefly remarkable for their coloriag. (1) Var. cucull^tnin, Nichols. Lvs. irregularly and shortly lobed, crimpled, light green. Var. diss6cttun, Jacq. Similar to var. Lorbergi, but with darker foliage and of slower jrrowlh. Var. globdsum, Hort. Forming a globose head. ', ar. lacini^tum, Ait. Lvs. irregularly divided, the rlivisions bending downwards : growth upright. Vav. L6rbergi, Van Houtte. Lvs. divided nearly to the base, divisions deeply lobed. (2) Var. ^'bo-varieg^tum, Nichols. Lvs. with large white blotch 's. Var. atireo- marginatum, Pax. Lvs. with yellow margin, somewhat irregularly lobed. Var. 17. Common Sugar i>I'»ple.— Acer sacchanim (X K). Beltenbachi, Nichols. Lvs. greenish red when unfold- ing, turning dark blood-red in late summer. Var. Schw^dleri, Koch. Lvs. bright red when young, changing to dark green. DDD. Jyrs. S-6-lobed or S-foliolate, doubly serrate: icin- ter-buds small, with 2 valvate ccales. 14. glilbrum, Torr. {A. Doiiglasi, Hook.). Shrub or small tree, 25 ft., quite glabrous : petioles bright red ; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed or 3-parted, 1-5 in. across, dark green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath ; lobes doubly serrate. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:80. — Hand- some shrubby maple, with graceful, shining foliage, contrasting well with the red petioles and branches : fr. often rose-colored. Var. tripartitum, Pax. (A.tripart\- tum, Nutt.). Lvs. small, usually 3-foliolate. DDDD. Ta's. 5-ll-(obed. lobes serrate: corymbs long, pe- dnncled: winter-buds tcith 2 vaUate scales. 15. circin§ltam, Pursh. Small tree, rarely 40 ft. : peti- oles and peduncles gIa])rous ; lvs. 7-l>-lobe<l, 2-7 in. across, glabrous ; lobes acute, doubly serrate : fls. in drooping corymbs, with purple sepals. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2 : 87. — Handsome, round-headed trc or shrub, l)eau- tiful with its delicate light green foliage, red tls., rose- colored fr., and its orange and scarlet fall coloring. 16. palmitum, Thunb. (.4. pohjmSrphum , S. & Z.). Japan Maple. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. ; petioles and peduncles glabrous ; lvs, .5-9-lobed or divided, 2-4 in. across, glabrous, lobes oblong, acuminate, doubly ser- rate or incised: corvmbs few-flowered, erect, with small purple fls. Japan." S.Z. 1:145, 14G. A.F. 12: 11. -This species and A. Japunicum are known as Japanese maples. They are extremely handsome shrubs of dense though graceful habit, and with elegant foliage, beauti- ful especially in spring for its delicate shades of green and red, and again in autumn, when the lvs. as- sume the most striking tints. Some of the more vigor- ous-growing varieties, like atropurp' renm, dissectum, ornatum, and the typical iorms, are hardy even in New England, while the most variegated forms are more ten- der. They grow best in partly shaded situations and in well drained, rich soil. There are many varieties, mostly introduced from Japanese gardens, of which the follow- ing are some of the best. They may be divided into .^ groups, representi:3g various degrees of dissection of the leaves : (1) A. palm&tum, var. Thiinbergi, Pax. (.4. palmd- tum, Thuub.). Lvs. deeply 5-'J-lubed or c' i»ft ; lobes ob- long-lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised. Var. atroptirpureum.Van Houi te. Fig. 20, c. Lvs. dark purple, coarsely doubly serrute. F.S. 12:127:5. Var. sanguineum, Hort., is brighter, i.nd var. nigrum, ITort., darker red than var. atroptirpureum. Var. bicolor, Koch. (var. atropurpitreum variegAlum, Hort.). Lvs. dark purple, with large carmine blctches, the lobes half purple and half carmine. Var. ai'^'eum, Nich jIs. Lvs. yellow. Var. versicolor, Van Houct ■. Lvs. bright green, with large wni<^e spots. P.S. 4:1498. Var. r6seo-margini<^'m, Van Houtte. Lvs. small, deeplv cut. with nar- row pink margin. Var. eric '■nm, Andr^. Fig. 20, e. Lvs. small, . th involute margins; of distinctly up- right growth. J.H. i:?: 43. (2) Var. bbpl^m'obum, Koch (A. sept^hilobum, Tl'unb.). Lvs. •nostly 7-lobed; lobes l>rc>ad, equal- ly doubly serrate. Var. rubrum, Schwer. Lvs. large, deep rea when young, becoming almost green la^er. Var. reticnlatum, Andr6. Fig. 20, a. Lvs. greenish yellow,with green margin and dark green veins. I.H. 13: 18. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs. with red, pink and white spots. (3) Var. linearilobum, S. & Z. (var. scolopendri folium, Hort.). Lvs. divided nearly to the base ; lobes linear, remotely serrate or nearly entire. Var. atroline^re, Schwer. (var. linearilobum atro- purpitreum, Nichols., vnr. pinnati- folium atropurpureum, Hort.). Lvs. dark red. (4) Var. diiisdctum, Koch (.1. polt/mdrphtim, var. decomp6situm,ii.& Z.). Fig. 20, /. Lvs. divided to the base in 5-9 pinnatifid lobes. S.Z. 1 :14G. Var. omiitum, Carr. ( ya.r. dissMu m atropurp « reu m , Hort. ) . Fig. 20, d. Lvs. deeply cut, deep red. Var. Fiederici-Gtdl^lmi, Carr. (var. pinnatifidum rdseo-pictum, Lem.). Lvs. finely cut, green, with white and pink spots. I.H. 14:523. R.H. 1807:391. (5) Var. sessilifdliimi, Maxim. Lvs. deeply cut, with very short petioles. G.C. II. 16. Of little decorative value. 17. Jut.5ilicum, Thu-)b. Fig. 20, &. Small tree or shrub: petioles and peduncles downy when young; lvs. 7-11- lobed, cordate, ;M> in. acioss, light green, with silky hairs when unfolding; lobes ovate, doubly serrate : fls. large, purple. Japan. S.Z. 1:144. Var. mpcrophyllum, Van Tnutte. Lvs. large, light g.een. Var. aureum, Hort. Lvs. yeh w. Var. Parsonsi, Veii:ch. (var. filicifolium, Hort.). Lvs. large, divi<lt<l nearr *o the base in 9-11 pinnatisect segments. ccc. Fls. inn gated, distinctl;/ peduncled racemes or panicle.i. D. Lvs. distincflt/ 5-lohed, large. 18. macrophj'llum, Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Tree, 100 feet high: lvs. cordate, deeply ,'{-5-lobed or cleft, pu- bescent when young, pale green beneath, 8-12 in. across, middle lobe mostly 3-lobed : racemes pendulous: fr, with yellow, bristly hairs, largely winged. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2: 8(), 87.— Handsome round-headet' ree. remarkable for its large foliage, not hardy iu the l>orth. ACER ACER 15 19, Psetido-plitanus, Linn. Sycamore Mapi.e. Tree, 70 ft. lii^'b: Iv.s, 5-lubed, coarsely cronate-strrate, '.i}4-l in. across, deep green above, glaucous and mostly gla- brous beneath : racemes pendulous : fr. t \} rous. Eu., Caucasus. — Large tree of vigorous grrowth, vvith large, spreading head; thrives well even in exposed situation?. Many varieties and garden forms: Var. villosum, Prsl. Lvs. charta- ceous. i>ubescent beneath. Var. pnrpurdscena, Pax. (vars. purpu- rentu and atropurpuretim, Hort.). Lvs. purplish red beneath : of ro- bust growth. Var.Handjeryi,Spath. { var. Prinz Ha ndjenj, Hort, ) . Lvs. pur])Iish beneath, bright red when unfolding. Var. W6rleei, Hort. (var. lut^.^censi, Hort.). Lvs. ytllow, Var. ilbo-variegituin, Hort, Lvs. witL white blotches an*' spots. Var. tri- color, Hort. Lvs. spotted vitb red, changing to white. 20. Heldreichi, Orx»h. Tree: lvs. 5-lt»bed, the middle incisions reach- ing nearly to, the outer half way to the base, ^-5 in. across, glabrous <lark green and shining above, glaucous beneath ; lobes coarsely and doubly serrate : paniv'le erect, long-stalked, ovate. S. E. Eu. Gt. •UillSr). G.C.n. 1G:14L 2L Trautvetteri, Medw. (A. vcJutinum, Hort., not Boiss.). Lvs. slightly cordate, deeply 5-lobed, 5-7 in. across, glaucous beneath and pubescent when young ; lobes coarselv crenflte-serrate : panicle erect, ovate. Cau- casus. Gt. 40, pp. 2G4-2GG. B.M. GG97.- Similar to A. insiyne, but hardier and with smaller leaves. 22. inslgne, Boiss. & Buhse. Large tree: lvs. 5-lobed, deeply cordate, 5-10 in. across, bright green above, glau- cous beneath , lobes broad, coarsely crenate-serrate : panicles large, erect. Caucasus, N. Persia. G.C. HL 10: 189.— Remarkable for its large, handsome foliage; not hardy in the North. May be divided into two varie- ties: Var, Van V6lyemi, Pax, (A. \'an VnJjfmi. Mast,). Lvs. at length glabrous beneath. Var. veltltinum, BoisK. Lvs. densely pubescent beneath. DD. Lvs. mostlij S-lohed or without lobes, gr^en beneath. 23. Tataricum, Linn. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. roundish oval or oblong, cordate, sometimes slightly ' )bed, 2-4 in. long, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous: lis. 1 long peduncled panicles, white. S. E. Eu., Orient. — Round-heav..^J small tree, growing best in somewhat moist soil. 24. Ginniila, Max. (A. Tataricum, var. Ginnhla, Hort. ). Fig, 21. Shrub or small tree. 20 ft. : lvs. 3-lobed. V4-\\%\v. long glabroxis, the terminal lobe elongated, doubly serrate : fls. in long peduncled panicles, yel- lowish, fragrant. Manchuria. N. China. Japan. Gt. 1877: 308.— Graceful shrub, with handsome foliage, turn- ing bright red in autumn; may be used as a substitute for the Japanese maples where these are not hardy. Var, Semenbvi, Pax. {A. Scmenbvi, Regel.). Shrub: lvs, smaller, deeply 3- or nearly 5-lobed, Turkestan. 2."). spicJttiun, Lam. Mountain Maple. Shrub or small tree, rarely 30 ft. : lvs. 3- or slightly 5-lobed, coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, 'IK—ili in, long: racemes rather dense, long, tipright: fr. with diverging wings, bright red in summer. E.N.Am. S.S, 2:82, 83. -Valuable as undergrowth; lvs. turn vellow and scarlet in fall. 20. rufin§rve, S, & Z. Tree with striped bark : branches glaucous whrn young : lvs, rounded at the base, o-lobed, 3-5 in. long, doubly serrate, fcrrugine- ously pubescent beneath when young : racemes ferm- gineously pubescent. Japan. S,Z. 2:148. Var. Albo-lim- Mttim, liook. Lvs. edged with white. B.M. 5793. 27. Penn8ylv6niciim,Linn.{J..s7r/()/i/>H.Dur). Striped MaI'le, Moosewooi*. Tree, rarely 40 ft,: bark greenish, striped with white lines: lvs. slightly cordate, roundish- ohovate, 3-lobed at the apex. G-8 in. lojig. finely serrate, ferrugineously pubescent beneath when youug : racemes glabrous, drooping. E. N. Ainer. S.S. 2 :84, 85. Michx. Hist. Arb. 2:17. Em. 56G.— Handsome medium-sized tree of upright, dense habit, with bright green, large foliage, turning clear yellow in autumn, and attractive even in winter from it.s smooth, greenish bark, striped with white. 18. Black Sugar Maple. — Acer nigrum. DDP. Lvs. not Jobed, fenninerved, doubly serrate, acuminate. 28. ';erpinifdliiun, S. & Z. Horxbeam Maple. Tree, 30 ft. : lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply aLd doubly serrate, nearly glabrous, 3-C in. long: raceme few-fld. S.Z. 2:142. G.C. II. 15:564.-Very distinct, hardy spe- cies; the lvs. are almost exactly like those of Carpinus. aa. Foliage of SS-foliolate lvs. {cf.No.l4): fls. diacious. B. Petioles and young branches with a rufous, villous tomentum: fls. in terminal few- flowered racemes: winter-buds ivith niayiy scales. 29. Niko^nse, Max. Tree, 40 ft. : leaflets ovate or ob- ovate, acute, entire or coarsely serrate, 2-5 in. long, villous-pubescent beneath : fr. hairy, with large wings. Japan. G.F. 6: 185. — Very distinct; lvs. turning bril- liant scarlet in autumn. 19, Acer platanoides. BB. Petioles and branches smooth or velvety pnhescent: fls. in long lateral racemes: winter-buds with S or 4 outer scales. 30. cissifdlium, Koch. {Negiindo cissifoUum, S. & Z.). Small tree: leaflets 3, long-stalked, ovate ,>r elliptic, cuneate, coarsely serrate, ciiiate, 2>4-4 in. long: fls. in 16 ACER ACER long, npright racemes, vith petals. Japan.— Handsome, round-headed tree, witli slender, spreading branches and graceful bright greea foliage, turning orange-yellow and scarlet in autumn • hardy. 31. Hegnado, hiiu. {Negiindo fraxinifdlium,'Sntt. iV. aceroldes , Monch. ) Ash-lkaved Maple. Box Elder. Large tree, 70 ft.: ivs. pinnate ; leaflets J-5, ovate or oblong"-' r.aceo- I late, coarsely serrate or * ■^-lobed, mostly gla- brous, 2-5 in. long: fls. before the Ivs.; stami- iiat« fls. in pendulous corymbs, pistillate fls. in pendulous racemes. E. N. Amer. S. S. 2: 96. Michx. Hist. Arb. Japanese Maples. a. Acer paltnatum v.ir. re- ticiilatum; 6. A. Japoni- cum, type; c. A. palma- turn var.atropurpureum ; d. var. omatum; e. var. Thiinbergi ; /. var. dis- sectum. 2:18.— Large, rapid-growing tree of spreading habit, thriving best in moist and rich soil. Much prized in the W., where it withstands cold and dryness. Largely used for shelter belts and for planting: timber-claims. See picture, under Box Elder. Var. Galifdmicum, Sarg. (A. CttlifdrnicHtn, Dietr. JVefjundo Califdrnicum, T<»rr. & Gray). Branches pubescent when young: leaflets 'A, densely pubescent beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:97^ Nutt. N. Am. Sylv. 2:72. Var, violaceum, Arb. Muse. (.1. Califdrnienm, Hort. ). A vigorously growing form; branches purplish with >,'lauoous bloom or ttnely pubes- cent when youne:. Var, arg^nteo- varieg^ttun, Hort. Lvs. with broad white margin. Pro))ably the most effective of all variegated hardy trees. F.S. 17:1781. Var. atireo- macul^tum, Hurt. Lvs. spotted with yellow. Var, aureo- margin^tum, Hort. Lvs. with yellow margin, Var. aur^tum, Spiith. Lvs. yellow, Var. crisptun, G. Don. Leaflets curled. These horticultural varieties may be grafted on commcm Bv)x Elder seedlings. Box Elder also grows from hardwood cuttings, like the grape. A. acHmindtum, Wall. (A. candatum, Wall. A. laevigatum, Hort.. not Wall.). Tree : lvs. 5-lobed, deeply doubly serrate. Himalayas. G.C. II. 15:;W4.— ,1. argutum. Max. Small tree: lvs. small, 5-7-lobed. doubly serrate, nearly glal)rous. Japan. G.C. II. 15: 725. Hardy and grnoeful speejes.— -4. .4 HS^Hff (•?*»»», Tratt.^A. camp«^stre, var. Austriacum— .i./*ar6«ff/m. Michx. ^ A, sacci- arum,— ^.2>af&i>i^rve, Max. AliieU to A, arteutum. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, pnbescent when young. Japan.— A. B6tcii, Spach. Probably hybrid, A. MonspessulanumXtataricum.— A. Cali- fomicum, Dietr.=A. Negundo, var. Californicum.— A. Califdr- nicum, Hort.=A. Negundo, var. vitA-Areyini.—A.capillipet, Max. Allied to A. ruliner\'e. Lvs. 3-lobe<i, glabrous. Japan.— ^. cau- ddtum, \Ya,l\.=A. acnminatxim.— A. einerascens, Boiss. Shrub or small tree : lvs. 3-lobed, i^-2 in. long. Similar to A. Mon- spessulanum. Persia. — A, coridceum, Tsch. (A. Creticum, Tratt. A. polymorphum, Spach.). Probably A, CreticumX Pseudo-platanus.— .1. cratepf/i7t>ii7<m, S. & Z. Tree: lvs. oblong- ovate, often slightly 2-Iobed at the base, inequally serrate, gla- brous. Japan. S.Z. 1: 117. Hardy.— .-1. Creticum, Linn.=A. orientale.— -l.fVe^icHm, Tratt. =A.coriaeeum, Tsch.— A.diaW/i- f um, Blume. Tree, 30 ft.: lvs. 5-lol>ed, 3-G in. across, coarsely dentate, green l)eneath and pubescent when young: lis. greenish. Japan. G.O. II. 15: 5:a.— A. Di^cki, Pax. Probably A. LobeliX platanoides.— .4. dissectum, Tlninb.=A. palmatum, var. dissec- tum.— J.. dMylum, S. & Z. Tree: lvs. ovate, 5-7 in. long, coarsely creuate-serrate, glabrous. Jai>an. G.C. II. 15: 499. — A. Doiiglasi, Hook.=A. glabrum. — .4. Drummondi, Hook.=A. rubrum, var. Drummondi. — -I. Duretti, Pax. Probably A. MonspessulanumXPseudo-platrnus. — ^l. eriocdrpum, Michx.= A. dasycarpum. — .4. glaueum, 3Iarsh.=A. dasycarpum. — A. heterophyllum, Willd.=A, orientale. — .4. Ilobkeri, Miq. Tree, 60 ft, : lvs. cordate-oblong, serrate, 4-6 in. long. Himalayas, China. — A. Hyrcdnum, F. & M.=A. Italum, var. Hyrcanum. — A, Ayfirtdum, Spach. Probably A. ItalumXPseudo-platanus. — A. hybridum, Baudr.=A. Boscii. — .4. Iberieum, Bieb.=-A. Monspessulanum, var. Iberieum. — A. hengdtuin. Wall, Small tree: lvs. oblong, nearly entire, attenuate at the base, green be- neath, Himalayas, — A. hrrigdtum, Hort.=A. acuminatum. — A. laurifblium, Don.=A, oblongum. — A. lettcoderme. Small. (A. Floridanum, var. acuminatum, Trel.). Allied to A, .saccharum. Small bushy tree with white bark: lvs. mostly 3-lobed, 3-4 in. across, greenish and finely puljescent beneath; lol)es acuminate, nearly entire: corymbs glal)rous. N. C.,Ala. — A. Lobeli, Ten. Allied to A. laetum. Branches glaucous : lvs. rounded at the base; lobes mostly undulateti, abruptly pointed. Italy. — A. Mexicdnuui, Pax, not Gray.— A. serratum. — .4. micrdntkum, S. & Z. Shrub or small tree: lvs. .5-7-lobed; lobes inci-sed and doubly serrate, gliibrous : fls. and fr. small, S.Z, 1:141. — A. Miydbei, }>liix. Tree, 40 ft.: branches corky: lvs. 3-5-lobetl, pu- bescent and pale green beneath, 4-6 in. long ; lobes slightly lobed. Japan. (i.F. 3: 143. — .4. montdnum, Ait.=A. spicatum. — A.yeapolitdnit>t),Teu.=A. obtu.satum. — A. neglectum, Lange. Probably A. cauii>estreXL<)>)eli. — ^4. oblongum. Wall. Tree, 50 ft.: lvs, ovate-lanceolate, entire, quite glabrous, glaucous be- neath, coriaceous, Himalayas, — ^l. oWu«<i<ww, Waldst. & Kit. Allied to A. Italum. Small tree : lvs, tomentose beneathj; lobes short, rounded: peihuu'les hairy, S, Eu,,N. Afr, — .4. Opahts, Ait,=A. Italum, — A. opidifblinm, Vill.=A. ItJilum, — A. orien- tdle, Linn. (A, Creticum, Linn, A, svmpervirens, Linn, A. het«rophyllum, Willd.). Shrub, 4 ft.: lvs. nearly evergreen, orbicular or oval, entire or 3-lobed, %-l}4 in. long, glabrous. Orient. — A. palmifoliuui, Borkh. =A. s.-iccharum. — A. pectind- turn. Wall. Tree : lvs, 3-lol)ed, coarsely serrate, the middle lobe elongated, acuminate. Himalayas, G.C, II. 15:365. — A. polyn^rphum, S. & Z,=A. palmatum. — .4 . i>o?i/>n«rp/ium, Spach =A. coriaceum, — A.purpurdscens, Franch. Very similar to A. diabolicum. Fls. piuple, Japan. — A.Jiiigeli, Pax ==A, saccha- rum, var, Rtigeli. — A.gaccharinum, Linn.=A. dasycarpum. — A. saccharinum, Wangh,=A,saccharum, — A.saccharinuin, var. 7U- grum, Torr. & Gray=A. nigrum. — A. sdcrharum, var. col- umndre. Temple. =A, nigrum var, monumentale. — A. sdecha- mm, var. nigrum, Britt,=A, nigrum, — .4. Schwerini, Pax. Tree: lvs, cordate-oblong, slightly 3-lobe<i or entire, glaucous beneath, 5-7 in. long, Himalayas. — .4. Sernendci, Regel.=A. Ginnala, var. Semenovi, — .4. sempervirens, Iiiun,=.V, orientale. — A. septemlbbum, Thuub.=A. palmatum, var, septemlobum. — A.aerrdtnm, Pax (A. Mexicanum, Pax, not A.Gray). Allied to A. Negundo. Leaflets 3, pul>eseent, eqiuilly serrate. Mex. — A. Sieboldidnum, Miq. Allied to A. Japonicum. Lvs. 9-11- lobed, serrate : fls. small, yellowish. Japan. — .4. Sikhimense, Miq. Tree : lvs. cordate-ovate, entire or serrate, quite gla- brous, cori.tceous. Himalayas. — .4. striatum, Dur.=A. Penn- .sylvanicum. — ^l. Tatdricum, v.ir. iUnndla, Hort.=A. Ginnala.— A. rafrtricum, var. ^acj/i/a^um, Regel.=A. Ginnala. — A. Tauri- cum, Hort.=.\. Italum, var, Hyrcanum or A. campestre, var. Tauricum. — .4. teg mentvftu m. Max. Allied to A. Pennsylvani- cum. Lvs. .3-4 in. long, glabrous beneath ; lobes short : fls. small. Manchuria. G.C. II. 15: 75. — .4. thfidum. Hook. & Am. Small tree: lvs. cuneate-obovate, 3-lol)ed, small, glabrous; lol)es entire. China, Japan. S.Z. 2:14.3. — A. trilohdtuni, Lam.==A. Monspessulanum. — .4. tn'lobdtum, Hort.=A. Italum. vnr. Hyrcanum. — .4. tripartUum, Nutt.=.\. glabrum, var. triparti- tum. — A. Tschonbukii, Max. Small tree: lvs. 5-7-lobed, cordate, 2-3 ^4in. long, glabrous: lobes incised-serrate. Japan. Graceful, hardy, shrubby tree. — .1. Ikurunduense, F. & M. (A. spicatum, var. Ukurunduense, Max.). AUietl to A. spicatum. Small tree: lvs. .5-7lobed, puliescent beneath. 4-5 in. long; lobes elongate<l. deeply serrate. Mandmria, Japan. (i.C. II. 15: 172.— <d. Van Volxemi, Mast.^^A. irisigne, var. Vau Volxemi. — ,4. velxitinum, Boiss. =A. insigne, v.ir. velutinum. — .4. r<'fH^inHm,Hort.=A. Trautvetteri. — A. viUf)8Uin, Wall. Tall tree: lvs. 5-lobed, cor- date. 6-?( in. acros*. tomentose l)elow, coarsely serrate. Hima- layas. — .1. Viniinidtnnn. Mill. =A. dasycarpum. — .4. Zaeschense, Pax.=A. neglectum, Lange. Alfred Rehueb. .\CEBANTHUS ACEKANTHUS (a flower without horns). Berheri- ddcece. Slender, hardy, herbaceous perennial. A diphjillug, Morr. & Deone. (EpimMiuip Jipliyllum. Lodd.). Pl-nt rhizomatous: leaflets obliquely cordate, green al>ove, claucousbeneath: fls. small, bluish white. Japan. BM.3U8. L.B.C.19:1858. ACHANIA. See Malvaviifcus. ACHILLEA ( its virtues said to have been discovered bv Achilles). Comp6sit(e. Includes Ptamiica. Hardy herbaceous border and alpine plants of easy culture. Dwarf kinds make carpets in dry, sunny places. Large kinds suitable for wild gardens. Lvs. simple, compound or temate: fl. -heads small, corymbose.— Prop, in spring jy division, cuttings and seeds ; chiefly by the first method. A. iPrt?/'' (i^**f ^» f^c*^pf t» double forms, half as long as the ovate-oblong involucre; fls. white, red, or ^^ ' B. Fls.icJiite or red. Millefdlium, Linn. Milfoil. Yarrow. Height 1-3 ft. : lvs. bi-piunately parted, segments linear, ^^."icleft.' fls. in flat corj'mbs. June-Oct. Eu., Asia, Amer. Common in pastures. D. 95.— Less commonly cult, than vars. rn- brum and roseum, with red or purple fls. BB. Fls. yellow. Tournef6rtii, DC. (A. ^gi/pfioea, Linn.). Height 12- 18 in. : lvs. pinnatisect ; segments roundish, coarsely toothed : fls. pale yellow. June-Oct. Greece. HUpenAvUhia,, h&m. {A. Eh pat dr in m, Bieb.). Height 4-5 ft. : stem erect, furrowe<l, almost hairy: fls. in dense, convex compound corymbs, often 5 in. across. June- Sept. Orient.— Needs staking. tomentdsa, Linn. A woolly, carpet-like plant for rock- eries. Heiirht 8-10 in. Eu., Orient, N. Am. B.M. 498. Gn. 52, p. 421. AA. Bays 6-20, as long as or longer than the rotund or campanulate involucre ; fls. white. B. Lvs. not divided. PtArmica, Linn. Sneezkwort. Height 1-2 ft. : lvs. serrate : lis. in loose corymbs ; all summer. N. Temp. ACHIMENES 17 21. Acer QinnaUu Reg. -Its full-double var., the Pearl, Fig. 22, is much used for cut-flowers and in cemeteries, and is one of the most popular of all hardy herbaceous plants. There are other varieties. S Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. Mongdlica, Pisch. A. ptarmi- coXdes, Maxim. K Denser than the last, more erect and rigid : height lH-2 ft. : fls. larger and in more com- pact corymbs. July-Sept. BB. Lvs. deeply divided. macroph^lla, Linn. Height .3 ft.: lvs. long, broad. July. Alps. Gn. .52, p. 421.— Better suited to shrubbery than herbaceous border. 22. Achillea Ptarmica, var. The Pearl. Clav^nse, Linn. (Commonly spelled A. Clavennce. A. argentea, Hort., not Lam.). Dwarf, tufted, hoary alpine plant : height 10 in. : lvs. dentate at apex ; segments obtuse: fls. spring and summer. Eu. B.M. 1287. Gn. 52, p. 421. — Thrives in sand. A. Ageratum, Linn. Fls. yellow. Eu. — A. ageratifblia, Bentli. & Hook. (Anthemis Aizooii). Tufted, woolly, silvery gray: fls. white. May-June. Greece. — A. alphia, Linn. Lv8. piunatitid: fls. white. May-June. Alps. — ^l. asplenifblia, Vent. Lvs. pin- nate, smooth: fls. white. There is a r'ni-flowered form. Hab.f — A. atrdta, Linn. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic: radical lvs. petio- late; cauline lvs. pinnatisect: fls. white. Alps. — A. decolorant, Schrad. Lvs. undi\-ided: fls. pale yellow. July. Eu. — A.Herba- rd<a, All. Dwarf , tufted, aromatic, alpine : lvs. undivided, ser- rate: fls. white. May-June. — A.Ligfutica,AU. Lvs.pinnatifid: fls. white. Eu., Orient. — A.moschatnjJaeq. Lvs. smooth, pin- nately parted, lobes uncut: fls. white. Eu. — A. nnna, Linn. Dwarf, hairy, woolly, aromatic : lvs. pinnatisect : fls. white. Spring. Eu. Used in making Chartreuse. — A. odorata, Linn. Lvs. pinnatisect; lobes cut : fls. white. — A. pectin a ta, Willd. Fls. pale yellow. — A. rtipestris, Huter. Lvs. J^ in. long, lineur- spatulate, entire. S. Italy. B.M. 6905. — A. santulinoides. Lag. 1 ft.: lvs. pinnatisect, hairj'- woolly: fls. white. July. Spain. — ^1. serrata, Retz. Lvs. pinnatitid, woolly: fls. white. Siberia? — .1. umbeUiita, Sibth. Very wf)olly roek plant, 4-5 in.: lvs. piu- natifid : lobes oblong, bluntish, entire or serrate : fls. white. June. Greece.— ^l. l'ni^«iaca, Steiu. Lvs. pinnately parted: fls. white. June-Aug. Eu. _.. _, >\ . M. ACHIH£:N£3 (Greek, cheimaino, to .suffer from cold ) . Gesnerac('(t>. Greenhouse herbs, allied to gloxinias, na- tive to tropical Amer. Fls. axillarj'; the 5 calyx lobes narrow and short ; the corolla tube cylindrical and limb spreatling; anthers 4, connivent in the corolla tube, and a rudiment of a fifth stamen ; style long, usually ex- serted, the stigma riiated or obscurely 2-lobed. The rhizomes of Achimenes should be potted about the first of April, it soil which has been made loose and open by the addition of about one-third leaf -mold. Six or seven of these in a o-inch pot, or nine or ten in a f)-inch one, make specimens of the most convenient size. The young growth appears in about eighteen days, and from that time onward great pains should be taken to keep the soil moist, for a single severe drying will ruin the plants. Liquid manure should be K^ven twice 18 ACHIMENES ACHIMENES a week after flowering begins, i.e., toward the end of May. The plants are generally tied up to slender sup- j)orts as growth advances, and, so treated, make surpris- ingly effective specimens. They may also be allowed to grow naturally, when they will droop over the sides of the pots and flower profusely. Still another way is to pinch off the tops of the growing plants when they are 4 or 5 inches high. As this produces a branching growth, a smaller number of rhizomes should be allowed to each pot. The flowers of Achimenes are produced for several months without cessation, i.e., until Oct., p.nd sometimes still later if the small-flowered kinds are used. As soon as blossoming comes to an end, the plants should be cut off level with the tops of the pots, which should then be stored away, putting a reversed pot on the top of each one that stands on its base, for otherwise mice may destroy all the roots. Achunenes are propa- gated usually by means of the natural increase of the rhizomes, but all kinds may be grown from cuttings. Another way, which produces many though weak plants, is to rub off the scales and sow them as if they were seeds. The roots should be separated from the soil dur- ing the winter, and care should be taken that they do not decay from getting too wet in the moist air of green- house or cellar. Some of the best species are A. longi- flora, purplish blue; A. longi flora var. alba maxima, the best white kind; A. patens var. tnajor, a large flower of purplish rose ; A. peduncuhita, orange ; A. hetero- phylla, tubular, a fiery orange at one end and blazing yel- low at the other. Some of the best varieties are Am- broise Verscheffelt. white, with a network of violet lines ; Chirita, deep, intense violet-blue with white throat ; Dazzle, small, vivid scarlet, and late-blooming ; Lar'y Littleton, rich crimson; Masterpiece, rosy violet wi.a white throat ; Mauve Queen, a very large and substantial variety of A, Inngi flora, pale purple; Rose Queen, rich, rosy lake; Nisida, lavender, shading to white; Trevi- rana rosea, like Dazzle, ex- cept in color.For other points in the culture of Achimenes, see G. F. 7: 456, 477, 506, 518; 8: 16. In the grandiflora group the tubers or bulbs are clustered ; in the longi- flora group the tubers are pear-shaped bodies, growing on the ends of root-like rhi- zomes. The coccinea and hirsuta groups (Fig. 23) are late bloomers. Cult, by W. E. ExDicoTT. The garden Achimenes are much confused by hybridi- zation, and it is doubtful if any of the pure species are in general cultivation in this countrj'. Years ago,the small red-flowered types (of the coccinea section) were fre- quent, but modern evolution has proceeded from the broad-flowered purple spe- cies. The following first six species seem to have contributed most larjyely to the present garden forms. Fls. colored, the tube usually not more than twice the length of the limb. B. Blossoms small, red or scarlet. ocell^ta, Hqok. Roots small and tuberou.^. : st. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. rich green above and purple beneath, ovate, strongly serrate, with conspicuous purplish petioles : fls. small, 1 in. long, broad-tubed, spotted with black and yellow, the lobes short and obtuse and well separated, dr<»oping on reddish peduncles. Panama. B.M. 4;{59. — Fine for foliage. ooccinea, Pers. Height, 1-2 ft. : st. reddish : Ivs. 3- whorled or opposite, green, ovate-acuminate, serrate: flfi. small, scarlet the corolla twice longer than the erect lanceolate parted, calyx on short peduncles. Minute Ivs. often borne in the axils. Blooms late. Jamaica. — One of the older types. See Fig. 23. 23. Achimenes ; tubers of the coccinea section. A. heterophj'lla, DC. {A. ignfscens, Lera. A. Ghiis' brechtii, Hort. ). Root fibrous: st. 1 ft. or less, dark pur- ple, somewhat hairy: Ivs. ovate -acuminate, stalked, ser- rate, the two of each pair usually unequal in size: fls. solitary, on peduncles somewhat longer than the leaf- stalks, long-tubular and slightly curved, with a narrow, nearly equal flaring limb, rich scarlet, yellow within. Mex. B.M. 4871. — This species has tubers like those of the gra^^Jiflora section. pedunculita, Benth. St. lK-2 ft., hairy, reddish: Ivg. opposite, small, ovate, sharply serrate, green, hairy, on short reddish stalks: fls. medium size, drooping and di- lated upwards, yellow-red with dark markings and a yellow throat, the limb comparatively short ; on long (4-5 in.) bracted stems. Guatemala. B.M. 4077.— Stem produces tubers. BB. Blossom large, with ti'ide limb, blue, violet or purple. longiUdra, DC. Fig. 24. The root -like rhizomes pro- ducing pear-shaped tubers at their ends : st. 1-2 ft.. 24. Achimenes longiflora (X %). hairy: Ivs. opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate-oblong, ser- rate, hairy, sometimes colored beneath: fls. solitary, the corolla salver-shaped, with a long and graceful tube; the limb very large and widely spreading, violet-blue and whitish beneath, the lowest segment sometimes divided. Guatemala. B.M. 3980. P.M. 9: 151.- A popular type. grandiildra, DC. Lvs. mostly larger than in last, rusty below, often oblique at base: fls. very large, dis- tinctly red-tinged. Mex. B.M. 4012.— Popular type. p&tens, Benth. Height, 1-13^ ft. : lvs. unequal, ovate- acuminate, hispid and serrate : fls. violet-blue, with downy calyx, tube shorter than spreading crenate limb. Mex. AA. Fls. pure tvhite, the tube 3-4 times the length of the limb. tubifldra, Nicholson, Suppl. p. 483 (GloxlMa tu!>ifl6ra, Hook. Dolichodeira tubifldra, 'Q.&n.Bt.). St. sL^rt, with opposite oblong-acuminate, crenate, short-petioled lvs.: fls. 4 in. long, curved, gibbous at the base, the tube downy, the pedicels opposite and 2 in. long. Argentina. B.M. '3971. — Tubers solid, much like a potato. A.amabili*, Decne.=Xapgeli.i mn'.tiflora. — A. atrosavguinea, Lindl.==A. fnliosa. — A. Candida, Lindl.=Dicyrta Candida. — A. cupreata , Hook.=Episoeacupreata. — .1. folibsa. Morr. Lvs. cor- date, uin<iual: fls. crimson, Mith saccate tube Ij^ in. long, with narrow limb. Guatemala. — A.gloxitticFflora, Forkel.==Gloxinia glabr.tta. — A. hirsuta, DC Loose grower : st. bulbiferous : fls. rather large, with swollen tube and oblique limb, rose, with yel- low ami spotted throat. Guatemala. B.M. 4U4. P.M. 12:7. Ouce popular. — A. Jauregula,\yiir^vz.=A. longiflora. — A.KleH, Fast. Dwarf: fls. pink-purple. P.M. 16: 289. Form of A. longi- flora? — A.multiflora,(jSLTi\n. Hairy: lvs. broad-ovate: fls. blue, fring-Ml. Brazil. B.M. H993.— .l./nrta. Benth.-^Tydjea picta.— A. rosea, Lindl. Fls. pink or rose, the peduncles many-flowered. Guatemala. — A. SHnneri, Gordon, =A. hirsuta. — Garden forms and hyhrids are Escherii, floribunda, intermedia, Jayii, Mount- fordii, ncegelioldes, nana, venmta (P.M. 15:121), VersehaffeUii. L. H. B. ACHLYS ACONITUM 19 ACHLTS (the goddess of obscurity). Berberiddeece . HaMy herbaceous perennial. Fls. minute, numerous, spi( ate, on a slender scape. triph^lla* DC. Root-stock terminated by a strong, scaly winter-bud : Ivs. 1 or 2 ; leaflets 3, fan-shaped, sinuate-dentate, 23^x5 in.: scape 1 ft. long: spike 1 in. long. Spring. W. N. Amer.— An interesting and deli- cate plant. Int. 1881. ACHBAS. See SapoJillo. ACHYEANTHES. See Iresine. ACIDANTHfiBA ( pointed anthers ) . Iridhcece. Ten- der herbaceous perennials, intermediate between Gladio- lus and Ixia. Lvs. many, linear ensiform, 1-1 >^ ft. long: spikes ;M)-flowered, simple, lax : tts, long-tubed, some- what pendulous : corms roundish, flattened, covered with a matted fiber. — Prop, by seed or by the numerous corms. bicolor, Hochst. St. 15-18 in.: fls. creamy white, blotched chocolate brown within, fragrant : corms %-\ in. :n diam. Abyssinia. G.F. 1:486, 487. Gn. 47: 1014. G.C. HI- 20:393. Mn. 8: 11.— Requires a somewhat stiffer soil than the tender species of Gladiolus. May be grown in a tub outdoors during summer, and flowered within during Oct. Several corms in a large pot give good results. Corms should be dried as soon as lifted, to prevent rot. A. cequinoctinlis. Baker. St. 3-4 ft., stout, stiffly erect: lvs. strongly ribbeii: fls. white, blotched crimson or purple within: conns large. Sierra Leone. B.M. 739:1 May be a stronger growing and more tropical form of the above. W. E. Endicott and W. M. ACINl)TA ( immovable, the lip being jointless). Orc^i- d()cece. Stout epiphytes with interesting pendent scapes. Pseudobulbs conspicuously furrowed, slightly com- pressed : I^af-blades smooth, conspicuously veined, plaited and pliable : fls. globose. As a genus it is too near to Peristeria and Stanhopea. The species are rarely seen, as they are less conspicuous in their color- ing than many orchids. They require a warm house and plenty of moisture during the growing season, with a decided rest, to make them flower. Use baskets, not pots, as the flower-spikes are produced from the base of the bulbs, as in Stanhopea, and should have free egress or iney will be lost. Cult, by E. O. Orpet. B&rkeri, Lindl. {Peristeria Bdrkeri, Batem.). Pseu- dobulbs sub-conic, about 5 in.: leaf -blades longer than in A. Uiimboldtii : fls. 12 or more, in pendent racemes, golden vellow spotted with brown. Mex. B.M. 4203. I.H. 2:44. Gn. 54, p. 332. P.M. 14:145. Humboldtii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, about 3 in.: leaf -blades about 1 ft. long, lanceolate, acute: scapes pendent, 2 ft. long ; fls. 6 or more, chocolate colored, about 2 in. in diam. Ecuador, high elevations. Gn. 3:11. A.chnisdntha,Liirn\\. Racemes pendent; fls. golden yellow, with whitish labellum and crimson or purplish column; label- Inm furnished with a long, blunt, papillose horn. Mex. — A. denstt, Lindl. (A. Warseewiczii, Klotzseh). Fls. subglobose. fra- griint. pale yellow, si)otted externally with reddish brown ; label- lum yellow, spotted with reddish brown. Costa Rica. — A.Hni- bfiana, Reichb. f . Fls. ivory white, in loose racemes ; lip spotted purple.with erect side lobes. NewGrenada. — J..««icdfa, Reichb. f. Similar to A. Humboldtii. Fls. yellow. Oakes Ames. AC0EANTH£)RA (mucronate anthers). Apocyndcece. Tender shrubs, cult, in greenhouses North, and outdoors in Fla. and Calif. Fls. with the odor of jasmine, lasting. spectibilis, G. Don. (Toxicophlcea spectdbiUs, Sond. T. Thtiiibergii, Hort., not Harv.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long, !-hort petiolate, leathery, elliptic, acute, shining above: ris. numerous, in dense axillary, branched, short cymes, pure white, very sweet scented. Natal. B.M, (»3o9. R.H. ls7'J:270. G.F. 6:185. G.C. 1872 '-.3.- Poisonous. The plants cult, under this name are s.ad by trade catalogues to have pink or violet flowers. venenata, G. Don. {Toxicophlaea cestroldes, DC. T. 77i«Hfcfrgr(t. Harv., not Hort. ). Fls. white or rose. Dif- fers from the above in the well marked venation of the leaves, its flowers athird smaller, its calyx not pubescent, and its corolla-limb less widely spreading. ACONITE, WINTER. See Em uf his. ACONtTUM. Banunculdcea?. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. A genus of hardy ornamental, perennial herbs, much used in borders, etc. Many species are planted in European gardens, but only nine have been much used in America. The number of species varies from 18 to 80, with different botanists. Native in moun- tain regions of Europe, temperate Asia, and five in N. Amer. Root tuberous, turnip-shaped, or thick fibrous: St. tall or long, erect, ascending or trailing : lvs. pal- mately divided or cleft and cut-lobed: fls. large, irregr- lar, showy; sepals 5, the large upper sepal in shape of a hood or helmet; petals 2-5, small; stamens numerous; carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles when ripened. The following species do well in any garden soil, but rich preferred; they thrive in open sun, but flowers last longer in shaded places. Aconites should never be planted in or too near the kitchen garden or the children's garden, as the roots and some of the flowers have a deadly poison. Prop, easily by division. Reichenbach Monographia Generis Aconiti, Leipsic, 1820, 2 vols., folio. Reichenbach lUustratio Specierum Aconiti, Leipsic, 1822-7, folio. A. Boots globular-tuberous. B. Zrvs. deeply cut, but not to the base. Fischeri, Reichb. {A. Columbidnum, Nutt. A. Cali- forniv urn, Hort.). Stems 4-6 ft.: lvs. large, smooth, 3- parted, attractive; segments much cut and divided: fls. numerous, pale blue, panicled, pedicels pubescent; hel- mets hemispherico-conical. Autumn. N. Amer. and Asia. Int. 1889. B.M. 7130. Camm^rum, Linn. (A. decorum, Reichb.). St. .3-4 ft.: lvs. with short, bluntish lobes: fls. purple or blue; pani- cles or loose spikes few-flowered ; helmet hemispheri- cal, closed. July-Sept. Hunjrarj-. Int. 1889. A. Storkid- num, Reichb., is a dwarf form of this, with fewer flowers and somewhat fibrous roots. uncin^ttun, Linn. Wild Monkshood. St. slender, 3-5 ft., inclined to climb: lvs. thick, deeply cut into 3-5 cut-toothed lobes : fls. loosely panicled, but crowded at the apex ; blue, pubescent, 1 inch broad ; helmet erect, nearly as broad as long, obtusely conical : follicles 3. June-Sept. Low grounds of Penn. S. and W., Japan. Mn. 4: 81. — Much planted now. BB. Lvs. divided to the base. varieg&tiun, Linn. Erect, 1-6 ft.: lvs. variously di- vided into usually broad lobes and cut divisions; lower petioles long, others short or none: fls. in a loose pani- cle or raceme, blue, varying to whitish, rather smooth; helmet higher than wide, top curved forward ; visor pointed, horizontal or ascending. July. Europe. A. album, Ait., is a pure white-flowered form of this, with rather fibrous roots. AA. Boots long-tuberous. B. Cai'pels usually 5. Jap6nicum, Decne. St. erect, 3-4 ft., smooth : lvs. dark j;reen, shining, petioled; lobes 2-3 times cut, the parts blunt and deeply toothed : fls. large, deep blue or violet, tinged with red, on loose panicles with ascending branches ; helmet conical ; beak abruptly pointed : fol- licles 5. July-Sept. Japan. Int. 1889. R.'H. 1851, p. 475. Var. coertlleuB, Hort. Fls. very abundant ; panicles shortened. BB. Carpels S or 4. Nap61ItlS, Linn.(J.. Taxiricum, Jacq. A. pyramiddle, Mill. ) . Trce Monkshood. Officinal Aconite. Fig. 25. The best known and most poisonous species, an«l used in medicine. Sts. erect, 3-4 ft.: lvs. divided to the base, and cleft 2-3 times into linear lobes: fls. blue, in a raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and low, gaping, smooth ish: fr. 3-4-celled. Jui^e-July. Gn. 12, p. 362. — Very many varieties, differing in sliade of flowers, often mottled or lined with white. Var. dlbum is nearly white. Var. bicolor and var. versicolor, much used in gardens for the large blue and white flowers. Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species. AAA. Boots in the form of a scaly, elongated bulb, «r someu'hat fibrous, — — ----- B. Sepals deciduous. autumnjlle, Reichb. Autitmn Aconite. Fig. 26. St. ii-5 ft.: lvs. peaately 5-lobed: fls. in a simple spike, be- 20 ACONITUM ACROSTICHUM 35. Aconitum Napellus coming a panicle ; blue, lilac or whitish; helmet closed. Sept.-Nov. N. China. Lyc6ctonam, Linn. {A. harbd.tum, Patr. A. squarrd- aum,A. ochroleucum, Willd.). Pale Yellow Wolfs- BA2iS. St. slender, simple, 3-6 ft. : Ivs. deeply cut into 5-9 lobes ; long petioles and un- der ribs pubescent : fls. yellow or whitish, in racemes ; helmet a pinched elongated cone ; middle sepals usually bearded : fr. usu- ally 3-celled.' June^Sept. Eu., Siberia. B.M. 2570. G.M, 34: 124. BB. Sepals persistent. Anthdra, Linn. ( ^1 . Pyrend icuni , Pall.). St. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. parted al- most to the base, parts deeply ciit and lobed, more or less his- pid beneath, smoothish above; petioles long : fls. in lateral and terminal racemes, pale yellow, often large; racemes or panicles generally pubescent ; spur bent back or hooked ; helmet arched, but cylindrical at base: follicles 5. June-July. S. Eu. B.M. 2654. -Several varieties. A . Chin^nse. Sieb. Deep bine spike of fls. from the axil of every leaf : foliage bold and handsome. B.M. 3852. P.M. 5:3. — A. delphinifblium, DO. Al'.led to A. Napellus.— Jl het- erophylliim, Wall. Fls. yellow and violet. Used as a tonie medicine in India. B.M. 6092.— .4. Noteboracenae, Gray. Probably =A. panionlatum.— .4. panicu- latum, Lam. (A. toxicum, Reichb.). Ha.s blue fls. L.B.C\ 9:810. —A. pyramidale. Mill. Form of A. Napellus.- A. recUndtnm Gray, of the AUeghanies, with white fls. and large Ivs., is worth cult.— .4. septentrionale, var. Cnrpdtictim, Sims, is a beautiful purple kind, closely relate<l to A. Lycoetomim. B.M. 2196.— A. tortuotntm, Willd. Once listed in the trade; not now found. K. C. DA^^s. ACORUS (ancient name of unknown meaning). Arouleif. Hardy, herbaceous water-loving plants. Lvs. sword-shaped, erect; spadix appearing lateral, with no true spathe: fls. inconspicuous. They thrive best in moist soil, and may be grown in shallow water or on dry land. Prop, easily in spring or autumn by division. C^lamtis, Linn. Sweet Flag. Height 2 ft. : root- stock horizontal, pungent, aromatic. Fls. early summer. N. Amer., Eu. Var. varieg^tus, Hort. Lvs. striped deep yellow when young, fading to a paler color later in sum- mer. Eu. — Commoner in cult, than the type. grazninetis, Soland. Height 8-12 in. Much smaller than J.. Calamus, forming compact, grassy tufts. Japan. Var. variegitus, Hort. Lvs. striped white. Used in hang- ing basketSjVases, rockeries and for cutting. Often grown indoors. j. B. Keller. ACEOCLlNIUM. See Relipterum. ACBOCdMIA (name means a tuft of leaver at the top). Palmdcece, tribe Cocotnece. Spiny tropical American palms: caudex erect, solitary, ringed and swollen at the middle, densely spiny: lvs. terminal, pinnately cut; seg- ments narrowly linear-lanceolate, long, obliquely acumi- nate, the naked margins recui-ved at the base; midnerves, rachis and petiole with long spines : fr. globose or ob- long, glabrous or prickly; black or brown. Species 8, mostly diflftcult to distinguish; allied to Cocos. They need a rich, sandy loam. The chief danger with young plants is overpotting, as few leaves are on a plant at a time, and the roots are not abundant. scleroc&rpa, Mart. (A. aculedta, Lodd.). Height .30- 45 ft.: trunk cylindrical, about 1 ft. thick, with black spines 2-4 in. long: lvs. 12-15 ft. long; segments in ir- regular groups of 2 or 3, 2-3 ft. long, %-l in. wide, smooth and shining above, whitish, appressed-pilose be- low, entirely free of spines, except along the midrib. Braz. toW. Ind. I.H. 15:547.— Not hardy at On^co, Fla. Cult, in Calif. "Gru-gru" and "corojo" are native names. Havan^nsis, Hort. A slow-growing, thorny plant, of which little is known. Trade name. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ACB0P£BA. See Gongora. ACBOFHtLLUM (Greek, top and leaf). Saiifragd- eece. One Australian evergreen shrub, A. vendsum, Benth. (A. verticUlAtum, Hook.), excellent for spring flowering in the coolhouse. Prop, by cuttings in early summer. Let the plant rest during summer. Do not expose to frost. It produces many pinkish fls. in dense spicate whorls near the top of the branches. Lvs. in 3's. sessile, dentate: fls. with 5 petals and 10 stamens. 4-6 ft. B.M. 4050. ACBOSTICHTTH (derivation obscnre). Polypodi^ece. Greenhouse ferns. Includes plants of great diversity of foliage, which are often referred to many genera. Sori spread in a layer over the entire under surface of tho leaf or of certain of the upper pinnae, rarely over both surfaces. Foliage rather coarse, the leaves simple or pinnate, rarely forked. All the 140 species are plants of tropical regions, two species growing in S. Fla. Some kinds are adapted to covering walls, columns, trunks of tree ferns, etc. The kinds with long fronds are excellent for hanging baskets. As all kinds reqtiire an abundance of water at the roots, the compost should be very porous. r 26. Aconitum autumnale (X /^). A mixture of two parts fibrous peat, one of chopped sphagnum, and one of coarse silver sand is recom- mended. For general culture, see Ferns. The following species are cult, in Amer.: alienum. No. 15; aureiun, 17; cervinum, 14; confonne, 7; crini- ACROSTICHUai ACROSTICHUM 21 ttJTTi, 9; flaccidnm, 8; >?ori?onenm, 11; lomarioides, 18; muscosum, 3; nicotianspfolium, 16; osniundaceum, 19; peltatum, 20; pilosum, 5: reticulatum, 10; scandens, 12; simplex, 6; sorbifoliuin, 13; squamosum, 2; villosum, 1; viscosum, 4. A. Lvs. timple, 7ex,<t than 2 in. wide; veins free. ( Ehtphogloasum . ) B. Surface of lvs. densely scaly throughout. c. Texture thin, flaccid. 1. villdsam, Swz. Fig. 27. Sterile lvs. ft-9 in. long; fertile lvs, scarcely more than half as large, both with ahmnlant slender, dark-brown scales. Mex. and W. Ind. -Dwarf, variable. cc. Texture thick, leathery. 2. squarndsum, Swz. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, the fertile narro\v»-r, <»n longer stems ; both surfaces matted with bright reddish brown linear or lanceolate scales. Tropics of both hemispheres. 3. muscdsum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, fertile much shorter ; upper surface slightly scaly, the lower densely matted with ovate, rusty scales. Tropics of both hemispheres. S. 1 : 211.— Very distinct in habit. BB. Surface of lvs. slightly scaly. 4. viscdsuin, Swz. Sterile lvs. ♦>-12 in. long, narrowed gra<luaJIy ap4be base ; the fertile shorter, on longer .stems ;Sei^fture leathery, the surfaces somewhat viscid. Tropics of both hemispheres. 5. pildSTUn, HBK. Lvs. ftesuous, 6-8 in. long, ^in. wide, with tufts of star-like scales beneath; texture her- baceous. Mex. to Columbia. — Chiefly of botanical in- terest. BBB. Surface of lvs. not scaly; texture leathery. D. Margins of lvs. thick, cartilaginous. 6. simplex, Swz. Sterile lvs. 4-12 in. long, with a very acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed into a short, somewhat margwigd stem. W. Ind. to Brazil. 7. confdrme, Swz. St^rrte lvs. 2-9 in. long, with a bluntish point and wedge\shaped or spatulate base; fer- tile lvs. narrower. Tropics of both hemispheres. DD. Margins of leaves not thickened. 8. Hiccidam, F^e, Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, with very acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed to the short stem; fertile lvs. on astern 3-4 in. long. S. Amer. — Of botanical interest only. AA. Lvs. simple; veins uniting to fortn a network. B. Surface of lvs. densely clothed with narrow scales. ( Hymenodium . ) 9. crinitum, Linn. Elephant-ear Fern. Lvs. 10-18 in. long, 4-8 in. wide, on densely scaly stems ; fertile lvs. smaller, on shorter stems. W. Indies. F.S. 9:9.36, as H. crinitum.— Oraxt sand in potting, and avoid over- watering. BB. Surface of lvs. mostly smooth, 6-15 in. long, 10. reticuliltum, Kaulf. Lvs. on distinct stems, with wedge-shaped bases, 1% in. wide; veins forming copious meshes. (Chrysodium.) Hawaiian Islands. — Of botani- cal interest only. 11. gorgdneum, Kaulf. Lvs. tapering gradually down- ward to the short stem, 2-3 in. wide ; veins forming meshes only near the margin. (Aconiopteris.) Hawaiian Isl. — Of little decorative value. AAA. Z/vs. pinnate. B. Ferns climbing with narrow, fertile pinnce. 12. scAndens, J. Smith. Rootstock widely climbing : lvs. 1-3 ft. long, with pinnae 4-8 in. long ; fertile pinnaa .slender, 6-12 in. long; texture leathery. ( Stenochlifna.) India. S. 1: 224,— A vigorous grower and coarse feeder, much used in cooler houses of large ferneries. 13. sorbifdliom, Linn. Rootstock climbing. often prick- ly: lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide, with close veins; fer- tile pinnae 2-4 in. long, narrow. (Lomariopsis.) E. and W. Ind. to Braz. BB. Ferns with creeping rootstocks and scattered lvs. C. Feins united only near the margin ; fertile lvs. hi- pinnate. 14. cervlnum, Swz. Fig. 28. Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, with pimiac 4-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide ; fertile pinnae slender, narrow, 4-8 in. long. (Olfersia.) Mex. and Cuba to Braz. S. 1 : 192. cc. Veins forming meshes everywhere. {Gymnopteris.) 1.'). alidnum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 1-2 ft. long, iriangular, with the upper pinnae decurrent, and the lower at least sinuate or even incised ; fertile lvs. smaller, with nar- row pinnap, the upper decurrent. Cuba and Mex. to Braz, 16, nicotian aefdliiun, Swz. Sterile lvs, with .3-7 pinn» which are 6-12 in. l(mg and 2-3 in, wide, with nearly entire edges: fertile lvs, smaller, with 3-7 pinnae 3-4 in. long. 1 in. wide. W. Ind. to Hraz. 27. Acrostichum villosum (X3^). See No. 1, Acrostichum cervlnum (XK). See No, 14. BBB. Ferns of swampy places, growing in crowns from erect rootstocks. 17. aiiireain, Linn. Lvs. fertile only in the upper pinnap, 3-6 ft. long, with pinnae 6-10 in. long, short stalked, coriaceous. Fla. to Braz, and in the tropics of the old world, S, 1: 187. — Strong-growing. One of the best. Should be treated as an atiuatic. 18. lomarioides, Jenman. Sterile and fertile lvs. dis- tinct, the sterile shorter and spreading, the fertile taller and more erect in the center of the cluster; pinnae 9-14 in. long, almost sessile. Fla. to Braz. AAAA. Lvs. bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; veins free. (Polybotra.) 19. osmond^ceum, Hook. Rootstock wide, climbing, with long, linear scales : sterile lvs. 2-3 ft. long, the lower pinnae 8-10 in. long, with numerous slightly stalked segments; fertile lvs. tripinnate, with the lower pinnae 1-2 ft. long, 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindria segments "%-% in. long. W, Ind. to Braz.- Probab?,y the handsomest of the climbing kinds. AAAAA. Lvs. palmate from creeping rootstocks: plants small. 20. pelt&tum, Swz, Lvs, 1-2 in. each way on slender stems, repeatedly forked into very narrow divisions; fertile lvs, %-% in, wide, circular, or somewhat 2-lobed. ( Hhipidopteris. ) Mex, and W. Ind. to Braz.— A delicate and distinct plant, needing moisture all the year round. 9*> ACROSTICHUM ACTINOMERIS especially in the air. Avoid unnecessary disturbances of roots.' Uh^ some partly decayed leaf -mold. A. acuminatum , Hook., ^A: 182,^4.. canali4nilatum , &x\(\ A xau- ddtum. Hook., all from S. Amer., relattnl to A. osmuntiaeeum. — A.flagelliferum, Wall. Rooting at apex of terminal pinna. E.Ind. S. l:*2tH. — -rl. fcenieulaceum. Hook. Allietl to A. peltatum. Ecviador. — A. Hfrminieri, Bory. Lv8. simple. Allied to A. sim- plex. W. Ind. to Braz. — A. heteromorphiim, Klotzsch, Lvs. simple, 1/^-2 in. long. S. Amer. — A. latifblium, Swz. Lvs. sim- ple. J>-18 in. Umg. Allie<l to A. conforme. Mex. to Braz. — A. lepi- d^^u/n, Willd. Allietl to A. villosiim. Andes. — A.Quereifblium, Retz. Allie<l to A. flagellifemm. Ind. — A. gerratifblium, Mert. Pinnate, with lvs. 1-2 ft. long. Allied to A. aiirenm. Mex. to Braz. — A.apicatum, Linn. Simple, with sori on long contracted apex. (Hymenolepis.) E. Ind. — A . tacaefdlium , Hoo'k. Allied to A. flagelliferum. Philippines. l_ -^i Underwood. ^-^^^ 29. Actinidia arguta (X J^). <£i' ACTS A (ancient name of the elder, transferred by Linnteus). lianunculd.ce<v. Native hardy herbaceous perennials, with showy spikes of small fls. and hand- some clusters of berries in autumn. Leaflets of the twice- or thrice-temate lvs. ovate, sharply cleft, and cut- toothed. They like rich woods and shade. Useful for rockery and wild garden. Prop, by seeds and by root- division in spring. Alba, Mill. (-1. rubra, Bigel.). White Baneberrv. Height, 1-1>^ ft.; much like A. spicaia, but the leaflets more cut, toeth and points sharper; plant smoother: fls. white, in an oblong raceme, and a week or two later: pedicels in fr. very thick, turning red : berries white, ovate-oblong, often purplish at the end. N. states. D.53. 8pic4ta, Linn. Cohosh. Herb-Christopher. Plant 1-2 ft. : lvs. bi- or tritemate, serrated : fls. white or bluish, in ovate racemes: berries purplish l)lack, oblong. Apr.-Jiine. Eu. , Jap. — Less cult. than the red-fruited var. Var. riibra, Ait. {A. rw^ra, Willd.). Red Baneberrv. Rather taller than A. alba: lvs. bi- or tritemate, ser- rated : fl. cluster white, larger than in A. spieata: ber- ries bright red, very handsome. Apr.-June. Northern states. K. C. Davis. ACTlIftLLA {Greek, small-raijed). CompSsiftp. Har- dy perennials from W. N. Amer., for cult, in alpine gar- dens. Height ()-12 in.: fls. villow, .summer. Of easy cult, in light soil. Prop, by division or by seeds. grandifldra, Torr. & Gray. Plant densely woolly : lower lvs. pinuately or bipinnately parted, with margined peti- oles from broad, scarious bases; upper cauline lvs. sim- ple or sparingly divided: fls. 2-3 in. wide, summer.— A pretty alpine plant. Bcapdsa, Nutt. Plant villous: lvs. radical, linear-spat- ulate, 2-.'} in. long, punctate, entire: fls. lin. wide; scapes single, leafless, 1-fld., ,3-9 in. long. A. landta, PTirsh.=Eriophyllum cwspitosum. J. B. Keller and W. M. ACTINlDIA (aktin, ray ; referring to the rafliate styles). Ternstrtemideece. Hardy climbing deciduous shrubs, strong-growing and excellent for covering ar- bors, screens, trellises, walls and low buildings. Re- markably free from insects and fungi. Lvs. alternate, long-petioled, serrate: fls. axillary, single or in corymbs, polygamous, white, cup-8hai)ed, %-%m. in diam. ; sepals and petals 5; stamens and stigmas numerous: berry many-seeded, about 1 in. long, edible. E. Asia, Hima- layas. Prop, by seeds, by greenwood cuttings in sum- mer, or by hardwood cuttings; al«o by layers. Mono- graph by Ma2umowicz in Diagn. Plant. As. Nov. 6: 422. A. Lvs. dark green, shining, chartaceous. argr^ta, Miq. {A. polygama, Hort., not Miq. A. volu- bills, Hort., not Miq. ). Fig. 29. Petioles mostly setose: lvs. 4-5 in. long, broad -elliptic, cuneate to subcordate at the base, abruptly acuminate, smooth except the setose midrib beneath, setulosely appressed serrate: fls. 3 or more, greenish white; anthers dark purple: fr. green- ish yellow, with flg-like flavor. June. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. A. G. 1891:142. AA. Zit'S. bright green, dull, membranaceous , sometimes becoming in the summer handsomely variegated above the middle: fls. fragrant: not climbing high. polygama, Miq. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, broed-ovate or ovate- oblong, cuneate to subcordate at the base, appressed- serrate, mostly setose at the nerves on both sides: fls. 1-3, %in. in diam.; stigmas on a short, thick style; fr. yellow. July. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. B.M. 7497. —The plant attracts cats like valerian. Kolomikta, Maxim. Petioles not setose ; lvs. downy beneath when young, 4-6 in. long, ovate-oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, unequally setulosely serrate, sparsely setose beneath : fls. 1-3, }4m. in diam. ; stigmas sessile. July. Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria. R.H.1898:.36. A. callbsa, "Lindl. Allied to A. arguta. Lvs. mostly acute at both ends. Himalayas. Alfred Rehder. ACTINOLEPIS (Greek, a scale-like ray). CompdsitcF. Hardy annuals from Calif.; freely branching, and mostly yellow-flowered. coron&ria, Gray (Shdrtia Califdrnica, Hort. Bceria cnrondria. Gray). Figs. 30, 31. Lvs. opposite, except the upper ones, 2 in, or more long, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes 5-7, distant, linear, entire. B.M. 3828, as Hymendrys Califdrnica. — One of the prettiest of annual flow- ers, and deserving of greater pop- ularity. Excellent for edging. An everlasting. 30. Actinolepis coronaria. Nearly natural size. 31. Actinolepis coronaria. Known to the trade as Shortia Califomica. ACTIN6MEBIS (from Greek aktis, ray, and meris, part, alluding to the irregularity of the rays). Com- pdsifif. Native hardy herbaceous perennials suitable for wild gardens and shrubbery. Tall, branching. Cult, like Helianthus. Prop, by division. squarrdsa, Nutt. Height 4-8 ft.: lvs. lance-oblong, acmninate, subpetiolate, tapering to both ends: fls. nu- merous, corymbed, yellow; rays 4-10, irregular. Autumn. A.heUmithioide8,'S\xtt. Lvs. silky-villous underneath: rays about 8, usually more than in A. squarrosa. Mn. 4: 129. — A. prbcera, Steud., is only a taller form of A. squarrosa. J. B. Keller. ACTINOPTERIS ADENOCARPUS 23 ACTIN6PTEBIS {aktin, ray, and pterin; the fronds radiately cut). Syn., Actiniopteritt. Polypodiacecf . Greenhouse ferns from India, resembling miniature fan- palms. The sori are linear-elonprate and su})marffinal, and covered with indusia. A. radidta. Link, is the only recognized species. l. m. Underwood. ADA (a complimentary name). OrchidHcece : tribe Vditdea. A genus of epiphytes containing two species. Petals and sepals slightly spreading from half their length; labellum parallel with the column and united to its base. Found at high elevations on the Colombian Aufles. Useful for the coolhouse, where they may be grown together with Odontoglossums, blooming in no definite season. auranti4c8, Lindl. Fig. .^2. Pseudobulbs 2-3 in., ovate to ovate-oblong, subcylindrical or slightly com- pressed, tapering toward the summits, bearing 1-3 nar- row leaf -blades 6-12 in. long: petals and sepals narrow, pointed, channeled; labellum half as long as the petals: scape drooping, bearing racemes of cinnabar-red fls. L^hmanni, Rolfe. Leaves marbled with gray : label- lum white.— Not much in cultivation. A recent species. Oakes Ajies. The Adas grow at the altitude of 8,500 ft. To grow them successfully, a house that can be kept very cool in summer is necessary, one having a northern exposure, such as is construct -.d for Odontoglossums being best, as the two plants are found growing together. Shading will be found necessary' in summer during the hottest weather, preferabiy by roller shades, that can be rolled up in dull weather, as by this means a current of cool air is constantly passing over the glass. The tempera- ture inside the Vtructure can be kept below that outside in hot weather by careful airing and spraying. A. au- rantiaea is the best known, and is much valued for its bright orange-colored spikes of bloom, which last a long time. A. Lehmanni is very rare in cultivation, and is distinguished, among other characteristics, by its white lip and by being a summer-blooming plant, while its companion species flowers early in spring. The usual fern fiber and sphagnum moss compost will be found best suited for their cultivation, taking care that the plants are never dry at the roots, either in summer or winter. E. O. Orpet. ADAM-AND-EVE. See Sempervivum tectorum, and Apltctrum hyttnale. ADAMIA. See Dkhroa. ADAH'S APPLE. See Citrus Limettn, Musa para- disiac'i, and Taberncemontana coronaria. ADAM'S NEEDLE. See Yucca. ADANSONIA (named after M. Adanson, French bota- nist). Malvdceoe. The Baobab is said to have the thick- est trunk of any tree in the world. Adansonia has no congeners familiar to the horticulturist : fls. large, pen- dulous ; petals 5, white, obovate • stamens numerous ; tivary ."i-lO-celled : fr. oblong, woody, indehiscent, filled with a mealy pulp in which are numerous seeds. digit^ta, Linn. Baobab Tree. Height not more than ()0 ft.; diam. said to be sometimes 30 ft. or more : Ivs. palmate, with 3 leaflets in young plants, and 5-7 in older ones: fls. (] in. across, with purplish anthers on longax- illarj', solitary peduncles. Africa. B.M. 2791. — Rarely cultivated in extreme S. Fla., where fr. is 9-12 in. long, and called "Monkey's Bread." ADDEE'S-TONGUE. See Erythronittm. ADDER'S- TONGUE FEEN. See Ophioglossum. ADENANDEA (from the glandular anthers). But(lce(f. Small summer-flowering, tender shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. Lvs. alternate, small, leathery, subses- sile, entire, glandular-dotted : fls. white or rosy ; petals obovate. Prop, by cuttings from the ripened wood. fr&grans, Roem. & Schult. (Didsma friigrans, Sims). Breath op Heaven. Height 2-3 ft.: lvs. oblong, ob- tuse, dark green above, whitish beneath, with a glandu- lar, denticulate margin: fls. rosy. B.M. 1319.— A fa- vorite in Calif. ADENANTH£:BA (from the deciduous pedicillate gland on each anther). Legumindsce. Tender, unarmed evergreen tree, cult, in greenhouses only for its eco- nomic interest, and also in Calif, in the open air. Prop, by seeds, which should be softened in hot water previous to sowing. Fayonlna, Linn. Red Sandal-wood Tree. Leaflets about 13: fls. in an axillary spike. Trop. Asia, where it grows to a tree of great size.— The red lens-shaped "Circassian Seeds" are curiosities with travelers, and are used for necklaces, etc. 32. Ada aurantiaca. a shows the lip and column. ADENOCAL't^MNA {glandular covering; referring to leaves, etc.). Bignonidcece. Tender climbing shrub, closely allied to Bignonia. Grown in hothouses, requir- ing considerable moisture. Prop, by cuttings in frames. comdsum, DC. St. rough, punctate: lvs. opposite, tri- foliolate; petioles thickened at junction with the blades: racemes so densely clothed at first with large bracts as to suggest the aments of the hop-vine ; fls. 2 in. across, brilliant yellow, trumpet-shaped ; upper lip of 2, and lower lip of 3 rounded, waved lobes. Braz. B.M. 4210. ADENOCARPUS (from the glandular pod, which easily distinguishes it from allied genera). LeguminoH(w. Shrubs, rarely small trees, more or less pubescent: lvs. alternate, trifoliolate, small: fls. papilionaceous, yellow, in terminal racemes ; cal>'x 2-lipped : fr. a glandular pod, oblong or linear, compressed. About 14 species in S. Eu., Asia Minor, N. and W. Afr., Canary Isl. Low shrubs, rarely more than 3 ft., of spreading habit, with handsome fls. produced profusely in spring ; verj' attractive when in full bloom. They require a sunny position and well drained soil. They are especially a<lapted for temperate regions, but do not })ear transplanting well, and should be grown in pots until planted. They are also hand- some greenhouse shrubs, and grow best in a sandy com- post of peat and loam. Prop, by seeds and greenwood cuttings in spring; sometimes also by layers and grafting. frankenioldes, Choisy. (A. anagprus, Spreng. ). Branches pubescent : lvs. persistent, crowded ; leaflets linear-oblong, complicate: fls. crowded, in short racemes ; calyx glandular, the lateral segments of the lower lip longer than the middle one, exceeding the upper lip. Teneriffe. interm^dius, DC. Branches villous : lvs. deciduous, grouped ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : fls. in elongated racemes ; calyx glandular, middle segment of 24 ADENOCARPUS ADIANTUM the lower lip longrer than the lateral oneH, much exceed- ing the upper lip. Italy, Spain, Sicily. decdrticans, Boiss. {A. Poissieri, Webb). Shrub or small iH't', 15-1'.^ ft.: branches tomento.se : Ivs. crowded, persistent ; leaflets linear, pubescent : racemes short, compact : caljTC villous, sej^ments nearly equal. Spain. R.H. 188:? : 154). G.C. II. 2.", : 725. Gn. MO : 572. - Resem- bles English Gorse, but is thomless. Bark peels natu- rally. Thrives in poor, sandy soil. A.anaodms, Spreng.=A. frankenioides. — A.Boisiiiri, Webb "=A. tiecorticans. — .1. eomplicatus. Gay. (A. p;ir%'ifolius, DC.). Branches nearly glabrous : racemes elongate*! ; calyx glandu- lar. S. W. France, Hpain. B.M. 1.JH7, as ('j-ti.sus divaricatus. — A.commutatu*, Guss. (A. Telonensis, DC). Branches villous, pubescent : racemes loose : calyx villous. Spain, Orient. — A.di- raricatus, Boiss. =A. intennedius when held to include A. com- mutatuH and eomplicatus. — ^1 . folioldsus, DO. Branches and Ivs . crowded, ^^llous : racemes compact, many-flowered; calyx \-il- lous. Canary Isl. — A. grandiflorus, Boiss. Branches and Ivs. glabrous : racemes few-flowere<l ; caljTC pubescent. S. France, Spain. — A. Higpdniaia, DC. Branches velvety-pubescent : Ivs. tomentose l>eneath : racemes dense, many-flowered ; calyx glan- dular. Spain. — -I. parvifoUiig, DC.==A. eomplicatus. Gay. — A. Teloninsis, DC.=A. commutatus. — A. Telonensis, Nicholson= A. grandiflorus. Alfred Rehder. AD£N6PH0BA iglatid-bearing; referring to the cy- lindrical nectarj' which surrounds the ba.se of the style). Campanuldcece. A genus of hardy herbaceous peren- nials separated from Campanula only by minor charac- ters, as the trilocular ovary and cylindrical nectary. Fls. blue, nodding, on short pedicels, produced freely in midsummer in slender but stiff, erect panicles or loose racemes. For culture, see Campanula. Prop, by seeds or cuttings in spring. The plants do not take kindly to division or other disturbance of the roots. Many other species than those in the trade are worthy. commtinis, Fisch. (A. VUflbra, Schur. A.Flscheri, G. Don. A . UUifdlia . Ledeb. ) . Radical Ivs. petiolate. ovate- rotund, cordate, crenate-dentate ; cauline Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : fls. numerous, in a pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the calyx triangular ; style exserted. Lamirckii, Fisch. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser- rate, ciliate: fls. racemose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; style not exserted. PotaxL'.ni, Hort. Shrubby: spikes 2-3 ft. high: fls. 1% in. across, light blue. July-Aug. Int. 1899. J. B. Keller and W. M. ADEN6ST0MA {aden, gland, stoma, mouth ; calyx with 5 glands at the mouth). Moshceai. Shrubs, rarely small trees : lvs. linear, small : fls. white, about 1-5 in. broad, in terminal panicles; petals 5, stamens 10-15: fr. a small akene. Two species in Calif. Heath-like ever- green shrubs ; very handsome when in full bloom. They may be cult, in temperate regions in a sunny posi- tion and well drained soil. A. fasviculatum stands many degrees of frost. Prop, by seeds and greenwood cuttings in spring. fasciculitum. Hook. & Am. Shrub, 2-20 ft. : lvs. fas- ciculate, linear: panicles rather dense, 2-4 in. long: fls. nearly sessile. May-June. Ranges northward to Sierra Co. The characteristic shrub of the chaparral or chamisal regions of the coast ranges of Calif. Int. 1891. sparsifdlixun, Torr. Shrub or small tree, 6-12 ft., rarely 30 ft., resinous : lvs. alternate : panicles loose ; fls. pedicelled, larger, fragrant. S. and Lower Calif. Int. 1891. Alfred Rehder. AD£SHIA {not hound; referring to the free stamens). Jjegumifidsie. Tender shrubs from Chili. A. baladmica, Bertero. Lvs. 1-1^ in. long ; leaflets 10-16 in pairs : racemes 3-8 fld. ; fls. %m. across, golden yellow. B.M. ^21.— Has the odor of balsam. Not in Amer. trade. ADHATODA (native name). Acanthdcece. Tender shrubs, distinguished from Justicia by the less spurred anthers, and often by the habit and calyx. For culture, see Justicia. cydoniaefdlia, Nees. Lvs. opposite on short petioles, ovate; lower lip broadly obovate, purple Brazil. B.M. 4962. F.S. 12: 1222. R.H. 1873: 110.- Cult, in Calif. A Fd»ica, Nees. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white, streaked red. Ceylon. B.M. 861 &a Justicia Adhatoda. ADlkNTnU.{Greek,untretted). Polypodiiteefw. Maidex- hair Pern. A large genus of widely distributed ferns of tropical countries largely, with polished black or pur- plish stems, mostly smooth ror..ge to which water will not adhere, and marginal sori attached vmdemeath an inrolled portion of the segment, which thus forms a protecting in- dusium. The requirements of cultivation are plenty of space, good drainage, and a compost of peat, loam and sand. Of the one hundred or more species, Ave are na- tives, of which A vedatum is the best known. L. M. Underwood. The genus Adiantum furnishes us some of the most useful and popular species of commercial ferns. They are easy of cultivation. They need a slightly shaded position, mo<ierately moist atmosphere, and a temp, of 60-65° F. The soil should be composed of rich loam and leaf-mold in equal parts, and should be kept moderately moist. Some of the most useful ones for general pur- poses (givenundertheir trade names) are: A.enmulum, grows about 12-15 in. high, and has verj' graceful dark green fronds; A. helium, a dwarf, very compact species 6-8 in.; A. cuneatum, A. cuneatum var. grandicepx, with long, heavily-crested, drooping fronds ; A, cuneatum var. variegattim makes a neat specimen; A. concin- num, gracefully drooping dark green fronds 15 in. long, with overlapping pinnae ; A. conrinnum var. la- tum, of upright growth, is 24 in. high; A. decorum is very useful, 12-15 in., and has young fronds of a pleasing metallic tint; A. excisum var. multifidum ; A. formosum ; A. Fergusonii ; A. fragrantissimum ; A. pubescens ; A, tenerum and var. roseum ; A. Wie- gandi ; A. LeGrandi, ver\' dwarf; A. mundulum, a very neat, dwarf species ; A. rubellum, a dwarf spe- cies with mature fronds light green, young fronds of a deep ruby tint. The above may easily be grown from spores, if sown on a compost consisting of half each of finely screened, clean soil and leaf-mold or peat, and placed in a moderately moist and shady place in the greenhouse in a temp, of 60° F. To be grown most economically, they should be transplanted in clumps of 3 or 4 plants as soon as the first pinnae have appeared, and, as soon as strong enough, potted off, either in clumps or singly. Some very desirable species to grow into large, tall specimens are: A. ^Sthiopicum, A. Bnusei, A. Collisii, A. Fergusoni, A. formosum, A. Lathomii, A. Peru- vianum, A. princeps, A. rhomboideum, A. Sancton Catharin(r, A. trapeziforme, and A. WilUatnsii. The following are also recommended for special purposes: for fern-dishes, .1 . fulvnm; for cutting, A . gracillim urn . The following kinds are economically prop, by divi- sion, temp. 65° F. : ^. Farleyense, the different varieties of Capillus- Veneris , A. rhodophyllum, A. assimile, etc. Some kinds, as A. dolabriforme, A. caudatum and A. Fdgetcorthii, form small plants on the ends of fronds, which may be detached and potted separately, and if 33. Fruiting pinnules of Adiantum pedatum. kept in a close atmosphere will in a short time grow into choice little plants. Temp. 65-70° F. The last three kinds are adapted for hanging baskets. NicHOL N. Bruckner. The following species are in the American trade, the names in italics being synonj-ms : {A. rdseum is an unde- termined horticultural name, possibly referable to A. ADIANTUM ADIANTUM 25 rubellum): (rmtihtm, No. 28 : iEthiopieum, 24 ; affine, 9- amabile, 29 ; amttmil*', 24 ; JtaHHei, 19 ; bellum. 27: Capillus-Veneris, 26 ; oaudatnni, 2 ; Collisii, 22 ; con- cinnum. 2M ; cuneatmn, 2H ; curvatum, 1(5 ; ctfclo-sortim, 30 • decorum, 30 ; diaphanmu, 8 ; digitutuiu, 35 ; dolabri- 34. Adiantum Farleyense forme, 1; £ilgeu'orthii,2; el€gans,SO; emar- ginatum, 20 ; excisum, 25 ; Farleyense, 18 ; Fergusoni, 26 ; formosum, 11 ; fragrantissi- mum, 28 ; gracillimum, 34 ; hispiduiura, 17 ; intermedium, 10 ; Jordani, 20 ; Kaulfussii, 5 ; Lathomi, VJ ; LeGrandi, 34; lunulatum, 1; macrophyllum, 4; Mairisii, 26; monochlainys, 32; Moorei, 29; mtindulum, 28 ; Novje-Cale- donise, 14 ; Oweni, 30 ; palmntum, 35 ; peda- tum, 15 ; Peruviauura, 3; polyphyllum, 7; princeps, 19 ; pubescens, 17; pulveruientum, 12; rhodophyllum, 19; rhomboideum, 13 ; rubellum, 31 ; Sanctce Vatharince, 6 ; HiebrechtU, 30 ; speciosum, 35 ; tenerum, 19 ; trapezi- forme, 6 : variegatum, 28; venustum, 33; Versail- lenae, 28; Victorire, 19; villosum, 13; Wagneri, 30; Wiegandi, 30 ; Williamsii, 21. A. Fronds with a single row of small leaflets on either side, rooting at the aptx. 1. lunulatum, Burm. (.4. (7o7n6r»/'(5r»if, Hook.). Fronds 1 ft. long on blackish wiry polished stipes; lower leaflets nearly semicircular, all on hair-like stalks. India, Trop. Amer., Australia. 2. cauditum, Linn. {A. Edgeworthii,T{oo\i.). Fronds 6 in. to 1 ft, long on short brownish densely hairy stipes; leaflets deeply cut into several spreading narrow lobes. Old World. AA. Fronds with ttsualhf a single row of large leaflets on either side, not rooting at the apex. 3. Peruviinum, Klotzsch. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, on polished stipes, with obliquely ovate pointed leaflets, 2 in. long by 1 J^ in. wide, on slender stalks : sori 8-10 on either side of the leaflet, twice as long as wide. Peru. 4. macrophi^lltim, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. long, on rather stout polished stipes, with 4-6 pairs of wedge-shaped ses- sile leafletH lK-2 in. long by %-l in. wide ; induRi'um nearly continu(»us on either side of the leaflet. Trop. Amer. 5. Kaulfussii, Kunze. Fronds 6-8 in. high, on slender blai'k stalks; leaflets 5-11, 2 in. long, ^4-1 in. wide, with unequal base; indusia very long and narrow, forming an almost continuous marginal band on either side of the leaflets. Mex., W. lud. AAA. Fronds at least hipinnate, the segments dimidiate, i. e. with the Vf inlets all springing from thr linrrr side of the leaflet, whi'h is twice as lung as broad. B. Leaflets 1}4~2 in. long. 6. trapezif6rme, Linn. Fronds 18 in. ormorehisrh. with theterniinal leaflet longer than the lateral; leaflets trape- zoidal, with parallel sides, H-/4in. wide, lol>ed, and with numerous sori. A. Sdnrttp-Catharlncg is a form with deeper lobes. Trop. Amer. BB. Leaflets smaller, an inch or less long. c. Stalks polished, smooth. 7. polyphyllum, Willd. Fronds often tripinnate, with stout black stalks; pinu«p 6-8, long, with closely set leaf- lets which are %-l in. long, the upper margin curved, with 4-6 circular or oblong indusia. S. Amer. 8. diiphanum, Blume. Fronds simply pinnate or usu- ally with 1 or 2 pinnae at the base ; leaflets 3-2in. long, J4in. wide, with numerous sori placed in the sinuses of the inner and outer edges. Asia to X. Zeal. 9. afiine, Willd. Fronds bipinnate, with a central pinna and several lateral ones; leaflets not exceeding •^in. long, 34in. wide, the upper edge parallel with the lower, and creuate, bearing numerous rounded sori on the upper and outer margin. N. Zeal. cc. Stalks polishvd but somewhat tomentose. 10. intermedium, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, with a terminal pinna and 1-3 lateral ones on eju-h side; leaflets 1 in. or more long, with interrupted sori on the upper and two-thirds of the outer margins. Trop. Amer. CCC. Stalks rough or hairy. 11. formdsum, R. Br. Fronds 1-2 ft. long, two-thirds as broad, mostly tripinnate, with rough scabrous stalks and rather small deeply lobed leaflets J-.-^'-tin. long, with rounded and toothed outer margins. Austral. 12. pulyerul6ntum, Linn. Fronds often a foot long. with a large terminal pinna and several lateral ones, l)ipin- nate ; stalks purplish, hairy, as are also the rachises ; leaf- lets %-l in. long, ^4in. wide, closely placed, the outer edge rounded or truncate. W. Ind. 13. villd8um,lLinn. (^.r7io»j6o}(?fii»j, Swartz). Fronds large, with a terminal and several lateral pinnse 6-12 in. long, on stout villous-hairy stalks ; leaflets numerous, nearly 1 in. long %m. wide, trapezoidal, with the inner side parallel to the rachis ; indusia forming an almost continuous line along the upper and outer margins. W. Ind. and S. Amer. 14. Ndvse-Caleddniae, Keys. Fronds 6-8 in. long and ■wide, somewhat pentagonal, once pinnate with one or two secondary basal pinnae on the lower side at base; leaflets attached "to the rachises by a broad base, nearly 1 in. long, pointed, irregularly incised, bearing 1-4 rounded sori next to the base. New Caledonia. AAAA. Fronds forked, the two branches bearing pinnce from the upper side. B. Stalks j)olished, smooth. 15. ped&tum, Linn. Fig. 33. Common Maidenhair of our northern states, with circular fronds on purplish stalks 1 ft. or more high. — Sometimes transplanted into gardens, requiring a shady, moist and protected place. 16. curvatum, Kaulf . Fronds forked and with the main divisions once or twice forked; leaflets 1-1% in. long, nearly J^in. wide, the upper margin rounded and lobed. BB. Stalks scabrous (or rough). 17. hispidulum, Swartz {A. puhescens, Schk.). The two divisions branching like a fan, with the largest pinnae 6-9 in. long, made up of numerous leaflets T^in. or more long, two-thirds as broad, with numerous circular indusia on the upper and rounded outer margin. Old World. 26 ADIAXTUM ADIANTUM Fromls at lea^tt bipinnnte, often tripinnate or quadri pinnate, with numeroun rather »mall tan-nhaped or tredge-nhaped leaflet* K'ith vein$ radiating from the Itane. B. Leaflet* an inch or len» acronn. C. Edgett deeply cut into a series of narrow lobe*. 18. FarleyAnse, Moore. Fig. 34. Fronds often reach- ing 15-24 iu. in length, furmin^ a rich profusion of closely overlappinjif pin- n», light green; leaflets more or less wedge- shaped at base, with cur- ved sides and the ou.er margin rounded and deeply cut into 10-15 narrow lol>es, which rare- Iv bear sori. Barbadoes. LH. 19: 92. -Said to be a garden variety of A. te- nentm, but apparently a good species. cc. Edges not lacin- lately cut. 19. Unenun, Swartz. Fronds deltoid, 12-15 in. long, two-thirds as wide, the terminal leaflets equally, the lateral un- equally wedge-shaped at base, all of them rhombic and deciduous when dry, with 10 or less small sori on the outer and inner margins. A. Lathomi,A. Victdrice, A. rhodophyl- lum, A. prince ps, and ^4 . Bausei are horticultural forms. Fla. and Trop. Amer. 20. J6rdani, C. Muell. (A. emarginCttum, D. C. Eaton, not Hook.). Fronds 1 ft. or more long, G in. wide, mostly twice pinnate, with nearly semicircular leaflets ; sori elongate, the indusium almost continuous around the margin of the leaflet. Calif, and Oreg. 21. Wllliamsii, Moore. Fronds triangular, nearly 1 ft. high ; leaflets nearly semicircular, 3-4-lobed on the outer margin, bearing 5-^ sori covered with oblong indusia. Peru. — Similar in habit to the last, but smaller and with more numerous sori. BB. Leaflets mostly less than a half inch across. C. Fronds at least quadripinnaie, broader than long. 22. C611isii, Moore. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, very broad, the black rachises apparently repeatedly forking; leaflets rhombic-ovate or cuneate, those towards the outer portions longer and larger than those nearer the base.— Of garden origin, possibly a hybrid. CC. Fronds mostly triangular or oblong, longer than broad. D. Shape of leaflets rhombic, the indu- ia kidney -.shaped or nearly circular. 23. concinnmn, HBK. Fig. 35. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 12-18 in. long. G-9 in. wide, on rather stout black stalks; leaflets rhombic-oblong, slightly lobed; sori 4-8 on each leaflet, usually set close together. Mex. to Braz. DD. Shape of leaflets roundish tcith obtuse base, small or medium size. 24. JEtMdpicTim, Linn. (.4. «s«j'»mj7<', Swartz). Fronds 1 ft. or more long on slen<ler stalks, 2-3 pinnate, rather narrow; leaflets roundish or obscurely 3-lobed, the mar- gin finely serrulate; sori 2-3 to a leal.et, with oblong or kidney-shaped indusia. Afr. and Austral. 25. excistun, Kunze. Fronds 2-3-pinnate. r>-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide; leaflets about J^in. wide, roundish, with the margin cut into small rounded lobes ; sori large, 2-4 to each leaflet, kidney-shaped or circular. Chile. 35. Pinna of Adiantum concinnum. Natural size. DDD. Shape of leaflets distinctly cuneate at the base. K. Indusia oblong or indistinctly lunate. 26. CaplUuB -Veneris, Linn. {A. Fergusoni, A. Mai- riaii, MiM>re) . Fig. 3t», Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 6-20 in. long, 3-8 in. wide; leaflets nearly %m. wide, more or less ir- regularly lobe<l at the outer margin ; sori 1-3 to each leaflet, with oblong or more or less elongate narrow indusia. Native southward, and widely distribute<I throughout the Old World.— Exists in many varieties, some of them deeply lobed, like A. Farleyense ; a com- pact imbricated form is ver>' effective. 27. bdllnin, Moore. Small, .3-8 in. high, bipinnate ; leaf- lets with the outer margin erose and often divided into 2-:{ shallow lobes ; sori 2-3 to each leaflet, rather long and broad or somewhat lunate. Bermuda. EE. Indusia nearly circular, with a narrow sinus. 28. cime&ttun, Langs. & Fisch. (A. i^mulum, A. mtin- dulutn, Moore. A. VersailUnse, A. fragrantissimum, Hort. ) . Fronds 3-4-pinnate, deltoid, 6-15 in. long, 5-9 in. wide ; leaflets numerous, obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped at base, the margin rounded and more or less crenately lobed ; sori .3-5 to each segment, with rather small rounded indusia. Braz. — Runs into many forms, of which A . va- riegiitum is one. 29. Modrei, Baker {A. amdbile, Moore, not Liebm.). Fronds 2-3-pinnate on long slender stalks, 6-15 in. long; leaflets li-^in. long, rhomboidal, with wedge-like base, deeply lobed ; sori of medium size, 4-6 to each leaflet. Peru. 30. W4gneri, Mett. (^4. dh-omm, A.Wi^gandi, A. He- gans, A. Oweni, A.cyvlosd-rum, Moore). Fronds 2-3-pin- nate, 6-9 in. long, 4-6 in. wide; lateral leaflets rhomboid, the terminal cuneate, slightly lobed or incised ; sori 4-6 to each leaflet, with very large membranous circular in- dusia. Peru. — J.. Siebrechtii, Hort., "supposed to be a cross between A. decorum and A. Williamsii," has strong, graceful fronds thickly set with round pinnules of firm texture. 31. rub^Uum, Moore. Fronds 4-6 in. long, deltoid, bi- pinnate ; texture membranous, bright green, reddish when young ; leaflets >^in. wide, deltoid or the lower rhomboid, the outer margin deeply lobed and the lobes finely toothed ; sori round at the apices of the lobes. Bolivia. n W: i r *5 s 36. Pinna of Adiantum CapillusVeneris. Natural sizt . ADIANTT^l £CHMEA tl ^ 32. monochlAmyi, D. C. Eaton. Fronds ovate-deltoid, 6-12 in. lonjf, tripinnate ; leartets '410. wide, cuneate at the"baHe, the upper ed^e rounded, nliKlitly ttMithed, with a single Horun or rarely two in a decided hollow at the upper edi^e. Jap. Xi. venufltum, Don. Fronds ovate-deltoid, tri-quadri- pinnate, (»-12 in. lon^ ; leaflets '•uneate at the base, )^in, wide, with the upper edjfe irrejrularly rounded or with 3 indistin«'t l<>l>es. flnely toothed, bearing 1-3 sori iu dis- tinct hollows. Ind. BBB. Lenflt'ts minute, innumerable; fronds 4-€-pinnnte. 'M. grracillimum, Hort. Fronds 1 ft. or more long", nearly as wide, 4-6-pinnate, w^ innunienible ver\- small leaflets, which are Yt-y^'m. wi<le and usually bear a single t»orus or rarely two. — Dense, compact forms are in cult, under the name of A. LeGrdndi. AAAAAA. St. climbing, several ft. long,3-4-pinnate. 3,"). difiriti^ti^^t Presl. (A. specibsum. Hook, A. pal- wdtiim, Mf>oret. Fronds 2-3 ft. long on a stalk IH in. or more long, with palmately lobed leaflets 1 in. or more vide. S. Amer. L. M. Underwood. ADLUM, JOHN. Plate II. Grape experimenter, and author of "Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine," 1823 and lb28, the first separately published American grape book. Bom in York, Pa., Apr. 29, 1759. Died at George- town, D. C, Mar. 1, 18;W. He was a soldier in the Revo- lution, major in the provisional army in the administra- tion of the elder Adams, and later a brigadier-general in t4ie militia of Pennsylvania. He was also a .surveyor and civil engmeer. He also held an associate judgeship in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, having been ap- pointed by Gov. Mifflin. He was a friend of Priestly, and endeavored to apply the scientific knowledge of his time to agriculture. He early became interested iu the ame- lioration of the native grapes, and established an experi- mental vineyard in the District of Columbia. He en- deavored, but without success, to secure the use of cer- tain public land in Washington for the purpose of "cul- tivating an experimental farm." He brought the Ca- tawba grape to public notice. He was a pioneer in the awakening industrial activity of our new countrj*. The botanist, Rafinesque, commemorated his name in the pretty genus Adlumia ; but otherwise he has remained practically unknown until very recently. For further information, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native Fruits." L. H. B. ADL0MIA (from John Adlum). Fumarihcece. Ahardy biennial vine, which climbs overhigh bushes in our moist woods. Sow seed in spring in a damp, cool place. Trans- plant in fall, if possible, if transplanted at all. It flowers the first season. cirrhdsa,Raf. CLiMBi>fa Fcmitory. Mountain' Fringe. Allegheny Vine. Figs. 37, 38. Climbs by the slender young leaf-stalks. Lvs. thrice pinnate ; leaflets cut- lobed, delicate : fls. white or purplish, in ample panicles. G.W.F. 13. ADONIS (a favorite of Venus, after his death changed into a ri<»wer). Ifaniincuhlcece. Hardy annual and per- ennial herbs with showy flowers. Six well known species, natives of temperate regions of Eu. and Asia. Fls. solitary, terminal ; petals 5-16, yellow or red ; car- pels many: st. about 1 foot high, very leafy: lvs. alter- nate, cut into very narrow divisions: fr. an akene. Cul- ture easy in any good soil, light, moist earth preferred. They thrive in full sun or partial sha-le; the perennial species well suited for rockwork, borders, etc. Annuals prop, by the seeds, which are slow-genuinating, sown in autumn or earliest spring ; perennials by seeds or root divisions. A. Annuals : fls. crimson or scarlet. B. St. simple except at top: center of fl. yellow. aestivitlis, Linn. Pheasant's Eye. Stems erect, often branched at top : fls. crimson ; petals flat, obtuse, half longer than cah-x. June. Var, citrlna, Hoflfm., is a garden variety with citron-yellow fls. BB. St, branched: center of fl. dark. auttunnilis, Linn. Flos Adonis. Fig. 39. St. branched : fls. small, crimson, with dark center, globose ; petals 6-8, concave, slightly larger than calyx. May-Joly Gu. 12, p. 131. — Sparingly naturalized. AA . Pe re n n in Is : fh. yello w . B. St. not branched. ▼em&lis, Linn. {A. Apennlna, Jacq. A. Davxirica, Reichb. ). Spring Adonis. St. simple: lower lvs. scale- 38. Flo^ver of Adlumia. Natural size. like, others Tdth lobes numerous, entire: fls. large; petals 10-15, lan- ceo ate , slightly toothed; sepals smooth. Earlv spring. Gn. 5, p. 519; 39:797. A.dist&rta, Tenore, from Italy ; a form with later fls. Apennlna, Linn. (A. rernnlis, var. Sibirica, DC. A. Sibirica,^a.t' T\n.). This species is much like A. vemalis f fls. larger : lower lvs. sheath-like. Apr. Si- beria. BB. ,S7. branched. Pyreniica, DC. St. branched: petals 8-10, obtuse, smaller than in A. I'ernalis: lower lvs. with long branched pe- tioles; upper ones ses- sile.the numerous lobes always entire. July.Gn- 39.p.'209. A.Ircut'idnaf DC, a form with some radical leaves ; lobes dentate. Vol§:6nsi8, Stev. {A. Wolytnsis, Hort.). Much like A. vertMlis, but st. branched: lvs. scale-liko at base, petioled or sessile above : fls. like^. Pyrenaica, but sepals pubescent on under side. Apr. Volga region. A. Amurensis, Kegel & Radde, a beautiful species, with broad yellow fis. : not much cult, iu An^er. : has many Japanese varie- ties. B.M.7490. U.M.40: 169. Gn.o'J: lV2o.—A.mi^:rocdrpa, DO. .is a pale-flowered variation of A. sestivalis. — A.parviflbra, Fisch. Allied to A. aestivalis. xr n t\ 2!CHH£!A (from aichme, point; referring to the rigid points ou the calyx), liromelidcece. The A^chmeas are closely allied to the Billbergias, from which they are dis- tinguished by smaller flowers, which are little exserted. from the calyx and not widely expanding, short filaments and small anthers, sharp-pointed sepals and conspicuous sharp-pointed flower-bracts. They are epiphytic herbs, of about 60 species, natives of Trop. S. Amer. Flower- cluster arising from a cluster or rosette of long, hard leaves, which are usually serrate ; petals 3, tongue- shaped, obtuse or pointed, 2-3 times the length of the spine-pointed cal>-x-lobes ; stamens 6, shorter than the Adlumia cirrhosa. 28 NOUMEA petals : ovary inferior, 3-celled. The flowers are sub- tended by (in the axils of ) flower-bracts; the entire head or flower-cluster is often reinforced or subtended by conspicuous leaf -bracts; in the compound-inflorescence types, the individual branches are usually subtended by branch-bracts. In some species, as A. lAtlindei and A. Marice-Kfiiimf , the large colored leaf-bracts are the most conspicuous part of the plant. In others, as yl. Veitchii, the entire head is the showy part. Monograph 39. Adonis autumnalis. by Baker, Joum. Bot. 1879: 129, IGl, 226. Includes Ca- nisfrum, J^chinostachys, Hohenbergia, Hoplophytum, Zrtimproeocctts, Pironneava, Pothiiava; and some of the species have been referred to BiUbergiUy Cryptan- thiis, Gnzmannia, Tillandsia, Chevaliera, etc. For cul- ture, cee Billbergia. A. FL^. S-ranked on the branchlets. distichantlia, Lemaire. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with a di- lated base 4-5 in. long and half as wide, the blade rigid and channelled, edges prickly: scape 1-1)4 ft.: fls. in a bipinnate panicle 4-7 in. long and half as wide, the petals tongue-shaped and red-purple, longer than the obtuse-cuspidate sepals: fl. -bract pocket-like, 3^ in. long. Braz. B.M. 5447. AA. Fls. multifarious, — in several or many rows on the spi^'e or branchlets. B. Inflorescence simple, c. Ovary compressed or flattened. Lalindei, Lind. & Rod. Large (3-4 ft.), with long and broad spine-edged lvs. : spike very dense, greenish white, from the color of the aggregated calices, the fls. subtended by many deflesed, showy red, long-pointed, entire bract-lvs.: corolla not exserted. New Granada. I.F. 30: 481. -Striking. Mariae-BeglnaB, "Wendl. Smaller than the last in all its parts : petals blue-tipped when young, fading to crimson like the bracts, half as long again as the mealy cuspidate .sepals ; fl. -bracts entire, small, not showy : bract-lvs. toothed. Costa Rica. B.M. 0441. — One of the best species. Veitchii, Baker. Lvs. spotted, serrate : i>etals pale, a little longer than the sepals : fl. -bracts conspicuous, toothed, scarlet: bract-lvs. greenish, erect, serrate, not encompassing the inflorescence. S. Amer. B.M. 6329.— Referred to Ananas by Bentham & Hooker. cc. Ovary terete {cylindrical), ""' D. Head oblong. " ' Lfndeni, Koch (Hoplophytum Undent, Morr.). Lvs. dilated and entire at base, the blade minutely toothed and 2-3 ft. long, the' tip broad-ro«nded and »hort-cuspi- da*e petals lemon-yellow, twice as long as sepals. Braz. B.M. 6565. -fflCHMEA DD. Head globose. cali 'i&ta, Baker ( Hoplophytum calycnlAtum, Morr.). Lvs. about 1 ft. lontr, with an oblong, dilated base, the blade minutely toothed and rounded at the tip, but terminated with a minute cusp: scape shorter than the lvs., with several deciduous lanceolate bract-lvs.: petals tongue- shaped, not half an inch long, bright yellow: fl. -bracts small, entire, reddish, S. Amer. fasciilta, Baker (Billbergia fascidta, Lindl. B. rho- docyuneu, Lemaire). Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, with an ol)l(mg entire clasping base, the blade strongly toothed and the back marbled with whitish cross-lines, the tip rounded and mucronate : scape 1 ft. h'gh, floccose, the several bract-lvs. pale red and erect ; petals ^in. long, pink. Braz. B.M. 4883. B.R. 1130. F.S. 3: 207. -Inflorescence sometimes forked. BB. Inflorescence branched (or compound). c. Calyx and ovary not longer than the fl.-bracf. glomerata, Hook. Lvs. strongly toothed, \%-l ft. long: fls. in dense, rounded spikes disposed in a narrow panicle 1 ft. long ; petals blue or violet, longer than the calyx : fl. -bracts long, pointed, scarlet (in one variety whitish). Braz. B.M. 5668. cc. Calyx prominently longer than the fl.-hracf. D. Panicle large, 3-pinnate; petals bright red. gpectdbilis, Brongn. Lvs. 2-2}.^' ft. long, minutely serrate : fl. -bracts very small ; petals twice as long as sepals, Guatemala. R.H. 1875: 310. DD. Panicle 1- or S-pinnate ; petals blue or violet. E. Fls. pedicellate. cserol^scens, Hort. Lvs. 134-2 ft. long, with small prickles: panicle 4-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, with lax few- fld. crowded branches; petals bluish red, 3^in. long: fl.- bracts none or minute. S. Amer. Gt. 1871:694. — Pro- duces white berries. EE. Fls. sessile. coelSstis, Baker. Lvs. much as in the last : panicle deltoid, 3-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, floccose, the lower branches subtended by red branch-bracts 1 in. Jong ; petals nearly half an inch long, blue. S. Amer. folgens, Brongn. (^ii7. discolor, Hort. ) . Lvs. broad, with small distant teeth, with a broa<l cuspidate end : panicle large, simple above, branched below, glabrous, bearing numerous fls, ; petals blue-tipped, exceeding the rich red calvx; fl. -bracts minute or none: branch-bracts yel- lowish." S. Amer. B.M. 4293. Weilbachii, F. Didr. Lvs. rather short, overtopped by the red-stemmed and red-bracted scape : panicle narrow, 1-pinnate, the fls. rather crowded, blue and red. S.Amer. R.H. 1871:170. Var. Leodi^nsis, Andr^. Lvs. violet and spotted : fls. shorter. Braz. ^.augiista, 'Baker. Allied to ^E.Mariae-ReginiB. Plant large: fls. braall, rose; petals short -protruded; panicle 1 ft..high, del- toid. Braz. R.H. 1881, p. 437 (as Hohonbergia femiginea).— J?. a«ra/irtac«, Baker. PI. vigorous : lvs. expanded in the middle : fls. yellow, 2 in. long. S. Amer. B.H. 1873:15 (as Canistnini au- rantiftOum).—.^.iidri^«, Baker. Fls.2-ranked; corolla pale yel- low. Honduras.— ^£. lirasiUen*is, Regel. Lvs. much dilated at base, whitish l)elow, black-tootlied: petals light blue, calyx and ra<'hisred: panicle hran<'hed. Braz. (jit.l88o:1202.— -.i-'-fcroweiwe- /6/iVi, Baker. Dense spike : lvs. whitish below, 3-4 ft. long, ser- rate or spines<*ent: fls. light yellow. S. Amer,-~^E.Cornui, Carr. =^E. niKlicanlis.— ^./>railp«na,Ai\dre. Lvs.whitish, finely den- tate : spike simple and lax ; lis. long-tubular, light blue ; bracts and ovaries cond-red : berries rose, becoming 1>1ue. .S. Amer. R.H. 1888, p. 401.— J?, exsudans, Morr. Lvs. whitish l)elow : spike globular and dense, nunnlaginous ; petals yellow. Braz. L.B.C. 9:801. B.H. ISlS-.'SOli.—Ai:. Fiirstenbergii, Morr.=Strepto- oalyx Fiirstenbergii.- ^\ fernigUiea, €arr.=^lil. aiigusta.— ^. Hustrix, Morr. Lvs. lepidote, whitish, crowJetl : spike oblong, dense ; fls. purple, tomentose. Guaiana.— ..'?. macracaiitha, Brongn. =^E. Schie<leana.— JE. Melindnii, Hw>k. Punicle ."pin- nate, dense ; petals bright red : lvs. spiny, 1^4-2 ft. (luaiana. B.M. '^'£io.—^E. Mexicdna, Baker. Lvs. long and large, flno- toothed : panicle 3-pinnate, long and lax, the ixHliincles mealy; petals crimson. Mex.— ^\ minidta, Hort.= Billl)ergia thyr- soidea? — ^\ ntpriophylla, Morr. Allied to .^. distiehantha. Lvs. narrow, 2-3 ft., spiny, silvery-soaly on the back : fls. red. ♦ ,e petals fading blue. Trop. Amer. B.yi. Q9'.tQ.—Ji. nndicaulit, Griseb. Lvs. long and straight, brown-toothed : bract-lva. sub- tending: spike large, brilliant red; petals yellow. Tr«)p. Amer. R.H. 188.5::{6 (as JE. Comiii, which is a form with shorter and denser spike).— .f£,panicu/it/era, Griseb. Lvs. large and long: ^CHMEA AE RIDES 29 nanicle 1-2 ft. long, with few-flowered branches : scape tall, rwldish dowuy : fls. purple. Trop. Amer. — ^\ Schiedeana, SfhltM'h't. (.E.macriM'anthii, Brongn.). Lvs. large, rigid, strongly armed • pauicle 3-pinnate, puljescent ; lis. pale yellow. Xlex. Gt. im-.l'o.—^.zebrliM is Billbergia zebrina. ^ jj g iEGLE (from ^Egle, one of the Hesperides). BttOceo', tribe AHraHtie(r. Small, strongly spinose trees, with al- ternate, trifoliolate leaves. Distinguished from the nearly related genus Citrus ( f particularly C. frifoUata) by the hard, gourd-like rind of its fruit and its viscous, woolly seeds. Mannelos, Correa. ELErnvN'T Apple. Maredoo. Ben- gal (^i INCE. Bhel Fbcit. Small tree: fr. large. 2-4 in. in diam.. round or pear-shaped. Trop. Asia. — Cult, in S. Fla. and Calif., and in hothouses. The wood is valued for its strength, and the sweet, aromatic pulp is used medicinally in India for diarrhoea and dysentery, and also as a lemonade and conser%'e. j^ j Webber. iSGOFODIUM {air, goat, and podion, a little foot; piobably from the shape of the leaflets). Umhrllifero'. GoiTWEE ». Coarse, hsirdy herbaceous perennial, with creeping rootstocks, biternate lvs., sharply toothed, ovate leaflets, and white tts. in umbels. Podograria, Linn., var. variegitmn, is a variegated form of this European weed, which makes attnu!tive mats of white-margined foliage. Common in yards. AERANTHUS. Consult Amjrircum. AERiDES(Greek,air-j9/aHt).Orc7i»rf(ic<'«',tribe fdnderp. Epiphytes: stems erect, roundish : lvs. distichous, strap- p^'uped and spreading, coriaceous, de*' jjy channeled at the base, obtuse: peduncles from the axils of the lvs.; fls. in loose or dense racemes; petals narrower thm the sepals. A genus of remarkably beautiful plants, which develop well under cultivation. Species contined to the tropics of the Old World. The genus Aerides, though not in general cultivation, has many sterling qualities to recommend it. Some of the species produce dense racemes of great beauty, which emit a pleasing fra- grance, and for decorative purposes have few if any rivals in the Or>-hid family. The genus offers no excep- tional difficulties to the horticulturist, q vkes Ames. All the species of Aerides are of easy culture in the warmest greenhouse— one that has a minimum tempera- ture of 6.")° F. in winter being best. They should be kept constantly moist, well shaded, and warm, with fresh live sphagnum round the roots at the base of the stems. A. odoratum is perhaps the best known. Other favorites are A. Lnwrencice and A. Fieldingii ; the latter often has racemes 18 inches or more long, of a beautiful rose <^«1"'"- Cult, by E. O. Orpet. Following are in the American trade: A.iiffine,'So. 11; Amesianum, 9 ; Augustianum, 8 ; Ballantineanum, 4 ; Bermanicum, 1 ; crassifolium. 15 ; crispum, 14 ; cylin- drirum, 18; Dayi num, 2 ; EUisii, 2; expaunum, 10; fal- catuni, 10; Fieldingii, 13; Godefroyunum, 11 ; HouUeti- aninti, 10; Japonicum, IG; LarperiUe, 10; Lawrencia?, 9; Leeanum, G; Leonan, 10; Lindleyanum, 14 ; Lobbii, 11 ; nijvculosum, 12: niajus, 1 : niaximum=?; mitratiim, 19; multiflorum, 11; odoratum, 1; pallidum = I; purpu- rascens, 1 ; quiiiquevulnerum, .5; radicosum, 17; Beichen- bachii, 4 ; Ktebelenii, ^ ; Kohanianum, 4 ; ro.'H'iim, 11 ; Sanderianum, 9 ; Savageanum, U ; suavissimum, 4 ; Thibautianum, 7; vandarum, 18; virens,2; Wameri, 14. A. Odoratum section : middle lobe of labellum narroic -oblong. 1. odorittum, Lour. Lva. 6-8 in. long, l-l">^in. wide, unequal at apices, d' ep green: peduncles not branched, pendulous ; rts. numerous, crowded ; racemes cylin- drical, as long as or longer than the lvs.; lateral sepals ovate; petals obovate-lanceolate, white, with a carmine apical spot ; labellum trilobed, mi<llobe magenta, side lobes white, dotted with magenta; spur recurved, green- ish or white. Cochin China. B.M.4i;?9. (in. 49, p. 158. Gt. 8:273. B.R. 18:1485. Var. Benndnicum, Reichb. f. Fls. sraallei' than in the type, the apices of the petals with mauve lines and dashes instead of blotches. Var. purpurascenB, Hort. Produces large racemes, sepals and petals tipped with pale amethyst. Var. m&JTis, Hort. Fls. larger ; racemes longer. 2. vlrens, Lindl. Peduncles 12-15 in long, 15-20 fld.; spur dotted with magenta; petals and sepals tipped with magenta. Java. P.M. 14:197. B.R. bO: 41. — This species is very similar to A. odoratnm, of which it is considered by some to be a geographical form. Var. Ellisii, Hort. (A. Ellisii, Hort.). Sepals and petals white, suffused with rose, tipped with amethyst-purple. Var. Day^num, Hort. Racemes very long ; tis. bright, large. 3. Savage&ntim, Hort. Sepals white at base, dotted with purple, otherwise crimson-purple; petals similar, narrotver ; labellum crimson-purple, with a greenish, straight spur ; midlobe denticulate on the margin. 4. BuavissimTUn, Lindl. (A. JHeichenbachii, Linden. A. JioiHiniauKm, Reichb. f. ). Plant robust, niore lax in habit than type: tls. 20-30, 114 in. across; petals and se- pals white, suffused with carmine at apices ; labellum trilobed, yellowish dotted and suffused with carmine ; apex of spur white. Straits of Malacca. Var. Ballan- tineanum. Racemes shorter; blooms earlier; sepals and petals tipped with amethyst-purple. 5. guinquevulnerum, Lindl. Racemes 1 ft. long ; fls. crowded; d<jrs<il sepal an<i petals equal, lateral sepals orbicular, all tipped with magenta; midlobe of labellum magenta. P.M. 8:241. Var. Roebelenii (A. Eoebelenii, Reichb. f. ). Sepals and petals shading to green at bases, petals denticulate ; lobes of the labellum lacer- ated, midlobe rose-colored. Manila. 6. Leeinum, Reichb. f . Peduncles much longer than the lvs.: pedicels rose-color ; sepals rose-purjtle, white at base ; petals similarly colored; labellum small ; mid- lobe deep purple ; spur green tipped. India. 7. Thibautiinum, Reichb. f. Racemes pendulous, longer than the lvs.; sepals and petals rose-color; la- bellum amethyst-purple ; midlobe narrow, acute. Ma- laya. 8. Augustianum, Rolfe Petals and sepals shaded with rose ; spur long, straight. Philinpine Isls. G.C. III. 7: 233. 9. LiLwrenciae, Reichb. {A. LaivrenciUnum, Hort.). Largest species of the section. Fls. 20-30, \%-2 in. in diam.; sepals and petals flushed with amethyst-purple at the apices ; labellum yellowish ; midlobe amethyst- purple. Philippine Isls. Gn. 35: 702. Var. Amesi&num, 40. Aerides. a. A. LawrencifB ; b. flower of miiltiflonim section; c. flower of odoratum section. Kranzl. More robust: fls. more intense in color. Var. Sanderi&num, Hort. Lvs. narrow : fls. yellowish, with amethyst on face of spur, otherwise like the species. AA. Falcatum section : lateral lobes of labellum falcate. 10. falc&tum, Lindl. & Pax. (A. Larphitrr, Hort. A. erpdnsum, Reichb. f.). Lvs. loosely arranged, 0-8 in. long, IVain, broad : fls. loosely arranged on racemes 1ft. 30 AERIDES long, 134 in. in diam.; sepals and petals white, tipped with amethyst; side lobes of labellum falcate, pale ame- thyst ; front lobe convex, denticulate, keeled above, amethyst in center, margined with white and barred with rose; spur short. Upper Burmah. Var. Houlleti^- num {A.Uoulletidnum, Reichb. f.). Fls. large, IJ^in. in diam.; petals and sepals pale buff, magenta apical blotch ; labellum creamy white; side lobes penciled with maerenta. front lobe keeled. Cochin China. R.B. 21 : 205. R.H. 1891:.T24. Var. Lednaei (A. Leb>mi, Reichb. f.). Side lobes blunt and retuse. AAA. MnUiflnrum section: apical lobe of labellum hastate, B. Peduncles not ascending. 11. multilldrum, Roxb. {A.afrine, Wall. A. rdseum, Lodd.). Plant compact, dwarf : Ivs. stout, leathery, 6-10 in. long, dotted with brown ( ? ) : scapes 15-20 in. long, often branching : fls. small and crowded ; petals and dorsal sepals ovato, equal in leijgth, rose-colored shading to white at the base, dotted and spotted with crimson, inferior sepals pale, less spotted ; labellum cordate-rhomboid at right angles, with other segments scarcely trilobed, deep rose ; spur compressed, very short. 'India. B.M. 4049. Gt. 8:2C7. Var. L6bbi (.1. Ldbbii, Hort.). Lvs. crowded: peduncles more branch- ing : fls. more intensely colored ; very distinct. I. H. 15:559. Var. Godefroyanum, Hort. (.1. Godefroydnum, Reichb. f. ). Fls. laiger than in type and more brilliant in color. R.B. 17: 1C9. Tliis is the most widely distributed of the East Indian species, if we except A . odorattim, 12. maculdstun, Lindl. Plant compact : lvs. dark spotted : racemes pendent, sometimes branching ; se- pals ard petals pale rose, dotted with purple; anterior lobe rose-purrjle, white at base. India. 1j. Fi61dini?ii, Lodd. Fox-brush Orchid. Tall: lvs. glossy, 7-10 i?K long : peduncles pendulous, branched ne.tr the base, 18-24 in. long : fls. crowded, petals and sepiils wlfite, suffused and dotted with rose ; labellum scarcely trilobed, white sufl ised with rose. Sikkim, Assam. 14. crlspum, Lindl. St. brownish : lvs. rigid, 5-8 in. 'ong : peduncle often branchv^d, pendulous ; fls. not dense, large; petals and sepals white, flushed with rose- crimson, deeper colored on dorsal surfaces; lip trilobed, siae lobes small, midlobe rose-«niv^thvst. S. Ind. B.M. 4427. F.S. 5:438. Gn. 4, p. 85. B.R. 28:55. Var. Lind- leyantun, Hort. Larger: fls. paler, racemes branching. Var. W&meri, Hort. Dwarf: fls. smaller and paler than in type. 15. crassifdlium, Par. & Reichb. f . Compact in growth : lvs. (5-10 in. long : fls. l^ain. in diam. j petals and sepals bright rose -magenta, shading off towards bases; label- lum trilobed, side lobes subfalcate, rose-magenta, front lobe ovate, deeper colored. Burma. 16. Jap6nicum, Reichb, f. Smallest species of the ge- nus in cult. : lvs. 3-4 in. long, linear oblong : fls. few : peduncles loosely racemose; sepals and smaller petals greenish white, lateral sepals barred with araethyst- purpie ; labellum creuate, ridged, dark violet, with 2 erect lobules. Japan. B.M. 5798. — This interesting spe- cies marks the N. limit of the genus Aerides. Requires cooler treatment than the other species. BB. Peduncles ascending. 17. radicdsum, Reichb, Lvs. 8 in. long, 1 in. wide : peduncles ascending, 8-10 in. long, sometimes branching near the base : fls. ^^in. across, purplish ; sepals and pt.rals pale rose, verging on crimson; column winged. India. AAAA. Vandanim section : lip various : lvs. terete. 18. vanddrum, Reichb. t. (vl. ri/?£Mfirj>um, Hook.). St. slender: lvs. 4-4) in. long, channeled above, clasping at bases, alternate: peduncles 2-3 fld.: fls. \%-2 in. in dia.n.; segments undulate; sepals white, lanceolate; pet. \ white, irregularly obovate; lip trilobed, nearly di- videti in front, dentate, sides erect. Sikkim Himalava, 4,000-5,000 ft. B.M. 4982. J.H. III. .^4: 417.~Much like Vanda teres in foliage. Subtropical species. 19. mitriltain, Reichb. f. Lvs. semi-terete : racemes manv-rtd.; sepals and petals white ; labellum rose-pur- pie. Burma. B.M, 5728. Oakes Ames. ^SCHYNANTHUS MRYK (name of no signification). Amaranthcece. Tender herbs or shrubs, allied to Achyranthes. Lanate plants of Trop. Asia and Afr., with perfect or imperfect fls., the perianth segments short and hyaline: stamens 5 or 4, sterile filaments intervening : fls. very small, usually in clusters, white or rusty. 8anguinol6nta, Blume (.1. sanguinea, Hort.). Lvs. lVa-2J2in. long, opposite or alternate, ovate, acuminate, soft, pubescent, pale beneath. Java.— Cult, for its dark red leaves. JESCHTNANTHUS {aischnno, ashamed, ugly, and anthos, flower; probably referring to the wide-mouthed gaping of the tls.). Gesnerdre(e. About 40 species of tropical Asian twining or rambling parasitic small shrubs, bearing very showy, more or less fieshy tubular fls., and cult, in warm houses (stoves) : lvs. opposite or verticillate, thick, or even fleshy: perfect stamens 4, ascending under the upper p^rt of the imperfectly 2- lobed corolla ; stigma entire : capsule 2-valved. Nearly all the species of this exceedingly interesting genus are from the hot, tropical forests of Java and Borneo, where they grow in company with orchids and other plants on the trunks of trees. The fls., which are produced in the axils of the lvs. and at the ends of the shoots, last a long time in perfection. Being epiphytal under natural conditions, they should be put in a root- ing medium which will require renewal not oftener than once in two years. They must have perfect drainage, as they suffer from stagnant moisture, but during the period of growth they must have copious supplies of water. Prop, by seeds, cuttings, and division. Cut- tings are the most satisfactorj' in building up a flower- ing plant from the beginning. Seeds are slow, and di- vided pieces, unless th^ir TO">ts «rp in a g:ood condition previous to the operation, do not make as good plants as cuttings. Cuttings should be taken early in the spring, and kept close until they are rooted and established in small pots. During the first year they should not be allowed to bloom, but encouraged to make growth by pinching out the ends of the shoots and shifting into larger pot-s as they require it. Most of the kinds look their best when grown as basket plants suspended from the roof of the stove. Wire baskets are best. In pre- paring them, first put in a lining of moss, next a goodly quantity of rough cinders, and the rooting material may consist of chopped fibrous peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and small pieces - ' pots or bricks, with a little coarse- grained sand or a basket 12 ki. across, several small plants out of ii-iuch pots may be used, and in a hot, hu- mid atmosphere the growth is encouraged until the sides of the receptacle are covered. During winter they should be rested by withholding water to a cer- tain extent, and decreasing the temperature consider- ably. A good method of growing the scandent kinds, where facilities are at hand, is to start the small plants on blocks of wood, attach these to damp but warm walls, to which they will cling by means of the roots thrown out from every leaf joint. Cult, by G.W Oliver. A. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute. grandifldra, Spreng. St. creeping, mostly herbaceous, 4-5 ft.: lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, repand- serrate, fleshy: fls. aggregated; calyx fleshy and short; corolla arched-tubular, 2-3 in. long, downy, orange-scar- let. E.Ind. B.M.3843. P.M. 5: 241. -Will succeed in an intermediate house. AA. Calyx tubular, entire or shortly 5-toothed. ' pulchra, Don {JE.ptilcher,DC.). Figs. 41, 42. Trail- ing : lvs. broadly ovate, distantly small-toothed : ct)rolIa glabrous, brilliant scarlet, 3 times longer than the gla- l)rous greenish cah-x. Java. B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:13. K.H. 1883: 204. P.M. 16:161. 41. JEschynanthus pulchra (X>^). iESCHYNANTHUS Lobbiina, Hook. The commonest species in cult, in this countr>' : differs from ^. piilchra in narrower and nearlv entire lvs„ corolla downy and projecting only twice' or less the length of the purple downy calyx. Java. B.M. 4260, 4261. £ Boschidna, De Vr.= ^. L.amponga. — J?, ftilgens, "Wail. Lvs lanceolate: calyx tubular, short-toothed, glabrous: corolla al)OUt 2 in. long, orauge-red, pul)escent. E. Ind. B.M. 4i«l.— ^ Javdnica, Hook. Allied to ^. pulchra: differs in pubescent ^SCULUS 31 42. JBschynanthus pulchra. calrx and corolla. B.M. 4503. F.S. 6:558.— ^.ionij)<5nflra, Miq. Lvs. ovate or elliptic-, obtusisli. entire : Ci.lj-x cylindrical, gla- brous: corollatwiceas)ong(2in.), pubescent, scarlet. Sumatra. P.M. 13:175.— -J?, longiflora, Blume. Vigorous: lvs. 3-5 in. long: calyx deeply cut, the divisions linear-subulate: corolla tubular, scarlet, very long: fls. fascicled. Java. B.M. 4328. P.M. 15:25. —^. minidta, Lindl. Fls. vermilion, in 3's in the axils of the oval or elliptic entire lvs.: corolla pul)escent. Java, Borneo. P.M. 16:65.— -^E. specibsa. Hook. Branches knotty: lvs. large, oval-lanceolate, nearly sessile, the upper ones verticillate or in 3's : lis. fascicled, numerous ; cab'x with linear-suVnilate divi- sions: corolla large, orange- red, curved. Java. B.M.4.'{20. P.M. 14:199. Gn. 51 : 1109.— ^. spleudens, Lindl. & Paxt.=^. speciosa. — jE. splendida, garden hybrid, with scarlet-spotted black fls., in terminal fascicles.—.^, tricolor. Hook. Lvs. small, oval or lanceolate, hairy at the base: ca^x obconic, pul>escent : corolla small, pul)escent, blood-red, throat orange, upper lobes striped black or purple: fls. mostly twin. Borneo. B.3I. 5031. R.B.IO: 7. LH. 5:169. F.S. 13:1384, J.H. HL 35:57L t tt r, Li. U. H. SSCTTLUB (ancient name of some oak, or mast-bear- ing tree). Sapinddcefp. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye. Deciduous trees and shrubs: lvs. opposite, long-petioled, digitate ; leaflets 5-7, large, serrate : fls. sjTumetrical in terminal, showy panicles; petals 4-5, stamens 5-9: fr. a large trilocular capsule with 1-6 seeds. N. Amer., E. Asia, Himal., N. Greece. Ornamental trees and shrubs with handsome fls,; hardy except the Califomian and Himalayan species, growing best in moist and loamy soil. The larger-growing species are excellent shade trees, and the fls. are show>' and interesting. The fr. is not edible. Prop, by seeds, to be sown in the fall or stratified, or by grafting and budding on common species, and the shrubby forms also by layers. ^. parviflora prop, also by root-cuttings. A. Winter-btfds resinous: claws of (he petals not longer than the calyx; stamens exserfed. B. Petals 4-5 ; calyx can'panulate, 3-lobed ; stamens 5-8: fr. globular. (Hippocastanum.) Hippoc&stantim, Linn. Common Horse-chestnit. Fig. 415. Large tree, 60-80 ft. ; leaflets 5-7, sessile, cune- ate-ohovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, nearly gla- brous : panicles 8-12 in. long, very showy : fls. white, tinged with red: fr. echinate. May. From Himalayas to N. Greece.— Many garden forms, as var. fldre pl^no, with double fls.; bears no fr. LH. 2: 50. Var. pdmila, Dipp. Dwarf form. Var. umbraculifera, Hort., with compact, roundish top. Var. lacinijlta, Dipp. (var disserfa. Hort., var. heterophylla, Hort.), leaflets laciuiate. Var. M^m- mingeri, ITort., leaflets dorted with white. Some other varirgated forms. The horse-chestnut is one of the most popular of shade trees on the continent of Europe, and is also much planted along roads and in parks and private grounds in this countr}-. It is particularly a<iaptHble for bowers and places where seats are destrti, as the top stands heading-in and makes a vniy dor ^e shade. Hardy in the N. states. turbin&ta, Blume ( JE". Sinensis, Hort., not Bunge.). Tree, 30 ft. : petioles pubescent; leaflets 5-7, nearly ses- sile, cuneate-obovate, crenatc-serrate, pubescent be- neath when young : panicles 6-10 in. long, deitse and rather narrow ; fls. yellowish while, smaller than those of A. Hippocastanum: fr. rugose. June. N. Chiua, Japan. G.C. ni.5:717. Cimea, Hayne (-jF. Ilipp^cdstanunixPdvia. A. rubi- CTinda, Loisel. ). Tree, 20—40 ft. : leaflets mostly 5, nearly sessile, cuneate-obovate, crenate-serrate, nearly gla- brous : panicles 5-8 in. long ; fls. varv'ing frum flesh- color to scarlet : fr. with small prickles. B.R. 1056. L.B.C. l.{ : 1242. F.S. 2229-.30. - Many garden forms, ac- cording to the different shades in coloring, and one with double fls. Commonly planted in parks and on road- sides. Handsome and desirable. BB. Petals 4, white or pale rose-colored ; calyx S-lipped; stamens 7-0: fr. pear-shaped, smooth. { Calothyrsus.) Califbmica, Nutt. Tree with broad top, 30-40 ft.: leaflets 5-7, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate or ob- tuse at the base, sharply serrate, smooth: panicles .'i-8 in. long, rather dense. Calif. B.M. 5077. R.H. 18.55, p. 150. Gn. 49, pp. 490, 492. S.S. 2:71,72. F.S. 13:1312. AA. Winter-buds not resinous: claws mostly longer than the 5-toothed calyx. B. Petals 4, yellow to scarlet; stamens included or somewhat exserted : leaflets petioled. (Pavia.) glabra, Willd. (^. Ohioensis, Michx. Pdvia glabra, Spach. P. ;)rt??i<fa, Spach.). Small tree 15-30 ft.: leaf- lets 5, oval or cuneate-obovate, flnely serrate, smooth: panicles 5-6 in. long ; fls. greenish yellow ; claws as long as the caljTc; stamens exserted: fr. echinate. May. N.Amer. B.R.24:51. S.S.2:67,68. Var. argtlta, Robins. {A. argftta, Buckl.) Shrub: leaflets 6-7, obovate-lanceo- late, unequally serrate. 43. Opening foliaee of .Ssculus Hippocastanum. ocUndra, Marsh. (^. fldva, Ait. ^. littea, Wangh. Pdvia lutea, Poir.). Large tree, 40-90 ft.: leaflets 5, oblong-obovate or elliptical, cuneate, equally serrate, smooth or pubescent beneath : p.inicles 4-6 in. long ; petals yellow, very dissimilar; stamens 7, shorter than the petals : fr. smooth. Mav-Juno. N. Anu'r. L.B.C. 13:1280. S.S. 2:69. 70. Var. discolor (var. /i.vfcr/V/rt, Sarg. A. fldra, var. piirpurdscenn, iiray. A. discolor, Pursh. .1. Mirhnuji, Hort.), Lv.**. tomentose beneath: fls. red or purple. B.R. .'{10. An intermediate form is A. negl4cta, Lindl. B.R. 1009. 32 ^SCCLUS AGAPANTHUS versicolor, Dipp.(^. Of /fi>K7rrtxP()r/«. Pdria hybrida, Spach. ^. or P. Lyoni, Hort,). Intermediate between A. octandra and A. Pavia. Lvs. pubescent beneath: fls. yellow, tinged with red or nearly red. Pivia, Linn. (Pdvia rubra, Poir. P. Michauii, Spach.). Shrub or small tree, 4-20 ft.: leaflets oblong or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, smooth or pubescent beneath : panicles 4-7 in. long, loose ; fls. purplish to dark red ; petals very dissimilar ; stamens mostly 8, nearly as long as the petals : fr. smooth. May-June. N. Amer. B.R. 993. L.B.C. 13:1257. Var. htimilis (A. humilis, Lmid.). Low shrub, 2-4 ft.: leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate, tomentose be- neath : fls. red, tinged with yellow ; calyx dark red. B.R. 1018.— Many garden forms, as var. cdmea, Hort. Fls. flesh-colored. Var. atrosanguinea, Hort. Fls. very dark red. Var. Whitleyi, Hort. Fls. brilliant red. Var. p^ndula, Hort. {P.pumUn, var. pendula, Hort.). Dwarf form, with pendulous branches : lvs. smooth. Some forms with variegated lvs. BB. Fls. pure white, small; petals 4-5 ; stamens more than twice as long as the petals. ( Macrothy rsus .) parvilldra, Walt. {uE. macrostdchya, Michx. P(\via dlba, Poir.). Shrub, 3-10 ft.: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, finely serrate, pubescent beneath : panicles 8-16 in. long, narrow ; fr. smooth. July-Aug. S. states. B.M.2118. Gng. 7:81. — One of the handsomest plants for a lawn clump. £. Chinengis, Bunge. Allied to A. turbinata. Leaflets dis- tinctly i)etioled. rounded at the base. China. — AC. Indica, Colebr. Fls. similar to JE. Hippocastaniira: lvs. obovate-laneeo- late. distinctly petioleil, smooth. Himal. B.M. 5117. — Al.Pdrryi, Gi-ay. Similar to A. Califomica. Leaflets small, olMivate. ca- nescent-tomentose beneath : calyx 5-lobed. Calif. G.F. 3: 35C. Alfred Rehder. £THI0N£MA (aitho, scorch, and nema, filament; probably referring to appearance of stamens). Crucif- ercp. Dwarf shrubs for the hardy herbaceous border or rockerj-. Less common than Iberis. The genus differs from Iberis in having all its petals equal, and from Le- pidium in having its four stamens longer, winged and toothed. Fls. various shades of pink and purple. "W. B. Hemsley, in On. 9, pp. 108, 109. They dislike a moist or stiff soil or shatly places ; but in light, sandy loam, on drj- and sunny slopes, they are compact and branchy, and when once fairly established will last for many successive years without replanting or renewal, while under the opposite conditions the plants grow feeble and lanky, and may die after a year or two. They keep fully as well as the C'andvtufts in water, and can "be cue with longer and straighter stems. Prop, by seeds in spring or by cuttings in summer ; annual and biennial kinds by seeds. j. b. Keller. coridifdlium, DC. (Iberis jucunda, Schott & Kotschy). Branches numerous, thick, 4-6 in high : lvs, crowded, short, neryeless, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse: fls. smaller and later than in the next, in dense, short, rounde«l racemes. Chalky summits of Lebanon and Taurus. B.M. .5952. — Good for edging. A. pulchtllum was sold under this name for many years. grandifldrum, Boiss. & Hohen. Branches 1-1 J-^ ft.: lvs. usually longer than in A. coridifolitiui . more linear and more acute: fls. as large as those of A i ibis alpiuttf in slender, elongated raceme;--; petals 4 times as long a^i the sepals. Persia. Gn. 9:5. F^rsicum, Hort. Stout, erect, shm y, dwarf. Fls. deep rose. Best of dwarfs. Int. 1892, by J.W. Manning. pulchtllum, Boiss. & Huet. Similar to .d. coridi folium, but more diffuse and trailing. Fls. smaller and brighter- colored; petals 2% times as long as the sepals. Persia. Gn. 25:436. ^. j^l, AOALM^LA (agalma, ornament, and hule, wood; an ornaiuent to the woods in which they grow wild). 6'?»- neriiceif. Tender climbers from Java, which may be grown in a basket like J:Ischynanthus. A. loi}(jistyln,QxrT., is considered a synonym of the next. R.H. 187:{: 270. — A. staminen. Blume. St. rooting from the lower sur- face: lvs. alternate, with an aV)ortive one opposite the base of each ; petioles 4-8 in. long : ]»la«le as long, ovate, serrate : fls. in large axillary sessile fasoifjes of 12-14; utameus exserted. B, M. 6747. P.M. 15:73. F.S.4:358. AOANlSIA (Greek aganos, desirable). A small genus of tropical American epiphytal orchids, little cult, in N. Amer. Botanically allied to Warrea and Zygopetaluni. Need a humid atmosphere. Grown on blocks in high temp. Prop, by dividing pseudobulbs. tricolor, N. E. Brown. Fls. in a raceme; sepals whit- ish; petals light blue; lip in the form of a saddle, marked with orange-brown. S. Amer. pulcWlla, Lindl. Fls. white, blotched yellow on the lip, in a racemose spike from the base of the bulb. S. Amer. The above species are the only ones known to have been offered in the Amer. trade. ThereareSorCothers. A.ccenllea.Keivhh.f. Fls. in axillary peduncles, blue-blotched, the lip bristled. Braz. —A. cydnea, Benth. & Hook, (not Reich]>., which = Aeacaulis cyanea). Much like A. tricolor, the lip blue and undulate at the tip. B.R. 1845:28, as Warrea cinerea, Liudl.; also, W. cyanea, Lindl. (see Rolfe., (i.C. III. 6. p. 492). AOAFANTHUS («sra/)^, love, and an/ftos, flower). Lil- idcae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, tall simple scape, and 2-bracted umbel of handsome fls.: perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regu- lar: pod many-seeded ; seeds flat, winged above : foliage evergreen. In this countr}', Agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are apt to burst pots), and are flowered in late spring or early summer in the conservatory, win- dow garden, or living room. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the lvs. from falling ( the xar.albidns usually loses its leaves). When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become over- crowded in the tub, and supplied with manure water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, they may be bedded in the open, or massed in vases, for summer bloom. Prop, by divid- ing the roots ( and rarely by seeds ) . Old roots break up more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dor- mant, the plant will stand a few degrees— usually 10° or less — of frost. tunbell^tus, L'Her. Afripax Lily. Lilt op the Nile. Fig. 44. Lvs. 2 ft. long and numerous, thick, narrow: 44. Affapanthus umbellatus. scape rising 2-3 ft. from the leaf -rosette, bearing an um- bel of 20-.50 handsome blue fls. ; perianth funnel-shaped, with a short tube. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 500.— One of the best known of half-hardy liliaceous plants. There are white-flowered varieties (the best known is var. 41- bidtts); dwarfs, as var. minor and var. MooreftruB, both with blue fls.; giant forms, as var. m4zimu8 (both blue i i AGAPAXTHUS aga\t: 33 ; : ,' ;J 1 ; antl white-fld.) ,with scape 4 ft. high ; double-fld. variety ; Yiirit'sated-lvd. varieties, as var. aureus and var. varie- ir^tas^; var. Leichtlinii, a compact-trussed blue form ; and others, L. H. B. AGABICUS. a genus of fleshy fungi, considered under Jltishroom. AGATH^ffiA. See Felicia. Ji.GA.T'HISiagathis, glome; thefts, in clusters). Tender Australian conifers, allied to Araucaria, yielding Dam- mar resiu. Cones axillary, globular or short. robiista, Hook. {Ddmmara robusta, C. Moore). Branches somewhat verticillate, horizontal : Ivs. broad, oval-lanceolate, obtuse : tree reatrhing 130 feet in Austral. -Cult, in Calif. 45. Aeave Americana, as commonly cTfown in ereenhousei. AGAVE (Greek, agauas, admirable). Am,aryllidd,ce(B. Important decorative and economic plants from hot American deserts, the most familiar of which is A. Americana, the American Century Plant. St. short or wauting : Ivs. mostly in a close rosette, mostly stiff and more or less fleshy, persisting from year to year, the margins mostly armed with teeth and the apex tipped with a more or less pungent spine : fls. in spikes or panicles; perianth 6-parted, moreor less funnel-shaped; stamens 6, mostly long-exserted ; style 1 ; ovary infe- rior, 3-celled ; seeds numerous, flat, thin, triangular, black. Some species flower but once and die, others oc- casionally, while others flower from year to year. The number of species is about 150, although more than 32.5 have been described. One of the largest collections is at Kew, where there are 85 named species. The largest collecti<>ns in the United States are at the Botanical Garden of Washington and the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, where there are about 75 species each. Amateurs often cultivate a greater number of species than are de- scribed in this account. Agaves are essentially fanciers' or amateurs' plants. This noble group of plants has never received the attention it deserves, and yet no ge- nus of plants in America furnishes so many suitable decorative plants. Sir Joseph Hooker places It next to the palm and aloe, but the former is a great family of 1,100 species. While in the United States we think of the Agaves only as decorative plants, yet in Mexico, their native home, they are the most useful of plants. Many species furnish fiber, others soap, while still others produce the two great Mexican drinks. Pulque and MeHcal. Pulque, which is a fermented drink, is ob- tained from several species, especially A. atrovirens. Mescal, which is a distilled drink, is usually not ob- tained from the same species as Pulque, although there is a general belief to the contrary. The species from which is made most of the Mescal used in Jlexico is unknown. The species vary so much in size and form tliat they can be used in a great many ways. Some of the smaller species are suitable for the house, and even some of the larger species are so used. The larger spe- cies are well adapt«'d for vases in large gardens and ^rrounds, along walks, terraces, etc. These plants, com- ing, as they do, from arid or even desert regions, where they have a hard struggle to exist, can be grown with little or no care, but they respond very quickly to good treatment. The species are propagated in various ways; some produce suckers at the base or even underground shoots ; others give oflf buds from the stem, which fall off and take root, or may be detached and planted ; while not a few produce bulblets in the flower-clusters, and sometimes in great abundance, while all may be produced from seed. But as most of the species flower only after a long interval, and many have not yet been known to flower in cultivation, this latter means of propagation can not be relied upon. In cultivation, fruit is set very sparingly or not at all without artificial pollination, although this can be accomplished with very little trouble. Monograph by J. G. Baker, Ama- rj'lfidete, 1888. j. n. Rose. None of the Agaves are at all difficult to grow. The soil should be principally loam and sand, and if any vege- table soil be given it should be in small quantities. Good drainage and firm potting are necessarj'. To grow small plants of the large-leaved kinds into good-sized specimens quickly, they should be plunged out in a sunny spot in spring, taking care that the pots are large enough so that they will not require repotting in the fall. Nearly all of the large-growing kinds are easily increased from suck- ers, which, when the plants are grown in a pot -bound con- dition, are produced very remlily. They should only be taken off from the parent plant when furnished with suf- ficient roots to give them a start. Some kinds are raised only from seeds, which, when freshly gathered, germinate in a few weeks. Cult.' by G. W. Oliver. The classification of the Agaves is a very difficult one. This is partially owing to the great number of species, to the difliculty of preserving study material, and to the inf requency of fiowering in many spe- cies. In fact, many species have never been known to flower. The most usable characters for classification are to be found in the leaves, and, although such an arrangement is more or less artificial, it is certainly the most satisfactory in naming a collection. From a botanical point of view, however, the inflorescence shows the true relationship of the species. In this way the genus is usually divided into three groups or subgenera. These are : First, the Euagave, having a paniculate in- florescence, with candelabra - like branches. Second, the Littcea, hav- ing a dense spike of flowers. (The section Littcea has been considered by some a good genus, but it seems to ct)nnect with the first section through certain species.) The third section, Manfreda, is very different from the above, and is considered by the writer as a distinct generic type, although treated here in accordance with general usage. Manfredas are all herbaceous, appearing each year from a bulbous base, the Ivs. are soft and weak, dying down annually, while the inflores- cence is a slender open spike, with solitary' fls. from the axils of bracts. The f(dlowing Agaves are here described : albicans. No. 30 ; Americana. 1 ; Amuren- sift, 27 ; angustifolia, 3 ; ap- planata, 7 ; atrovirens, 5; at- tenuata, 19 ; Beaucamei, 28 ; Botteri, 29; brachystachys, 40; Cnndelabrum, 'i ', Celsii, 31 ; coarctafa, 5; cochlearis, 6; dasvlirioides, .3G ; densi- flora, 32; Deserti, 10; echinoides, 34 ; Elemeetiana, 20 ; ensiformis,M; filifera, 13; geminiflora, 10; Gilbevi, 20; glaucescens, 19; heteracantha, 22 ; horrida, 20; ixtlioides, 3 ; Kerchovei, 28 ; Kochii, 27 ; latissima, 5 ; Lecheguilla, 23; Lehmanni,5 ; macracantha, 8 ; macu- Agave Americana In flow^er. 34 AGAVE AGAVE lata, 39 ; maculosa, 38 ; Mexicana. 2 ; micracantha, 33 ; mitis, 33; mitrifformis, 5; Nissoni, 25; potatorum, 11; Potosina, 41; Pringlei, 4; recurva, 34; liichardsii, 'M; rigida, 3; rigidis.fima, 28; Salmiana, 5; schidigera, 14; Scolymus, 11; Schottii, 18; 8hawii, 9; Sisalana, 3; stri- ata, 34 ; stricta, 34 ; Taylori, 17 ; Thnaeanensis, 5 ; uni- vittata,21; Utahensis, 12; vestita, 15; Victoriap-Reginse, 24; Virginica, 37; xylonacantha, 27; yucctpfolia, 35. A. Foliage persisting from year to year: inflorescence dense, many-fid.: plants flowering after a more or less long interval, often but once, in others occasionally. B. Infloresence a compact panicle; fls. borne in clusters near the ends of horizontal branches. (Euagave.) 1. Americana, Linn. Common Centcrv Plant. Figs. 45, 46. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 40-50, either straight or the tips recurved; the margin scalloped be- tween the sharp teeth: fl. 3 in. long, yellow. The most common species in cult. A.F. 7:503. Gn. 12, p. 397. G.C. III. 19:17. Gn.47,p.59. F.E.10:595. Trop.Amer.* Several varieties, of which var. picta, var. varieg&ta (B. M. 3654) and var. recurv^ta are the best known. — Some forms have Ivs. striped, and others bordered with yellow. This species is the one which is commonly grown as a tub I)Iant by florists, being used out-of-doors in the summer for lawn and porch decoration. 2. Mexicana, Lam. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 20-30 ; similar to A. Americana. Common in Eu. Int. about 1S17, from Mex. G.C. II. 19:149. 3. rfgida. Miller. St. wanting or sometimes 4 ft. long: Ivs. thin, narrow, elongated; the margin either smooth or toothed. S. Mex. Perhaps more than one species in- cluded under this name. Jl. «Hgns/j7o?irt, Haw., seems to belong here. B.M. 5893, as A. ixtlio\des. Gng. 5: 89. Var. elnng&ta, Baker {A. Candelabrum, Todaro). St. much elongated. Var. Sisalana, Engelm. Sisal Hemp. Margin of the Ivs. entire. Yucatan. Naturalized on Fla. keys. — Rec- ommended for cult, on a large scale in certain cheap lands of Fla. Largeh* grown in Yucatan as a fiber plant, the tiber being exported to U. S. and used in making cheap cordage. 4. Pringlei, Engelm. Lvs. sword-like, very stiff, 18 in. or less long, narrowed from near the base to the sharp tip, the margin with small, hooked, brown prick- les: fl. \%\n. long, yellow. Lower Calif. 5. atrdvirens, Karw.( .4. T/jHrtcauf'HSJs, Karw. A. Sal' midmt, Otto). Often attaining a great size: lvs. few, 10-30, becoming 9 in. broad and 7-9 ft. long, very thick at base and glaucous throughout, tipped with a stout spine; the upper part of the margin homy: fl. 4 in. long Mex. G.C. II. 8:177. —Several species have passed under this name. Var. latissima {A. latissima, coarctUta, Lehmanni, and mitrceformis, Jacobi). Lvs. broader, oblong-spatu- late (8-9 in. l)road above the middle). 6. cochle^ris, Jacobi, Pulque Plant of W. Mex. Very similar to the above, but lvs. longer and a foot wide, not glaucous. Int. about 1867, but rare in col- lections. 7. applan^ta, Lera. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 150, B-'i%'\i\. broad, stitf and glaucous, with long, pungent end spine: fl. 3 in. h>ng, greenish yellow. —A beautiful species from Mex. Int. about 1862. 8. macrac&ntha, Zucc. Small, stemless, compact: lvs. about 50. a foot long, very stiff and pungent, glaucous: fls. in a lax raceme. Int. about 1830, from central Mex. G.C. II. 8:137. 9. Sh&wii, Engelm. Stemless : lvs, .50-€0 or even more, oblong-spatulate, 8-10 in, long, dull green and slightly glaucous, with a brown tip-spine an inch long, the edge with upturned brown teeth ^in. or less long: fls. 3-3J-^in. long, greenish yellow. S. Cal. Int. about 1875. 10 Des^rti, Engelm. Stemless: Ivs. few, in a rosette, oblanceolate, a foot or less long, deep concave above, very glaucous, tip-spined, the lower half of the blade with hooked prickles : fl. yellow, 2 in, or less long. S. Cal. Int. about 1875. 11. Scdlymus, Karw. Lvs. 20-40. 9-18 in. long. 3-^ in. wide, glaucous; the margin indented between the teeth: fl. 2-3 in. long, yellowish. Mex. Gn. 12, p. 397. Int. about 1880. — Said" to be common, with several varieties. A. potatdrum, Zucc, may be only a form of the above. 12. Utahensis, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. .sword-like, 1 ft. or less long, thick and rigid, the sharp tip-spine an inch long, the margin with triangular teeth, glaucous: fl. an inch long. Utah and Ariz. BB. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical spike; fls. usu- ally borne in twos. (Littcta.) c. Margins of lvs. not toothed. D. Lvs. linear, stiff, smooth, with the margins splitting off into fine threads. 13. filifera, Salm-Dyck. Plant small, compact, about 1 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 100, linear, stiff, 9 or 10 in. in diam., light green in color, with a verv pungent tip: fl. 2 in. long, brownish: stalk 5-8 ft. long. Mex. G.C. III. 21: 167. I.H. 7: 243.- Several species are often found in collections un- der this name. 14. Bchidigera, Lera. Very similar to the above, but with some- what broader Ivs. and the margin splitting off into white ribbons. Mex. B.M. 5641. -Frequently flowers in cult. 47. Affave attenuate. 15. vestita, Watson, also of the type otA. filifera, is a very recently described and introduced species. Lvs. more bronzy than that species. Mex. table lands. A.G. 1892:609. — It deserves a place in any large Agave col- lection. 16. geminifldra, Ker-Gawl. (Bonapdrtea jiincea, Haw.). Lvs. often 200-300, narrowly linear, somewhat recurved, lH-2 ft. long, somewhat convex on both sides: flower stalk sometimes 25 ft. long. Mexico, where it grows commonly along streams. B.R. 1145, F.S. 7, p. 6, — Very common. 17. Tiylori, Hort. A garden hybrid of A.geminiflora and A. densiflora is often seen in cult. Mn. 7:111. G.C. II. 8:621. 18. Schdttii, Engelm. {A. gemnifldra var. Sondne, Torr.). Stemless : lvs. linear, 1 ft, or less long and only Jain, broad, flat or concave, very rigid, sharp-tipped, the margin usuallv with white threads: fls. IJ^in. long S. Ariz. B.M. 7567'. £.•' AGAVE AGAVE 35 DD- Lvs. broad and fleshy. 19 attenuftta, Salm-Dyck (A. glaucSseens, Hook.). Fies 4'-*9- St. 4-5 ft,, crowned by a great mass of lvs., sometimes 6 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 20, 2-3 ft. long, 6-8 in broad at the widest point, very glaucous on both fiidp^i- fl.-spike5 ft. long; fl. 2 in. long, greenish yellow. 0^10:95: G.C.II, 2:218, 223. G.C. III. 17:4.-^,457. B M. 5'SXi. Gn. 51,p. 407.— This is one of the most ma- jestic of the Agaves. It has flowered only twice in the United States, — in the Washington Botanical Garden, in 1897 and 1898. 20. Elemeetiina, Koch. Very near the above, but stemless: lvs. about 25, l>^-2 ft. long, 4^-6 in. wide ; pale. B.M. 7027. G.C. II. 8:749.— A var. subdentita is sometimes sold. cc. Margins of h'S. more or less toothed. D. Border of lvs. horny throughout. ; 21. tmivittita, Haw. Stemless: lvs. about 50, rigid, 2-2 ^^ ft. long, dark green except a pale band down the center: fls, yellowish. Mex. B. 31. (W55. — Int. about 1830. 22. heteracAntha, Zucc. Verycoiumou. Forms seen in collections show a very polymorphous species. Stemless : lvs. about 20, with a pale band down the center; teeth widely sepa- rated, never banded, 12 in. long, 2 in. broad. Mex.— Numerous varieties. Int. 1862. 23. Lechegrtillla, Torr. Rather coinniun in collec- tions, but usually passing as A.heteracantha. Seem- ingly a gt od species, though referred l)y Baker to ^4. heteracantha. Lvs. not banded, and spine verv long. W. Tex. and X. Mcx". 48. Flowers of Agave attenuata. 24. Victdriae - Reginae, Moore. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 200, very compact, rigid, 6-8 in. long, VA in. broatl, the margin and bands on the back white, obtuse at apex, tipped with a small spine. Mex. Gn. 8, p. 351. G.C.II.4:485; 11.18:841. I.H.23:413. -A very remarkable species. Int. in 1872, but now seen i^. all collections. Prob- ably more cult, than any ot'ier kind except J.. Americana. 25. Nfssoni, Baker. A small species usually growing in clumps ; especially desirable for large vases. Lvs. .5-6 in. long, with a pale band down the center. Mex. — Not knowTi to have flowered. 20. h6rrida, Lem. Stemless : lvs. about 40, compact, rigid, with a very stout end spine, not striped: fls. nearly 2 in. long, yellowish. Mex. B.M. 6511. — Many forms. Var. Gilbejri, Baker. Lvs. with a pale stripe down the center. G.C. I. 33:1305. Gt. 1874, p. 84. 27. xylonac4ntlia, Salm-Dyck. Stout-stemmed: lvs. 20 or less, sword-like, 3 ft. or less long, with a sharp brown point, slightly glaucous green, with a few darker green lines on the back, the margin with a few large teeth : fls. I'^in. or less long, greenish yellow. Mex. B.M. 5660. G.C. II. 7:523.— .4. Amtirinsis and A. Koehii, Jacobi, are forms of this species. 28. Eerclxdvei, Lem. (A. Beaucdrnei, Lem. A.rigid- u.sima, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 20-30, sword -like, a foot ur less long, rigid, dull green with a pale central band alwve, not dark-lined below, with lanceolate curved teeth: fls. V4m. long. Mex. G. C. IT. 7: 523.- Many forms, as diplac&ntha, macroddnta, pectin^ta. DD. Border of lvs. not homy. E. Lvs. oblong, with small teeth. 29. B6tteri, Baker. Stemless : lvs. ,50, 2 ft. long, broad, pale green; triangular teeth on margin, crowded and black. Mex. B.M. 6248.— A very beautiful species. 30. Albicans, Jacobi. Stemless: lvs. about 30, in a dense cluster, 15 in. or so long, 3-3>^in. wide, tapering to a weak spine, glaucous on both sides, the margin lined with small black teeth: spike of fls. about 15 in. long; fls. yellowish. Mex. B.M. 7207. G.C. II. 8:717.-Thi8 is one of the smaller Agaves. It does not die down after flowering. A form with variegated lvs. 31. C6l8ii, Hook. (4. Cf/sifina, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 20-30, oblong-spatulate, 2 ft. or less long, not strongly spine-tipped, the marginal lanceolate spines unequal, glaucous : fls. 2 in. or less long, purplish green, the tube very short. Mex. B.M. 4934. 32. densindra, Hook. Stemless: lvs. .30-40, oblanceo- late-spatulate, 3 ft. or less long, glaucous when young but becoming green, the end-spine 3^in. long, the mar- ginal deltoid prickles 1 line or less long : fls. 2 in. or less long, greenish brown. Mex. B.M. 5006. 33. mitis, Salm-Dyck. Short-stemmed: lvs. 30, oblan- ceolate, 15 in. or less long, 3 in. at broadest part, tip- spine weak, the teeth very small and green or only ob- scurely brown-tipped, green : fls. 2 in. long. Mex. — JL. mjcracaH/^a, Salm-Dyck, is very similar. EE. Lvs. very narrow, weak, the surface mostly ribbed: the margin minutely serrulate .34. striata, Zucc. Stemless or nearly so: lvs. 1.50-200, linear from a wide base, 2%tt. or less long, scabrous on the edge, sharp-tipped, glaucous-green, and ribbed on both surfaces: fl. IJ^in. long, brown-green. Mex. B.M. 49.50. Cult, under several forms, as var. reciirva, Baker, Lvs. larger and more falcate, not sharp-tipped. Var. stricta, Baker {A. strict a, Salm-Dyck). Dwarf: lvs. very stiff, 1 ft. long. Var. echinuides. Baker {A. echi- noVdes , Jaeohi. A. ensifdrmis and .4. Richardsii, Hort.). Dwarf and stiff: lvs. only J^ft. long. 35. ynccaefdlia, DC. St. short: lvs. 20-40, much nerved, linear and recurved, with a pale center, entire or nearly so. Mex. B.M. 5213. -Int. about 1800. 36. dksylirioldes, Jacobi. Stemless : lvs. about 100, linear, stitf. very glaucous, serrulate, finely striate ver- ticallv on both faces: fl. nearlv 2 in. long, yellow. Mex. B.M. "5716. AA. Foliage weak and soft, dying dotcn annually : in- florescence a slender open raceme or spike : st. arising from true bulbs. {Jtfanfrtda.) 37. Virginica, Linn. Lvs. few, green, 6-20 in. long, spreading, lanceolate; pale green or brown mottled, with a narrow white and nearly entire margin: stalk 3-6 ft. high: fls. greenish. S. states. B.M. 1157. Var. tigrlna, Engelm. , a form from South Carolina and Mi-jsouri, has spotted lvs. 38. maculdsa, Hook. Fig. 50. Basal lvs. 6-10, blotched with brown or green, soft and fleshy, somewhat recurved, the margin serrulate: st. 15-25 in. high, bearing a few scattered lvs. or leaf -like bracts: fls. 10-25, nearly ses- sile. 2 in. long, purplish; stamens a little longer than the segments of the fl. S. Tex. B.M. 5122.- Generally la- belled A. maculata. 49. Cross-sections of leaf of Affave attenuata. 39. macnlita, R«gel. A name commonly used for the above, but a very uncertain species. It is probably A. protuberans, Engelm. 40. brach^stachys, Cav. Lvs. lanceolate, green with a pale nearly entire edge: fls. reddish. B.R. 25:.55. — Rare in collections, but a very important plant in Mexico, fur- nishing much of the "amole " of the natives. -J 36 AGAVE AGRIMOXIA 41, Potoslna, Rob. & Greenm. An odd little species, rest-nibling very much ^1. I'irginica. Sometimes met with under the name of Delpinoa gracillima. The gartlener may find the following names (those market! * are or have been offered by American dealers) : A. KonnetiCtna, PeacjH'k, is considered by J. It. Baker to be a form of A. ferox. — *A. lioiKhei, JiU'obi. Fls. in spikes : Ivs. oblance<ilate. glawous when young, brown-toothed. Int. lAU. G.C. III. 'JlrlW), 1«7. B.M. 7558.— *.l. Can'fcaw, Baker. Fls. in spikes: Ivs. lanceolate, with very minute and close teeth. Isle of Martinique.—*.! . cat- eidna, Hort.— *J^. chloracdntha, Salm-Dyck. Fls. in spikes: Ivs. oblanceolate, bright green, weak-spine<l. Int. alnmt 1860. — A. eoceinea, Koezl. Has never Hd. Apparently common in Europe, with at least one variety. Lvs. spatulate, dark green, repand-prickly.- A.c^rH/eAf*'««.Salm-Pyck, is a glaucous -leaved variety of A. lophantha.— *J^. Curderoyi, Baker. Has never fld. in cult. : lvs. sword-like, rigid and spreading, channelled, spine- edgetl.— *.I. rffn'/JjV/j*. "Tall-growing: lvs. dark green. Fla." — A. EngeluMtini, Trelease. A.F. 8:109.— *J^. embescens, Hort. — *A. ferox, Koch. 8;iid to l>e not uncommon in cult., but it has never rtd.: lvs. slightly glaucous, the brown teeth Hin. lonjf. G.C. III. 20: 525.— *.!. Fratuogini. " Large-growing, of peculiar bluecolor." — *A. GaiiUniana, Hort. — *J.. GhXeshreghtii, Koch. Int. about 1862. Several varieties. Lvs. glossy green, minute- toothed. It has never tld. Some plants circulatetl un<ler this name are A. pruinosa.— .1. ^ra/itiirf^i/dia, Jiicobi, is a var. of A. horrida.- J^. Oustariana, Hort. Oonsidere*! by Baker as belong- ing to .\. Maximiliana. Lvs. slightly glaucous, with brown prickles.— *.l. Henriqni'si, Baker. Fls. in spikes: lvs. lanceo- late-oblong, rigid, bro>vn-eilged and prickly. — *J.. UouUetii, Jacobi. Has never fld. in cult. Lvs. oblanceolate, not spiny.— A.Jaciitiiniana, Schult. Now considered a variety of A. luri<Ia. Lvs. oblanceolate, ver>- glaucous, with bhu-k prickles. B.M. .5097. — *A. Margarita. " Dwarf, very compact and prickly. Lower Calif.**— *A. w^rword^rt, Roezl. Fls. in panicles: lvs. glaucous, repand-priekly.- *A. Jf<'«o^i7io. " Pale stripe down the center of the leaf : similar to A. I.ie<'heguilla, but of larger and stouter growth."—*.! . viicracdntha. 8alm-I)yck. A small-spin?d form of A. horrida. — *A.Miradoretisis, Jacobi. Fls. in panicles: lvs. ob- lanceolate, the prickles very 9ms>\\.—*A. Nickelsii. "Similar in appearance to .\. Victoria} -Reginje, except that it is of much more robust gro^vth, the lvs. being thicker and the white mark- ings on same being broader and more distinct." F.E.7:618. — A.<>M«««'/f;*«'MJtdHa,Jacobi=A. albicans.— *J^.Fdi»Jcrt, Engelm. A l)eautiful species from Ariz, and Mex. Stemless: lvs. oblanceo- late, glaucous, repand-prickly.- A. Pdrryi, Engelm. Now con- sidered as a variety of A. applanata.— *J.. polyacdntha. Haw. Fls. in spikes : lvs. oblanceolate, green when grown, bni^^ni- toothed. Int. about 18*20.— A.pn/jnosa, Lem., see Ghiesbreghtii. — *.l. pitlcherrima, Hort.— .1. liegelidna, Jacobi = A. horrida.— *A. Iiobini,tlort.—*A. ritpicola.Regel. Fls. in spikes : lvs. ob- lanceolate, bright green, jagged.— *J.. »S'i»ioroH. "Resembling A. .\mericana, but ashy gray in color, and of smaller growth: thorns on points of lvs. much longer." Calif.- A. Simorri. Hort. Same as above?— *.!. spectdbil is. Todaro. Lvs. nearly 2tH), lan- ceolate, very glaucous, brown-toot he<l.— J.. »ubuldta, Hort.— *.!. gylrestris, Hort.— *.!. ToUinensis. Hort.- *J^. Yandenrinneni, Jacobi. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, dull green, brown-edged and toothed —J.. Yerschaffi'ltii. Lem. Is ustially considered a form of A. Scolymus. I.H. 15: oW.— *.t . Wildingii. Todaro. Lvs. few, oblong, bright green, with small brown teeth. j_ \;^ RoSE. AGD£STIS (a mythical hermaphrodite monster, the genus being an anomalous one in its order). Phytolac- cdce(f. Amonotypicgenus. Tender climbing shrub from Mes. Cult, in Calif. clematidea, Mo^. & Sesse. Lvs. alternate, petiolate, cordate: d.s, a.\illary or in terminal, branched, racemose cymes, white, star-shaped; sepals 4; petals 0. AGERATUM (Greek for not growing old, probably applied tirst to some other plant), Compdsifif. About 40 species of trop. Amer. herbs, with opposite staliied lvs. and blue or white fls. in small terminal cymes or panicles. conyzoldes, Linn. (.1. Mexichnum, Sims, and Hort.). Fig. h\. Annual and pubescent: lvs. ovate-deltoid, crenate-serrate : fls. blue or white, or varying to rose. Ordinarily a rather loose-growing plant a foot or two high, but there are dwarf and compact forms ; al.so va- riegated forms. Trop. Amer, B.M. 2524. — This is the common ageratum of gardeners and florists. It is easily grown from seeds, sown in the border where the plants are to stand, or started in the house or hotbed. If the plants are to be used for bedding, they should be placed a foot or less apart. They thrive in any garden soil and exposure. They bloom all summer : and if sown in late summer or fall, they give winter bloom under glass. The plant sold as A. eonspicuum is an Eupatorium ; and that sold as A. Lasseduxii is a ConocUnium. L.H, B. AOLAIA (Greek, splendor; from the order and gen- eral appearance). Melidcece. Tender tree from China, with minute, yellow, fragrant fls., said to be used in per- fuming certain teas. Prop, by cuttings. odor&ta, Lour. Lvs. alternate, .>-7 pinnate : fls. in axil- lary, branching panicles. Cult, sparingly in Calif. KQUiOIftUA {Greek, bright thread). AroXdeo'. About 15 species, of trop. Asia and Africa, allied to Arum, Alocasia and Dieffenbachia, and requiring essentially the same treatment as those genera. Evergreen, often beautifully variegated. Aglao- nema may be divided, or cut- tings may be taken from plants that become too tall and weak. In either case the cuttings and divisions should be put into the sand-bed pre- vious to potting, to develop new roots. All of the kinds will succeed in fibrous loam enriched with rotted ma- nure, with the addition of a moderate quantity of leaf -mold, sand, and some crushed charcoal. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. picttun, Kunth. Dwarf : lvs. somewhat unequilateral, ob- long or elliptic, ovate (4-7 in. long and 2-.'{ in. wide), very dark green, blotched with white, the central markings usually ex- tending the whole length of the midrib : spathe white or whit- ish, 1-1 Vain. long. Sumatra. I.H. 29: 445. nebulosum, N. E. Brown. Somewhat larger: lvs. narrower (5-8 in. long, iHin. or less wideS more acuminate, the markings rather more broken and not so continuous along the midrib. I.H. 1887:24. A.G. 16: 361, and F.E. 7: 961, as A. pic- tum. — This and A. pictn)» are confused in the trade. Both species deserve more attention than they have received in this country. C08t4tum, Veitcb. Very dwarf and compact: lvs. heart-shaped, thick, 3 in. wide, one- third longer than wide, seldom ex- ceeding 5 in. long. dark. shining green, with midrib ivory-white and scattering blotches of white. Holds its tufted lvs. through the win- ter. Moluccas. A. commutdtum, Schott.=Scindapsus Cuscuaria. — A. Ra- hlinii. Hort.. is"a fine de<*orative plant, with thick, leatherj- fo- liage" (Manda). — A. versicolor, Hort., is probably a form of either A. pietum or A, nebulosum. ^ tr « Lt. U, B. AGBIMONIA (old name of obscure meaning). Rash- c€<r. Agrimony. Hardy native herbs, with interruptedly pinnate lvs. and small, numerous, yellow fls., produced through summer. Lvs. aromatic, astringent. Sometimes cult, in shrubbery and wild gardens. Eupatdria, Linn. (A. officinalis. Lam.). Common Afi- RIMONV. Fig. .")2. Petals twice as long as calyx, latter making a small, lightly adhering bur. Cult, in herli gardens to make a tonic tea, also in wild borders. Com- mon in woods; also native to Eu. Grows 2-3 ft. high, in little clumps, from a short rootstock. SO. Agave maculosa. AGRIMONIA AILANTHUS 37 odorita, Mill. Lfts. narrower than in A.Eupatoria; leaflets pubescent ; lobes more deeply crenate-dentate : petals more than twice as long as the calyx. Italy. Oc- casionally cult, in Am. j. r. Kellek and W. M. 51. Ageratum conyzoides. AGROFtRTTM (Greek for fjVW and tr^ectf). Graminece. Perennials or annuals, with leaf-blafles tiat or convo- lute : spike terminal, usually stiff ; spikelets large, 3-8- fld., compressed, sessile at each joint of the simple spike, the side of the spikelet placed nest the axis. Species about 30. Temperate regions of Amer. and Eu. ripens, Beauv. Quack Grass. Couch Grass. QikkGrass. QuitchGrass. A smooth, pale green or glaucous perennial, very variable, with the in- ternodes of the rootstock long. In many places it Las become one of the worst weeds, spreading in- veterately by its underground stems. Fig. 53. It may be destroyed by constant and thorough tillage. Often valuable to hold loose lauds. Considered by some stock raisers as a valuable hay grass. AGKOSTllMMA. See Lychnis. AGEOSTIS (agroH, field ; the place of growth). Gramiueif. Bent Grass. A genus containing many u<eful grasses for lawns, pastures and bouquets. Pani- cles variable, usually spreading : spikelets very small, awnless or oc- casionally a short awn present. Species about 100, distributed over the entire globe ; abotit 9 useful in cult. Some species are much con- fused with Aira. In Agrostis the spikelets are 1-fld.; in Aira 2- to several-fld. A. Spikelets ahouf 1 line long : panicle-branches short. Perennial latrn and pasture grasses. B. A irnleKS spikelets. 41ba, Linn. Creepino Bent Grass. A well known per- ennial, creeping or stoloniferous, 1-3 ft. : sheaths smooth : leaf-blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, scabrous : panicle open, 4-10 in. long, the branches sometimes widely spreading : spikelets about 1 line long: ligula 1-4 lines long, — Suitable for meadows, pas- ture mixtures, or exclusively for lawn-making. Var, vulgr^s, Thurb, {A.i'ulg(iris, With,), Red-top. Fine Bent Grass, Distinguished from the type by the smaller ligule, which is truncate, and less than 1 line long. — Commoner in cult, than the type. Var. Btolonifera, Linn. (A , stolonifem, Linn,). Panicle contracted linear; culms extensively creeping or stolo- niferous : ligule 1-4 lines long. BB. Au-ned spikelets. canlna, Linn. Brown or Dog's Bent Grass. Rhoi>e Isi.AN^i Bent Grass. Slender, creeping, 1-2 ft. : panicle pyramidal. 4-<j in, long : spikelets near the ends of the branches, very small. 1-9 of an in. long: small bent awn on back of flowering glume. Int. from Eu, — Makes a close sod. AA, Spikelets about % line long; panicle-branches long and hair-like. Annual ornamental grasses. B. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches smooth. neboldsa, Boiss & Reut. {A.capilh\ris, Hort. ), Cloud Grass, Fig. 54, A low grass, with extremely delicate, feathery-like panicle and small spikelets: Ivs, few and very small, Spain. — Very useful for vases and bouquets. minutifldra, Hort. Very similar to^. nebulosa, bnt smaller, with fewer Ivs. and shorter panicles. — Useful for vases and bouquets. BE. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches .^scabrous. 8c4bra, Willd. Rough-bent, Tickle Grass, Flt- AWAY Grass, Hair Grass. Silk Grass, Hair-like, deli- cate, with widely spreading, capillary panicles, which at maturity break away from the culm and fly about in the wind: spikelets very small, clustered at the ends of the branches. — Before panicle expands it is often sold in the vicinity of large towns for dry bouquets. ^4. elepans, Hort., not Thore, and A. pulchella, Hnrt. These names are applied by florists to Aira elegans and Aira caryo- phyllea, which see. P, B, Kennedy. 52. Agrimonia Eupatoria (X 3) . Flower and bur. AGUACATE, ALLIGATOR PEAR, AVOCADO. See Persia. AILANTHUS (from its native name Ailanto, me&ning Tree of Heaven). Simarubdcees. Large trees : Ivs. al- ternate, large, pinnate, deciduous : fls. small, in large terminal panicles, polygamous ; petals 5 : stamens 10 ; fr. consisting of 1-5 distinct samaras. Five species in Cent, and S. Asia and N. Austral. — Large, ornamental trees of loose and somewhat spreading habit, with ele- gant, feathery foliage. Very rapid growers. Good for smoky cities. Suckers from the roots. Prop, by seeds and root cuttings. glanduldsa, Desf. (.4, Jap6nica, Hort.). Tree of Heaven. Tree, 00 ft. : Ivs. odd-pinnate. l>^-2 ft. long ; leaflets 13-25, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, nearly gla- brous near the base, with 2-4 coarse teeth, each with a large gland beneath: fls. greenish: samaras 1 Kin, long. June. China, cult, in Japan. — Valuable tree for street planting, much used in the temperate regions and nat- uralized in some localities ; somewhat tender north in 38 AILANTHUS AKEBIA a young state. For street planting, the fertile plant only should be used, because the male exhales a disa- greeable odor when flowering, and the pollen is said to cause catarrhal troubles. It grows in almost any soil, but best in a light and some- what moist one, and stands dust and smoke w"ll. Var. erythro- c&rpa {A. ertffhrocdrpa, Carr. ^1. rubra, Hort.). Lvs. darker green above and more glaucous beneath : fr. bright red, very effective in late summer and autumn. Var. penduli!dlia,Carr. Lvs. very large, drooping. — The Ailanthus foliage gives a tropi- cal effect when the growth is very strong. If plants are cut back to the ground after they have become established ( in two or three years after planting), they will throw up very strong shoots and make an excellent screen, as shown in Fig. 55. This practice may be repeated year after year. Sumacs, pau- lownias.basswooiis, mulberries, and other fast-growing things may be treated in this way. The Ailanthus foliage is very like that of the Cedrela (which see for illustration of differ- ences). A.excelsa, Roxbg. Tall tree: lvs. 3 ft. long, abruptly pinnate; leaflets 20-28. teeth without glands. India. Can be grown only in tropical re- gions or in tlip hothouse. — ^4. rta- rescens, Carr. = Cedrela Sinensis. Alfred Rehder. AIBA (an ancient Greek name for Darnel). Gramin- ece. Haih Grass. A genus containing delicate annual grasses, with slender, loose panicle-branches: spikelets very small, of two perfect contiguous flowers: flowering glume acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearing a slender twisted awn below the middle. Eu., N. Afr. — This genus is much confused with Agrostis by florists. Nat. from Eu. and cult, for dry bouquets. caryophyll^a, Linn. {Agrt^stis ^legans, Hort., not Guss. I. A slender and elegant tufted annual. 10-20 in. high, bearing a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets. 61egans, Gaud. (AgrSstis ilegans, Hort., not Guss.), A slender, erect and very pretty annual, from a few inches to a foot high, with widely spreading capillary panicles of many small spikelets. -1. erespitosa, Linn.== Deschampsia capspitosa.— .4. erprfilea, Linn.= Molinia eoerulea. Munch. — J., flexuosa. Linn.= Des- ehampsia tiexuosa. p^ g^ Kexnedv. Agrostis nebulosa. AIB- PLANT. In common speech, any plant which grows on tin- trunk or in the top of another plant is called an air-plant. The proper term is epiphyte (that is, growing on a plant). In horticulture, the term air-plant is usually applied to epiphytal orchids, tillandsias, and the like. Most of these grow upon <dd bark, perhaps de- riving some of their nourishment from the bar'i, but nw.xt of it from the air and rain. They are not parasites,— do not derive their support from the juices of the host. AjtJQA{not yoked; thecalyxnot bilabiate). Labiatip. Bugle Weed. Hardy herbaceous European perennials, creeping by stolons. Height ft-12 in.: fls. numerous, in whorls, normally blue or purple, with rosy or white varieties. Prop, by division or seeds. Genev^nsis, Linn.(.4.rM^d.<»rt,Hort. ^. a ?pina, Hort.). St. erect : cauline lvs. oblong-elliptic or obovate, nar- rowed at the base ; lower ones petiolate ; floral lvs. ovate or wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy : upper fl. -whorls spicate ; lower whorls distant. 55. Ailanthus shoots ; with a f e v sunflower plants. 56. Akebia quinata. The expanded flowers are pistillate; the others are staminate. pyramid^lis, Linn. St. erect : cauline lvs. obovate, hardly petiolate, in a 4-sided pyramid ; floral lvs. broadly ovate, the highest often colored; all lvs. entire: fl. whorLs usually all spicate. T^ptans, Linn. St. prostrate : lvs. ovate or obovate. entire or sinuate, shiny.— A low, dense, fast-spreadin? creeper, excellent for covering shady slopes. The typical and white-fld. forms are less cult, than the following : Var. rtlbra, Hort. More value<l for its dark purple lvs. than its blue fls. Var. varieg&ta, Hort. Lvs. splashed and edged creamy yellow. met&IIica var. erf spa, Hort., int. by Henderson, 1899, is described as dwarf (4-5 in.), with curled, metallic glossy and blue fls. in a pyramidal spike. A bed- ding plant, int. from Germany. J. B. Keller and W. M. AK£;BIA (from Akehi, its Japanese name). Jierberiddc€(p. Twining glabrous shrubs: lvs. long-petioled, digitate, coria- ceous: fls. monoecious in axillary racemes, pistillate at the base, staminate at the end of the raceme ; sepals 3 : fr. consisting of one or more very large, oblong berries with numerous seeds. Two species in Japan and China. Very ornamental, hardy climbing shrubs of graceful appearance, especially adapted for places in which very dense shade is not wanted. They require a sunny position and well drained soil; also valuable in the cool greenhouse for covering pillars and walls, growini? best ia a sandy compost of loam, leaf soil gji AKilfelA ALABAMA 39 and peat. In Japan the fr., which is very showy, but with us rarely produced, is eaten, and the stems are much used for wicker-worls. Prop, by seeds, by green- wood or hardwood cuttings, and also by root division and layers. quinita, Decaisne. Figs. 56, 57. Climbing 12 ft. orniore: leaf- lets 5, oval or oblong-obovate, entire, emarginate, 1-2 in. 16ng: rts. fragrant, the pistillate pur- plish brown, about 1 in. broad, the staminate smaller, rosy purple, in early spring: berry oblong, 3-5 in. long, dark purple with glau- cous bloom, seeds black. -Hardy, handsome, not attacked by insects or fungi. Very graceful and de- sirable. China, Japan. B.R. .33 : 28. B.M. 48G4. U.F. 4:137. A.G. March. 1891. Figs. 5, 7, and plate. R.H. 1853:141. S.Z. 77. lob&ta, Decaisne. Leaflets 3, broadly ovate, coarsely crenate : fls. in long racemes, smaller than those of A. quinata. Ja- pan, China. B.M. 7485. A.G. March, 1891, p. 140. S.Z. 1: 1^. — A .clematifblia and A. quercifolia, Sieb. & Zucc, are probably only va- rieties of this spe- cies. Alfred Rehder. ALABAMA, HOETICUL- TUBE IN. Fig. 58. Commer- cial horticulture has not as- sumed the proportions in Ala- bama that it has in the neigh- boring southern states. This must be largely due to acci- dental causes, since in soils, climate and transportation facilities the state presents conditions fully equal to any of the others. At present the most important horticultural centers are at the extreme northern and southern ends of the state. Mobile has long been known as one of the chief sources of supply for early vegetables for the northern and western markets, and the truck business is gradually extending from Mobile county to the adjoin- ing counties of Baldwin and Washington. Early cab- bage and Irish potatoes are the most important crops, though snap beans, peas, radishes, an«l many other vege- tables are grown in considerable quantities. The tomato, so important a market crop in many southern localities, is very little grown here, owing largely to the preva- lence of bacteriosis, often called southern tomato blight. Huntsviile, in northern Alabama, has a large and flour- ishing nursery business. Several large wholesale es- tablishments are located there, and the fertile Tennes- see River Valley lands prove to be admirably adapted to the growth of a good quality of nursery stock. Over 1,300 acres are now devoted to this business in this neighborhood, the annual shipments fill 150 cars, inchid- ing 1,500,000 fruit trees, besides roses and other orna- mentals; and the sum of $40,000 is paid out annually for labor. Beginnings have been made in fruit and vegetable growing at various other points in the state, particularly at Cullman, Montgomery, and Evergreen, on the Louis- ville and Nashville railroad, and at Fruithurst, in north- eastern Alabama, on the Southern railway. No data have been secured as to the total shipment from these various points, but the combined amount is very small, as com- pared with those from the Mobile regioia. One road, the Akebia vine. Mobile and Ohio, forwarded 343 cars of home-grown fruits and vegetables from the Mobile depot during 1897. These figures do not include the shipments from other stations on this line, nor those carrie»l by the Louisville and Nashville. Such, in brief, is the present status of commercial horticulture in Alabama. In attempting to outline the possibilities of its future development, it will be neces- sary to glance at some of the more prominent topograph- ical features of the state. For our purpose, it may be roughly divided into four regions. First, at the north is the Tennessee River region, or, as it is often called, the grain belt (Fig. 58, A). Its strong clay soils produce abundant crops of corn, wheat, clover and timothy, and were originally covered by a heavy growth of hardwood timber. Next comes the mineral belt (B), including the mountain region of northeast Alabama, and extending in an irregular way nearly across the state to its western border. This is a large region, containing a great variety of soils, rantrintr from rich creek and river bottoms, and the fertile red soils characteristic of the Piedmont region of Georgia, to barren sands and sterile, rocky hillsides. The surface is very much broken, and great areas are still covered with the original forests of mixed pine and hard woods. Below the mountain country, and forming an irregularbeltor girdle across the middle of the state, is the prairie region (Fig. 58, C). This is narrow at the east, where the mountains press farthest southward, but broadens out toward the western border. The soil varies, in some places being light and sandy, but for the most part it is a dark, retentive loam, resembling that of the northern prairies. While cotton is a staple crop in all parts of the state, this is preeminently the cotton belt. Below the prairie comes the timber belt (D ) . covering the southern third of the state, and extending to the Gulf- Before the advent of the lumberman this extensive re- Horticultural regions oi Alabama. glon was an unbroken forest of long-leaf yellow pine, with magnolias and other broad-leaved evergreens bor- dering the water courses. The surface is rolling, or in 40 ALABAMA ALASKA gome parts vpry hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam, usually underlaid with red or yellow clay. It is naturally poor, beini? deflcient in potash and phosphoric acid, and yields only scanty crops without fertilizers. It can, however, be made very productive by judicious manur- ing, and it builds up rapidly under intelligent intensive t'arn.ing. This region is well adapted, both by soil and climate, to the production of early vegetables, and it seems probable that the business of truck-farming will ultimately spread widely from its present center at Mobile. Among fruits most promising for this region are grapes, oriental pears, tigs, Japanese persimmons and strawberries. Satsuma oranges on hardy trifoliata stocks can be safely planted at the extreme south, and peaches and Japanese plums in the more northerly por- tion. Pecans thrive admirably, and the better kinds should be widely planted. The soils of the prairie region, being mostly rather cold and wet in tiie spring, are not well adapted to early vegetables. Their fruit-growing capacitj' has not been fully tested, cotton claiming almost universal attention. Peaches and plums will thrive on some of the lighter soils, though the trees are usually short-lived. Apple trees grow well on the heavier prairie soils, and it seems probable that with a proper selection of varieties and due attention to spraying, their cultivation would prove profitable. The mineral or mountain region presents so great a varietj- of soils and conditions that it is hard to charac- terize it as a whole. Some portions present almost ideal conditions for peaches, plums and grapes, and in the moister, heavier lands apples thrive and j'ield abun- dantly. If the people of Alabamaever interestthemselves in fruit-growing as their neighbors in Georgia do at the present day. then these choice mountain locations will certainly be covered with orchards and vineyards, and this mountain region will advance to the first place in the magnitude of its horticultural interests. The northern region already has its well established nursery business, which seems destined to increase. Owing to late spring frosts, peach and plum crops are too uncertain here to make commercial plantings advis- able. It is, however, a promising apple country, and strawberries, raspberries and blackberries succeed well. An undeveloped but promising industry for this region wouhi seem to be the growing of late crops of cabbage and Irish potatoes for the southern market. The allu- vial soils found here seem well adapted for this purpose, and all the southern towns and cities offer a near and ready market. F. S. Eable. ALANQIUM (from the Malabar name). ComUcere. A few species of shrubs or small trees of the Old World tropics, with alternate en<-ire evergreen Ivs, and small, perfect purple fis. in axillary clusters. Rarely cult, in Old World stoves, but probably not in the Amer. trade. ALASKA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. .')9. When con- sidered from uliorticulturul or agricultural point of view, Alaska may be very conveniently divided into two divis- ions, the southern coast region and the interior. These two regions differ very materially in their cliniite, and may be ultimately found as unlike in their possibilities. The climate of the coast region, whicli extends from Dixon's Entrance on the southeast to Unalaska on the southwest, is characterized by a heavy rainfall, a great preponderance of cloudy weather, and a rather low sum- mer temperature, with little or no diurnal variation in the readings of the thermometer. The winter temperature is not excessively cold, zero weather being seldom experi- enced, while in the summer it is seldom high. The average rainfall, as shown by data from the Government Weather Service, varies from 55.9 inches at Killisnoo to 92.1 at Unalaska, about one-third of the precipitation fallitig during the growing period, from May to September. The data concernins: the interior portion of the country are mainly from along the Yukon R'ver, that being the great thoroughfare of the region. He. . the rainfall is sljjjht, and during summer clear skies are the rule. The intense cold of winter is followed by comparatively warm tem- perature in the summer, with a growing period of about four months, although occasional frosts have been re- ported from the upper part of tho valley during the summer months. The soils of the two regions are very similar, being largely of vegetable origin overlying rock or glacial de- posits. In the coast region arable areas are confined to rather narrow valleys and the slopes along the sea. In the interior are rei»orted more extensive areas of cnni- paratively level land. Of the coast region, the most t x- tensive area of land adapted to cultivation is that on tlie Kenai Peninsula, and, extending across Cook Inlet, is continued up the Sushitna River. This region, on -c- countof its position relative to ocean currents, partakes more of the climatic characteristics of the interior, al- though still somewhat modified. The accompanying map shows regions where some attempts have been made in gardening, from which d<ti- nite reports have been secured. From the data at hand 59. Sketch map of Alaskiu it seems probable that the local supplies of hardy vege- tables might be produced nearer at hand than the Puget Sound. This is undoubtedly true of the southeastern portion of the country, where the production need be limited only by the demand for such supplies and the ability to secure arable lands at a cost that will permit the producer to compete with the Sound country. For some time certain economic features will enter into the subject of extensive horticulture. Among these are the high price of labor, the standard being at present deter- mined by the wages paid for gold mining, the question of transportation, and the rather limited markets. As it exists at the present time, horticulture in Alaska is of a very primitive type. A few gardens here and there, with perhaps a row of berries along the side and an occasional fruit tree, represents nearly all that is done along this line. Near Juneau and at Killisnoo are mar- ket-gardens of considerable importance, but elsewhere only small areas are cultivated. It has been said that during the Russian occupancy of the country many attempts were made to cultivate gardens and fields, but the data are often so meager and contradictory as to throw doubt upon the sincerity of the endeavor. In the accompanying account, it is de- sired to place on record some of the horticultural achieve- ments as gathered from reports from gardeners in many places, as well as the personal observations of the writer during two seasons in the country Fruits. — The great abundance both in kind and quan- tity of native fruits, especially berries, has doubtless contributed to the delay in the attempted introduction and cultivation of other sorts. Some effort has been made in this line, as is shown by the presence at Sitka of a number of old apple trees, remnants of the Russian days, which bear a very inferior fruit. A few young bearing trees of unknown variety are grown at the same place. At Wrangell there are apple trees of what are thought to be the Red June variety in bearing, and young thriving trees are known to be at Juneau and Metlakahtla. Plum and cherry trees have been recently planted in several places, but so far have not fruited. The mountain ash ( Sorbns sfimbuci folia ) is grown as an ornamental tree in a number of places. Currants flourish wherever planted, and gooseberries have been seen, but they were usually ALASKA ALASKA 41 * badly mildewed. Cuthbert raspberries do exceedingly wellat WrantfHJl and Sitka, the fruit bf ini? of tine size and iiuality. Tlie same is true of strawberries at the sev- eral places where they are cultivated. Attempts have b»«'n made at a number of places to cultivate some of the in<li»renous fruits, and the dewberry or "kneshent-ka" (Kubua steUatus),'v.'\\iX currants (HihfH riihrum an<l Ji. braetfostim), and the strawberry {Fragaria Chihim- aisf) have all been domesticated, and their fruit is fullv equal, if not superior, to the wild produc*. Veuetables. — More attempts have been ma<le to grow vegetables than fruits, and some definite data have been obtained, showinsrwhat varieties are known to be adapted to Alaskan conditions. Most of these data have been se- cured from Sitka and Wrangell. in the southeastern part of the country, and from the Holy Cross Mission, near Koserefski, on the lower Yukon. A recent report from the latter place states that potatoes of tine quality, weigh- ing \% pounds, and turnips weighing 0% pounds, were grown during the summer of l<i98. In atldition, notes were given of some of the varieties of vegetables adapted to the region, as follow .< : Cabbage— Early Jersey Wake- field, Flat Dutch, ard Drumhead ; cauliflower— Early Snowball, Early Dwarf Erfurt ; turnips — Early Flat Dutch, Yellow Globe, and Extra Early Milan ; ruta- bagas— Improved American; radish — French Breakfast and Chartier ; onions — Extra Early Red and Yellow I>'\nvers; letttice — Golden Heart; peas — American Won- der and Early Alaska; beets — Eclipse and Edmand's Blood Turnip ; carrot— Oxheart ; parsley— Extra Early Double Curled; celery— White Plume, Giant Pascal; rhubarb- Victoria, The same varieties, with numerous a<lditions, have suc- ceeded in the coast region. Snap beans. Challenge Black Wax and Golden Wax, have done fairly well at Sitka, where some experiments were conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture during 1898, and the Kiiglish Windsor is quite in its element. At this place the Philadelphia Butter and San Francisco Market let- tuce made fine heads of a most superior quality. Par- snips and carrots grow well, and salsify and spinach were successfully grown at Sitka for perhaps the first time. Peas were found to grow and yield well, and in addition to the varieties above given, some of the dwarfs and the Norwegian Sugar peas continued to produce their crop until cat off by the frost. The blood beets, Extra Blood Turnip and Extra Early Egyptian, grew well at Sitka, but in many places beets are a failure on account of their tendency to run to seed. This unde- sirable trait on the part of biennial plants is shared by other vegetables, principally turnips, although cabbage and caulirtower have bi en reported as doing likewise. It is believed by some growers that the flat type of tur- nip is more su>»,iect to run to seed than the globe type. Celery of exceedingly fine quality has been grown at a number of places, although at Kadiak specimens were seen in which the central axis was greatly elongated. The leafstalks were also lengthened in about the same proportion, and this trait was not considered undesirable. Potatoes are more extensively grown than any other crop, and the quality varies with the variety, locality, season, and culture. Usually little choice is exercised in the matter of varieties, but Polaris, Beauty of Hebron, and Early Rose appear well adapted to the conditions existing in this region. The two last are the most ex- tensively known varieties, and very favorable reports iiare been received from a few trials of the Polaris, Season and method of planting undoubtedly exert a strong influence on the crop. If the soil, which usually contains a high proportion of organic matter and mois- ture, is well drained or thrown up into beds, as is the custom in many places, good potatoes can be grown in the average season. In some parts of the country, espe- cially from Cook Inlet westward, the natives cultivate a small round potato, called the Russian, that seems to be well suited to the country. It is said to have been brought from Siberia fifty or more years ago. Close planting of potatoes, as well as almost every other vegetable, is the rule, and often to this fact alone may be attributed many failures. The object seems to be to grow a large crop by planting an abundance of seed. The result is a large growth of tops that completely shade the ground, thin- ning being seldom or never pract'.ced. Along the coast, where cloudy weather is the rule, it is safe to say mat the sun's rays never strike the ground after the grow- ing season has become well a<lvanced. Under such con- ditions it is not an uncommon sight to see a crop of small potatoes borne in the axils of the leaves above ground, no tubers being formed below the surface. In general, considerable judgment is shown in the choice of garden sites. A southwestern siope is always preferred, and if well drained the garden is usually a thrifty one. In many places the earth is thrown up into beds 4 or 5 feet wi<le and the crop planted crosswise the beds. Where it can be easily obtained, sand is added to warm and to lighten the soil. Kelp is extensively em- ployed as a fertilizer in some places, but its value when ad<led to a soil already largely composed of vegetable debris is questionable. Gardens have been successfully maintained at Dawson, Circle City, and other of the great raining centers of the upper Yukon, and the dirt roof of the miner's cabin is frequently utilized for early gar- dens, the heat from within supplying the necessary warmth required for growing early radishes, onions, lettuce, turnips, etc. Wild Berries.— The abundance of native fruits, espe- cially of berries, has already been mentioned, and an enumeration of some of them would seem not out of place. Of widest distribution are the salraonberries (liubus speetabilis. Fig. 60), two so-called cranberries ( i'ibur- num pattciflorum and Vaccinitim yitis-Id(pa), currautH {Kibes rubnnn , li.brarteosum, and Ji. laxiflorum) .crow- berries (Empetntm wij/rMm ), huckleberries ( Vuccinium nligitwaum and its var. mucronatum), blueberries ( 1^. ot'alifolittm), red huckleberries ( V. pan'iflontm), the molka or baked-apple berry {Rubus Chnm<pmoriis) im- properly called salraonberry in the interior, and rasp- berries {Bubus strigosus). Ot less gen- eral distribution, yet very abunuant in places, may be mentioned strawberries {Fragaria Chiloensis), dewberries i Bu- bus stellattis), thim- ble berries {B. par" viflnrus ) . salal ( Gan l- theria Shallon), bog cranberries ( I'accin- itim Oxy coccus ),he&T- berries (Arctostaph- ylos alpina), etc. 60. Salmonberry. one of the wild fruits of Alaska. Floriculture.— This branch of horticulture is not wholly neglected in Alaska, although but few data are available. Many of the hardier plants of the old-fash- ioned flower garden are to be seen. Pansies of great size and brilliant color are common, and they remain in flow'jr all summer. In some parts of the country sweet peas Jo well, and poppies, nasturtiums, mignonette, 12 ALASKA sweet alyssura, chrysanthemums, stock, candytuft, ver- benas, and marigolds are not uncommon where any at- tempt is made to grow flowers. Window gardens and boxes add many sorts to the list already given. A single season's experimentation at Sitka, under the direction of the Office of Experiment Stations. United States Department oi Agriculture, has shown that nmch can be accomplished in horticulture if rational methods of culture and a proper selection of varieties and seed be followed. Walter H. Evans. For further information, consult Yearbook of Dept. of Agric. for 1897, and Bulletin 48, Office Exp. Sta., Dept. Agric. L. H. B. ALB£RTA (from Albertus Grotus, commonly known as Albertus Magnus). Bubidcie. Tender evergreen shrub from Natal, suitable for greenhouse. Little known in commerce in this country. m&gnBL, E. Mey. Bark pale : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, obovate- oblong. obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short, stout pet- iole ; midrib stout : panicle terminal, erect, 6 in. high and nearly as broad at the base ; corolla tube 1 in. long, slightly swelling in upper part ; lobes 5, small, triangu- lar, recurved. B.M. 7454. G.C. IIL 22: 416. Gn. 53:1171. ALBtZZIA (after Albizzi, an Italian naturalist). Le- gumivdsip. Trees or shrubs, unarmed : Ivs. alternate, bipinnate ; leaflets small, oblique : fls. in axillary, pe- duncled spikes or globular heads ; calyx and corolla tubular and 5-lobed ; stamens 'ong, exserted : fr. a large strap-shaped pod. Twenty-flve species in trop. and subtrop. region^j of Asia, Afr. and Austral. Orna- mental trees and shrubs with graceful, feathery foliage and yellowish, white or red fls. in summer. For cult., see Acacia. A. Fls. in cylindrical axillary spikes : Ivs. persistent. loph^ntha, Benth. {Acdcia l^phdntha,'W\Ud.). Shrub or small tree, 0-20 ft. : Ivs. with 14-24 pinnae, each with 40-60 leaflets, about 5 lines long, linear, obtuse : spikes mostlv 2, about 2 in. long, yellowish. S. W. Australia. B.M. 2108. B.R. 5:361. L.B.C. 8:716.-Sometimes cult, as greenhouse shrub and flowering in spring, and in the open in the S. Often known as Acacia speciosa. There is a var. gigant^a in the trade. AA. Fls. in globular heads : Ivs. deciduous. B. Stamens united only at the base. C. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse. L6bbek, Benth. {Accicia L^hbek, Willd. A. sped- bsa, Willd.). Tall tree : Ivs. with 4-8 pinnae, each with 10-18 leaflets, obliquely oblong or oval, 1-lJ^in. lone, nearly sessile: fls. greenish yellow, in short-peduncled, axillary heads, 3—4 together. Trop. Asia, N. Austral. occidentjtlis, Brandeg. Small tree, 15-25 ft. : Ivs. with 8 pinnae, each with 6-10 leaflets, oblique-oval, %-\'%m. long, glabrous: fls. ye"'>wi.sh, in axillary heads. Juue- July. Mex., Lew. Calif. — Perhaps only a variety of A. Lebbek, and not indigenous. odoratissima, Benth. {Acacia odoratissima, Willd.). Tall tree: Ivs. v.ith downy rachis; pinnae 6-14, each with 16-50 leaflets, oblique-oblong, %-\ in. long, glaucous beneath : heads few-fld., numerous, greenislx white, forming large, terminal panicles. E. Ind. prdcera, Benth. {Acdcia prdcera, Willd.). Tall tree: Ivs. with nearly glabrous rachis; pinnae 6-10, each with 12-16 leaflet.-*, oblifjue-oblong, 1-1 Hin. long, glabrous: heads few-fld., greenish white, forming large, terminal panicles. Trop. Asia, Austral. Mclucc^na, Mi(j. Tree : rachis of the Ivs. with man> glands; pinnae 14, each with 12-40 leaflets, obliquely el- liptic-oblong.glaucous and pubescent beneath. Moluccas. cc. Leaflets falcate, with the midrib close to the upper edge, acute. Julibrissin, Durazz. (AcAcia t/M^iferfssiH, Willd. A. iV^^mM, Willd. Alblzzia rdsea, Crtt.). Tree, 30-40 ft.: rachis of the Ivs. with a small gland at the base; pinnae 8-24, with numerous leaflets, falcate-oblong, Hin. long: heads pink, crowded on the unper end of the branches. ALEURITES Trop. and subtrop. Asia md Afr. R.H. 1870: 490. FS. 21: 2199. — This plant is the hardiest species, and will .stand many degrees of frost. Hardy as far north us Washington. Var. mdllis, Benth. {A. mdllitt, Boiss. Acdeia mdllis. Wall.). Leaflets broader, densely pubescent. bapul&ta, 3oiss. (AcHcia stipuldfa, DC). Tall tree : young br*- -hes with large, persistent stipules: rachis of the Ivs ..ith many glands, pubescent; pinnae 12-40, with numerous leaflets, oblong-linear, 34-Xin. long, \>n- bescent beneath: heads in axillary simple or terminal compound racemes. Trop. Asia. BB. Stamens connate into a long, narrow tube. fastigi&ta, Oliv. (Zygia fastigidta, E.Mey.). Tree : branches and petioles rusty-pubescent ; pinnae 8-14. each with 16-30 leaflets, trapezoid-oblong, >^-J^in. lontr. pubescent beneath : heads in terminal corymbs on tlie end of the branches. Trop. Afr. Alfred Rehder, ALBt^CA {whitish ; the color of the first-described species). Liliclcece. Tender bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope allied to Omithogalum, and treated, in the same way. Prop, by offsets or seeds. atirea, Jacq. Bracts yellow : fls. 10-30, pale yellow, upright. m^jor, Linn. Bracts red : fls. 6-15, greenish yellow, nodding. B.M. 804. L.B.C. 12: 1191. ALCHEMILLA (from an Arabic name). Roshceo'. Hardy herbaceous perennials with corymbose, incon- spicuous fls., suitable for rockeries and front rows of borders. Of easiest culture. Height 6-8 in. Prop, by division or seeds. Native in Eu., and A. arv^.nsis is sparingly naturalized in this countrj. There are also tropical species. alplna, Bieb. Lvs. digitate, 5-7 cut : leaflets usually 7, lanceolate cuneate, obtuse, serrate a. apex, silky hairy beneath, shiny. Eu. serlcea, Willd. Lvs. larger than in A. alpina, 5-7 nerved, digitate; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, deeply ser- rate from the middle to apex, downy beneath. Cau- casus. vulgilris, Linn. {A. monfdna, Schmidt). Lady's Man- tle. Lvs. 7-9 nerved, 7-9 cut ; reniform, plicate-con- cave. N. Temp. Zone. j 3 kbller. ALDEH. See Alnus. ALETBIS (Greek word for female slave who ground corn; alludingto apparent mealiness of the fls.). Eif- madordcece. Hardy perennial, smooth, stemless, bitter herbs. Lvs. thin, flat, lanceolate, grass-like, in a spread- ing cluster: fls. small, in a spiked raceme, terminating a slender scape 2-3 ft. high; perianth not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened with thick set points which give a mealy appearance July-Aug. They like a moist but sunny situation. Prop, slowly by division or seeds. atirea, Walt. Fls. bell-shaped, fewer and shorter than in A. fa rinosa, yellow ; lobes short, ovate. Eastern N. Amer. B.M. 1418, erroneously as A. farinosa. farindsa, Linn. Fls. longer and more tubular than in A. aureit, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong. N. Amer. L.B.C. 12:1161. Japdnica, Hort. Fls. reddish or deep purple, in long spikes. J, B. Keller. ALEUBlTES (Greek: farinose or floury). Euph. bi<)ce<t\ Half dozen or less tropical species of evergreii. trees, with small monoecious white fls. in terminal, lax cymes and alternate, entire or3-lobed lvs. '"ith 2 glatid.s at the top of the petiole. triloba, Forst. Candlenut, or Candleberrv Tree. Small tree, with 3-5-lobed pubescent lvs., originally from the eastern tropics, but now widely distributed : cult. for its edible nut, which is spheroidal, n' arly 2 in. in diani., 2-locuIed, each compartment contaiuiiig a walnut- like seed. The dried kernels are burned for illumina- tion by natives. The nuts yield oil which is used in food or as a dryer m paint. The oil is variously known as Indian Walnut Oil, Kekune Oil, Kukui Oil. Spar- ingly cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Fruits in S. Calif. ALEURITES ALLAMAXDA 43 cord4ta, Steud. Lvs. broadly ovate, aruminatp, deeply cordate, i^") cuspidate or lobed. S. China. — Yields au excellent lac varnish. L. H. B. ALFALFA, LUCfiENE {MedicAgo saf)va, Linn.). A deep-rooted perennial forape plant of the Leyumindafe. The plant grows a foot or two high, bears pinnate lvs. with .{ ovate-oblong toothed leaflets, and sraall head-like racemes of purple clover-shaped fls. It is native to Eu. In the arid parts of the U. S. it is the staple bay and fora^'e plant, and it is also grown to a considerable ex- tentln the E. Two to six mowings may be made each year from established meadows. Fifteen to 20 lbs. of seed are sown to the acre; and the seed is preferably sown alone, without another crop. Alfalfa should not be pastured the first year. In two or three years it be- comes thoroughly established and productive, and it should continue for manjr years. June grass often runs it out in a cool, moist climate. Alfalfa often becomes a weed in waste places. ALFIL£BIA. The West American or Spanish name for Erbdinm cicutdrium, L'Her. Geranidcecp. A hairy annual which is used for pasture in dry regions. ALGA, plural ALGiE. A general name for chloro- phyll-bearing thallophytes. They are flowerless plants, allied to the fungi, and generally inhabit water. Those occurring in salt water are known as seaweeds. None are cultivated. The green "moss" on flower-pots is made up of algae. ALGABOBA is the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua ALHAGI (its Mauritanian name). Legu4ninbsa>. Low, ^iuy, much branched shrubs: lvs. oblong, small, ob- tuse, entire, alternate : fls. papilionaceousj in few-fld. racemes. Summer. Three closely aided species from Greece and Egypt to Himalayas, prot.acing the Persian or Alhagi Manna. They may be cult, in temperate re- gions in dry and sunny positions and prop, by seeds and greenwood cuttings under glass with u little bottom heat. A. catnelbrum, Fisch. Camel's Thokn. Glabrous at length: ovarj' glabrous. Cau. to Himal. — A. manroruiti, DC Pubes- cent: ovao" pubescent. £851)1 to Persia. — A. ffra-ronnn, Boiss. Very spiny and more densely pubescent : ovary pubescent. Greece.^ ALFRED Rehder. ALISMA (derivation doubtful). AUsnu\ce(v. Hardy aquatics, with small white or pale rose fls. on scapes with whorled, panided branches. Perennial by a stout pro'.iierous corm. Useful in ponds. Prop, by division or seeds. Plantigo, Linn. Water Plantain, Lvs. variable, but usually broadly cordate-ovate : thinner and nar- rower when growing under water. Panicle 1-2 ft. long. Common in swales and still waters in U. S.; also inEu. dt 8, Linn., is now referred to the nionotypic genus fcilsiTu (> natans, Buch.). It is native to Eu., and is offered in ■loifues. Fl. white, single, on a long i)eduncle: float- 'le \ ' -•! 'c and obtuse. ."^^ ;A, ALKANET. SeeJwf*f<.«o. iii.K£K£NGI. See Physalis. ALLAMANDA (Dr. Allamand,Leyden). Apocynfieeoe, Greenhouse shrubs, nu)stly climbers. Lvs. entire, whorled: fls. terminal, large and funnel-shaped, with a jaat-spreading or reflexed limb, the tube inflated below the throat: ovary 1-loculed: stamens 5, the filaments very short. Allaniandas are of easy culture. They are usually grown in tlie ground or in large tubs, and trained on the rafters. For best results, they should have plenty of sun. The bushy kinds, as^. neriiMhi, A. graadl flora and A. Williamsi, may be grown as specimen plant.n in pots. The strong kinds, as A. Schoftii, are some- times used as stocks upon which to graft the weaker ones, particularly if root plants are desired. Prop, by puttings of growing wood in a bottom heat of 75°; also by layers. The species are much confused. A. Flu. purple. Blanch6til, DC. {A. violdcea, Ctardn.). Lvs. in 4's, hairy on both sides: fls. in terminal clusters, H in. across, salmon-purple: habit of -4. mthartica. Brazil. B.M. 7122. Int. into U. S. in Ih'J^. AA. Fls. yellow or orange. B. Corolla with a swollen or bulb-like base. neriifdlia, Hook. A stocky, bushy grower, useful for pots, although it usually needs to be staked or grown against a support if allowed to take its full course: lvs. in 3's-5's, glabrous, oblong or elliptic, acuminate : co- rolla smaller than A. Schottii or ^-1. Hendersoni, deeper yellow, streaked with orange. S. Amer. B.M. 4594. — Early and profuse bloomer. BB. Corolla tube long, slender and stem-like. C. Lvs. and calyx more or less hairy. n6bilis, Moore. A strong, tall climber, with purple twigs: lvs. in 3's or 4's, large, acuminate, very short- stalked: fls. very large (4-5 in. across), nearly circular in outline of limb, bright, cle:ir yellow, with magnolia- like odor. Finest fls. in the genus. Braz. B.M. 57G4. cc. Irvs. and calyx glabrous {except perhape ix A. Williamsi). D. Plant tall-climbing. cathdrtica, Linn. Lvs. rather small, obovate, usually in 4's, and more or less wavy-margined, thin, acuminate : fls. golden yellow, white-marked in the throat, the lobes acuminate on one angle, 3 in. or less across, the tube gibbous or curved. S. Amer. B.M. 338. P.M. 8:77. —The species first described, but now rarely seen in cultivation. Schdttii, Pohl. Strong-growing, suitable for rafters: young shoots and petioles slightly pubescent, the older stems warty: lvs. in 3's or -i's, broadly lanceolate and acuminate: corolla large, rich yellow, the throat darker and beautifully striped. Braz, B.M. 4351, but this por- trait is considered by Index Kewensis to belong to .4 . cathartica. A. magnifica, introduced into the U. S. in 1893, is probably a form ot this species. H6nder80ni, Bull. (,1. ^Vardleytina, LeV Fig. 61. Tall and vigorous, free-flowering, excel. or roofs: 61. Allamanda Hendersoni (X K)- glabrous: lvs. large, elliptic-ovate, thick and leathery, in 4'&: fls. large, yellow-orange, with 5 liglit spots in the throat, the corolla of thick substance, purplish on the exterior when in bud. (in. 29:542. I.H. 12:452. — The conunonest Allamanda in this country. By some authori- ties considered to be a variety of A. cathartica; by oth- ers referred to A. Schottii. Int. from Guiana by Hender- son * Co., St. John's Wood, England, and distributed by Bull about 1865. 44 ALL AMANDA ALLIUM DD. Plant erect-bushy. Sn^ndifldra, Lam. St. thin and wiry: Ivs. thin, ovate- lanceolate, pointed, usually in 3's: lis. somewhat smaller than those of A. Htndersoni but larger than A. cathar- tica, lemon- or primrose-yellow. Braz. Gn. 39 : 794. P. M. 12: 79. — Thrives well when grafted on stronger kinds. Williamsi, Hort. Very dwarf : Ivs. and young growth generally somewhat pubescent, the Ivs. long and narrow, vcuminate usually in 4"s : tis. in continuous clusters, i.-ather smaller than those of A . Hendersoni and of better substance, fragrant. Gn. 40: 832. — Certificated in Eng. in 1891 by B. S.Williams & Son, and int. in U. S. in 1893. Supposed to be a hybrid. Promising for pots. L. U. B. ALL-HEAL. See Bninella vulgaris. ALLIOATOB FEAB, AGUACATE, AVOCADO. See Per sea. Allium (ancient Latin name). Lilihcece. Bulbous plants, mostly cult, in the open ; but a few, of which A. jVeapolitanum is an example, are of tener grown indoors. Fls. in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lvd. usually scarious spathe; stamens and perianth segments 6; style slender, the stigma either entire or parted. Alliums are of the easiest cult., for which consult '^ITLBS. For the vegetable-garden members of the genus, see Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot. Allium I'inedle, a bad weed in parts of the northeastern states, has a slender scape sheathed below with hollow thread- shaped Ivs., and greenish rose-colored fls. (or bulblets in the place of fls.). The following species are known to be in the Amer. trade : acuminatum, No. 4 ; anceps, 26 ; attenuifolium, 21; Bidwelliap, 23; Bolanderi, 17; cernuum, 9; Cusickii, 16; falcifolium, 25; fimbriatum, 24; Geyeri, 13; hsema- tochiton, 11; ffermettii,3; madidum, 15; Moly, 1; Nea- 63. Allium Neapolitanum. politanum, 3; platycaule,27; reticulatum, 12; roseum,5; Sanbornii, 20; scaposum, 14; Schoenoprasum, 8; senes- cens, 6; serratum. 22: stellatum, 19; tricoccura, 7; uni- folium, 18: validum, 10; Victorialis, 2. A. Camptchdtirum, catalogued by Meehan, is perhaps a form of some other species. It is described as "dull pink. July. 1>^ ft." I. Exotic garden Alliums. A. Fls. yellow. 1. Mdly, Linn. Lvs. flat, broad : fls. numerous, in a dense umbol, in early spring. S. Eu. B.M. 499.— Well known, and a favorite for massing. Hardy in the N. AA. Fls. white or whitish. B. Lvs. very broad, obtuse. 2. Victori&lis, Linn. Tall : lvs. ovate or broad-oblong, short : fls. greenish white, in large heads. Spring. Si- beria. B.M. 1222.- Hardy. BB. Lvs, narrow, acute or tapering. 3. Neapolit&nom, Cyr. Fig. 62. Lvs. long and rather narrow, loose-spreading, shorter than the scape : tis. large, pure white, with colored stamens on long pedicels. Eu.— Needs protection if grown outdoors. Much used for cui-Uowers in winter and spring. The most popular species, A. Herm4ttii jrandiflbrutn, recently intro- duced from Holland, is a clear white odorous variety, well adapted to forcing. AAA. Fls, pink, rose, or lilac. B. Segments ivith recurved tips. 4. acuminiLtum, Hook. Scape 4-10 in.: lvs. 2-4, not longer than the scape, very narrow : umbel many-fld. : perianth segments a third longer than the stamens, the inner ones serrulate. W. Amer. BB. Segments not recurved. 5. rdseom, Linn. Scape 12-18 in.: lvs. narrow, with in- rolled tips: fls. few (10-12), on long pedicels in an open umbel. S. Eu. B.M. 978. 6. sen^scens, Linn. Scape 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow, erect, often twisted: fls. rather small, numerous, in a rather dense head. Eu. B.M. 1150, II. The above species comprise those which are in gen- eral cultivation in this country. Aside from these there are v^arious native species, mostly from western Amer- ica, which are offered by dealers in American plants. These are recorded below. Monograph of American Alli- ums by Sereno Watson,in Proc.Amer.Acad. Sci. 14: 226. A. Bulbs clustered, narrowly oblong; scape terete, B. Lf'S. elliptic-lanceolate, 2 or 3. 7. tric6ccum,Ait. Common Wild Leek. Fls. greenish white on scape 4-12 in. high ii early spring. Grows in clumps. N. Eng. to Wis. and N. C. BB. Lvs. terete and hollow, several. 8. Schoendprasum, Linn. Cives or Chives. Fls. rose- color, in dense little heads: lvs. short, in dense mats. N. U. S. and Eu. BBB. Lvs. linear, flat or channelled. 9. c6maum, Roth. Fls. rose-colored or white, in open, nodding umbels. Alleghanies W. 10. v&lidum, Wats. Fls. rose-colored or nearly white, in dense erectish umbels : scape l-iHft., very stout. Nev.,Cal.,Or. 11. haematochlton, Wats. Fls. deep rose, in a small, erect umbel : bulb-coats deep red : scape 1 ft. or less high. Cal. AA. Bulbs usually solitary, globose to ovate: scape terete or nearly so. B. Coats of bulbs fibrous. 12. reticuliitum, Eraser. Scape 3-8 in. : fls. white to rose, with thin segments. W. Amer. B.M. 1840, as A, stellatum. 13. Geyeri, Wats. A foot high : fls. rose, with broad acute segments. W. Amer. BB. Coats of bulbs not fibrous. c, Lvs. 2 or several, D. Ovary ivifh only 3 crests, or none at all, 14. Bcapdsum, Benth. Fls. white, red-veined, in a loose, few-fld. umbel : bulbs dark : scape 1 ft. or more. W. Amer. 15. mAdidum, Wats. Fls. white or nearly so, in a many- fld. umbel: bulbs white: scape less than 1 ft., angled. Or. 16. Ctlsickii.Wats. Fls. rathernumerous, nearly white: lvs. 2, ^in. wide: scape 3-4 in. Or. ALLIT ALMOND u I 17 BoUnderi, Wats. Fls. rose, few, the segments ser- rulate: scape 4-10 in. Calif. 18 unifolium. Kellogg. Lvs. several, narrow and flat: .scape stout. 1-i ft. : fls. rose, 10-30, the segments ovate- lanceolate, exceeding stamens and style. Calif. DO. Ovary distinctly G-cresied; fls. usually rose-colored. E. Scape usually more than 6 in. high (in the tcild). 19. Btellattun, Fraser. Bulb-coats reddish: scape 6-18 in • pedicels 14-%'m. long; stamens and styles exserted. W.AnKr. B.M. 1576. oQ, Sinbomii, Wood. Bulb-scales white: scape 12-24 in?' pedicels shorter; umbel densely many-fld. ; stamens ami styles exserted. Calif. 'I. attenuifdlium, Kellogg. Lvs. channelled : scape su'niler, 6-15 in., leafy below; umbel dense ; fls. nearly white. W. Amer. EE. S'-ape usually less than 6 in. high (in the wild). 2'1. serratum, Wats. Lvs. very narrow : filaments broadened at the base. W. Araer. 2;{. Bidwelliae, Wats. Scape 2-3 in.: umbel few-fld., the pedicels Kin. long : filaments filiform. Calif. cc. Lf. solitary, linear or filiforw: scape 2-5 in. high: cnjisule 6-crested. 24. fimbriitxun, Wats. Lf. filiform and revolute : scape 3 in. : fls. deep rose , stigma 3-cleft. S. Calif. AA. Bulbs mostly solitary : scape stout, 2-winged : lvs. 2, broad. B. Stamens not exserted. 25. falcifdlium, Hook. & Am. Fls. rose, the segments minutely glandular-serrate and twice longer than sta- mens : scape 2-3 in. W. Amer. 2i). anceps, Kellogg. Fls. white, with purplish veins, the segments little longer than stamens. Calif., Or. BB. Stamens exserted. 27. platycaMe, Wats. Fls. rose, the segments long- acuminate: scape3-5in. Calif. B.yi.(j22~,&s A. anceps. L. H. B. ALLOPLfiCTUS (diversely plaited ; referring to ap- pearance of the calyx). Gesnerdce(e. Tender tropical evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary fls., borne singly, to w-. grown in hothouses and given the treatment required by Gesneras. A. repens, Hook. Trailing by means of roots thrown out be- tween the pairs of lvs.: lvs. ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy or smooth: calyx pale green, blotched with purple; coroUayellow, tinged red, gaping; tube swollen at the base ; limb of four spre.id- tiig segments, the uppermost being twice cut. E. Ind. B.M. 4250. —A. sparsiflonts. Mart. Erect : lvs. ovate-oblong, jicute entire; petiole and nerves beneath often red : calyx of a cordate or tri- angular dark blood or purple sepals, fi)rming a striking contrast to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy corolla; limb of corolla of 5 equal segments. Braz. B. M. 4'JIP, erroneously as A. dichrous. Allspice. The dry berry of the Pimento (Pimenta •ifficindlia, Lindl.), an evergreen tree of the Myrtitcece. The tree grows in the W. Indies. Jamaica yields much of the product. The fresh berry is about the size of a pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice is also applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as Calycanthus. AXMOND. A name given to the tree and fruit of Pru- iif(«' Aiuifijddlus, Baill. (Amygdalus communis, Linn.), of the lf<>s<)ce(p. It is also applied to certain -hvarf orna- mental trees or bushes, a.s Flowering Alnioiul (see Pni- iiHx). The Almond has been cultivate*! from time im- memorial. It is thought to be native to the Med iterranean basin. Some enquirers have stipposed it to be the original of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The flowers are peach-like and handsome (Fig. 6!{)- The Almond nut of commerce is the pit or stone of a pearli- like fruit (Fig. 64). The fleshy part, which is so thick and edible in the peach, is thin and hard, and it splits at maturity. There are two general tribes or races of .\lnionds,— the bitter and the sweet. The former has a I'irter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavor- in? extnicts an«l pnissic acid. It is grown niostly in Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible Al- 63. Flower of common Almond [X %). mends, there are two classes,— the hard-shell and the soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible Almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought that almond-growing could be successfully practiced in the peach-growing sections of the East, but vagaries of late spring frosts, and other difiicul- ties, have caused the effort to be abandoned commercially. Indi- vidual Almond trees are occa- sionally seen, and they fre- quently bear profusely. They are nearly as hardy as the peach. The commercial cultivation of the Almond is confined to west- ern America, and the remainder of this account is, therefore, written from the Californian standpoint. L. H. B. Almond-growing in California has received the attention of horticulturists for nearly half a century, and during the whole of its course the industry has been marked by vicissitudes which, it must be admitted, are not yet ended. Two chief sources of difficulty are now clearly discerned to have attended the effort from its be- ginning, and present knowledge may enable planters to avoid, in the future, errors which have led to much dis- appointment and loss — the vestiges of which still encum- ber the ground, I'^ough clearing is proceeding rapidly. Thus far the Almond tree has yielded more firewood than any other single fruit tree which has been largely planted in California, and yet planting has continued, in the hope of better results, until in 1897 there were about 1,500,000 trees included in the reports of the county assessors, of which number about two-thirds had attained bearing age at that datte. The product of 1897 was 218 carloads, and the competition in the eastern markets with imported Almonds was so grievous that prices fell below what is considered a profitable return. In 1898, because of un- timely frosts, the product fell to 25 carloads, which is counted about equal to the local consumption of the Pa- cific coast. At the present time, 1899, planting has prac- tically ceased, and a considerable acreage of thrifty trees of bearing age is being cleared for other purposes, be- cause growers in certain places are out of patience with the Almond. In spite of these facts, the Almond will re- main an important California product, through the satis- factoi-y performance of trees enjoying favorable envi- ronment. The two chief sources of failure with the Almond are the sterility of many varieties without cross-pollination, and the extreme propensity of the tree for e»rly bloom- ing, with the consequent destruction of the bloom or the young fruit by temperature very little below the freezing point. These two evils have been singularly associated historically, and only lately have they been shown to be independent factors and both of them demanding the closest attention from planters. At first it was thought that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by them- selves was the cause of disappointment, because, after years of chopping-out or grafting-over oM, unproductive trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent stock, it was observed, by chance, that the Languedoc va- riety adjacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was heavily laden with nuts when it was sterile without such association. Attention was then directed to the growth of seedlings, and a large lot of seedlings of the bitter Almond, grown by A. T. Hatch, exhibited such satis- factory bearing habit and such striking variation toward new types of the soft-shell sweet Almond that the growth of new, selected California seedlings was seized upon as a paTu\cea for the previously experienced troubles with the Almond. Those now varieties were conceived to be not only self-fertile but hardy, and large plantations were made withotit due regard to the frosty character of the locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some ex- tent of high plateaux, were planted. Fine, large trees grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts 46 ALMOND ALMOND from February to April, until the growers cast the trees upon the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to be the proper conception of the situation of the Almond in California, which is, that the most prolific varieties must be chosen, must be associated for purposes of cross- pollination, and must be planted in places of least lia- bility to frost. There is a factor of some moment in the late-blooming habit of some varieties, which will be con- sidered presently. The soil best suited to the Almond is a light, well- drained loam. The tree makes a strong and rapid root- growth, and is more tolerant of drought man any other of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason, as well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the Almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley — providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of sur- plus water in the rainy season. The root is most intol- erant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed to it. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils the Almond root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune d'Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry valleys. Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings grown from either the sweet or the bitter hard-shell Almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree grows so rapidly, both in root and top, that only yearling trees are used. At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to form a low head with only about a foot of clear trunk. They are allowed to make free growth during the follow- ing summer, and in the following winter are cut back so as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a foot of tlieir attachment to the trunk. At the same time the branches are reduced to 4 or 5 in number, symmet- rically arransred around the stem and at good distance from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during the following summer and another cutting back the fol- lowing winter give the trees the vase-form on the out- side, with enough interior branches to fill the inside of the tree without crowding. Thus the tree is systemati- cally pruned after each of its first two years' growth in the orchard. After that, shortening-in of the branches usually ceases, and the third summer's growth is allowed to stand for fruit-bearing, with only thinning-out of growth to prevent crowding. This thinning-out has to be done from time to time in later years, otherwise the tree becomes too thick, and interior branches dwindle for lack of light. The amount of thinning varies in the dif- ferent climates of the state : the greater the heat, the denser the tree for its own protection. With the proper adjustment of heat and light, fresh bearing wood may be encouraged in the lower part of the tree, otherwise it becomes umbrella-shaped, with the fruit wood at the top and bare poles below. The Almond is the earliest bloomer of our common fruits. It puts forth ^lowers sometimes as early as Janu- 64. Almond nuts (X % ftry, but the usual date is about February 10 for the ear- liest bloomers in the warmer parts of the state, with the later bloomers at intervals thereafter until April 1. Records of full bloom of a number of varieties wi«lely grow^n in California, which have been kept at the Uni- versity of California sub-station, situated in the Sierra foot-hill region, show the following succession : Commer- cial, February 27 ; Sultana and Paper-shell, March 10 ; King and Marie Duprey, March 11 ; IXL, March 12; Languedoc, March 19 ; Nonpareil, March 20 ; Routier Twin, March 24; Pistache, March 25; Drake Seedling, April 2. Obviously the late bloomers have greater chance of escaping frost, and there is at present some disposition to make this a consideration in selecting varieties for planting. The dates just given show an extreme variation in time of blooming. Some years the intervals are much shorter, but the relation seems to be constant. The crop ripens from August 15 to October 1, according to locality. Early maturity does not follow early blooming— that is, as with other fruits, the first to bloom are not necessarily the first to ripen. Not less than 25 varieties of Almonds have been grown to a greater or less extent in California. Varieties of foreign origin have almost wholly given place to selected seedlings of local origin, and of these a very few consti- tute the main crop at present. These are named in the order of their acreage, as follows : IXL, Nonpareil, Ne Plus Ultra, Drake, Paper-shell, Languedoc. Of these, the IXL and Nonpareil occupy not less than three- fourths ot the acreage. In handling the crop the local climate modifies methods somewhat, and the growth-habit is also involved. In regions very free from atmospheric humidity in the summer, the hull opens readily and discloses a clean, bright nut, which can be marketed without treatment. Where this is not the case, and the nut is more or less discolored, bleaching in the fumes of sulfur has to be practiced. The nut must be dry before sulfuring, or the fumes will penetrate and injure the flavor of the kernel. Sulfured nuts also lose largely in power of germina- tion. The practice is to gather the nuts, dry for a few- days in the sun, then spray with water very lightly, so that only the sui^'ace of the shell is moistened, and then use the sulfur. In this way a light color can be secured w'ithout penetration of the fumes. The nuts can usually be gathered from the ground as they nat- urally fall, or can be brought down by shaking or the use of light poles. Some varieties are more easily harvested than others, and the same variety falls more readily in some localities than in others. A greater or less per- centage, according also to variety and locality, will have adhering hulls, and for clearing them locally-invented machines, called almond hullers, are used. Early rains in •ome localities are apt to stain the nuts. Such stains cannot be removed by sulfuring, and the nuts have to be crushed and the product marketed as kernels for the use of confectioners. Machinery is also used for this operation, and a considerable fraction of the product reachet* the market in this form. The standard of excellence in the Almond, from a commercial point of view, as learned by the experience of California producers, is that the kernel must be as smooth, symmetrical and plump as possible. The twin- ning of kernels, welcome as it may be to searchers for philopenas, results in misshapen kernels, which are very objectionable to the confectioners, who are very large users of Almonds. Constancy to single kernels is thert'fore a good point in a variety. Large proportion of kernel to shell by weight is also, obviously, an important point to almond buyers. At the same time, the shell may be so reduced in strength as to break badly in shipping in sacks and in subsequent handling. Incomplete covering also exposes the kernel to the sulfur and to loss of flavor. The ideal is such degree of thinness of shell as can be had with complete covering of the kernel and durability in handling. Careful comparison of the proportion of kernel weight to gross weight of the popular California varieties, as compared with a leadin, ; imported variety, was made by a committee of the California Horticultural Society, with the following result: From one pound of each of the following varieties the net weight of kernels in ounces was: Imported Tarragona, 6 2-5; California Languedoc, 7H; El Supremo, 7H; Drake, 8% ; IXL, 9 ; Commer- cial, 9^; La Prima, 93^; Princess, 9>^: Ne Plus Ultra, 10; King, 10; Paper-shell, 11; Nonpareil, 11 to 13. Edward J. Wickson. ALMOND, DEHERABA. See Terminalia Catappa. ALMOND, FLOWERING. See P/unu». ALNUS ALNUS 47 ALNUS (the ancient Latin name). CupuUfercf, sub- Umily Betuldce<B. Alder. Trees or shrubs: Ivs. alter- uivte shortly petioled, deciduous: fls. apetalous, nionoe- ciou:s in catkins, staminate ones elongated and pendu- lous pistillate ones erect, short, developing into an ovoid ligneous cone with persistent scales : fr. a small' nutlet. Twenty species in the northern hemi- sphere, in America south to Peru. Hardy ornamental trees and shrubs, suitable for planting on damp soil, -where they grow very rapidly, but A. cordata, firma, jjjpojjjV,,^ and also A.tinctoria prefer somewhat drier soil. The profuse male catkins are pleasing in early spring. The wood is valuable for its durability in water. Usuallv prop, by seeds gathered in the fall and «-ell dried: sown in spring with but slight covering, and kept moist and shady, they germinate soon ; a slight covering with moss, taken off when the seedlings appear, •will be useful. At the end of the same year or the fol- lowing' springthe seedlings are transplanted, usually into rows 1-- ft. apart and 6 in. from ea h other. After two vears they can be planted where they are to stand. The shrubby species, also A . gliitinosa, grow from hanlwood cutting's placed in moist and sandy soil, also from layers, and A. incana from suckers. Rarer kinds are grafted on common potted stock in early spring in the propa- gatintr house ; grafting out-of-doors is rarely successful. Index: aurea, No. 10; cordata, 5; conlifoUa,'i\ denticu- lata. 10: firma, Sieb. «fe Zucc, 2 and 4; glauca, C; t^'luti- nosa, 10; imperialis, 10; incana, 0; incisa, 10; Japonica, 4; laciniata, 6 and 10; maritima, 3; multinervis, 2 : oft- i.iM^fi/*!. 3 and 10 ; Oregana,^ ; pf/rifoHa, 5 ; rubra, 8 ; ru5>rinerva, 10; rugosa, 9; serruJata,9 ; Sibirica, 1; tiliacea, 5 ; tilicefolia, 5 ; tinctoria, 7 ; viridis, 1, A. FU. opening in the spring with the Ivs.; pistillate ones en ^losed in buds during the winter: fr. tvith broad tnembraneoits wings. Alnobetiiln. 1. viridis, DC. Green Alder. Shrub, .3-6 ft. : Ivs. usu- ally rounded at the base, round-ovate or oval, sharply serrate, 1/^-4 in. long, pale green and pubescent on the veins beneath: cones 3-4, oblong, slender peduncled. Northern hemisphere, in the mountains, in different varieties.— Hardy low shrub with handsome foliage, of very pleasant effect on rocky streamlets, with its long, male catkins in spring. Var. Sibirica, Regel. {A. Si- birica, Hort.). Sometimes tree, 25 ft.: Ivs. larger, cor- date-ovate. 2. firma, Sieb - Zucc. Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong- lanceolate or 0"» . -lanceolate, sharply and doubly ser- rate, with 10-15 pairs of veins, 2-4 in. long, often nearly glabrous beneath : cones 2-4, peduncled. Japan. Var. multin6rvis, Regel. Lvs. with 14-2^ pairs of veins, thicker. — Handsome tree with dark K^een lvs., growing on dry and rocky soil; quite hardy. AA. Fls. opening in the fall from catkins of the same year: lvs. not pi icately folded in the bud. 3. maritima, Nutt. (.4. oblongata, Regel., not Ait. nor Wilkl.). Tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, shining above, pale green beneath, glabrous, remotely and crenatelj' serrate, 2—4 in. long: cones 2-4, large, on short, stout peduncles. Del., Md. S.S. 9:458. O.F. 4:209. Nutt. N. Am. S. 1: 10.— Ornamental shrub or small tree with handsome shining foliage, attractive in autumn with its male catkins. AAA. Fls. opening in early spring before the lvs., from catkins formed the previous year and remaining naked during the tvinter. B. Lvs. not plicate in the bud, green beneath, veit * arcuate, ending mostly in the incisions: female catkins usually solitary in the ajrils. 4. Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. ftrma, Hort., not S. & Z.). Tree, 50-80 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate, sharply and irregularly serrulate, glabrous at lenirth, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-6 in. long : cones 3-6, peduncled. Japan. G. P. 6:345. —Tall, pyramidal tree with dark green foliage ; the largest and perhaps the most beautiful of all Alders. 5. cordata, Desf. (A. cordifdlia, Ten. A. tiii<}cea, Hort.). Small tree, 20-50 ft. : lvs. cordate, ovate or round- ish, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, bearded in the axils beneath, glandular when j'oung : cones 1-3, peduncled. Italy, Caucasus. L.B.C. 13:1231. G.C. H. 19: 285.— Round- headed tree with handsome, distinct foliage, changing orange yellow in autumn, resembling that of a linden or pear, therefore sometimes as A. tiliafdlia, or A. py- rifdlia, in gardens. Not quite hardy North. BB. Lvs. plicate in the bud, the veins going straight to the points of the larger teeth: female catkins 3-6 in every axil. C. Under side of lvs. glaucous ; not bearded. 6. incana, "Willd. Shrub or tree, to 60 ft. : branches pu- bescent: lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, acute, 154-4 in. long. 65. Alnus elutinosa (X H)- doubly serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath : cones 4-8. mostly sessile, ^ain. long. Northern hemi- sphere, in different varieties. Var. glauca, Ait. (A.gla iica , Michx. ) . Shrub, to 12 ft. : lvs. often nearlv glabrous beneath. N. Amer., Eu. Em. 251. Var. vulgaris, Spach. Tree, to 50 ft. : lvs. usually densely pubescent beneath: cones 1 in. long. Eu., Asia. Var. pinnatifida, Spach. (var. laciniUfa, Hort.). Lvs. pinnately lobed or cleft, with dentate lobes. 7. tinctdria, Sargent (J.. tHC()na, var. finrfdria, Hort.). Tree, to 00 ft. ; lvs. broadly ovate, 4-6 in. long, membra- naceous; coarsely doubly serrate, slightly lobed, glau- cous and rufously pubescent on the veins beneath. Ja- pan. G.F. 10:4(3. — Handsome ornamental tree of very vigorous growth, with large foliage. 8. rtbra, Bong. (.4. Oreguna, Nutt.). Tree, 40-50 ft.: Ivs. oblonsr-ovate, 3-5 in. long, crenate-serrate, slightly lobed, revolute on the margin, nearly glabrous beneath; petioles and veins orange colored: cones 6-8, oblong. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 454. Nutt. N. Amer. S. 1 : 9. CC. Under side of lvs. green or brownish green; usually bearded. 9. rugdsa, Spreng. (A. serrtiliita, V^iUd.). Shrub, to 25 ft.: lvs. usually cuneate, obovate or elliptic, acute or rounded at the apex, 2-5 in. long, finely serrate, usually pubescent on the veins beneath: cones short-stalked. E. N. Amer., from Mass. south. Em. 248. 10. glutindsa, Gff tn. Black Alder. Fig. 65. Tree, to 70 ft. : lvs. orbicular or obovate, rounded or emargiiiate at the apex, 2-5 in. long, irregularly obtusely serrate, with .5-7 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath, glu- tinous when unfolding: cones distinctly peduncled. Eu., N. Afr., Asia, naturalized in some localities in N. Amer.— A vigorously growing tree with dark green, dull foliage, valuable for planting in damp situations. Commonly planted in many forms : Var. atirea, Versch. Lvs. yellow. I. H. 13:490. Var. denticulita, Ledeb. {A. oblongata, Willd.). Lvs. usually cuneate, serrulate. 48 ALNUS ALOCASIA S, Eu. Var. imperils, Desf . Fig. 66. Lvs. deeply pin- nately lobed with lanceolate or nearly linear lobes. Var. incisa, Willd. ( var. oxy acanthi fdlia, Spach.). Lvs. small, deeply incised, like those of Crattegus oxyacantha . Var. laciiiiiLta, Willd. Lvs. pinnately lobed ; lobes oblong. 66. Alnus elutinosa. var. imperialis {X %.) Var. rubrin6rva, Dipp. Lvs. large and shining, with red nerves and petioles ; pyramitlal tree of vigorous growth, very handsome. A.acutmndta,li'BK. Tree: lvs. usually ovate and pubescent beneath, doublj' serrate. €. Amer., north to Ariz.— A. AUiobet- ula, Hort.=A. viridis.— J., barbdta, C. A. Mey. Allied to A. glutinosa. Lvs. pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate. Cauca- sus. Perhaps hybrid of A. glutinosaXsubcordata.— J.. Cana- densis, Hort.=A. rugosa.— J., commiinis, Desf.=A. glutinosa. — A.cordifdlia,Tei\.=A. cordata.— .1. crispa, Pursh=A. viridis. — A. firma, Hort.=A. Japonifa or A. subcordata.— A. glaiica, Michx.=A. incana.— A. JorM/i^njM«, HBK. Allied to A. acumi- nata : lvs. oblong-lanceoUite, coarsely dentate. C. Amer.— A. macrocdrpa, Lodd., not Regel.=A. glutinosa var.— A. macro- phylla, Hort.=A. subcordata.— A. oblongata, Willd. = A. gluti- nosa, var. denticulata.— A. oblongata, Regel.=A. maritima.— A. oblongifblia, Torr. Tree, 20-"0 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, cunoate, doubly serrate, 2-3 in. long: strobiles K~l in. long, peduncled. N. Mex. and Ariz. S.S. 9:4o7.— A. Oregana, Nutt.=A. rubra.— A. on'entalis, Decaisne=A. subcordata.— A.j?ufce«cen«, Tsch. (A. glutinosaXincana) . Lvs. roundish-ovate or obovate, irregularly serrate. i)ul)escent beneath. Natural hyhrid.— A. rhombifolia, Nutt. Troe. 60-80 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oval or ovate, 2-334in. long, finely serrate, yellowish green and pubenilous beneath: stro- biles ol)long, pe<luncletl. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 4r>6.— A. serntldta, Willd. =A. rugosa.— A. Sibirica, Hort., not Fisch.=A. viridis Sibirica.— A. smwa^a, Rydb. Allied to A. viridis. Shrub, 3-16 ft.: lvs. slightly lobed, semlate, glabrous, thin. W.N. Amer. — A.subconlata, C. A. Mey. (A. orientalis, Decaisne. A. firma, Hort.. not S. & Z. A. m.acrophylla, Hort.). Tree, 30-50 ft.: lvs. rr.unded at the base, ovate or oblong, 2-6 in. long, crenately ser- rate, often pubescent beneath. Allied to A. cordata. Caucasus, Asia Minor.— A. subrotunda, Hort.==A. glutinosa var. denticu- lata.— .1. tpnuifolia, Nutt. (A. incana, var. \'irescens. Wats. A. o'-cidentalis. Dipp.). Small tree, occasionally 30 ft.: lvs. ovate, 2-t in. long, slightly lolled and doubly serrate, green and nearly glabrous beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9:455.—A.unduldta, Willd. =A. viridis. . „ Alfred Rehdeb. ALOGASIA (name made irom Colocasia). Arotdece. Stove foliage plants, of .30 or more original species, from trop. Asia and the Malayan Isls. Closely allied to Caladium and particularly to Colocasia, which see. These three genera differ chiefly in characters of fniit. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandoUe's Monographiae Pha- nerogamarum, Vol. 2. In 1890, 52 species and speciftc- allv named hybrids were in cult. (Bergman, Jour. See Nat. Hort. France. LH. .'{7:80). Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings o( the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture of light, fibrous peat and sand in equal proportions, and plunged in a cIo.se frame or propagating box with bot- tom heat. They may also be grown from seeds sown in 4-inch pots, in a light, peaty soil in a temperature of 75° F. The month of March is the best time for propa- gating. The evergreen species (as A.cuprea, lonf/iloba, Lowii, Regina) thrive best in a compost of two parts fibrous peat and sphagnum moss and one part lumps of fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of silver sand and a few nodules of charcoal to keep the whole.sweet. The herbaceous species (as ^. wacror A ua) do best in good fibrous loam to which % of well-rotted cow-manure or pulverized sheep-manure has been added. Perfect drainage of the pots is ab.solutely nece.ssary, and in potting, the evergreen species should be coned up two or three inches above the rim of the pot, and finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss. The season of active growth commences about the first of Jlarch,. when they should be given a temperature of 70° at night, with a rise of 15° by day, and the atmos- phere must be kept in a humid condition. They should be given a position free from draughts and direct sun- light. They require an abundance of water at the roots as the leaves uevelop, and are greatly benefited by an occasional watering of clear liquid sheep or cow-manure wat^r. To obtain the best development of the leaves, heavy syringing should be avoided, but frequent spray- ing on all fine days with an atomizer sprayer is veiy beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of the atmos- phere and the supply of water to the roots should be reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually with- held altogether as the leaves mature with the herba- ceous species. The temperature during winter should not fall below 60°. Cult. by E. J. Caknixc;. The propagation of most of the Alocasias consists of cutting up the stems, so that each piece will have at least one dormant bud. The pieces should be placed amongst moss, in a hot propagating frame, where they vegetate quickly. Such kinds as A. Sanderiana. A. macrorhisa,Y&T.variegata, and A.Jenningsii (Colocasia) have creeping rhizomes, at the ends of which small resting tubers are formed. These should be carefully collected, and the two first named started in a propa- gating frame in a pan of moss and sand. A. Jenningm roots readily in ordinarj* soil. Most of the kinds require a soil which is very fibrous, with a little moss added. The pots should be half filled with potsherds as drainage. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. A. Lvs. distinctly notched or undulate on the margin. princeps, Nicholson. Lvs. sagittate, the basal lobes narrow and spreading, the margins deep-sinuate; upper surface olive-green, with darker veins, the under lighter colored, with brown veins and margin; petioles brown- spotted, slender. E. Ind. Sanderi&na, Bull. Fig. 67. Lvs. long-sagittate, with deeply notched margin, the basal lobes wide-spreading; deep glossy green with metallic reflection, with promi- nent white margins and veins; petioles brownish and striped. Philippines. Gng. 1897: 84.— One of the best of recent introductions. Runs into various forms, and has entered largely into cultivated hybrids. AA. Lvs. plane and entire on the margin. B. Markings chiefly on the petioles, the blades green. zebrina, Koch & Veitch. Lvs. triangular-sagittate ; petioles beautifully marked with large zigzag bands of green. Philippines. F.S. 15:1541-2. Villeneuvei, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. sagittate-ovate, the veins of lighter green and prominent, basal lobes very unequal; petioles spotted with chocolate-brown. Large. Borneo. I.H..34:21. — Named for deVilleneuve, Brazilian ambassador to Belgium. BB. Markings or coloration chiefly on the leaf-blades. c. Veins and midrib light yellow. Lindeni, Rod. Lvs. cordate -ovat«, long-pointed. 8-12 in. long, bright green, with yellowish veins curving off ALOCASIA ALOE 49 Much like A. longiloba : Ivs. dark nu-tallic j?reen, promi- f roni the midrib and vanishing near the margin ; petioles nearly white. New Guinea. l.H. .W: G(i;{.- Bruised Ivs. emit a strong odor. cc. Veins and midrib white or silvern . longiloba, Miq. {A. giganfki, Hort.). Petioles 2 ft., ereeiii-'h white, mottled purple ; blade saifittate, 18 in. lone the basal lobes ver>- long and erect, the upper sur- face "Teen, with silvery or gray bamls along veins and mi.lrib. the under surface light purple. Java- Putz^ysi.N. E.Brown. broader (oval-sagittate), nentlv veined and bordered white, the petioles pale red- purple, under surface dark purple. Sumatra. I.H. 2j. 4:];)]_More brilliant than A. longiloba, and has wider space.^ between the veins. Tliibautiina, Mast. Petioles 3 ft., greenish ; blade " ft. 1"U>? '-^^^^ iH-liO in. broad, ovate-cordate, the basal Im'> bnuwl and rounded, olive-green, with broad silvery veins an<l rib, the under surface deep purple. Borneo. 0.0.111.17:485. I.H. 28: 419. L5wii, Hook. Petioles 2-3 ft., rose-color ; blade nar- row-ovate, 18 in. long and a third as wide, long-pointed, the basal lobes long-acute, upper surface olive-green, with very distinct silvery bands, under surface rich puri'le. Borneo. B. M. '}'.>'(). A. F. 1895; 5.59 as var. gnnidls. Var. picta, Hook. (B.M. 5497), has surface covered with small white reticulations. This var. is A. re<7</i/«, Schott. (var. retYc/tu", Engler). ( re. Veins icJiite and leaf blotched and mottled. macrorhiza, Schott. Large, reaching 10 or 15 ft. : leaf- blades 3 ft. long, long-sagittate and pointed, the lobes short and obtuse, margin often somewhat wavy, the midrib very broad and conspicuous, the blotches or patches of green and white (in the var. variegdta, which is the common form) very striking. Ceylon. I, H. (;.;{().-,, — One of the commonest species. Lvs. sometimes almost white. cccc. Veins dark or purple, or the leaf darh-eolored. ctiprea, Koch {A. metdllica, Schctl. ). Petioles 2ft. or less long, green ; blade ovate and peltate, 18 by 12 in., nou-hed at the base and cuspidate at the point, dark metallic green with darker ri1> and veins, the under side rich purple. Pomeo. B. M. 5190. L H. 8: 283. Lowe. 60. Gn. 50: .336. — One of the best, and common. 67. Alocasia Sanderiana. Eegina, X. E. Brown. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, ob- tuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent, -oinewhat tieshy, dark green above with darker veins ami lirown-purple beneath; peti(»les terete, pubescent, spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32: 544. ."Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in thiscouutry: A.argyrea, hybrid of longiloba xPucciana; /)<!^;r/V'H.'<i.>«, petiole dark purple; lf.-bla<le dark green; I'h-tnfrieri {raised by Chantrier Bros.. Mortefontaine, France), hyb. of cupreax Sanderiana. with long wavy 1^«.. purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H. ■":W. R.H. 1887, p. 405); Chelsoni, cupreax longil(d)a, with lvs, purple below and green above ; g\gas, much like Villeneuvei ; intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years ago; La ISallidna; Iritcidna, ThibautianaxPutzeysi, with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and mar- gins, purple beneath (I.H. 44:27); Mortefontainensis, Lowii X Sanderiana ; Pticcitina, PutzeysixThibautiana; tSedeni, cupreax Lowii, with ovate-pellate lvs. purple be- neath and white veined above (I.H. 24:292); Van Houttei. The following names are also in our trade: A. illiis- ^W«=Colocasia Antiquorum; */e'»»«>u/.>}«/=('<docasia af- finis; Jo/jn.s^on//=Cyrtosperma .Tohnstvonii; Marchdllii = Colocasia Marchallii ; violdcea = CVlocasia Anti- quorum ? The following may be expected to appear in the American trade: A. Auyimtinidiia, hind. He Rod. Lvs. peltate and wavy, green above and below, with pale nerves, the i>etioles brown- spotte«i : allied to A. zebriua. I.H. 33: 593. New Guiuea? — 4. Viirtisi. N. E. Brown. Petioles 3 ft. or les.s, purple-barred : If.- blade 20 in. or less, and half as wide, shining green and gn^ey- ribbed above, deep purple l>eneath. Penang.— A. ennnens, N. E. Brown. Lvs. i)eltate, the blade 2 ft. or less long and nearly half as broad, purple beneath, green and light-veined a1)ove; neti- oles 5 ft. or less, barred. E. Ind.— .1. grdndis, N. E. Bro^vn. Larsje : lvs. 2 ft. or less long, ovate-sagittate, half as broad, blaek-green below, bright green alwve ; petioles 4 ft. or less, blackish. E. Ind. — .1. guttata, N. E. Brown, var. iniperinlis, N.E.Brown. Lvs. sagittate, acute, li^ ft. or less long and half as broad, purple l>eneath, brown-greon and dark-blotched above. Borneo. I.H. 31: S41.— A.I ndica, Schott. St. G ft. or more, stout and fleshy: lvs. very large (often 3 ft. across), ovate-cordate, bright green on both sides. E. Ind. F. S. 21: 2206.— .1. Jldr- garit'V. Lind. & Rod. Lvs. slightly peltate, wa\-5', shining, green with blackish midrib, the veins and brownish petioles pubes- cent. New Guinea. I.H. 33: Gil.— A. war^ma^a. .Said to have come from Braz. Lv.^. 2 ft. or less long and very broad, slightly wavy, rounded and short-pointed, pale green, striped and mot- tled with purple; petioles bro\vn-niarked.— A. />/»/»»)!/<'«, Hort. =grandis?— .1. reversa, N. E. Brown. Dwarf and compact, the petioles 6 in. long, blade less than 1 ft. long, bright green, Avith rib and nerves olive-green. B.M. 7498. Philippines.— A. Hodi- gasidaa, Andre. ThibautianaXRegina.— A. Sanderiana, var. Oandarensis, Rod. Lvs. wa\'j-margined, piirple and blotched l)eneath. I.H. 43:56.— .1. seabrimcula, N. E. Brown. Lvs. f preading, not dettexed, sagittate and not peltate, shining green aV)ve and paler beneath. Borneo.— A. sinudta, N. E. Brown. Lv.T. sagittate and sinuate, dark green above with lighter areas, and whitish green l>elow. Philippines.— A. Watsonidna, Hort. =Putzeysi.— .1. Warri)iid7ia, Masters. Lvs. ere<'t, toothed, not sagittate, lanceolate and long-i>ointed. dark green; pet. des purple-spotted, winged. G.C. III. 23:243. F.E. 10:886. Gn. 55: 183. Celebes. L. H. B. ALOE (Arabic name). £filidcew,trihe Aloinetv. Acau- lescent or variously caulescent succulents : lvs. often large, usually crowded in rosettes or along end of st. : lis. red or yellow, often paler-striped, straight, tubular, with short, straight limb, equaled or surpassed by the stamens. Afr., especially in the Cape region, one species about the Mediterranean and extensively naturalized in all warmer parts of the world, and one in China. Plants of thecoolhouse, best planted out in a well-drained place in summer, when they flower prettily. Prop, by seed, which usually is not true to name, and by suckers or cuttings weJ dried-ofF. Branching for this purpose may be induced by searing the crown of old plants. Hy- brids are said to occur with Gasteria (A. liedinghan-sii =A. ari.'itataxG. nigricantf : A. Beguini=A.arisfatax G. verrurond ; ^1. Lapaixii=A. aristata xG. mncnlata; A. L}/nrhii=A .stria tax G. vemicosa , an«l A. Nnwotnyi =A . aristata x ), and with Lomatophylhnn {A . Ho\ieri= A. serrntaxL. sp.). J. G. Baker, in Jour. Linn. Soc. Dot. 18, pp. 1.52-182. William Tkelease. Old plants of Aloe will keep healthy for several years in the same pots without a renewal of soil, and flower freely at the same time. The soil most suited to their needs is sandy loam three parts, lime rubble and broken brick one part, with a little decayed manure to strengthen the mixture. Very firm potting is necessary. Drainage is a more important item than soil, and must be per- fectly arranged to enable the surplus water to run freely fnmi the soil. Broken bricks are preferable to pieces of pots, larsre pieces for the bottom of the pot or tub, and smaller pieces above, till the last layer is quite fine. Some of the species need freer rooting conditions than others. A. ciliaris will grow from .5-7 ft. in a season. A. Abyssinica is of robust growth, and differs from most others in the color of the flowers, which are pure 50 ALOE ALOE yellow, most of the others y)eing orange and orange- scarlet. A. plicatilis makes an ornamental tub plant when i or 5 ft. high. Except during the period in which the spe<'ies are in active growth, they need very little water, the principal idea beiug to keep the soil sweet and porous even when in growth. At all times the air of the house should be as dry as possible, full sunshine not hurting them. Prop, by seeds, suck- ers and cuttings. The arborescent kinds should be rooted after they have completed growth. Dust over the cut part cf the cutting with powdered charcoal and <lry in sunshine before putting it in to root. Insert singly in as small pots as they will go into, and ]>lunge in a sand bed. Very little moisture is necessary while rooting. G. W. Oliver. The erenerie or scientific name Aloe is a Latinized fonn of an Arabic name. As an English word it is pro- nounced in two syllables, thus, A'-loe. Popularly this wonl is loosely used, the common American Aloe being Ai/ai'e Americana, the common-st "Century Plant." The "bitter aloes" of commerce is a resinous juice much used as a laxative. The best quality is called " Socotrine or Zanzibar Aloes," a product of ^1. Perry i, which was known by the Greeks of the Fourth century B.C. to come from the island of Socotra. The " Barbadoes Aloes " is the product of A. veni, a species much planted in the West Indies. Genera allied to Aloe are Apicra, Gas- teria, Haworthia, Pachi«lendron, and Phylloma. The group is an extremely difficult one for the botanist, there l>ein<; few authentic specimens in the herbaria, because of the large size of the plants, the infrequent flowering, and tlie difficulty of suitably drying them. Aloes are much cultivated as decorative plants, being amongst the most popular of desert and succxilent plants for their stiff, harsh and nigged habit. They are often grouped about larsre public Tmildings, where they em- l>hasize certain architectural features. Larjye collections are to be seen only in botanic gardens and in the col- lections of a few fanciers. The largest dealer has nearly a hundred kinds, ))ut grows only five or six kinds in 4:[uantity. For inclex to the following species, see sup- plementary list, p. 51. TX. M. A. Arrangement of Ivs. spiral (except in seedlings) . B. Form of Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute : size of Ivs. moderately large. C. Border of Ivs. thin, horny : margin entire or denticulate. D. Color of Us. grayish : shape of h-s. flattened. 1. stTikt&,'Ha-<x. (A. paniculdfa, Jacq. A. dlbo-cincta. Hort.j. Caulescent Ivs. at length large, finely dark- line«l, scarcely mottled, with entire white border : inflorescence compound, broadly cjTnose : fls. red, constricted above the ovary. Cape. B. M. 5210. Hybrids with A. semilaia and .1. grar'Vi ntata oc- cur, having ^u.-'i'-d Ivs. Var. ri -('ociiscta (^1 . rhodocinci Ilort. A. Hanburidha ,S&nd.) . Lvs. pur lish, very glaucous, with entire reddish bor- <l('r. 2. serrulita, Haw. Fig. 68. Lvs. less striate, ob- scurely mottled, the white border denticulate : inflo- rescence less cymose. Cape. B.M. 1415. Color of lvs. clearer green : shape of lvs. more con- cave : teeth small and cut nearly through the borde r. 3. macroc&rpa, Tod, Lvs. interruptedly green-lined, more evidently mottled: inflorescence branched with elongated racemes. Abyssinia. 4. Schlmperi, Tod. Lvs. coarsely green-lined, scarcely mottled : racemes short and cymose. Abyssinia, Chinaf Aloe serrulata. DD. CC. Border of lvs. usually only near the apex: mottling present. 5. sapon&ria. Haw. {A. disticha. Mill., not Linn, nor Thunb. A. umbelldta, DC). Shortly caulescent: lvs. somewhat gray-green or purplish, the small teeth re» mote : racemes short and compact. Cape. B.M. 400. — Varies into many ||j forms. Var. Iflteo- Striata, Haw. Lvs. concave, coarsely pale-lined. 69. Aloe heterarantha. fi. latifdlia, Haw. (A. sapontLria, var. latifblia, Hort.). Lvs. apple-green, thick aad broad, concave, the con- spicuous pale blotches irrej^ularly transversely confluent; teeth larfje. mostly curved, rather remote : racemes short and dense. Cape. B.M. 1346. 7. commut^ta, Tod. Lvs. rather thinner : racemes several, somewhat elongated. Abys. 8. obscflra, Mill. {A.picta, Thunb.). Lvs. rather nar- rower and thinner : racemes elongated. Cape. B. M. 1323. 9. grandident^ta, Salm. Lvs. and racemes still more elongated. Cape. ccc. Border of lvs. nearly absent : mottling scarcely present : lvs. involute at tip. 10. gl&ixca,,^UU. {A. rhodacantha, DC). Caulescent: lvs. not mottled, very glaucous, the irregular red or brown teeth subconfluent : inflor. simple, densely racemose; ^ fls. red, scarcely constricted above the ovary. Cape. 'B.M. 1278. A hybrid with A. humilis, var. inctirva, is A. cyanea. Var. mnricilta, Sch. Lvs. jjlaucous. with large teeth, those on the keel or apex more developed. 11. heteracintha, Bak. (.4. iw«''rmts, Hort,.notForsk.). Fig. 69. Nearly stemless, often densely cespitose : lvs. dark green, sometimes with a few obscure yellowish green spots, slightly striate at base, entire or with a few remote small teeth. Cape? B.M. 6863. BB. Form of lvs. ovate-lanceolate , acute, thick, mostly tnberculate on the back : size of lvs. large. 12. ferox, Mill. {A. muricdta, Schult. A. h6rrida. Haw. Pachidendron ferox. Haw.). Caulescent, un- branched : lvs. crowded at summit, glaucous, the margin and both surfaces remotely coarsely punerently toothed: inflor. branched, with elongated very dense racemes; fls. reddish, with stamens twice as long as the perianth. Cape. B.M. 1975. G.C. II. 3: 243. -Varies into several less muricate forms. 13. mitrifdrmis, Mill. (.4. m itra>f6rmis ,^11111. , not DC. nor Haw. A. Comm^lyni, Willd. A. spinuidsa, Salin. A. pachyphy lla, Hort. A.xanthacdntha,\yilUi.). Fig. 70. Somewhat branching: lvs. spaced along the stem above, dark green, with strong, separated marginal teeth, both faces usually muricate: inflor. sometimes branched, with short, compact racemes: stamens not exserted. Cape. B.M. 1270. — Varies into numerous forms. ALOE ALOE 51 BBB. Form of Iva. elongated, grodudlhj tapering: size of h'S, large : border absent : terth nsnalhj coarse. 14. B^tlnesii. Dyer. (A . Bdrbenp, Dyer.). A very large forking tree, in cultivation becominif tall, thuiigh at tirst slender : Ivs. very concave, dark green, remotely den- tate, spaced along the stem above, with white-marsrined sbeathing base : inflor. short and compact, the rf*ddi!*h "ti^ tumid. S.Afr. G.F. 3:115. G.C. II, 19, pp. 500-571, ff. 117, 119, 120, 122. B.M.0848. 15. v^ra, Linn. (--1. vulgaris. Lam. A. Barbadensis, Mill-)' Low or small, slender tree : Ivs. broader, less olianueled, pale gray-green, coarsely dentate, not sheath- ing: tls, yellow. Suckers, freely produced in cultivation, bare clear apple-green mottled linear Ivs. Me<literra- iiean region, and naturalized through the warmer parts of the world.— The ohlest known and probably the com- monest species. Var. officinalis, Forsk. (A . rtto^scens, DC. A . Indica, Royle). Lvs. purplish: tts. red-orange. Orient. 16. Succotrina, h&m. (A. si nniita, Thunb., not Willd. ). Related to the last : Ivs. relatively narrower, <liirk green, coarsely serrate : fls. red, variously tipped and striped. Cape. B.M. 472. Gn. 45, p. 303. -A hybrid with A.cili- ai-is is A.de Laetii. Var. purpurdscens, Gawl. (A. piirpurdacens, Haw. -4 . ramostt. Haw.). Lvs. purplish. B.M. 1474. 17. arbortscens. Mill. (A. fruticosa. Lam.). Low, slen- der tree: St. roughened by old leaf bases: lvs. dark green, glaucesceut, coarsely green-dentate to hooked serrate when separated, with whitish sheathing bases : fls. red. Cape. B.M. 1300. Var. frutSscens, Salm.i .4. frntesrens, Salm.). Smaller, suckering freely : lvs. blue-glaucous, the sheathing bases coarsely green-striate. BBBB. Form of lvs. lanceolate, acute, flat : size of lvs. small: border absent : teeth ciliate: mottling absent : lvs. sheathing, %vith perfoliate margin. 18. cili^ris.Haw. St.elongated.very slender.branched: lvs. dark green, the slender white teeth longer about the base: intlor. axillary, somewhat elongated, loosely few- M. : fls. red. Cape. BBBBB. Form of h'S. various, thick, plano-convex : size of lvs. small : border absent : mostly toothed on the back: mottling absent: lvs. crowded. 19. brevifolia, Mill. (A. prolifera, Haw.). Short- stemmed : lvs. spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute, shortly and pungently white-toothed ; a few similar teeth occasionally on both surfaces. Cape. B.R. 990. 20. htunilis, Mill. (.4. pc/t/na^a, Willd. .4. suberMa, Haw A. subtubercutat(t,llaw.). Acaulescent : lvs. as- cending, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, loosely soft- serrate, both surfaces coarsely tuberculate or eehinate: raceme somewhat elongated, loosely fld: fls. red. Cape. -An extremely variable species, of the habit of certain Haworthias. Var. Canddllei, Bak. L.B.C. 15:1481. Var. incurva, Haw. B.M. 828. Var. acuminllta. B.M. 757. L.B.C. 1G:1504. Var. minor, Hort., is iu cult. 21. aristita, Haw.(.4. ?OHfirjar«sM/a,Schult.). Lvs. as- cending, attenuate into a long bristle. Cape. AA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. rather small. 22. varieg&ta, Linn. Short - stemmed : lvs. erect, V-shaped, acute, with finely warty horny white margin and keel, mottled, the pale blotches variously trans- versely confluent: raceme short, rather loose: fls. red- dish. Cape. B.M. 513. F.E. 8: 98.-Common. AAA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. elongated. 2.3. Codperi, Bak. (.4. Schmidti()na,Reg:el.). Acaules- cent: lvs. suberect, linear-oblong, sharply-grooved and keeled, mottled, faintly striate, the small white teeth subcoiifluent: inflor. subcyraose: fls. reddish or brown- ish, tumid below. Cape. B.M. 0377. Gt. 970. 24. plicdtilis, Mill. (Rhipidodhidron plicdtile. Haw.). Becoming tall and stout, branching : lvs. glaucous, flat, lingulate, obtuse, serrulate and bordered at least near theapex: inflor. shortly racemose: fls. reddish, the petals nearly free within the tube. Cape. B.M. 457. William Trelease. In the following alphabetic list are included (1) the more im- portant spe<*ies (which are numljered, and have been fnlly desi-rilHMl previously), (2) synonyms of the alxive (which are followed by the sijfn of equality and a number), {'A) the less im- portant sptfies (which are briefly doscrilted in the present list, tiut not previously). Those marke«l with an asterisk (*; are advertised ill the catalogues: A.Ahyasinica, \^:\m.,\s\T Peacockii, Bak. Lvs. 20-,'M) in a dense sessile rosette, 1' 2ft. long, 5-Q in. broad at base, glaucous green, not mottled, the margins with close, spreading, deltoid spines, with homy reddish brown tips: in tlor. as long as the lvs., aG-8-branched panicle. B.M.Cti20. — *A.Africana, Mill. St. stout, marked with scars of fallen lvs.: lvs. alternate, st.-embraci'i;;. concave ; teeth conical, re<ldish orange at tip: scipe l>earing a dense many-Hd. spike of long cy- lindrical fls. B.M.2o'7.— A ajanvfulia, Tod. Allied to A. tri- color. St. short: lvs. dense, copiously white siwtted, lanceolate; teeth large: fls. racemose, red. Tro-p. Atr.—* A. a Ibo-ci acta =1.-— A. arboreseens, 17.— .4. aristata, 21.— A. Jiarbadcngis = 15.— A. Bdinesii, 14.— A. Iidrber(e=li.—A. brnchystachus, Bak. Allied to A. Al»ys8inica. St. long, slender: lvs. ensiform, in a dense rosette at the top of the St., all drooping, except the youngest, 13^-2 ft. long, 2 in. broad al>ove the dilated base, bright green, not mottled; margin:il prickles deltoid, not brown: peduncle flexuose; raceme dense; I)racts with rr-1 distinct Virown stripes. Zanzibar. B.M. T.vm.—A.brcvifblin, 10 — 4 . ('hincnsis. Bak. Al- lie<l to A. Abj-ss'.pica. Lvs. 1.V20 in a sessile rosette, %-l ft. long, lK-2 in. wide at base, deeply channelled in upper part, pale green: scape sim >le, Ij^^ft. long: bracts few, distant, small, del- toid. B.M. KWl. ilab.f— *A. eiliaris, IS.— A. Coiiunelyni=\'3.— A.comititttata, 7.— .1. Cobperi, 23. — A.eydnea = 10. — A.dich6t- o//m, Linn.f. Allied to A. Bainesii. ArlKirescent: st. tall, much branched: lvs. in dense rosettes at the tops of branches, lanceo- late, 8-12 in. long. Namaqua-land. (t.(M873:713. f. i:t71. 1H74: 567, 571, f. 118, 121.— A. distang. Haw. (A. mitrjpfonnis. var brevi- folia). St. 3 or more ft. liigh: lvs. ovjite-acumin.ite, concave, scattered along the st.,with a few white spots on the back; teeth short, distant: fls. red, tipped green. S.Afr. B.M. 1.362. —A. disticha=5.—A. echindta = 2i).— A. elrgana, Tod. Little ^ 70, Aloe mitriformis. known. Not mentioned by Baker. Hab.?— A. f^rox, 12.— *A. frntescens. Salin.= 17.— *J.. fniticusa = ll.—A. glaiica, 10.—^. gracilis. Haw. Allied to A. ari)orescens. St. long : lvs. loosely arranged. 6-10 in. long, 1 in. wide at the base, ensiform, .icumi- nate, not lined or st)otted; prickles minute, spreading, tipped brown : fls. yellow, tube with long lanceolate segments.— *4. grandidentdta, 9. — A. Grehiei, Bak., in the Pictap group, is readily distinguished by the elongated racemes and the strong 52 ALOE ALPIXIA constriction of the perianth below the middle. Lvs. 12-15, in dense rosette, lanceolate, channelled, bright green ; prickles con- ne<*tetl by a narrow homy line : tls. pale salmon ; bra<"t8 awl- shajHHl. purplish, (."ape ' B.M. Qo'M.—*A.IIanburidHa = l.—A. hvttracantha, W.—A.Uildehrdndtii, Bak. St. l^j-^ ft.: inter- mnles spotteil white : lvs. loosely arrange*!, 6-10 in. long, glau- cous green ; teeth small, ascending : inflor. a Ijus: panicle, l/ift. long, with 10-12 branches : remarkably prolific of tls. 11. M. 6981. —.1 . h'Jrrida=^\2.—*A.humili8,'l().—A . Indiat^V^.—A . inermis, \\,—A.iiigignis, Brown. A hybrid of A. drepanophyllaX A. e<'hi- nata. G.(,'. 11.24: 41.— .l.A'«>ilu, Bak. St. vcr>- short: lvs.30-K>. in a dense rosette, green, not spotted ; teeth large : intlor. 2 ft. loiig, 3-branched : tls. red. Zanzibar. B.M. 7386.— J. A-/i»Mo- /(oit/f*. Bak. Acaulescent: Ivs.linear, rigid, serrulate: intlor. an elongated raceme. Hook. Icon. 19;{9.— J . de L<rtii=\Q.—*A . lati- fblin=G.—A.lonaiaristdta='l\.— A. Liintii, Bak. A very distinct species with no marginal prickles: st. short: lvs. 7-8, in a dense rosette, 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide at base, pale green, not spotted: l>eduncle much longer than lvs: panicle of A-'y long, hix racemes; a marked character. B.M. 744iS.— J. inacracdntha, Bak. St. 2-3 ft.: lvs. 20-30, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, bright green, much lined ; prickles large, brown and horny in upper half : inrtor. a dense corjTiib; tls. yellow, tinged red; tul>e constricted above the globose base. B.M. 6580. Said to \ye the finest of all spotted Aloes.— *A. macracdrpa, 3.— .1. medica, Hort. Alver.st)n = ? —A. inicracdntha, H;iw. I..vs. linear, l3'2ft. long, l\>in. wide at base, deeply channelled, mottled; spines very minute, white: fls. greenish nnl, in a hix umbel-like raceme ; brjwts large, ovate- acuminate, striate. S. .Vfr. B.M. 2272.— .1. MiUMHirt, Bak. Hook. Icon. 242:j. A recent and little known species.—*.! . initrcefdrinis =^13.— *J.. mitrifi'irinis, 13.— .4. //(MrJcrt<a=12.— .1. tujbilig. Haw. Allied to A. distans and A. mitriformis. Sts. long : lvs. loosely dispose<l, not spotted, ovate-lanceolate : fls. red. S. Af r.— J . ob- sn'ira, 8. — A. pacfii/pliylla =VA. — *A. paniculdta=\. — A. per- cdssa, Tod.= A. Abyssinica.— A. Pprr,i/i. Bak. St. 1 ft. long: lvs. 12-20, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 1 ft. long, 3 in. wide at base, dull green, tinged red ne ir the base, channelled : prickles y4in. apart : pe<hmcle puri'lish : racemes oblong-cj'lindrical, 3-6 in. lon<i; lis. red. Socotra. li.'Sl.G:}96.—*A.picta=S.—A.plicdtilis, 24.— A. praten8is,Bn\i. AlliedtoA.humilis. St. none: lvs. 60-80, not spotte*! : spines large, re«l-V»rown, homy: peduncle 1 ft. long, stout : bracts numy. B.yi.GlOTy.—A.prolifera^ld.—A.purpu- rdscens—lG.—A. rambsa=lG.—*A. rfiodacdtitha=10.—*A. rho- docincta =1.— *A. rbsea-cincta , Hort. Blanc = ■'— .4 . rfibegcens = 1.}.— *A . sapondria, 5. — A . Schittiperi, 4. — A . Sch m idtidiia = 2^i.— A. Srillid ris, Hort. Alverson. Typographical error for A. cili- aris ', —*A . scopeldnia, Hort. T. B. Shepherd = I —A . Si'rra, DC Allied to A.brerifolia and A. glauca.— A. «»'rni/«^a, 2.— A. «/«»- dta =IG.—*A . ISocritrdiia =16.— .1 . spinnlosn =13.— .4 . striata. 1. —A. sitberecta='20.—A. subtiiberculdta =2{).—A. Succotrtna, 16. —A. tricolor, Bak. Differs from A. saponaria by its nicemose (not capitate) inflorescence, and tul)e constricte<i in the middle: white spots very numero\'S, oldong, in single or double lateral rows : fl. tube spotted whi e at ba.se. B.M. 6324.— A. uutbelldta = .■).— *.4. variegdtn ,22. —*A . r?ra,la.—A. rj r<»n«. Haw. AUieil to A. humilis. Stemless: lvs. .k.'-^O. lanceolate, white spotted, chan- nelled. notline<l: prickles green: raceme lax. 1.V18, in. long; fls. red. B.M. 1355.— *A. rulgdris. 15.— A. xanthacdntha=12. ALONSO A ( Alonzo Zanoni, Spanish botanist) . Scroph - nlaridceif. Trop. AnuT. plants, cult, as annuals in the open, or rai'ely grown in pots. They are tender, and need protection from frost. Seeds are u.sually started under glass in the N.. although plants bloom well from seed.s sown tlirectlyin the open. Use only finely prepared soil. Fls. showy; plant of good liabit. The corolla is very irregular and turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel, bringing the larger lobe uppermost: stamens 4: lvs. (at lejist below) opposite or in 3's. Cult, species mostly from Peru and Mex. incisifolia, Ruiz & Pav. (A. urtictefdUa, Hort. Cihia urtiaefdlia, Sims, B.M. 417). About 2 ft. high, erect: lvs. ovate to oval-lanceolate, long-stalked, deeply cut- toothed: fls. nearly Kin. across, very irregular (some- what hood-shaped), scarlet, witli protruding organs, on slender axillary peduncles. Also a white-fld. var.— An- nual; but perennial in warm countries or under glass. Var. Warscewiczii, Boiss. (.1. WcfrsceHlcsii, Kegel. A. grandUlbrit, Hort.). Fls. larger (often 1 in. across), rose-red, the plant more herbaceous and more perfectly annual. Also white-fld. — The commonest form in our gardens. myrtifdlia, Roezl. Plant 2-.3 ft. : lvs. broad-lanceolafe, carmliculate, prominently serrate: fls. large, scarlet (a white var. ) . — Perennial under glass. Useful ^or winter- growing in pots. linifdlia, Roezl. Plant l?-2 ft. or less high: lvs. lanceo- late or narrower, entire: fls. bright scarlet. A.acutifolia, Ruiz 8c Pav. Lvs. le.sscut than in .\. incisifolia: scarlet.- A. caulialdta, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in incisi- folia : fls. smaller : st. 4-anglwi. — ^4 . linearis, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs, linear, entire or ver>- nearly so, often fas<-icled : fls. scarlet. (ireenhmist^. — A. ilatheir»ii, Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed: fls. scarlet, in terminal racemes. Greenhouse. ALOtSIA. See Lippia. L. H. B. ALPINE GABDENS. In the successftil culture of alpine plants, the iiiu>t important point is to give them as near their natural alpine conditions as possible. So far as .soil is concerned this is not difficult, but when it comes to moisture with good drainage and surroundinjf atmospheric conditions, especially in the dryer atmos- phere of some of our western states, we have a more difficult task. In their natural homes, many of the al- pines are found growing under very similar conditions to our bog plants, an«l the two classes, for the most part, may be brought together in cultivation. Of course, the mountain Primula might never withstand the stagnation to which the roots of the water Arum (Peltandra I'ir- ijinica I penetrate in the wet bog, nor should we expect the Peltandra to surviv.^ the wintry blasts to which the i'rimula is exposed, but the two may be grown together with very good results in a moist, springy situation, in the same bed and soil. Any light, sandy soil, well drained, but through which water is constantly passing in and out, so that there is no stagnation and always a little moisture on the surface (which makes it cooler fnmi the evaporation), will answer for most of the bog jjlants and the niajt)rity of the alpines also. There should be a imtural slope to the surface of the ground for such conditions, and if the surface is undulating, so as to make .some parts drier than others, those plants which require the most moisture can go into the wettest {)laces. Alpines like a deep soil, into which their roots can penetrate. Leaf-mold should be used in place of any manure, and if the soil is a ver>' fine one a mixture of gravel should be introduced. Shade and sun are rather necessary, as some of the alpin«'S wcmld hardly stand the full scorching sun of our hottest days in sum- mer, even though the surface of the soil were moist, while others require full sun. Alpines have been suc- cessfully grown in sphay'num moss. This is done with best results in the rockery, where the various pockets are filled with the fresh moss and the plants set in it. Water should be supplied often enough to keep the moss always moist. The evaporation from the wet moss creates a cool atmosphere an>und the plants, thus giving them a condition somewhat like that which they have in alpine regions, surrounded by mountain fogs, or in the moist bog. Many alpine-garden plants are not confined to alpine situations. They grow in moist places in much lower altitudes as well. Such species as ffou.sto}iia cifrulea, Pamassia CaroUniana, and Sniilaeina steUata may be mentioned among these. Most of the alpines, when set in the fresh, damp sphagnum, do nicely in full sun. but for the alpine ferns shade should be given. Those which grow in drier places, like the little }Vood.iia glabella or 11'. Jii/perborea, need less shade and moisture, while A,*tph'n ill m viride and ^4. Trichomanea want more moisture about their roots, and deep shade. F. H. HORSFORD. ALFtNIA (Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist). Scitamindceie. Stove herbs, cult, both for lvs. and the racemes or panicles of fls. The fl. has 3 exterior parts and 4 interior parts. The lowermost part is lobed or tubular. Stamens with petal-like filament. They need high temperature, much water, light soil, and abundance of room. After t!owering, al'ow them to rest in heat, but do not dry them off. Prop, by dividing the ginger- like roots. Alpinia contains many handsome species, but only a few are common in cultivation. They are tropical plants, and require a moist air and a temp, of 55° to G0° F. A mixture of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf-mold, and 1 part dried cow-manure forms an excellent compost. While growing, they need an abundance of water, and the large- growing kinds require large pots or tubs. The plants are prop, by division in the spring. A. iiHfaus is grown for its handsome fls., and attains a height of 12 or 13 ft. A . viitata is popular on account of its variegated foliage. A . hiiitira has very showy fls., but is probably not in the American trade. Cult. b- Robert Cameron. ALPINIA ALSTRfEMERIA 53 ntitans, Roscoe. Shell-flowek. Striking plant, reach- ing 10-1- ft., with long, lanceolate glabrous long-veined Ivs.: rts.orchid-like, yellow with pink, sweet-scented, in « lontr drooping, terminal, spike-like raceme. E. Ind. GC.III. 19:.'i01. I.H. 43:2.j9. B.M. 194)3. P.M. 1.3:1 2.^. R.H. 1J561, 51. — Fine for foliage masses, and an old favorite. vitUta, Hook. (-i»i<^/«MW vittHtuni, Hort.). Lower: Ivs. in tufts, lanceolate, with whitish bars or strip«'s be- tween the nerves : is. red, in uxillary spikes. South Sea Islands. A.F. F: 787. Gn. 4. p. 2.'). dlbo-line^ta.Hort. A plant 3-4 ft. high. with broad bands of white an«l pale green on the elliptic - huiceolate Ivs. Probably a form of some other species. Other species are .1 .Alhiuhas, Ros<'oe,t1s. in terminal pjuiicles, whit€ and rose; .4. iiidi/nifica, Ros<'oe = Amomuni ; A. J upon- idx. Miq., oiiee int. into U. i^. by Pitcher & Manda ; .1. inutiea, Roxbg., tls. white and yellow, with crimson veins, in spicate racemes. £, H. B. ALS£U6SMIA {alsos, grove, and enosme, fra- grance). Capri foli<ice(F . Tender greenhouse shrub from New Zealand. A. inacrophylla, A. Cunn. Lvs. .'J-6 in. long, elliptic or ob- lanceoliite, acute, serrate: lis. in small axillarj' clusters, droop- ing, 1^'oin. long, creamy with dull red streaks : corolla lolies fimbriate. B.M. 6951. 71. Pinna of Alsophila australis. ALSIKE. Trifoliuin. See Clover and ALSdPHILA (Greek, grove-loving). Ct/athedceo'. A genus of tropical tree ferns, with simple or forked free veins, round sori, and no indusia. Nunierous species are found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. Of the diflFerent species of Alsophila, only one is in general commercial use. A. a list nt lis is a very graceful ami rapidly growing tree fern, with finely divided fronds of !i pleasing shade of light green, with the stipes thickly covered with light brown, hairy scales. It is irrown from spores, which can only be obtained from old and large specimens, and which, like the spores of m<>st commer- cial terns, will germinate very freely if sown on a com- post consisting of finely screened soil, leaf-mold and sand in equal parts. To develop a good crown of fronds in old specimen {dants which may look starved, the stem may be covered to any thickness consistent with good appearance with green moss, which may be attached with thin copper wire, and which, if kept continually ui«>i«;t, will soon be thickly coverecl with fine roots. Al- sonhilas should be grown in a temperature of 60° F., and the soil should never be allowed to become very dry. Cult, by NicHOL. X. Bruckner. A. Lvs.hipinnate; rarhisiS merthj fibrillose, Eeb6ccaB, F, Muell. Lvs. ample, from a caudex 8 in. or so high; pimup 12-15 in. long, with 20-.30 pinnules on each side, which are 2-3 in. long and serrate or crenate throughout. Australia. AA. Lvs.tripinnatifld or tripinnate ; rachises armed with spines. B. Segments long, strong I {/ curved ; pinnules tapering to a slender point. exc^lsa, R. Br. Lvs. coriaceous, with more or less woolly rachises; pinna> (>-10 in. wide, with crowded pin- nules, which are provided with about 20 pairs of seg- ments, which are strongly curved ami more or less enlarged at the ends. Norfolk Is. — Said to have a trunk 6M-H0 ft. high. Co6peri, Hook. Smaller than the last: rachises with pale brown scales : pinna? spear-shaped, with linear pinnules 4-5 in. long. Queensland. Ianal4ta, R. Br. Lvs. rather thick herbaceous, from smo«fth riodiise-*; pinnules cl<»se. 5-0 in. long, with 20-30 pairs of stginents, which are finely serrate throughout. BB. Segments JaJM. or /<?«« long. australis, R. Br. Fig. 71. Rachises straw-colored ; lvs. ample, with primary pinnfp 18 in. long, G-10 in. wide; jdnnules deeply pinnatitid, with segments broadest at the base, ovate-oblong and sharply serrate. Tasmania and Australia. fdrox, Presl. iA. aculedta, J. Sm.). Rachises brown- ish; I innie 12-18 in. long: pinnules narrow. 3-4 in. long, 'a-Sm. wide, with 1.5-18 pairs of segments, which are narrow and slightly serrate. Trop. Amer. AAA. Lvs. quadripinnatifid. oligocdrpa, Fee. Yxxx. 72. Raidiises smooth, grayi.sh straw-colored ; pinnules l,?2-2 ft. long, the segments ligulate. ileeplypinnatifid.with blunt lobes; sori median, 4-6 on the lower lobes. Columbia. , ,, ■,, L. M. L nderw(k:>d. ALSTONIA (Dr. Alston, once professor of botany at Edinburgh). ApocyndreiF. Between 30 and 40 species of trees or shrubs of E. Ind. and Australia, with small white fls. in terminal cymes, and simple entire lvs. in whorls or opposite. ^4. scltolaris, R. Br., is the Devil- tree or Pali-mara of India, the bark of which is medici- nal. Trees yield caoutchouc. macroph^lla, Wall. A tall tree, with milky juice, spar- ingly cult, in S. Fla., and perhaps in S. Calif. ALSTBQEMfiBIA (Baron Alstroemer. friend of Lin- n^us). AmaryllidHcevp. Coolhouse and stove plants, with tuberous roots, treated as bulbs. Fls. small (2 in. or less long), comparatively narrow, with 6 segments, parted nearly or quite to the ovary, often irregular; stamens mostly declined ; stigma 3-cleft ; sts. slender and leafy, weak, or even disposed to climb. Monogr. by Baker. Handbook of the Amaryllidea*. Some of the Alstra'inerias have survived the winters in Washington of late years only when a heavy mulch has been given, as A . aurantiaca and its form A. atirea. -~ 72. Alsophila oligocarpa. A . Chilensis and its forms. Evidently among the hardi- est are .4. Jirasiliensis and A. pulche'lla, although some of the others have not been tried. For outdoor planting, Alstroemerias are at their best in a partly shaded posi- 54 ALSTRCEMERIA ALUM -ROOT tion, and at all times durintc their growth the roots must have an abundance of water. In fact, there is little use in attempting their cultivation out-of-doors where these conditions cannot be given. In colder climates, the Al- stroemerias can be grown very successfully by planting- out in spring, and, as soon as they die down, lift, and keep over winter in a place from which frost is excluded. An annual lifting, or, when grown in pots, an annual shaking-out, should be given, because they increase to such an extert that the younger and smaller crowns are apt to take ttie nourishment from the large, flowering crowns. The largest ones ought to be separated from the smaller ones, and either grown in pots or planted outside when the proper time arrives. In this way the genus will become much more popular than it now is, either for cutting or for the decoration of the border. The soil best suited to their requirements is largely com- posed of vegetable humus; when this is not to be had, old, well-decayed cow or stable manure should be incor- porated with the soil. When they are planted outside, the tubers should be put deep in the ground, and the soil shouhl be well worked for at least 15 inches. The tubers are slightly egg-shaped, attached to a common stem ; the roots are made from the ends of the tubers, and also from near the growing points of the crowns. One of the best for greenhouse work is A. Pehgrina, var. alba. Other kinds which may be con- sidered tender north of Washing- ton are A. hrptnantha, A. versicolor (or Peruviana) and its forms, A. Hookerii and A . violacea. Some of the Van Houtte hybrids, raised from Hookerii and hieman- tlia. are extremely pretty, but, with the others, they are rather unsuitable for pot- culture, owing to the peculiar formation of the roots. The species are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown ratiier thinly in deep pans, and allowed to remain without pricking off or shifting for the first season. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. A. Lvs.nf fl. stem (or scape) broad, ob' long or oblong -spat ulate . ptilch^lla, Linn. f. {A. psittaeina, Lehm.). Sterile st. a foot or less long, with aggregated petioled Ivs.: flowering St, 2-.'J ft., with scattered Ivs,: fis, in a simple umbel, on pedicels 1-134 in. long, long-funnel-sha{)ed,the segments unequal, dark red and tipped with green and spotted inside with brown: stamens nearly as long as limb. Brazil, Fij. 7'A is a copy of tlie A. psittaeina, B,M. 3033.— An old garden 73. Alstroem plant. (X Chil^nsis, Cree. Stout, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. scat- tered, obovate or spatulate, or the upper becoming lan- ceolate, twisted at the base, fringed, somewhat glaucous : fls. large, rose or red (or varying to whitish), the two lower segments longer and straighter : umuel with 5 or 6 2-fld. peduncles. Chile. AA. Lvs. of fl. St. lanceolate (at least the lower ones). B. Fls. purplish or red. Felegrrina, Linn. Fl, st. stout, a foot or less high : lvs, about 30, thin, ascending, 2 in. or less long and I4m. or less wide: fl, 2 in. or less long, lilac, the outer segments broad and cuspidate, the inner ones spotted red-purple: umbel few-rayed, normally simple, but becoming com- pound in cult. Also a pure white var. Chile. B,M. 139. Gn. 40, p. 472, L,B.C. 13: 1295. haem&ntha, Ruiz & Pav. (A. Simsii, Spreng.). Fl. st, 2-3 ft. : lvs. crowded and thin, somewhat stalked, 3-4 in. long and %in. or less long, the upper becoming linear, glaucous beneath : fls. 2 in. or less long, bright red tipped green, the inner ones with red-purple spots on a red-yellow ground : umbel very compound, the branches i-"' in. long. A white-fld. variety is cult. Chile. B..M. 23o3, aa A. pulchella. BB. Fls, yellow or yellowish. aoranti&ca, Don. Fl. st. 2-4 ft. high : lvs. nearly .50, thin, somewhat petiolate, slightly glaucous below, ;i-4 ft, long and !iin. wide : fls. 10-30, in a compound unjbel, the perianth bright yellow, outer segments tipped green and inner ones spotted brown. There is a form with pale, unspotted fls. Chile. B.M. 3350, as ^.aurea. Gn. 26:472. Brasilifensis, Spreng. St. 3-4 ft. : lvs. remote, thickish. obloug-lauceolate, 2 in. long: fl. \}^ in. long, in a 5-rayed umbel (each ray bearing 1-3 fls.), the segments oblo'ng- spatulate and reddish yellow, the inner ones spotted brown; stamens shorter than segments. Brazil. AAA. Lvs. of flower stem linear. versicolor, Ruiz & Pav. (.1. Peruviana, Van Houtte. A. sulphurea and A. tigr'inu. Hort.). Fl. St. short (1 ft, or les* high ) ; lvs. many, the lower ones about 1 in. long : fls. 1 in. long, in a nearly simple umbel, yellow spotted purple, the segments all obhmceolate and acute. A mar- ginate var. Chile. Ugta, Linn, Fl. st. lK-2 ft.: lvs. 20-30, thin, the lowermost becoming lanceolate, 2-3 in. long: fls. 134 in. long, in a nearly or quite simple umbel, whitish, lilac or pale red, streaked purple, the inner segments often obtuse. Var. pulchra, Baker {A. pulchra, Sims, B.M. 2421. A. Flds-Mdrtini, Ker.), has narrower and longer lvs., and all the segments acute or cuspidate. Chile. Common and variable in cult. A. Hodkeri, Lodd., is a form of A. Ligtti. The A. Ligtu of B.M. 125 is A. caryo- phyllea, Jacq,, with long-clawed, very un- equal segments in two sets or lips, red and red-striped. Brazil. -p. violilcea, Phill. St. 1-2 ft, : lvs. scattered l]iP^ and spreading, 1 in. or less long, those on sterile shoots larger, ovate-oblong and 5- nerved : fls, on forked pedicels in a 5-rayf d umbel, 13^-2 in. long, bright lilac, the outer segments obovate, truncate and with a short cusp, the inner oblong-acute, spotted. Chile. l. H, B. ALTERNANTHtRA. See Telanthera. ALTH£A (Greek, to cure). Malvhceoe. Tall biennial or perennial herbs, of the warm-temperate regions of the Old World, sria pulchella of about a dozen species. Fls. axillary, 34). solitary, or racemose in the axils or at the summit of the stem, with 6-9 bracts below the calyx. A. fritter and A. ccelestis, Hort., are Ilibiscus Syriacus. officinalis, Linn. Marsh Mallow. Downy: lvs. ovate, often heart-shaped or 3-lobed, frequently undivided, tomentose : fls. 1 in. across, blush or rose, clustered in the axils of the lvs. Perennial. E. Eu. — Root used for mu- cilage and for other purposes ; also medicinal. The root of commerce has its brown outer covering removed. Rarely cult., but occasionally escaped in marshes near the coast. rdsea, Cav. Hollyhock, which see for culture. St. strict and spire - like, hairy: lvs. large and rough, rounded-heart-shaped, wavy-angled or lobed: fls. lar^'e and nearly sessile, in a long wand-like raceme or spike, in many forms and colors. Biennial. China. B.M. 3198. ficifblia, Cav. Biennial, 5-8 ft.: lvs. 7-lobed, toothed: fl. yellow or orauire, large, in terminal spikes, showy. Eu, Int. by Franceschi, Cal., as A. sidaifblia. L. H. B. ALUM-ROOT. See Heuchera. ALYSSUM AMARANTUS 55 r '' 74. Sweet alyssum (X K). ALtSSUM (clasgiral name). Cntclfenr. Low plants, mostly perennials and used for rock work. The Sweet Alvsfium ii* one of the commonest annuals, jjrovvu l»uth in the open and forced in benches, beds or [I >i. It is of the easi- est, culture, either in- doors or out. The com- /^i>^'*"*Sy*^ i ' JttL. P**' vars. are most i /: '*'"'^^*'"*>.^_ V^^y prized for pot-culture. *« ■ ' * i ^ -^a^-L^ Under glass, requires temperature of a car- nation house. It will 8tand considerable frost in the open, and may be sown early ; it blooms all summer, and until killed by winter. Useful for window pardens and bas- kets. For winter bloom, sow seeds late in Aujj. or in Sept. When blooms begin to fail, cut back the plant, and it will bloom again. The perennial species are usually prop, by dividing the roots ; also by cuttings and seeds. A. Fls. white. maritimum, h&m. { A . odoriit u m , Hort.). Sweet Alys- srM. Fig. 74. A low, spreading, light green annual, with lanceolate or linear entire Ivs., tapering to the base, and small honey-scented tls. in terminal clusters, which be- come long racemes. Eu. Many cult, vars.: B6iithami or comp^ctom, a dwarf and compact form, not over in. hitrh ; variegitum, with pale white-edged Ivs.; gigan- tdum. robust, broad-lvd.; procumbens, of spreading habit : and various horticultural forms with trade names. spindsum, Linn. A woody-stemmed little perennial, with lanceol.Hte acute silvery Ivs., spiny 11. branches, and very small numerous fls. Eu. Rockwork ; 3-6 in. AA. Fls. yellow : perennials. B. Lvs. K in. or less long. serpyllifdliam, Desf. (.1. alpesfre, Linn.?). Dwarf i:!-4 in. high), somewhat woody at the base, vith rough- hoary ivs., and pale yellow Hs. in racemes Eu. Int. 1892. BB. Lvs. 1 in. or more long. Baz&tile, Linn. Golden-tcft. A foot high, woody at base : lvs. oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or wavy, hoary-tomentose : fls. golden yellow, numerous, in little compact clusters. Eu. B.M. 159. A. F. 5:37. -Common in rockwork, making a spreading mat, bloom- ing in early spring. There is a dwarf var. (cotnprictum , ami a pretty variegated variety sold as.l. variegAfiim. Gemon6nse, Linn. Less hardy than the last: lvs. lan- ceolate, velvety : fls. lemon-yellow : st. usually more woody at base. Eu. rostr^tum, Stev. {A. Wierzbiekii, Heuflf.). About 20 in.: lvs. 2 in. long, broad-oblong, pointed, hairy: fls. deep yellow, in dense heails, in summer. Asia Minor. arg6nteum, Vitra. Dwarf and dense grower, 15 in. or less: lvs. oblong-spatulate, silvery beneath: fls. yellow in clustered heads, all summer. Eu. t tt r> 1j. il. rs. AMANITA. See Mushroom. AMARABOYA (native name). Melasfomdceo'. A ge- nus of only three species of tender shrubs from New Grenada, which are showy both in foliage and flower. Lvs. large, opposite, sessile, with three prominent nerves, brownish red beneath: fls. large, cymose; petals usually 6; stamens 12-15. For cult., see P/eror««. Not known to be in American trade. A.amdfnlis. Linden. Fls. white, margined carmine: stamens white; style re*!, exserte<l. l.H. 'M:9. — A. princess, hmden. Fls. carmine : stamens white : styles white. I.H. .'54: 4. — A. splendidn. Linden. Fls. 6^ in. across ; petals narrower at the base than in the other species; stamens yellow; style red, ex- serted. I.H. 'M-.M. AMABANTUS (Greek, unfading). Amarantdcece. Amaranth Coarse annual plants, grown for foliage and the showy fl. -clusters. Related to the Cockscomb. The Amaranths are usually treated as open-air annuals. They thrive best in a hot and sunny situation. In very rich soil the lvs. become very large but usually lack in bright coloring. Seeds may be sown in the open or in frames. The dwarf and compact vars., which often have beautifully variegated foliage, may be grown in pots or used for bedding. Give plenty of room. A. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, long and drooping. lalicifdlini, Veitch. Graceful pyramidal habit, 3ft,: lvs. 5-8 in. long and Hin. wide, wavy, bronze-green, changing to orange-red. Philippines. (I.C.I. 1871:1550. F.S. 19:1929. AA. Lvs. broad, mostly orate. B. Spikes drooping. caud&tnfl, L'nn. Love-lies-bleedino. Fig. 75. Tall au«l diffuse (3-5 ft.): lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, stalked, green : spikes red, long and sh-nder, naked, in a long and droo[>ing panicle, the terminal one forming a long, conl-like tail. Also vars. with yellowish and whitish panicles. India. G.W. 6:709. — Common, and an old favorite. atropurpilreus, Hiirt. Foliage blood-red. Probably a form of A. candatus. Perhaps the same as Roxburgh'* A. atropurpureus from India. BB. Spikes erect. hypochondrlacus, Linn. Prince's Feather. Tall and glabrous : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute: spikes blunt, aggregated into a thick, lumpy terminal panicle, of which the central part is elongated: bracts long-awned. — An old garden plant, with the heavy heads variously col- ored, but mostly purple. Lvs. mostly purple or purple- green. Probably Asian. Cult, also as A . cru^ntus and .1. atropurpureus. Sometimes a weed in cult, grounds. panicul&tus, Linn. St. usually pubescent : lvs. usu- ally broader than in the last, and spikes acute or acutish, and in an open, more graceful terminal panicle: bracts awn-pointed. — Common, and sometimes a weed. Lvs. usually green, but often blotched or bright purple. A showy form is A. specidsus, Sims, B.M. 2227. Cult, also as .^1. sanguineus. Probably originally Asian. Gang^ticos, Linn. (.fl. melanchSlicus, Linn.). Usually a lower plant, 3 ft-, or less and often only 1 ft., with thin, ovate-pointed lvs., and fls, in short, glomerate, inter- rupted spikes, both terminal and axillary. — Very varia- ble. Cult, by Anier. Chinese (Fig. 76) as a pot-herb under the name of Hon-toi-moi, with green lvs. (Bailey, Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.). A form used for bedding, with foliage red. yellow and green, is Joseph's Coat, or A. tricolor (G.W. 6: 709). A form with fiery red lvs. is known as A. hicolor. Various dwarf and compact bed- ding forms. Used more for foliage than for fl. panicles. Asian. Other garden Amaranthuses are A. Abyssinicus, dark red ; A . gifihosus, Hort., a form of A . paniculatus; A. H^nderi, probably a hybrid with ^-1. salicifolius, or a Amarantus caudatus (X M)- var. of it, with long-drooping, orown lvs., and tall, pyra- midal stature ; A. 66rdoni, or Sunrise, with bronzy banded lvs. aud brilliant scarlet lvs. on top; A.superbuSf int. 1893. Other Amaranthuses are common weeds: A. 5C A3IARANTUS AMARYLLIS retron^rns, Linn., A. chlordstachifn, Willd., A. (flhus, Linn., A. blitoWes, Wats., ^1. spinosus, Linn. The two lirst are known as pigweeds and bee* -oots; the third is a common tumbleweed. f^_ fj. B. 7C. Amarantus Ganeeticus {K}^). AMAB'^LLIS (classical name). AmaiyllUhlcecf. BiiU>ous plants from Cape of Good Hope, dowering in late suninuT or in fall, the Ivs. appearing later. Perianth with a short ribbed tube, the divisions oblong or lanceo- late, the filaments distinct and no scales between them, fls. 5-12, in an iin)l)el. on a tall scape. Monogr. by Her- bert, Amaryllidacese, 1837 : and by Baker, Handbook of the Amaryilidea*. In dealing with the culture of Amaryllis, it is cus- tomary to speak of the genus in its horticultural sense, — to include Hippeastrum and related things. Such is the understanding in the following cu' ral directions. There are two widely differing methods of cultivating the Amaryllis to produce showy tiowers in the spring months.— the liordt-r method and the pot method. Any one trying both of these methods will soon come to the conclusion that they differ not only in method, but in tlower-producing results. The first method is to plant the bulbs out in a prepared border after they are done flowering, say about the middle of May. The border selected should have perfect drainage, and, if convenient, be situated on the south side of a house or wall, fully exposed to the sun during the greater part of the day. The bulbs are set out in rows, necessarily with as little disturbance of the roots as possible, because if they are bulbs which have undergone simihir treat- ment the previous year, by the middle of May they have made a considerable number of new roots: besides, the foliage also has gained some headway, and may be cou- sidered in the midst of actual growth. In planting, care- fully firm the soil around the old balls, give one water- ing, and on the succeeding day, after the surface of the soil has been raked over, cover to the depth of 2 inches with half-decayed cow- manure. With frequent watei'ings during the summer and the re- moval of weeds, they will need no more at- tention until the ap- proach of cool weather, when they should be lifted, sized, and pot- ted ; Iiowever, at this season, if wet weather has predominated, some of ti.e bulbs will be in a semi-dormant state, while the ma- jority will yet be in active growth. Here is the drawback to this method : the roots are large and fieshy, they take ,'n considerable room iii a 6- or 7-inch pot, and the soi can- not be evenly distrib- uted amongst them, neither can it be made as firm as it should be. The result is the par- tial decay of the roots a. id leaves, and in the spriiiir.when tlie Mower scapes appejAr, they are developed at tlie expense of the bulb, through having insufficient roots ) take up nour- ishment from the soil. The Mowers which are pro<lu<'ed are small, few in number, and do not show what the Amaryllis Belladonna. Amaryllis is capable of. To partly ameliorate these con. ditions, the bulbs in active growth at lifting time may be heeled-in on a greenhouse bench until they gradu- ally ripen, taking care that some of the soil is retained on the roots ; otherw 'r^ the ripening process is altogether too rapid, so that ♦he -. ots and leaves sud«lenly lose their robu'^t r <ture, become tiHbl)y, and eventually die. For this method, it can be said that a larger number of bulbs can b'i gre.vn with less trouble than by the pot method, but neither bulbs nor flowers compare in size with those kept i.i pots the year round. For the purpose of simply increasing stock, the outdoor method is to be preferred. Most o." the kinds are naturally evergreen ; potting under those conditions is best done either after the plants have made tLeir growth in the fall or after they have flnisinnl flowering in April. When done in the full, they are al- lowed to remain rather dry during the wnnter; this will keep the soil of the original ball in a sweet condition until the time arrives to start them into growth, which may be anywhere after the 1st of January, or even earlier if necessary. They will winder all right, and keep their foliage, in a l>rick frame in which the temperature is not allowed to fall below 45° F. By the beginning of February, in a structure of this sort, they will be showing flower-scapes, and should then be taken to a position where more heat and light can be given, A weak solu- tion of cow-manure will much help the development of the flowers. When in bloom, a greenhouse tempera- ture, with slight shade, will prolong the flowering period. After flower ng, the greatest care should be taken of the plants, as it is from that period till the oud of summer that the principal growth is made. A heavj' loam, en- riched with bone-dust and rotted cow-manure, suits them well. The seeds of Hippeastrums should be sown as soon as ripe, covered very lightly with finely sifted leaf -mold, and if this shows a tendency to dry too quickly, cover with panes of glass until germination takes place. As soon as the flrst leaves are de\eloped, they should be potted in the smallest sized p.^ts and kept growing. In the propagation of varieties, it will be found that the large bulbs make two or more offsets each season: these should not be detached until it is certain that they have enough roots of their o»vn to start with af*er being separated from the parent. If a well-flowered specimen clump is desired, the off* 3ts may be allowed to remain attached to the ptir*^ it; iT ?y will, in most cases, flower the second year ' .er gt •'^"s treatment. AtnartjlUs Belladonna and j plant Kuown as A. longiflora (really a Crinum ) are I .rdy in the District of Columbia ; A . lonr/iflora thrives even in damp, heavy soils, with no protection, and flowers abundantly each year. The seeds are about the s^ize of a chestnut, and if not gathered as soon as ripe, they are apt to gerHkinate on the surface of the ground during the next rainy spell succeeding the ripening. A . Belladonna needs a warm, sheltered spot, with deep planting, Cult. by G. W. Oliver. Bellad6nna, Lii.n. Bel.ladonna Lily. Fig. 77. Scape 2-4 ft., with a 2-lvd. dry spathe or involucre just under- neath the umbel: fls. lily-like, short-tubed, and flaring, with pointed segments and style, and 6 stamens detiexed, on short pedicels, fragrant, normally rose-color; scape solid : Ivs. strap-shaped, canaliculate and acute. B.M. 7X\. Gn. ;«: G41, 47. p. 40, 4'.). p. 27(5. 54: 414. G.C. Ill, 24:. 315. An old favorite. There are varieties ranging from white to red, and varying in shape and size of fls. A. biiinda, (Jawl (B.M= 1450), is a large form, with wliite fls., fading to blush. A. IFdllii, Ho.-t., from N, Chiiuj, but probal>ly not native there, is evidently only a form of the Belladonna Lily. For var. rdsea perf^cta, see Gt. 45, p.44:{: gpectabilis tricolor, 45, p. .T)8. See Brinm- viffia for A. fjhjantt'ti urMlorienfalis: Crinum for ^./i'*(;,'i- folia a,xu\ ornat(t ; Hippeastrum for A. aulira, «>'/(»»'.'<- triH, fulffida , J ohnxoni , Leopohlii, j)ardina,procera. Jit- ghup, reticulata, vittata ; hycons fot A. an rea ; Nerine for A. Nerine; Sprekella for A, fofniosis.'<ihia ; Stern- berjiTia for A. Intea ; Vnllota for A. purpurea ; Zephy- ranthes for A. AtamaKco and Candida. The following tra<le names probably belong tootiier genera, most likely to Hippeastrum : A. crdcea, (rrove<)na, tnacnhitha, re- fnlijina. A . enih^.sn un, of Horsfo-d's Cat., 1S!>!) (by mistake print<'d crubey 'en)> , is Zephyranthes erubes- cens, Wats, It is not l /.v otfered. L. H. B. AMASOXIA AMES m AMASONIA (afrer Thomas Amason, early American traveler). I'frbi'mlcecp. Greenhouse shrub from Trini- dafi. with lonK, tubular, hairy yellow fls. and bright red bracts, which remain attractive two or three mouths at a time. calyciaa. Hook. f. ( A . punicea, Hort. not Vahl.). Lvs. (;-l2 in. Ion??, elliptic, acuminate, coarsely irregularly tooriied or sinuate, glabrous, except the floral ones : fls. 1 1^-2 in. long, drooping; calvx nearly 1 in. long, red. B.M. 6915. Ga. 27: 479. R.B. 20: 13. AMBROSlNIA (Giacinti Ambrosini, an Italian). Aro'idi'ut. A dwarf, perennial, tuberous herb of Italy and Alfferia. Half-hardy; planted in the open or in pots, ami blooms in the fall. A single species. 78. Amelanchier alnifolia(X34) Basdii, Linn. Three or 4 Inches : lvs. 2 or 3, over- topping the spathe, the leaf-blade ovate or ovate-ellip- tic, obtuse, often retuse: spathe % in. long, tippe<l witii a hruwn tail, divided lengthwise, the anthers being in one corapaitmeut (which has a hole to admit insects), pnd the solitary ovary in the other, thus preventing au- tmuatic close poL'ina'tion. B.M. (kJGO. — Prop, by seeds -tarfed inside or ia frames, or by division in spring. There is a narrow-leaved form ( var. a nffusfifdliti , G tiss. ) , a spotted-leaved form (var. vuicuh)tn, Kngler), and a f'Tiii with pule green reticulations (var. rrtu-iilatu, ^'"^'M. L. H. B. AMELANCHIEI (Savoy name). Bosdcea . Shriibs or small trees of Eu.,Asia and Amer. : lvs. altern.it siiiiple. Usually serrate : tls. white, in racemes, rarely solitary; calyx tube campanulate, .'i-lcibed, lobes narrow, ri'tiexed, persistent ; petals 5 ; ovar 2-5-colled, each sulxlivided and containing 2 ovules : rry round or ob- loiL', with prouiinent cavity, red or : purple, sweet, juicy. Temperate regions around . globe. Species nd closely related. De.-iirable ...r ornament, the .>arf varieties also valuable as fruit-bearirg plants. Bloom very early in spring, often before lvs. appear. They thrive upon a variety of soils and overa wide range, succeeding well in dry climates. Prop, by seeds or suckers. A. ofdlis and A. aliAua of horticulturists, sometimes purporting to come from Eu.. are our native Pyrus nigra, which see. See Jnmbtrry. A. IfVS. acute or acumhuite, finely serrate. B. Petals ,.a. . tw, lanceolate, ohlanceolate or spatulate. Canadensis, Medic. Common SnAD-Bt-sH. Tree. i!.')-40 ft., upright, narrow, oblong, roun<l-topped : trunk tall, straight: branches small, spreading: lvs. oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, sharply anil tinely serrate, soon becoming glabrous : fruit glo- bose. Early sunim«>r. Newfoundland to Fla., west to Ark. and Minn. S.S. 4: 11)4. Botry^pium, DC, (.1, Canadensis, var. ohlongifolia, Torr, & Gray), Common Dwakf .Jinebekky. Bush or small tree : lvs. and tlower-stalks whitish woolly when Jf^oung, often nearly or quite glabrotis when old; lvs. ob- ong, broadly elliptical, seldom cordate, often pointed at base : racemes dense, shorter than in A. Catiadensis; fls, smaller: fr. juicy, of good flavor. New Brunswick to Fla., west to Mo. and Minn. B.M, 701!), G.C. III. 21: 333, S.S. 4:195, as A. Canadensis var. obot'illis, Sarg. Asiitica, Endl, (A. Canadensis, var. Ja pon i ra. ^liq. A. f/aj)uniea. Hurt.). Small tree with slender branches: lvs. ovate-elliptical, acute, densely w(M)Ily when young: racemes dense, compound. China and Jap. BB, Petals broad, obovate. OligOC&rpa, Roem, Low shrub 2-9 ft,, nearly glabrous throughout: lvs, thin, narrowly ovate or oblong, pointed at each end, finely and sharply serrate : ra<'emes few- flowered ; petals broa<l, obovate : fr. dark blue-purple, pear-shaped, with heavy bloom, sweet, of pronounced flavor. Swamps, Lab. to N. Y, G,F, 1: 247. AA. Lrvs. broader, obtitse or rounded at apex, coarsely serrate or dentate. alnifdlia, Nutt. Fig. 78. Shrub : lvs, thick, broad, oval or nearly circular, coarsely toothed toward the apex: petals narrowly obovate or ohlanceolate, "uneate: fr, dark purple or blue, with blocmi, large, sweet, juicy. W Out. to Mich., New Mex, and westward, G.F. 1:185; 5: 41."). S,S, 4: 11M>. — A valuable species for fruit or or- nununt. Anniia alnifolia of some lists. rotundifolia, Roem. {A. Canadensis, var. rotundifdlia, Torr. & Gray). Low, stragglish bush: lvs. rounded, coarsely serrate : fr. ripening after A. Canadensis. N. Brunswick to Minn. spicita, Dec. Small bush l-.1ft,: lvs. elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends or somewhat conlate at base : fls in numer- ous 4-10-fld, racemes : plant woolly on ytmng gn)wths, but becoming glabrous. Dry, rocky places. Pa, and N. J. vulgS.ri8,Mr)nch, Sekvick-berry. Dwarf shrult : lvs. roundish, coarsely serrate, woolly beneath when young : racemes short; petals long- narrowly ohlanceolate : fr. blue-black. Cent. Eu. — Cult, for ornament ; also for fr. under the name of European Juneberry. pj^j-o W. Card. AMES, FREDERICK LOTHROP (.June 8, 18.15-Sept. 13, lMt3), of the fourth generati«>n of a family distiil- guishe<l in the history of Massachusettts enterprise, was born in North Eastoi in thnt state. He was graduated from Harvard Coll ^e in the class of 18.14, an I devoted his life to the nianagenu'ut of great connnercial and in- •liiHtrial int«'rests. Business did notoccui)y all his atten- tion: )u' was a Felh»w of Harvard College, a trustee of the Mas.ijwhusetts Society for Promoting Agrioilture, mill of the Miiseum of Fine Arts; and an active ami faithful director of i irritable and benev.olent institu- tions. A numitlcent patron of arts and sciences, he was sui'cessftil in stimulating the increase of knowletlge iu mail'- M.'lils of humtin research. Devoted tarough his w V iivo to horticulture, he gained distinction for hi.s wi ■ il accurate ..nowledge of tro]ucal orchids and thi « altivation, and his collection of these plants at his country place In his native town was the most complete 58 AMES AMORPHOPHALLrS in the New World. His important services to botany and horticulture are commemorated in Liflia Ameniana, JUflia anceps var. AmeaiaMa, Phaltenopsis F. L. Ames, Cypripedium AmesianHm, Cypripedium inaitftie var. Amesianum, Vanda Amesiana, Stanhopea Amesinna, Miltonia vexillaria var. Amesiana, Odontocflosxum Jio.ssifp var. Amesiana, and Cattleya Hardynnn var. Ames'ana. C. S. Sargent. AMHfiESTIA (Countess Amherst and her daughter, Lady Amherst, promoters of botany in India). legu- minosiB. One of the noblest of flowering trees, native to India, where it reaches a height of 40 ft. and more. Gaudy red fls. 8 in. long, with wide-spreading petals, the upper ones gold-tipped, and colored petal-like bracts, in long, hanging racemes : Ivs. pinnate, nearly 3 ft. long. The tree first flowered in Eng. in 1849. It requires hot- house treatment. The fls. last only 2 or 3 days. Demands rich, loamy soil, and abundant moisture during the grow- ing season, after which the wood must be ripened firm. B.M.4453. F.S. 5: 513-516. - AMiANTHIUai. i^ee Zygadenus. AMMOBIUM (Greek, living in sand). Compdsitce. Hardy herb, cult, as an everlasting or immortelle. Florets Perfect, yellow, surrounded by a dry, silvery white invo- lucre, and subtended by chaffy scales; pappus of 2 bris- tles and 2 teeth. Commonly treated as an annual, but seeds are sometimes sown in Sept., and the plant treated as a biennial. Of easiest culture, the seeds being sown where the plants are to grow. In the N., sow seeds in spring. Cut the fls. before they are fully expanded, and hang in a dry, shady place. They will then remain white. aUttun, R. Br. Three ft. or less high, erect and branchy, white-cottony, the brunches broadly winged : early root-Ivs. ovate at the ends and long-tapering be- low (javelin shap»^'d) ; st.- Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so : lieads 1-2 in. across, the involucre becoming pearly white. Australia. A large-headed form is var. grandifldrun. L, Ij, B_ AMMOCHABIS (rtmjrto.s-, sand: cAort's, beauty). Ama- ryUidiiittr. Greenhouse bulb from Cape of Good Hope. J. G. Baker, Amaryllideee, p. 9G. For cult., see Bulbs. falcata, Herb. Bulb ovoid, sometimes 6-9 in. in diam., with brown tunics : Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide, strap- shaped, spreading, produced before the Ivs.: fls. 20-40, in an umbel, bright red, fragrant. Winter. Probably the fruit figured in B.M. 144:5 is that of a Brunsvigia, mismatched with the flowers. Ammocharis falcata requires rich, loamy soil. It starts to grow in the spring. Give plenty of water during growing season in summer. It can be cultivated out-of- do rs. When perfected and finished in autumn, the bulb can be put under the greenhouse bench : keep moder- ately dry in sand or earth ; can be potted in January, after wliich it will soon throw out its fine, fragrant blooms. Cult, bv H. A. Siebrecht. AMMONIACAL CARBONATE OF COPPER. JFumjtcidi . See AHMOPHILA (Greek, sand-loving). GraminffP. A coarse perennial. wit>i long, hard rootstocks. Spikelets 1-fld., in large, spike-like panicles, jointed above the empty glumes: flowering glume surrounded at the base by a tuft of hairs : axis of spikelet terminating in a small bristle-like rudiment. Species one. Eu.andN.Amer aren&ria, Link. [A. arundimXcea, Host.). B^eoh Grass. Marram Grass. Abundant plong the sandy coasts of the Atlantic, and the great lakes. Adapted for binding drifting sands of coasts. i> r> f . X . r>. IVENNEUY. AMOMUM (Greek-made name). Scitaminiicecf. Hot- house ginger-like herbs, with narrow entire Ivs., and fls. in dense cone-like spikes, which are usually near the base of the plant or on a scape. Closely allied to Alpinia (which see for culture). C4rdamon, Linn. Cardaman. Thick, spicy, lanceolate Ivs.: plant 4-8 ft.: fls. brownish, in a r»-funibent com- pouud tipikfi. E. lud. Produces the Cardomoa seeds of commerce. Not to be confounded with Elettaria Carda- mom um (which see). Other species tire A.angustifblium, Sonner.with linear-lanceo- late Ivs. and yellow fls., Mada<;. ; A. Ddnielli, Hook., Ivs. laiif*. oblong and fl. large, r?d and yellow, Afr. ; A. Granum-Parad'iH, Linn. (A. grandiriorum, Smith), •with colored stems and white^ tinted tls , Afr. ; A. magntficum, Benth. & Hook. (Alpinia m,%g- nifica, Roscoe), 1()-12 ft., fls. very numerous, in a gaudy braeted head, large, red, Mauritius, B.M. .3192; A. vittdtttni, Hort.=Al- pinia \ittata ; A. vitellinum, Lindl., with oval Ivs. and yellow fls.,E.Ind. L. H. B. AMORPHA (Greek amorphos, deformed; the fls. are destitute of wings and keel). Legumir.dsce. Shrubs: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, deciduous, with entire leaf- lets : fls. in dense, terminal spikes, small, papilionaceous, but without wings and keel ; stamens exserted : pod short, slightly curved, with 1-2 seeds. Eight species, 6 in N. Amer. Hardy flowering shrubs, with graceful fo- liage, well adapted for small shruV)beries, especially in somewhat dry and sunny situations. Prop, usually by seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, or by hardwood cuttings, placed in sheltered situations early in fall and left undisturbed till the fol- lowing autumn. They may be grown, also, from layers and suckers. can^scens, Nutt. Lead Plant. Low shrub, 1-3 ft., densely white-canescent : Ivs. sessile, 2-4 in. long, leaf- lets 21-49, nearly sessile, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 lines long : fls, blue, the spikes crowded into terminal panicles. June. S. states. Mn. 5:707. B.JI.6618. R.H. 1896:280. — Handsome free-flowering shrub of den^e habit, well adapted for rockeries and borders of shrub- oeries in sunny and well-drained situations. fruticdsa, Linn. Bastard Indigo. Shrub, 5-20 ft.: Ivs. petioled, (i-16 in. long, leaflets 11-21, oval or elliptic, mostly obtuse and mucronulate : spikes dense, 3-6 in. long, usually in panicles ; fls. dark purple. From Wis. and Pa. south. B.R. 5 : 427. — Interesting ornamental shrub of spreading habit, with fine, feathery foliage ; remarkab'e for the unusual color of its dark violet- purplish ris. A very variable species; slightly diflfering forms have been described, and are cult, under many dif- ferent names, as. e. g. : A. Caroliniana, Croom ; croceo- lanata,Vi'ats.; dealhata, Hort.; elata,Ilort.; fragrans, Sweet; glabra, Desf.; hevigata, 'Sntt.; Le w is i, hodd.; Ladoviciana, Hort. ; mimosifolia ,'H.0rt.; orna/a, Wend.; panici'lata, Torr. & Gr. ; Tennesseensis, Shuttlew. ; Texana, Buckl. A.Califvrnica.'Sntt. Allied to A. fruticosa. Pubescent: sts. and leaf-stalks furnished >vith prickly glands : spikes usually single. Calif.— .1. fierbdcea, Walt. (A. pubescens,Willd.),2-l ft: Ivs. nearly sessile, puT)escent or glabrous ; leaflets with blaek glands l>eneath : spikes mostly panicled ; fls. blue or white. S. states. L.B.C 7: 685) - A. microphylla, Pursh. (A. nana, Nutt.'. One ft. high : leatlois small. J'oin. long, crowded, glandidar \>e- ne;ith : spikes usually sint'^ From Minn, and Iowa west to Rof'ky Mts.— A. rirgata, yniiil. Allied to A. fruticosa. Peren- nial, 2-6 ft., sparingly branched: leaflets bror.d, coriaceous": spikes single or few. S. states. Alfred Rehdek. AMORPHOPHALLUS (Greek-made name). Aro\de<f. Giant aroids, from the eastern tropics, grown as curiosi- ties in hothouses. Spathe (or "flower") springing from the great bulb-like tuber in advance of the Ivs., the latter usually pedately compound : differs from Arum and re- lated genera by technical characters. Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographiee Phanerogamarum, vol.2. 1879. Amorphophalluses are i)ropagated by offsets of the tubers. Towards the end of March the plaiits should be taken from their winter quarters and placed on the stages of a moderately warm greenhouse and kept moist, where, .f the tubers are :-itrong enough, tliey will soon flower. The leaves l>egin to grow immediately after the floweri.;g season. Towards the end of May they should be planted out in the open ground, or they may be used in subtropical bedding. Plants should be lifted in the fall, before frost, and potted in any good, rich soil, and placed in a warm greenhouse to ripen oflf the leaves, after which fhey may bo st^)red away under the greenhouse stages, or any convenient pla<'e where the temperatun- does not fall lielow 5(t°, giving just sufficient moisture tn keep the tubers from shriveling. Cult, by Edward J. Canning. A3IORPHOPHALLUS AMPELOPSIS 59 79. Inflorescence and bit cf leaf of Amorphophallus Rivieri. Kivi^ri, Dur. Devils Tongue. Snake Palm. Fig. 79. Scape ( sent up in early spring) preceding the Ivs., :i-i ft., dark colored and speckled with light red: If. often 4 ft. across, pedately decompound, the petiole mottled, stand- ing on a stalk like an umbrella: spathe rosy, calla-like, with a long-project- ing and slender dark red slightly curved spadix, the whole "flower" often measuring 3 ft. long. Cochin China. R.H. 1871, p. 573. — The best known species in Amer. gardens. Has a strong and disagreeable odor. campanul^tus, Blume. Stanley's Wash Tub. Scape lower {2 ft. or less): spathe nearly or quite 2 ft. broad and 15 in. high, with a hori- zontal, spreading fluted bor- der (not calla-like), red-purple on the margin and grayish, spotte<i white lower down', and becom.ng purple in the cen- ter : spadix 10-12 in. high, the purple top enlarged and convoluted: If. much as in A. Rivieri: tuber weighing 8-10 lbs., shape of a flat cheese. An old garf'en plant from E. Ind. B.M. 2812. F.S. 1.^k1G02-:J. G.C. 72:1720, 1721; III. 5:755. gigrantdus, Blanc. «F1. larger than A. campamtlafus (often 2 ft. across) and much more pleas- ing in color, shading from deep red to cream color towards the center. The club-shaped spadix is dark maroon, with yellow and red base. After* flowering, the foliage -stem aj)pears,— a stout stem of deep green color, mottled with gray. After growing at the rate of several inches a day, it ex- pands into a large palm-like leaf, of a rich, dark green color, often measuring 5 ft. across." Blanc, 1892, received "under this name from India." A. cainpiunlatus t Probably not the J., giganfens of Blume. Simlense, Blanc. "Fl. 15 in. long, the inside of peculiar polden color, .-^potted purple; the Sack is metallic brown. Fine palm-like foliage." The cut in Blanc's catalogue shows a spathe produced into a long foliaceous summit, and a long, slender, recurved spadix. Probably of some other genus : very likely an Arisjema. .1. Afz^Ui, Hovt. (Corynopliallus Azelii, Schott)==Hydrosine Leonemis.— A. Eichleri, Hook. f. iSpatlie'J in. across, purple and white : spadix 5 or 6 in. high, thick, brown : If. single, much di- vided. W. Afr. B.M. TOUl — .4. Lacimrii, Linden. (Pseudodra- contium Lacourii, N.E.Br. ) . Petioles l)arred with yellow ; l)lades mucii cut, green, spotted white. Cochin China. I.H. 'i.^: 316.— A.LeopoJdianiiH, Nicholson (Hydrosme Ijeoiw)ldiana, Masters). Spatlie reddish, long acuminate on one side, with undulate mar- gins: spadix 2-3 ft., terete, recurved : If. 2-3 ft. across. Congo. I.H. ^i :23 : 42, f. 49.-A. nirosus, Lem., I.H. 12: 424 = Dracon- tium aspemm.— A. Titanum, Beccari. One of the most rem .rk- able plants known. Tul)er .5 ft. in circ. : If.- stalk 10 ft. : if .- blade 45 ft. in circ. : spathe 3 ft. in diain. : spadix 6 ft. high. Bloomed at Kew in IXSM), the tuber dying thereafter. Sumatra. B.M. 7153-5. G.C. III. .5:748. L. H. B. AMF£L6PSIS (Greek ampelos, vine, and opsis,\ik.e- ness). Vitdcecf. Shrubs, climbing by tendrils opposite the Ivs.: Ivs. alternate, petioled, digitate, bipinnate or .«iinple : corymbs opposite the Ivs. or terniinnl : fls. per- fect, greenish and small ; petals and stanu ir^ usually 5 : fr. a 1— 4-seeded berry. Allied to Vitis, but easy to dis- tiuiTuish, even in the winter state, by its bark bearing lenticels and the white pith of the branches, while Vitis has a shredding bark and brownish pith. About 20 spe- cies in N. Amer., E. Asia and Himal. Haniy and <»rna- niental climbing vines, thriving in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds and by hardwood or greenwood ctittings. A. (luinquefolia is usually increased by hardwood cut- tings, while A. fricuspiilatd grows best from seeds planted un<ler glass or out-of-doors : also from green- W(»od cuttings in spring or early summer, under glass. Layers also root readily. Ail species may be prop, by cuttings with a good eye placed in sandy soil under bell- glasses in Sept. Monogr. by Planchon' in De T'andoUe, aionographice Phanerogamafum, 5:447-463. Cf. Cissus. \. Tendrils mostlu disk-hearing : berries dark purple with blue bloom, pea-sized. {Partheno issus.) qtdnquefdlia, Michx. {A.hederdcea^DQ. Tl^j's qtiinque- f dl id, L&ni,). VikginiaCreepek. Fig.80. High-climbing: Ivs. digitate ; Ifts. usually 5, elliptic or oblong-obovate, coarsely s'-rrate. N..Amer. Em. 2: ,")35. Var. radicantis- sima, Rehdcr. Young branches and Ifts. beneath pubes- cent : tendrils with many ramifications and well devel- oped disks. Var. murdrcun, Rehder. {A. hederdcea, var. murdrum, Fofke. A. murdrum a^" \ mur<)l is, Uort.). In- florescence and tendrils like the fomier ; Ifts. glaucous and glabrous b'*neath. Var. flngelmanni, H<>rt. Similar to the last, with smaller and more dense foliage. Var. latifdlia, Dipp, {A Boi/lei. Hort. ) . Of visrorous growth : Ivs. very large, shining. Var. Grsebneri, Reh<ler. Pubes- cent, intense vscarlet in full. Gt. 48: 14G2. Var. vitacea, Knerr. Aerial roots none, and the tendrils scarcely disc- bearing : berries large and early. ]Mich. to Kans. Does not cling to walls.— A very valuable climber of vigorous growth, coloring bright scarlet in autumn ; the varieties radicantissiria and nurorum well adapted for covering walls, clinging firmly, growing more straight upward than the following species. tricuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc. (A. Viitchi, Hort. A. Rui/lt-i, kiuvt. Vitis iucdustans, Miq.). Japanese Ivy. Boston Ivv. Figs. 81, 82. High-cJimbing, with short and di.sciferous tendrils : Ivs. iMobed or 3-foliolate, coarsely and remotely dentate, shining and glabrous on both sides: racemes short-stalked. China. -Jap. R B. 1877: 11. Gng. 4: 353, 1; 373.— A hardy and very useful climber, clinging firmly and covcing walls densely ; the glossy foliage stands dust and smoke well, and turns to a brilliant orange and scarlet in fall. Probably the favorite of all hardy vines in cities. AA. Tendrils without disks : not climbing very high. B. Lvs. not lobed or rarely tricnspidate. COrd&ta, Michx. ( Tl/ts tn(?ti'}sa, Willd. Cissus Am- peldpsis. Peru.). Nearly glabrous : lvs. cordate, round- ish-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate : berries bluish or greenish. From 111. and Ohio south. BB. Lvs. S-o-lobed or divided. heterophi^Ua, Sieb. & Zucc, Lvs. cordate, slightly 3- or deeply ;i-5-lobea, nearly glabrous and shining be- neath, lobes serrate or incised : berries light blue, punc- 0. Leaves and fruit of Virginia Creeper (Xi^) tate. E. A»ia. B.M. 5(JS2. Gt. 1873: 7rc>.- Well adapted for covering rocks and low trellis work ; handsome in autumn, with its freely produced light blue berries. Var. ileg&ns, Koch (A. tricolor. Hort,). Lvs. blotched and striped with white, flushed pink when young : slow-growing and tender. Gn. 54, p. 5. €0 AMPELOPSIS ANACARDIUM aconitifdlia, Bnnge. {A. quinque folia, x&r, aconitifblia, Hort. ). Lvs, ."{- or 5-cleft, the middle lobe often pin- nately lobed, shining: and nearly glabrous beneath: ber- ries small, yellow. N.China. Var. di886cta, Koehne ( ^ . dissecia, Carr. A. afflni^f, var. dissecta, Hort.). Lvs. 5-parted, the middle or the three inner lobes pinnatitid. R.H. 188;i. p. 318. Gn. 5, p. 52.3. -Graceful climber for trellis work. Ampelopsis tricuspidata. Showijjg a yoiniK leaf and the disks on \\u- tendrils by which the plant is attached to walls. serjamaefolia, Bunge. Roots tuberous : lvs. .3-5-parted or digitate, chartaceous, shining and dark green above, the divisions pinnate, with winged rachis. the pinna^ separate from the wings : bem* small, blue, punctate. Jap., N. China. Gt. 16:531. R.H. 1870, p. 17. BBB. Li's. hipinnate, leaflets distinctly stalked. arbdrea, Koehne ( litis liipinniita, Terr. «fc Gr. Cissus stdii.'i, Pers.). St. erect or somewhat climbing: pinnte and leaflets usually 5 ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed, %-\%iii. long: berries dark purple. S. .states, Mes. A. bipinnata, Mifhx.=A. arborea. — A. brerippdunculdta, Koehne=A. heterophylla. var. — A. citruUo'ides riort.==hetero- phylla. — A. Dnridiann. Mottet=Vitis Pa»:rtucci. — ^4. dissecta, Hort.=A. aconitifolia. var. dissecta. — .i. hederacea, DC.=A. Qiiinqiiefolia— .1. hederucea, Hort.=A. quinqiiefolia. var. mnro- nini.— A.H(>.w/,H.ort.=A.tricnspidata. — A .hu niri Ufblia.Bwnge. ==A. heterophylla var. — A.iua'mstans, MiQ.=.t. tricuspidata. — A. Japi')nica,Y{ort.=A. t'^icuspidata. — A. lucida,Viirr'=^A. aeo- nitifolia. — 4 .napifi'r, mif , ('arr.=A.seriani»'folia. — A.orientalis, Planch. Allied to A. arborea. Petioles longer: lvs. ovate-ellip- tic, quite glabrous: p'.tals and stamens 4. Orient. — A. Hit y lei, Hort.=A. quinquefoha. var. latifoliaor A. tricuspidata. — .4. nt- bricnuli8,i^&TT.=A. wonitifolia.— J . sempprvireHS. Hort.=Cis- sus striata. — A.Sieholdi, Hort.==- A. heterophylla. var. elegans. — *4. tripartita, Carr.^A. aconitifolia.— A. trilnbata, C»rr.=A. aconitifolia. — A.tiiberttsa, ('arr.-=A. serjani«»folia. — .4. Veitchi. Hort.^A, tricuspidata,— A. Virainidtia, Hort.=.\.qiiinquefoliH. Alfred Rehder. AMPELOVlTIS. See I'it ts. AMPHICARFJEA (Greek, alluding to the two kinds of fruits). Ltiinmiuoxir. A half-dozen little herbaceous vines of E. Amer. and Himalayas, bearing subterranean cleistogamous tls. : lvs. pinnate, of 3 leaflets: fls. small, purplish. Two common species ure^l. ntonoica. Nutt., anu .-1. Pitcheri. Torr. & Gray ( ilso known as Falcata comosa and F. Pitcheri). Not kuown to be in cult. AMFHICCME (itniphi, both, and kome, hair ; the seeds having a tuft of hair at both ends). liiif»oni(ice(r. (ireen- house herbaceous rockery plants from the Himalayas, with lartre. rosy, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed H.s. .4. arijiita, Hoyl»>. Height ;{ ft.: leaflets in :!-4 pairs, sessile, lanceolate. ;MMiniinate, deeply serrate : fls. in terminal racemes, fewer than in the next : corolla tube not orange-colored : calyx lobes long, awl-shai)ed. P. M.6:7».— A. Emodi. Koyle. Height ly-i-'i ft. : leatlets in .'»-7 jiairs, cordate-ovate, obtnse, shortly petiolulate. margin crenat. lobate : Hs. at first corj-nihnse : co- rolla tul»e and throat orange: calyx lobes short, t luck, fleshy. B.M. 4890. Un. », p. 25. tin. M. p. 4'}t<. F.8. IMlOS*. AMSONIA (named for Charles Amson). Called also Ansonia. ApocunacefP. Tough-barked perennial lierbs of eastern N. Amer. and .Jap., with terminal panicles of blue or bluish nhrrow-limbed small fls. in May and .June, the inside of the corolla tul)e bearing reflexed hairs. Grown in the hardy border, mostly with shrubbery. Prop, mostly by lividing the clumps; also by seeds and by cuttings iu summer. Tabemaemont^na, Walter ( .1 . lati folia, Michx. A.sa- Ueifdlia, Pursh. Tabertup.nonicina Amsonia, Linn.). Glabrous or nearly so. 2-3 ft. ; lvs. willow-like, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, altern.^te, short-petioled : ris. many, with lanceolate spreading lobes, succeeded by slender, milkweed-like follicles or pods 2-3 in. long. Holds its foliage late. N. C. to Tex. B.M. 1873. L.B.C. 592. B.R. 151. G.W.F. 48. aninistifolia, Michx. {A.cilidta, Walt.). Villous when young, the stem 1-3 ft. : lvs. linear to lance-linear, an inch or two long, much crowded, 'nargins becoming revo- lute : corolla lobes ovate-obloug to linear-oblong. S. states. Int. 1883. l, jj, b. AMYGDALOPSIS. See Prunus. Alf^GDALXJS (Greek-n.ade name, referring to the furrowed pit). Jiosaceit. A name given to the peaches, apricots and their kin, I'ut here treate<l as a section of the genus Prunus, whicli see. AN ACAMPSEROS (Greek-made nyrae). Portulacucece. Succulent herbs, of ;t dozen species, from the Cape of Good Hope, but not j^rown in this country except in bo- tanic gardens. The} are irreenhouse plants, with ovate fleshy lvs., fls. expanding in the sun ; prop, by seeds or by cuttings of stem > or leaves. ANACABDIUM ( name refers to the heart-shaped cliar- acter of the nut). Anacardidcece. Eight or ten species native to tlio Amer. tropics, of which one is .videly cult.: occidentale, Linn. Cashew. A large, spreading tree, very impatient of frost, and there- fore adaptable only to extreme southern Fla. in the U. S. : lvs. oval, rounded, or even emarginate at the top ; fls. rosy tinted, fragrant, in pani- cles terminating the young branches : nut kidney-shaped or heart-shaped, the size of a large bean, the kernel edible. This nut is borne on a fleshv 82. Ampelopsis tricuspidata. receptacle (the cashew apple) which varies from the size of a cherry to that ».'f a pear, from white to yellow and red, and is acid and edible, (in. 11, j). 211. — A vinous liijuor is mad(» from the apple. The kernel of the nut yields oil, antl is e«lible wIk'II roasted ; the shell of the nut is exceedingly acrid, even the fumes from the ANACARDIUM roasting beinff highly irritant. The tree yields a gum which is the basis of a varnish, being used to protect books and woodwork from the ravages of white ants and other insects. The tree grows 20-40 ft. high. l. H. B. ANAGALLIS (Greek, meaning delightful). Primuld- ctit. i'lMPEKNEL. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs cult, in the open. In Amer. only the annual species are peneraliy known. Fls. axillary : Ivs. in pairs or 3's. These aie easily grown in a warm soil, the seed usually being sown where the plants are to grow. The perennials are prop, by division and are grown in glass houses, or well protected if grown in the open. arv^nsis, Linn. PoorMan'sWea her-glass. Spread- ing and low : Ivs. ovate, pale, shorter than peduncles : ri . small, red to white, the petals fringed with glandular teeth. Annual. Eu. — Often runs wild. Fls. said to close on the approach of ruin. Var. caerulea, Neilr. (.1. cceriilea. Lam,). Blue tls. Supposed to be more tender, linifdlia, Linn. More upright, a foot high : Ivs. linear or lanceolate : fls. J4in. in diam., blue. Many named varieties, in various colors and habits. Biennial or per- ennial, but most of the annual Anagallises of gardens are supposed to be forms of it, as ^. grand (flora. An- drews (blue annual); A. coIDna, Schousb. (vermilion, greenhouse); A. Morelli, Linn, (blue, greenhouse); A. WiJmoreaua, Hoo!i (purple). S. Eu. and N. Afr. H.M. 319, 8'M (as A. frutieo.sa), 3.380. -The biennial forms often cult, in cool greenhouses. l_ u_ 3^ ANANAS (modified from aboriginal S. Amer. name). Written also x4H(nK/.sjs«. Uromelidceie. Stove herbs, al- lied to the Billbergias. and demanding the same general treatment. As ornamental subjects, grown mostly for the rosette of rigid Ivs. and the strange often colored head of tleshy fls., which are G-cleft, with C stamens and one style. The ripe head is composed of the thickened rachis, in which the fleshy berry is imbedded, and the fleshy persistent bracts ; in the pineapple, the fls. are altortive. Prop, by the leafy crown or topknot, by 5trong suckers, or by small offsets from the base : these are treated as cuttings, being rooted in sand with bottom heat, or in the S. set directly in the field. Monogr. by Mez, DC, M'^nogr. Phaner. 9. sativus, Scu 't. f , Pineapple, which see for field cul- ture. Fig. 83. Plant producing a single shaft 2-4 ft. hiirn, and when 12-20 mos. old bearing r head or pine- apple, on the top of which is a rosette of stiff Ivs.: Ivs. long and sword-shape !, stiff, more or less rough-edged. The same stalk does not bear a second time, but a new shoot may arise from the same root and bear another. Berter results are usually secured l)y severing the sucker or crown, and growing a new plant. Amer. tropics. B.M. 15.")4. B.R. 1081. — There is a common cult, form ( var. variegata or strati folia ) , with striped Ivs. (ill. ')l, p. '}'. A . Portednus. Koch, is a form of A . sativns, with olive-green, sharj.-spined Ivs. with a yellow central band. A. Corhinrhlnnisis, Hort., is another form (in- trodaced by Pitcher & Manda, 1891). A.braetcatus, SohuU. t., is a showy si)eoie5 with red heads, al! the bracts being clongatetl, spiny and prominent. Bniz. H.M. .')()2.">. Rcgiirded }>y Meza.s a form of A. sativus. — .4 . tnac- roih'mtes, E. Morr..like a Bromelia, has large toothed braots. liraz.— .1. Mordilonvs. Hort., a form of A. sativus probably, has variegated spineless Ivs. L H B ANAPHALIS (Greek name of a plant). Compositir. EvKKLASTiNo. Much like Antennaria, but differs in the I'appus-bristles of the staminate fls. not being thickened (these are thickened upwards in that genus) and the St. leafy. Hardy border plant ; useful for immortelles. margaritAcea, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high, with many corymbose heads, white : Ivs. sessile, linear- lanceolate, long-pointed : involucre pearly whit* , hence the value of the plant as an everlasting. "X. sta.js. ANARRHINUM isnouflesK). ScrophuIariAce<r. A dozen biennials and perennials of S. Eu. and N. Afr. Allied to Antirrhinum, but not cult, in this country. Fls. small, in spike-like racemes, white or blue. ANASTATICA. See Sesurrection Plant. ANDROMEDA ei AKCHtrSA {anehousa. a. paint for the skin). Bora- giniicfif. Alkanet. Hardy plants, with fls. blue or pur- ple, in panicled scorpioid racemes, the corolla trunipet- shaped and the throat clo.sed by scales. Of easy cult, in sunny position. Prop, by seed generally. 83. Ananas sativus (pineapple). A. Fls. smill, like forget-me-nots. Barreli^ri, Vilm. Perennial : height 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate- lanceolate, smaller and shorter than in A. Italica : fls. with a white tube and j>ink throat. May. Eu. and Asia Minor. B.M. 2:{49. — Valued for its earliness, and for cut fls. The least common of the three species. Cap6nsis, Thunb. Biennial : height 114 ft. : Ivs. nar- rowly lanceolate and less hispid than in A. Italica : fls. red-margined, with a white throat : biuls red ; calyx in- flated after the fl. bar. withered ; divisions .short, obtuse. June-Sept. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1822. -Fine for cut fls. Often winter-killed, but seeds itself freely. aa. Fls. large. Italica, Retz. Perennial : height .3-5 ft,: Ivs. largest of the three species here contrasted, ovate-lanceolate, rough, shining ; radical ones sonietimes 2 ft. long. Mediterranean. B.M. 2197. L.B.C. 14: i:{8:{.-lf not al- lowed to goto seed, will bloom continuously from June to Sept. Commonest and perhaps best species. A. Agdrdhii, l^i'hm. Lvs. linear. Siberia. Rare— A. mj/osoh'- diflora, Lehni. Lvs. large : radical ones long-petiolate. cordate- reinform ; eaidine oties sessile, oval. Siberia, Caucasus.— .4. officindlisA^nn. Lvs. lanceolate ; radical ones clustered : fls. opening in pairs. June-Oct. Eti. B.M. 1897 is A . officinalis var. angustifolia. — .4. s«'mp«5rr»r#'H<s, Linn. Lvs. broadly ovate; lower ones petiolate : racemes short, generally bracted at the base. Eu. Esteemed in France, t d t-^, , „„ , -rv -\c J. B. Keller and W. M. ANDIKA (Brazilian nanu'i. Legnmino)«r. Nearly 30 spfcits of tropical Amer. trees, with conspicuous fls. in racemes. Tw<» or three species are sometimes cult, in hothouses in the Old World. ANDR6MEDA (Greek mythological name). Erich- cea . Low slirub, quite glabrous: lvs. small, evergreen, entire, short-petioled : fls. pedicelled, in terminal umbels ; corolla trhdx.se-urceolate, with 10 included stamens : capsule splitting into 5 carpels, with numerous very snmll sefd<. One species through the northern hemisphere; iu America from Penu. northward, and Alaska. Low, 62 ANDROMEDA ANEMIA evergreen shrub, with delicate fls.. errowing best in peaty or sandy soil. Prop, by seeds, sown thinly soon after maturity, in pots or pans of sandy peat soil, placed in a coolframe. Thej- germinate easily if sown in cut sphag- num, but must be pricked into boxes as soon as they can be handled. Cuttings from mature wood, placed in sand under glass in fall, and kept in a cool greenhouse during the winter, will root easily ; also increased by layers. See, also. Lencothoe, Chamiedaphne, Pieris and Zenobia. polifdlia, Linn. (.1. rosntarinifdlia, I*ursh;. One-half to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblontf-lanceolate or linear, %-iyiin, long, whitish-glaucous beneath, with strongly revoiute mar- gins: fls. nodding, white or pink. June. L.B.C. 0:546, ir» : 1591 , 18 : 1714. — There are a mimber of fonns, differing in the color and size of the fls. and shape of the Ivs. JL.ac7/m("«rtfa, Ait.=Leucothoepopulifoli:i.— -LarWrffl, Linn. = Oxydendrum arboreum. — ^. axHiitris, Miclix.-= Leufotho« I'atesba'i. — J. nxUlaris, Lain.= L. sixillaris. — A. calyndata, Linn.= (-'hamjedaphiie calyi-ulata. — .4. canipanufata, Miq.= Enkiantluis canipanulatus.— .1. cnndidn. Hort.= Zono)):a piil- venilpnta.— .1. fa.*?.*//* fa'/o/ta,Vent.= Z. pulvenilenta.— .4 . Cates- <>ipi,Walt.=Leucothoe Catesbaei.— J. ivniwa, Miq.=-Enkianthus cernxmH.— A. (lealhata, Lindl.= Zenoltia pulvenilenta.— .1. fas- tigidtn, W;>.ll.= Cassiopc fastigiata. — J., ferruginea, Walt.= Lyonia femiginea.— ^1 . floribiinda, Piirsh = Pieris riorilmnda.— A. ^or/^insff, Walt. = Pieris formosa.— J../7/'x?><'rt,Hort.= Zen(>bia pidvenileiita.— JL.i^rty«'<;(/>rt,Thtinl).=Pieris.Iap<>nica. — -l./»V/"*- /^i/Ja, Muhllig.= Lyonia ligiistrina.— .1. J/arta/('/, Linn. = Pieris Mariana.— .1 . iiitida. Hartr.= Pieris nitida.— .4 . iinilifolia,'\YHU. = Pieris ovalifolia.— .4. pantcitlata. Ait. = Lyonia ligustrina.— A. parabolica. I)iih.~ L. ligu.strina.— -4.po^?(//m^//«. Lam.= Leu- ■cothoe populifolia.— .4. ;'7//rfr?</^/i/^. Partr.= Z»^nobia pulveru- ' lenta.— .4. rncembsa. Linn.= I^etifothoe racemosa.— .4. si>ecidsa, Mi('hx.= Zenobia pulvendenta. — A.tftrdijona, Linn. ^^Cassioin^ tetragona. — .4. toiiifntdsa, Hort., not Ihim.-Cours.--- Lyonia ligustrina pul>escen3. . „ Alfred Rehdek. ANDROFOGON (Greek-made name, referring to the bearded flowers). Gramineiv. A p<»lyni(>rphous genus, .spread over all parts of the world in the tropical and temperate zones. The species prefer dry places, .^ipe- cially plains. Lvs. usually long and narrow: spil vS ter- minal and axillary; spikelets in pairs at each node of the jiunted hairy branches, one sessile and perfect; the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty, or reduced to a single scale: a strai>;ht or twisted awn present. Spe- cies, about 180. Includes many species of useful pasture grasses. Two or three sp cies are prown occasionally for ornament. They are of easiest culture, eitluT from seeds or division of cfumps. arg6nteu8, DC. Silver Beard-G^jass. A stout, tall grass, 2—1 ft. high, with a distinct ring of white hairs at the nodes : panicles narrow, silver-bearded : If.- blades long : spikelets covered with loujr white hairs at the base : awn 1 in. long. —A handsome ornamental grass. Probably a form of ^1. saccharotdes, Swartz, of Trop. Amer. Halep^nsia, Brot. Johnson Grass. A stout perennial, with smooth, erect culms, '3-6 ft, high, and strong, creeping ro' '' - : panicles variable, more or less drooping, e <ys mostly in whorls of 4, rarely 2-(> ; sessile .' able ; pe«licellate spikelets stami- nate « narrower than the sessi!e ones. S. E\ alia. Gn. i;{, p. 305. —Abundantly grov 1 states f<ir hay, where it makes a ver J hen once it has become established it is ult to eradicate, and hence it has becom. l ome weed in some parts. Miich «dmirt >mamental grass, and sometimes <'ult. in t . purpo.se. SchcBP ( .4 . form ds u .s' . A.c ifrd / f« ,s , Hort . ) . Lemon G .• v '^■•indsome tropical trrass. growing in tine cli , li; eflfective for borders and as single law. , .. S. Asia, Japan, and Trop. Africa. On. 10. p. t p. 405.— Cult, in Imlia and Ceyion. Yields a, fra^ Lealled l>oth .m1 of verl)eini and lemon- grass oil. Us -timulant a;i;! antispasmodic for neu- ralgia and rh sm, and also in the adulteration of attar of roses. A. Sdrdris, lAm theeitronellaoil.w Forty thousand pou S. Asia and N. Au.s (Sorghnni \iilgare, I. vated Sortjhuui ; of 4 ONEi.LA Grass. Ttdt. in Ceylon. Yields used for scenting soap and perfumery. f oil distilled annually from this grass. (Jn. 12, p. 4'.t.'>. — J. Si'iriihuin. Brot. . Includes all the varieties «>f culti- ecouomiu valuo for su£;ar, brooms, brushes, fodder, alcoholic drinks. Seed prized for poultry E. Ind.— A. «qu«rro«u*, Linn. Rhizomes fragrant. L^seil in India for thatching, weaxing into mats, fan.s, brushes. Roots said to keep garments free from insects. Sold by druggists in Europe under the name of R. Mx anatheri. Introduced into Louisiana. India, W. Ind. Is., ;^nG '^razil. P. B. Kennedy ANDROSACE (Greek-made name). Primuf.)r,(f. Ro<-K Jasmine. Small tufted plants cult, in the aljiiue garden, those known in Amer. being perennials. Fl.s. con.stricted at the throat, primtila-like, in umbels, ori short leafless scapes. Fl. in very early spring. Many species are known in European gardens, but alpine-gur- dening is little known in this countn-, and only those species which have been found to succeed, and' are ia the tradi>, need to be mentioned. A wel'drained .soil, partial shade, free circulation rf air, frequent waterings during our dry simuuer months, and protection from heavy fall and spring rains, will lead to success with these channing alpines. A heavy shading of eversrreen boutrhs in winter will be found of great benefit. Close covering is not to be recommended, because it smothers the plants. A great many species have been tried in this countrj', with variable' and not very encouraging results, but in a few instances, with extra cure, plants have done well. The northern aspect of a steep rockery seems to be the most favorable ;>osi- tion for them. Prop, by division, seeds or cuttings. Plants sliould be kept in pots until thonmghlv es- ^'»'*^''^^>«^'^- Cult, by J. B. Keller. lanuginosa. Wall. Lvs. scattered, oblong-obovate, acute, I in. lone, silky-hairy : fls. rose-purple with yel- low eye, the niouth contracted with a crenated ring, in a dense umbel : plant 0-10 in. high, with many trailing shoots, makin.,* a good drapery for rocks. Hiraal. B.M. 4005. Gn. 41), 287.^ sarmentosa, Wall. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate. silky-hairy on the edges, in rosettes : plant pro<lucin2 many pink runners, which root freelv : fls. in umbels of 10-20, pink with white eve. Himal. 'B.M. G210. Gn. 54, p. 128. camea, Linn. Lvs. very narrow and pointed : fls. a half dozen, flesh-color, with yellow eye. Switz. Var. ezimea, Hook. Lvs. less rigid, strongly recur\-ed: fls. larger (3^<i in. across). Switz. B.M. 590<i. L.H.B. ANDROSTfiPHIUM (Greek made name, referrin- to thec<'rona). JAlicLceije. Small ^i-nus of S. W. United States, with funnel-shaped, spreading-limbed, 6-Iobtd perianth, G stamens, and .'{-anjrled ovary, and a corona or crown at the mouth : lvs. linear, radical : scape simple, leafless. Plant in a sunny plsu*e in sandy soil. placing the bulbs 4-G ft. deep : ])rotect in winter. Prop. by division of the bulbs ami by seeds. violaceum, Torr. Slender. r>-10 in. : fl, blue, 1 in. long, 3-(J in loose umbel. Blooms in spring ; pretty. AN£IL£)MA (Greek : mo involucre). Commelinocea. Sixty tropical perennials, of which ^4. biflbrtttn, R. Br.. an<l A. Suiicum, Liiidl., are sometimes cult, in Old World hothouses. These species are blue-fld., diffuse or trailing plants. AN£MIA (OJreek, naked; the panicles devoid of sporaniiia). Schizifdre(p. A genus of tropical ferns. with the lower pair of pinna> elongate and bearing the sporangia in panicles at their extremities. Of tlie 40 species, twn. are f(»und in the southern states, and a few are occasi dly in cult. l. ji. Underwood. Anemias ...e dwurf. co-npact ferns, suited for shelves, or for growing n«'ar the j^lass in warm pits or low houses. They prefer being grown in small pots to being planted out in the fernery. Their growth is too slow to make them })oi>ular decorative ferns for general pur- poses. Prop, by spores, which germinate freely ; tufted kinds by division between Mar. 15 and Apr. IJO. — Schnei- der, Book of Choice Ferns. A. Leaf 2-ti-pinnate, tvitJi narroH' divisionK. adiantifdlia, Swz. Leaf (V-O in. hmg on a stalk often twice :is ionij. the ultimate divisions oblong or linear- cuneate, with the outer margin toothed. S. F'la. and tropics. ANEMIA ANEMONE 63 Li AA. Leaf only ones pinnate with broad pinntf. B. Veitis free. Mexic^na, Klotzsch. Leaf <>-9in. loner, with 4-(i pinnra irlrr<i<le. which are distinctly stalked, ovate-lanceo- f"re ami roundtd on both sides at the base : panicles V4 in. Ion?, dense. Tex. and Mex. collina. Raddi. Plants a foot high, on hair>- stalks ; I !i with about 10 leaflets on each side, which are rouiuU<l at tlie outer ends and truncate at the upper side at the base : panicles about l}4 in. long, dense. Braz. BB. Veins anastomosing (rttnning together). Pbyllitidis, Swz. (A. hinceolafa, Lodd. .1. Inm/ifnlia, ink A>mnidicfi/o}i Phi/Uitidis, Willd ). Leaf 4-12 in. ktntf with 4-1- pairs of sessile pinna*, with a crenulato 'iVirt'in and a roun<le«l or unequal base ; veins form- in'^ lonjr, narrow are<d8e : panicle .'J-'J in. long, denize. Cuba and Mex. to Braz. S. 1 : ^90. l, m. Underwood. ANEMIDlCTYON. i<ve Anemia. ANEMONE (Greek, uind). Anemone, or Anemony. WiNi'FLOWEK. liatuniealiueir. A genus of about 8.") spe- cie-, with many handsome garden forms; all hardy per- ennials : chieliy native of the north temperate and Dioiintainous regions. Stems usually erect, with great variation in height. Basal leaves l<»bed, divided or dis- (.(■i-ti'd, those of the stem forming an involucre near to, or remote from, the flower. Sepals few or many, ])etal- likf: notrue petals. Stamens many, shorter than sepals. (.■arpel>= niiineriais : fruit a 1 -seeded akene. The plants thrive best in a fresh, rather rich, sandy loana. well drained; but most «)f the species will do well in an'v srood garden soil. The tuberous species are suit- able for hardy borders, while most of the others i>refer a place in a rocker>', and some are partial to shady ]daces. A.hortensls. coro;-'-' fuhjms and others will well repay the littie indoor or greenhouse care they require for producing winter blossoms. They require esst-ntially the same handling as tulips and hyacinths, and are usu- allv classed with bulbous plants. Tubers placed in pots in Sept. or Oct. bring forth a beautiful show of Idoom by Jan. or March. For this purpose they should be well drained, and not kept very wet or too wann before the growth is well started ; they prefer more moisture at flowering tii.ie. Nearly all the species can l»e read- ily propagated by both root division and seed. The season for both out and indoor planting will di- rectly influence the flower- ing season. Good seasons for outdo'.r planting are Sept., Oct.. Nov., Dec, Feb. and March. As a rule, the tuberous Anem- ones will blossom at any time desired, being influ- <-nced 1>y the time they are kept out of tlie ground. Tlie bulbs may be ripened after flowering time liy be- ing taken from the ground to dry, or by coverintr the bed to keep out rains. A . Jnponica is one of the fin- est of all falI-l>!ooming herbs. Pritz«l. Revision of Anemone, in I^inna>a l.TilIM (1841). Britton. >'. i\mer. Anemone, in Ann. N. V. Acad. Sci. 0: 217 (1H'.)1-9lM. Alphabptiral list of species described below (syno- nyms in italics) : A. acutipetala. Hort., (J ; acutipetitfa, Sell!.. 4 ; alpina, Linn., (i ; alpina, Hort., o ; npennina, I'i; l»landa. 14; Canadensis, 211; Caroliniana. 11 ; coro- iiari!', 7; decapetala, 11; deltojdea. 17; dichotomti . 2'A; tulgeus, b ; Grayi, iU j Halleri, 2 ; horteuais, Liuu., 9 ; hortenifis. There., 8; Japonica, 21 ; multifida, 22 ; nar- cissiflora, 24 ; nemorosa, lH ; nemoro.sa, var. quinque- folia, \i\ ; occidentalis, ft ; Oregana, 19 ; palniata. 10 ; patens, ;j ; Pavoniana, 8; Pennxylvanicn. 2'A ; Pulsa- tilla, 4 ; quinquefolia, 16 ; ranunculoides, 18 ; rubra, 4 ; sfellata, 9; sulphurea, 1; sylvestris, 12; umbellata, 24 ; vernalis, 1 ; Virginiana, 20. See supplementary li.,t. 84. Anemone patens, var. Nuttalliana (X }'»). 85. Tubers of Anemone coronarla. A. Akfnes ivith long styles, which may htcome feather like OH ripening; fls. solitary .— Pnlsntilla sec tion. B. Involucre bell-.shaped, dissected into numerous lineai equal lobes. 1. vernalis, Linn. {Pulsatilla vernalis, Mill. A. sul- phurta. All. ). Very shaggy, (J in. high or less: Ivs. pin- nately parted, segnients tritid: fls. purple without, whit- ish within, and smoothish ; erect, on very short pedun- cles ; sepals C>, rarelv spreading. Apr. Cool, moisl places. Eu. 1890. .J.H. HI. .'52: 22.?. Gn.25:436. 2. Halleri, All. Villous, G in. or less in h< 'ght ; simple: Ivs. pinnately divided with segments .'J-4 parted: the lesser divisions lanceolate-linear ; involucre of lona narrow segments, sessile : fls. large, erect, whitish ])urple ; sepals ('» ; anthers vellow. Apr. Sunnv places. Switzerland. 1889. L.B.C. 10: 940. .'{. patens, Linn. Miich like the first variety below, which is more common in Anier., l»ut differs in it? broader and shorter leaf-segments and smaller fls. Eu. Var. Nuttalliana, Gray {Pulsatilla hirsutissima, Brit.), Wild Patens. Ameri''an Pasi^ie Floweh. Fig. 84. ^'illous, with hmg, silky hairs, 4-9 in. high : radical Ivs. petioled, others sessile, all nnich divided into narrow, linear, acute Iol>es : fls. appearing before the root-lvs., bluish purple or whitish, erect, sehlom nodding ; akenes silky : styles plumose, becoming 2 in. long ; peduncle elongates several inches after flowering. Apr. Low ground. N. central states and Siberia. Var. ochroleuca, Sims. Fls. creamy white, appearing at .-anie time as basal Ivs. Mar.- Apr. J. H. III. 30: 343. B. M. 1994. 4. Pulsatilla, Linn. (Pulsatilla vulgaris, mil. A. acutipe'laht, Schl.). Pa^.^ie Flower of Europe. Villous, hairy, rising %-\ ft. : basal Ivs. finely thrice-pinnately divided, on slender petioles ; involucre sessile, deeply cut into long narrow lobes : fls. blue to reddish purple, l}4-2% in. across. Apr. Well-drained soil or stony Vdaces. Eu. Gn. .32: (523. i . B. C. 18: 1704. Var. rubra, Hort. (.1. rubra. Lam.). l>warfer : fls. always erect. Var. vanegata, Hort. Fls. pale, appearing in May. BB. Involucral leaves S, on short petioles, sheathing the strm. ."). occidentalis, Wf^ts. (J. a //))«<?, Hook., not Linn.). Silky-hairy, >.2-lM ft. high, simple : Ivs. 2-parted, the divisions deejdy pinnatifid into usually incised linear, acute lobes ; involucre sbort-petioled ; basal Ivs. long- p«'tioled : fls, solitary, white or purple, varying. 1-2 in. across ; recepta* 'e conic, sometimes much elongated : akenes pubescent : plumose styles reflexed ; peduncle becominir much elongated after sepals fall. May. Calif, to Brit. Columbia, lut, 1892. 64 ANEMONE ANEMONE AA. B. 6. alplna, Linn. (A. acutipetala, "Rort.). Closely al- lied to the alH)ve. Stem %-\%{t. hi^h, from thick, strong roots : Ivs. large, finely divided, cut and serrated, smooth or hairy ; Ivs. of involucre similar : tls. .'"ew, in an umbel or solitary, 2-3 in. in diam., creamy white inside, purple outside, but varving much ; anthers vellow. Mountain sides. Eu. May-.June. L.BAWl.mi. B.M. 2007 {var. major). Var. sulphfirea, Hort. Fls. a delicate sulfur yellow, larger, dovvnv beneath : Ivs. larger. Moist, rich soil. 1382. Gn. 35:G82. Akenes tvoollif or smoofliish. with short sfylea. (Antmone proper. ) Peduncle 1 {rarely 2); involucre mostly 3-leaved. c. Head of fr.cylimlric ; akenes tvooUy. D. Soots tuberous ; involucre usually sessile. P(IPPY-FLOWEKEI) A. Figs. 85, 1 ft. high, from tuberous roots : Ivs. cut iut<» many fine lobes and lobules; involucral Ivs. ses- sile. :{-4-parted, deeply cut : fls. 1 ^4-'2}i in. across, poppy-like, of many colors and mixtures of red, blue, white, etc.; stamens blue. Early in spring to June. Meadows Mediterranean region. Vick's Mag. 11:257. B.M. 841. Gn. 50: 1073 ; ll>, p. 111. R.H. 86, . coron&ria, Linn. 87. One-half to 86. Anemone coronaria, single-fid. form (Xy'a). 87. Anemone coronaria, double- fid, form (XJ4). 1S93: 2.T2. Caen, Scarlet, The Bride, St. Brigid, Victoria Giant, etc., are some of the trade names given to the single forms. Var. Qdre-pldno, Hort. Fls. double, as shown in Fig. 87, by the pistils becoming petal-like, the stann'Hs mostly remaining perfect ; many colors, scarlet being the most common at present. F.S. IG: 1G78. Var. chrysanthemifldra, Hort. A seedling variety produced in Islfi. and introduced many years later. Fls. more com- pletely doubled than the above variety, by the stamens all becoming petal-like. A dozen forms, beautiful, self- colorr>d, as deep red, skj'-blue and even pure white, have been fixed and named. Useful a^ cut fls. Gn. 30: 564. R.H. 1887:36; 1897, pp. 418-19. R.B. 21:260-1. 8. fulgens, Gay (J. Pavovidna, var. fulgens, DC. A.hortensiUjlihorG.). F"ig. 88. One ft. high, simple: basal Ivs. ;i-5-lobed, with rounded outline, followed later by <leeply cut Ivs. ; sessil(> involucre several inches be- low the solitary fl.: fls. vivid scarlet, 2 in. across : sta- »nens black. May and June. France. Sometimes c-dled a variety of A. hortensis, Linn., from which it may have descended. Several garden forms, as annuata-grandi- fl.>ra, raultipetala. and Southern Star. Gn. 11:65. Gt. 37:66. R.B. 21:262-3. R.H. 1877: 270. 9. hort^nsis, Linn. (.1. stelldfa, Lam.). Broad- L.EAVEi> Gakden A. Fig. 89. St. simple, erect, 10 in. high : basal Ivs. lobed and cut irregularly : involucre small, .'t-5-lobed, usually 3 or more in. below the ri.; fls red, rosy purple, or whitish, single, IJ-ij in. across ; sta- mens brownish violet. Rich, light soil. S. Eu. May.- This differs from A. coronaria in its coarse, broad Ivs. and its elongated, rather narrow-pointed sepals. (Jar- deu names are given to the forms with different colora- tion. B.M. 123, from which Fig. 89 is taken. 10. palmiLta, Linn. St. 6-9 in. high from tuberous root: basal Ivs. leathery, .'i-5-lobed, cordate, toothed; involucral Ivs. 3-parted : fls. golden yellow, solitary or in 2's ; sepals 10 or more. May-»Tune. Deep, fight soil, Mediterranean region. B.R. 200. — Three good va- rieties in the trade. Var. fldre-pl6no, Hort., with <loubIc yellow or white fls. Var. ilbida, Sims (var. «//^(r, Hort.) Fls. white ; basal Ivs. lobed, B.M. 207y. L.B.C. 2: m, Gn. 22:364. Var. lutea, Lodd., like the last, but with yellow fls. L.B.C. 17: 1660. 11. Carolini^na, Walt. (.1. decap4tala. Amer. authors. not Ard.). St. simple, slender, %-\ ft. high, arisin? from a large tuber: Ivs. of involucre sessile, with 3 wedge- shaped clefts ; basal Ivs. thrice divided, and much lobed and parted, slender-petioled : solitary fl. erect, 1-134 in. broad, creamy white or purple ; sepals often numerous : akenes densely woolly. April-May. Open places. C S. DD. Ronfutock creeping : Ivs. of involucre petiohd. 12. sylv^stris, Linn. St. 1-13^ ft., simple, or branched 88. Anemone fulgens (XM). 89. Anemone hortensis. Reduced from an old cut, to sho- a little-improved form. once at involucre, from a creeping rootstock : Ivs. 3-4 parted, deeply cut at top, hairy beneath : involucr- petioled ; fls. solitary or in 2'.s, pure white, IK in. across, nodding, sweet-scented ; sepals 6. May-July. Wooded places, Eu. and Liberia. B.^I. 54. Gn. 18, p. ."jiil ; 30, p. 173. L.B.C. 18:17.39. Var.flore-pleno.Hort. Double Snowdrop A. Has large, white, double fls. G.C. III. 19:739. cc. Head of fruit hemispherical ; akenes silky-pubescent. D. Hoots tuberous. 13. Apennlna, Linn. St. simple, slender, 4-9 in.: Ivs. twice-divided and lobed, much toothed : fls. sky- blue, m in. across; sepals 10-12. elongated, obtuse; anthers white. Mar.-Apr. Wood-, Italy. Gn. 46:975. — This ami a form with whitish fls., both well suited for shady nooks in clumps of shrubberj', etc. 14. bldnda, Schott & Kotschy. St. 4^ in. high, from a cylindrical rootstock: Ivs. like A. apennina, but harder and smoother, and principal divisions ses.sile : fls. intense sky-blue, differing from above species iu being larger, more finely rayed, styles black-pointwl, and sepals smooth on the outside ; opens in earliest spring or mild winter weather. From Taurus Mts. and Greece, Rocky places. Inc. 1898. Gn. 14 : 143 ; 46, p. 152. ANEMONE ANEMOXOPSIS DD. Boofstock shnfhr, creeping, cylindrical. r, nemordsa, Linn. Wood A. St. simple, .1-8 in., arlv siuootli : rootstock horizontal, 3-4 times the st. fn diameter : Ivs. of involucre petinled, 3-5-parte<i ; ba- sal Ivs appearing after the fl. St., u-parted. divisions wedge-shaped, toothed : fls. white or purplish, solitary, 1 in across : akenes pubescent ; styles hooked, Apr.- Mav Eu. and Siberia. Three or more horticultural va- rieties, Var, dlba, Hort, (var, ^/o»r-p/<'«o, Hort,), Fls. larirer pure white, and abun«laut. Int. 1883. Gn. 32: (ilS. n ''5. Var. Bobinaomina, Hort, (var. ccenUen, Hort.). A robust form. r)-12 in., with broader and thicker Ivs., and large tls.. becoming blue. Sometimes given as a separate species. Mar.-Apr. Gn. 4(;. p. 153; .32:018: 34.'). Var. rdsea, Hort. {\&r. rubra flore-pleno, Hort.). Fl^. a reddish purple ; now much used. 16. quinquef61ia. Linn. {A. nemordsa, var. qulnqnefh- lia. Gray), This American species differs from A , netuo- ro^a in having smaller fls., Involucral Ivs. less lobed. fo- liaee paler, and much more slender st. and petioles. The common Winddower or Spring Anemone, formerly called A. nemorosa. 17. deltoidea, Dougl. St. simple, si- er, G-12 in. hiffh, fruui a slender rootstock : Ivs. irifoliate, basal ones' petioled, others nearly sessile, coarsely crenated, often incised : fls. solitary, whitf. rather large: akenes several, densely pubescent ; style very short. Spring. IPacific slope. DDD. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy or somewhat tuberous. 18. ranunculoides, Linn. Yellow Wood A. St. "^-S in., from elongated, somewhat tuberous rootstock : Ivs. 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut and serrated : fls. gol- den yellow, usually solitary, single or semi-double. Mar. and Apr. Rich, light soil in open places and woods. Eu, and Siberia. Gn. 35: 099. L.B.C. 0: 550. 19. Griyi, Behr. ( A . Oregdna, Gray ) . St. slender, .'M2 in. high, from a fleshy, brittle rootstock: basal Ivs. slen- der-petioled. 3-parted, coarsely serrate ; involucral Ivs petioled, trifoliate, the parts 2-3-lobed, much toothed . sepals blue or purplish: akenes pubescent, in a globose head. Moist, shady slopes. Oreg. and Wash. In gardens west of the Rockies. Int. 1892. BB. Peduncles S-5 (mostly S). C. Fruits (akenes) woolly or rery silky ; secondary involucre present. 20. Virginiana, Linn. Plant hairy, 2-3 ft. high, stout, branching at the involucre: the petioled involucral Ivs. 3-parted, the leaflets cleft and lobed; basal Ivs. similar, broader tnan long, on long petioles: fl. peduncles naked (or the lateral ones 2-lvd. ) : fls. greenish or white, 1-1 Kin. across: akenes woolly, in an oblong head ; styles short, awl-shaped. June-Aug. Woods and meadows. L^.S. and Canada. G.M. 33:703. 21. Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 90. Stately, branch- ing St., 2-3 ft. hitfh : plant soft and downy, with short liaii.s : Ivs. ternate, much lobed and toothed : fls. rosy purple or carmine; 1-3 whorls of sepals, 2-3 in. in diani., on long peduncles from leafy inv<»lucre ; stamens yel- low : akenes silky. A very useful species for mixed borders or for pot culture. Hardy in N, states. Sept. to late frosts. Rich soil, Chinaavd Japan. 1844. Gn. .30;,5.")8. B. M. 4:M1. p. M. U: 25. A. G. 19: 305. Gng. 1 : 221 ; 3:131. G.C.III. 10:001. A.F.r2:29. F.S.2:74. Var. ilba, Hort. HONORINE JOBERT. The BrIDE. WHIRLWIND, etc. Two or three whorls of large, white sepals : fls. 2-3 in. across, lasting until hard frosts. Vick's Mag. 14:47. Gng. 5:117. R.H. 1807:11. Var. hybrida, Hort. (vars. rosea and elegans, Hort.). Radical Ivs. 5-lobed, often cordate; lobes twice s*^ rate: fls. somewhat paler, earlier; sepals rather brot.dei-. Said to be a hybrid oi A. Jnponica and A. vilifolia; produced in Royal Gardens, 1848. G.M. B. 1:17. Var. nibra, Hort. Ladv Ardilaun. Probably the same as the type, but having Ivs. and fls. with s. waxy gloss: plant 4-5 ft. high. 22. multifida, Poir. Plant si»ky- hairy, somewhat branched, J^-lKft. high, from a branched, upright root- stock : main involucre 2-3-lvd., others 2-lvd. or naked, short petioles, similar to the root Ivs., 2-3 times 3-parted and cleft, divisions linear: fls. y^~l in. across, red, vary- ing to white or yellow: akenes very woolly. Early sum- mer. Rocks and uplands. Middle states to Hudson Bay. cc. Fruits (akenes) glabrous at first; fls. white, somewhat umbellate. 23. Canadensis, Linn. (.4. PeMw.sy/fanica, Linn. A.di- chotoma, Am. Auth. & Michx.,not Linn.). Hairy, stout, 1-2 ft. hitrh, branching at or above the involucre : the 3 Ivs. of main involucre sessile, .3-cleft; upper invrducres each 2-lvd. ; basal Ivs, broader than long, much divided, cleft and toothed; petioles long: fls. white, 1-2 in, across: akenes wing-mar>rined, naked, becoming pubescent, grouped into a spherical head. Summer, In shaded woods and open meadows, N. Amer. Gng. 2:21. 24. narcissifldra, Linn, (^.«m6«/?d^a. Lam.). St. erect, rather stout, >ij-lKft. high : Ivs. of involucre sessile; basal Ivs, petioled, 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut: fls. white, }4-l in. across, several in an umbel ; anther* yellow : akenes smooth, with short style. May-July. Mountainous regions. Northern hemisphere. Gn.30, p. 173. B.M. 1120. i*> 90. Anemone Japonica. A . dlba, JnsR. Allied to A. i?ylvpstris, if not the same. L.B.C. 4:322. B.yi.^lG'.— A. cyliHdrica,iirny. A tall native specie's, used for beauty of foliage and fruit. — A. decapetala, Ard. (A. trilobata, .luss. A. heterophylla, Nutt.). Native and eulti- vate<l in S. states. 18!U.— A. Fd«Hini, Haw. Fls. pure white, 2-3 in, across: 5 ft. high: Ivs. 1 ft, across. B.M. 6958. Gn. 34: 664.— A.parvifldra, Michx. Pretty white Hs. Native of N. states and Vanadn.— A. poli/diUfius, Don. Allied to A. narcissitlora. B.M. 6*^0. J.H. III. 32: 259.— A. pratensis, Linn. Allied to A. Pnlsa- tilla." L.B.C. 9: 900.— A. pratensis, v&r.obsoldfa, Sims. Fls. pale: leaflets terminated with a sort of bristle. B.ii. 1863.— A . spheno- phylla, Poepp. Fls. blue. .S. W. U. S.— A. trifdha, Linn Lvs. beautifully reffid.ir: tls. white, 1 in. across. Two V>!ue vars. B.M. 6846.— A. vitifolia. Ham. Allied to A. Japonica. Has cordate, 5-7-Darted lvs. B.M. 3376. v ^ r\ K. C. Davis. ANEMONllLLA. Sea Syndesmon. ANEM0N6FSIS (Anemone-like). Fanuncuh}ee(r. A moMotypic genus from Japan, now much planted in American gardens. A beautiful hardy plant for border purposes. Perennial herb, with erect stem.^ ; radical and stem lvs. rcther large, ternately compound and 66 AXEMOXOPSIS AXC^R.KCrM much incised, similar to Actapa : sepals many (often only 9), repTixlar, petal-like, deciduous ; petals many (often 12), hhort, sessile, with nectariferous impression at the base ; carpels few (iJ—t), fomiinj? many-seeded follicles. In general appearance similar to the Japanese Anemones, but smaller in all its parts, and with numer- ous droopiiijr tls.. about 1 ,S in. across, of pale purple ccdor. Thrives well in rich, deep loam, in well-drained situations in partial shade. Prop, by division or seed, in late fall or early spring. macrophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. CaUfS^rnira, Hort.). The only known species. The petals, instead «)f spread- ing, form a half-closed bud-like cone within the sepals. K. C. Davis. ANEM0F2GMA. Consult Bignonia. ANllTHUM. See Dill and Peucedanum ; also Fennel. ANGELICA (supposed to have angelic healing vir- tues). L'mhellifenr. A large genus in temperate re- gions, widel}' distributed. A number of them are native to X. Amer. See also Archangelica. Cartisii, Buckley. Stout perennial, 2-5 ft., glabrous : Ivs. 2-ternate, with quinate divisions, the leaflets thin, ovate lanceolate, irregularly sharp-toothed. Pa. to X. C. — Grown for the subtropical effect of its finely cut, ample foliage. Int. by H. P. Kelsey, 1891. hirsuta, Muhl. (Archangelica h i rsuta, Torr. & Gray). Pubescent above : Ivs, twice pinnately or ternately divided, the leaflets thickish and serrate. E. states. Int. 1892 by H. P. Kelsey. AJSTGELONIA (South American name). Scrophula- ridceie. Perennial herbs or sub-shrubs, with pretty, irregular 2-lipp'>d axillary tts., in a long, leafy terminal raceme: Ivs. opposite, long: branches 4-sided. Grown as pot plants in warm glass-houses, and prop, by seeds or softwood cuttings. salicariaefdlia, Humb. & Bonpl. Three ft. or less: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, toothed, closely pubescent : fls. deep blue. S. Amer. B.M. 2478. P.M. 5:7.1. B.R. 415. GArdneri, Hook. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, more strongly toothed throughout their length : fl. purple, white-cen- tered, handsome : plant pubescent-glandular and aro- matic. S. Amer. B.M. .3754. — The plant sold in this country as A. grand i flora probably belongs here. The A. grandi flora introduced by Benary in 1897 (a good annual), however, is represented as an entire-lvd. pot plant : see the picture in Gt. 46, p. fil2 ; G.C. III. 22 : .307 ; Gn. 52, p. 401 ; R.B. 23: 272. l^ h. B. ANGIdPTEEIS (Greek, vessel-fern). Marattii\cece. An Old World genus of coarse greenhouse ferns, with twice- or thrice-pinnate lvs., and the sporangia arranged in boat-shaped marginal onceptacles. In cultivation, requires plenty of room and abundant drainage. The only recognized species is ev^cta, Hoffm. Growing from an erect caudex, 2-G ft. high : lvs. G-15 ft. long, mostly bipinnate, with swollen rachises ; leaflets 4-12 in. long, 3^-lKin.wide, the margin entire or slightly toothed. India and Jap. to Madagas- car and Queensland. S. 1:399. — Known under various names in cultivation, as A. longi folia, etc. The trade names, which appear to indicate species, may be re- garded as varieties. l. M. Underwood. Angiopteris grows wild in swampy places, and is of robust habit. If grown in pots, the poL^ may stand in 2 or 3 in. of water. Although spores are freely produced, no seedlings are on record. Easily prop, by the fleshy scales at the base of each frond. Each scale contains "t least two dormant buds, and should not be divided. They may be laid in sand, covered with sphagnum, and kept in a close case for .3-5 months. They start quicker in early spring. — Schneider, Book of Choice Ferns. ANG^PHORA (vessel-bearing : Gre^'k, in allusion to shape of fruit). Jfj/rfdcefe. Five or six Australian trees or shrubs, sometimes cult, in glass houses in the Old World, but not known to the trade in this countrv. ANGB^CUM (Malayan name). Orchiddctce, tribe Vdndeip. Epiphytes. Lvs. variably distichous, coria- ceous : racemes few- to many-flowered, produced trom the axils of the lvs. : labellum exserted into a conspicu- ous spur, sometimes many inches long. Trop. and S. Afr., Madagascar and Jap. With exception of A. fnlca- turn, the species of this genus require high tempera- tures in order to develop satisfactorily. For culture, see Orchids. Prop, by removing upper portion and planting separately. It should include a few roots. Angrapcums are valued for their winter-flowerim: and lasting qualities. The compost found most suitahjf is fresh-growing sphagnum moss, no earthy matter Ixing desirable, as most of the r(K)ts are seen striking out into the atmosphere for their needs, and do not take kindly to couflnement in pots. Moisture is essential at a!l times, as Angra?cums do not have bulbs to fall l)a<k <.n for their sustenance during rest or bloimiing, in wliioli respect they resemble the Aeritles, Vandas and Sacco- labiuras. The moss must not be allowed to become de- cayed, but kept living by renewal when seen to be necessary, usually in springtime. Some of the fav(»rite species are A. Ellisii, siiperbnm, sesquipedak, Uumblotii and falcatum. Cult, bv E. O. Orpet. Alphabetical list of American favorites : A. articula- tum, 6; citratum, 9; distichum, 4; eburneuw. IJ; Ellisii, 7; falcatum, 3; Humblotii, 1 ; ..1. Leonis, l; modestum, 8 ; pertusum, 11 ; Sanderianum, 8 ; Scotti- anum,5; sesquipedale, 2 ; superbum, 12 ; virens, 12. A. Pedicels ivinged. 1. Humbldtii, Reichb. f. (.1. Leonis, Hort. Aerdhthm Leonis. Reichb. f. ). Lvs. sword-shaped, equitant, about 8 in. long : fls. few, white : spur longer than win>jed pedicel ; petals and sepals lanceolate ; labellum rotund. Comoro Isls. AA. Pedicels not winged. B. Fls. rarely more than 6. 2. sesquipedale, Thouars (Aerdnthes sesqiiipeddli^, Lindl.). Lvs. coriaceous, oblong, about 1 ft. in length, 2 in. wide, bluntly bilobed at the summits, dark green: fls. fleshy, 7 in. across, ivory-white ; petals and sepals similar ; labellum ovate, serrate in part, acuminate ; spur nearlv 1 ft. long. Madagascar, in low, hot districts. A.G. 1892:'217. A.F. 7: 831. Gn. 2, p. 5. F.S. 14: 1413. B.M. 5113. — Xoblest of Angroecums. 3. falc&tum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, about 2 in. long : fls. whitish, about % in. across ; sepals and petals linear, acute or nearly so ; labellum trilobed ; spur as long as pedicel. China. — One of the first brought into cultivation. 4. distichum, Lindl. Plants rarely exceeding 5 in. in height : lvs. short, those below clasping those above at base : fls. inconspicuous, white, borne singly. Sierra Leone. — Xot worth cultivating. 5. Scottianum, Reichb. f. Lvs. terete : peduncles slender ; fls. inverted, pale yellow. Comoro Isls. BB. Fls. numerous. c. Color white or yellowish. 6. articul^tum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: lvs. oblong-cuneate, 4—5 in. long, unevenly bilobed : fls. white, in pendent racemes. Madagascar. R. 55.— A pretty species, diflicult to grow. 7. fillisii, Reichb. f. St. stout: lvs. oblong: peduncles pendulous ; fls. white. Madagascar. Often confused with A. articulatum, but distinguished from it by its orange-colored spurs. L. 92. 8. modestum. Hook. f. (A. Sanderidnttm, Reichb. f.). Dwarf : Ivs. elliptical, coriaceous : fls. whitish, in pen- dent racemes. Madagascar. R.H. 1888: 516. R.B. ir):217. 9. citr&ttun, Thouars. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-") in. long, 1 in. wide: racemes of vellowish fls. Madagascar, in vicinity of swamps. B.M.'5624. L. 238. I.H. 33: 592. 10. pertiisum, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate : peduncles about 6 in. long ; fls. small, white. Bourbon. B.M. 4782. cc. Color of fls. green. 12. superbum, Thouars (A. ebumeum, Lindl.). Lvs. coriaceous, striated, 2 in. wide, over 1 ft. long, strap- shaped, light green, unequal at the summits : peduncle ANGR.ECUM ANISE 67 from nearthe base of the st. ; fls. large, preen and white, plaoe<l alternately baok to baek ; sepah an<l petals spreaflinjr, green : labellum whitish, round, thickish ; snnr irreen. Valuable ; grows to enormous proportions. MadaL'ascar. B.M. 4701. B.R. 1522. L. 2.%. Var. vlrens, Hort. [A. vlretti, Lindl.). Fls. smaller ; labellum tinge<l with jrreen. B.M. 5170. Oakes Ames. AUGULOA (tledicated to Don Francisco de Angulo). OrcA»/*)r«-<F, tribe \'du(lf(f. Pseudobulbs rathertall ( when <»l(li, spiuose at the summits with the remnants of leaf veins : leaf-blades 1-2 ft. long, prominently nerved, as in A<-in» ta. Stanhopea and Lycaste : fls. large, sub- gldbtilar. <»n en'ct scapes : habit similar to Lycaste, which is a member of the same sub-tribe. The Anguloas pri)\v uinler shade of trees in leaf -mold. Some growers riud that they do well when placed under vines. They are coolhouse orchids, but reqxiire a moderate rise in temperature during the growing season. Qakes Ames. Anpuloa is a very interesting genus of cool orchids that thrive well in an ordinary' greenhouse t^^mperatiire, in which a minimum of 50° can be maintained. They are natives of the Andes of Colombia and Peru, The popular name of "Boat Orchid" somewhat suggests their .«hape and gencal appearance, the lip, being delicately hintred at its base, allowing this organ to oscillate when sliaken. A. Clou-esii is the best known as well as the most decorative species, its color being clear yel- low. A. Backeri is similar in stnicture, but the fls are chocolate-brown, with a decided aromatic fragranci , resembling Anise. There is also a white variety of A . Cloiresii, but it is very rare in cultivation, as are all of the white foVms of well known orchids, this making them ver\' valuable commercially. A.nniflora is also a pretty plant, with white flowers, spotted with pink. Pot culture is best, as they require similar treatment to L'jcaste Skinneri. E. O. Orpet. unifldra, Ruiz & Pavon. {A. virginAU.'i, Hort.). Pseu- dobulbs about Gin.high( sometimes considerably higher) : leaf -blades 1}4-- ft. long, lanceolate : fls. whitish, some- times spotted within, or the labellum streaked with rose. Colombia. G. C. III. 19:423. A. F. r.: 607. -There is a white-fld. var. C16wesii, Lindl. Larger in every way than the above : tis. lemon-yellow, labellum tending toward white, mar- bled with orange. Colombia. Euckeri, Lindl. Smaller than A. Clowesii: fls. yel- low, spotted with crimson. A variety has been figured with the crimson or red ccdor predominant (var. sanguiu- ta, A.F. 6: (i07). Colombia. ebiimea. Nicholson. Simi- l:trto.l. (7o«r('.s//.but sepals and petals pure white and lip spotted pink. New Gra- nada. Oakes Ames. ANHALONITJM (name of no siyrniticance). Cactdcece. Top-shaped succulent des- ert plants, mostly buried in the ground, the 'flat aerial portion covered with angular tubercles bearing no spines. A genus of 4 or 5 species, strictly Mexican, except that a single species {A. Engel- nutmii) crosses the Rio Grande into Texas. It is referred to Mamillaria by some. For A. Williamaii and A. Lewinii, see under Ucfiinoi-actus, section Lophophora. For culture, see Cactus. A. Upper surfaoe offnhercle with a broad and deep wool- bearing longitudinal groove, which widens below. Engelmanni, Lem. (A . fisHuriitinn. Engelm.). Living Rock. The flat tubercle-cf-vered top 2-5 in. across, taper- ing below into a thick root : tubercles imbricated and oppressed, triangular in outline, }i-l in. long and about as wide at base, the upper surface variously fissured, even to the edges, presenting an irregular warty aj>pear- ance : fls. central, about 1 in. long and broad, shading from whitish to rose. On limestone hills in the "Great Bend " region of the Rio Grande in Texas, and extending into Mexico. I.H. 10, p. 7:{, and fig. Kotchiibeyi, Lem. (A. sulcatum, Salm-Dyck). This appears as a tra<le name, but the form is very uncertain, as no type seems to be in existence. According to the description, it is very much like the preceding species, except that the upper surface of the tubercle is not ir- regularly fissured, but is smooth, at least at the edges, except for the central furrow. B. Upper surface of tubercle not grooved. prism^ticum, Lem. The flat top .3-8 in. across: tuber- cles iiiibrieate, but s<|uarrose-spreading, sharply triangu- lar-pyramidal and very acute, with a sharp, cartilaginous tip, which usually disappears with age and leaves the older tubercles blunt or retuse, -'^-l in. long and about as wide at base, the upper surfa<*e almost plane and smooth, except that it is more or less pulverulent, and often bears a small tomentose tuft just behind the clav.- like tip : fls. rose color. Mts.of Mex. — Resembles an Aloe. John M. Coulter. ANIGOZANTHUS {Greek, expanded-flower). Hifmo- dordcetp. Eight or 10 species of Australian greenhouse or half-hardy perennials, with greenish, yellow or purple fls. and sword-like Ivs., cult, in Europe, but unknown to the Amer. trade. ANISACANTHUS {Greek, unequal acanthxis). Acan- th&cem. A genus of six species of Mexican and Ameri- can shrubs, with mostly lanceolate, entire, petioled Ivs., and loosely spicate or scattered red fls. an inch or more long ; corolla lobes 4 ; stamens 2, equaling or exceed- ing the corolla lobes. Wrightii, Gray. Height, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. 1-2 in. long, ob- long- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. S. and W. Tex. — Once sold by John Saul, Washington, DC. 91. Informal disposition of annuals,— a mass ^i|e> asainst a backeround. (See Annuals, p. 6S.) Anise. UmbelUfera. An aromatic condimental and medicinal herb {Pimpin^Ua Amsum, Linn.) of the Ori- ent. It is an annual, and is easily grown from seeds in any warm and mellow soil. The seeds are commonly sown where the plants are to stand. The seeds are used in medicine and in cookerj-, and for flavoring liquors. They yield a highly perfumed essential oil. They are mostly grown in Mediterranean countries. The leaves are also used as seasoning and garnishing. The plant reaches a height of 2 ft,, bears twice-pinnate Ivs, and small yel- lowish white fls. in large, loose umbels. The seeds are oblong lad curved, ribbed on the convex side, grayish, m ANISE ANNUALS the size of caraway seed. In common with all umbel- liferous seed. Anise seed does not retain its viability long, the normal longevity being 1 to 3 years. Annuals. Plants which, in cultivation, are prefer- ably grown from seeds each year are commonly classed as Annuals. More strictly, Annuals are plants which normally live but a single season. Among Annuals are found a number of the most showy flowers. As a rule, they are easily grown, producing quick results and af- fording a variety of brilliant colors. The class is, there- fore, one of the greatest value. Some of the Annuals last only a few weeks in bloom, others continue throughout the summer. There are trailers and climbers, dwarfs and tall growers. By a judicious selection and arrangement of kinds, the handsomest effects may be produced. Many of the showy kinds are adapted to mass etfects, while the dwarf-growing sorts make tine floweringedgings for beds or walks. With the latter, handsome ribbon-beds are pos- sible, but this requires care in the selection of kinds, and as the use of the trimming shears is almost precluded it is best to limit oneself to simple designs. Annuals are well adapted to the covering of bare spots of ground in the border. Annuals, like other flowers, show off best when seen against a background of foliage. See Figs. 91, 92. The tall and leafy kinds make excellent covers for unsightly objects ; see Screens. For climbing and twining kinds, see Vines. See, also. Everlastings and Grasses. In the case of others than the continuous bloomers, a succession of sowings or plantings is desirable to pro- vide for a continuous display ; then as a kind begins to fail its place may be filled with young plants of the same or other species. The usual method of securing suc- cession is to sow the seeds in flats, or beds, and trans- plant the seedlings first to pots. The potted plants may be set out at any time, with but little check to growth. Most Annuals prefer an open, sunny situation, but pansies, forget-me-nots, and some others, thrive where they get the full sunshine for only half the day. In all cases the best results are obtained only when the soil is well enriched and thoroughly prepared previous to sow- ir.<j: or planting ; and it is far better to make this prepa- ration a fortnight or more in advance. A considerable proportion of humus in the soil is desirable, rendering it less subject to baking and drying out. Cow -manure, stable-manure or leaf-mold, worked in liberally, will sup- ply this. Beds should be spaded thoroughly and at least a foot deep. If the surface is then again worked over to half this depth, better results will be obtainable. The soil shouM not be disturbed, however, unless it pulver- izes readily. For the reception of seeds, the surface should be mellow and smooth. The seeds are sown in drills or concentric circles, according to the method of planting decided upon. Taller growing kinds are sown jR. Alttiuals fiilinff the formal space between • ' tcvard the center or back of the bed. Only the best seeds should be purchased, and it is generally best to get the colors in separate packets. In the open ground, seeds may be covered to a depth of four or five times their own th'ckness, but when sown indoors in trays or pots, the rule is to cover them to about their own thick- ness. The position of each row or kind should be marked, so that when weeds and flowers spring up there will be no trouble In separating the sheep from the goats. After covering, the soil should be pressed firmly over the see<l with a board or hoe, or the feet. In soils which are in- clined to bake, a sprinkling of sand or fine litter over the surface after sowing will remedy this evil. E'-^r- freen boughs placed over the beds until the seedilngs L-ve appeared will afford useful shelter from beatmg rains. It is desirable to sow the seeds thicklj^. When up, the plants may be thinned to their prop ^r distances. Particular care should be given to this matter, and to keeping down weeds, or the plants may become weak, spindling and valueless. No seed pods ?! ould be allowed to form, else the vitality of the plants will be exhausted. The flowers may be freely gathered with advantage to the flowering. It is customary to divide Annuals into three classes: (1) Hardy Annuals are those which are sown directly in the open yrround where they are to grow. They are vitally strong, developing without artificial heat, and may be sown from February to May, according to the season and latitude. Some of them, as sweet peas, may be sown even in the fall. For this class, a well prepared border on the south side of a fence or wall, or other sheltered place, is usually preferred for early sowings. From here the seedlings are transplanted later whero they are to grow. Some sorts, however, do not bear transplanting^ well, consequently must be sown in the places they are to occupy. Among such are poppies, eschscholtzia, barto- nia, Venus' looking-glass, lupine, malope, and the dwarf convolvulus. (2) Half-hardy Annuals are usually sown in February or March in the window or a warm frame. The season is usually rot long enough to enable them to reach full development in the open. In the early stages of growth, they need protection and warmth.' Such kinds are sometimes sown in the fall and wintered over in a coldframe. When once established, they are hardy with slight protection. Pansies and some other kinds are grown to their greatest perfection only in this way. (3) Tender Annuals require still more warmth, and are started from January to May in the greenhouse or other suitable place. They commonly need a temperature of from G0° to 70°. The danger with early grown seedlings, especially those started in the window, is crowding and want of light. As soon as crowding begins, the plants should be thinned out or transplanted to other trays, or into pots, TTid reset from time to time, as they need ; frequent transplanting is usually an advantage. The last transplanting is preferably into small pots, as then the seedlings may be readily set out in the open ground at the proper time, with little or no check to growth. Some of the staple or general-purpose types of Annuals in the North are the fol- lowing : Petunias, phloxes, pinks or dian- thuses, larkspurs or delphiniums, calliupsis or coreopsis, pot marigolds or calendula, bachelor's buttons or Centaurea Cyanus, clarkias, zinnias, marigolds or tagetes, col- linsias, gilias, California poppies or esch- scholtzias, verbenas, poppies, China asters, sweet peas, nemopliilas,portulacas, silenes, candyiufts or iberis. alyssum, stocks or matthiolas, morning-glories, nasturtiums or tropapolums. Other species are mostly of special or particular use, not generul-use types. In the South, andoccasionallj at the North, some of the Annuals come up volun- tarily year after year from sjelf-sown seeds. Petunias, phloxes and morning-glories r.re examples. For further suggestions, see Seedage. For an annotated list of Annuals suited for northern climates, see Bull. 161, Cornell Exp, Sta. Ernest Walkeb. .nd a tree-group ANCECTOCHILUS AXONA 69 A5(ECT0CH1LUS (Greek, open lip). Orchidhce<w, tribe yeottUa. A ^enus cultivated for the beautifully reticulated Ivs., which are oval or ovate, membranaceous and diversely colored. Fla. small, not ornamental. The known species belong to India and the Malay Archi- pelago. Although many methods have been adopted for the successful cultivation of the best species and varie- ties failure has been the general rule, so that at the present time few Amer. collections contain even a single specimen. "For a time— it may be two, or even five years— they will grow and remain in health, and then suddenly they go wrong, the plants perishing one after the other, in spite of all one can do."— W. Watson. Balleni, Low. Lvs. about 2 in. long, bronze-green, with 3 longitudinal bands of copper-red. Borneo. regilis, Blume. One of the most attractive species of the group : lvs. oval, large, bronze-green netted, veined with gold, the surface of the lvs. like velvet. Java. B.M. 412.3. F.S. 2: 79 as J.. sefdceu«. — Several good va- rieties exist. B6xburghii, Lindl. Lvs. ovate, median line of pale green, reticulated and veined with gold. Java and Ind. Many si>ecies are described and figured in foreign publica- tions, but they pre all fancifrs' plants. Other names which ap- pear in the Amer. trade are: ^1. Dayana=^]—A. Ddicsoni {])aicsonianus)=}item&ria. — A. Lincii, Hort.=Dossima.— A. Petbla, Hort.=Maeodes.— A. Veitchidnus, Hort.=Macodes. Oakes Ames. AN0MATH£CA. See Lapeirousia. ANONA (aboriginal name). Anondcecp. Custaed- Apple. Tropical trees and shrubs, cult, for their large, fleshy fruits, and for ornament. Fls. perfect, solitary, terminal or opposite the lvs. : petals typically C, but half of them sometimes reduced to small scales or even want- ing: pistils many, each with one erect ovule, united into a fleshy fruit-like body or syncarpium. Small trees or shrubs, over 50 in number, of Tropical America, and a few in Africa and Asia. Some of the species have been introduced into southern Florida, but they are generally imperfectly known, both to horticulturists and botanists. Aside from the species described below, various other Aconas have beeen introduced into southern Florida, but their botanical status is unknown and some of them are probably forms of old species. Amongst these names are A. Mexicana, which was a catalogue name used by Loddiges, the species never having been fully described; A. Africana, a very obscure species founded by Linna?us upon an American specimen, with lanceolate pubescent lvs. ; A.trilobata is undoubtedly ^.si»«inrt tri- loba ; A. auranliaca, A. macrocarpa, A. maritima, A. reniformis, and A. suavissima are either horticultural names, or belong to other genera ; the Beriba, introduced by Reasoner Bros., from Brazil, is evidently a Rollinia, possibly a. orthopetala. For A . longi folia, see Duguetia , and for A . muscosa , see Rollinia. Some of the species are imperfectly evergreen. See Artabotrys. Anonas are of easy culture, requiring no special treat- ment in frostless countries. They propagate readily by seeds, and are usually thus grown ; also, by ripened "cut- tings under glass. In the U. S. they are sometimes grown under glass as ornamental subjects. They should then be kept fairly dry in winter, for at that time they assume a semi-dorraant condition. They thrive best in heavy loam. A. Petals cordate-ovate or obovate, the inner ones conspicuous. B. Exterior petals plainly acute, inner ones obtuse. c. Fruit bearing weak spines. muriciita, Linn. {A. Astdtica, Linn.). Soub-Sop. GUANABENA. CORKESOL. SUIRSAAK. SUSAKKA. Small tree, the sizo of a peach tree, evergreen, the young growth scurfy-pubescent : exterior petals scarcely exceed- ing the interior ones, 1-2 in. long, and y^lowishor green- ish, the inner ones yellow or red: lvs. elliptic and pointed, varnished above and rusty beneath, but becoming gla- brous: fr. very large (6-8 in. long and weighing from 1-5 lbs.), oblong or conical and blunt, dark green, the skin rough and spiny; pulp sof*, white and juicy, subacid, with aturpentin'" like flavor, vVest Indies, where it is apopa- lar fruit.— It is grown with especial excellen in Porto Rico, and is common in the markets of Key West, whither it is shipped from the islands to the southward. A favorite drink is made from the juice. It is one of the tenderest trees of the genus, and thrives only in extreme southern Florida and California. Introduced in the Old World. cc. Fruit nearly or quite smooth (or in A.pyriformis undescribed) . glabra, Linn. {A. laurifdlia, Dunal). Pond-Apple. Mamox. Fig. 93. Small nearly evergreen tree, with smooth growth: exterior petals somewhat exceeding the 93. Anona glabra. Nearly 14 natural size. iiiterior ones, greenish: lvs. oblong-ovate or long-ovate, pointed, green on both sides and glossy above : fr. the size and shape of a Bellflower apple or an ox's heart, yel- low or brownish yellow, smooth, the stem pulling out of the fruit at maturity and leaving a very deep cavity; pulp cream-colored and very fragrant, fair in quality. Native in swamps, both salt and fresh, in southern Florida, and on the Indian River; also, in the West Indies. B.R. 1328. SS. 1:17, 18. -The fruit, although acceptable to many people, is not generally prized. pyrifdrmis, Bojer. Climbing, glabrous : petals of the two series nearly equal, oblong-spatulate or obovate (about 2 in. long) , flat, the outer ones hooded or cucullate at the top ; sepals joined half their length : lvs. nearly oblong (3-6 in. long), obtuse or acutish, thick and rigid, somewhat shining and glaucous. Mauritius.— Said to have been introduced into southern Florida recently, but it is imperfectly known. BB. Exterior petals obtuse or nearly so. paltlstris, Linn. Alligator - Apple. Cork -Wood. Monkev-Apple. Bltjya. Tree, 10-15 ft. high, the young growth smooth: exterior petals ovate, exceeding the ob- long inner ones, a half -inch or more long, and yellow, with a red spot at the base within, the interior red inside: lvs. ovate-elliptic or obbmg, with a short, narrow point (or occasionally bluntish), smooth on • both sides, rather thick, and more or less evergreen: fr. 2 in. in diam., yel- low, and somewhat roughened or scaly. Cuba to Rio Janeiro; also, in Africa. B.M. 4226. — Introduced in southern Florida, bitt imperfectly known in cultivation. Unless improved by cultivation, the fruit is probably unworthy of cultivation. BBB. Exterior and interior petals all acute. paluddsa, Aubl, Shrub, with rusty-villous tranches -. outer petals acute, twice longer than the canescent innei • ones : lvs. oblong-acute, rounded at the base, sparsely pubescent above and tomentose beneath : fr. ovate and tuberculat i, pubescent when young. Guiana.— Intro duced into southern Florida, where it is yet very littU known. 70 ANONA ANTENNARIA Cherimover, li>-20 ft. hi:!jh, lis. opposite AA. Petals {exterior) linear or ohlong, the inner ones minute {or conspicuous in A. muscosa). B. Fruit smooth or very nearly so (in A.atnplexicaulis undescribed). C. Lvs. velvety beneath. Cherimdlia, Miller { A . tripHa la , Alton ) or Cherimoya. Jamaica-Apple. Tree, with young growth scurfy-pubescent the lvs . greenish, and fragrant, the exterior petals ob- long-linear and keeled on the inner side, velvety ; lvs. ovate or oblong (about 3 in. long), obtuse or scarcely acute, dark green, and sparsely hairy above and velvety beneath : fr. very large (from tlie size of a large apple to 8 in, or more in diani. ), spherical or slightly flattened at the ends, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, sometimes with a red cheek, the flesh soft and rich. Peru and ad- jacent regions northward, but naturalized in Central America and Mexico, thu West Indies and parts of the Old World. B.M. 2011.- It is a well-known fruit of the tropics, and it thrives upon the Florida keys and the adjacent coasts. It is also grown to a limited extent in southern California. Fruit will stand transportation if picked green. Possibly the plants sold as A . macrocdrpa and A. suavissima are forms of the Cherimoyer. See Cherimoyer. cc. Lvs. not velvety. reticuliita, Linn. Ccstaru-Apple. Bcllock's-Heart. Frita 1)E Conde. a tree, 15-25 ft. high, with growth smooth or nearly so: fls. with the exterior petals oblong- linear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish, with purple spots at the base : lvs. lanceolate or oblong and pointed, glabrous above and rough beneath, but becoming smooth: fr. 3— i in. in diam., smooth, with small depre.?- sions, in nous shades of yellow or even russet, with a soft yei cream-like pulp next the skin, and a white pulp at thf middle, swe?t and excellent. West Indies, where it is a very popular fruit. It thrives in southern Florida, where it has lately been introduced. B.M. 2911, 2912. 94. Anona squaniosa, firo^vn in Bermuda (X /^). amplexicaillis, Lam. Erect shrub, glabrous : outer petals oblong and obtuse (iVain. long), the inner very much shorter and lanceolate and pointed : lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute [4-4} in. long), thick and rigid, glaucous and somewhat shining, deeply cordate-clasping at the base. Mauritius and Madagascar. — 8aid to have been lately introduced into southern Florida. Little BB. Fruit tuberculate. squarndsa, Linn. {A. cinerea, Dunal). Sweet- Sop. SiiJAR-ApPLE. Fig. 94. Diffuse small tree, or a shrub, 10-20 ft. high; fls. with the out«r petals oblong -linear and blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish: Irs. thin, ob- long-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but cfton becoming smooth, glaucous : fr. egg-shaped, or of the form of a short pine cone, 3-4 in. in diam., yellowish green, and tuberculate (each carpel forming a protulter- ance); the pulp creamy yellow and custard-like, very sweet. West Indies to Brazil. B.M. 3095. — Much prizt-d in the tropics, and considerably grown on the Florida keys, and extending north, with some protection, nearly to the middle of the state; also cultivated in California. Introduced in the Old World. Lvs., green frs., and seeds said to be used for destroying vermin. l^ jj. B. ANS£LLIA (John Ansell, African explorer). Or- chiddeeie, tribe Vdndea?. Inflorescence terminal : stems tutted, jointed, nodes conspicuous : lvs. lanceolate, alter- nate toward the summit of the stems, visibly nerved, about G in. long. The species require high temperatures for successful development. Epiphytes. For further culture, see Orchids. AfricJtna, Lindl. Plants 2 ft. or more high : stems cylindrical : fls. numerous (40-80), yellowish, verging on green, marked with curiously oblong, brown -purple spots ; labellura yellow, 3-lobed. Sierra Leone. B.M. 49<)5. — This is undoubtedly the type, all other forms so far known being departures from it of horticultural merit only. gigant^a, Reichb. f. (Cymbidium Sdndersoni, Harv.). Habit as abo\e. Sepals and petals sparinglv, if at all, spotted. Natal? Oakes Ames. ANSONIA. See Amsonia. ANTENNAEIA (pappus likened to antenna). Com- pd.situ-. Everlasting. Cat's-Ear. Small, white-woolly perennial herbs, with spatulate or obovate root-lvs.. and mostly leafless scapes, bearing small gray or white hea Is which remain stiff and dry. They are interesting for rock work and the edges of borders, and for this pur- pose have been sparingly introduced in the last few years. They are perfectly hardy, and thrive in poor soil. The fls. are often cut before fully mature and dried (and often dyed) as everlastings. Several spe- cies grow wild. Prop, mostlx by division of the mats ; also by seeds. Allied to Anaphalis and Gnaphaliuni. Dioecious. See Everlastings. A. Pappus of sterile fls. not thickened at the tip, minutely rou(jhened. dim6rplia, Torr. & Gray. Tufted with spatulate lvs. and a sparsely-leaved fl.-st. an inch or less high, from a stout, much-branched cau«iex. Neb. west. AA. Pappus of sterile fls. thickened at the top. B. yot spreading by stolons. Qefeti, Gray. Stout, thick-woolly, from a woody base: fl.-st. 3 in. or more high, very leafy to the top : pistil- late heafls narrow : involucre with rose-purple or ivory- white tips to the inner scales. Cal. N. BB. Spreading by stolons. c. Heads solitary or in a cymose cluster. diolca, Linn. Basal lvs. 1% in. or less long, 1-nerved or only indistinctly 3-nerved : st. 2-12 in. : involucral bracts" all light green or light brown, with white or pinkish tips. N. states and Eu. — The plant in the trade aii A. tomentdsum is probal)ly a form of this species. Also in cult, under the proper name. A. dioica. alpina, Ga?rtn. Plant 1-4 in,: involucral bracts infer- tile heads, dark brownish green, acute. Canada, Rocky Mts.. Sierra Nevadas. plantaginildlia, Rich. Basal lvs. l}4 in. or more long, distinctly 3-nerved : st. 6-18 in. high. Stoloniferous, making broad patches. Common in fields and old pas- tures. Perhaps not in cult. cc. Heads loosely pa nicled. ' racamdsa, Hook. Light-woolly. 6-20 ia. high, the sts. sparsely hafy, the heads mostly on slender peduncles : involucre bro\^ni8h. Rocky Mts, l, jj, p. ANTHEMIS ANTHURIUM 71 ilVTSEMIS (Greek name of the chamomile). Com- mJ chamomile. Pyrethrum-like heavy-scented Slants annual, biennial or perennial, members of a Hr?e Old World temperate-region genus. Heads many- Sered, the disk yellow, the rays white and yellow and fhitbe common cult, species) pistillate, the receptacle ionicd and chaflfv, the akenes terete or ribbed, and Pither naked or bearing a minute crown : Ivs. pmna^ely (lics-cteu Two or three of the species are weeds. Others are excellent border plants. The true chamo- mile is a medicinal plant. The hardy perennial species, whi-h alone are grown in this country, are easily handled in the border, where they bloom from midsum mer till frost. They thrive in almost any soil, but need full jxposure to sun. Prop, by seeds or division of the clumps, usually the latter. A. Bays normally yellotc. tinetdria, Linn. Golden Marguerite. Of bushy habii, 2-3 ft., with angular st. and pinnately divided, audagaiu pinnatifid or cut-toothed Ivs., and large, daisy- like, golden yellow lis. (1-2 in. across). A. Keluayi, Hort (or var. Keluayi, Hort. ), has finer-cut foliage and deepor yellow fls. There is also a pale-rayed var. Gu. 52: r 49.— An excellent hardy border plant, and useful at the same time for cut fls. AA. Bays white. B. Perennial ; ctdtivated. nbtilis, Linn. Chamomile. Half-spreading and much- brant bed, downy, the Ivs. very finely dissected : pappus wanting, chaflf of the receptacle blunt.— A pleasant- scent?d herb, sometimes escaped from cult. It yields the nieditinal chamomile fis. of commerce. For medicinal purposes, the heads (the single preferred) are cut as soon as fully expanded, and dried. Cult, also as a hardy border plant ; often double. BB. Biennial or annual ; weeds. arv^nsis, Linn. Pubescent, not ill-scented : Ivs. rather coarsely 1-2 pinnately parted : pappus a minute border: heads Tin. or more across : rays pistillate. — Not common. Cotula, DC. May-weed. A common weed along road- sides, ill-scented, growing a foot or two high, with finely dissected Ivs., neutral rays, and many aster-like fls. 1 in. across. A. A i20on,Griseb.= Achillea ageratifolia.- A. Ardbiea, Linn. =Cladanthus.— A. corondria, Hort.=Chrysanthemum coro- narium. L H B ANTHEB. See Flower. ANTHflBICUM ( Greek, flower hedge ) . Includes Pha- langium. Lilidcerr. Herbs, with tuber-like rhizomes, and racemes of rather small, white, deep-cut fls. : peri- anth rotate ; anthers attached between their basal lobes, and the locules many-ovuled— in these characters differ- ing from Paradisea. Grown in borders, where the roots should have a cover of leaves or litter in winter ; also in pots and under benches in coolhouses. L^seful for lawn vases. Prop, naturally by stolons ; increased also by division and seeds. Of easiest culture. Give plenty of water when in bloom. A. Liliastrum, St. Bruno's Lily, will be found under Paradisea. A . picturafum , va- ritgatum and vitf<ttum will be found under Chlorophy- tum. A. CaUfornicum of some catalogues perhaps be- longs to Chlorophrtum. Lili&go, Linn. St. Bernard's Lily. F".g. 95. Stem simple, 2-3 ft. high, bearing an open raceme of open- spreading fls. 1 in. or less across, the segments linear- oblong : Ivs. long and narrow. S. Eu. and N. Afr. B.M. 914. Var. mAjor, Sims, is larger in all its parts. B.M. 1635. ramdsum, Linn. {A. graminifdlium, Hort.). Stem branched : fls. somewhat smaller. £u. B.M. 1055. L. H. B. ANTHOL'tZA (name from the Greek, of no particu- lar application/. Iriddceif. About 20 Cape and Trop. African cormous plants, with linear or sword-shaped Ivs. and bright fls. in 2-sided spikes. Perianth long- tubular, curved, dilated above, the uppermost segments largest: stamens 3 : style branched: ovary 3-loculed. Cult, the same as glatlioli, being taken up in the fall. The tubers are often started in a frame or in the house before planting in the open. See Baker, Irideae. a. Perianth red, segments very unequal. Ctmdnia, Linn. Corm small: st. simple, 1-1 H ft.: Ivs. about 4, linear, 1 ft. or less long : fls. 4-6, In a lax spike, bright red, an inch long, the stamens reaching to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. L.B.C.20: 1971. 95. Stolon of Anthericum Liliaso. C&ffra, Banks. Corm large : st. 2 ft. or less : Ivs. nar- row-linear, 1 ft. : fls.12-20, in a lax spike, bright red, 1-1)4 in. long, stamens not quite reaching tip of upper segment. Cape. — Has been hybridized with gladiolus. AA. Perianth red and yellow, segments less unequal. JEthidpica, Linn. Corm large : st. branched, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. several, sword-shaped, 1 in. broad and 1-lK ft. long: spike 6-9 in. long, rathe.* dense : fls. l>^-2 in. long, red and yellow ; stamens reaching to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. B.M. 561. Var. minor, Lindl. {A.hlcolor, Gasp.). Dwarf: Ivs. narrow : fls. red at top, pale yellow below. Var. vittlgera, Baker (var. ringens, Nichols.). Tall as the type : fls. bright yellow, striped red. B.M. 1172. Var. immarginitta, Baker. Fls. red, with dull yellow. L. H. B. ANTHOXANTHDM (yellow-floicer, "rom the Greek). Graminecp. A. odordtum, Linn., of the temperate parts of the Old World, is the Sweet Vernal Grass. It is a perennial, of low growth, very early bloom, and sweet odor when mown. It is used in mixtures of pasture grasses, and is also spontaneous in the E. states in pastures, mead- ows, and along roads. A . P'tiliif Lee. & Lamotte. is an annual species, of smaller size, sometimes used in forage mixtures. ANTHtKIUM (Greek, tail - flower). Aro)d e (f. Tropical herbs, of 200 or more species, cult, mostly in stoves, grown for the showy spathes and spadi- ces or for foliage. Spathe usually spreading or even reflexed, only rarely par- tially enclosing the spadix. DiflFers from Alocasia and allied genera in technical characters. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolle's Monographic Phanero- gamarum. Vol. 2 (1879). Propagation is effected by suckers or cuttings of the rhizome inserted in small pots containing a mixture of peat fiber, chopped sphagnum mosts and silver sand in 96. Anthurium Scherzerianum. 72 ANTHURIUM ANTHUPJUM equal proportions, and plunged in a propagating box in a temperature of 75^ to 80°, with bottom heat. About the end of January is the most suitable time to take the cuttings. Anthuriuras may also be propagated by seeds sown in a mixture of very fine fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum nios-s in 4-inch nots. The seeds should be lightly covered with sphagnum and the pots placed either in a propagating case or under bell glasses, where a temperature of 80° can be maintained. A coustant hu- mid atmosphere is very necessary to induce the seeds to germinate. The compost in which Anthuriuras thrive bgst is a mixture of one-third fern root, or the fiber of peat with the dust shaken out, one-third sphagnum moss and one-third broken crocks and charcoal. The pots must be well drained, and the plants should be coned up 2 or 3 inches above the rim of the pots, and finished oflf with a surfacing of Jive sphagnum moss. Established plants will only need repotting once in 2 or 3 years, but should have a fresh top-dressing every year ; the best time to overhaul them is about the end of January, or before active growth commences. They should be given a shaded position, free from draughts of cold Hir, and ordinary stove temperature. Like most evergreen aroids, they require a copious supply of water at the roots and a humid atmosphere during the spring and summer months, and at no season of the year must the plants be allowed to become dry. Care must also be taken not to nar the 'eaves by hard spraying. The temperature during winter should not fall below 55°. Cult. by Edward J. Canning. Anthuriums such as A. Andneaniim, A. oniattim, and their numerous hybrid progeny, require at all times a high and humid atmosphere. Under those conditions and in a good rooting medium, they ought to be contin- ually in flower. A bloom is produced from the axil of each leaf, and immediately beneath this leaf a new root is produced, thick and succulent at first, becoming tough with age, and, if not allowed to bur}* itself among the compost in which the plant grows, it eventually hardens and is of no help in the sustenance of the plant. There- fore, the growing point of the specimens should not be allowed to get too high, or the flowers will be few and poor. When the plant forms stems above the pot, the compost should either be built up around the stem, to catch the roots,or the plant may be cut over.rooted afresh in sand, and given a new start in a pot. The two cvna- mental-leaved species, A. Veitchii and A. Warocque- anum, should be treated in the same manner. When cut down, we may look for the old stocks to send out small growths, which in course of time may be taken oflf and put in small pots. All of the above are such free-rooting kinds that they may, with the addition of some rotted manure, be grown in sphagnum moss. A good mixture is as follows : Sphagnum, chopped not too fine, one part ; fern or kalmia roots, chopped up and the fine substance removed, one part ; another part to be made up equally of sand and rotted manure. With well-drained pots, this forms an admirable rooting substance. Most of the other charcoal and sand. Good drainage, and less water than is needed for the Andreanum section, will be necessarv. A. Svherzerianiim, although thriving well in the hottest house, will succeed in an interme- diate house. Seeds are obtained by pollinating the flowers, the stig- mas of which become mature long before the anthers. The seeds 97. Anthurium Andraeanum species and their forms, including A. Scherzerianum and A. crystallinum, will thrive better in material mainly composed of rough, fibrous loam and peat with the fine material sifted froju it. This rough, fibrous material i aould be mixed with a small quantity each of oph&gnum, 98. Anthurium Veitchii. Young leaf, not yet showing the arched depressions. should be sown on the surface of a pan of chopped moss and sand covered with glass; they sometimes show signs of germinating almost before being gathered, so that it is dangerous to keep them any length of time before sow- ing. To prevent damping.the seedlings should be pricked off round the edge of a 3-inch pot as soon as the first leaf is large enough to handle. Seeds of such kinds as crys- tallinum and regale will germinate well on the moss of nepenthes baskets. q^]^^ ^y q ^ Oliver. A. Lv8. plain green: grown mostly for the shoivy ^flotvers." Schorzeri&num, Schott. Fig. 96. A foot or two high, evergreen : Ivs. long-lanceolate (the blade 1 ft. or more long and petiole of nearly equal length), thick, usually somewhat revoiute, with a strong vein parallel with each edge and close to it, and many cros?-veins : scape long and slender (1-2 ft.), red : spathe ovate-oblong, 3-4 in. long, spreading or deflexed, intense red (sometimes double, I.H. 37: 67): spadix slender, often curled, vel- low. Central Amer. B.M.5319. R.B. 22:121. A.F=6:'569 (in variety).— An old favorite. Runs into many forms : Spathe white, vars. album, album magnificum, Idcteum, rndximnm album, Williamsii, Vervaneum ; spathe par- ti-colored, vars. Andegavinsis (scarlet on the back, white and scarlet spotted eiboxe^, mutdlile (white-bor- dered), neliilosum (double, white spotttd rose), Soth- schildidnum (scarlet mottled "^hite, Gn 30:570), Wa- rocquednnm (not A. Warocqxiednum) white spotted red); spathe very large, vars. gigantetim, mdximum, Wdrdii, Woddbridgti. Very dwarf is var. pygma>um ; rose-salmon spathe and orange spadix is var. Parisi- ^n$e ; sharp-pointed Ivs. and spathes is var. Binnettii, ANTHURIUM ANTHYLLIS 73 SpathipMniiM, N. E. Brown. Two ft. or less, stem- less or ut^arlv so: leaf-blade 2 ft. or less, jiarrow-lan- ceolate, attenuate in & straight line from the middle to the base, acuminate, bright preen above and grayish beneath, with prominent midrib : spathe 2 in. or less long and a half or more as wide, erect, boat-shaped, pule greener whitish : spadix 1 in. long and very blunt, pale yellow. Trop.Araer. Andrsiinum, Lind. Fig. 97. Low species, with leaf- blades drutJi'ing like an Alocasia and cordate ovate-lan- ceolate : spathe cordate-ovate, thick in texture, 6-10 in. long, orange-red, widely open-spreading : spadix 3-4 in. long! yellowish, with white band marking the zone in which the stigmas are receptive. Colombia. B.M. 6616. A.F.6:569; 10:1065. Gt. 38:129.3. I.H.24:271; 37:105. — Beautiful and popular. Runs into many varieties, some with very large spathes and others with white ones. Also hybridized with other species. AA. Lvs. prominently marked wi h white or colors, or with deep hands of green: cult. mostJij for foliage. B. Markings green or greenish. V^itchii, Mast. Fig. 98. Tall and robust species ( st. 2-3 ft.): If.-blades pendent, like a fine Alocasia, often 'i-\ ft. long, cordate or eared at base, metallic green, but marked by deep-sunk nerves, which arch oflf the mid- rib : spathe 1 ft. long, horizontal, green : spadix 6-8 in. long, straw-color. Colombia. G.C. II. 6: 773. B.M. 6968. 3In. 8: 187. -Striking. BB. Markings white or essentially so. Warocque^num, Moore. Fig. 99. Very vigorous: lvs. obloug-lanceolate, long-i£ipering, hanging, 2-4 ft. long, deep velvety green, with rib and principal veins of a prominently lighter shade, making handsome contrasts. Colombia.— A handsome and striking foliage plant. magnificum, Lind. Leaf-blaie deep cordate, oval, 2 ft. long, upper surface olive-green with white nerves : petiole 4-angled : spathe small, oblong, green : spadix green, cylindrical. Colombia. crystallinum, Lind. & Andr^. Like A. magnificum : differs in petiole terete or only very imperfectly ang)ed, sinus of blade smaller, veins wide-banded and whiter and very regular : leaf -blade ovate-cordate, short, deep, velvety green, with the midrib and two consecutive bands crvstal white : spathe linear-oblong, acuminate, green. Peru. I.H.20: 128. G.C.III.24: 417(var. z/^Ms/re). regllle, Lind. Leaf-blade cordate-oblong, long-cuspi- date. 3 ft. or less, at first tinged rose, but becoming dull green and marked with white veins ; petiole nearly terete : spathe broad -lanceolate, greenish. Peru. Various horticultural forms and hybrids are in cult, in this country : A. amdhite. Lvs. soft rose : crystalli- num X magnificum.— .4. cdrneum is a hybrid of Andrse- anum and ornatum. — -4. Chantrieri. Lvs. triangular, with wide-spreading basal lobes : spathe ivory-white, erect: nymphffifoliumxsubsignatum. — J^. Clarkidnum. Lvs. large and broad : spathe resembling that of An- dr»anum but salmon-rose. -A . FerrierSnse. Lvs. large, cordate: spathe cordate, brilliant red: omatumxAn- <lr8eanum. — ^ . florihtindum , Linden and Andp6=Spathi- phylium floribundum.— ^. Fnebelii. Lvs. large and cor- date : spathe deep carmine : Andraeanura x ornatum.— A. gfrflnt7e = magnificum.- ,4. hijhridum. Lvs. large, lobed at base, obtuse, green.— J.. miishicum.—A. oi-nh- turn. Lvs, oval or oblong, cordate : spathe linear-oblong, white, purple-tinted.— J.. ^f»/no7dsj«)M?«m, various forms: Ferrierensex Andrapamim? — 4. Siebrechfidnum. Lvs. much as in magnificum, rich, velvety green, with thick margins : spathe light g^een shading to cream : spadix large, crimson. — J.. rWit»!jo^fln». Lvs. long-heart-shaped, bright green with lighter veins : spathe narrow, green: spadix greenish white. A. adltum, N.E.Brown. Lvs, 8-10 in.loTig, triangnlar and longacumiiiate, green : spathe reflexed, green : spadLx deep grpea. Braz. — A. A llendorfii : Andreanvuu X Grusoni. — A . Baki ri. Hook. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or linear, Rreen : spathe small, reflexed. green : spadix 3 in. long, yellowish green, be- coming lonpfer and red and drooping in fmit,— the chief merit of the plant. Costa Rioa. B.M. 6261.— A. Jiogotense, Schott. Lvs. with a very broad halberd-shaped base and a long-acumi- Mte middle lobe, dark green. Gt. 46, p. 52.'i.— .4 . brevilobnm, N. 15. Brown. Lvs r/val-acuminate, cordate, 8-10 in., pape'-'like, ««sen : spathe lanceolate, purplish : spadix purplish brown.— A. Chdmberlaini, Masters. Lvs. 4 ft. long, broadly cordate-ovate and narrowly long-pointe<l, green : spathe erect, lK)at-shaped, 8-4) in. long, purplish ontside, crimson inside, partially inclosing the purplish spadLx. Venezuela. G.C. III. :J: 46.5. I. H. 35: 62. B.M. 721)7. — A. Glaziovii, Hook. Leaf-blatle obovate-oblong, not hanging, tapering to petiole, green and strongly light-veined : spathe linear-oblong, often twisted, purple (as is also the spadix). Braz. B.M. C8.-„3.— .l.i/i#/fliH<', Ma.sters. G.C. 11.6:365 ==^Philodendron tripartitnm. — -1. Kalbrc'ieri, Hort. Climbing : lvs.9-pr',rted. XewGranaila. G.CII.16:117. — A.nymphcefdlitnn, Koi-h. Spathe white: spadix purple. Venezuela. — A.purpxireitm, N. E. Brown. Lvs. oblong-l.-inceolate, thick, green : spathe and spadix purple. Braz. — A. signatum, Kooh. Lvs. 3-lobed, deep green. Venezuela. — A. splendidum. Bull. Lvs. ovate-cordate, short-jwinted or blunt, the basal sinus narrow, bullate and Jiot- tled green, 1 ft. or less long : spathe lanceolate, white : spadix green, becoming yellow and briok red : peduncles winged. S. Amer. G.C. 1883, 1:381. B.M. 6878. Gt. 33: 145, 146. I.H.31:510. — A. trifidum, Oliver. B.M,6339=signatum. L. H. B. 99. Anthurium Warocqueanum. AKTHTfLLIS (Greek, meaning downy flowers). Kid- ney Vetch. Leguminhs(e. Perennial herbs, or some- what shrubby, prized for their spikes or heads of yel- low, purple or white fls. and usually silky pinnate foli- age ; also for forage. In the Old World, prized mostly for rockwork. The cult, is the easiest, as the plants thrive even in p'lor soil. Prop, by seeds or division, or, rarely, by soft cuttings. Not generally known in U. S. Vulner&ria, Linn. Sa>'d CL<o^^:B. Wottndwort. A foot bi^h : Ifts. 5 or more : fls. normally yellow, but there are red and white varieties. Eu.— A deep-rof)ted, clover-like, hardy plant, excellent for sandy and li^ht lands. Useful for forage, and, for that purpose, occa- sionally grown in thi.j countr5\ Requires 20 lbs. of seed to the acre. 74 ANTHYLLIS APHANANTHE mont&na, Linn. A foot or less hi p:h, silky-hoary : Ifts. numerous: fls. purple. Herbaceous. Eu. L,B.C6:578. B&rba-Jdvib, Linn. Jupiter's Beard. Glasshouse silky evergreen, 3-8, or even 12 ft, hijrh, with severHl to many pairs of narrow, pointed Ifts. : tis. straw-colored or whitish, in clover-like heads. S. Eu. B.M. 1927. — In frostle3s countries, endures sea-winds and salt spray. L. H. B. ANTIABIS tozic^ria, Lesch. Urticdcece. Upas Tree of JavH. The juice and gum are virulently poisonous, and it was once supposed that no life could exist in the neigh- borhood of the tree, but this is false. The tree has been grrown in botanic gardens. See Hooker, in Companion to Botanical Magazine, (in. 12, p. 407. ANTID£SMA( Greek, for and band, the bark of A . Bu- nius being used for cordage). EuphorbiAceir. Tropical trees or shrubs.with simple, entire Ivs. and inconspicuous unisexual fls., in spikes : fr. a 1-seeded little drupe. Btmius, Spreng. A tree with dark green foliage and small, round berries of a subacid taste, much used for preserves : the V)ark yields a fiber. Adapted to S. Calif, and S. Fla. Malay. — Cult, in S. Calif. ANTlGONON (name from the Greek). Polygnndcecr. Tropical tendril-climbers : sepals 5. colored and petal- like, the 2 interior ones narrower ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, and ovary 3-angled : Ivs. alternate and entire : fls. in racemes, which end in branching tendrils. 16ptopas, Hook. & Am. Mountain Rose. Rosa de Montana. San Miquelito. Probably the only species cult, in thii countrj*. Stem slender and tall, glabrous, or nearly so : Ivs. cordate and acuminate, or hastate- ovate, 3-5 in. long : fls. 6-15 in the raceme, handsome rose- pink. Mex. B.M. 581G. G.O. in. 17 : 797. - One of the hand- somest summer - blooming greenhouse climbers, requir- ing abundance of light ; usu- ally grown from seeds, bu' also from cuttings. In the S. 'fc blooms freely in the '-pen, pre- ferring sunny and hot places ; protect the root well in win- ter, or plant deep. It is tu- berous-rooted. Give plenty of water when in fl., but keep dry when at rest. Guatemal^nse.Meissn. (A. insigne. Mast.). Pubescent: Ivs. broad- er: fls.nore numerous, the sepals nearlj* twice longer ( 1 in. long) than in the last. Guatemala. G.C. II. 7:789. L. H. B. ANTIBBHlNUM (Greek, snout-flower). Sc rop hnl a r i (> cecp. Snapdragon. Over 60 species of herbs, na- tives to the Old and New World, in warm temperate regions. Lvs. usually opposite below and generally entire, never com- pound : corolla saccate or gibbous at base, but not spurred, personate or closed at the throat : stamens 4. Closely al- lied to Linaria, from which it differs in the spurless fls. Snapdragons are flowered either in the open or under glasi^. The common varieties are forms of A . ma jus, and Me perennial, although the first crop of bloom is usually the only one which is desired. Most of the varieties of this species are hardy in the N. if well covered durinij winter. Seeds sown very early in the spring, especially under frames, and transplanted. produce blooming plant's the same season. It is usual, however, if early bloom is desired, to sow the seeds in Aug. or Sept., and cover 100. Y0U44S s .ike of a dwarf form of Antirrhinum majus (X 3^). 101. Antirrhinum maurandioides. in bud iX}4). the plants with a mulch on the approach of cold wc her. These fall-sown plants may be transplanted into pots (or grown in them from the first) and flowered in the house. For forcing in this way. Snapdragons are very satisfac- tory. The temperature and treatment required for gera- niums and carnations suit them well. Dwarf vars. are used for edgiLgs. A. Common Snapdragons, st'^\ctly erect. m&jos, Linn. Common or Large Snapdragon. Fig. 100. Perennial, or practically a biennial under culr.: 1-3 ft., not downy except in the fl. -cluster : lvs. oblong or lanceolate, entire, sometimes variegated : fls. larjje, long-tubular, with spreading, very irregular lobes, in an elongated terminal spike or raceme. In many colors and varieties (ranging from red and purple to white), in forms both tall and dwarf. Mediterranean region ; sometimes running wild about gardens. A.F. 9:lH)y; 13:949. I. H. 41:22. A.G. 17:379. F.E. 7: 711.-There are double forms. Someof thevarietal names used by hor- ticulturists aredlbnm, bicolor, coccinemn, variegdtnw. Ordntium, Linn. Small Snapdragon. A low, slender annual, with linear lvs. and small fls. purple or white (J'2 in. long) in the axils. An occasional weed in cult, grounds, 6 in. or less high ; not cult. AA. Native species, producing tendril-like branches in the i» florescence. Orcutti^num, Gray. Slender, 2-4 ft., glabrous: corolla % in. long, white or violet, lower lip not much larger than the upper : lower lvs. spatulate-lanceolate, the up- per linear. Annual. Lower and S. Calif. Int. by Orcutt in 1891. AAA. Climbing vine. maurandioides. Gray {Maurandia ant irrhini flora, Willd.). Fig. 101. Climbing 2-S ft. by means of the coiling petioles and peduncles : lvs. 3-lobed, halberd- shapo : fls. axillary, 1 in. or more long, violet or purple, handsome. Tex. to Calif . B.M. 1G43.— Attractive plant for the window, cool greenhouse or conservatory. Suitable for baskets. l_ jj yk. ANTBOPHYUM (Greek, srroMtn^ in caverns). Poly- podid.ce(f. A grenus of inconspicuous, simple-leaved ferns rarely found in cultivation. Require high temp. AF£BA (Greek, undivided ). Gramine<r>. One or two European and Asian grasses of the tribe Agrostide<r. A. arundinacea, Hook., is a tender grass from New Zea- land, of erect habit and exceedingly long, pendulous panicles, grown under glass ; but it really belongs to the genus Stipa. G.C. III. 22 : 283. Likely to come iato American trade. AFHANANTHE (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous, an«l anthe. flower). Urticdcece. Trees or shrubs : lvs. alternate petiolate, serrate : fls. monoecious, inconspic- uous ; staminate iu corymbs; pistillate single, axillary: aphananthe APIOS 75 fr a drnpe. Three species in Jap. and Austral. Prop, bv seeds or perhaps in the same way as Ce.tis, and also bv grafting on Celtis. 'iaoera Planch. Small tree : Ivs. ovate, oblique, acu- minate, serrate, 2>^-t in. long, rough to the touch : ds. Ireeni^h, with the Ivs.: drupe globular, biack, sleader- stalked Jap. -Hardy tree, with slender branches, not much different in appearance from Celtis orridentalis. Little known in this country. Alfred Rehoer. APHELANDEA (Greek-made name). AcanthUcea. \eariv 7U species of evergreen trcpical Anieric^an shrubs, trown in hothouses for the tine foliage and sh.wy 4-sided terminal spikes of red or yellow gaudy-bracU;d fls. Of ea.sv culture, if given plenty of diffused light in the grow- ine'season, and plants are not allowed to become tall and leegv. It i« well to grow new plants frequently. Prop, bv s'eed:? when obtainable, or by cuttings of partially ripened wood at any season. They bloom in autumn, but can readily be brought into flower at other seasons. When done blooming, the plants should be rested in an intermediate temperature, kept rather dry, but not al- lowed to wilt or shrivel. Require treatment of Justicias, aud thrive along with Allamandas and Poinsettias. L. tl. B. All Aphelandras like t »«fovehon8e temperature and a light leaf -mold, with a lil -ral proportion of sand. They should not be kept very vet in winder. They propagate readily from cuttings and seeds. The leatimg trade names axe A. atirantiacafChry sops, Fascinator.. Hv^lii. A. ehrysops is one of the handsomest of the group. H. A. SlEBRECHT. A. JFls. in shades of yellow. Chamissoniina, Nees. (A. punctdta, Bull). Lvs. ob- long-lanceolate or elliptic -lanceolate, acuminate, the center banded with white, and white dots running off towanls the margin, the midrib green : fls. and spiny bracts bright yellow. S.Amer. I. H. 29:457. B.M. 6027. squarrdsa, Nees. (J.. LeopoUli, Hort. A. ehrysops, Hort. ). Lvs. large, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate, dark green above (pale below), with white rib and main veins : fls. bright yellow and much exserted beyond the vellow crenate-dentate bracts. Braz. A . squarrdsa itself is probably not in cult., the showy plant in the trade (and described above) being called A. squarrdsa var. Leopold i by Van Houtte (F.S. 9: 889). -One of the most showy. Blanchetiina, Hook. f. {A. amana, Bull). St. thick and >tuut : lvs. ovate-aciiminate, with many pairs of con- spicuous nerves, green, the midrib, and often the main veins, white: fls. dark yellow, exceeding the long, entire, cusp-pointed red scales : spike sessile. Braz. B.M. 7179. — Known in the trade as A. amoena, having been described under that name before it had flowered in cult. AA. Fls. orange, verging to scarlet. aorantiaca, Lindl. Lvs. ov- te-elliptic, deep green above, light green below, strongiy veined, but not parti- colored, slightly wavy edged • fls. orange, with a tinge of scarlet, the sp»^ading limb overhanging the greenish sharp-toothed scales. Mex. B.M. 4224. B.R.31: 12. Var. Boezlii, Nicholson {A. Raeslei, Carr. ). Fls. with more scarlet: lvs. twisted, with silvery^ hue between the veins. Mex. — Showy and good. Not so tall as A. au- rantiaca. AAA. Fls. red. Fascinator, Lind. & Andr^. Lvs. ovate to ovate-ellip- tic, the rib and veins widely margined with interlocking bands of white, the under surface purple : fls. large, brilliant vermilion, obscuring the inconspicuous bracts. New Granada. LH. 21:164. — Very showy and desirable. A. atrbrirens, N. E. Brown. Dwarf : lvs. very dark green above and purplish beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in. long. Braz. I.H. 31:527. — A.cri^tdta.R.BT. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, green: fls. dark red, very lo!.g and curving, 2-3 in. Long known. W. Ind. B.M. lIilS.—A. Liboniana, Linden. Dwarf: lvs. ovate and long-acu- minate, with a white rib, green below : fls. deep yellow, small, scarcely exserted beyond the red bracts. Braz.? B.M. 5463.— A.Macedcidna, Lind. & Rod. Said to be a form of A. atrovi- rens. Lvs. with white rib and main veins. Braz. I.H. 33:583. —.1. Margarita, Hort. Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, barred with white, purple below ; fls. yellow, the bracts stronx-toothcd. Once cataVg-ied by Tohn Saul. Braz. G.C. ITT. 2:585.— A. nlteni. Hook. ' \>mi>act : lvs. ovate, thick, shining green above, dark purple i^neath : fls. vermilion-scarlet, large, the bracts rot s.howj-. jN'ew (iranada. B.M.574L Gn. 48:1027. — A. orientdlis, offered in Ameiica, is iwssibly a form of some well knowa species. L H. B. APiCBA [not bitter, from the Greek). LiliAcea;, tribe Alointce. Shortly caulescent small succulents : hs. spirally arranged or crowded along the stem : fls. green- ish, often striped with white, straight, tubular or pris- matic, with short, flat or spreading white limb surpass- ing the .stamens. Cape region. Agave house or cactus house ; suitable for rockeries during the summer. Prop, like Aloe. Monogr. by Baker. G.C. II. 11:717 (1879) ; Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 216. A. I^vs. as broad as long, acuminate, horizontal. folioIdBa,Willd. {Aide foliolbsa. Haw. Hawdrthia folio- Idsa , Haw. ) . Lvs. densely crowded, thin-margined, very- acuminate, smooth, serrulate : fls. smooth. Cape. B.M. 13.>2. AA. Lvs. more elongated, thick, acute, erect or ascending, except in age. B. Fls. smooth. Aapera.Willd. (^4 loe dspera , Haw. Ha tcSrthia dspera. Haw.). Lvs. small, crowded, finely tuberculate, rough- ened on the back and margin, only the uppermost erect. Cape. pent&gona, Willd. {Aide penti'gona. Haw., not Jacq. Haudrthia pentdgona, Haw.). Fig. 102. Ivs. larger, from slightly concave and angled becoming biconvex ; 5-ranked ; finely pale-tuber- culat« on back and margin. Cape. B.M. 1338. -Includes several forms : Var. Wil- dendvii, Baker ; var. bullu- lita, Willd. {Aide hulluldta, Jacq.); var. spirilla, Baker {Aloe spirilla, Salra. Ua- wMhia gpirella, Haw.). BB. Fls, rough-tuberculafe. spiralis, Bak. {A. t,. bri- cdta, Willd. Aide spiralis, Linn., not Haw. Hawor- thia imbricdta,Ha.vr.). Lvs. small, irregularly dispersed, smooth, the margin and keel denticulate. Cape. B. 31. 1455. Other species are : .1. hicari- ndta Haw. (Aloe bicarin.-ita, Sp^eng.) ; J. . con^esfa, Bak. (Aloo congesta, Salm.) ; A. deltoldea, Bak. (Aloe deltoidea, Hook. f.). B.M. 6071. WlLLI.^M TrELEASE. 102. Apin-a pentagona. AFIOS {pear, from th*» Greek, alluding to the shape of i the tubers). Legumindsce. Perhaps half t dozen species in N. Amer. and Asia, of twining, tubero is-rooced pin- nate-leaved herbs. Fls. in dense, short .ticemes : pod linear and flat, several-seeded. A light st il and sunny place are essential to free growth. Under these con- ditions, the plant covers a trellis or other support in a comparatively short time. tuberdsa, Miinch. Groundnut. Wild j5ea.n. Four to 8 ft., climbing over bushes : root bearing strings of edible tubers, 1-2 in. long: leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate: fls. fragrant, chocolate-brown, the standard very broad and turned back, the keel long, incurved an 1 of scj'the- shape. July-Aug. G.W.F. 44. — Common in l>w grounds. The fruit often fails to mature. Prop, by the tubers, 2 to 4 of which should be planted together a : a depth of 3 or 4 inches ; also, by seeds. Grows well in the wild border, in any loose, rich soil. Likely to bec' )me a weed in rockeries. A. Fortune!, Maxim., is occasionally cult, in Japan for its small, ovate, edible tubers. A.G. 1892:77.— J.. Pricidna, Robin- son, native to Kentucky, may be expected to appear in the trade. The root is a single large tuber, becoming 6 or 7 n. in diam.: fls. greenish white, tinged with roue-purple or mag« nta. A vig- orous climber, first described ,.in 1^8 (^ot. Gaz. i'^: 451, rritl. illustration). j. p. Keller and /.. H. B. 76 APIUM APPLE APIUM. See Ctlfry. APLfiCTRUM (Greek, MjVZt MO /?;)Mr). OrrhidHretr. A email orchid, with smallish dull-colored lis. in a raceme, on a leaHess scape, which springs from a larjfe corm-like tuber. Single species, ia woods in the N. states. hyem^le, Xutt. Putty Root. Adam and-Eve. Fig. 10;{. Sentls up a pointed green If. 2-0 in. long, wliich lasts through the vinter, and in spring a stalk about a foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish brown tls., which are succeeded by hanging, oblong-pointed pods ( Fig. 103). Hardy. May be grown in rich, loamy borders. Interesting, but not showy. APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simple pappus). Syn., Haplupappua. Com- poaitif. About 11.5 species, mostly from California and Chili. Fls. yel- low, in summer and autumn. The only species known to be in Ameri- can trade is lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep- ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, nurn»wly spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in. long : rays l.")-2(t. Mts. of Wash. and Mont. Int. 1889, bv F H. Hors- ford. A. ericoidfs. Hook. & Am. Shnib, 2-.") ft. high : Ivs. verj- numerous, filiform, those of the dense fascicles 2 or 'A lines long: tls.very numerous. O.C. III. 20: 301. APCCYNUM (Greek for dog-bane). Apo<:y}ti)ie(e. Doo-bane. Inhan Hemp. Tough perennial herbs, chiefly of N. Temp, zone, with oblong or ovate opposite Ivs., milkw. d-likefls. in small cymes, and slender follicles or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 native to N. Amer. androssBinifdlium, Linn. Three ft. or less high, usually glabrous, the branches spreading : lobes of corolla revolute and tube of corolla longer than the calyx : Ivs. oval or ovate, short'petioled: cjTnes loose: fls. bell- like, white or pink. N. states : com- mon. B.M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by dealers in native plants. Useful for the hardy border. cacn&binum, Linn. Branches erect or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly erect, the tube not longer than calyx: Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short- petioled : cymes dense: Hs. greenish white. N. states: common.— Not known to be in the trade, but apt to be confounded with the above. APONOGfiTON (Greek uame, re- ferring to its habitat in the water). Naiaudcece. About 20 tropical or sub- tropical water plants. Fls. in twin terminal spikes, wholly naked, but subtended by a double row of petal- like bracts. dist&chyum, Thunb. Cape Pond-weed. Water Haw- THOKN (from the fragrance i. Forked spikes 4-8 in. long, ■with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined, 3-G in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. F.R. 1:463, P.G. 4: lOH. — A charming ai.d interesting plant. In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of ■^ater, 103. Fniit of Aplec- trum hyemale. Nearly natural size. or ont-of -doors It may have twice that depth. Prop, chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept above water at least 24 hours afterwards, an<l set-ds not be allowed to become dry. Var. La^^ngei, Hort. i j. Lagriitvjfi, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowlv R.H. 189.'):. 380. l H. b'' APPLE. RosiieefP. The apple is native to .«!0uth\ve>tern Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from time immemorial. Charred remains of the fniit are found in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, it is grown in every temperate climate, and is the most important commerci;il pomological fruit. The apple has come from two original stems. All the common apples are modiflcations of Ptp-im Jfahin (r<e" Pyrus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy, irregularly dentate, short-stemme Heaves and fairly com- pact clusters of woollystemme(i flowers. The crab- apples nre derived from Pyrus baccata, commonly known as the Siberian crab. This species is probably- of more northern oreasternorigiiithantheother. It is of smoother and more wiry growth, with narrower atul tliinner es- sentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open clusters • f glabrous->tenmied flowers. The fruit i s small and hard, and tbecalyxlobes fall at maturity, leavingthe ey" or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids be- tween these species have given the race of large-fruited 104. A ten -year-old Nebraska apple orchard. The trunks are protected from the sun by board jackets. crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are examples. This race is known to botanists as Pyrus prunifolia. Certain apples are native to North America. Two species, pyrus Joaisis and P. corona ria, are of in- terest to the pomologist. Tbe former is the prairie- states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resem- blance to forms of Pyrus Mnlus. The fruit is spherical or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re- mains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-stn * crab, Pyrus coronaria, is distinctly flattened endwise, and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and the common apples. The fruit is sometimes used by set- tlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus lofusis has produced a number of promising hybrids with the common apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus Souhtrdi. The Soulard crab is the best known of these. Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pomo- logical value of the u.itive crabs is prospective. For a completer pcccunt of the native apples, see Bailey, Evo- lution of our Native Fruits. The most perfect apple region of this country—consid- ering nroductiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes, longevity of tree — is that whicb begins with Nova Scotia and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan. Other important regions are the Piedmont country of Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, ihe Plains regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific -•X-^r- APPLE APPLE 77 reeion the last comprising the foothills in California and the country to the northward. All parts of the United Statt'H north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and exclud- ing tlie warra-teraperate parts of the Southwest and the Paoinc coast, are adapted to the apple in greater or lesser decree. North America is the leading apple-^rowinff country of the world. A full crop for the United States and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not less than 100,000,000 barrels. The apple is a cosmopolitan fruit ; and since it thrives almost anywhere, it is com- monlv neglected. The plants which are most difficult to cultivate are tne ones which are best cultivate<l. The apple was early introduced into this country. In the early days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an anrient and common notion that any apple is good enough for citler ; and this is one reason for the neglect in which the api'Ie plantation is commonly allowed to stand. The best results in apple-growinjr are to be expected when the land i-t tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are those which apply to other crops,— to make plant-food availalde, to extend the area in which the roots can grow, to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our hot an<l sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough to escape the disastrous effects of drou.lit. The ideal treatment of orchard land is to fit the groi id deep before the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or three in order to force the roots down and to thoroughly ameliorate the soil , and to practice shallow tillage in order to conserve moisture. (See Tillage.) Since trees make 105. A eood New York apple orchard at 23 years. most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should be l)eguu as soou as the land is fit in spring; and it may be discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover crop or catch crop (see Cover Crops) late in the peason, in order to secure humus and to improve the physical tex- ture of the soil. If the land is v.'ell handled in the first few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the orchard thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in the spring with a spading harrow, spring-tooth harrow, or other tool, in order to reestablish the surface mulch. The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green- manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such con- dition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has two legitimate objects : tc mellow and ameliorate the lan<l to aconsiderable depth, so that the roots may forage deep ; to turn under a cover crop. The former purpose should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making of the annual surface mulch ; and this mulch is to save the moisture. The apple thrives in a variety of soils, but it is most productive and longest-lived on land which has a con- siderable original admixture of clay : that is, in a clay loam. Lands which yield good crops of wheat and corn may be expected to be good apple lands, if other condi- tions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated lands are generally considered to be most desirable. Apple badly attacked by the scab. Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air. The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet apart each way is the 8tan<lurd distance for apple trees ; but some varieties, as the Wag- ener and the crabs, may be set closer. In the South and on the Plains, trees may be set closer, as they do not attain such great size as in the northeastern states. In general, it is best to devote the land to apples alone; but persons who are willing to give the plantation the best of care may plant other trees _ between the apples, as fill- " ers. The more diverse the kinds of trees which are planted together, the more diffi'nik it is to give the proper care to each. Some of the shorter-lived varieties of apples make excellent fillers in the apple orchard ; and in special cases dwarf apples may be used. It should be the general purpose to till the apple orchard throughout its life ; but whenever the trees seem to be arrowing too ra{»idly, the plantation may be seeded down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice; seeding-down is the special practice. For the first few years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard; it)ut every year a more generous open space should be left about "the trees. Till as often as the land becomes crusted or baked. On strong soils which are well han- dled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertil- izers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fer- tilizers are then needed, and bow much to apply, are to be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees ure making insufficient growt-h, and the foliage lacks color, one or all of three things may be the trouble : the trees may need water ; they may be suffering ^rom in- sects or disease ; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought that they lack nitrogen, tliis material may be supplied in the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the unl>urned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two to three hundred pounds to the acre of th ^ nitrate of soda or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well- tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous grow^th, the probability is that ihey are not in need of more nitro- gen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied. Three hundred pounds of muriate cf potash, or other concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre, under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards tn full bearing should have a liberal annual application of fertilizing materials. In the East, apple trees should be in profitable bearing at 10 years from planting, and should continue in that condition for 30 years. The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple- worm (the larva of the codlin-moth ) , and the apple-scab (Fig. 10(5). These are readily held in check by spraying, — with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with Bor- deaux mixture for the scab. (See Spraying,) Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last 107. Ready for the first seneral spraying. petals fall ; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst (Fig. 107). In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary tc spray first for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects ( as canker- worms, case-bearers, oud-moch) which appear 78 APPLE APPLESEED before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Paris jrreen or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture jit the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends 108. Spur and fruit- bud of apple. 109. One apple t. a cluster. upon the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be com- batted, and the season ; but it is a good rule to expect to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases. The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat thicker than its branch), its jjreater width in proportion to its length, a»-d more conspicuous pubescence. It is also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown in Fig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch grew in 1899, from a bud which came into existence in 1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can be made plain. A cluster of tlowers appeared. One flower set a fruit (Fig. 109). This apple is at the end of the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on the side (Fig. 110). The fruit absorbs the energies of the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud. The bud awaits Its opportunity ; the following year it grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end ( Fig. 108) ; and thereby there arises an alternation in fruit-bearing. The apple is budded or root-gratted upon common apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from 110. ShoiArine the side bud wrhich is to continue the spur the following year. seeds obtained from cider mills. In the East, budded trees are preferred. In the West, root-grafted trees are preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known hardiness can be secured. (See Graftage.) In Russia, seedlings of °ynis baccafa are used as stocks. They prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap- pies are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which. in some remote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cul- tivation and wall-training are common, but they are lit- tle known in America. Apple trees are i^sually planted when two or three years old. The varieties of apple trees actually ou sale in North America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each great geographical area has varieties which are particu- larly adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi valley, there are few of the eastern-states apples which thrive. Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the expectation that they will be adapted to the region ; but more is to be expected of their progeny than of them- selves. Varieties of local origin, coming from various stem types, are now providing that country with satis- factory apples. In the selection of varieties, one should be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur- pose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Con- sult the recom- mended lists of the state horti- cultural socie- ties ; ask per- sons who have had experience in the given re- gion ; write to the experiment station; enquire at the markets. The leading commercial va- rieties in North America are Al- bemarle Pippin, American Gol- den Russet, As- traehan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearniain, Duchess of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gilliflower, Gravenstein, Janet, King, Lawver. Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New- town Pipp'-i, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock, Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beauty, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce, Wealthy,Willow Twier. Wolf River, York Imperial. See Plate I. Bald- win and Ben Davis, the former of inferior quality and the latter of worse, hold the supremacy in American market apples. The apples of the eastern and central country tend towards flattened or oblate shapes (Fig. 111). The typi- cal form of the sc-called long or conical American apple may be seen in Fig. 110. The apples of Europe are often distinctly attenuated and ribbed at the apex (Fig. 112); and this form is also accented in the regions beyond the Rockies. Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap- peared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1807 (the best) ; Todd, Apple Culturist, 1871 ; Bailey, Field Notes on Apple Culture, 1886. Consult, also, Vol. 25, Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1894 ; The Apole, a report of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly all the fruit manuals devote space to the apple. L. H. B. AFFL£SE£D, JCZNNY. An interesting and eccen- tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name was Jonathan Chapman. He was bom in Boston in 177.5, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare- foot through the wilderness, and was never harmed by snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in a coflfee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the 111. The flat or oblate American apple. 112, An Irish apple. APPLESEFD APRICOT 79 113. Apricot leaves. P. Mume on left , P. Armeniaca on rifeht. New Testament he read aloud in many frontier log cabins He had many peculiarities, but was always welcomed and re; pected everywhere. In the war of 1812 he saved maiy lives by warning the settlers of HuH's surrender &nd the approach of the Indians. He lived to see trees bearing fruit over a territory of 100 000 acres. The story of this self-sacrificing: and useful man is told by W. D. Haley in Harper's, 4;'}: 830-836 (1871). W. M. APRICOT. Roshceoe. The apricot is a fruit some- what intermediate between the peach and the plum. The tree is a round-headed, spreading grower, with dark, somewhat peach-like bark, and ver> broad or al- most circular leaves. The fruit, which generally ripens in advance of ix)th the peach and plum, is peach-like in shape and color, with a smoother skin, rich, yellow flesh and large, flat, .mooth stone. The flesh is commonly less juicy than that of the peach, and, as a rule, perhaps, of higher quality. The apricots are of three species, all probably native of China or Japan. The common apricot of Europe and America is Prunus Armeni- aca: fr. variable, but smooti at maturity, red or yellow, the sveet and Ann flesh free, or very ne.irly so, from the large, smooth, flat stone : tree with a round, spread- ing top, and a reddish, cherry-like orpeaca-likebark: lvs.{Fig. 113, right ) ovate or round -ovate, with a short point and, sometimes a heart-shaped base, thin and bright green, smooth, or very nearly so below, as are the gland-bearing stalks, the margins rather obtusely and mostly finely serrate : fls. pink-white and borne singly , sessile or very nearly so, preceding the leaves (Fig. IIG). The Russian apricot is a hardy but smaller-fruited race of this species. The Japanese apricot, in Japan grovvr for flowers rather than for fruit, is Pntnus Mume : fr. small, yellowish or greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry, and adhering tightly to the pitted stone : Lree like the common apricot, but with a ^&yKCOT greener bark and duller f'^liage : Ivs. grayish green, generasly narrower (Fig. 113, left) and long-pointed, more or k-ss hairj' along the veins be- low and on the shorter mostly glandless stalk, thick in texture and prominently netted beneath : fls. fragrant, borne singly or in 2's, and sessile (without stalks). Only recently introduced into this country, chiefly under the iiame of Bungoume plum. The third species is the purple or black apricot, Prunus dasycarpa, which is little cultivated : fr. globular and somewhat plum-like, with a distinct stem, pubescent or fuzzy even at ma- turity, dul] dark purple, the sourish, soft flesh clinging to the plum-like fuzzy stone : tree round-headed, with much the habil of the common apricot, with Ivs. ovate and more or less tapering at both ends, thin, dull green, on slender and pubescent mostly glandless stalks, finely apf)ressed-serrate, and hairy on the veins below : fls. large and plum-like, blush, solitary or in 2's, on pubes- cent stalks a half inch or more long, and appearing in advance of the leaves. See Prunus for related species. The apricot-plum, Prunus Simonii, is discussed under Plum, The apricot is as hardy as the peach, and it thrives in the same localities and under the same general cultiv-a- tion and treatment, but demands rather strong soil. It is grown commercially in New York and other eastern states. There are three chief reasons why the apricot has remained in comparative obscurity in the East : Ignorance of the fruit ; loss of crop by spring frosts, because of the very early season of blooming of the apricot ; the fondness of the curculio for the fruit. To these may be added the fact that we have not yet ar- rived at an understanding of the best stocks upon which to bud the apricot ; but this difliculty may be expected to disappear as soon as greater attention is given to the fruit and our nurserjnnen begin to propagate it exten- sively. Aside from the above difficulties, there are prob- ably no reas(ms why apricots should not be grown in the East as easily »« plums or peaches. The varieties of apricots which are chiefly prized in the eastern states are Harris, Early Moorpark, and St. Ambroise for early ; Turkish or Roman (Fig. 114), Montgamet, Royal and Moorpark for mid-season and late. Of the Russian race, the best known are Alexander, Gibb, Budd, Alexis, Nicholas, and Catherine. The ideal soil for the apricot seems to be one which is deep and dry, and of a loamy or gravelly character. The rolling loamy lands which are well adapted to apples seem to be well suited to the apricot, if the eicposure and location are right. The apricot seems to be particu- larly impatient of wet feet, and many of the failures are due to retentive subsoils. Particular attention should be given to the location and exposure of the apricot orchard. In the East, the best results are obtained if the plantation stands upon elevated land near a large body of water, for there the spring frosts are not so serious as elsewhere. Generally, a somewhat backward exposure, if it can be obtained, is desirable, in order to retard blooming. Apricots will be sure to fail in frosty localities. The apricot should always be given clean culture. For the first two or three years some hued crop may be grown between the trees, but after that the trees should be allowed the entire land, particu- larly if set less than 20 feet apart. Cultivation should be stopped late in summer or early in the fall, in order to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. The trees are pruned in essentially the same way as plums. The fruit- buds are borne both upon spurs (two ax-e shown in Fig. 115), and also on the wood of the last season's grrowth, on either side of the leaf -bud, as shown in the twin and triplet buds above a in Fig. 115. Each bud contains a single naked flower (Fig. IIG). As the fruit b( gins to swell, the calyx-ring is forced off over the top (Fig. 117) ; and the injury from curculio may then be expected. When grown under the best conditions, the anricot may be considered to be nearly or quite as prodr.cti'/e as the peach. Like other fruit trees, it bears in alter- nate years, unless the crops are very heavily thinred; but it can never be recommended for general or indis- criminate planting. Only the best fruit-gr(>wers can succeed with it. Apricots are to be considered as a dessert or fancy fruit, and, therefore, should be neatly packed in small and tasty packages. The most serious enemy of the apricot is the curculio, the same insect which attacks the plum and peach. It seems to have a particular fondness ^or the apricot, and as the fruit sets very early the crop may be expected to be destroyed un- less the most vigilant means are employed of fighting the insect. Spraying with arsenical poisons is uncertain. The insect must be caught by jarring the t-ees, in the 114. Apricot, the Roman (X 3^). same manner as on plums and peaches, but the work must be even more thoroughly done than upon those fruits. The jarring should begin as soon as the blos- soms fall, and continue as long as the insects are nu- merous enough to do serious damage. It will usually be 80 APRICOT APRICOT necessary to catch the insects for three to six weeks, two or thr?e times a week, or, perhaps, even every day. The work must be done early in the morning:, while the cur- culio is indisposed to fly. The operation consists in knocking? the insects from the tree by a quick jar or shake, catching? them upon a white sheet or in a canvas hopper. The catcher most commonly used in western New York is a stront? cloth hopper mounted upon a wheelbarrow-iike frame, and running upon two wheels. The hopper converges into a tin box, into which the curculios roll as they fall upon the sheet. One man wheels the device, by barrow-like handles, under the tree, then drops the handles and jars the tree ; or some- times two men go with a machine, one wheel- ing it and the other jarring the trees. This device ia us d extensively by practical fruit- growers for catching the curculio on the vari- ous stone fruits. It is not yet certain what are the best stocks for apricots in the East, in commercial or- chards. It is proV>able that no one stock is best under all circumstances. The apricot root itself seems to be impatient of our cold and wet soils, which are drenched by the drain- age of winter. It needs a very deep and rich soil, but it is doubtful if it is safe for the East. The con mon plum (not myrobalan) is an excellent stc •■ for plum soils, and the apri- cot does well either nursery-budded or top- worked upon it. Peach is probably the com- monest stock, and, for peach soils, it is prob- ably the best that can be used. If the apricot thrives upon various stocks, it is thereby adapted to many soils. The apricot is often trained on walls, where the fruit reaches the highest perfection. Care should be taken that the wall does not face to the west or the south, or the early-forced flowers may be caught by frost. An over- hanging cornice will aid greatly in protecting from frost. L. H. B. The Apricot in California. — The apricot is one of the lead- ing commercial fruits of Cali- fornia. It was introduced by the Mission Fathers, for Vancouver found it at the Santa Clara Mis- sion in 1792. However, there is no relation between this early introduction and the expansion which quickly followed the Amer- ican occupation, because the Mis- sion Fathers had only seedling fruits, while the early American planters, shortly before the gold discovery, introduced the best French and English varieties, and were delighted to And that these sorts, usually given some protection in the Old World, grew with surpris- ing thrift of tree and size of fruit in valley situations in California in the open air. Upon these facts the apri- cot rose to wide popularity. The acreage has steadily increased during the last fifty years, and with particu- larly swift rate during the last twenty years, until the number of trees at the present date (1899) is about three millions, occupying upwards of forty thousand acres of land. This notable increase, and the present prospect of much greater extension, is based upon the demand which has arisen for the fruit in its fresh, canned, dried and crystallized forms, in all the regions of the United States, in England and on the Continent, where, by reason of its superior size and acceptable manner of curing, it has achieved notable popularity. The year 1897 was the greatest thus far in amount of dried product realized, viz.: 80,000,000 pounds. The year 189.T was greatest in amount of canned product, which reached upwards of 360,000 cases, each containing two dozen 2/^-pound cans. The shipment of fresh apricots out of California during the summor of 1897 was 177 carloads. The chief part of the apricot crop of California is grown in the interior valleys. In the low places in 115. Fruit- buds of the apricot. Borne beside the leaf- bud, as on the peach, and also on spurs. these valleys, however, the fruit is apt to be injured and sometimes almost wholly destroyed by spring frosts, al- though the trees make excellent growth. In foothill situations adjacent to these valleys, there ^s also serious danger of frost above an elevation of about fifteen hun- dred feet above sea level, and the tree is rarely planted for commercial purposes. In southern California the apricot succeeds both in the coast and interior valleys. But along the coast northward, excepting the very im- portant producing regions of the Alameda and Santa Clara valleys, eastward and southward from the Bay of San Francisco, the apricot is but little grown, owin^ to frost troubles. In respect to these, the apricot is some- what less subject to harm than the almond, but it is less hardy than the peach, and has, therefore, a much narrower range of adaptation. The average date of the blooming of apricot varieties is about two weeks later than that of the almonds. The apricot is adapted to a wide range of soils, because to the rather heavy, moist loams which its own root tolerates, it adds the lighter tastes of the peach root, upon which it is very largely propagated. However, attempts to carry the apricot upon heavier, moister soils by working it upon the plum root have not been very successful, owing to the dwarf- ing of the tree; and the movement toward the light, dry loams, by working upon the almond root, has failed be- cause the attachment is insecure, and the trees are very apt to be snapped off at the joining, even though they may attain bearing age before the mishap occurs. The apricot root itself is a favorite morsel with rodents, and is for that reason not largely used. Our mainstay for the apricot, then, is the peach root, and the soils which this root enjoys in localities sufficiently frost-free are, there- fore, to a great extent the measure of our apricot area. Apricot trees are produced by budding on peach or apricot seedlings during their first summer's growth in the nursery row, from pits planted when the ground is moist and warm, at any time during the preceding win- ter. When there is a great demand for trees, planting in orchard is sometimes done with dormant buds, but ordinarily the trees are allowed to make one summer's growth in the nursery. The trees branch during the first year's growth from the bud, and usually come to the planter with a good choice of low-starting branches, from which to shape the 1' w-headed tree which is universally preferred. The method of securing such a tree is iden- tical with that already described for the almond, but the t'-eatment of the tree after reaching bearing age, in its third year, is very different from the after treatment of the almond. The apricot is a ram- pant grower and most profuse bearer. Unless kept continually in check it will quickly rush out of reach, and will destroy its low shoots and spurs by the dense shade of its thick, beautiful foliage. There is continually necessary, then, a cer- tain flegree of thinning of the sur- plus shoots and shortening of the new growth to continue the system of low branching, to relieve the tree from an excess of bearing wood, and to avoid small fruit and exhaustion of the tree, risulting in alternate years of bearing. In the coast regions, where the tree makes moderate wood growth, it can be kept in good form and bearing by regular winter pruning. In warmer regions, where the tendency is to exuberant wood growth, the main pruning is done in the summer, immediately after the fruit is gathered. This has a tendency to check wood growth and promote fruit bearing, and where the main cutting is done in the summer, win- ter pruning is reduced to thinning out shoots, to prevent the tree from becoming too dense and to lessen the work of hand-thinning of the fruit later on. In addition, however, to the most intelligent prun- ing, much fruit must be removed by hand when there is a heavy st ot it, io order to bring the fruit to a size 116, Flowers of apricot. the APRICOT .QUARIUM 81 117. Young apricots sheddine the rine. satisfactory to shippers or canners, and to reach he highest grades, if drying is practiced. California apri- cot orchards are al". trrown with clean tillage, for the main purpose of moisture conservation. In regions of good rainfall and sufficiently retentive loams no irrigation is required ; good tillage will suf- fice for the production of large fruit and perfection of <'ruit-bud8 for the following year. As the trees are becoming older and bearing larger crops the demand for moisture increases, and the use of irriL'ition water is grow- ing. In i! -t places, however, one irrigatmn is sufficient, and that is given after fruit gather- ing, to carry the tree through the last half of its season's work. In the regularly irrigated regions of the state, water i; periodically applied through the growing sea- son, in such amount and at such intervals as the local climate and soils require. Though probably all the good varieties of the apricot in the world have been introduced into California during the last half century, and scores of sele ted seedlings of local origin have been widely tested, the varieties which have survived the tests and are now widely grown are comparatively few in number. Most of the rejected varieties met this fate because of shy bearing, and those which now constitute the bulk of the crop are very regu- lar and full bearers under rational treatment. A local seedling, the Pringle, was for many years chiefly grown for the earliest ripening, but this has recently been largely superseded by another local seedling, the New- castle, which is of superior size and about as early. The European varieties. Large Early and Early Golden, are fine in a few localities where they bear well, and do better in southern California than elsewhere. The uni- versal favorite is the Royal ; probably three-fourths of all the trees in the state are of this variety, though re- cently the area of the Blenheim has been increasing largely. The Hemskirk stands next to the Blenheim in popularity. The Peach is largelv grown in the Sacra- mento valley. The best apricot grown in California is the Moorpark ; in size and lusciousness, when well ri- pened, it heads the list. It is. however, rather shy in bearing, and is forsaken for this fault in most regions. It shows the best behavior in the Santa Clara valley, and is there retained, in spite of frequent lapses, because of the high prices which it commands at the canneries. About a dozen other varieties are carried in small num- ber by the nurserymen to meet limited looal demand*. Apricots for canning and drying are graded according to size : Extra, not less than 2% inches in diameter ; Xo. 1. 2 inches ; No, 2, 1% inches ; No. 3, I inch. The first tiiiee g-ades must be sound, clean and free from blemish, anc. No. 3 must be of good merchantable quality. The shippers and canners require well- colored but only finu-ripe fruit, beeause both the long rail transportation and the canning process require it ; soft-ripe fruit will neither can nor carry. For drying, riper fruit is used, and yet over-ripeness has to be guarded asainstto avoid tea dark color. For canning, the fruit must be carefully hand-picked ; for drying, much is shaken from the trees. The drying process consists in cutting the fruit in halves longitudinally, dropping out the pits and plac- ing the halves cavi>^y uppermost upon light wooden trays. Breaking or tearing the fruit open ^ill not do ; it must show clean-cut edges. When the trays are cov- ered they are placed in a tight compartment, usually called a "sulfur box," though it may be of considerable size, and the fruit is exposed to the fumes of slowly burning sulfur, to ensure its drying to the light golden color which is most acceptable to the trade. The pro- duction of the right color is the end in view, and differ- ent dryers regulate the amount of sulfur and the length of exposure accordinir to the condition of their fruit and their judgment of what it needs. The exposure varies from half an hour to two or three hours, according to circumstances. After sulfuring, the trays are taken to open ground, and the fruit is cured in the sun. Only a very small fraction of the California product of evapo- rated apricots is cured in an evaporator. It requires about sis pounds of fresh apricot." to make one pound of cured fruit. 118. A museum-iar aquarium. More animal life would make a better equilibriuii.. A moderate estimate of the yield of apricots might be placed at seven and one-half tons to the acre : extreme yields are far away from this both ways. The apricot is, as a rule, a very healthy tree in Cali- fornia. It is, however, subject to injury by scale insects of the lecanium group in some parts of the state. Dur- ing recent years there has been increasing injury by a shot-hole fungus, which perforates the leaves and niakes ugly pustules upon the fruit. Such fruit is unfit for canning except the fruit be peeled, which is little done as yet. It also makes low-grade dried prodi ct. This fungus can be repressed by fungicides of the copper *^^*^^' EdwAKD J. WiCKSOK. AQUABIUM. An aquarium, to be in a healthy condi- tion, should contain living plants — oxyj^enators — which are as necessary as food, as fish cannot live on food only. The aquarium must be kept clean. The sediment should be removed from the bottom with a dip tube twice a week, and the inner side of the glass cleaned with a wiper once a week. Encourage the growth of the plants at all seasons ; admit plenty of light, but no direct sun- shine. There should also be a few tadpoles and snails in the aquarium. These are very essential, as they are scavengers, and devour the confervoid growth that fre- quently accumulates on the plants. In fall, give a thor- ough cleaning and rearrangenient of the aqimrium, so that all are in the best condition possible before winter sets in. In March it should be care- fully looked over, and undesirable plants removed or transplanted. Ad- ditions may be made,or any change if necessary. Fol- lowing are some of the best p4ants to place in the aqua- rium, all of which can be easily and cheaply procured from dealers who 119. A rectangular glass aquarium, make a specialty of aquatics : Cnbomha viridifoJia {C. Carnliniana), the Fanwort (sometimes called Washington Fish (trass, being found in quantities in D.C. and southward), is 82 AQUARIUM AQUATI. IVt. Permanent aquariurn tnad« of MTood and 2lass. a most beautiful and interesting plant of a light green color. The leaf is fan-shaped, composed of tilameut.s or ribs, much like a skeletonized leaf. Ludwigia Mu- lerttii is also a beautiful plant, aa well as a valuable oxygenator, having dark green, glossy foliage, the under side of the leaf bright red. Vallisneria gpiralis is the well known eel grass : Lvs. strap- like : root creeping and spreading: tit^. strictly dicBcious : a very interesting plant in large aqua- riums. Sagittnria nufans somewhat re- sembles Vallisaeria, but tiie lvs. are wider and x\ot so long, of a bright green color, and it makes better growth in winter, wL'^h is ve"y desirable. Myriophyllut.i verticillafum : lvs. pinnately parted into capillary divisions ; foliage and stem of a bronzy green color. This, with M. hete- rophyllitm, as well as Cabomba, are sold by dealers in bunches, buc establislied plants are preferablo for stock- ing the aquarium. The above plants are wholly sub- merged, growing under the surface of the water, and are of the most importance in the aquarium. Another submerged plant that does not require planting, and is sometimes used, is Strntiotes aloides, the water soldier or water aloe. The young plants are very pretty, but the large plants are stiff and the edges of the lvs. are dangerous, being armed with spines. Nu- merous floating plants are adapted to the aquarium, but too many must not be in evidence, or tht; fish may become suffocated. The Azollas are very pretty, and the flsh will occasionally eat the plants. Tne Salvinia is another small plant often seen in the aquarium, but under favorable conditions it grows very rapidly, and forms a complete mat, wliich must be avoided. The Eu- ropean and American frog's-bits (Limnobium Spnngia, Hydrochuris Morsns-rancp) are very attractire plants, tlieir long, silky roots reaching down in the water. The water hyacinth, Eichhornia erassipes, var. major, in a small state is a curious and pretty plant, but does not continue long in a good condition, generally resulting from too much shade and unnat ural conditions of atmosphere. This plant is of benefit to the aquarium in the breeding sea- son, as the roots are receptacles for fish spawn. The water lettuce (Pistio Stratiotes) is another very attractive plant, but it should be avoided except where the water is kept warm. William Tkicker. Aquariums are rapidly in- creasing in popularity for home use, and are of great service in nature study. The following points, together with the illus- trations, aie taken from Life in an Aquarium, Teachers' Leaflet No. 11, published by the College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.: A permanent aquarium need not be an expensive affair. The rec- tangiilar ones are best if large fishes are to be kept, but they are not essential. A simple home-made aquarium of glass and wood is described in Jack- man's Nature Study, as follows (the dimensions being slightly altered): "Use an inch board IVA inches wide and 12 inches long for the bottom^ and two boards of the same thickness and length, 10^ inches high, for the ends. Three-eighths of an ir\o]i from the edge on either side, with a saw, make a groov.> J^^inch deep and wide enough to receive loosely double-strength glass. Groove the end boards and fasten them to the bottom with screws, so that the grooves will exat-tiy match. Partially fill the grooves with soft puity. or, better, aquarium cement, and presa into each side a pane of glass. By making the bottom board 1 1 % inches long, an ordinary 10 x 12 window pane will be the proper size. Whenl'.ie glass is pressed to the bottom of the groove, draw the two ends in at the top until the glass is held firmly and then fasten them in place by narrow strips of wood, one on each side of the tank, placed on top of the glass and screwed to the end pieces. These strips also protect the hands from injury while working with the snecimens in the aquarium. Before filling with water, the inner surface of the bottom and ends sliould be well rubbed with oil or parafline and the grooves inside Ihe glass well packed with putty." After the liox is nade it would be well to let it stand in water for a day or two. The woo<len sides will swell and tijjhten the joints, and leakage will be less probable. AQUATICS. America is the most highly favored coun- try in the world for the cultivation of A<iuatic plants. Collections can easily be Liade t > furnish a disphiy of flowers from April to October in the open without arti- ficial heat. All Aquatics require a rich soil, and this without limit, a depth of water from 1 to .3 feet, and ample space to spread their succulent leaves. In a natural pond, where there is an accumulation of humus overlaying a clayey subsoil, nothing more is wanted, but on a sandy or gravelly bottom it is necessary to place a layer of rich soil 12 to IP inches deep. In artificial pon<ls, built of masonry (Fig. 122), a layer of rich soil is necessary if the plants are to be planted out, as is best for Nelumbiums. The soil best suited for Aquatics is a turfy loam, inclining to heavy, and thoroughly rotted cow-manure, two parts of the former to one of the latter, and, where possible, it should be composted some time before using, and turned over two or three times to thoroughly incorporate the manure. When cow-manure can not be obtained, other thoroughly rotte<l manure may be used. The next best fertilizer is pulverized sheep manure, but, this being less bulky and stronger in proportion, sho ild not be used as freely as other manures ; one part sheep manure to ^ « I ,o^- L 1 ^" :r> «« c^^ T>- SCCTJON ON UNE A-B 121. W^orkins drawines for making: box shown in Fig. 120. AQUATICS AQUATICS 83 nine of soil is sufficient. Chemical manures, pround bone, horn shavings, etc., .should not be used unless in extrt^iie ca.«ies. and then verj- cautiously. Depth of Water.— In natural ponds, water-lilies are f("in(l frrowinjr in water from a few inches to 4 and 6 feei deep, hut in artificial ponds a depth of 12 to 18 inches will be found sufficient for most Nymphieas, and 18 to 24 inches is a good depth for Victorias. In const.'ucting an artificial pond, a depth of 2 to 2^ feet is ample. Water ti» the depth >f 12 iuches abovo the crowns oi: the plants is sufficient, and a box containing the soil may >^e 12 inches tleep. Thus a pond 2 feet in depth is deep enough, an'l will allow a man, with hip V)Oots on, to walk betv,-een the plants with ease. For a small pond, less than 12 feet over, a plank laid across will suffice for all operatious. Pkotection.— Wtiere severe frosts are prevalent 'n winter, and ice 12 to 18 inches in thickness is found, there will be danger of the roots freezing. In such cases, an additional depth of 6 inches will be a great advantage, and a protecti<m of bracken, salt hay, green manure, leavt's. or any other non-conducting materials should be used to protect the masonry, in severe weather, against expansion and breakage. Planting. — All hardy Nympha^as may be planted any time between the 1st of April and the 1st of September. Those planted early, other things being equal, will give good results the same season, while those planted late will get well established before winter, and will be in excellent condition to start at nature's summons early the following spring. The hardy Nymphteas diflFer con- siderably as to rootstocks. Those of the native varie*'"s are long and of a spong}-, soft texture, and ramblin n growth, while the European species have a muc' ' u ..er and very firm rootstock, and grow more com^ . In planting, all that is necessarj- is to press the r stock tirmly into the soil, and if there is any dangi r of the ri)Ot rising to the surface, place a brick or any weight upon it, to keep it in position until anchored by its own roots. Tender Nymphaeas shoul-^ rot be planted until the hitter end cf May or beginning of June, a<*cording to location. They should not be plant -d out before Coleus, Alternanthera, and other tender beiiding plants. They reijuire to be start<'d indoors, and will be grown in pots, which are much handier to plant than roots of the hardy varieties, and can be j)lanted under the water with ease and facility. Nelumbiums should not be planted until about the 1st of May. Southward the season is earlier. The existing conditions should be such that tubers shall start at once into active growth. They should be alrea<ly "started" before setting out. The" tubers should be laid horizontally in a slightly excavated trench aud covered with 2 or .'} inches of soil, using a weight, if necessary, to keep the tubers in position. Plants, established in pots or pans, are very convenient for planting, and may be purchased when tubers can no lousier be procured, and can be planted a month later in the season with good results. The Victoria Jiegia has always been an aristocrat among water-lilies, and few cultivators could indulge in such a horticultural luxury. To grow it satisfactorily, a large surfa<'e space with a greater depth of water is necessary than for other aquatics, and a higher tempera- ture is needed at the early stages. It can be cultivated in the open air, but artificial heat must usually be applied and protection afforded, so as to maintain a temperature of 8.")=* F. This applies more particularly to the varieties I'. Beifia and F. Randi. In 1898 the introducer of >'. Trickeri brought the Victoria within easy reach and cui' ture of all lovers of aquatic plants. V. Trickeri is en- tirely distinc* from other known varieties, and can be grown in the open alongside of Nymphcea Zamibnrensia and y. DevonieHHix, and under precisely the same con- < .'• ■ *"" ^ 123. Tub of water-hUes. m. Lawn pond of aquatics, with mason-work marKin. ditions. When planted out about the middle of June, the plants grow rapidly, aud will develop their gigantic leafage and magnificent flowers in August, and continue to do so until destroyed by frost. Enemies.— Aquatics, like other plants, have their ene- mies in the line of insect pests, though in a less degree than most plants. Aphides are sometimes troublesome, or at least very unsightly. These, however, have their eneniie.1, especially the coccinella (lady-bird), insectiv- orous birds, etc. Where these do not keep them down, a weak application of kerosene emulsion will make a clearance. Another method of getting rid of these pests, especially in a small artificial pond, where an overflow is (or should be) provided, is to take the hose with a spray, using a little force, and drive the i»»^eets off the plants, and, as they readily float on the water, the action with tlie hose will drive them out at the overflow pipe. Re- cently an insect pest that has its iiome in Florida has migrated northward, causing some annoyance. The larva of the moth (Hydrocampa proprialis) eats the leaf, and also cuts out pieces of the same, which it uses for protec- tion, thereby greatly disfiguring the plant, and at the same time making it difficult to get at the enemy. The best remedy for this and the Nelumbium moth, which is very much like it, is a lamp trap. Any ordinary lamp placed near the plants at night, and standing in a shal- low vesessl containing kerosene, will attract the insects, which, on striking the lamp, fall into the kerosene and are no further trouble. Muskrats are more or less troublesome, especially where Nelumbiums are grown. They will eat the tubers in winter and early spring, and will make sad havoc with banks. They will also eat the roots of some Nymphieas. The best remedy for these is the steel trap. A sporadic disease has also made its ap- pearance. The leaves are affected with spots, which, under a damp, warm atmosphere, sprea<l rapidly. Such climatic conditions, followed by bright sunshine, cause the affected leaves to shrivel up. This greatly weakens and chec'ks the plants. This disease yields readily to a weak s»)lution of Bordeaux mixture. The same remedy is also very valuable in ridding the pond of all con- fervoid growth. Tib Cri.TrKE should be resorted to only from lack of space, or when no other method can be adopted ( Fig. 12:5 ) . For this system of culture, N'ymphwas should be selected that are moderate growers, yet free-flowering, and other miscellaneous a4}uatic plants. The tubs should hold from 4 to 12 cubic feet of soil for Nymphceas, according 84 AQUATICS AQUILEGIA to the variety, some being moderate growers, others vig- orous and robust. „, _, W iLLiAM Thicker. [The best book on the American culture of Aquatics is The Water Garden, by Wm. Tricker, N. Y. 1897, pp. 120, to which the reader is referred for extensive cultural directions and for lists of Aquatic plants. For l>otanical descriptiors of the various kinds of Aquatics, with brief, special cultural directions, the reader may consult the Cyclopedi V OP American Hoktktltur'e, under the variotis genera, as yy mphcca , JVelumbium, and Victoria. -L. H. B.J AQIJIL£6IA (from aqnih-gus, •watfcr-<irawer, not from a^ (//('«. eagle). Raniinculticea>. Columbine. Hardy per- ennial herbs of the northern hemisphere ; mostly with paniculate branches, terminated by showy flowers, and l-'i ternately-compourd leaves, commonly glaucous; the it'' ■ill* 124. Aquileeia Canadensis. le'\flets roundish and obtusely lobed : fls. large, showy, usually in spring or early summer ; sepals 5, regular, petaloid ; petals concave, produced backward between the sepals, forming a hollow spur ; stamens numerous: fr. of about 5 many-seeded follicles. About 30 distinct species. The Columbines are among the most beautiful and popular of all hardy plants. Seeds sown in pans, in coldframes in March, or open air in April, occasionally bloom the first season, but generally the second. The different species should be some distance apart, if pos- sible, if pure seed is desired, as the most diverse species hybridize directly. They may be propatfatod by division, but better by seeds. Absolutely pure seed is hard to ob- tain, except from the plants in the wild state; and some of the mixed forms are quite inferior to the true species from which they have come. A, ctrrulea, glandulom and vulgaris are likely to flower only two or three years] and should be'treated as biennials; but -4. t-ulgari's mav be kept active for a longer period by transplantimr. A Gray, Syn. Flora of N. A.,Vol. 1, Part 1, Fasc. 1, pp. 4LM5! J. G. Baker, A Synopsis of the Aquilegia, in Gard. ("hron II. 10:19, 7G, 111, 203 (1878). k. C. Davis A light, sandy soil, moist, with good drainage, <ih<l- tered, but exposed to sun, is what they prefer. Some vi the stronger specie*?, when of nearly full-flowering size. may be transplanted into heavier garden soil, even tieavy clay, and made to succeed ; but for the rearing of vounlr seedlings, a light, sandy loam is essential. The seed of most Columbines is rather .dow in germinating, and it h necessary to keep the soil moist on top of the ground until the young plants are up. A coldframe, with medium heavy cotton covering, is a good place to grow the plants. The cotton retains sufficient moisture to keep the soil moist on top, and still a<lmits sufficient circulation of air to prevent damping-off of the young seedlings. When large enough, the seedlings may be pricked out into another frame for a time, or, by shading for a few days until they get a start, they may be set into the permanent border, or wherever they are to be placed. F. H. HORSFORD. The following is an alphabetical list of the species de- scribed below : A. alpina, 16 ; atrata, 9 ; atropurpurea, 31iq.,6; «/ro/)«r«rea, Willd., 4; bicolor, 10; blan(la,9; Buergeriana, 6; ca?rulea, 15; c(Frt<?efl, var. flavescens.a; Californica, 11; Canadensis, 5; Canadensis, vht. aurea, 13 ; Canadensis, var. fomiosa, 11 ; caryophylloides, 19; chrysantha. 13; tlabellata, 7; flavescens,o; flavi flora,')-, fomiosa, 11 Gameriann,10; glandulosa, 17; Jonesii.l; lactiflora, 3 ; leptoceras, Fisch. & Mey., 8 ; leptoceras, Nutt., 1.5 ; leptoceras, var. chrysantha, 13 ; longissima, 14 ; macrantha, 15 ; Olympica, 9 ; oxysepala, 2 ; Sibir- ica, 10 ; Skinneri, 12; jS)t/M n^ri, var. hybrida, 13 ; sped- osa, 10 ; stellata, 9; Stuarti.18; truncata, 11; viridiflora, 4; vulgaris, 9; Wittmanniana,9. A. Sepals not more than l^ or %in. long : expanded fls.l or l%in. in diam. B. Limb of petal shorter than the sepal. 1. Jdnesii, Perry. True st. very short or almost want- ing, soft pubescent : tufted root-lvs. 1-2 in. high from the stout, ascending branches of the rootstock, biter- uately divided; partial-petioles very short or none; leaf- lets very crowded: fls. blue; sepals oblong-obtuse, equal- ing the spurs and twice the length of the petal-limbs and head of stamens : follicles glabrous, large, nearly 1 in. hmg. ; styles half as long ; peduncles lengthening to about 3 in. in fr. July. Wyom. and Mont. G.F. 9: 3(J5. 2. oxysepala, Traut. & Mey. Plant 2}4 ft., slightly pubescent above : radical Ivs. long-petioled, secondary divisions sessile : sepals blue, ovate-lanceolate, much exceeding in length the petal limbs, which are 6 lines long, white, rounded-truncate ; stamens not protruding: beyond the petal limb : spur knobbed, bent inward, shorter than petal -limb : follicles pubescent, with styles their own length. June. Siberia. — In 1898 F. H.Horsford said : "The flrst to bloom with me, and one of the most attractive in the list. It is one of the most dwarfed ; fls. large, blue, yellow and white : it comes so much be- fore the others that its capsules, as a rule, all fertilize before any of the other species come into flower." Only recently introduced. 3. lactifldra, Kar. & Kir. St. IJ^ft. high, glabrous in the lower part : partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 J-2-2 in. long; Ifts. sessile or short-stalked, 1 in. long, many lobes reach- ing half way down; st.-lvs. petioled and compound: fls. about 3 to a st. : sepals nearly white or tinged with blue, over Kin. long, narrow; petal-limb half as long as sepal; spur ?';iin., slender, nearly straight, not knobbed at tip; stamens equal in length to the limb. June. Altai Mts., Siberia.— A desirable species, but not much used. BB. Limb of petal about equal to sepal. 4. viridifldra, Pallas. St. 1-lKft. high, finely pubes- cent throughout, several-fld. : thepartial-petiolesof root- lvs. 1-2 in. long ; Ifts. sessile or the end one shortly stalked, AQUILEGIA AQUILEGIA 85 lobes rather narrow and deep ; lower at.-lvs. petioled, biternatf : s^^-pals oblong, obtuse, ascenditiK. greenish, equaliugthe broad, greenish petal-linih. but not rea<-hing the hea4l of stamens ; spur straight, slender, ^ain. long, not knobbed: pubescent follicles as short as their styles. Summer. E. Siberia.— Not so much used as the follow- ing variety : Var. atropurptirea, Vilm. {A. atropurpurea , Willd.). Limbs of ^l.e petals dee] ^'ue or lilae-puritlt-, and the sepals an<l spur somewhat tinged with the same hue. B.R. 922. '.. Canadensis, Linn. Connox CoLrMBiKE of America. Fi". 1-^- height 1-2 r't. : primary divisions v* .)eti«des cfl'out-ivs. 1-2 in., having 3 divisions ; 2 or 2 of the st.- jvs. pt-ioled, bitemate : tls. several to a st. ; sepals yel- lowish or tintr<< < n the biu-k with red, about ^'ain. long, not reflexmg ; limb of petals a little shorter, yellowish, truncate ; spur -^^in. long, nearly straight, knobbv-d at the end, bright red throughout; stamens much protrud- ing : follicles ?4in. long, with styles half as long. May- Julv Stonv banks, etc., east of Rockv Mts. Int. 1890. B.M. 246. L.B.C. 9: 888. Mn. ,5:21. R.H. 189t>, p. 109. G W.F. 1. '""icre are some beautiful hybrids of this and the blue species. Var. nJUia, Hort. Plant 1 ft. high or less: tls. like the type. Var. flav^scens, Hook. A pale-lvd. yellow-fld. variety. Very pretty. Int. 1889. This has often been called A. fhive.scens^ Wats.; A. e(erulea,\&r. flarescena, Lawson; and A. flnviflora, Tenney ; A. Canadensis, var. flavi- flora, Brit. B.M. 6552 B. 6. Buergeriana, Sieb. & Zucc. (.1. atropurpurea , Jliq.). More slender than A. vulgaris; 1 ft. high, finely pubescent toward the top ; branched to form sev- eral heads, bearing 2-3-petioled, biternate Ivs. ; partial- petioles of basal Ivs. K-1 in. long, with :5 sessile divis- ions : fls. yellow, tinted with purple, 1-1 % in. in diam. ; sepals 54in. long, acute, spreading ; spurs erect, nearly straight, as long as the limb of petals, and about equal- ling the sepal ; head of stamens equal to limb in length : follicles pubescent, ^in. long, style half as long. Early. Japan. — Brought from St. Petersburg, 1892. AA. Sepals about 1 in. Jong : expanded fJ. about 2 in. in diameter. B. Spurs shorter than the petal-timb. and incurved. 7. flabell^ta, Sieb. & Zucc. Stem 1-lK ft., few-fld. : partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 in. or more, lft«. nearly sessile ; st.-lvs. large and petioled : fls. bright lilac, or pale purple or white ; sepals 1 in. long, obtuse ; limb of petal half as long, often white in the lilac-fld. form: spur shorter than the limb, slender toward the end, much incurved ; stamens not protruding beyond the petal- limbs : follicles glabrous. Summer. Japan. R.H. 1890, p. 109. Var. n4na-&lba, Hort. (var. f lore -alba, Hort.). Fls. pure white : pluat dwarfish. R.B. 15: 157. BB. Spur at least as long as petal-limb. c. Stamens short, not much protruding. 8. leptocdras, Fisch. & Mey. Stem several-fld., about 1 ft. high : partial -petioles of root-lvs. over 1 in., Ifts. sessile ; st.-lvs. petioled, biternate . fls. violet, with the tips of the sepals greenish, and tips of the short petal- limb yellow ; spur slender, slightly curved, Kin. long, not knobbed ; stamens protruding a little beyond the limbs of petals : follicles slender, glabrous, nearlv 1 in. long. Summer. E.Siberia. B.R. 33:04. F.S. 3:290.- Little used in America. 9. vtagiris, Linn. (A. stelliita, Hort. A. atrdta, Koch). Common C. of Europe. Stems 1^^2-2 ft. high, many-rtd., finely pubescent throughout : root-lvs. with 3 partial -petioles l}4-2 in. long, secondary branches certain, ultimate leaf-lobes shallow and roundish, tex- ture firm ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : fls. violet, furnished with a claw, acute, 1 in. long, half as wide ; petal-limb ^4in. h)ng, equ^ing the head of sta- mens : spur about same length, stout, much incurved, knobbed : follicles densely pubescent, 1 in. long, style lialf aslong. Summer. Eu., Sib., and naturalized in Am. Gn. 12, p. 288. Var. fldre-pl^no, Hort. Fls. much dou- bled, ranging from pure white to deep blue. Here be- long many horticultural varieties with personal names. Var. Vervaene^na, Hort. (var. foliia-aureis, Hort. Var. afroi-ii.lactii. Hort.). Lvs. with yellow variegated lines. Var. nivea, Baumg. (var. dlba, Hort.). Mijnstead's White r. Often 2-3 ft. high : a great prof usion of large, pure white fls. for several weeks in early spring. Var. Ol^mpica, Baker (A. Olftmpica, Boiss. A.Witt- manniiina, Hort. A. bldhda. Lem.). A fine variety, with several large flowers ; sepals light lila(! or bright purple, 1 in. or more in length ; petal-limb white. I.H. 4:146. R.H. 1890. p. 108. Var. h^brida, Sims. Mu»*h like the last variety, but wnth stojt. lilac-p' rple spurs as long as the sepals, only flight. . incurved. Probablv a hvbrid of A. vulgaris and A. Canade, sis. P.. M. 1221." 10. Sibirica, Lam. {A. bivolnr. Ehrh. A. Gaiineridna, Sweet. A. speciosn, iX'.i. Stem \}i-2 ft. high, many- fld.; often nearly glaI»rous throughout : jiartial-petioles of root-lvs. 1-2' in., sometimes showing 3 distinct branches; terminal Ifts. 1 in. or more l)roaU, lobes rather shallow and rounded ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biter- nate : fls. pale or bright lilac-blue ; obloi g sepals fully 1 in. long, sprea<ling or reflexed a little ; petal-limb half as long, equaling the hea<l of stamens, and often white ; spur rather stout, ^oin. or more, very much incurved, Jr even coiled : follicles glabrous, 1 in. lontr. stvle ^8in. Summer. E. Siberia. S.B.F.U. 11. 1 : 90. Var. fldre-pleno, Hort. (^-1. birolor, var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. much doubled by the multiplication of both the limbs and the spurs. Var. 8pect4bili8, Baker {A. spectdbilis, Lem.). A large, bright lilac-fld. var.; petal-limbs tipped yellow. Amurland. I.H. 11:403, CO. Stamens long, protruding far beyond the petal-limb. 11. formdsa, Tesch. (A. Canadensis, var. formdsa, Wats.). Habit as in A. Canadensis ; root-lvs. and st.- lvs. like that species, but fls. brick red and yellow, or wholly yellow, and sepals larger, quite twice as long as petal-limb ; spurs more spreading, somewhat more slen- der, and often shorter. Mav-Aug. Sitka to Calif, and E. to the Rockies. Int. 188*1. B.M. 0.')52. F.S. 8:795. Gt. .12 : 372. R.H. 1896, p. 108. G.C. 18.")4 : 836. Var. h^- brida, Hort. (A. Californica,x&T. hybrida, Hort.). Fls. large, with scarlet sepals and yellow petals ; spurs sprea<ling, long and slender. A supposed hvbrid with A. chrifsantha. F.M. 1877: 278. Vick's 1: 33 f. 2. Var. itibra pl^no, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. as in var. hybrida, but several whorls of petal-limbs. Var. nana 41ba, Hort. Fls. pale, often nearly white ; plant not exceeding 1 ft. Var. tnmciLta, Baker (.4. tmncdfa, Fisch. A. Cali- fdrnica, Lindl.). Fls. with short, thick spurs and very small sepals and a small petal-limb. Int. 1881. F. S. 12: 1188 (as A.eximia, Hort.). 12. Skinneri, Hook. Stem 1-2 ft. high, many-fld., gla- brous : root-lvs. long-petioled, with both primary and secondarj' divisions long ; Ifts. cordate, 3-parted ; sev- eral st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : sepals green, keeled, lanceolate, acute, never much spreading, %-l in. long ; petal-limb greenish orange, half as long as sepal; spur brigt red, tapering rapidly, over 1 in. long ; stamens protruding far beyond the limb : styles 3 : fr., at least when yoiing, oearing broad, membranous, curled v, ings. After flowering, the peduncles become erect. Julv-Sept. Mts. of Nor. Mex. B.M. 3919. P.M.10:lf»0. B.H.4;1. F.S. 1: 17. Vick's 1:33 f. 5 (poor). -A hun« 'ome plant, reqxnring a light soil in a sunny border. " flore- pleno, Hort. Fls. double. Gt. 34:57. Very fine. BBB. Spurs very long, several times the length of petal-limb, 13. cbrysantba, Gray '.1. leptoceras, var. chrysdntha, Hook.). Fig. 125. Height 3-4 ft.: root-lvs. with twice 3-branched petioles, Ifts. biternate ; st.-lvs. several, petioled : fls. many on the plant. 2-3 in. across ; sepals pale yellow, tinted claret, spreading horizontally ; petal- limb deep yellow, shorter than the sepals, an<l nearly as long as the head of stamens ; spur rather straight, very slender, divergent, about 2 in. long, descending when fl. is mature : follicles glabrous. 1 in. long ; style half aslong. May- Aug. N. Mex. and Ariz. Gn. 10: 198. B.M. S"-'» 86 AQUILEGIA AQUILEOIA 6073. Gn.51, p. 385. R.H. 1896: 108. F.R.2:169. Pft. 33:84. G.C. 1873- 1501. F.M.1873:88. Vick's 1 : .{.J f . .{. F.S. 20: 2108. Var. flav^scens, Hort. ( A . aurea . Junk. A. Canad^nnix, var. ahrea, Koezl.). Fls. yellow, tinned with red ; spurs incurved, and shorter than in the type. Gt. 21:7.34. Var. &lba-pldLa, Hort. (var. gmndiflbra dlba, Hort. ). Fls. very pale yellow or nearly white, with two or more whorls of petal-limbs. Int. iwwy. Vick's 12:311. Var. n^na, Hort. (A. leptoceran, var. littsa, Hort.). Like the type, out plant nlways small, not ex- ceedJng 134 ft. Var, Jaeschkai^i, Hort. About the same height as last . fls. lar^., yellow, with red spurs. Thought to be a hybrid of A. cI.ryseHt.'aX^^kinnrri. hence some- times called -1. okinneri, "^tt. hybrida, Hort. 14. longlssima, Gray, lall, somewhat pubescent with silky hairs, or smt thish : . >ot-lvs. biteruatt even in the petioles ; Ifts. u, "ply lobed and cut, green above, glaucous beneath ; st.-lvs. similar, petioled : fls. pale yellow, sepals lanceolate, broadly spreading, 1 in. or white ctr A lite or yellow. The true form of this is probably A, ruleaXA.ehrymntha. On. 51, p. .'{8.5. R.H. 189<;- itin' G. 15: US. Gn. Ifi:iy8. I.H.43: 01 (189G). Var. flore- pldno, H- ft. Fls. longer and very showy, more or less doubled t "ward the center. BB. Spur.i 'neurved and hardly hngf than petallimba. 16. alplna. 'Jnn. (incl. var. .suplrba, Hort.). Fig. 120. Stem nearly i 't. high, finely pubescent upwards, 2-5- fld., bearing peti 'ed, biternate Ivs.; partial-petioles of basal-lvs. 1-2 in. lon^. with 3 nearly sessile division;*, deeply lobed : expanded fl. \%-2 in. a<-ross, blue, rarely pale or white ; sepals 1% in. long, half as broad, acute ; petal-limb 1 alf i... long as sepals, often white; spur stout, incurved, same length as the limb ; head cf sta- mens not protruding : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ; style much shorter. Mav-June. Switzerland. L.B.t". 7:657. Gn.9: 17. 17. glanduldta, Fisch. Fig. 127. Stem 1-1 V^ ft. high, 125. Aquileeia chrysantha (X /4)- 125. Aauilegia alpina (X ^). 127. Aauilegia elandulosa(X ^4)- more, the spatulate petals a little shorter, about equal- ing the head of stamens ; spur with a narrow orifice, 4 in. long or more, always hanging. Distinguished from A. chrysantha by its longer spur with contracted orifice, by the narrow petals, and by the late season of flower- ing. Late July to Oct. 1. Ravines S.W.Texas into Mex. G.F. 1 : 31.- The seed must be obtained from wild plants, as those cult, usually fail to produce seed ; hence not much used. AAA. Sepals 1'^4-iy^ or even 2 in. long : expanded fls. 2%~S in. in diam.; stamens not protruding. B. Spurs long and not incurved. 15. caenilea, James (^1. leptoceras, Nutt. A. ma- crdntha. Hook. & Am.). Stem 1-1 >4 ft., finely pubescent above, bearing several fls.; lower st.-lvs. large and bi- ternate ; basal-lvs. with long 3-branched petioles ; Ifts. 3-lobed on secondary stalks : fls. 2 in. across, whitish, but variously tinted with light blue and yellow; sepals often blue, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the petal-limb ; spurs long, slender, knobbed at the end, rather straight, but curving outward ; head of stamens equaling the petals : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ; style % in. Apr. -Julv. Lower mt. regions, Montana to N. Mex. B.M. 4407. Gn. 16:198. Mn.6:61. Vick's 1: 33 f. 4. B.M. 5477. F.S. 5: 531. Var. &lba, Hort. Fls. of same size but entirely white. Int. 1883. Var. htbrida, Hort. Sepals some shade of blue or pink, or mixed, and petals nearly glandular pubescent in the upper half^ 1-3 fld. : partial- petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in. long, each with 3 distinct divisions; 1ft. -segments narrow and deep ; st.-lvs. few, bract-like : fls. large, nodding ; sepals bright lilac-bhie, ovate, acute, about 1 J4 in. long and half as broad; petal- limb same color, but tipped and bordered with creamy white, less than half the length of the sepals, very broad ; spur very short, J^in., stout, much incurved ; stamens not protruding : follicles 1 in. long, fe-10 in number, densely hair>', with short, falcate style. Allied to A. al- pina, but a taller plant, with shorter spurs, larger fls., and a greater numl>er of follicles. May-June. Altai Mts. of Siberia. B. 5: 219. F.W. 1871 : .3.-)3. (in. 15: 174 ; 45, p. 193. Gt. 289 f. l.-One of the handsomest. Var. JQC^nda, Fisch. & Lall. Fls. rather smaller than in the type ; petal-limb white, more truncate at the tip ; stamens as long as limb. B.R.3.'{:19. F.S. 5: 535.— A fine variety, with some tendency to double. 18. Sttiarti, Hort. A recorded hybrid of A.glandu- losa X -1- vulgaris, var. Olympiea. Fls. verj' large acd beautiful. It very much resembles the latter in form of sepals and petals, and the former in shape of spurs and coloration. May-June. Int. 1891. Gn. 34:670. 19. caryophylloldes is a garden name given to some very mixed forms, with a great variety of colors. Spe- cial characters seem not to be well fixed. K. C. Davis. ARABIS iSiABlB (Arabia). Cmclf»r(P. Rock-cress. Snmll mreuuial or annual herls, with white or purple Hs., f'T' ,*n mostlv in rockwork. Fls. inoHtly in terminal [ ;i"9 o*" raceiiu'S, small, but often many, or appearing for a con-^idcrable per-od of tim*» : siliques lon^, linear, »lat : stigma 2-1 jbed. In tempe.^ 4tc ..,, -ions, several .la- tive to this couiitry. ITfinHii/ •. by division; also by seeds and cuttings, ilardy, r» iring plenty of nuii, and thriving even in poor soil. '''*ie following four gpecies are perennials: A. Fl». purple or roi*e. morilis, Bertol. {A. rdsea, DC), a foot hlfrh, with a ratbt-r (l»-nse raceme of pretty tin.: Ivs. oblong, sessile (the radical ones with a long, narrow base), promineu'ly and distantly blunt-toothed, sparsely pubescent. Sprin,r and summer. Italy. B.M. 3240. AA. Fls. white. serpyllifdlia, Vill. (A. tii veil is, Guaa.). Tufted, 2-6 in.: radical ivs. entire or few-toothed, the st. Ivs. small and gejisile, not clasping : fls. in a short cluster, the calyx as long as the peduncle, the limb of the petals linear- oblong and erect. Eu. tilbida, Stev. (A. Cawcrfsico, Willd.). A few inches hi>?b, pubescent : lower Ivs. narrow at the base, the up- per auriculate-claspiug, all angle-toothed near the top : fls. in a loose raceme, the calyx shorter than the pedicel, the petal-limb oval and obtuse. Eu. B.M. 204(5. Also a variegated var. (Gt. 45: 108). — Blooms early, is fragrant, and is well adapted for rockwork an<l edgings, and for covering steep banksj. alplns, Linn. Fls. smaller than in the last, plant only slightly pubescent and hairy : Ivs. somewhat clasping but not auriculate, small-toothed nearly or quite the entire length, thecauline ones pointed. Eu. B.M. 226. — Blooms very early, and is one of the best rock plants. There is a dwarf form (nana compacta, Gt. 44:203); also a va- riegated variety. A. arenbsa. Scop. Fls. rose varying to white : Ivs. pinnatifid, those on the st. (leep-toothetl. Eu.— .1. blcpharophi^lla, HiHtk. & Arn. Fls. lart^e, rose-puri>le : Ivs. sharp-toothe«l, sessile or Hasping, the niargins hairj'. Calif. B.Sl. 6087.— -4. lurida, Linn. f. Fls. white : Ivs. shining, olwvate, clasping. There is a variegated form. En.— .4. t/joWm, Stev. Fls. white : Ivs. pubes- cent, large-toothed, the lower ones rounded and long-stalketl, Ea.— ^. petroea. Lam. Fls. white : Ivs. toothe«i, the radical ones often parted, the st. Ivs. oblong-linear. E\i.— A . pr7ecoT , Wald. <& Kit.=A. procurrens.— vl. prodirretig, Wald. & Kit. Fls. white : Ivs. oiliate, those on the st. entire and sessile, the others sta!ke<l : stoloniferous. A variegated var. Eu.— .4. rer/ii, R. lir. Annual, hairy: fls. large, purple: Ivs. oblong- oviite to round-oblong, the upper ones clasping, rather coarse- toothed. Eu. B.M. 3331. L H B ABACE.S. See Aroidete. ABAGHIS (<Treek, tcifhouf n rachis). Legumindste. Peanit. (iOobek. Sometimes grown in the economic house of botanical gardens. The genus has seven spe- lics, of which six are Brazilian. Fls. 5-7, yellow, in a dense, axillary, sessile spike. As a hothouse annual, the seeds of the Goober may be sown in heat, and the plants potted in sandy loam. For outdoor culture, see Pfitutif, by which name the plant is commonly known. hypogoea, Linn. One ft. or less high : Ivs. abruptly pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets and no tendril. Mn. 7:105. Procumbent. ARALIA, including Dimorphdnthus (derivation ob- scure). A r<ili(ice<r. Perennial herbs or shrubs : Ivs. al- ternate, <leciduous, large, decompound : fls. small, whitish, in umbels, usually forming large panicles ; petals and stamens 5: berry, or rather drupe, 2-5-seeded, black or dark purple, globular, small. Some of the Aralias are hardy outdoor deciduous herbs and bushes; others are fine stove plants, botanically unlike the true ^ralias as defined above. Alfred Rehder. There are about 35 kinds of tender Aralias in cult. Some of them are of robust growth, and make handsome specimens for greenhouse and hothouse decoration when grown to a heitrht of 10 or 12 ft.; others of more deli- cate and slender growth, such as A. Chahrieri (really ARALIA 87 an EliBodendron), A. coneinna (see D»Iarbrea), A. ele- gant is si ma and A. Veitehii, var. gracillima, are most beautiful as smaller plants, say from 1-3 ft. in height. These small plants are very beautiful as table pieces, and are not surpassed in delicate grace and symmetry by any plants; A. yeitchii,var. gracillima, is one of the very finest of the dwarfer-growing kinds. The more robust sorts are usually prop, by cuttings, in the usual manner, or by ioot cuttings, as Bouvurdias are. The more delicate varieties, as A. Chahrieri, elegantissinm, etc., do best when grafted on stronger-growing varie- t»*»* "ke A. Gullfoylei, A. reticulata (which is an Oreo- ^anax), etc. The slender-growing sorts require light, rich Si)il, made of equal parts of sandy loam and peat or leaf-m >1<1. They re<iuire plenty of water and a moist atmosphere. They are much subject to attacks of scale, Which may be removed or prevented by frequent care- ful sponging with a weak solution of seal-oil soap, flr- ♦ree oil, or other like insecticide. Cult, by Robert Craio. The glasshouse species are much confused, largely because some kinds receive trade and provisional names before the fls. and frs. are known. See Acantho- pauax for A. Alaximowiczii, pentaphylla, and ricinifo- lia ; Defarbrea for A. coneinna and A. spectabilis ; Ehfodendron for A. Chabrierii ; Fatsia for A. Ja- pnnica, papyrifera, and Sieboldii ; Oreopanax for .-i . reticulata ; Polyscias for A. latifolia ; Sriadophi/llum for A. Amboinense. Other related genera are Hepta- pleurum, Monopanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Pseudopanax. A. Tender evergreen Aralias, grown only under glass. (By some regarded as belonging to other genera.) B. Lvs. digitate. KerchoveiLiia, Hort. Lvs. the shape of a Ricinus, the 7-1 1 leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with undulate and serrate margins and a pale midrib. S. Sea Islands. Certificated in Eng. in 1881 ((in. 19, p. 457). R.H. 1891, p. 225.-Slender-8temuied, of beautiful habit. Veitehii, Hort. Leaflets 9-11, very narrow or almost filiform, undulate, shining green above and red beneath. New Caledonia. — One of the best and handsomest spe- cies. Var. grracillima, Hort. (A.graciDna, Linden, R.H. 1807, p. 38). Leaflets still narrower, with a white rib. R.H. 1891, p. 22G. Gn. 39, p. .565. Very dfc.sirahle. Origi- nally described as A. gracilina ( thin -lined ) , which name has been mistaken for gracil- lima (very graceful). eleganti88iina,Veitch. Peti des mottled with white: leaflets 7-11, fil- iform and pendulous. New Hebrides.— Ex- cellent. leptoph^Ua, Hort. Slender plant : leaflets ijs. Aralla GuiUoyleL filiform and drooping, broadened at the extremities, deep green. Australasia. Regrina, Hort. Graceful : petioles olive, pink and brown : Ifts. drooping, roundish. New Hebrides. BB. Lvs. pinnate. QullfoyIei,Cogn.& March. Fig.128. Leaflets .V7( digi- tate-like), ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges or obscurely lobed, white-margined and sometimes gray- splashed ; St. spotted, erect. New Hebrides. — Rapid grower, showy, and good for pots. monstrdsa, Hort. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-acute, deeply and often oddlv cut, broadlv white-margined, also gray- spotted : lvs. drooping. 'S. Sea Isl. R.H. 1891, p. 225. Gn. 39, p. 505. filicildlia, Moore. Stem erect, purplish, white-spotted: lvs. fern-like (whence the name); leaflets .3-7 piirs, lance-oblong and acuminate, long, deeply notch-tootued. 88 ARALIA AKAUCARIA deep green and purple ribbed. Polynesia. l.H.23:240. R.H. IH91. p. 224. On. 39, p. 5»;5.' A.«. 19:;^74.-One of the best. I. Ohabri^ri. Hort,; s**p ElaNxJendmn.— /*. eragni folia. So- lan J ; see Pseudopaimx.— J. longipfa, Hort. Lvs. digitate, the Itt*. oblong-lanreolate. a<*uminate, wavy. X. Austral.— .1. no- bilia, Hort. "A theophrastalike plant, with closely packed, bold foliage, the lvs. oblong ol)ovate-acuminate, undalate at the margins." Once oflfere<l by Saul.— .1. Oayana, Hort. Like A. leptophylla. but leaHcts d»»eply bitid, and nenes and veins brown. S. S. Isl. — .1. quercUuUa, Hort. Leatlet.s ;j, sinuate ; lvs. opposite. New Britain.— J. rotunda, Hort. Ix'af of a single orbicular-conlate leaflet or sometimes 3-foliolate, white-toothed. Polynesia.— A. apectnbiUg, Hort.-=A. filicifolia.— .1. «;>/<^nrfiV/<j- «t/Mi, Hort. Lvs. pinnate, the leaflets shiny green. NVw (.'ale- donia. — .4. terndta, Hort. Lvs. opposite, temate or ;Mol)e<l, the leaflets oblong-lanceolate and sinuate.— .1. Victdrice, Hort. See Panax. Some of the above probably belong to Ore<.panax and other genera. r rr o L. il. r>. AA. Ilardy or true Aralin.'*. B. Prickhf ^ihrubs or rarely low tree.'< : lvs. bipinnate, j?-.> ft. long : utnbel,H M»iwi»roM.s, in a large, broad, compound panicle : styles diKti>irt. spindsa, Linn Angelica Tkee. Hercules' Club. Devils Walking-stick. Stems very prickly, 40 ft. high : lv8. 1S-2H ft. long, usually prickly above ; Ifts. ovate, serrate, 2-3 '-a in. long, glaucous and nearly glabrou.s beneath, mostly distinctly petioled : veins curv- ing upward before the margin. Aug. J<. .states north to Tenn. S.S. 5:211. Gn. .'lO. p. 12»J.-The stout, armed stems, the large lvs., and the enormous clusters of Hs. give this species a very distinct subtropical appearance. Not quite hardy north. Chin^nsis, Linn. {A. Japdnica, Hort. .4. Mand- ghiirica, Hort.). Chinese Angelica Tkee. Stems less prickly, 40 ft. : lvs. 2—1 ft. long, usually without prickles : Ifts. ovate or broad ovate, coarsely serrate or den- tate, usually pubescent beneath, nearly sessile, 3Vii-<i in. long ; veins divitiiug before the margin and ending in the points of the teeth. Aug., Sept. China, Japan. — In genaral appearance very much like the former species, but hardier. Nearly hardy north. Grows w^U also in somewhat dry, rocky or clayey soil. Var. elata. Dipp. {DimorphdnthHn elatus, Miq.). St. with few prickles : Ifts. pubescent beneath. The hardiest and most com- mon form in cult. Var. can^scens, Dipp. (.4. caa^scens, Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. often prickly above; Ifts. gla- brous beneath, except on the veins, dark green above. More tender. Var. Mandshdrica, Rehder \Dimorphdn- ■j^ ' ■(} 129. Unsymmetrical Araucaria grown from a side shoot. thus Mandshurieua, Maxim.). St. prickly : Ifts. pu. bescent only on the veins beneath, more sharply and densely serrate than the foregoing var., aufl hardier. There is also a form with variegated lvs. (LH. 33: »i()9), SB. Cnarmed herbs: styles united at the base, c. Umbels numerous, in elongated puberulous pani- cles : 3-10 ft. high. racemdsa, Linn. Spikenard. Height 3-ti ft.: glabrous, or slightly pubescent : lvs. (juinatelj- or ternately de- compound : leaflets cordate, routidish ovate, doubly and sharply st-rrate, acuminate, usually glabrous beneath. 2-0 in. long : Hs. greenish white. July, Aug. E. X. Amer. west to Minn, and Mo. B.B. 2: 500. Califdmica, Wats. Height 8-10 ft.: resembles the preceding : Ifts. cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate, simply or <loubly serrate : panicle loose ; umbels fewer, larger, and with more immerous rays. Calif cord^ta, Thunb. (A.^dulis. Sieb. & Zucc). Height 4-8 ft.: lvs. ternately or quinately tlecompound, pinnsi sometimes with 7 Ifts.; Ifts. cordate or rounded at the base, ovate or oblontr-ovate, abruptly acuminate, un- equally serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 4-8 in. long. Japan. Gt. 13:432 as A.racetnosa,var. ISacha- lin^n.ii.s. R.H. 1890. p. 55. A.G. 1892, pp. 0. 7. Cachemirica, Decne. (.1. Cash.neriana, Hort. Saul 1891. A macrophylla, Lindl.). Height 5-8 ft. : lvs, quinately compound, pinnsp often with 5-9 leaflets ; leaf- lets usually rounded at the base, oblong-ovate, doubly serrate, glabrous or bristly on the veins beneath, 4-8 in. long. Himalayas. cc. Umbels several or few on slender peduncles ; pedicels glabrous: 1-3 ft. high. Llspida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. Height 1-3 ft., usually with short, woody stem, bristly: lvs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate or oval, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, acute, sharply and irregularly ser- rate, 1-3 in. long : umbels 3 or more in a loose corymb; fls. white. June, Julv. From Newfoundland to N. Caro- lina, west to Minu. and Ind. B.M. 1085. L. B.C. 14:1300. nudicaolis, Linn. Wild Sarsaparilla. Small Spikenard, Stemless or nearly so : usually 1 leaf, 1 ft. high, with 3 quinately pinnate divisions ; Ifts. oval or ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, actiminate, finely serrate, 2-5 in. long : umbels 2 or 3 ; fls. greenish. May, June, Newfoundland to N. Carolina, west to Mo. B.B. 2:506. A. quin'fUefdlia, Decne. & Planch. =Panax quinquefolium. —.4. trifdlia. Decne. & Planch. = Panax trifolium. (See also Ginseng.) Alfred Rehder. ABAUCABIA (Chilian name). Couifene, tribe Arauciirieoe. About 15 spe- cies of S. Amer. and the Australian region, grown for their striking symmetrical habit and interesting ever- green foliage. In the S. some species will thrive in the open, where the climate is not too dry, but in the N. all are grown under glass only. Lvs. stiflF, sharp-pointed, crowded: cones globular or oblong, terminal, hard and woody, of some species several inches in diameter. Most of the species become gigantic forest trees in their native haunts. As here treated, the genus includes Co- lumbea and Entarta. l. H. B. There are some 15 Araucarias in cultivation. Most of these, however, are grown in limited numbers in private and botanical collections. The kinds most popular in this country are A. txeelsn and its varieties glauca and robusta compacta. Of A, ercelsa, probably 2.50.000 pliwits in 5-inch and 6-inch pots are annually sold in the U. S. These nre nearly all imported in a young state from Ghent, Belgium, where the propagation and grow- ing of them is made the leading specialty at many nur- AKArCARlA ARAlT.iRIA 89 (M.ries of which there are over TOO in that one city. The ' le of the world has been supplied for many years fri.m r.hent. Some of the large EnRlish growers have 130. Good specimen of Araucaria excelsa. bejnin to srrow them in " .derable quantities in the past five years, but it is i-kely that Ghent will be the main source of supply frr .nany years to come. A few are now propagatt d in chis country, and as they grow easily here, it is likely that the number will be largely increased in the near future, the high price of labor being the greatest drawback. The Arati'iiria is the most elegant and symmetrical evergreen in cultivation, and for this reason is very popular as an ornamental plant for home decoration. It is particularly popular at Ohristnias time, and is then sold in great quantities. Araucarias are propagated from seed and from cuttings ; the latter make the most compact and handsome speci- mens. To make symmetrical specimens, take cut- tingrs from The leading shoots (see Fig. 129). If used as bouse jdants, they thrive l>est in a cool room, where the temperature is not over 60° at night, and they should be placed near the light. In summer they grow best if protected by a shading of light laths, placed about an inch apart, which will admit air and at the same time break the force of the sun's rays. They do well in any good potting compost, and should be shifted about once a year (in the spring) into larger pots. The cuttings should be planted in light compost or sand in the fall or during the winter in a coo! greenhouse, with moderate bottom h»-at, and will root in about 8 or 10 weeks, after which they may be potted into small pots. In addition to A. ercelsa and its variations, the following attractive species are grown in small quanti- ties : A. BidwiUii, which, being of a tough and hardy nature, does remarkably well as a room plant, and it is hardv in Florida and many of the most southern states; A. Gohlieana, a very distinct and handsome form, and rather scarce at present; A . eleijana (a form of A. Bni-iliuna), an elegant form of dwarf and exceedingly graceful habit, and a most beautiful table plant. Cult, by Robert Craig. A. Li's. {or most of them) airl-like. excelsa, R. Br. Norfolk Island Pine. Figs. lao. 131,132. Plant light green : branches frondose, the Ivs. curved and sharp-pointed, rather soft, and densely placed on the horizontal or drooping branchlets. Nor- folk Isl. F.R. 2:411. — The commonest species in this country, being much grown as small pot specimens. A blue-green form is cult, as A. gUtuca. There is also a Strong-growing, large variety, with very deep green fo- liage (A. rohuAta). In its native wilds the tree reaches a height of over 200 ft. and a diamtter of even 9 or 10 ft. The solid, globular cones are 4 or .'> in. in diam. F.S. 22: 2:M)4-.'). — An excellent house plant, and keeps well in » cool room near a window. In summer it may be used on the veranda, but must be shaded. Canninghami. Sweet. Plants less formal and sym- metrical than A.fxeflxa.xXn'^ upper branches ascending and the lower horizontal : Ivs. stiflf and very sharp- pointed, straight or nearly so. There is also a glaucous form {A. glduca); also a weeping form. Austral., where it reaches a height of 200 ft., yieldinj; vuiuable timber and resin. Locally known as Hoop Pine, More- ton Bay Pine, Colonial Pine, Coorong, Cumburtu, Coonam. Codkii, R. Br. (.1. eotnmntiris. Hook.). Branches dis- posed as in ^1. ejrceUa,hut tree tending to shed the lower ones : young Ivs. alternate and rather distant, broad and slightly decurrent at base, slightly curved, mu- cronate ; adult Ivs. densely imbricated, short and ovate, obtuse : cones 3-4 in. in diam. and somewhat longer. New Caledonia, where it reaches a height of 200 ft., making verv straight and imposing shafts. B.M. 4635. A.F. 12: 559. -Named for Captain Cook. AA. Lvs. broader, usnttUy plane and imbrirated. BMei, Muell. Leafy branchlets very long : Ivs. oval- elli{)tic. imbricated, plane or lightly concave, arched to- wards the branch, nearly or quite obtuse, with a promi- nent dorsal nerve. Variable at different ages. When young, the branches are often drooping and the Ivs. compressed and obscurely i-angled and nearly or quite subulate (var. pulymnrpha, R.H. 1866. p. 350. There is a var. com/Jtic^j ). New Caledonia. Reaching 50 ft. in height. R.H. 1866, p.. M92. and plate. I.H.22:204. The figure in G.C. 1861 : 868. is .4. Mitelleri, Brongn. &Gris., a broader-leaved species. Goldie^na, Hort. Like A . Rulei, and perhaps a form of it : Ivs. in whorls, dark green, variable : branches drooping. Bidwillii, Hook. Fig. 1.13. Rather narrow in growth, especially with age, the branches simple : Ivs. in two rows, lance-ovate and very sharp-pointed, thick, firm and shining. Austral., where it attains a height of 131. Araucaria excelsa. A ragged plant, grown with insufficient room and attention. 90 ARAITARIA ARCHONTOPHa:NIX 133. Araucaria excelsa (X )^). rM^ 133. Araucaria BidwillU (X >i). 150 ft., and is known as Bungn t»un>ra. R.H. 1897. p. 500. U.C III. 15: 4«>.'). Hhowinjf the piueapple-like cont*. — One of the best and handsomest specie** for pot cul- ture. Braziiiilna, A. Rich. Branches verticillate, somewhat inclined, raised at the end$<, tendin^if to disappear below as the plant jfrows : Ivs. alternate. (>l)l()nK- lanceolate, somewhat decurrent, much atten- uated and very j* * p- pointed, deep Kr^"*". loosely imbricated : coue large and nearly globular. S. Hraz.. reaching a heigitt of 100 ft. F.S. 2\: '2-202 . A. flagana. Hurt., is a form with very numerous branches and more crowded and often glaucous lv8. Var. BidoUiiinn, Gord., is a more robust form, with larger and longer Ivs. imbricjtta, Pav. Monkey Puzzle. Branches generally in 5'8, at first horizontal, with upward-curving (sometimes downward- curving) tips, but fi- nally becoming much deflexed, the If. -shin- gled branchlets in opposite pairs : Ivs. imbricated and persisting, even on the trunk, ovate-lanceolate, very stiff and leathery and sharp-pointed, an inch long and half as wide, bright green on both sides : cone 6-8 in. in diam. Western slope of the Andes in Chile, reaching a height of 100 ft. F.S. 15: 1577-80. R.H. 1893, p. 153; 1897, pp.271, 319. Gt. 44:115. G.C. III. 21: 238 ; 24: 154. — Hardy in the S. This is the species which is grown in the open in England and Ireland. When 25 or 30 ft. high it begins to get ragged. L. H. B. Arboriculture. The culture of trees, it is a generic ttrm, covering the whole subject of the plant- ing and care of trees. More specific terms are xylvicul- ture, the planting of woods : orchard-ctiltttre, the plant- ing of orchards or fruit trees. Arbutus (ancient Latin name). Erichcefp. Trees or shrubs : branches smooth and usually red : Ivs. ever- green, alternate, petiolate : fls. monopetalous, ovate or globular, white to red, about J'ain. long, in terminal panicles : fr. a globose, many-seeded berry, granulose outside, mostly edible. About 10 species in W. N. Amer., Mediterranean reg., W. Eu., Canary Isl. Ornamental trees, with usually smooth red bark and lustrous ever- green foliage, of great decorative value for parks and gardens in warm-temperate regions ; especially beautiful when adorned with the clusters of white fis, or bright red berries. They grow best in well-drained soil in some- what sheltered positions not exposed to dry winds. Very handsome greenhouse shrubs, thriving well in a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil or light loam. Prop, by seeds sown in early spring or in fall, or by cuttings from mature wood in fall, placed in sandy peat soil under glass; they root but slowly. Increased also by budding or grafting, usually veneer-grafting, if seedlings of one of the species can be had for stock. Layers usually take two years to root. A. Panicles short, nodding : Ivs. usually serrate. Unddo, Linn. Strawberry Tree. From 8-15 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, glabrous, green beneath : fls. white or red, ovate : fr. scarlet, warty, %in. broad. Sept. -Dec. S. Eu., Ireland. L.B.C. 2:123. Var. integr^rrima, Sims. Lvs. entire. B.M. 2319. Var. rtibra, Ait., and var. Crodmi, Hort. (On. .1.1. p. .120), have red fls, — Very beautiful 'nauturnn. when the tree bears its large, scarlet fruits aud at the same time its white or rosy fls. AA. Panicles erect: Ivg. usually entire. Minzieii, Pursh. Maphona. Occasionally 100 ft. high: trunk with dark reddish brown bark : lvs. rounded or slightly cordate at tlie base, oval or oblong, 3-4 in. lonu. glabrous, glaucous beneath : fls. white, in 5-0 in. loni; panicles : fr. bright orange-red, J'sin. long. Sprinir. W. li. Amer. B.R. 21:17.53, as A. prdrera, Doijjfi. S.S. 5:2.1. P.M. 2:147. G.F. 3:515 ; 5. 151. Mn.:{:h5. — The hardiest and probably the handsomest specie* of the genus ; it stands many degrees of frost. Ariz6nica, Sarg. (A. Xalap^nsis, var. Ariz/mira, Gray). Tree, 40-50 ft. : trunk w^ith light gray or nearly white bark : lvs. usually cuneate at the base, oblong- lanceolate, IJ3-3 in. lonj,, glabrous, pale beneath : tls. white, in loose, broad panicles 2-3 in. long : fr. globo!*e or oblong, dark orange-red. Spring. Ariz. G.F. 4: 318. S.S. 5: 233. — The contrast between the white bark of the trunk, the red branches, and the pale green foliage makes a very pleasant effect*: fr. and fls. are also very decorative. A. Andrdchiif, Linn. From 10-30 ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, usu- ally entire, yellowiali (jreen beneath : fls. yellowish white : fr. bright reil. (ireece. Orient. B.M. 2024, B.R. 2:li:j.— ^.a/jdrafA- noideg. Link (A. Andrat'hne X Unedo. A. hybrida. Ker. A. serratifolia, Ixxld.). Lvs. serrate: panicles drooping; fls. white. B.R.8:611). L.B.C.6:.'>80.— .1. Ca;janVn*««, Limil. Height 10-30 ft. : lvs. oblong-laneeolate, serrate, gl.-iucous Vteneath : panicles erect ; fls. greenish white. Canary Isl, B.M. 157T.— .4. densiflora, HBK, Height 20 ft,: lvs. oblong or ovate, ser- rate, downy beneath : fls, whit'*. Mex.— A, hybrida, Ker. =.\. arachnoides.— J. laurifblia. Hi. jk,= A. Menziesi.— .4. laurith- lia, Lindl.= A. Xalapensis.- A. indlUs, HBK. Shrub or small tree : lvs. oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath : fls. white, often tingetl greenish red. Mex. B.M. 4o95.— A. pt7d«a, Grah.= Per- nettya pilosa.- .4. procera, Dongl.= A. Menziesi.— .4. serratHh- lia, Lodd., not Sj.lisb.='A. andrachnoides.— -1. Texana, Buckl. ^.A.. Xalapensis.— .t. tomentbsa, Pursh.= Arctostaphylos to- mentosa.— .4. Ura-l'rsi, Linn.= An'tostaphylos I va-Vrsi.— J. A'rt/a/»r/i»M.HBK. (A.laurifolia, Lindl.). Height IKJOft.: lvs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire or crenntely 8err.ite, glahrons or downy heneath : fls. r?<l(lish ; corolla abruptly contracted above the middle. Mex., Tex. S.S, 5:232. B.R. 2.-.. 67. Alfred Rehder, ARBUTUS, TRAILING. See Epigcea. ABCHANG£LICA (Greek, chief angel, from fancied medicinal virtues I. L'mbfllifene. A few strong-smell- ing coarse herbs closely allied to Angelica, but diflferin? in technical characters associated with the oil-tubes in the fruit. officinalis, HofTm, A European and Asian biennial or perenui:*], known also as Angelica Archangelica. Stout herb, with ternately decompound lvs. and large unihels of small fls. The stems and ribs of the lvs. were once blanched and eaten, after the manner of celery, and they are still used in the making of sweetmeats. Little known in this country, although it is offered by Ameri- can dealers. Its chief value to us is its large foliaee. Seeds may be sown in the fall as soon as ripe, or the following spring, ARCHONTOPH(ENIX (Greek, majestic phcenir). Pal- mAcetr, trihe .1 reci'p. Tall, spineless palms, w ith stout, solitary, ringed caudices : lvs. terminal, equally piti- natisect ; se;rments linear-lanceolate, acuminate or bi- dentate at the apex, the margins recurved at the base, sparsely scaly beneath, the midnerves rather promi- nent, nervcM .slender ; rachis convex on the back, the upper surface strongly keeled ; petiole channelled above, sparsely tomentose ; sheath long, cylindrical, deeply fissured ; spadices short-peduncled, with slen- der, flexuose, glabrous, pendent branches and branch- lets : spathes 2, entire, lonsr, compressed, deciduous : bract.<? crescent-shaped, a<lnate to the spadix ; bractlets persistent ; fls. rather large : fr. small, globose-ellip- soidal. Species, 2. Austral. They are beautiful palms, requiring a temperate house. Prop, by seeds. The Seaforihia elegans of gardeners belongs here (see Ptychosperma tor picture of it). For cult., see Pabnx. AKCHONTOPHCENIX ARDISIA 91 A. Le<if tfg*nf»t9 trhitinh underneath. AlexAndreai, H. Wendl. & Drude i Ptyehosp4rma Alex- diuinr. K. Muell.). Truti' 7(V-80 ft.: Ivs. several ft, [oog: rachis very broad arn' thick, K^ttbruus or aiiehtly «curfy : sejriufnts nuniero- h, the longer ones I'^i ft. lone. '»-! '"• b"""**!' afural»jate .".nd entire or Rlitrbtly notcbeti. u'ree" above, asby ((laacoun beneath. Queens- land. F.S. 18:iyi6. AA. Lt'df segmtnta green on both aidet. C^nnitlgliamii, H. Wendl. & Drude {Ptyrho^prrma (7„,, nijlfimii. H. Wetidl.). Trunk and jjeneral habit like ae preceding, but the segments acuminate and entire or scarcely notched. Queensland and N. d. W. B M. mi as Seaforthia elegans. j^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ABCTIUH (frona Greek word for bear, probably al- iuditijf to the shaggy bur). Compdsitir. Bi'kdock. A few coarse perennials or bienniuls of temperat" Eu. and Asia, some of them widely distributed as weeus. Invo- lucre ijlobulur and large, with hooked scales, becoming a bur : receptacle densely setose : pappus deciduous, of bristles : Ivs. large and soft, whitish beneath: plant not prickly : Hs. pinkish, in summer. Lappa, Linn. (Ldppa miijor, G»rtn,), Common Bik- IKX'K. The Burdock is a common and despised weed in this country, although it is capable of making an excel- lent folia;;e mass and screen. In Japan it is much cult. for its root, which has been greatly thickened and ame- liorated, affording a popular vegetable. It is there known as Gobo (see Georgeson, A.G. 13, p. 210). ABCTOSTAFHTLOS (Greek, bear&nd grape j. £ricd- c^^r. Manzamta. Shrubs or small trees: Ivs. alternate, evergreen, usually entire, rarely deciduous : lis. small, urceolate, mostly white, tinged retl, in terminal, often panicled racemes, in spring : fr. usually smtjoth, a red berry or rather drupe, with 1-10 l-see«led, separate or co- herent cells, Al)out .30 species in N. and Cent. Amer., 2 species al>o in N. Eu. and N.Asia, Handsome ever- green shrubs, though generally with less conspicuous fls. and frs. than those of the allied genus Arbutus, Some Cent. Amer, ppecies however, as A.nrhutoideH, arguia and polifolia are beautiful in flower, and well worth a place in the greenhouse or in the garden in temperate redons ; of the American species, A. Prhiglei, riscida and bicolor are some of the handsomest. Only the trail- in£: species are hardy north. For culture, see Arbutus. Includes Cotnarostaphy i is . A. Trailing or creeping : Ivs. }^-l}4in. long : fls.in short and rather few-fid. clusters. tva-t^rsi, Spreng, Bearberry, Lvg, obovate-ob- ''>ng, tapering into the petiole, retuse or obtuse at the ex: lis. small, about Min, long, white tinged with red. Northern hemi'^phere, in N. Amer. south to Mex. Em. 2:431.— Hanly trailing evergreen shrub, like the following valuable for covering rocky slopes and sandy banks. Cuttings from mature wood taken late in sum- mer root readily under glass. Nevad^nsis, Gray, Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate. ahruptly petioled, acute or nnicronate at the apex : fls. in short-stalked clusters, white or tinged with led. Calif., in the higher mountains. AA. Erect shrubs : lvs. usually 1-2 in. long : fls. in mostly nniny-fld, panicled racemes. B. Lvs. gl'tbrous, rarely minutely pubescent. C. Pedicels glabrous. pungens, HBK. From 3-10 ft.; glabrous or minutely pubescent : lvs. slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate or oblotig-elliptic, acute, entire, green or glaucescent : fls. in short, umbel-like clusters : fr. glabrous, about J^in. broad. Mex., Low. Calif, B.R. 30:17. B.M. 3927. Manzanita, Parry (.1. pmhstcms. Authors). Fig. 134. Shruti or small tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. ovate, usually obtuse and nmcronulate at the apex, glabrous, dull green : fls. in prolonged panicled racemes : fr. glabrous, H-H in. broad. W. N. Amer., from Ore, south. G.F. 4: 571. CC. Pedicfls glandular. gUdea, Lindl. From 8-25 ft. : lvs. oblong or orbicular, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, glaucescent or pale green : fls, in prolonged panicled racemes ; p(>dicels glandular : -fr. minutely glandular. Calif. Int. 18!H, ▼iscida, Parry. From 5-15 ft.: lvs. broad ovate or el- liptic, abruptly mucronulate, acute or rounded at the base, glaucous : fls. in slender and spreading, panicled racemes ; pedicels v'scid : corolla light pink : fr. de- pressed, about Hin. ttroad. stnootli. Or»-. to Calif. 134. Manzanita.— Arctoataphylos Manzanita. BE. Lvs. more or less pubescent ; branchlets moitly bristly-hairy. tomentbsa, Dougl. From 2-6 ft,- lvs, oblong-lanceo- late or ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, pubescent be- neath, pale green : fls, in rather dense and short, usu- ally panicled racemes ; pedicels short : fr. puberulous, glabnms at length. W. N. Amer. B.R. 21:1791. B.M. 3320. — The hardiest of the erect species. Pringlei, Parry. Shrub : lvs. broad-ovate or elliptic, usually abruptly mucronulate, pubescent, sometimes glabrous at length, glaucous : panicled racemes pedun- cled, usually leafy at the base, many-fld.; slender pedi- cels and calyx glandular-pubescent : fr. glandular his- pid. Calif., Ariz. bicolor. Gray, From 3-4 ft. : lvs, oblong-oval, acute at both ends, revolute at the margin, glabrous and bright green alH)'-e, white-tomentose beneath : fls, in nodding, rather dense racemes ; pe<licels atid calyx tonirutose ; corolla .'a in, long, rose-colored : fr. smooth. Calif, A.alplna.Svreng. Prostrate shrub : lvs. decid'oas. obovate, serrate : racemes few-rtd.: fr. black. Arctic regir^i ■; and moun- tains of northern hemisphere.— -t. arhuto'ides, Honisl. Five to 6 ft.: lvs. lanceolate-oblong, femigineously pubescent lieneath: panicles erect, loose. Guatem. B.R. 29:150.-^. anjiita, Zuec. (A. nitida, Benth.). Five to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lam-eolate. ser- rate, gl.incous and glabrous : panicles loose, erect. S. Mex. B.R. ai: ;«. B.M. :KHU as A. nitida.—-!. Califurnica. Hort.=A. Nevadensis.— A. duvr»i7d?io. Parry- Six tol.*)ft.: lvs. ovate or narro«r-ol»long. acute, usually serrate, tomentose l)eneath : ra- cemes elongate<l. Calif. Mn. .t:2:U.— .4. »n7irfa, Benth.--A. ar- giita— .4.;>«)h'M//a.HBK. Heijfht l-3ft.: lvs. linear-lanceolate, glaucous and puberulous beneath: Us. red, in Uwse, erect ra- cemes. Mex. Alfred Rehder, ABCTOTIS (Greek for bear's ear, alluding to the akene), t'ompositie. Herbs with long-peduncled heads and more or less white-woolly herbage, of 30 or more African species : akenes grooved, with scale-like pappus : involucre with numerous imbricated scales : receptacle bri.stly. One species, treated as an annual, is sold in this country. brevisc&pa, Thunb, (A. leptorhXza, var. breviscdpa, DC. ). Steraless or nearly so (6 in. high) , half-hardy, read- ily prop, from seeds, and to be grown in a wirm, sunny place. Lvs. usually longer than the scape, iL ised-den- tate : scape hirsute, bearing one large fl. with dark cen- ter and orange rays. ABDISIA ( pointed, alluding to the stamens or corolla lobes). Myrsinctceae. Large genus of tropical trees and shrulis, with 5-parted (sometimes 4- or 6-parted) rotate corolla, 5 stamens attached to the throat of the corolla, with very large anthers and a 1 -seeded drupe the size of 92 ARDISIA ARECA a pea. Lvs. entire, dentate or crenate, thick and ever- green : fls. white or rose, usually in cymes. Ardisias are grown in hothouses or conservatories, and bloom most of the year. There are about a dozen Ardisias in cultivation ; only two, however, are grown in quantity in America, — .4. crenulata (red-berried) and A. Japnnica (white-ber- ried). The former is the more beautiful and valuable. It ia one of the haudsomest berrv-bearinp plants, and is very popular, particularly at Christmas time. The A. Japotiica is not nearly so showy nor handsome as A. creintlntn, and for this reas*)n is not so generally grown. Ardisias are readily grown from seed, which should be sown in the spring ; the seedlings will bloom the fol- lowing spring, and the berries will be well colored by the next ('hristmas. They will tlirive in almost any good potting compost and in a winter night temperature of about .^0°. They are most beautiful when about 2 feet high, after which they generally lose their bottom fo- liage, and present a naked or " leggy'' appearance. When they get in thi? staie it is well to root the tops over again, which raa> best be done without removing them from the plant, by making an incision in the stem and covering the wounded part with moss, which should be tightly wrapped with string and kept damp ; the moss will be filled with roots in about a month, when the tops may be cut oflf and potted, thus obtaining most beautiful young plants, covered with foliage to the bottom. This process will not interrupt the blooming at all; they fre- quently set an abundance of buds while undergoing this operation. The crop of berries on an Ardisia will re- main on the plant for more than a year, if the plant be grown in a cool temperature, say not jxceeding r>0° at night in winter. Two full crops of ripe berries at one time are not unusual. Ardisias may be propagated also from cuttings of half-ripened wood ; early spring is the best time to strike them. The greatest insect enemy of the Ardisia is the large brown scal*^ ; frequent spongir.g of the stems and lvs. with strong tobacco water is the best preventive. Cult. by Robert Craig. A. J^ls. rvd or rose-colored. cremilata, Lodd. {A.cren(Ha,'^\m9.. A.cri)spa,'RoTt.). Fig. VSd. As cult., a compact and neat shrub, with lance- oblong, wavy-n)argined, alternate lvs. and drooping clusters of small coral-red frs. Sweet-scented. Prob- 135. Ardisia crenulata (X /^). ably native to E. Ind. or China. B.M. 1950. L.B.C. 1 : 2. Mn'. 1 : .'iS. A.F. l.'J: 558. — The commonest species. It thrives in a conservatory temperature (not lower than 4.")°). Best plants are obtained from seeds. The young plants should be given bottom heat and kept growing rapidly. If they become stunted, it is very difficult to make them into satisfactory plants. Well-grown plants should bear fruit in a year from the seed. The seed may be sown whenever ripe. The fruits often hang on for a year and more. Hardy in the South. hflmilis, Vahl. Lvs. lance-oblong, shining : frs. shhi- ing black. India. Oliveri, Mast. Lvs. nearly sessile, recurved, oblanceo- late and acuminate, 6-8 in. long, entire : tls. pink, in large, dense heads, like an Ixora, the limb rotate, ^ain. across. CostaRica. G.C. 11.8: G81. — Elegant8tove plant. AA. Fls. v'hite. J&p6nica, Blume. Lvs. short-oblong or somewhat cu- neate, whorled, serrate : tis. on red f>edicels in drooping racemes : berries white. Dwarf. Jap. Probably hardy in the North. polyc^phala, Wall. Lvs. bright green, red or wine- colored when young, opposite : fr. ])iack. E. Ind. AAA. Fh. black-dotted. Pickerlngia, Torr. & ' "• Glabrous, 5-9 f*.: lvs. ovate to lance-oblong", e. narrowed to a petiole : panicle many-fid.; corolla lo. , oval and becoming re- flexed: fr. as large as peas. E. Fla. Int. 1891. A. umhellata is offered in this country as coming from India. The A. umbellata. Baker (of the l>otanists), is u MadaKascar plant, and it is doubtful if it is in cult, in this countrj-. Si>e<'ies with white Hs. are^l. acuminata, WilKl., B.M. 1678; capitata. Gray: t)wmillatn,'iiance : punctata, Roxbg. ; ni7/d»a, Wall. 8pe<'ies with red or reildish fls. are A. macrornrpa. Wall., B.M. 6.S.57 ; paniculdta, Roxbg.. B.M. 2364 ; rfcrrw/afn, Swartz; Fd'/«VAi», DC. j^ ^j j^ AB£1CA (from a native name in Malabar). Palmarcip. tribe Arece(t>. Spineless palms, with trunks solitary or cespitose in a ring: lvs. terminal, equally pinnatisect, the segments lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with the margins recurvin^^ at the base, the u{>per oue.s conflu- ent and bifid or truncate and myny-parted : rachis ;(• sided, convex on the back, the upper face acute, the base and petiole concave : sheath elongated ; spadix broad or narrow, the spreading branches at length pen- dent : spathes 3 or nniny, papery, the lowest coini)lete, the upper ones bract-like ; lis, white : fr. medintii or large, red or orange. Species, 24. Trop. Asia, .Malay Arch., Trop. Austral, and New (iuinea. The name Areca is one of the most familiar of all palm genera, but most of the well-known species are now referred to other genera. A. lutescens, the most popular kind, is Chry.salidocarpus lutescens. A. Catechu m\(\ A.frian- (Ira are both very quick in germinating. They form very ornamental plants for a moderate sized greenhou.>>e. For A.aurea, see Dictyospertna. For ..1. Madagitsrm- insis, see Di/psis. Alicese, W. Hill. Sts. several from the same rhizome. 9 ft. or more high, slender: lvs. ;{-(J ft. long ; segiuenis acute, several confluent, especially at apex. (Queensland. Catechu, Linn. Betel Nut. St. solitary, 40-100 ft.: lvs. 4-Gft.; leaflets nunierous, 1-2 ft., tipper confluent, quite glabrous : fr. H.i-2 in., ovoid, smooth, orange or scarlet. Asia and Malayan Islands. llsemanni, Hort. Resembles a red-stemmed Chrysa- lidooarpus : young lvs. very <lark red, beciniiinir green; fronds slender, arching, with curving pinnae. Oceanica. A.G. 20:223 (1899). triandra, Roxb. Trunk 40-50 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, cy- lindrical : fronds 8 ft. long ; segments with G primary nerves about 1 line apart; petiole about 1 ft, long. India. A. alba, Bory.=Dictyospenna a,\ha.— A. liatieri. Hook. f.= Rhopalostylis Baueri.— A. elegatitissi ma, HoTt. Trade name? —.4 . turfurdcea, Hort.=Dictyospernia furfuracea. — .4 . gigautea, Hort.=^ Pinaiiga Ceniatensis.— .4 . gracilis, R«)xb.=Pinanga gra- cilis.— .1. grdcilfs, Thou.=Dj-psis pinnatifrons.- .4. grdrilig, Gi8eke=Dryniophloeus appendiculatus.— .1. lutescens, Bor>.= Olirysalidocaiims lutescens.— -4 .mono8tdcnya,Miki >.. -Bm'ularia monostachya.— .1. inontdna, Hort. Trade nanie?—.4. iV'i7j)/;ij;, Griff.-^Oncosperma filamentosum.— 4. olerdcea, Jacq.= <>reo- doxa oleracea.— .4. pii/HiVa, BIume.=Nenga Wendljindiana.— 1. rubra, Hort.=Dictyospemm rubra— ..4 . rubra, Borj'.= Acantho- phopnix rubra.— .4 . Sanderidnn , Hort. Trade name ? — .4 . sapida, Soland.= Rhopalostylis s.-ipida. — J. speciosa, Hort. Trade name f — .4. tijiiUdria, .Taclc.--= Oncosi)erma filanieutosa. — ii. Ver$€haffeltii, Hort.=Hyophorbe Versehaflfeltii. Jaked G. Smith. ARENAR^ \ ARGEMONE 93 ^;^5ARIA {areun, sand, where many of the species ffjow). Caryriphyllhceai. Low herbs, mostly with white Is^. usually forming mats, and suitable for rockwork or alpine jrartlens. Only the perennial species are com- monlv cult. Of easiest culture in almost any soil. Prop. by division ; also by seeds, and rare species sometimes by cuttings. The species inhabit temperate and cold regions. The stamens are usually 10 ; styles :} or 4 ; petalH ') as a rule, entire or emargjinate. Nearly 200 rec- ^ized species. Monogr. by F. N. Williams, Joum. Linn. Soc. 33:326(1897-8). A. I/v 8. ovate or lanceolate. Baledrica, Linn. Wry low (3 in. high), with small ovate glossy Ivs. Balearic Is., Corsica. — Not hardy in latitude of *New York City. macroph^lla, Hook. Sts. decumbent and angle<l. pu- bescent : ivs. lanceolate or elliptic, mostly acute : pe- duncles slender, 1-5-fld. Lake Superior to the Pacific. Int. 1881. AA. Lvs. linear or awl-like. B. Sepals obtuse. GroenlAndica, Spreng. Annual : very low, forming raat<«, the decumbent or erectish sts. bearing 1-5 fls. : Irs. linear and obtuse, J^in. or less long : sepals and petals blunt, the latter sometimes notched. High alti- tudes and latitudes, but coming to the sea coast in part:* of N. Eng., and ranging down the mountains to N. Car. Int. 1884. — A neat little alpine. graminifdlia, Schrad. A foot or less high : lvs. long and tilifi'rni, rough-margined : fls. in 3-forked loose pu- bescent panicles. Eu. BB. Sepals pointed m' even aicned. g^ndifldra, Linn. Varial V; : 6 in. or less high : lvs. flat-awl-shapt'd, 3-nerved and ciliate : fls. solitary or in 2's or ;rs, long-stalked. Eu. mont^na, Linn. Smaller: lvs. linear or nearly so: fls. hTii*', solitary, very long-stalked. S. \V. En. v^ma, Linn. {Alslne vfrna, Bartl.). Dwarf: 1-3 in. high: lvs. linear-subulate, flat strongly 3-nerved, erect: fls. on tilifonn peduncles, witti strongly 3-nerved sepals. Eu. and Rocky Mts. — Excellent little rock plant. Var. caespitbsa, Hort.. is a compact, leafy form. aculeita, Wats. Sts. 4-6 in. high : lvs. stiflf and sharp, plaucuus, fascicled, white, but often purple. W Amer. Int. 1889. Frinklinii, Dougl. Sts. .^-.5 in. high, nearly or quite glabrtius : lvs. in ,3-C i>airs, narrow-subulate, sharp- pointed : fls. in dense cymes at the top of the st. W. Amer. Int. 1881. t ti o Li. xl. 15. AEI)NGA (derivation doubtful). Palmdcece, tribe Arkfif. Spineless palms, with the thick caudex clothed above with dead, fibrous leaf-sheaths, at length bearing vigorous shoots. Lvs. terminal, elongated, unequally pinnatisect, the linear or cuneate somewhat petiolate seg- ments prfemorse or obliquely divided at the apex ; mid- veins prominent ; nerves parallel ; margins irregularly toothed above the middle, recurved at the base and one or the other of them auricled, pale below: petiole plano-con- vex, with the margin spiny : sheaths short, reticulate- fibrous, the margin crenate : spadix hvrge, with short retit'xed peduncle and elongated, slender, pendulous branches ; spathes numerous, attached to the peduncle, membranaceous, deciduous : bracts and bractlets broad: fls. brown or brownish green or purplish: fr. yellow, fleshy. Species 5. Trop. Asia, Malay Archipelago. New Guinea, and Trop. Austral. Jared G. Smith. Arenga saccharifera , in a young state, is surpassed in beauty by most palms. Specimens eight to ten years old, however, show their characteristics well, and from that period till they begin to flower (which they do from the top of the stem downwards in the axils of the leaves ) , they are among the most striking subjects for high and roomy conservatories. The temperature shotild not be allowed to fall below 55° F. during the colde>t wtatlicr. G. W. Oliveh. obtusildlia, Mart. Trunk 20-30 ft. high, 1-1 Hft. thick: fronJs 9-13, 12-16 ft. long : petiole thickly spiny : seg- ments IHin. apart, 2-3 ft. long, lV^-2 in. wide, alternate, lanceolate-linear, unequally acutely dentate, attenuate, 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the larger, glaucous beneath ; branches of the spadix short, lax, nodding. Java. saccharifera, Labill. Trunk 40 ft. high : petioles smooth : segments fasciculate, in 4's or 5's, linear-ensi- form, 1-or 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the longer, 2-lobed or variously dentate at the apex, white or silvery beneath ; branches of the spadix long, fas- tigiate, pendulous. Malaya. j^^j.^ ^ g^j^^^ ABETH0SA (the nymph Arethusa). Orchiddceat. A few species of handsome terrestrial orchids. Fl. gap- ing, the sepals and petals lanceolate and nearly alike^ arching over the column. bulbdsa, Linn. A very pretty hardy orchid, 8-10 in., with one linear, nerved If. and a bright rose-pink fl. on an erect scape, the lip recurve<l and bearde«l. Bogs, N. Car., N. and W.; not common. May, June. Mn. 5:141. G.W.P. 17. — Requires a moist and shady, cool situation and open, porous soil. A shady nook on north slope of rockery, where it can be watered in dry weather, is an id( I place. Prap. by the solid bulbs. J. B. Keller. AB£TIA. See Doufjlasia. AEGEMONE (fanciful name). Papaverdcecp. Argb- MONY. A few American plants, mostly herbs, with prickly sepals and pods, .'Mi-lobed stigma, coarse often white- spotted foliage, and yellow juice. Annuals, or cult, as annur.ls. Easy to manage from seeds sown where the plants are to stand, or transplanted from pots. They nead a light soil and full sunny exposure. Monogr. by Prain, Joum. Bot. 33: 207 et seq. A. Fls. yelloic or yellowish. Mexic&na, Linn. (.1 . speridsa , Hort. ) . Prickly Poppy. Fig. 136, A moderately prickly-stemmed herb, 1-2 ft. high, sprawling, glaucous : lvs. coarsely sinuate-pin- 136. Areemone Mexicana ( X ^^) . natifid : fls. sessile or nearly so, the petals obovate and an inch or less long, orange or lemon-colored. Trop. Amer., but naturalized in E. and S. states and in the Old World. B.M.243. Var. ochroleilca, Lindl. Petals yellowish white, and style longer. Tex, B.R, 1343. !?^'-j*i ^ ARGEMONE ARISARUM AA. Fls. white {rarely purple). ^andifldra, Sweet. Glabrous and glaucous, 1-3 ft. high, almost destitute of prickles : Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes only weakly spinescent: bracts scattered along the fl. branches: capsule valves scarcely crested. S. W. Mex. B.R. r2W. L.B.CMG:1546. B.M. 3073. platyc^ras. Link & Otto. Robust. VA-4 ft., very spiny, the Ivs. glaucous ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifld, spiny : fl.- bracts aggregated below the fls.: petals large (rarely purple) : capsule valves crested or spiny. Mex. to Colo. V'ar. hispida, Prain. {A. hispida, Gray). Petals rounded : sepals and capsule densely prickly : plant hispid. Wyo. and Ark., W. and S. l. H. B. AB6YR£IA (ailvery, referring to the under side of the Ivs.). Conrolriil(icf<p. Temler climbers from the orient, allied to Iponioea. Lvs. usually large, silvery, tomentose or villous beneath : cymes usually few-fld. They require too much room before flowering to be popu- lar here. A.cuneata is one of the dwarf est and most florif- •erous kinds. Light, rich soil. Prop, by cuttings or seeds. tilisefdlia. Wight. Lvs. heart-shaped : fls. white and violet. Prop, from seeds. E. Ind.-lnt. 1890 by Peter Henderson & Co. AEIA. See Sorb us. ARXS.SMA (Greek-made name, of no particular sig- nificance). ArdidftP. About ()0 widely distributed herbs, with tuberous roots, and a spathe roiled in or convolute about the spadix below, and often arched over it : fls. unisexual, the pistillate on the lower part of the spadix, and each consisting of a 1-loculed ovary, and generally ripening into a showy l)erry. Some species are native, and several of them are hardy in the open ; others are cult, undercover, as recommended for Arum (which see). Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographiae Pha- nerogamarum, Vol. 2. A. Leaflets 7-11. Drac6ntiam, Schott. Dra(.on-root. Sending up a solitary leaf 1-2 ft. high, pedately divided into oblong- AA. Leaflets S. triph^IItun, Torr. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian Tcr NIP. Fig. 137. Usually dioecious : lvs. usually 2. with ovate or elliptic-ovate Ifts.: spadix club-shaped and 137. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (X %). lanceolate pointed Ifts.: spadix long-pointed and pro- j«^fting beyond the greenish spathe : scape much shorter taan the leaf. Low grounds in E. Amer. — Occasionally giown in borders and rockwork. 138. Aristolochia macrophylla. covered by the arching purplish spathe. Common in woods. G.W.F. 28. D. 281. -Tuber or conn flattish and large, very acrid, often employed as a domestic remedv. Berries red and showy, ripening in early summer. Planted in a moist, shady place, the lvs. remain until fall ; but in expo.sed places they die down early in sum- mer. This and the last are very Interesting native plants of easy culture, propagated by tubers and by seeds. fimbri^tum, Masters. Fringed Calla. Leaf solitary, the petiole a ft. or less high, sheathed below ; Ifts. broad- ovate and acuminate, short-stalked : scape as long as the petiole, bearing a large, purple-limbed, white- streaked, long-pointed spathe : spadix ending in a long and gracefully drooping, feather-like appendage. E. Ind. G.C. 11.22:689; III. 15:763. B.M. 7150. Mn.8:59. —A handsome and striking pot-plant, blooming in sum- mer. Grow in rich soil. Dry oflP the tuber when th<' ks. turn yellow after flowering, and keep dry in sand or earth until spring. Other species are: A. andmaZum, Hemsl. Lfts. 3, broad-ovate, acuminate: spathe small, purplish and streaked, arching over the short spadix : suggests A. triphyllum. Malacca. B.M. 7211. — A. concinnum, Schott. Leaf solitary, with 10 or more lfts.: spathe colored, tailed. India. B.M.5914.— J.. curt'd^w w, Hoot. =A. tortuosum.— .1. galeatum, N. E. Br. Leaf solitary, with U lfts.: spathe purple inside. India. B.M. 6457.— A. Griffithii. Sehott. Lvs. 2, lfts. 3, nearlj' orbicular : spathe very large, with a spreading and wrinkled limb several inches broad, and rich purple with green veins. India. B.M.&l!)!. One of the hand- somest of all Arisa^mas.— J . ncpentfioidrs, Mort. Leaf pedate, of 5 narrow lfts.: spathe auricled. India. B.M.C446.— A.ri/ij;«i^, Sehott. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminate : spathe piurle, arched. Japan. Perhaps hardy in the open. Gn. 37, x>. 577.— A. Sieboldii. Pe Vriese.=A. ringens.- A . speeidsutn , Mort. Lfts. 3 : spathe large and very dark purple ; spadix with a very long, string-like tip. India. Gn. 37:758. B.M. 59t>4.- -A.^irfwosHm, Sohott. Lvs. usu- ally 2. with several or many lfts.: spathe purple outside: spa- dix long-tailed but erectish, greenish. India. B.M. 5931 (as A. eurvatnm).- A. t<^7<', Hook. Lvs. 2, with3crenate lfts.: spathe redilish, green-ribbed : spadix purple : tubers eaten by natives in India. B.M. 6474. — J. Ifrd.i/i. Hemsl. Leaf solitary, pedate, the lfts. lanceolate : spathe green or whitish : spadix slender, recurve<l. India. B.M. 7105.— Except A. ringens, probably all the above species require pot cult, in the N. l_ jj_ 3^ ARISARUM (old Greek name). Aroidece. Three or four variable species of Arum-like plants of the Medi- terranean region. Differs from Arisaema, its nearest ally, in having the margins of the spathe connate rather than convolute, and in other techuical characters. For culture, see ArisoBma and Arum, ARISARUM ARISTOLOCHIA 95 rolg'^T^' Targ. (Arum Arisdrum, Linn.). A foot ' cordate or somewhat hastate, long-stalk ,'d : high snathe purple, incurved at the top. — Has many forms JLa mnnv names. Can be grown in the open with pro- open pro- and many names tei'tion. ^BISTOLOCHIA (named for supposed medicinal vir- tues). Aristolochidceve. Birthwort. Many species of tropical and temperate regions, reniarkal)le for the very odd- shaped tls. The corolla is want- injr, but the calyx is corolla like, tubular, variously btnt, ami com- ,i,only tumid above the ovary : stamens commonly G, short and aduate to the style (Fig. 140). Mostlv woody twiners, the great- er part of them known to cult, only in warm glass-houses. Many species are evergreen. The ten- der species are cult, for the strik- ingly irregular and grotesque fls. Jlon'oirr. by Duchartre in De- ('andolle's 'Prodromus, Vol. 15, Partl(ia64). L. H. B. 139. Flower of Dutchman's Pipe. Aristolochia macrjphylla. Showing the ovarj' jtt a, and the swelling of the calyx-tube at b. Natural size. The best known representative of this genus is Aris- t<\lochia maoqphylla (or A. Sipho), the "Dutchman's Pipe," than which there is no better hardy climbing vine for shade or screen purposes. No insects or other trou- iiles seem to mar its deep green foliage, for which it is most valued, as the fls. are small, siphon-shaped, and iueonspicuous, in early spring soon after the Ivs. are formed. There are many tropical Aristolochias, the fls. of some of them being of extraordinary size, structure, and t J!or, but they are rarely seen on account of the last characteristic, the odor being so suggestive of putridity as to make its proximity apparent to all, and even to <ie''eive the flies as to its origin. One of the most gi- irint'C varieties is A trandiflora, var. Sturtevauiii. Another fine species : A. Goldieana ; but the best of thetropical kinds for general culture in glass structures i- .4. elegans, as it is very easily raised from home- L'lDwn seeds, flowers the first year, is very decorative •Hs a climber, and has no odor. We find it very easy of culture in rich soil, and it is evergreen, as, indeed, are nirtst of thetropical kinds. The Aristolochias are of easy culture, requiring only good loam and careful attention to keep them thrifty and free of insects. They can be trained on trellises, pillars, or rafters. Most of them r»^i|uire a rather warm temperature, but if in pots they may be flowered in the conservatory. The large- growing species require much room, and do not bloom, as a rule, until they are several feet high. Prop, readily by cut- tings in a frame. Except as oddities, most of the Aristo- lochias are of little value. ^ i^ i 17 r\ <-» Cult, by E. O. Orpkt. A. Herbs, not climbing. Serpent&ria, Linn. Virginia Snakeroot. Height 3 ft. or less : pubescent, with short rootstocks and aro- uiatic roots : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, cordate, acuminate at the top : fls. terminal, solitary, S-shaped, much en- larged above the ovary, greenish. E. states. — Occasion- ally cult. Roots used in medicine. Reputed remedy for snake bites. Clematltis, Linn. Two ft. or less tall, glabrous : Ivs. reniform-pointed, ciliate on the margins : fls. axillary and clustered, straight, greenish. Eu. — Rarely cult.', and occasionally escaped. A A. Woody, twining. B. Cultivated in the open. macrophylla, Lam. (A. S'lpho, L'Her). Dutchman's Pipe. Figs. \:i8, 139, 140. Very tall, twining, glabrous : Ivs. very large, broadly reniform or rounded, becoming glabrous : fls. solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, U-shaped, enlarged above the ovary, with a 3-lobed, spreading limb, purplish. E. states. B.M. 534. G.W.F. 43. Gng. 1:.53. G.F. 5:509 (habit). — An excellent vine for porches, the great Ivs. affording a dense shade. tomentdsa, Sims. Much like the last, but very tomen- tose : Ivs. less rounded : fl. yellow, with reflexed lobes. N. Car. to Mo. and S. B.M. 1369. Calif6niica, Torr. Silky pubescent, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. ovate- cordate, 2-4 in. long, oVjtuse or acutish, short-petioled: fls. U-shaped, little contracted at the throat, the limb 2-lobed, with the upper lip of 2 broad, obtuse lobes and a thickening on the inner side. Calif. BB. Greenhouse or warm house. c. Flower-limb of 2 narrow lobes. ridicula, X. E. Br. Very slender, stiff-hairy through- out : Ivs. round-reniform, cordate : fls. axillary and solitary, 2 in. long aside from the limb, with a long sac at the base of the tube, pale yellow with dull purple veining ; limb of two spreading, dellexed, narrow lobes, glandular, reminding one of donkeys' ears. Brazil. B.M. 6934. G.C. II. 20:361. re. Flower-limb ample and flowing. cjnnbifera, Mart. & Zucc. (A. labidsa, Sims). Gla- brous : St. striate : Ivs. reniform, obtuse and deeply cut at the base, pedately 7-9-nerved, long stalked : fls. iong- stalked, 8-10 iu. long, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip short and lanceolate, acute or acuminate : the lower lip (which, by position of fl. may seem to be the upper) very large, dilated at base, and produced into a long, boat- 140. Longitudinal section of (lower of Dutchman's Pipe. Showing the ovary, and short column of stauieus at q. 96 ARISTOLOCHIA ARIZONA shaped (whence the name, from cymba, a boat) usually 2-lobed projection : H, creamy white, marked and blotched with maroon. Brazil. B.M. 2545. P.M. 6:53 as A. hi/perborea, Paxt. BrasiU^nsis, Mart. & Zucc.{ A . omifhoc^phala , Hook.). Glabrous : Ivs. cordate-reniform, obtuse, with deep sinus at base : peduncle 8-10 in. long, l-Pd.: fl. very large, dingy yellow, with marks and reticulations of purple, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 5 in. long, lan- ceolate-acuminate, projecting from the inflated head- like tube like the long beak of a bird, hairy within ; lower lip on a stalk 2 in. long, then expanding into a Hattened, wavv, beautifullv marked limb 4-6 in. across. Brazil. B.M. 4120. Gn. 45, p. 289.— A most odd and interesting species, not infrequent in fine establishments. grandifldra, S w a r t z ( A. g'lga >s, Liudl.). Pel- ican - FLowEK. Goose- flower Fig.141. Downy climbing shrub : Ivs. cordate- acuminate ; pe- duncles opposite a leaf, stri- ate, exceeding the petiole, 1-fld. ; the fl.-bud is " bent like a siphon in the tube, so as to resemble the body and neck of a bird, while the limb, in that state, resembles the head and beak thrown back upon the body, as a pelican when that hird is at rest, whence the name" (Hook, in B.M. vol. 74) : the great ex- panded cordate-ovat« limb sev- eral inches across, wavy-mar- gined, purple - blotched and veined, terminating in a long and slender ciliated tail : strong- scented. W. Ind., Cent, and S. Amer. B.M. 4:{i;h-9. B.R. 28:00. F. S, 4:3.')l-2. G. F. 3:597-9. A.F. 10:157. G.C. III. 19: 73. Gng. 3: 23. Gn. 50: 378. Var. Stiirtevantii, W. Wat- son, is the form chiefly known in cult., being very large-fld., and with a tail 3 ft. long. Var. Hodkeri, Duchartre (A. gignntea, Hook.), is glabrous, in- odorous, with a short-tailed fl. B.M. 4221. Goldieina, Hook. Glabrous : Ivs. ovate-cordate or triangular-cordate, acuminate, the base deeply cut: fls. very large, greenish outside but brown-veined and blotched inside, the lower part of the tube straightish and 8 in. long, the upper part sharply bent over and a foot long, with a funnel-shaped, spreading limb a foot or more across, and indis- tinctly 3-lobed, each lobe terminated by a short tail : stamens 24. W. Afr. B.M. 5672. G.C. III. 7:521 ; 21:337. G.M. 1890:286. elegans. Masters. Slender, glabrous, the fls. borne on the pendulous young wood: Ivs. long-stalked, reniform- cordate, 2-3 in. across, with wide sinus and rounded ba- sal lobes, the tip obtuse : fls. solitary, long-stalked, the tube yellow-green, 1^ in. long, the limb cordate-circu- lar, 3 in. across, purple and white blotched, white on the exterior, the eye vellow : not strong-smelling. Braz. (i.e. II. 21:301; 111.22:123. B.M. 6909.-A small-fld. and graceful, free-blooming species. .4. aftfsttima. Dent. Fls. 2i". or less long, brownish. Sicily and Algeria. Would probab!> be hardy with protection in the Middle states. B.M.6.t86.— A. an^Mfcida, Jacq. Lvs. long-cor- date : fls. small, 1-2 in. long, with a long-pointed limb. New (}rana<la. B.M. 4361. F.S. 4: .344.— /I. barfcd^a, Jacq. Lvs. ob- long .ind cordate : fls. 2V2 in., purple. Venezuela. B.M. 5869. — .,1. caudata, Booth=A. marroiira.— .4. cilidta. Hook., and A. cilidsa, Benth.=A. fimbriata. — ^4. clupeata. Lindl. & Andr^. Lvs. triangnlar-ovate, pointed : fls. with a large, oval, purple- spotted. taille.s.s limb. S. .4raer. I.H.17r40. B.M. 7.=)12.— A. Diiclidrtrei, Andre=A. Rixiziana.— A. fimbriata, Cham. Lvs. small. cordate-orTiicidar : fls. small, the little limb glandular- vlliate. Braz. B.M. 37.56 (as A. ciliala).— A. Alnn«, Willd. Lvs. round-cordate : fls. bronze-green, with lolxni limb and a hairy l)eak. Veneztiela. B.M. 7i!7.'J. Allied to A. Brasiliensis.— .^1. Kdmpferi, Willd. Tali-climbing : lvs. ovate-cordate or hastate. variable : fls. solitary, tomentose, with narrow rim, yellow out- side, purple inside. Jap. Probably hardy in the "S.—A.lnngi. eaudata. Masters Lvs. ovate and cordate : fls. cream-colored with purple markings, with a large sac-like tube, hairy at the throat, with no exi>anded limb but a very long tail. S. Amer G.C. III. 8: 493.— A. longifdlia, Cbamp. Branches climbing, from a woody rootstock : lvs. thick, linear-lanceolate : fls! U-shaped, with a 2-lobed purple limb 2l4 in. across. Hong Kong. B.M.6884.— A. macrotira, Gomez. Lvs. reniform, lobed; fl. dark, 6-spurred, the Up with a twisted cusp. Braz. B.M. 3769 (as A. caudata).— A. odoratigsinia, Linn. Lvs. cordate- ovate : fl. solitary, purple, s-.veet. Jamaica.— A. rtna^J», Vahl. Lvs. round-reniform : fl. 7-10 in. long, green marked with darlc purple, hairy inside, with 2 longJips, one of which has a much- exi>anded limb. Braz. B.M. 5700.— A. Ruizidna, Duchartre. Lvs. reniform - cordate : fls. with tube 1 in. or less long, the cordate- ovate limb 3 in. across, and brown- spotted. Braz. B.M. 5880 and G C 1868:516 (as A. Duchartrei).-i. sa4;cdta. Wall. Lvs. long-ovate : 3s. small, U-shaped, with a very narrow rim (suggesting ".e Dutchman's Pipe), red. India. B.M. 3640.-i, Sdlpinx, Mt.sters. Lvs. ovate-lan- ceolate : fls. small, with a trumpet- shaped, somewhat 2-lipped mouth, purplish. Paraguay. G.C. II. 26: 457.— A. tricauddta, Lem. Lvs. ob- long - acuminate, rugose, ciliate : fls. pturple, with 3 long tails. Mex. LH. 14:522. KB. 20:37. B.M. 6067. —A. unyulifblia. Masters. Lvs, 3-lobed : fls. small, brownish and reddish, ^,^th a ciliate, tongue-like lip. Borneo. G.C. II. 14: 117. B.M. 7424.— Ji . WesUandii, Hemsley. Lvs. oblong - lanceolate : fl. pendulous, with a spreading purple - marked limb 5 or 6 in. across. China. B.M. 7011- L. H. B. AIIIST0T£LIA (after the Greek philosopher Aristotle). Tilidcece. Trees and shruls from the southern hemisphere, allied to Elceucarpus. Lvs. nearly opposite, entire or toothed : fls. polygamous; sepals 4-.', valvate: petals of the same number : berries small, edible. racemdsa. Hook. f. fls. white. New Zeal, em California. Small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. glossy: Cultivated somewhat in sout'h- ABIZONA. In no part of Arizona, with the ex- ception of occasional areas of a few acres in extent ou the high mountains, is there sufiifcient raint i to grow horticultural plants without irrigation. The rivers of Arizona available for irrigation on an ex- tended scale are confined to the southern half of the territory. All of northern Arizona is drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries, but here the river lies at the bottom of a deep canon, and is practically valueless in its application to horticulture. All of this region has very limited possibilities from a horticultural standpoint, the flow of the few avail- able streams being small and very uncertain. On the many mountain ranges of Arizona, at an ele- vation varying from five thousand to eight thousand feet, are isolated areas of limited extent where crops of great variety are grown without irrigation. Althouph these areas are utilizei' largely for growing hay, grain and hardy vegetables, ?ome of the best flavored and choicest apples, peaches and small fruit grown in the territory are from these mountain "garden patches." The mountains at every side temper the climate, offer protection from winds, and make them almost ideal localities for the growing of a great varietj of deciduous and small fruits, as well as many sorts of vegetables. Although these isolated, restricted areas are worthy of consideration, it is only in the valleys of southern Ari- zona having rivers of considerable size and regularity in their flow that large areas of land are available for cultivation. The shaded areas on the map (Fig. 142) show the leading horticultural areas thus far developed. One cannot get an adequate conception of the prob- lems confronting the horticulturist in this region with- out first carefully considering the meteorological condi- tiotis of this, the most arid, the most desert-like part of the United States. At Phoenix and Yuma, two repre- ARIZONA ARIZONA 97 sentatlve localities of southern Arizona, having the greatest horticultural possibilities, the average year'y rainfall is only 7 inches for the former and 3 for the latter. In general, the precipitation is during two dis- tinct seasons. The heaviest, or summer rains, begin about the first of July and increase in frequency until August, the month of greatest precipitation during the rear. The winter rains are at their maximum in Decem- ber, With the exception of infrequent intervals during the rainy season, dews are unknown and fogs are of rare occurrence. On the other hand, from experiments con- ducted at Tucson, the evaporation is about 78 inches per vear, reaching the maximum of 11 to nearly 13 inches during the month of June. At Phoenix the mean temperature may range from 32.2° toBtiT. inJan. Itsteadily increases till July, when it may ranee from 72° to 107°. It then steadily declines until the next Jan. The corresponding ranges at Yuma are 42^-65° for Jan., and 77° to 100° for July. The variation The shaded parts show horticultural sections. There is also a horticultural section about Yuma. in temperature from day to night is frequently, in sum- mer, from 25° to 40°F., while in winter it is even greater. Tbe annual range, however, is not so great as it is in the northern states. The intense heat and dryness of the atmosphere, with continuous sunshine and frequent scorching winds, not only draw the moisture in wonderful rapidity from irri- trated fields, but the foliaere of cultivated plants, save those with firm leaves, protected by thick epidermis, are ivertaxed at times, and not infrequently the leaves wither and bum, even when the roots of the plants are weil supplied with water. In some instances the differ- ence of a few days in time of irrigating makes or loses the crop. At times, flooding at midday is disastrous, destroying the plants as effectually as if swept by fire. The temperature of water in irrigating ditches in mid- summer often ranges from 8.5° to 92°F. The rivers of Arizona draw their moisture from the wooded moxmlains, but as these mountains are snow- covered only during winter and early spring, as the sum- mer advances their supply gradually becomes less and less until the beginning of the rainy season. Conse- quently the cultivation of all crops must lead toward srreat economy in the use of water during the months of May and June. All crops sown broadcast or in narrow irills are irrigated by flooding, while orchards,vineyards and crops grown in rows are usually irrigated by running the water through furrows. In either system it is impera- tive that the land be graded and thoroughly worked, in order to attain the best results in the distribution of water. The desert lands of Arizona, in their virgin state, are seldom suited for orchards, vineyards, gardening, etc. It is expedient to grow alfalfa for a few years before at- tempting to produce horticultural crops. Usually the virgin soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen, constitu- ents which are most economically supplied by growing alfalfa. Many orchards and vineyards have failed in Arizona on account of being planted on virgin soil. Market-gardening in Arizona is largely in the hands of the Chinese, who practice high culture, and keep their lands in a continual succession of crops. Cabbage and cauliflower must be grown as winter crops. For years it was thought that corn could not be successfully grown in southern Arizona. When planted in the spring, the excessive heat and dryness of June renders the pollen impotent, and a well-developed cob bearing a few scat- tered kernels of corn is the result. Experience has re- cently taught that most excellent, well filled corn may be grown, if planted in July and pollenized at the end of the rainy season. Artificial fertilizers are seldom used in Arizona. In preparing the soil for nearly all vegetables, both in ama- teur and commercial methods of culture, it is thrown into high ridges and the seed sown in hills or drills on either side of the ridge a few inches below the summit. In irrigating, the water is run between the ridges, so that it reaches the hills or drills without covering them, and is allowed to run foi a greater or less length of time, de- pending upon the ability of the soil to take water. In many of the heavier adobe soils it is necessary, when planting melon and many other seeds, to cover them with sand. If the adobe soil of the field is used as a cover, it bakes so hard that the germinating seeds are unable to make their way to the surface. Beets, and occasionally other vegetables, when planted on an extended scale, are sown in drills without ridging the soil. After planting, furrows are made between the rows in which to run the water, it being imperative that the water be not allowed to break through the furrows and flood the crop. In fruit-culture, the important principle is practically the same for all fruit, it being essential to fill the ground with water during the winter season, when the ditches are running full, and by thorough tillage during spring and early summer to retain the moisture, to fortify the plants against the lack of water in ^lay and June. Orchards and vineyards may be flooded several times during the winter, or the same or better results m»y be obtained by making furrows at a distance of every 4 to 6 feet throughout the orchard, and running a subsoil plow in the furrows to loosen and break up the soil to consider- able depth. When so prepared, the soil will take water with great avidity, and if the process be repeated two or three times during the winter, water required for subse- quent culture will be much lessened. In orchards and vineyards, frequent irrigation with little water is expensive and results are unsatisfac- tory. The ground should be thoroughly wet through- out, even between *^'" *ows, and as soon as practicable after irrij^'inir and later leveled by using a flne-tootbcd _ ~ ' i T^rocess will leave a mulch of loose earth at '" chickness over the moist soil, and assist g. ,tti. ^1»^ - ^'-a of moisture. Whenneces- sary to impi ove the cojd. non of the soil by adding plant food, it is most economically and satisfactorily accom- plished by green-manuring, growing the crop during the fall and winter and turning it under in the spring. Great variation in temperature during February and March is very disa:;trous to successful fruit and nut cul- ture in southern Arizona. Almonds begin to bloom in February, and are followed in succession b\' apricots and peaches, all of which are likely to be injured by spring frosts. In humid regions, methods of pruning tend toward thinning out the center of the tree, so that the sun may reach the fruit spurs within. In Arizona fruit trees are usually headed low, in order that the trunk be shaded. Deciduous trees are usually cut back annually, throwing the fruit spurs toward the center of the tree, that as much as possible of the developing fruit be shaded by 98 ARIZONA ARKANSAS the foliage. Citrous, olive and fig trees are rarely if ever pruned, and grapes are usually cut back to two or three buds, Among small fruits, strawberries, although pro- ducing the larger part of their crop during April or May, ripen fruit every month of the year. The following: is a brief list of the best and most prof- itable commercial varieties of the more important fruits and nuts grown in the irrigated regions. The list is compiled from the answers to a circular letter sent to 60 of the largest fruit-growers in southern Arizona : Almondi.—'Se Plus Ultra, IXL. Apples, early.— Early HarN-est, Early Strawberry, Red Astra- chan. Apples, late. — White Pearmain, Ben Davis. Apricots, early.— Benuefs Early. New Castle. Peach. Pringle. Apricots, late.— Moo rpark, Royal, Smith's Triumph, St. Am- broise. Blackberries.— Lavrton's Early, Crandall's Early, Early Har- vest. Dewberries.— "Hay's. Graphs.- Thompson's Seedless, Sultana Seedless, Rose of Peru, Salem, Muscat, Rogers' No. 9. Orape Frwif.- Triumph, Walter, Bowiu. Lemons.— VUIr Franca, Sicily. Mtilberries.-Downmg, Russian. Olives.— yi&nzaniWo, Nevadillo Blanco, Mission. Oranges.— Raby Blood, Jaflfa, Parson's Brown, Mediterranean Sweet, Bahia (Washington Navel). Peaches, early.— Early Crawford, Parson's Early, Triumph. Sneed, Strawberry. Peaches, late.— Globe, Salway, Oldmixon, Heath's Freestone, Muir, December Cling. Pears, early.— Wilder, Brandywine, Bartlett. Pears, late. — Winter NelLs, Pia Beri-y. PJum«.— Wickson, Kelsey, Botan White, Royale Hative. Pomegranates.— Rwhy, Sweet, Red PapershelK?), Golden. Quinces. — Champion. Portugal. Orange. Strawberries.— AiizonsL Everbearing. J. W. TOCMEY. ARKANSAS. The horticultural products of Arkansas are varied, owing to the great differences of climate, elevation and soil. The seasons in the southern part of the state are about three weeks earlier than in the north- ern. There is much variation between nearby points. In the western part of the state, owing to the differ- ence in altitude, within a distance of 60 miles there is from a week to 10 days difference in the seasons. This admits of a great diversity of fruit and vegetable pro- duction within the limits of the state. The northwestern section of the state is noted for its fine apples, and they are grown extensively for market. This section has also produced a number of seedling ap- ples that are being largely planted there as well as else- where. There are several of these new apples, and others of value are constantly coming into notice. A few of those of special value are Arkansas, Oliver, Col- lins, and Oivens. It is probable that some of these new apples will become standard varieties, for in addition to being productive they are good keepers. Winter apples are not grown so extensively in other sections of the state, but summer and fall varieties are grown to some extent in all sections. Peaches are grown for market along the lines of rail- road in the western section of the state, and the acreage is being largely increased each year. For marketable purposes the Elberta is grown almost exclusively, and is shipped in car lots to the northern markets. The earlier varieties have not proved profitable for ship- ping purposes. Peaches are grown for home market throughout the state. Strawberry-growing is an impor- tant industry in western Arkansas, and is carried on to some extent in manj' localities in the eastern and south- em parts, where they are grown in small quantities for shipment. The acreage around some of the shipping points in the western part is large, reaching about three thousand acres at one point. The varieties grown most extensively are Michel and Crescent. Owing to the strict laws against the selliiigof wine in the state, grape- growing is not carried on to any great extent. On the elevated sections the table and wine grapes succeed well, and in some localities table grapes are grown for shipment. The Scuppernong succeeds in south Arkan- sas. Pears are grown in some sections for market, but not to any great extent, owing to the prevalence of pear blight, while blackberries and raspberries are grown for the home market in most sections. Cherries are grown only for the home market, the Morello type alone being successful. In order to describe more accurately the horticultural condition of the state, we have divided it into four sec- tions, in the order of their present development and their natural adaptability to horticultural productions (Fjg. 143). Section 1, located in the northwestern part of the 143. The horticultural zones of Arkansas. state, is a mountainous country, fairly well developed, and is adapted to all classes of horticulture. Section 2, located south of section 1, is partly mountainous and partly low land and, from a horticultural standpoint, is not so well developed as section 1, while in sections 3 and 4, located in the extreme southern and eastern parts of the state, horticulture has received little attention. Section 1.— The elevation of this section ranges from 800 to 2,000 feet, the greater portion being about 1,200 feet. The country is mostly uneven, and parts of it are somewhat mountainous. The Ozark Mountain system enters the state from the northwest, while the Boston Mountains, a range of this system, extend across the section just north of and parallel with its southern boundary. Fruit and vegetables are grown for shipping along the lines of railroad in the western part. The re- mainder of this section, although remote from railroads, is well adapted to fruit-growing, and with transportation facilities it promises to be equally productive. The apple leads as a fruit product. In 1897, there were shipped from the western part, principally from two counties, over 2,000 cars of apples. Section 2. — The elevation of this section ranges from 300 to 2,820 feet, the greater part of it, however, ranging from 300 to 800 feet. Most of this section consists of rough land. Strawberries are grown for shipment, prin- cipally in the western part. The berries ripen early in this locality, and the growers nsually begin shippin:; the latter part of April. At a few points, peaches are extensively grown for shipment. Plums, blackberries, raspberries and summer apples are grown to some extent in all localities, while winter apples are success- fully grown on the higher land. Here, vegetable-grow- ing for the northern markets is receiving much atten- tion. Such crops as beans, peas, tomatoes and canta- loupes are extensively grown in some localities along the railroads. The area in cantaloupes reaches nearly 1,000 acres at some of the shipping points. Thesa crop? can be gr -n early enough to bring good prices in the markets o. he north, and are shipped in car lots. Section iJ.— This section is mostly low, but the land is uneven, and much of it is adapted to fruits and vepe tables. It ranges in elevation from 140 to 3G0 feet. Peaches and summer apples succeed on the higher land, and are grown to some extent in all localities. Vege- tables can also be successfully grown, but little atten- tion has been given to these lines of farming here. Strawberries are grown only for home market. ARKANSAS AR01DE.E 99 Section 4. — This section comprises the low lands of the eastern part of the state. It ranges in elevation from 130 to 350 feet, and the land is low and flat, with the exception of a ridge a few miles wide running through it uorth and south. But little fruit is grown in this section for commercial purposes ; however, fruits could be grown successfully for market in some parts of it and early vegetables are now grown for market at several points. John T. Stinson. ASMENtACA. See under Prnnus. ABM£BIA (an old Latin name) Plumbagindcece. SeaFink- Thrift. Small perennial herbs, with rosettes of narrow evergreen Ivs. on the ground, sending up a naked simple scape 2-12 in. high, on which is borne a compact head of pink, lilac or white fls., the head being subtended by small bracts, forming a kind of involucre. Species much confused. They are excellent for borders, especially where a low edging is wanted; also for rock- work. They are of easiest culture, being hardy and free powers. Prop, by division of the stools; also by seeds. •jee Boissier, in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 12. A. Calyx-tube pilose all over. maritima, Willd. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, somewhat ob- tuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate : scape low, somewhat villose ; calyx-tube about the length of the pedicel, the ;imb nearly equal to the tube, with very short ovate and aristate lobes. Eu. and Amer., along the sea coast.— TTie J. vHhjhris of horticulturists seems to belong here. A.Loiichtdna, Hort., with very bright rose-colored fls., is a form of it. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. Also a white-lvd. form. A. argentea, Hort., is perhaps another form, with small white fls. Sibirica, Turcz. Lvs. linear, 1 -nerved, obtuse, gla- brous : scape rather taller, thicker ; calyx-tube longer than pedicel, the limb about length of tube, with tri- angular, short-mucronate lobes : involucre brown : fls. white. S:beri\. juncea, '"'hard {A. sethcea, Delile). Outer lvs. of rii>ette nvrro AT -linear and subdentate, the inner ones lunser and filiform: head small, with pale involucre, the pedicel much shorter than the calyx-tube : calyx-limb short, the U'()es ovate-obtuse and aristate: fls. pink. Eu. AA. Calyx-fube glabrous, or pilose only on the ridges. B. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or broader. latifdlia, Willd. {A. cephaldtes, Link & Hoffm., not Hook.). Glabrous and glaucous: lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7- nerved, the margin remotely denticulate: head large, the involucre dry : calyx-limb long, with very small or no lihes and long teeth: fls. bright pink. S. Eu. B.M.7313. P.M. 11:79 (as Sfatice Pseudo-A.rmeria).—A. fomidsa, Hort., probably belongs here. Mauritdnica, Wallr. (A. cephaldtes, Hook., not Link i Hottni.). Lvs. broad -spatulate or elliptic-lanceolate, -.') nerved, glaucous-green, the margin scarious-white : ufads large (2-3 in. across), the involucre brownish, the alvx short -toothed and aristate : fls. pink. Eu., Algeria. B.M.4128. BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or nai^rower. alplna, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate, equal- ing the scape, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved : head large, the involucre pale brown : pedicels shorter than f^^alyx-tube, the tube equaling the oblong long-aristate iobes: fls. deep rose. Mts.,Eu. elongita, Hoffm. Lvs. linear, long, 1-nerved, acutish: i; viiluore white : pedicels as long as calyx-tube, limb ' lualing the tube, and the lobes cvate-ari state : pink. Var. purptirea, Boiss. {A. ptirpurea, Koch), has purple Lt-ad;*. Central Eu. plan taglnea, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 3-7uerved, acute or acuminate : scape tall ; head dense and globular, the involucre white : pedicels as long as ealyx-tube, the lobes ovate and long-aristate and as long as tube ; pink. Central and S. Eu. Var. leucdntha, Boiss. {A. dianthoidcs, Hornm. & Spreng.), has white tiowers. argryroc^phala, Wallr. (A. undtildta, Boiss.). Gla- brous : outer lvs. in rosette, short and lanceolate or linear-lanceolato and 3-nerved and often sinuate, the in- ner ones linear or setaceous and 1-3-nerved : head large, the involucre white : pedicel nearly as long as calyx- tube, the calyx-limb with long-triangular aristate lobes ; fls. white, showy. Greece. aRMEEIASTBUM. L. H. B. and J. B. Kelleh. See Acantholimon. AENATTO. See Biza. ARN£BIA (Arabic name). Boraginhcea^. Annual or perennial hispid herbs, of nearly 20 species in Africa and Asia. Lvs. alternate : fls. yellow or violet, in ra- cemes or cymes, the color changing with the age of the blossom ; corolla slendtr-tubed, with 5 obtuse lobes. echioides, DC. (Macrotdmia echio)des, Boiss. ) . Proph- et - Fluwek. Hardy perennial, 3-12 in. high, short- hairy, with spreading, obovate-oblong lvs.: fls. in a scorpioid raceme or spike, yellow, with purple spots, fading to pure yellow. Caucasus, Armenia, etc. B.M. 4409. G.C. II. 11 : 689. — Blooms in spring. In full sun or in rather dry ground, it is difficult to keep this charm- ing plant in a healthy condition ; partial shade is essen- tial to its welfare. One can grow luxuriant specimens on the northern slope of a rockery or close to a build- ing on the east or north side. Prop, by seeds, division, or by root -cuttings. comtita, Fisch. & Meyer. Arabian Primrose. An- nual, 2ft., bushy: lvs. lanceolate or linear-oblong, pointed : fls. % in. across, yellow and black-spotted, changing to maroon and then to vellow. Orient. G.C. 111.7:52. J. H. III. 31:29. A. F*. 5: 400. A. G. 44:181 (1890).— An attractive and not very common annual, easily grown in the open. A. Griffitkii, Boiss. Annual : lvs. narrow-oblong, obtuse, cili- ate : fls. long-tnbed, with a black spot in each sinus : J>-r2 in. India. B.M. 5266.— Not known to be in the American trade. • L. H. B. and J. B. Kell.er. ABNICA (ancient name). Compdsitce. Small genus of perennial herbs, with clustered root-lvs. and large, long-peduncled yellow heads. Native to Eu., Asia, and N. Amer. — Tincture of the European ^4 . montana is used in medicine. Grown mostly as alpines or in rockwork ; some species also grow fairly well in the common bor- der. Prop, by division, and rarely by seeds. A. Radical lvs. cordate, ivith slender or winged petioles. cordifdlia, Hook. Two ft. or less high, hairy : heads few or even solitary, with inch-long rays ; involucre % in. high, pubescent. Rocky Mts. and W. latifdlia. Bong. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem- Ivs. not cordate or petioled : heads smaller than in pre- ceding. Rocky Mts. and W. AA. Radical lvs. not cordate, but petioled. amplezicaftlis, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate to lanee-obioug, acute, those on the stem clasping and dentate : stem leafy to the top. Oregon and N. folidsR, Nutt. Pubescent : lvs. lanceolate, strongly nerved, small -toothed, the upper ones somewhat clasp- ing : heads sometimes solitary, short-peduncled : stem leafy, strict. Rocky Mts. and W. mont&na, Linn. Mountain Tobacco. Mountain Snuff. A foot high, the stem sparsely hairy : radical lvs. oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and entire : heaus 3-4, large. Eu. B. M. 1749. J. H. III. .34: 441. -The best known species in cult.; but none of the Arnicas are common in American gardens. l^ jj, b, AB0IDE2E, or ABACEJE. Aroids. A large order of spathe-bearing, tuberous herbaceous plants, containing many of the most highly prized greenhouse plants. The culture of Aroids is too diverse to be given in any one place. See the leading genera, as Aglnonema, Alocasia, Anthurium, Arismma, Antm, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, Dracunculus, Helicodiceros, Homalo- mena, Monstera, Philodendron, Richardia, Schizmato- glottis, iSpathiphyllum, Xanthosoma, etc. y 100 AROXIA ABONIA. See Sorbug. A. alnifolia, Nutt. = Ame- lancbier alnifolia. ABFOPntLLUM (Cimiter and leaf). Orehid(ice<r, tribe Epidindretp. Epiphytes : racemes dense, cylin- drical, erect : Ivs. strap-shaped or linear, on jointed, terete stems : lis. small, inverted ; segments concave. — Orchids of minor importance. Consult Epklfntlrum. grigantdiun, Lindl. Plants robust : sts. about 10 in. high : Ivs. coriaceous, strap-shaped ; peduncle stout : raceme several in. long ; lis. numerous, pink-purple. Mex. — Give plenty of litrht. spicJltum, Llave et Lex, Smaller than thu above : Ivs. linear : tls. paler. B.M.6022. AEROW-ROOT. An edible starch, obtained from the rhizomes of various scitaminaceous plants, as Maranta, Curcuma, Tacca, Canna. The West Indian Arrow-root is mostly from Maranta arandinaeea, Linn. The Bra- zilian is from Manihot utilissima, Pohl. The East In- dian is chiefly from Curcuma angustifoUa, Roxbg. Po- tato and maize starches are also a source of Arrow-root. Arrow-root is also obtained from Manihot. ARTABOTETS {suspend qrapes, alluding to the hang- ing fruit I. Anon^ceie. About 2.5 tropical climbing shrubs, with 3-sepaled and 6-petaled solitary or fascicu- late tls.. and shining e^'ergreen foliage. odoratissimuB, R. Br. Lvs. oblong or lanceolate, pointed, thick, dark glossy green : fls. brownish, very fragrant : hooks on the peduncles. E. led. B.R. 423.— Hardy in S. Fla. and S. Cal., and somewhat cult. The ylang-ylang perfume is made from the fls. The lvs. are used in native medicine. ARTEMISIA (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Com- p6sit(e. A large genus of aromatic herbs and small shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most aoundant in arid regions. Lvs. alternate, often dis- sected : heads small and mostly inconspicuous, numer- ous, and generally nodding, with yellow or whitish florets. In the West, many of the species, particularly A. tridentata, are known as Sage Brush. Grown for tneir medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The cult, kinds are perennials, and thrive in the most ordi- nary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Prop, mostly by division. For an account of the species, see Besser, in DeCandolle's Prodromus, vol. 6, and Gray, in Synop- tical Flora, vol. 1, part 2. A. Heads with two kinds of florets (heterogamous). B. Disk-fls. with both stamens and pistils, hut the ovary aftortive {not producing seed): style usu- ally entire. Dracunculus, Linn. Tarragon. Estragok. Herb : green and glabrous, with erect, branched stems 2 ft. high : radical lvs. 3-parted at the top ; stem-lvs. linear or lanceolate, entire or small-toothed : panicle spread- ing, with whitish green, nearly globular fl. -heads. Eu. R.H. 1896, p. 285. — Tarragon lvs. are used for seasoning, but the plant is little grown in this country. The lvs. may be dried in the fall, or roots may be forced in a coolhouse in the winter. Prop, by division ; rarely pro- duces seed. Canadensis, Michx. Herb, 2 ft. or less high, glabrous or very nearly so : lvs. usually 2-pinnate, with filiform, plane lobes : fls. in a long, narrow panicle, with numer- ous small greenish heads. Wild on banks and plains in the northern part of the country. Int. 1891. filifdlia, Torr. Shrubby, canescent, 3 ft. or less high, very leafy, the branches rigid : lvs. filiform, the lower usually 3-parted : panicle long and leafy. Plains, W.— Plant has a purplish, mist-like aspect when in fruit. BB. Disk-fls. perfect and fertile : style S-cleft. C. Receptacle hairy. frigida, Willd. Herb, 8-12 in., with a woody base, silvery canescent : lvs. much cut into linear lobes : heads small and globular, with pale involucre, in nu- merous i-acemes. Plains and mountains W. Int. 1883.— ARTICHOKE Gootl for borders. Known in Colo, as " Mountain Frinjfe," and used medicinally. Absinthium, Linn. Wormwood. Almost shrubby, 2-4 ft. high, spreading and branchy, white-silky : lvs! '2-3- parted into oblong, obtuse lobes: heads small and nu- merous, in leafy panicles. — Wormwood is native to Eu.. but it occasionally escapes from gardens. It isaeomnjun garden herb, b* ingused in domestic medicine, especially as a vermifuge. Wormwood tea is an odorous momor\- with every person who was reared in the country. arg^ntea, L'Her. Shrubby, erect : lvs. white-silky, 2-pinuate, the lobes linear or lanceolate : beads KJobii- lar, tomentose, nodding, in racemose panicles ; 1-2 ft. Madeira. — Cseful for rockwork. cc. Receptacle not hairy. Abr6tanam, Linn. Southernwood. Old Max. Shrubby, 3-5 ft., green and glabrous, the st. rather strict : lvs. 1-3-pinnately divided, the divisions flne- filiform : panicleloose. with yellowish white heads. Eu. — Southernwood is grown for its pleasant-scented foli- age ; and it sometimes escapes into waste places. Fdntica, Linn. Roman Wormwood. Shrubby, erect, 1-4 ft.: lvs. canescent below, pinnatisect, the lobes linear : panicle open and long, with small, globular, no<lding, whitish yellow heads. Eu. — Roman wormwood i« used for the same purposes as A. Absinthium, tkuA is more agreeable. Chief source of absinthe. volg&ris, Linn. Mugwort. Herb, erect, paniculately branched : lvs. white-cottony beneath but soon green above, 2-pinnately cleft, with lanceolate lobes : upper lvs. sometimes linear . heads many, oblong, yellowish. Eu. and northern N. Amer., and naturalized in E. states. — Mugwort is grown for the ornament of its foli- age. There are variegated-leaved and golden -leaved va- rieties. It was once a domestic remedy. Variable. Stelleri^na, Bess. Old Woman. Herb, 2 ft., from a woody creeping base, densely white tomentose : lvs. pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes • heads large and niany- fld., in a racemose-glomerate inflorescence. N. E.Asia and on the coast of Mass. — Attractive from its whiteness. Useful for borders. Ludovici^na, Nutt. Herb, 2-3 ft., white-tomentose or lvs. becoming greenish above : lvs. linear to oblong, the lower ones toothed or parted, the upper ones entire: heads small, bell-shaped, paniculate. Plains and banks, W. Int. 1891. AA. Heads with perfect fls. throughout : receptacle not hairy. arbuscula, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby : a foot or less high : lvs. short, wedge-shaped. 3-lobed, the lobes obovate and often 2-lobed, canescent : panicle simple and strict, often spike-like, the 5-9-fld. heads erect. Plains, W. trident^ta, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; reachine height of 12 ft.. although often only a foot high, branchy, canescent : lvs. wedge-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobeii. truncate at the summit, the uppermost ones narrower : heads 5-8-fld. Plains, W. Int. 1881. r tt r, Lt. xl. £>. ARTICHOKE ( Cyndra Scdlymus, Linn. ). Comp6sit<r. A coarse and robust perennial, cult, for the edible fl.- heads and lvs. The fl. -heads are 3-5 in. across just before they open, and at this stage they are cut for the table. The fleshy outer scales and the " bottom " of the head (this is, the receptacle, the florets being removed) are eaten raw or cooked. When the blue florets begin to show. the head is too old for eating. Fig. 144 shows edible heads. For pickling, the heads are often taken when only half grown. The young sts. and lvs. are sometimes blanched and eaten, after the manner of cardoons ; and these parts comprise the "Artichoke salad '" of the markets. There are a score or more varieties in European gardens, but the Globe is the one generally sold here. Although the Artichoke is perennial, the plant declines in vigor after it has borne two or three crops. In the N. the plants should be protected in winter with a liberal mulch. Artichokes are of easiest culture on rich soil. As they grow 3-5 ft. high and branch freely, and make lvs. 3 ft. long, they should not be set nearer than 2 or 3 ARTICHOKE ARUM 101 ft in the rows, and the rows should be 4 or 5 ft. apart. In this country, the plant is propa^ted mostly by seeds. These are sown early in the spring. Seedlings rarely 144. Edible heads of Artichoke (X ^V give many heads before the second year. A quicker and iietter method of propagation is to use the suckers, which are freely produced about the crown. The suckers repro- duce the'variety. The Artichoke is little known in Amer- ica, but is worthy greater attention. The habit of propa- iratiugr by seed is, perhaps, one reason why the Artichoke has not obtained greater prominence in this country. The great woolly, pinnatifld Ivs. and strong habit make the plant an attractive ornamental subject. See Cardoon. L. H. B. ABTICHOKE, JEEUSALEM {Helidnthus tuberbstts, Linn. I. Compos itcB. While the Globe Artichoke is sel- dom seen in American gardens or on American tables, and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed. The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun- tiiiwer-like plant. (Fig. 145.) It thrives on almost any drained land, without much attention as to manuring, and without coddling. The tubers may be cut to single • yes and planted like common potatoes. The cultivation is about the same as that usually given to com or pota- toes. Any time in the fall after frost has killed the tops, « r the latter have matured, the crop can be gathered. Pull up the whole plant by the roots, or dig the tubers with a potato hook or prong hoe. Or, swine may be turned into the field and allowed to root up and feed on the tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with ground grains, to poultry with good results. As a succulent food for cattle, sheep, swine, and perhaps other farm stock, this tuber seems to de- serve more general attention on the part of the American farmer than it has usimlly received. It i> far ahead of the potato in productiveness, and much more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or i^pring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited sale in our markets. The chief demand for it will be for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop over winter is by leaving the tubers in the ground 145. Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke where they grew, as they are not hurt by frost when covered with soil. Tubers already gathered can be pitted like beets or turnips, but will need even less cover- ing of soil. The Mammoth White French is said by some propagators to be an improved strain of the ordinary or Jerusalem Artichoke. The plant often becomes a weed ; but hogs will root it out. The plant is native to upi er Canada and middle parts of the U. S. It was cult, by ae Indians. See Belianthus. f^ Greixer ABTOCARFUS {arfos, bread, and earpoa, fruit). L'rfi- cAceie. Bread F'ruit. Tropical fruit plants, originally from the East Indies, sometimes cult, with difficulty in northern botanic gardens for their great economic inter- est. They need a hot, moist atmosphere, much water, and perfect drainage. Prop, slowly by cuttings of young lateral growth. The fruits do not bear shipment to the N. Incisa, Linn. f. Bread Frimt. Tree, .30-40 ft., with a viscid, milky juice : branches fragile : Ivs. 1-3 ft. long, leathery, ovate, cuneate and entire at base, upper part 3-9-lobed: m»le Hs. in a dense club-shaped yellow catkin, lO-lGin. long; female fls. in asubglobularechinate head, having a spongy recepta<'le : fr. as large as a melon, typically muricated, but in the best cult, varieties reticu- lated only, and seedless. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gng. 5: 2.33, and B.M. 2809-71, where the romantic story of its transfer to the West Indies is told. Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. integrifdlia, Linn. f. Jack Fruit. Tree, 30 ft., with milky juice: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, very various; those of fer- tile branches nearly obovate, entire ; those of higher branches more obovate and oblong; those of young shoots from the root very narrow, or 2-3-lobed : fr. attaining a weight of 60-70 lbs. Less palatable than the bread fruit. The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest- nuts. G. C. III. 20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gn. 35: 4.55. C&nnonii, Bull. Lvs. var>-ing from cordate to deeply 3-lobed, 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur- ple above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21: 2231-2. ABUM (ancient name). Aroidece. Tuber-bearing low herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple, the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va- riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis- tillate lis. at the base. Grown usually as oddities, mostly under the general name of Callas. Some of the species are hardy ; others, as A. Palcestinum, are tender, and require glasshouse treatment. The tender kinds are managed in essentially the same way as the fancy-leaved Caladiuras. Plant the tubers sufficiently deep that roots may form from near the top. Give rich soil, and water freely when growing or in bloom. The hardy species should be well mulched in late fall. They thrive best in partially shaded places and in rich soil. Prop, by nat- ural offsets ; also by seeds or berries, which some spe- cies produce freely. Some of the species are acrid- poisonous. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolIe's Mono- graphia? Phonerogamarum, vol. 2. The following names are in the American trade : albispathitm, Nos. 5, 7; alpinuni, 6; AriifarHtn = Arisarum vulgare ; JBifzantinum, 7; Canaritnse, 7; concinnatum,!; eornutum = 'i', Corsic»rn,l; crinifum = Helicodiceros crinitus ; cylindracenm, 7 ; Ct/priuni, 2; detrnncatum, 3; Dioscoridis,2; DracHnculiis = Dra.c\in- culus vulgaris; elongafum,5; gratum,5; immaculaium, 6; intermedium, 6; Italieum, 7; matnlafum, 6; Mahji, 6; mar mora turn, 7; nigrum, o; y'ordmanni,5; orientah, 5; Pahe.sfinum, 4; pictum, 1; sanctum, 4; spectabile, 2; Sifriacum, 2 ; ternatum = Pinellia tuberifera ; vario- latum, 5 ; vulgare, 6 ; Zelebori, 6. A. Mature lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate. 1. pictum, Linn. f. {A. C6-rsicum. Lois.). Lvs. ap- pearing in spring, long-petioled, light green : .spathe bright violet, swollen at the base : spadix purple-black, exceeding the spathe. Corsica, Balearica, etc.— Hardy. AA. Mature lvs. hastate or sagittate. B. Tuber round-flattened or oblate, the lvs. and pedun- cles arising from a depressed center: lvs. appear- ing before the spathe. 2. Dioscorldis, Sibth. & Smith {A. snectdbile, Kegel. A. Syrlacum, Blume. A. Cyprium, Schott. ). Leaf- 102 ARUM ARUXDO blade oblonsr-tTianeular or ovate-trianenlar : spathe tube pale within, the limb tJ-8 in. lon>?. ianceolate-oblon)?, and colored with lar^e lentif ular pun»l«' syK>tM : spa<lix short, included. Asia Minor. — Runs into many formn, with variously marked spathes. Pots. .1. detrune4ttim, Meyer. Lvs. more or less tmncate at the base, the hla«ie shorter than in the last : yellowish Ifreen and pur|>le-spotted, large (10-1.5 in. lontr) and short-stalked, the liiub acummate. Persia,— Hardy. 146. Arum Italicum (X K). 4. Falaestlnnm, Boiss. {A. sanctum, Hort.). Black Calla. Solomon's Lily. Lvs. cordate-hastate, 6 in. broad across the base and about equal in length, the middle lobe broad-ovate aid nearly blunt : spathe about the length of the leaf, with a short gjeen tube, and an elongated lance-oblong-tapering limb, which is greenish on the outside and continuous black-purple within, the tip sometimes recurving : spadix shorter than the spathe. the upper part dark colored. Palestine. B.3L 5.^09. Gn. 4.T, p. IHl. — Perhaps the most popular Arum at present, being grown in pots as an oddity. 5. orient^le, Bieb. A foot high : lvs. brownish, broadly hastate-sagitate, the front lobe oblong-acute : spathe tube oblong-ovoid and white within, the limb ovate to oblong and intense black-purple (rarely pale), resembling A. wiculatnni.—A hardy species from Asia Minor, running into many forms. Some of the plants referred here are A. ttigrum, variohitiim, ^^ordniantii, gratum, Schott.; A. eloufjatum and A. albispathum, Steven (not A. albispathum, Hort., which i? A. Ital- icum). BB. Tuher ovoid or oblong, propagating horizontally, the lvs. and peduncles arising from the apex: lvs. appearing before or with the spathe. 6. mSLCulktum, hinn. {A. rulgd re. h&m.). Lords-axd- Ladies. Cuckoo Pint. Wake Robin (in England). About a foot high : lvs. usually black-spotted, hastate or sagittate, the front lol)e triangular ovate, about as high as the spathe : the spathe swollen at its base, the margins of the lance-ovate limb becoming inrolled, spotted with purple : spadix shorter than the spathe, purple. Eu. — A hardy species, of many forms. A form with spotless lvs. and a whitish tube with a medial pur- ple zone, is A, immaculdtum and Zelebdri, Schott. Var. uiffTUtitiiin, Engler, has a narrow light-purple spathe u-1. intermedium, Schur. A. Mnbji, Schott.). Var. alplnom, Engler (.-1. alp)num, Schott. & Kotschr) hax peduncles longer, and an ovate-lanceolate spathe.' 7. ItAlictun, Miller {A. cylindrdceum, Gasp.). Fig. 140. Larger than the last : lvs. hastate, nearly truncate below, light-veined : spathe scarcely swollen below, th** limb erect and not expanding and including the short spadix (tip sometimes deflexed after dowering). Yel- lowish or white and faintly striate. Eu. B.M. 24:{2.— A hardy species ; also grown in pots. In the open, the lvs. appear in the fall. A very variable species. Var. Canari^nse, Engler (A. Canarihise, Webb. & Btrtli.K has narrow leaf-lobes and spathe. Var. concinn^tum, Engler (A. concinndtnm and marmorfltHm , Schott.), has broad gray-spotted lvs. Var. Byzantintim, Engler, (A. Bijzant'innm, Schott.), has spathe tube oblong, white inside and purple at the mouth, and an acuminate purple or green limb. Var. albisp^thuin, Hort., has a white spathe. l. H. B. AB0NCU8 (old name). Hosdceas. Tall perennial herbs, often referred to the genus Spiraea, with numerous small dioecious white fls. in panicled spikes : stamens many ; pistils commonly 3. Two species, American and Japanes*-. sylvfister, Kost. {Spir(ea Ariincus, Linn.). Tall |.i-7 ft.), erect branchy herb : lvs. large, 1-2-pinnate, of 3-7 ovate Ifts. : follicles deflexed in f r. Rich woods, N. Amer., N. Eu. and Asia. — A desirable hardy border plant of easy culture. astilboides, Maxim. (Spirtpa Artincus, var. astilbo)des, Maxim. jS'. astiU>n)des, Hort. Astilbe astilbohles, Le- moine, Gn. 48, p. ;{.")-<» ) . Dwarfer an«l more graceful than the above (2 ft.): pedicels erect in fr. Japan. — Neater than the American species. See Astilbe for illustration. I IT R ABUNDINABIA. See Bamboo. ABtJNDO (Latin, r^-^-f?). Graminerv. Tall leafy per- ennial grasses resembling bamboos, 5-15 ft. high, or even 30 ft. in favorable locations. Lvs. broad and grace- fully arching : sts. leafy to near the top, terminating in an immense plume 1-2 ft. long : spikelets long and pointed. Ddnaz, Linn. Giant Reed. Figs. 147, 148. Toweringr straight stems 8-30 ft. high, which grow very rapidly, clothed with broad, pointed leaves at regular intervals. Grown for lawn decoration and to conceal unsightly ob- jects. In some countries used for laths, woven work and thatching, and the roots as a diuretic. The tall, showy plumes are reddish at first and last a long time. Mediter- ranean, Orient. Gn. 1, p. 391; 3, p. 493; 8, p. 199 ; 17, p. 407. P.G. 3:2. Var. varieg4ta, Hort. (var. versicolor, Hort.). Much dwarfer and less hardy than the tj'pe. usually 4-7 or even 12 ft. high, with elegant longitudinal stripes of creamy white and green. Gt. 39, p. 209. F.S. 14:1425. Var. macTophylla, Hort.. has large, very glau- cous lvs. conspicna, Forst. f. A rare and handf'^me form, bearing silky white fls,, which are beautiful for months. Less hardy than A. Donax, and with nar- rower lvs. Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, very slender, involute, coriaceous, deeply chan- neled ; upper surface, margins, and long, slender point roughish. N. Zeal. B.M. 6232. Gn. 18, p. 479 ; 49, p. 229, p. B, Kennedy '^:^'* 147. Anindo Donax. ARUNDO ASCLEPIAS 103 ^rimdo Ponaz is one of the most popular of all frrtmseH or hardy foliajfe plants, especially wherever the Pampas Gra^A is not hardy. Although it succeeds almost any- where in borders, beds, and on lawns, it is really at home in moist soils and near the water. It is, therefore, one of the standard plants for striking aquatic effects. Prop, chiefly by division, or as follows: The ripe canes may be laid on damp moss during winter, and in a few months nearly every joint will sprout and form a small rooted plant. The canes may then be cut up and the young plants potted off singly, to be planted out the following spring. J. B. Keller. ASAEITM (obscure name). Ariatolochi- dcece. Low, nearly stemless herbs of a few species, but widely disseminated in N. Temp, zone, with odd purplish or brown fls. on the sur- face of the ground (or nearly so), under- neath the heart-like or kidney-like Ivs.: corolla wanting, but calyx corolla - like ; stamens 12 : ovary inferior. The Asa- rums inhabit rich, shady woods, spread- ing on the ground, and the fls. are un- seen except by the close observer. They are of easy culture if transplanted to rich, moist places. They make attractive car- pets in borders and groves. The species (iescribed below are sold by dealer;, in native plants. Some of the species are reported to have medicinal properties. A. Plant markedly pubescent. Canad^nse, Linn. Wild Gikger. Canada Snakeroot. Lvs. about 2 to a plant, thin, kidney-shaped, pointed, with a deep and open sinus, not mottled : fl. slender- stalked, with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes an inch or more across at the expanded mouth, chocolate-brown : stvle 6-lobed. Frequent in woods E. B.M. 2769. A.G. 13:517. D. 279. H4rtwegi, Watson. Tufted, loose-pubescent : Ivs. large and thick, cordate, with rounded basal lobes, mostly acute at the apex, margin ciliate, glabrous and mottled above : fl. stout-stalked, the lobes often ovate and long-pointed, the ovary inferior : styles 6. Sierra Nevadas, 4,000-7,000 ft. alt. Europaenm, Linn. Lvs. kidney-shaped, evergreen, cark green, the petiole 3-5 in. : fls. greenish ])urple, Viin., with incurved lobes : styles 6, and grooved or 2- parted, recurved. Eu. AA. Plant slightly or not at all pubescent. caudiitam, Lindl. Rather slender, with long root- st.^oiis, sparingly pubescent : lvs. cordate-kidney-shaped, and more or less cupped or cucuUate, acute : fls. slen- 148. Plume of Arundo Donax. der-Rtalked, the calyx-lobes oblong and attenuate : styles united. Pacittc coast. Limmonl, Watson. Like the last, but lvs. plane or flat, rounded at apex, less pubescent, calyx lobes short. Sierra Nevadus. Virginictun, Linn. Lvs, broad-ovate or orbicular, rounded at the top, the sinus narrow : fl. short -stalked, puri»le, the calyx-lobes broad and rounded : styles 6, 2-lobed ; anthers not pointed. V'a., S. arifdlium, Michx. Lvs. thickish and usually mottled, orbicular to hastate, obtuse : fl. stout-stalked, urn- shaped and much contracted at the throat : styles 6, 2- lobed ; anthers pointed. Va., S. L. H. B. A8CL£PIAS (ancient Greek and Latinized name). Asclepiadaee(P. Milkweed. Silkweed. Many herbs, mostly North American, generally with opposite or whorled lvs., milky juice, and umbels of odd fls. The fls. are gamopetalous, the corolla segments generally strongly reflexed ; stamens 5, attached to the corolla, the anthers more or less united about the stigma ; be- tween the cc.-roUa and the stamens is a crown of flv-e cornucopia-like appendages ; pollencoheringintoawaxy mass (pollinium), which is removed bodily by insects which visit the fl. The pollination of an Asclepias fl. is fehown in Fig. 149. The pollen-masses are usually twin (as at b), and the handle or caudicle lies in a chink on the side of the stigma. The pollen-masses become at- tached to the legs or mouth parts of the insect, and are thereby transferred to another fl. The Milkweeds are common in waste places in N. Amer., and are rarely cult. Several species (described below) have been int. by dealers in native plants. The Butterfly-weed and some others are very showy and worthy of more general attention. The large-lvd. kinds are desirable when heavy foliage effects are wanted. They are all perennials of the easiest culture. Prop, by division, rarely by seeds. See Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2., pt. i (which is here followed). A. Pis. (corolla and crotrn) orange. tnberdsa, Linn. Butterfly-Weed. Pleurisy Root. Hairy, 2-3 ft. high, from long, horizon* il roots, with more or less alternate, lance-oblong or laiice-linear lvs.: umbels several, short-peduncled : pods pubescent, erect. Dry banks and fields ; widespread, and not infrequent. B.R. 76. D. 223. -A handsome plant. AA. Pis. in shades of red or purple. Curass&vica, Linn. Plant glabrous, 2 ft. or less : lvs. opposite and short-petioled, thin, oblong-lanceolate : corolla sc&rlet : pods glabrous, erect. Fla. and La. B.R. 81. incam§ita, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so, leafy and branching, 3 ft.: lvs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate : co- rolla rose-purple to flesh color, with oblong lobes ; pods glabrous, erect. B.R. 250. Var. pulchra, Pers. Hirsute, and lvs. broader. Swamps. — Common. AAA. Fls. greenish, yellovish orwhite (sometimes pur- ple-tinged, especially in A. quadrifolia). B. Pods tomentose and soft-spiny. specidsa, Torr. (^1. Douglasii, Hook.). Stem stout and simple, 3 ft. or less, flne-tomentose or becoming glabrous : Ivs. large and broad, ovate, transversely veined, short-petioled : fls. purplish and large, the pe- duncle of the umbel shorter than the lvs. Neb. W, and S. B.M. 4413. Comtiti, Decne. (.4. Syrlaca, Linn.). Differs from last in having obtuse and short hoods to the crown, taller, less pubescent : lvs. oblong or oval : fls. dull purple, in large, more or less nodding umbels. Mn. 7:221.— The common milkweed of the E. states. BB. Pods glabrous and unarmed. c. Fruii*t\g pedicels decurved or de flexed, the pods erect or ascending. amplezicattliB, Michx. Plant glabrous and glaucous : St. decumbent, 1-2 ft. long : lvs. numerous, cordate- ovate and clasping, obtuse, succulent : corolla green- purple. Barrens, N. Car. and S. 104 ASCLEPIAS ASPARAUL'S phytolaecotdet, Pursh (A. n\vfa. Sims). Plant srla- br<'U>s HJi.l irr»»'n, ;j-4 ft., erect : Ivh. thin, oval to lance- oval, acuminate and nhort-petioletl : tt<*. j?reenisli. In large, looHe umbels. Moist ground ; frequent. B.M.1181. 149. Milkweed flower, showinK pollination. variegita, Linn. Two ft. or less high : Ivs. 3-7 pairs, oval, ovate or oblong, thinnish, preen and f labrous above and pale beneath : tls. white and pink, in 1-3 umbels. Dry, shady places. Cent, and S, states. B.M. 1182. erioc&rpa, Benth. Densely woolly all over : Ivs. alter- nate or in 3'9, long-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled : fls. dull white, in few or several umbels. Calif. CO. Fruiting pedicels erect, and the pods erect. quadrildlia, Linn. About 2 ft., not branched, with Ivs. towards the top of the st. in whorls of 4 : Ivs. ovate or lance-ovate, acuminate, thin, nearly or quite glabrous : tls. pink to white in 2-4 loose umbels. Dry soil ; fre- quent. L.B.C. 13:1258. verticill&ta, Linn. About 2 ft., slender, very leafy: Ivs. in whorls of 3-6, very narrow-linear and revolute : fls. greenish white, in many small umbels. Dry soil ; frequent. L.B.C. 11: 10G7. Var. pfUnila, Gray. A few in. high, from a fascicled root : Ivs. filiform, crowded. Plains, W. MezicAna, Cav. Height, 5 ft. or less : Ivs. in whorls of 3-*'}, or sometimes opposite or fascicle«l, linear or narrow-lanceolate : fls. greenish white or purplish in dense, many-fld. umbels. Ore. W. and S. l^ g_ g^ ASCYBUM (Greek, not hard or rough). Ilypericdcefr. Low herbs orsubshrubs, with bright yellow fls.. 2 small sepals and 2 large ones, 4 petals, and many stamens. Dry, sandy soils in E. states (also one or two West In- dian and one Himalayan species), sometimes grown in borders. Of easiest culture, but should be covered in winter in the N. Prop, by division ; also, by seeds. hypericoldes, Linn. {A. Crxix-Andrecp. Linn.). St. Andrew's Ckoss. A ft. or less high, branchy : Ivs. ob- long or obovate, narrowed to the base : styles 2. G.F. 5:257. Mn. 3:65. st&ns, Michx. St. Peter's-wort. Taller, scarcely branched : Ivs. broad -oblong or oval and clasping': styles 3-4. L. H. B. ASH. See Fraxinus. AStMINA (from Assiminier, a French -and -Indian name). Anondcece. Papaw (the papaw of literature is Carica, which see ) . Small trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate, entire, usually deciduous : fls. purple or whitish, campan- ulate.solitary or few, axillary; sepals3; petals 6, the inner ones smaller ; stamens numerous : fr. consisting of one or a few large berries. Eight species in E. N. Amer. Or- namental trees or shrubs, with large fls, in early spring, and handsome foliage. Only 2 species are enltlratpd, of which the arlnirescent one is the hardier and the hand somer in foliage, while the more tender A. gmndiflorn has larger and showier fls. They grow best in ri<h anil moist soil. They transplant with «lifliculty. Prop, by seeds sown in autumn, or stratified and sown'in spring', or \,y layers in autumn; also, by root -cuttings. In the North, the seeds should be sown in pots or pans. Description of all species is given in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. l, pp. 62 and 464. triloba, Dun. (J nAwrt /rf/oftrt, Linn.). Fig. 150. Small tree. It)— 40 ft.: Ivs. cuneate. obovate-oblong, acute. !j-l ft. long, glabrous: fls. with the Ivs. from branches of the previous year, green when expanding, changing to pur- plish red, with yello\K in the middle, 2 in. broad : fr. oblong, 2-6 in. long, dark brown. S. states, north to N. York, west to Mich, and Kansas. S.S. 1:15, 16. fin 33. p. .321. G.F. 8: 495. A.G. 44:713.- This is the only arlK)rescent species of the gtuus. It is well worth a place in the garden, for its large foliage is very hand- some and the fls., appearing in the early spring,' are at- tractive. The large fr. is edible, and may be still im- proved by cultivation and careful selection of the htest varieties. Many people do n )t relish the highly aromatic flavor; and the large see«ls are a disadvantage. Th*- tree has proved hardy in Mass. and Ontario. One or two named forms have been offered. grandindra. Dun. Shrub, 2-6 ft. : Ivs. cnneate, obovate or obluui;. obtuse, 2-4 in. long, rufous-pul^escent when young, at length glabrous and chartaceous : fls. large, appearing with the Ivs. ; outer petals cream-colored, over 2 in. long, much larger tht. i the inner ones: the large fr. is said to be very delicious. S. Georgia, Fla. Alfred Rehder. ASPARAGUS, ESCULENT (Aspdragus officiuiilis, Linn.). LiliUctif. A pt-rennial herb, cult, for the succu- lent young shoots which arise from the roots in spring. The plant is naf ve to Eu. and Asia, and has been cult. for 2,000 years and more. It was known to the Greeks and Komans. The so-called Ivs. of asparagus are really leaf-like branches. The Ivs. are the scales, which are well shown on the shoot at the left in Fig. 151. From 150. Asimina Uiloba (X>3). the axils of these scales branches may arise, n a. At b b are shown clusters of brauchiets, or "leaves," issuing from the axils of scales or Ivs. Asparagus, being a rather rugged plant, will live, and in a measure thrive, on almost any kind of soil, even under neglect. One frequently finds apparently thrifty plants in neglected fence rows, or strong stalks pushing up through stone heaps or other rubbish piled several feet in thickness upon an abandoned asparagus bed. The stalks that are wanted for the table and for a dis- ASPARAGl'S ASPARAfJUS 10.1 criiDin»iin>? market, however, are those an inch ormor« ifl dianieter anti deliciously succulent, which oimj can CTowtuly on »c»^Kxl plants net far enough apurt on well- ilrain*-"', well-manured an<l well-tilled »oil. To secure f»rliut'"*"< of crop, the laml selected for an Aspara^Ui^ iiatch should be a warm loam, prffiTHhly exp«»«ed to south or east. Manures of any kind may be used with .^atest liberality, too much beintc ain)o?^t out of the question. Unlens the soil is already well supplied with reiretable iiiatter, and f<»r that r«'as«»n very loose and mellow, bulky munures, such an fairly-well rotted stable manure or rich compont, are almost indii^pensablo at tbfc ''tart. A heavy dressing is to be plowed under. Afterwards concentrated manures, rich in nitrojfen an<l T)ota«h. will do very well for loLse Sfiils, and may be used broadcast on top, as the crop seems to need them from year to year. Much depends on good plants. The^e are easily grown. To jrrow one's own supply for Marling a plantation is ordinarily a safer plan than to depend on purchased plants. Use strong 1-year plants in preference to older ones. The male, or pollen-bearing plauts. are more vigorous, therefore more productive of PKkI i»tall;s and more profitable than the female or seed- bearintf plants ; but it is not always an easy tank to dis- tinguish the one from the other at an early age unless they bloom. To raise the plants, sow seed in early spring thinly in drills, in a well-prepared seed-bed. Have the drills a foot apart ; cover the seed half an inch to an inch deep, and thin the plants early to stand 3 inches apart. With the same attention as that demanded by other close-planted grarden vegetables, strong plants will then be the sure outcome. Get the land ready for jetting the plants by deep and careful plowing and thorough harrowing. Then plow out furrows 5 or even 6 feet apart. If the demand is for the green stalks (those grown above ground), popular in some markets, the furrows may be made 6 or 7 inches deep. If blanched shoots are wanted (and they are of superior flavor and tenderness, provided they are grown in mel- low soil and under high and skillful culture), they have to be grown below ground; hence the furrows are to be matle a few inches deeper than for plants set for green stalks. Set the plants in the furrows not less than 2 feet apart, each on a little mound of soil, spreading the roots in the same way as they grew in the seed bed. Cover with mellow soil to the depth of a few inches, and afterwards, in the course of some weeks and by means of suitable tools (smoothing harrow, cultivator, etc.), gradually fill the furrows even with the ground level. A still better plan wheiie the material can be had, is to fill the furrows with fine old compost, as the covering above the crowns of the plants can not be made too loose. It is advisable, and will insure closer attention in cultivation, to grow some hoed crop, like beets, tur- nips, cabbage, beans, peas, radishes, etc., between the rows of Asparagus the first year. In the fall, and e very- fall thereafter, cut the Asparagus stalks close to the ground and remove them from the patch, to avoid the scattering of the seed. In early spring of the second year, the surface of the Ifround is to be loosened by shallow p»lowing or deep cul- tivating; and when the first sprouts appear, the rows may be hilled up to some extent, especially if blanched staiks are to be grown. The wi.sdom of cutting that season more than a very few, if any, of the shoots for the table or sale may well be doubted. Plants left intact until the third year will grow mtich stronger and be more productive afterward. In the absence of a spe- cially devised Asparagus knife, any ordinary table or pocket knife may be used for cutting the shoots, or in mellow soil the shoots may be broken off at the base with the finger. In cutting, be very careful to avoid injury to later shoots or to the crown of the plant. The third sea- son and every year thereafter loosen up the ground as directed for the second season. The shoots are now to be cut indiscriminately and clean, up to the beginning of the green-pea season. After that, allow them to grow undisturbed, but continue cultivation, to keep the ground surface mellow and free from weed growth. For market, wash the freshly-cut stalks and tie them in neat, com- pact bunches of the size demanded by the particular market, using some bright-colored ribbon, or perhaps rubber bands. If to be shipped, especially for a longer distance, pack the bunches in moist mosH or other ma* terial that will prevent the stalks from wiltiui;. Varia* tious in tbeAsparagusf lant are due more to differences in culture and envjronment than to those characteristic of the variety. American seedsmen offer the following as distinct varieties : Colossal (Conover's), Palmetto, Mammoth (Barr's), Columbian (Mammoth Columbian White). The la>t named in perhaps the only one having an undisputed 151. Leaves and branches of common Asparagus. I II, claim to varietal distinction, on account of the white color of its young shoots. To save the seed, strip the scarlet berries off the ripe stalks by hand, or thresh them off with a fiail, put them in a sound barrel or tank, and mash them with a wooden pounder, to separate the hard, black seeds from the pulp. Clean them by washing in plenty of water, pour- ing off the pulp and skins ; dry and store. In the Atlantic coast states, north of Virginia, the Asparagus rust {Puccinia Asparagi) has often done con- siderable damage. Outside of that region this fungous disease is hardly known. Burning the infected stalks is recommended. According to the Massachusetts Ex- periment Station, *'the best means of controlling the rust is by thorough cultivation in order to secure vig- orous plants, and in seasons of extreme dryness plants growing on very dry soil with little water-retaining properties should, if possible, receive irrigation." As- paragus anthracnose has appeared in a few instances. Of insect enemies, only two have thus far attacked As- paragus plants in America, namely, the common Aspara- gus beetle {Crinctris Anpnragi, Linn.), and the 12- spotted Asparagus beetle (C. IS-ptinctata, Linn.). The following remedies are recommended : Chickens and ducks ; close cutting of the young shoots in the early season, and the free use of fresh, air-slaked lime or of arsenites dusted on the dew-wet plants after the cut- ting period. Even with all kinds of vegetables in abun- dant supply and much cheaper than ever, there is hardly any danger that a superior article of Asparasrus will go begging for customers in any of our markets, or that the grower of such product could not get several hundred dollars per acie for his crop. There are no books of American origin devoted wholly or chiefly to Asparag^is ; but all the vegetable-garden- ing manuals discuss it. f , Gkeiner. 106 ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS ASPABAOUS, OBNAMENTAL. LiliUceat. The genus Asparagus comprises about 1 r)0 species, which are widely dispersed in warm or tropical regions, being particularly abundant in S. Afr. The species are of very various habit. 8onie are climbers, some dnx»ping or trailing, and some erect-bushy. Many of them are highly prized for their very graceful and tine foliage. Some species even surpass the most delicate ferns in elegance of habit and deiicm'y of spray. The foliage is really composed of leaf- like branches (cladophylla) rather than of true Ivs. (see Fig. 151. and the discussion of it). Although all are per- ennial, the sts. of some kinds annually die down or cast their Ivs. With the exception of A . rerticillatus, the fol- lowing species mus* be grown under glass, except in S. Fla. and S. Cr-^.L They are of easy culture. Best when propagate.! by see<ls (which are usually freely pro- duced), but ar" also multiplied by division and cuttings. Roots genera ly tuberous. Mongr. by Bftker, .lourn. Linn. Soc. 14 » I'STri ) ; account of cult, species by Watson, G.C. 111.23:12.% 147,178. A. Foliage ovate. medeololdes, Thunb. (ifyrsiphfillum nsparaffo)de.f, WilM.). Smilax of rtorists. Fig. 152. Tall, slender, gla- brous twiner: cla<lo[»hyria 1 in. c more long, thick, glossy green on both sides, strong-nerved, standing edge- wise to the branch : tls. single, fragrant ; berries dark green. 8. Afr. B.M. 5,')84.— Much grown by florists for use in decorations (see cultural notes below). AA. Foliage narrow, but distinctly flat and plain. Spr^ngeri, Kegel. Figs. 153, 154. Tubers fleshy, white: branches long and slender, branched, drooping : Ivs. 1 in. long, glossy green: fls. small and whitish, in short racemes, fragrant : berrv small, coral-red. Natal. Gn. 54, p. 88. A.G.18:8«>. 88;?: "19:101. Gng.4:l«)7. F.E.9: sup. Mn. 8:151. — One of the most popular basket and decora- tive plants, of easy cult. Prop, by division, but most efficiently bv seeds, which can be purchased. At a night temp, of (55'^ they germinate in 4-5 weeks. Int. to horti- culture by Dammann & Co., Italy, in 1890. and named for their collector, Herr Sprenger. There is a white-lvd. variety. Iticidus, Lindl. Cliiaber : tub* rs 1 Vain, long : sts. 4-<J ft., spiny, branching : Ivs. narrow aiid curved, 2 in. or less long, 2-ii in a cluster, more or less deciduous : fls. small, white, axillary : berries pink or white. Hin. in diam. China and .lapan. where the tubers are eaten (A.G. 13:78).— Needs warm treatment. AAA. Foliage filiform or threa^H-like. plTUndsus, Baker. ¥\g. 155. Tall-climb.'ng, with spiny teri'te sts. (10-15 ft.): branches flattish and spreading horizontally in elegant sprays : Ivs. short, bright green, in clusters : fls. white, commonly solitarv : berrv black, nearly globular, 1 -seeded. S. Afr. G.C. III. 23:140.— One of the most j)opuIar of decorative plants, the cut strands holding their shape and color for weeks ( see note on culture below). It is propagated bj* seeds, division, and cuttings. Several garden forms. Var. niinus, Hort., Fig. plant or seeds bting the onl methods .,hat answer for it." A. F. 11:1178. Var. tenulssimus, Hort. {A. tenuissimux, Hort.). Fig. 150. Only partially climbing, very light 152. Asparagus medeoloides, or Smilax. Natural size. 155 (but not dwarf, as its name implies), is commoner than the type, from which it is distinguished, according to Watson, "by the fulness and flatness of its fronds, and by its refusal to multiply by means of cuttings, division of the 153. Asparaeus Sprensreri (X %) green : sprays more open and delicate than those of the type, because of the fewer and longer Ivs. Var. declin4tu8. Hort., has drooping sprays Var. cristitufl, Hort., has forking-tasseled sprays. Comor^nsis, Hort. Similar to A. plumosns : more ro- bust, (hirker green, softer foliage : berries globular. G.C. III. 23:181. I.H. 42, p. 61. crfspus, Lam. {A. denimhens, .Tacq., and Hort.). Tu- bers many, oblong: climl)ing (2-4 ft.), the sts. tine or almost h,:ir-like and annual, the branches zigzag: Ivs. numerous, usually in close pairs, very short (V4in.), glaucous-green : fls. white, with orange anthers : berry large (Vi^in. long), oval, soft, brown, about G-seeded. S. Afr. A. defUius. Hort., is probably a form of this species. verticilliltUB, Linn. Tall-climbing (10-15 ft.) hardy plant : rootstv k woody : sts. stout (Vain, in diam.), sat ' '^> be edible when young, but becom- ing woody I'iny : Ivs. in tufts, hair-like, 2 in, or less long : fls. small : berries red. Persia, Si- beria. retrofrdctus, Linn. (A. retrofrdctus arhdrens, Hort.). Sts. slender (4-8 ft.^. becoming woody and gray, scarcely climbing, zigzag, spiny, the branches wiry: Ivs. in close clusters, green, hair-like. 1-2 in. long: fls. white, small, umbellate: berry small, nearly globular, l-see<led. S. -**r. virg&tus, Baker. A bushy, bi , achy plant 3-0 ft., the branches arching : Ivs. in 3's, dark green. 1 in. or less long : fls. small, white: berries red, 1-seeded. S. Afr. A. aentifbliim. hinn. Hard.v. rigid, .5 ft.: Ivs. tuft e<l, hair-like: fls. yellow: berry red. E}x.—A.^thidpicus,^Ainx. Suiigests A. ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS 107 I ■i Spr^ngpri : evergreen : Ivs. flat ami falcate, in Mnsters o' 3-6. \fj-.A,Afriednua, Lam. CllmlKT: hs. rigid, dark gret'n, flus- (p^, ererirreen. 8. Afr.— .4. Asidtinu, Linn. Tall t^limlier: ivs. hair-like, soft, i^\n.—A. Codperi, Baker. Similar u, A. plu- mosus. S. Afr.— .4. declindtus, Linn. .Mlied to A. phimosus, from whif h it differs In having deltoid prickles, pale green stems, and smHiler Ijerries." S. Afr. — vl.7ff'ca<t«, Linn. Very tall (25-30 ft.), climbing: Ivs. in whorls. Hat and falcate. S. Afr., Trop. Asia. ii.V. III. 2^. I'Si, 178.— il. lariclnua, Burch. Shoots annual, Ifr-l'J ft.: Ivs. hair-like, persistent, in clusters. Simi- lar to A. retrofractus. S.Afr. G.C. III. 23:122. — A . procutnheim, a tratle n.tnie. —A . racemdmts, Willd. ('liml>er: Ivs. grayish, 4-angled : fls. whitish, fragrant ; racemes 2 in. lonp. Trop. Afr. and A.,ia. G. C. III. 2:{:147.— .4. Htirmeiitd- mis, Linn. Not c'imhing, hut loose, 4 ft.: Ivs. green and flat : berries bright red. Trop. Asia (and Afr.?). G.CMII. 10:747; 23:179.-^. scdndeng, Thnnb. Climbing, slender: Ivs. in 3"8. cun-ed, tl-it. dark green. S. Afr.— A. Sehoberioldea, Kunth. One ft.: ivs. de- ciduous, in 3's or 4'8, IHear, curved : fls. sessile: berries red. Hai 'v. ,^ai>.— A. ten- uifhling. Lam. Shrubby, iiardy, 3 ft.: Ivs. grayish, linear,*'urved: berries very large, red. S. Eu. Not to be confounded with A. tenuissimus, which is a form of A. plu- mosns.— A. trhhophyllns, Bunge. Sta. an- nual. weak, 3H5 ft.: Ivs. clustered, stiff and awl-like : fls. long-pe^licelled. Hardy. Si- \\ — beria.China.— .4.f/H//;»'//«/M«, Link. Some- what shrubby, the sts. wiry : Ivs. 3-angled, stiff, in dustors: fls. white, fragrant, in uiubels. L. H. B. CrLTi'RE OP Smilax ( A apd rdf/itx mt'dt'ololdes ) . — Comiuercially, Sinilax is grown in soli<i bed.s under glass, and the tall growth is tied to strings. These strings are cut for sale. Some growers do not renew their beds of Smilax for.'J or4 years. It is, doubtless, the most profitable to replant with young stock every year. Smilax, like all its family, is a heavy feeder. A heavy loam with one-fifth half-rotted cow-manure is the best compost for the bed. A light house is not essential. The m (lie of an equal-span house nmning north and south is un ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run up the s, rings 7 or 8 feet. Plant as early as possible in July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of Smilax make the mistake of putting them in a coolhouse. It will grow in a temperature of .50°, but not profitably : 60° at night, and even 65°, is the right temperature. The plants should be 8 in. apart in the rows and 10 in. between rows. If not syringed frequently, red spider attacks the Srailax ; but there is no excuse for that, as a daily syringring is a sure preventive. When cutting the strings, avoid picking out one here and there. Begin to 154. Strong new shout of Asparagus Sprengeri « ^ *-^s '<*. should also betaken in I'utting, forniaTiy times there will b« several young growths a f .)ot or so high that can be saved for a future string, and they may bt, worse than use- less if cut. Smilax for planting in July should be raised from seed sown in February. When 2 or 3 in. hiirh, and showing its character-learos.it should be potted in 2-in. pots. In May, they should go into 3-in. pots. It is very important that the first growth, which is always weak, should be made in these 3-in. pots ; then, when planted out, the first growth in the beds is strong enough to make saleable strings. Never neglect tying up Smilax as soon as the precef'.ing crop is cut. Contrary to what 's the case wiih many plants, the hotter Smilax is grown the hardier and more duinble the leaves, providing it is not cut prematurely. William S< ott. CiLTrRE OP Asparagus plum* us.— Th. rst and all-important factor in the cultivation of .asparagus is the construction of the bed. To meet with any degree of success, tiie bed must have perfect drainage. The house should be 2') or 30 feet high, and wired at the top and bottom. The wires beneath are made fast to each cut at one end of the bed and, as much as possible, clear off all the strings, because when denuded of so much growth the fleshy roots are liable to rot if over-watered; little water is needed till young growth starts. Care 156. Asparagus plumosus. var. tenuissimus (X M). side of an iron trellis about 8 inches apart and at the top an equal distance apart, in order that the strings may be as nearly straight as possible. Theearly growth of yl.s7?rtraf7KS plumosus, var. nanus, is very slow ; but as soon as it is transplanted anu well rooted in a rich soil, the growth is more rapid, the t'.tder shoots developing into a vine which will be ready to cut for the market in about a year. There is great di.^iculty in obtaining the seed of the nanus. In a whole house, there may be only a few seed-bearing strings. After being picked, the berries are alloved to dry for a month, and are then ready for planting. A good, rich soil, cov- ered with a thin film of sand, serves very well to start them. The temperature should be about rM°, and as nearly constant as possible. When the plant is well rooted, it is removed to a deeper soil or potted in 3- or 4-inch pots and placed on a bench. Here it remains a year, and is then placed in the bed. Up to this time a small amount of labor suffices to keep the ]ilant growing in a healthy con«lition : but from now on great care must be taken and much labor expended to produce the best cro[». The bed into which the young plant is set should be carefully laid with rocks at the bottom, so the water can ;2S£^ escape freely. Over this place two or three :"3^»^ feet of soil, manure, ancl dead leaves. It is but a short time now that the roots have room to expan<l before the shoots appear above the trel- lis, and the stringing begins. Strong linen thread is used for strings. The first crop will not be ready to cut before the end of the second year ; that is, from the time tl:e seed is planted. As soon as this crop is exhausted, new strings are put in place of the old, and another crop is started. This goes on year after year. Now that the plant has gotten its growth, it is more hardy, and is constantly <» 155. Asparagus plumosus, var. nanus (X ^) *«a* 108 ASPARAGUS ASPHODELINE sending; up new shoots. If the bed is well made in the beginning, the Aspara>ru.s need not be disturbed for eight or ten years. However, at the end of that time it is well to take the plants up and till the beds Avith fresh soil and manure. In the spring, when the sun gets high, the Asparagus houses are shaded with a light coating of white lead, whiting and kerosene oil. This is absolutely necessary, as the summer sun would in a very short time bum the tops of the vine. The vine flowers in the fall, and only on strings that have been matured six months or more. The vine alone is not the only source of profit. When the plant is a year old, a few of the most nearly perfect sprays may be taken without injuring its growth. These are very desirable in the market. There is, of course, some waste in working up the Asparagus to be shifted, but, on the whole, it is very slight. The different forms in which it is sold utilize by far the greater part of it. Insects destroy the shoots and sprays. This is pre- vented to a great extent by insect powder. The cut- worms do the most damage. About the only way to get rid of them is to pick them oflf the strings during the night, as they generally seek shelter under the thick clusters of the plant at daylight. There are many draw- backs in growing Asparagus, among which are expensive houses, the slow growth of the plants (which makes it necessary to wait at least two years before receiving any return from the expenditure), injury from insects, an<i the great amount of labor involved in looking after the houses. William H. Elliott. ASFASIA (Greek personal name, of little significance here). Orchiddcetr, tribe y'dndeie. Pscndobulbous: Ivs. sub-coriaceous : racemes radical : peri h spreading : lateral sepals free, the upper one conna at the base of the petals : labellum concave : column semi-terete : pollinia 2. Eight or 10 Trop. Amer. species. The genus is closely allied to Odontoglossum. epidendroldes, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : racemes, with about 4 lis. ; erect : sepals and petals streaked with brown ; labellum white, dotted with violet-purple. Pan- ama and Colombia. Oakes Ames. ASPEN. See Populus. ASP£B£LLA (diminutive of asper, rough). Syn., .ils- prella. Graminete. Perennial grasses, with looser and more slender terminal spikes than EljTnus. Spikelets usually in pairs, on short pedicels, empty glumes wanting or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spikelets of each spike. Species 4. N. Amer., Siberia, New Zeal. H^striz, Humb. Bottle -brush Grass. Spikelets stand out at right angles, suggesting brushes used for cleaning bottles. A native grass, growing in woodlands and on the borders of thickets ; sometimes used for lawn decoration. p, g. Kexxedy. ASF£BULA {roughish ; referring to lvs.). Riihidicece. jNIostly dwarf, hardy herbs, for borders, rockeries and shady places, with square stems, whorled lvs. (some of the lvs. are really stipules), and many small, 4-parted fls., produced freely from May to July. The commonest species is A. odorata, the Waldmeister of the Germans, which is used in their Maitrank, or May wine, and in summer drinks. The dried lvs. have a hay-like fra- grance, lasting for years, and are often kept with clothes. The plant occasionally escapes from gardens. A. hexaphylla , with its delicate, misty spray, is used with sweet peas and other cut-flowers that are inclined to look lumpy. Other plants for this purpose are Gyp- sophila panicttlata, Statice lati folia, and several Gali- nms, all of which have small, abundant fls. in very loose panicles on long, s'ender stems. In half-shaded and moist soil, Asperulas grow very luxuriantly until late fall. In drj' and sunny places they soon become stunted, and die down before the season is over. Prop, by divi- sion and by see<ls. A. Pla nts peren n ia 1 : fls . wh He . B. Corollas 4-lobed. odoriLta, Linn. Sweet Woodruff. Fig. loT. Habit erect or ascending : height (^-8 in. : lvs. usually in whorls of 8, lanceolate, finely toothed or roughish at the margin : corollas campanulate : seeds rough. Eu. and Orient. — Increases rapidly, and is used for carpeting shady places, and for edgings. hexaphylla. All. Plant-stem glabrous: habit ascend- ing, slender : height 1-2 ft.: lvs. in whorls of ti, linear, acute, rough : corollas tubular-funnel shaped : panicles 157. Asperula odorata. very loose : fls. larger than the bracts : seeds smooth. Italy, Hungary, Pyrenees on high passes and dry mt. sides. — Well grown specimens may be 3 ft. in diani. and nearly as high. BB. Corollas often S-lohed. tinctdria, Linn. Dyer's Woodruff. Habit procum- bent unless supported : height 1-2 ft.: lvs. linear; lower ones in 6's, middle ones in 4's, uppermost ones in 2's : bracts ovate : fls. reddish on outside : roots large, creeping widely, reddish. Dry hills and rocks of Eu. AA. Plants annual : fls. blue. orient^lis, Boiss. & Hohen. (A. azurea and A. sefosa, Jaub. & Spach. A. azurea-setosa and A. setosa-azurea, Hort. ). Height 1 ft.: lvs. in whorls of 8, lanceolate, bristly : fls. longer than the bracts. Eu. and Orient. ^' ^ '• ^-^- J. B. Keller and W. M. ASPHODEL. See Asphodeline and Asphodelus. ASPHODELlNE (name modified from Asphodelus). Lilihcece. Hardy herbaceous plants, distinguished from Asphodelus by their erect and leafy sts. They have long racemes of yellow or white fls. in June and July. All the older species were described under Asphodelus. In 1830, Reichenbach made the new genus Asphodeline for A. lutea and others. The only species advertised in America is A. luteus, but all those described below are likely to be in cult. Monog. by J. G. Baker in Jouru. Linn. Soc. 15 : 273-278 ( 1877) . -^ ^i The culture of Asphodeline lutea is simple. Any soil will suit. Partial shade is allowable, but fls. are often better in the sun. Prop, readily by division. A. Stems leafy up to the raceme. B. lis. yellow. Ititea, Reichb. (Asphddelus luteus, Linn.). True As- phodel of the ancients, or King's Spear. Height 2-t ft. : roots thick, fleshy, stoloniferous : ivs. 3-12 in. long: margins rough : racemes (>-18 in. long, 3 in. wide: bracts large, membraneous, persistent. Italv, Mauritania and Algeria to Tauria and Arabia. B.M. 773. L.B.C. 12:1102 as A. Taurictis. — The best species. BB. Fls. white. Tatlrica, Kunth. Height 1-2 ft. : roots slender: lvs. 3-9 in. long; margins membranaceous: raceme 6-12 in. long, 1 ^'2-2 in. wi<le: bracts 9-12 lines long. Caucasus, Tauria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece. G.C. III. 21 : 175. AA. Stems leafy only a third or half the tvay to the raceme. B. Fls. white : raceme dense, globifera, J. Gay, Height 2-3 ft. : capsule globose Cappadocia. ASPHODELIN 5 ASPIDISTRA 109 BB. Fls. yellow : raceme lax. c. Bracts large, G-12 lines long, loug-cuspidqte. tenMor, Ledeb. Height 1 ft. Caucasus, Annen., N. Per-^ia. B.M. 2626. — Smaller than ^4. l(iten.t,yf^ith finer I vs. ami smaller, fewer and paler tis. Especially dis- tinguished by the stalk being naked at the uppt r part, below the raceme of fls., and the bracts as short as or shorter than the peduncle. cc. Braffs small, 1%-S lines long, short-cuspidate. 'bnmica, Reichb. {A. Critica, Vis., not Boiss.). ght 1-2 ft. Greece, Crete, Dalmatia. Austria, Italy, not Asia Minor. L.B.C. 10: 915 as A. Cretica. brevicatilis, J. Gay {A. Cretica, Boiss., not Vis.). St. often flexnose, that of all the others here described being erect and strict. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt. iuu. Stems leafy only at the base: fls. white: racemes dense. B. Racemes usually simple. c. Stems having leaf-scales : height 8 ft. imperi^lis, Siehe. Tallest species of the genus : tis. large, reddish white. Cappadocia. G.C. III. 22: 397. cc. Stems not having leaf-scales : height l}^-2 ft. Damasc^na, Baker. Height lV^-2 ft.: bracts membra- naceous, lanceolate, the lowest 9-12 lines long. Mt. Lebanon. Bal4n88B, J. Gav. Height 2 ft.: bracts scarious, 6-9 lines long. Cilicik. Gt. 40, p. 521. G.C. III. 23: 111. BU. Uacemes much panicled. isthmocirpa, Gay. Height 2 ft. Cilicia. G.C. III. 23: 117. W. M. ASPHdDELUS (Greek name of unknown origin). Lili- hce(f. Hardy herbaceous stemless plants, with white, lily-like flowers in long racemes, fleshy, fascicled roots, and firm, linear, radical. tufted leaves. Perianth funnel-shaped ; segments 6, oblong-ligulate, obtuse, equal, with a distinct nerve on the back, and always ascending. The Asphodel of the an- cients, or King's Spear, is Asphode- line lufeus, which see. Homer men- tions the Asphodel raea('ows of the dead, where the shades of heroes con- gregated in Hades. The Asphodel in Greek mythology was the peculiar flower of the dead. It has always been a common weed in Greece, and its pallid yel- low flowers are as.sociated with desert places and tombs. The word daffodil is a corrup- tion of Asphodel. The Asphodel of the early English and French poets is JVarcissus Pxeudo-narcissus. J. G. Baker, in his re- vision of the genus in Jour. Linn. Soc. 15: 2ti8-272 (1877), refers 40 species of other botanists to A. ramosus, the dominant type, of which he makes three sub? ^ecies. These subspecies are here kept distinct, for horticultural purposes, as good species. They are the ones first described below. A . ra mos us and A. albus are the only current trade names in America. Culture simple; see Asphndeline. A. Plant perennial : Ivs.S-angled. B. Scape long. c. Racemes simple or sparingly branched. 41bu8, Miller, not Willd. Branching Asphodel. Bracts buff colored when young : filaments deltoid at the base : capsules medium-sized, 5-6 lines long, sub- globular or ellipsoid. Southern Eu. ceraslfenu, J. Gay. Bracts pale yellow : filaments wedge-shaped at the base, but rapidly becoming awl- shaped : capsule large, 8-10 lines thick, flattish globu- lar, umbilicate. Western Mediterranean region. cc. Racemes much branched or panicled. microc&rpus, Vis. (A . (psDvus, Brot.). Bracts pale yel- low at flrst : filaments 4-angled at the base : capsule small, 3-4 lines long,oboToid-globo8e. Mediterranean, Canaries. BB. Scape short, almost wanting. acatllis, Desf. Lvs. 6-20, in a dense rosette, 3-4 in. long, minutely pubescent : fls. (>-20. in a crowded corymb : segments of perianth 2-3 lines wide. Algiers. B.M. 7004. AA. Plant annual : leaves cylindrical, hollow. fistuldsus, Linn. Height 16-20 in. : lvs. 12-30, in a dense rosette, (>-12 in. long, striate, awl-like, glabrous : seg- ments of perianth 1-2 lines wide, lined with pink: buds pink; fls. pinkish. fVance and Portugal to Svria. Arabia and Afghanistan. B.M. 984. L.B.C. 12: 1124.-^ Needs pro- tection under glass in winter. If removed early in autumn to a greenhouse, it may be induced to seed freely. A. Creticus =Asphode\ine Libiimifa.— .4. ?M/e««=A«ohi del- ine Inteus.— A.'.Villdrsii, Verl.. is a form of A. ramosus, *i '♦m E. France, with long, dense racemes and dark brown bracbS. N. 1:125. W. M. ASPIDISTRA (Greek, a small, round shield; referring, probably, to the shape of the stigma). LiliAcece. A popular florists' plant, grown for its stiff, shining, beau- tiful foliage, and still iiore interesting for its remarkable fls., which are inconspicuous because borne close to the ground. The casual observer never suspects that Aspi- distra is a liliaceous plant. The parts of the fl. in mono- cotyledons are typically in S's. The genus Aspidis- tra is considered abnormal, as usually having its parts in 4's. This tetramerous stute (which is here con- sidered the normal one, and described below) is pic- tured in B.M. 2499, but the species was first described upon a trimerous state, and pictured in B.R. 628. In A. lurida the trimerous state must be regarded as au ex- ceptional reversion: in A. typica, B.M. 7484. the tri- merous state is thought to be constant. Of all plants that 158. Aspidistra lurida. are rented for the temporary decoration of public halls. Aspidistra lurida U one of the greatest favorites, as it stands much abu-e, suchas dust, dry air, and lack of water and light, 't is, however, naturally fond of wa- ter, and grows freely on the margins of ponds or streams, especially south. In rich .-toil the variegation often dis- appears altogether until the plants begin to starve, hence a compost of nearly half sand is desirable. The best method of propagation is by means of division in spring, before active growth begins, as the young leaves are not then disfigured. liirida, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 158. Lvs. 15-20 in. long, stiff, evergreen, obiong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, radical ; 110 ASPIDISTRA ASPLENIUM blade narrowed into a channeled petiole a third of its length: fls. lurid purple, on short 1-dd. scapes; perianth segments 8 ; stamens 8 ; stigma broadly shield-shaped, like a small mushroom. China. — The variegated form is more commonly grown, the alternation of the green and white stripes being singularly beautiful. No two Ivs. are exactly alike. e. O. Orpet and W. M. ASPtDIUM. See Dryopteris and Polystichum. ASPLENfNDBIUM. See Thamnopteris. ASPLENIUM (Greek, not the spleen; referring to sup- posed medicinal properties). Polypodidceie. A large, widely distributed genus of feins, containing some 200 species. Easily distinguished by the free veins, and by the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which nor- mally is attached to one side of a vein. Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept in a very lightly shaded position. A good potting ma- terial consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf -mold or peat. The following are some of the most useful com- mercial kinds : A. Belangeri, height 2Kft. ; A. hulbif- erttm, 2 ft. ; A. laxum, which grows quickly into a handsome specimen about 20 in. high, and seems to stand the hot, dr> American summers better than other species ; A. salicifoUum; and J., viviparum, which is dwarf , compact, with lace-like fronds, and easily prt. pa- gated. For hanging baskets, A. flaccidum is best. The foregoing species and others of like habit develop small plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnae. As soon as these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with a small piece of old pinna?, and pricked into shallow pans, the older part being placed below ground to hold the young plant firmly in position until roots have formed. The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts of fresh garden soil. leaf -mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and close position, where in 10 to 15 days they will make roots. The foregoing ones do V^est in a temperature of 50° F. A. cicutarium is easily grown from spores, and is very useful for fern dishes. Nichol N. Brickner. Alphabetical list of species described below : A. Adi- antum-nigrum, 14 ; affine, 13 ; angustifolium, 10 ; Bap- tistii,12; Belangeri, 2,*{; bulbiferum, 18; cicutarium, 20 ; cuneatum, 15; ebeneiim, Si ebenoides, 4; Filix-foemina, 25; fceniculaceum, 16; fontanum, 17; formosum, 9; fra- grans, 16; Hemionitis, 2; laxum, 18; myriophyllum, 19; nobiliH,24; obtusilobum, 21 ; paltnafHm,2; parvulum, 7; pinnatifidum,.3; platyneuron, 8; rhizophyllum,19; rutae- folium, 22; salicifoUum, 11; serratum, 1 ; spinulosum, 27; thelypteroides, 26 ; Trichomanes, 6 ; viride,5; vivip- arum, 24. The following are native and hardy : Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 25, 26. A. Sori linear or oblong, straight, borne on the back of the If. B. Lf. simple, with a serrate margin. 1. serr&tum, Linn. Lf. 1-3 ft. long, on a very short stipe, 2-4 in. wide, gradually narrowed below: sori 1 in. or more long. Fla. to Brazil. BB. Lf. lobed or pinnatifid. 2. Hemionltie, Linn. (A. pahndtum, Lam.). Lf. 4-6 in. each way, hastate, with a triangular terminal lobe and two lateral ones, and a large, rotmded sinus at the base: sori often over 1 in. in length. Spain, Canary Islands. S. 1:586. 3. pinnatifidtun, Nutt. Lvs. clustered, from a short rootstock, 3-9 in. long, with mostly rounded lobes at the base and terminating in a slender point ; texture thick, herbaceous ; occasionally rooting at the tip. Pa. to Ala. S. 1:628. 4. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Texture thin : lvs. 5-10 in. long, with a few irregular divisions near the base, and a long, slender, much-incised apical portion, occasionally rooting at the apex. A very rare native species. BBB. Lvs. once pinnate. C. Pinnce less than %in. long, blunt. D. Machises greenish. 5. vlride, Huds. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, scarcely more than J^in, T'ide, with numerous rather distant Ifts., which are ovate and deeply crenate : sori abundant, oblique. A subalpine species of N. Eu. and N. Amer. S. 1: 601. DD. Rachises purplish or blackish. 6. Trichdmanes, Linn. Lvs. densely clustered. 3-8 in long, Va iu. wide, with densely crowded oval leaflets which are slightly crenate on the ' upper side and suddenly narrowed /) at the base. Northern hemis- /v/ phere generally. A.G. 1892: 653. Wi^ S. 1:653. 7. p^rvolnm, Mart. & Galeotti. Leaf 5-9 in. long, with 20-30 pairs of mostly opposite Ifts., which are l^-Va in. long, rounded at the outer margin and squarely trun- cate at the base. South- em states and Mex. cc. Pinnce %-l inch long, with a strong auricle at the up- per side of the base or deeply incised on the upper mar- gin. 8. platynetron, Oakes {A. ebeneiim. Ait.). Lvs. 6-15 in. long, with 30-35 pairs of Ifts. which have an enlarged auricle at the upper side at the base, the lower Ifts. reduced to mere triangular auri- cles : sori, when ma- ture, covering the en- tire surface. Canada to S.Amer. A. 0.1892: 654. S. 1:535. 9. formdsum, Willd. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, with numerous alter- nate pinnae which are mostly deflexed, with the upper margin deeply incised and the lower margin toothed : sori 3-5 to each 1ft. Trop. Amer. S. 1 : 576. CCC. Pinnce 3-6 in. long, linear or lanceolate. 10. angnstildliom, Michx. Lvs. 18-24 in. long on stout stalks, 4-6 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nearly sessile pinnae, which are truncate at the base and extend to a tapering point ; fertile pinnie narrower and more dis- tant. Moist woods northward. S. 1 : 496. 11. salicifdliom, Linn. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with about 20 distinctly stalked horizontal pinnae, which are wedge- shaped at the base, and curve upward to a long point : sori strongly oblique to the midrib, wide apart, not reaching either margin or midrib. W. Ind. to Braz. BBBB. Lvs. fl-4 pinnate. C. Ultimate divisions linear or cuneate : venation somewhat fan-shaped : texture thick. 12. B&ptistii, Moore. Leaf bipinnate, with broadly ovate pinnae 5 in. or more long, each with about 4 stipi- tate linear toothed pinnules ; sori nearly parallel with the midvein and close to it ; rachises scaly, with pur- plish lined scales. South Sea Islands. i:). aftine, Swz. Leaf 9-18 in. long, with numerous pinnae on either side, the lower ovate deltoid, the upper lanceolate ; pinnules incised : sori linear. Mauritius and Ceylon to E. Ind. 14. Adi&ntum-nigrrum, Linn. Stalks brownish, lvs. 3- pinnatifld from winged rachises, triangular, 5-9 in. long; ultimate divisions ovate, sharply incised and Serrate on both sides. Old World generally. S. 1: 486. Asplenium rhizophyllum. ASPLENIUM ASTER 111 15. euneMnm, Lam. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, 4-6 in. wide, ^ripinnatt' helow. the ultimate divisions broadly obtuse above and strongly cuneate below ; sori linear, usually lontf for the si/e of the segments. Trop. regions generally. 16. frigrans, Swartz {A. fcenieulhceiim , Kunth.). Lvs. 2-3-pinQate ; ultimate segments lano.eolate, sharp- serrate above ; veins simple or the lowest forked : sori oblong, extending from midrib to near base of the lobes: petiole brownish, rachis flattened. W. Ind. S. 1:577. cc. Ultimate division rhombic, sharply spinulose: texture herbaceous. 17. fontinum, Bernh. Growing in dense clusters : lvs. iwi in. long, 1 in. or more wide, 2-pinnate; segments witli 2-5 spinulose teeth which are widely divergent : sori at maturity covering nearly the entire surface of the segments. Eng. and Spain to the Himalayas. S. l:57i. ccc. Ultimate divisions longer, not spinulose : texture membranous or herbaceous. 18. bulbiferum, Forst. (A. ldxum,'RoTt.). Lvs. l-13^ft. long. 6-8 in. wide, 3-pinnatifld ; pinnae tapering to a slender toothed point : often bearing bulbs from which new plants originate while still attached to the leaf. Afr. and Australasia. S. 1 : 508. 19. rhizophyiluiii, Kunze {A. myriophyllum, Presl.). Fig. 159. Growing in extensive tufts, with grayish brown stalks and rachises : lvs. (>-15 in. long, .'^-pinnate or 4-pinnatifld, the ultimate segments frequently deeply 2-lobed with a single sorus to each division. Fla. to S. Ainer. 20. cicat&num, Swz. Lvs. 3-pinnatifld with a winged rachis, 8-18 in. long ; pinnules ovate, with 5-7 narrow divisions, each bearing a single sorus ; texture thin, membranous. Trop. Amer., rare in Fla. AA. Sori linear, marginal or submarginal, on narrow, linear, ultimate divisions of the leaf. (Darea.) B. Lvs. bipinnatifid, less than a foot long. 21. obtriBilobuin, Hook. Lvs. 4-7 in. long, 2 in. wide or less, with about 10 pinnae, which are made up of 5-7 narrow segments bearing occasional sori on the outer margin of the segments. New Hebrides and Fiji Isls. S. 1:624. BB. Lvs. S-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid, over a foot long. C. Pinnce short, with close segments. 22. rutaefdlium, Kunze. Lvs. 13-15 in. long, with 12-20 pinnae on each side, each with 7-11 narrow segments, 2 or 3 of the lower ones 2-fld. or rarely 3-fld. S. Afr., Ind. and Jap. 23. BeUngeri, Kunze. Fig. 160. Lvs. 15-18 in. long, 3 in. wide, with numerous horizontal pinnse on each side, cut into about 12 segments on either side, which are set nearly at right angles to the rachis ; the lower basal segment often forked. E. Ind. Aspleniuin Belangeri. cc. Pinnai longer, with scattered narrowly linear segmerts. 24 vivlparum, Presl. Lvs. 15-24 in. long, 6-8 in. wide, on rather short stalks with pinnatifid pinnules and ulti- mate segments, which are narrowly linear aad often forked : plant often bulb-bearing, like A. bulbiferum. Mauritius and Bourbon. Cult, under various names. S. 1: 662. A. ndbilis, Hort., is a garden varietj-. AAA. Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe- shaped : lvs. ample, 2—i pinnatifid. 25. Filiz-foemina, Bernh. Lvs. 18 in. to 3 ft., broadly ovate-oblong, bipinnate ; pinnae 4-8 in. long, lanceolate, with numerous more or less pinnately incised or serrate segments. Eu. and N. Amer. — Very variable, especially in cult. Schneider describes 56 varieties. 26. thelypteroldes, Michx. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, on long, straw-colored stalks : 6-12 in. wide, 2-pinnatifld, with linear-lanceolate pinnae ; segments crowded, oblong, minutely toothed : sori 10-12 to each .'segment. Kich soil in the eastern U. S. S. 1: 651. 27. spinnldsom. Baker. Lvs. 9-12 in. each way, del- toid, 3— 4-pinnatitid, with 9-12-pinn8B on either side, the lowest much the largest ; segments short and sharply toothed. China and Jap. Supplemental.' list of less eommon trade names : A. acxded- turn, Hort. Hab. ?— A. arbbreuin. See Diplazium.— A. biti- dum=A. lineatum.— A. decussdtum. See Callipteris.— A. ellip- ticum, Hort., a trade name.— A. fldccidum, Forst. Coolhouse basket fern from Australia, Tasmania and N. Z. Fronds 2-3 ft. long, 4-8 in. broad : stipes stout, flexible, greenish, naked ; pinnse numerous, close or distant. lance<jlate, leathery. 4-8 in- long, /^-%in. broad. Very variable. — A. Ooringidnum, var. pictutn. Mettenius. (Athyrixim (roringianum, var. pictum, Hort.). Distinguished from all other memljers of the genus by the bright color of its entirely deciduous fronds, which are 10- 15 in. long, spear-shaped, and pendulous. Possibly the only hardy variegate*! fern. It, however, nee<ls glass protection for best results. Stalks purple or claret-colore<i: lvs. green with a central band of gray; Ifts. divided into sharply toothed pinmdes on which the oblong or kidney-shaped sori are arranged in two rows parallel to the midvein. Jap.— A. Zd/tc^um. See Dipla- zium.— A. linedtum, Swz. Warmhouse speoies from Mauritius and Bourbon, is very variable, running into forms with Ifts. again pinnate, which have either small, linear pinnules or these again twice cut: lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 4-6 in. wide : stalks erect, 6-9 in. long, more or less scaly.— A. longissiinum, Blume. The best of all the genus for large baskets. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-6 in. broad ; stalks blackish, 3-12 in. long ; Ifts. sessile, auricled. E. Ind. S.1:G02.— A. macrnphyllum, Swz. Coolhouse speeies from Polynesia, Malaya, China, and Himalayas. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide ; stalk.s brownish ; Ifts. 6-12 pairs, stalked, 3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, sharp-pointed, serrate.— A. Nidus, or A. Nidus-Avis. SeeThamnopteris.— A.S/iepft«rdi. Spreng. See Diplaziura. , „, i '.,,.., „^ L. M. Lndeewood. ASFB&LLA. See Asperella. ASTEB (a star). Compdsitce. Aster. Starwort. MiCH^LMAS Daisy. A large temperate-zone genus of attractive but botanically-confused herbs, particularly abundant in N. Amer. The genus is characterized by numerous flattish rays (white, blue, red, or purple), slender style appendages, compressed several- nerved akenea, and an involucre with unequal bracts in few or sev- eral rows, the pappus simple, soft, and abundant (Fig. 161). Leafy- stemmed, mostly blooming in the autumn. Some of the species are annual, but those in cult, are per- ennial (or rarely biennial). All are easy of cultivation in ordinary soil and exposures, and are among the best plants for the hardy border or for naturalizing in the freer parts of the grounds. They grow readily from seeds, but are gen- erally prop by division of the „ ^ ^^^n^. clumps. Caliraens and Linosyns ^^ stamens; d, styles. are kept distinct in this book. A. Old World Asters, some of them old garden plants^ and S'^mewhat modified by cult. B. Stems simple and scape-like, bearing a single fl. alpinus, Linr. Lvs. entire and spatulate, forming a cluster on t\e ground, those on the stem small and linear: st. 3-10 in., bearing e large violet-rayed, hand- some head. B.M. 199. — lu its wild state, the plant also 161. Disk floret of Aster. '--:-'-^-: 112 ASTER ASTER occurs in the Rocky Mts. Valuable alpine or rockwork plant, with fls. varying^ to pink and white. Var. specid- 8U8, Hort.,is taller and stronger, with heads 3—4 in. across. Var. sup^rbus, Hort. (Gn. 54: 1193), is a large and showy form. Himal&iCQS, C. B. Clarke (A. Himalayensis, Hort.). Similar to A. alpinux, but dwarfer : rays lilac-blue, slightly recurved at the tip : sts. 4-12 in., slightly vil- lous : Ivs. oblong or elliptic, nearly entire. Himalayas, 13,000-15,000 ft. -Little known in America. diplostephioldes, Benth, Two to 3 ft.. soft-pubescent or hairy, the st. simple and solitary : Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, entire but ciliate: solitary head large, inclined, 2-3 in. across, blue or pale purple, very showy. Himalayas. B.M. 163. Aster Novae-Angliae. One of the best and most showy of native Asters M^miesii, Lindl. 162. Aster cordifolius. A handsome blue-flowered native Aster. 6718. J.H. III. 33:262.-In the Anier. trade has been mis- spelled A. Deptostaphides. BB. Stems usually branched and several- to many-fid. Am^lluB, Linn. St. simple or nearly so, few-fld. or sometimes only 1-fld. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat serrate, more or less 3-nerved, roughish- pubescent : involucre scales oblong, obtuse or nearly so, spreading, in 4-5 rows; heads large, purple. Eu. and Asia. Gn. 35: ()89. — Variable, and several well-marked garden forms. Var. Bessaribicus, DC. (A. Bessardbicus, Bernh.). Lvs. oblong and attenuated at base : plant taller and larger-fld., deep purple. Gn. 35, p. 173. — Showy and de- sirable. Var. Ca8StlbicU8, Hort. (A. Cassiardbicus, Maund?). Fls. larger than in the type, the rays regular and de- flexed, the disk bright golden and broad. SibiricuB, Linn. A foot or less high, somewhat pu- bescent, each branch terminating in a single head : lvs. oblong-spatulate to broad-lanceolate, serrate : heads violet or lilac. Arctic Eu. and Amer., and Rocky Mts.- Excellent rockwork plant. &cris, Linn. About 2-3 ft., slender-branched : lvs. linear, or lance-linear : heads large and blue, with long, distinct, handsome rays. S. Eu. Gn. 37: 744. trin^rvius, Roxbg. About 3 ft., stout, corvmbose at summit : lvs. lance-ovate and strongly toothed : heads large, blue or purple (a pale var. ), wi/h narrow, spread- ing rays. Himalayas. R.H. 1892: 396. — Hardy, hand- some, variable. Tatiricus, Linn. f. St. erect and striate, hispid, corymbose at the summit, often 7 ft. high : lvs. large (the radical 2 ft. long), lanceolate or oval lanceolate, attenuate at base, entire : involucre scales purplisli at tip ; heads blue or purple, late. Siberia. G.F. 4: 197.- Excellent for the hardy border, particularly for its very late blooming. A A. Native Asters. These plants are one of the charms of the Amer. autumn, and are amongst the best oj. all hardy border plants. They gener- ally improve greatly in habit when transferred to cultivated grounds. Any of these wild Asters are likely to come into cultivation at any time. The number of kinds is large. The student will find them all described in Gray's Synoptical Flora of North America, 1, pt. 2. Those of the northeastern states and adjacent Canada will be found in Britton and Brown's Illustr. Flora of the U. S., and Gray's Man- ual. Those of the S. are described in Chapman's Flora of the S. states. The following list comprises those known to be in cult. Of these, only A. Xova>-Angli(B is well known in domestication. The species are much con- fused : A. acumindtus, Michx.; amethystinus, Nutt. (G.F. 5: 378 1 ; Audersoni, Grav ; Bigelovii, Gray(B.M. 6430); can^scens, Pursh ; Caroli- ntd«M»,Walt. ; Cham issoniit. Gray; Chdpmani, Tott. & (iray ; commutdtus, Gray; cdncolor.Linu.: conspicuous, Lindl.; cordifolius, Linn. (Fig. 162) ; corymbosus, Ait.; CusickiiyGr&y, diffustis, Ait., and y&r.horizontdlis;Douglasii,Liin!i\.\ Drummondii, Lindl.; dtimbsus. Linn.; erico)des, Linn.; falrdtus, Lindl.; Fhul leri, Grny; folidceus, Lindl.; Fremonti, Gray; gn.tidt- fldrus, Linn.; Hdllii, Gray ; lli'r- veyi, Gray (G.F. 2:473); integri- fdiius, Nutt.; lifvis, Linn.; liuarii- fdlitis, Linn.; Lindleydnus, Torr. & Gray (G.F. 2:449); longifdliu!<. Lam. (G.F. 9:507, G.W.F. 10): macrophyllus, Linn. (G.F. 4:89); multifldrus, Ait.; nemordlis, Ait.; NoiHf-Anglice, Linn. (Fig. 163. A.F. 9:283), and var. r<\se%ts ; Ndvi-Bdlgii, hinn.; oblnngifdlius, Nntt.; panic- uldtns, Lam.; pdYews, Ait., and var. Meihanii; poly- phylhis, Willd.; Porteri, Gray ; prenantholdes, Muhl.: ptnrmicoides, Torr. & Gray (G.F. 3:153); pulch^lliii<. Eaton ; puniceus, Linn. (Fig. 164;, and var. l(fvicauli!< and var. lucidnlns ; raduUnus, Gray; sagitifdlius, Willd.; salicifolius, Ait.; serfoct^s. Vent. (G.F. 5: 473); Shdrtii, Hook. (G.F. 4: 473) ; spec/rf6i7is, Ait.(Mn.5: 41); surculosHS, Michx. (G.F. 5:521); tanacetifolius, HBK.; Tradescdnti, Linn.; turbinSUus, Lindl. (G.F. 6:17); unduldtus, Linn. (G.W.F. 4); versicolor, Willd. In the following list, those marked * are offered by Amer. dealers: *A.coecineus Nevaden»is=l—*A.Ddtschi='i—*-il}d- bridus nanus ^ I "Rosy color, only 6 in. high."— *A. lancito- Uu9 Calif ornicus ==* 1 — *A. lilacinus Nevadiiisia == f — A. ASTER ASTER 113 jf^^Aani. Hort..is i well marked form of A. patens, fonnc Joseph Meehan at Antietam.— M. yoiiTcoervleus- I—* A., fonnd by Joseph Meehan at Amiexain.—-^.^ . .yoi iF-aennetis- :—*A.pur- amiddU»=^ ?— .4. Reecesii. Hort., is A. eric-oides, var. Keevesii, (rray, a "rigid form, comparatively stout, glabrous, except that the Ivs. are often hispidulous-ciliate toward the base, the heads and rays as large and the latter about as numerous as in A. DoLvphyllus." "S. \mn.—*A.rotundifbliu*, Thunb.=Felicia.— i Siklcimensis, Hook. Three to 4 ft., stout and erect : Ivs. lanceolate-acuminate, spinulose-serrate : heads purjde, in large corj-mbs. Himalayas. B.yi.4o5'.— A. Strdcheyi, Hook. Stem- less and sarmentose, with 1-tld. braeted scapes : radical Ivs. soatulate, hairy : heads lilac-blue, 1 in. across. Pretty. Hima- iivas. B.yi.&il-.—*A.tenHinatis='i—A. Tuicnshendii, Hook. A. Bigelovii. Gray (N. Amer.). L. H. B. The native Asters are amongst the very best plants f jr borders and roadsides. They should be better kno jrn. A.acuminatus grows well in shade in ordinary soil, not necessarily moist; increases in vigor under cultivation. .1. eordifiilius prefers open or partial shade ; improves much under cultivation with good soil. A. corymbosus prefers at least partial shade, and will grow tven in very deep shade; seeds very freely; does well on dry ledges and in small crevices in rock; very tenacious of life. A. dumosuH prefers full sunlight aad dry situation. A. eri- cokks wants full sunlight and dry situation ; will grow in very poor or shallow soil, but does best where roots can penetrate deep. A. hfvis grows in either full sun- lisrht or partial shade and good soil. A. Novce-Anglim will not endure much shade ; prefers moist soil, but grows well in ordinary garden situations. Fall-sown -eediings of A. Novi^-AmjUw, var. roseus, come prac- tically true to varietal name, though varying in shade of color, and these seedlings bloom later than older plants and at height of 18 inches, making the plant of value as a late bedding plant treated as an annual. A. yovi-Behjii prefers moist soil ; will not endure heavy shade. A. poniciilafns prefers moist soil, but will do well in rather dry situations ; will endure more shade than either of the two above species. A. patens wants open or half-sha<led places, and good soil ; one of the weaker species, often proving short-lived. A. pun ice us will not endure shade ; prefers moist places, but will srrow in good soil not over moist ; in dry situations it loses its vigor ; spreads rapidly in favored locations. A . spectabilis prefers open or partly shaded places ; one of the weaker species in wild state ; rather short-lived. A. unditlatns wants open or half shade ; late-flowering, handsome plant, forming large bushes where allowed to develop. A. rhnineus, althoughnot in the trade, is a fine plant in cultivation. .^ „, _^ * F. V. . Barclay. ASTEE, CHINA. CaUtstephus hoHensis, Cass. {Cal- listephu.s Chhte'nsis, Nees. Callistemma hortinsis, Cass. Aster Sinensis, Hort.). Conip6sit(e. The genus Callistemma is older than Callistephus, but it is too like Callistemon to stand. B.M. 7616. Gn. 53: 1163. -One of the most popular of all garden annuals, being particu- larly valuable for its fall blooming. The evolution of the China Aster suggests that of the chrysanthemum at almost everj' point, and it is, therefore, a history of remarkable variations. The plant is native to China. It was introduced into Europe about 1731 by R. P. d'lncar- vilie, a. Jesuit missionary in China, for whom the genus Incarvillea of the Bignonia family was named. At that time it was a single flower ; that is, the rays or ligulate florets were of only 2-4 rows. These rays were blue, vio- let or white. The center of the flower (or head) was comprised of very numerous tubular, yellowish florets. Philip Miller, the famous gardener-botanist of Chelsea, En?^. received seeds of the single white and red Asters in 1731. evidently from France ; and he received the single blue in 1736. In 1752 he obtained seeds of the double red and blue, and in 1753 of the double white. At that time there appears to have been no dwarf forms, for Miller says that the plants grew 18 in. or 2 ft. high. Marfyn, in 1807, says that in addition to these varieties mentioned by Miller, there had then appeared a "varie- gated blue and white" variety. The species was well known to American gardeners at the opening of this cen- tury. In 1806 M'Mahon. of Philadelphia, mentioned the "China Aster (in sorts)" as one of the desirable garden annuals. Bridgeman, a New York seedsman, ottered the China and German Asters in 1837 "in numerous and splendid varieties," specifying varieties "alba, rubra, cerulea, striata purpurea, etc." In 1845, Eley said that " China and (lerraan Asters " " are very numerous " in New England. This name Germun Aster records the fact that the first great a<lvances in the evolution of the plant were made in Germany, and the seed which we now use comes largely from that country. The first marked de- parture from the type appears to have been the pro- longation or great development of the central florets of the heatl, and the production of the "quilled" flower. This type of Aster was very popular 40 and 50 years atro. Breck, in the first edition of his Flower Garden, in 1851, speaks of the great improvement of the Aster "within a .»"», 164. Aster puniceus. few years" "by the German florists, and others." and adds that "the full-quilled varieties are the most highly esteemed, having a hemispherical shape, either a pure white, clear blue, purple, rose, or deep red ; or beauti- fully mottled, striped, or edged with those colors, or having a red or blue center." About 50 years ago the habit of the plant had begun to vary considerably, and the progenitors of our mo«lern dwarf races began to at- tract attention. The quilled, high-centered flower of a generation or more ago is too stiff to satisfy the tastes of these later days, and the many flat-rayed, loose and fluffy ra<*es are now most in demand, and their popu- larity is usually greater the nearer they approach the form of the uncombed chrysanthemums. The China Aster had long since varied into a wide range of colors 114 ASTER ASTER of the cyanic series— shades of blue, red, pink and pur- ple. The modem evolution of the plant is in the direc- tion of habit, and form of flower. Some type varies — generally rather suddenly and without apparent cause- into some novel form, ntill retaining its accustomed color. The florist fixes the variation by breeding from the best and most stable plants, and soon other colors appear, until he finally obtains the entire range of color in the species. So it happens that there are various well marked ra<'es or types, each of which has its full and independent range of colors. The Comet type (with very flat rays), now one of the most deserving of the China Asters, illustrates these statements admirably. The Comet form — the loose, open flower with long, strap- like rays — appeared upon the market alx)ut 188<3 or 1887, with a' flower of a dull white overlaid with pink. The pink tended to fade out after the flower opened, leaving the color an unwashed white. The rose-colored Comet next appeared, and the blue was introduced in 189(). The first clear white was introduced in America in 1892, coming from Vilmorin, of Paris, and the China Aster had reached its greatest artistic perfection. It is impossible to construct a satisfactory classifica- tion of the China Asters. It is no longer practicable to classify the varieties by color. Neither is it feasible to classify them upon habit or stature of plant, for several of the best marked types run into both tall and dwarf forms. Vilmorin, however, still divides the varieties into two groups, the pyramidal growers, and the non- pyramidal growers. The most elaborate classification is that proposed by Barron, from a study of exten- sive tests made at Chiswick, Eng, Barron has 17 sec- tions, but they are not co<5rdinate, and they are really little more than an enumeration of the various types A. Plat-rayed Asters. In which all, or at least more than 5 ot« rows of rays, are more or less promineutly flat and the florets open. B. Incurved or ball-shaped. BB. Spreading or reflexed. AA. Tubular or quilled Asters, in which all. or all but the2or3 outer rows of florets, have prominently tubular corollag. B. Inner florets short, outer ones lonifer and flat. Repre- sentetl by the German Quilled. BB. All the florets elongate<l and quilled. In 1895, 250 varieties of Asters were offered by Amer. seedsmen. For growing in borders, perhaps the best type is the Comet, in vari- ous colors. Other excellent races are the Branching (Vick'sBranching is shown in Fig. 1G5), Truffaut ( Fig. lt>6), known also as Perfec- tion and Peony-flowered; Cbrysanthemum-flowere<l ; 165. China Aster— The branching type. or classes. After considerable study of the varieties in the field and herbarium, the following scheme seems to be serviceable : Lt (ii }h <-\ f ^ v^/(? \ 166. China Aster— Truffaut's Peony-flowered. Asters make very showy it is one of the best for cut-flowers. Many other types are valuable for spe- cial purposes. The Crown or Cocardeau is odd and attractive. Amongst the quilled Asters, the various strains of German Quilled (Fig. 167), Victoria Needle (Fig. IG8), and Lilliput are excellent. The very dwarf tufted Asters are well represented in Dwarf Bou- quet or Dwarf German, and Shakespeare. All these are easily grown in any good garden soil. For early bloom, seeds may be started under glass ; but good fall bloom may be had, even in the North, by sowing seeds in the open as late as the 1st of June. bedding plants when grown in large masses, and are also valuable for filling up vacancies in the mixfd herbaceous border, where they ought to be planted in clumps, the dwarfer kinds put in front and the taller behind. There are two or three insects which prey upon the China Zoster, but they do not appear to be widespread. The most serious difliculty with them is the rust, afunpis ( ColfoaporiHm Sonchi-ari'enxis) which attacks the under side of the leaf and raises an orange-colored pustule. Timely sprays with the copper fungicides will keep this disorder in check. The Bordeaux mixture discolors the plants, and it is, therefore, better to use the amnioniaral carbonate of copper. Spray it upon the plants before the fungus appears, and repeat every week or ten days. Use a cyclone nozzle and spray upwards, so as to strike the under sides of the leaves. L. H. B. In recent years, the Branching Asters have come to be prominent, and they are bound to increase in popularity as their merits become known. The long stem, larpe size, and soft shades of pink and lavender have made this the most useful to the florist of all the Asters. The Comet has been rather short-stemmed for a com- mercial cut-flower. As to culture, it does not seem to be generally understood, even by florists, that the young Ast^r plants will stand more frost than cabbage. If started under glass about the middle of February, in New York state, they will be ready to plant out the latter part of April or first of May. They will then come in at about the same time they would if grown entirely under glass, although not so long-stemmed. For fall flowers, we sow out-of-doors with seed drill and culti- vate with wheel hoe. I have had plants ruined by being planted near squashes. The late brood of striped beetles fed on the Aster flowers. George Arnold, Jb. ASTER ASTILBE 115 Theflr!«t requisite to the jfrowiug of China Asters is to have good, plump seed. As Hoon as the >fround is in good or fair condition in spring, spade up a seed-bed 167. China Aster— Oerman Quilled. where the ground is rich, and rake it fine. Then make shallow drills about an inch deep ; whiten the drills with air-slaked lime, to keep worms and insects from eatiiif; the young roots. Sow the seed in the drills, cov- '•rini; about ^410. deep with fine dirt run through a sieve of !sin. mesh. "When plants are about an inch high, draw good, fine dirt to the roots, so that the seed-bed is nearly level and all the weeds are covered. The plants are hardier and better when grown in the open ground than when started under glass. For the permanent quarters, plow firround thathas been well and heavily manured with '■ow-manure the previous season ; then harrow thor- oushly. Scatter 20 to 30 bushels of common lime to the acre, if thought necessary, then plow airain and harrow well. With a one-horse plow make furrows the leng:th fif the field about 3 or 4 inches deep and 2H feet apart. In these furrows one man drops the plants in two rows Hbout 12 or 16 in. apart, for two men to plant. Do not furrow nuioh ahead of the planters, so that they have fresh dirt to put to the roots of the plants. By this method the plants seldom wilt. If a dry spell follows in three or four days, level the furrow with a hoe ; if wet, !' t stand for about two weeks, then scatter 100 pounds "f ?uano or other fertilizer to the acre, and work the laml with a spike-tooth cultivator, with no shovels, so that no dirt is thrown on the small plants. Hand-hoe l)€tween the plants, running horse and cultivator twice in each row. The cultivator loosens the ground as deep as it was plowed. Cultivate and hoe every two weeks, especially after it has rained, until buds appear ; then keep clean by band. When blooms begin to appear, mulch liberally with tobacco stems, to keep down weeds and to kill aphis at the roots. When the lis. begin to open, keep a strict watch for the black beetle. When it makes its appearance, put about a pint of water and a gill of benzine in an old can and hold it under the bugs ; they drop into it. These pests last from six to nine days. Have them looked after three times a James Semple. ASTlLBE (Greek name, of no particular significance). Saxifraijdcecp. Inchnlt^H Hotr ia . Tall perennial herbs, of 7 or 8 species in eastern N. Amer. and Asia. They look much like Aruncus (which see), and are often called Spirflpa. Aruncus and iSpirapa are rosaceous genera, and are characterized by many stan>ens and usually by sev- eral to many separate pistils, whereas Astilbe has 8 or 10 stamens (twice the number, or of the same number, a.s the petals), and a 2-3-lobed pistil (which finally sepa- rates into more or less distinct follicles). Astilbe and Aruncus are so much alike that they are constantly con- founded by horticulturists and even by botanists. They probably inter-cross. It is probable that they should be placed in the same family, despite the technical botani- cal differences. The Asfilbes are hardy plants of great merit. They are easily grown in any well-made border. They give conspicuous masses of bloom in summer. Prop, mostly by division. l_ jj_ g FoRciNQ OF Astilbe. — Few herbaceous plants force with greater ease than Astilbe Jnponica and its var. com- pactn; but three weeks longer time should be given the latter to fully develop its feathery spikes. Astilbes are so easily and cheaply imported that for the commercial florist it is cheaper to buy than to divide and grow his own plants. When first received, the clumps of roots should be stored, with a little earth or moss between the roots and a little soil over the crown, until the florist is ready to pot them. No amount of freezing does them the slightest harm ; but the boxes or flats in which they are stored are best covered with a little straw or litter, and should have the full benefit of rain or snow to keep the roots from drying. From pottinjr or burying into the greenhouse, it requires from ten to fourteen weeks to bring them into flower, according to the earliness of the season at which they are wanted in flower. The quality of soil is of no con- sequence, provided it is light and easily handled. They need water in great abun- dance. Tempera- ture is also of little consequence. Any- thing above oO"^ at night will do ; but it is best not to flow- er them in higher temperature than 60°, or they will quickly wilt when cut or used for decorations. From the time the sprays begin to show white color until they are fully developed, every Astilbe should stand in a saucer in which there should be constantly an inch of liquid manure. When sold for wir.dow plants or for decoration, Astilbes are often disappointing. It is merely want of water. Before the full development of the shoots and Ivs. they are easily hurt by tobacco smoke, and should be covered with paper or well wetted 168. China Aster— Victoria Needle. m- IIG ASTILBE ASTROC'ARYUM when fumlpration is necessary. Aphis, spider or thrips never trouble AMtilbe. As a border plant, Astilbe is one of the hardiest of our hardy herbaceous plants ; but the feathery plutne obtained in the jrreenhouse is much shorter', more comi>act. and lacks the pure whitenes?* of the outdoor-grown specimens. William Scott. A. Fl.<<. opening white or yellowish. decindra, Ttoni A .hitfmdfa .Britt.) . Somewhat pubes- cent, :m> ft. : Ivs, 2-temate, the Ifts, ovate and cordate or abrupt at base, sharp-ser- rat* : fls. yellowish white, in a large (H)-12 in. long) racemose panicle ; sta- mens 10. Wi>od8, Va. and S. — Often confounded with Antneus nylvester. Jap6nica, Gray (Hot Ha Jap6nir(i, Morr. & Decne. B. bnrhdt a, Morr. & Decne. Spircta Japdnica, Uort.). Aruncus astilboides. For comparison with Astilbe. Fig. 169. Erect, 1-3 ft.. hairy on the petioles and ' nodes : Ivs. :{-2-ter- nate, petiole reddish ; Ifts. ovate-acute,tapering to the base, serrate : fls. white, in a pubescent racemose panicle ; stamens 10. Ja- pan. B.M. 3821. Gn. 48, p. 3GG. Mn. 5:174.— Com- monly known as a spring glasshouse plant in this country, but hardy in the open. There are various cult, forms, as var. grran- difl5ra, Hort., with larger an<l denser panicle ; var. compacta, Hurt., the pani- cle more compact ; var. multiflora, Hort. ; var. va- lieg^ta, Hort., with varie- geted Ivs.; var. purpurea, Hort., with purple-shaded foliage. AatilheJajxinini is often confused with Aruu- CHK astilhoidfs ; Figs. 109 and 170 will aid iu distin- guishing them. Lemdinei, Hort. Foliage graceful, standing 1 Kft. high, with Ifts. broad-oval, dentate and crimped, satiny green, hairy : tls. with whit« petals and 10 pink stamens, very numerous, in plume-like clusters disposed in panicles iKft. long. Gn.48.p.:«r). R.H.1895. p. 5G7. A.F. 11:45;). — (Jarden plant, supposed to be a hybrid of A.Japonica and Ar^mcus astilboidea. Hardy, and forces well. rivul^ris, Hamilt. Rhizome creeping : st. .3-5 ft. : Ivs. 2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate, dentate, the petioles tawny- hairy: lis. yellowish whit«, changing to reddish, iu large spikes, which are disposed in panicles; stamens 8 or 10, pure white. Nepal. Gn. 48, p. ;{,')5. — Attractive Iwrder species, bl<x)ming late. Probably needs protection. Thdnbergrii, Miq. Silky-hair>', 1-2 ft. : Ivs. pinnate. the Ifts. oval, serrate, yellowish green: tls. white, on reddish stalks, changing to pink, in clusters on the ti.-branr-ht-i. Japan. R.H. 1895, p. 5ti».— A graceful plant. Forces wt-ll. AA. Fls. opening pink or red. Chin^nsis, Franch. & Sav. Plant 1)^-2 ft., graceful: Ivs. 3-temate, the Ifts. serrate : fls. in a branchy, rather compact panicle, with purplish or pink retlectiuri, l.ut the petals whitish. China. — Possibly a fonn of the pre- ceding. Yet rare in Amer. rtlbra, Hook. & Thom. St. simple, 4-6 ft., long-hain-: Ivs. 2-temate ; Ifts. oblique-ov^ate, more or less cunlatV. sharp-serrate : fls. numerous, rose-red, in compact, ro- bust panicles ; stamens 10, shorter than petals. ln<iia. B.M. 4959. — Needs protection. Little known in Amer. L. H. B. ASTEAGALUS ( ancient Greek name ot some sliruh . Legumindsit. Milk \kt( h. A genus of over 1.(MM) v{>e- cies of hardy herbs or subshrubs. Lvs. nuctly odd-pinnate: fls. in spikes or racemes, yellow, purjile or white. They prefer a light, porous soil ami no shade. The dwarfcr kimis may be placed in the front of the border or in the rockery. Prop, chit-tly U seeds, which geniiinate slowly, or slowly by careful division in early sprinir. Many kinds are likely to die if divided or trans- plant«'d. Many kinds are cultivated in the Old World, but the four de- scribed below are the only kinds commonly sold in America. Of the many na- tive kintls, mostly known as rattle-weeds, the following ore ad- vertised at present : ^-1. Canadt nsi.i=: A. Carol inianus, A. earyocarjiu.i. A. Drummondii, A. flexuosus, A. Lns- manni, A. Parryi, A. racemostis, A. Robbinsii, A. Shortianus. The Loco- weed of the prairies, which is said to poison cattle, is A. nioUissimus. For these and many others the student i> referred to Britton and Brown's Illus- trated Flora, and Coulter's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany. A. Fls. yellow. alopecuroldes, Linn. St. erect, strict : height 2-5 ft. : Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pu- bescent. Siberia. B.M. 3193. AA. Fls. not yellow. MonspesBulanus, Linn. St. trailing: height 9 in. : fls. purple, purplish or white, in smaller and looser head:* than the above. Eu. B.M. 375. hypogl6ttiB, Linn. Height .V24 in. : Ifts. 17-25 : fl^. violet-purple, 6-10 lines long, in dense heads : pods 4-i lines long, 2-celled, densely villous, with white hairs. Eu.. Asia, and from Kansas W. to Nev. and N. to Alaska. — Also a white var., excellent for pots. alpinus, Linn. Height 6-15 in.: Ifts. 1.3-25: fls. violet. keel darker : pods 1-celled, black-pubescent. Northern and Arctic regions round the world. J. B. Keller and W. M. ASTBOCARYUM (Greek, astron, star, and karyon. nut ; referring to star-like arrangement of the fruits i. Piflni<ic€(f, tribe Cocoinecp. Spiny palms, stemless or with a short caudex, or with a tall, ringed, spiny cau- ASTROCARY'UM ATKII'LKX 117 dex : It«. terminal, pinnately parted ; Reermenta ap- ripiximate. e(|iii-<li?«tant or fasciculate, lancet»iate-acumi- natc or attenuate to the obliquely truncate apex, plicate, whiti!*h beneath, the terminal on«'« free or contluent, the jjpinv raarjjins recurved at the base ; petiole verj' short; sh»ath short, open : spadices short or lonjr. the finely diviiied liranches pendulous, thickene<l at the base, thence ver>' slender, lonj?, naked, th»j llorif«Tous nakecl bii'*al portion, as it were, pedunculate ; si)athes li. the lower one membranous, deciduous, the ui)p<'r fusiform, coriacetms or woinly, open on the ventral si<le, persist- ent ; bracts of the female fls, broad, imbricated, like the lirac'tletH ; pistillate Hs, with a stipitate male one on cither side: fr. rather lar>?e, ovoid or Hub)j:lol)o's.', beaked, smooth or spiny, red or orange. Species 30. Trop- ical America. AstriH'aryums are elegant palms of medium height, verv suitable for moderate 8ize<l conser\'atories. A. Mn'r'jmiiru, A. Mexicannm and A.argt'nteum are the kinds most commonly m»'t with in collections. The Ivs. are pinnate, and in small plants, at least in some of the species, the se^ients are narrow, four or five pairs of these alternating with two very broad ones. A. argen- ttum has the under surfaces of the Ivs. of a much lighter color than the others. In a young state, the plants require the temperature of the stove, and after attaining the height of a few feet they may be removed to a house where the temperature frequently falls as low as 4.')^ F. Specimens 8-10 ft. hitrh fruit freely. Prop, by seeds, which are slow in germinating. The soil in which they are sown should be changed occasionally, to prevent it from becoming sour. Be careful not to overpot, or the fleshy roots will decry. See Pahnft. A. Lvs. scurfy, at least beneatJi or on the petioles. Murumuru, Mart. Lvs. 9-12 ft. long: segments lanceo- late, somewhat falcate, rich green above, silvery beneath : sts. 12-1") ft. high, densely c(»vered with st«)Ut, black spines in. long. Brazil. I.H. 22: Ul.*}. arg^nteam, Hort. Petioles and under surface of the Ivs. covered with silvery white scurf ; Ivs. arching, wedge-shaped. 2-lobed, distinctly plicate, bright green above ; petioles with numerous dark, spreading spines 1 in. long. Colombia. F.R. 3:5(39. filiire, Hort. Small, slen'^'^r : Ivs. erect, narrowly cu- neate, with 2 divergent lohet , inversely sagittate ; petioles densely scurfy ; rachis scurfy on ])otb sides ; spines numerous on the petioles and rachis, and on the principal nerves above ; brown. Colombia. AA. Lis. not scurfif. Ayri, Mart. Trunks 18-30 ft. high, 8-12 in. in diara., usually csespitose : Ivs. 15 ft. long, equally pinnatisect to the apex ; petiole piano-compressed, membranaceous on the margins, densely scaly and with scattered spines; lower segments over 3 ft. long. 1^4-2 in. wide, 2 in. apart, the upper ones 2-2,^^ ft. long, 1 in. wide, IM in. apart, conduplicate at the base, linear, long attenuate, p<iinted, minutely and remotely spiny along the margins, white-tomentose below. Braz. Mexicinmn, Liebra. St. 4-r» ft. high, cylindrical, thickly covered with rings of black, straight, ancipital spines : petiole 2 ft. long, 4-sided, the 2 upper sides concave, clothed (as is the rachis) with straight black spines ; blade fi ft.; segments I.t-18 in. lonff. 1 in. wide, alternate, broadly linear, acute, straight, white beneath, with deciduous black spines along the margins. Mex. Granat^nse, Hort., is an unidentified trade name. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ASTKOPHtTITM. See Echinocactus. ASTSTASIA (obscure name). Including Henfreija and Macknya, Aranthctceo'. Twenty to 30 herbs or ^•hrubs of the Old World tropics. Corolla tube straight or curved, the spreading limb 5-lobed and nearly or quite regular : stamens 4, unequal : stigma blunt or minutely 2-lobed : Ivs. thin, entire : fls. white, blue or purple, in axillary or terminal clusters, often very showy. General treatment of Justicia, in intermediate or warm- bouses. MIU, Benth. & Hook. {MnrkHyn hflln, Harvey). Glabrous, upright subshrub : Ivs. ovate-oblong, acunii- natf, spreading, short-stalked, sinuate-toothed : fls. li- lac, 2 in. lonjf, with a !<»ng tiibe below the flaring throat, the spreading segments ovate-obtuse, disposed on one side of a raceme 5-8 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. .')797. — A >>eautiful plant, rarely seen, and thought to be difficult to manage ; but it seems to flower readily in fall in our climate, if rested during the previous winter and brouirbt on in the summer. Prop, by cuttings of firm wood in spriiig or summer. Young plants in small potH often bloom well. A. Coromandelidna, Nees (A. Comorensin. Bojer. Juflticia GaiiRPtica, Linn.). Zijjzatj subshrub : Ivh. ovate-cordate, wavy: tls. purfde. nearly sessile, in tr-lo-tid. riM-eine. Ind. B.M. 4248. P.M. U: ir>. F.S.2: llii.-A. scdndenn, Lindl. (Henfreya scan- dens, Lindl.). Climbing: Ivs. olH>vate to ovate, thick, entire : rts. Iart{e. yellow, white and blush, in a thyrse. Afr. B.M. 4449. B.K.33:31. F.S. :»: 2:^1. r rr o Lt. xl. rf. ATAMASGO lily. See Zephyrunthes. ATHANASIA. Consult Lonna. ATHtBIUM. See ^.<«/)/«»«iM»w. ATBAGENE. See Clematis. ATBAFHAXIS (ancient Greek name). Pohjgonhcea. Low shrubs : Ivs. alternate or fasciculate, deciduous : fls. small, apetalous, in few-Hd. axillary clusters, form- ing terminal racemes ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens (>-b : fr. a small akene, enclosed by the enlarged inner sepals. Summer. About 18 species in central and western Asia, Greece, and N. Afr. Low shrubs of spreading habit, with usually small Ivs., attractive with their numerou.s racemes of white or rose-colored fls., which remain un- changed for a long time, owing to the persistent calyx. They grow best in well-draine<l soil and sunny situati(»ns, but do not stand transplanting well when older. Prop, by seeds sown in spring ; the seedlings are liable to rot if kept too mojst, or in damp air. Increased, also, by greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, and by layers, .4. hiixifdlia, Janb. & Rpach. (Polygonum crispulnm. Sims). Height 1-2 ft., spineless : Ivs. obovate, erenate. dark green, 3-2-1 in. long: racemes short. Transcaucasia, Turkestan. B.M. 1(H).">.— A. frutescena, Koch (A. lanceolata, Meissn.). Height 1-2 ft., spineless: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, glauceacent, J^-1 in. long: racemes loose. Caucisus.Turkest., Sii)eria. L.B.C. 5:489. B.R. .'}:254,— A. latifolia, Koehne (A. Mu.schketowi. Krassn.). Erect, 2-3 ft., spineless : Ivs. lanceolate, crenjite. %-2 in. long: fls. white, incompact ra<'emes. Turkest. B.M.74;{."i. Gt.40:i:w4. —A. spiiu)sa, Linn. Height 1-2 ft., spiny : Ivs. elliptic, entire, glauceseent, /^-/^ in. long: racemes short. S. Russia, Orient, Siberia. . ^ Alfred Rebder. ATBIFLEX 'derivation disputed). Chenopodihcece. A large genus containing many succulent weeds of des- ert regions. A. hortensis is a garden vegetable used like spinach ; for culture, see Orach. A. leptocarpa and A . semihaccata are two plants lately introduced as supple- mentary forage plants for arid regions. See Circular No. 3, biv. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agric. A. Garden vegetable (with ornamental-lvd. variety). hortensis, Linn. Orach. Sea Purslane. Annual : stem herbaceous, erect : Ivs, hastate, cordate, or trian- gular-oblong, acute, 4-5 in. long, 2J^-3 in. wide ; petioles 12-18 lines long : fruiting bracts 4-8 lines long, short- pediceled. Var. Atro-sangiiinea, Hort., is a crimson- leaved ornamental about 4 ft. high, sometimes grown with amarautus-like plants. AA. Ornamental shrubs. can^scens, James. A pale, densely scurfy shrub, 1-3 ft. high : Ivs. oblanceolate, entire : fruiting bractlets with 4 vertical, reticulated wings. July-Sept. N. Mex. to S. Dak. and W. to Calif. Hdlimos, Linn. Low-spreading shrub with grey foli- age, cult, in Calif, for hedges and for seaside planting: Ivs. 1-1 /4 in. long : petioles 3-4 lines long : fls. purplish : fruiting bracts 1% lines long, 2 lines wide, sessile, reni- form, obtuse, entire : seed compressed, yellowish. Mediterranean region and S. Afr. -^ -^^ 118 ATROPA AURICULA ATBOPA (after Afropoa, that one of the three Fates who cut the thread of life). Solandreir. Bellaix»nna. Calyx with 5 ovate leafy dirisi«)ns, enlarii^inK in fruit ; corolla bell-8haped or funm-l form. The purph* ber- rit"< are poisonous. The plant is used in medicine. Belladdnna. Linn. Plant low. spreading?: Ivs. ovate, entire, pointed: fis. sint^le (»r in pairs, nodcling on latv.ral peduncles; corolla dull purple. Eu. to India. ATTALEA {(ittalits, magnificent). Palmdcecp, tribe Covoineie. Spineless palms, with a single, thickish rintfed or scarred caudex: Ivs. arising almost perpen- dicular and the upper part arched, pinnately cut, linear • lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins re- curved at the base; petiole concave above: tls. yellow: fr. rather large. Species 20. Trop. Anu'r. The leaflets on the lower side of the rachis hang straight down, and th )se on the upper side point straight up. The Attaleas •re unprofitable to grow as commercial decorative plants, because they tiike too long to make goo<l sized plants from the seedling state. Perfect drainage, and a soil having a mixture of leaf-mold or peat, with a tem- perature ranging from GO" to 80° F., will be found to suit them. Put the seeds about 2 in. deep in a box and sink the box in a warm bonier out of doors in summer, cover with a mulch of moss, and water frequently. A. Trunks becoming tall. exc6l8a, Mart. St. 90-100 ft. high in the wild, 16-20 in. in tliain.: Ivs. erect-spreadin;;: pistillate tls. solitary on the branches of the spadix: drupe obovate. Braz. funifera, Mart. St. 18-30 ft.. S-U in. diam., smooth: Ivs. as long as the caudex; petioles with very long hang- ing fibers ; segments broadly linear-acuminate, in clus- ters of 3-j, divaricate: drupe 4 in. long* Braz. Cohtme, Mart. St. 40-r)0 ft.: Ivs. erect, pinnate, the dark green pinnae 30-50 and 18 in. or less long; petiole flat above and rounded below: drupe broa<lly ovate, nearly 3 in. long, with a very short beak. Honduras.— Fruit used for soap-making, and exported from Cent. Amer. for that purpose. Used for thatching. AA. Without tninJiS. spect^hilis. Mart. Steniless, or with a very short cau- dex: Ivs. l?s-21 ft. long, the lower segments 3— 4 ft., the upper 12-16 in., li in. wide, linear-acuminate. Braz. amysdallna, HBK. (.1. nurifera, Karst. ). Stemless : Ivs., 5-6 ft. long, crowded, pinnatisect; segments 90-100 on each side, ensifomi, glabrous above, with hairs along the outer margin.s beneath, 2-^^-2?^ ft. long, about l^in. wide; petiole with rusty scales beneath- Braz. .4. Guiehire is a tra<le name: "extremely long-leaved."— J.. Mdripa, Mart. (JL. Mariposa, Hort.) See Miiximiliana. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. AUBRlfiTIA (Claude Aubriet, French natural history painter of last century). Cruciferie. Perennial, more or less evergreen trailers, excellent for rockwork or edg- ings. Prop, by seeds, or by layers orcittings. The genus is distinguished chiefly by the outer sepals being saccate at base, the shorter filaments toothed, and the valves of the silique convex and not ribbed. Italy to Persia. deltoidea, DC. Lvs. oblong- spatuUte, deltoid or rhom- boid, with 1 or 2 teeth on either side, grayish, narrowed into a very short petiole : fis. in few f!d., lax clusters, the violet or purple petals twice the length of the calyx. — Grows 2-12 iu. high. Pretty spring bloomer. Hardy in the north. Var. Bougainvillei, Hort. Fls. light vio- let : dwarf and compact. Var. Cimpbelli, Hort. Fls. large, purple : plant large. Var. E^rei, Hort. Fls. large and long, deep violet. Var. GraBca, Hort. Dwarf and compact, large-fid. One of the best. Var. Hinder* soni, Hort., probably the same as CamphelU. Var. Lelchtlini, Hort. Profuse bloomer, pink fls. V^ar. Ol^mpica, Hort. Fls. large, violet, like var. Eyrei. Var. viol&cea, Hort. One of the largest forms. L. H. B. ATTCt^BA (its Japanese name). Crr*- ^uptt. One ever- green shrub, with glossy, often var^ ^ i ,Vi lvs., enduring smoke and dust: fls. small, dioeci:us, 4-n-.erous, in pani- cles : f r. a 1 -seeded drupe. Hardv S. In the N. states, Au- cubas are grown in coolhouses- those adapted toazaleu are excellent— and they are kept evergreen by keepitijr them in a pit during winter, or by holding them cool Htid partially dry in the house. They will stand 5 or 6 df. grees of frost in a pit. From cuttings of half riptued wooil, go<Ml specimen plants may be had in 2 or 3 yew*. Fruiting plants, with their numerous bright scarlet ber- ries, are exceedingly attractive, but as the plnnt is dioecious, there must be male plants with the female ones. If grown in pots and under glass, the plant must be fertilized by shaking the flowering male plant over the female, or by applying the pollen with a camel's hair pencil. If the male plant flowers earlier, the pollen may be collected and kept <lry until the female plant is in flower ; it remains elTective f<»r some weeks. In the open, Aucuba grows well in any good, somewhat moist though well-drained soil, in a half-shaded position. In pots, it will thrive in a sandy loam with sufficient drain- age, and requires plenty of water during its growing period. Fruiting plants should not have too large pots. Prop, very easily by half-ripened greenwood cuttings at nearly any time of the year, uixler glass, and by seeils sown soon after maturity ; the varieties are sometimes grafted on the common form in early spring, under glass, Jap6nica, Thunb. Shrub, 4-15 ft. : fls. usually ovate, 3-8 in. long, remotely and coarsely dentate, acuminate, shining : berries scarlet, rarely white or yellow, usually oblong. From Himal. to Jap. B.M. 5512. I.H. ll:31ft». Var. Himal&ica, Dipp. {A. Himaldica, Hook. & Thoni.i. Lvs, ovate-lanceolate, more dentate : panicles more pilose: fr. orange to scarlet. Hima'. F.S. 12:1271. I.H. 6:197. — There are many garden forms, mostly with variegated lvs.. which are more cultivated than the preen forms. Han<lsome variegated varieties are: albo- varieg^ta, aurea, aureo-macul&ta (Flor. Mag. 10:.'):':. Flor. World 1876:353), bicolor, latimacul^ta, Urn- b&ta, m^dio-variegjita, pictxir4ta, punctata, varieg&ta (B.M. 1197. F.M. 5:277). The following forms have green Ivs. : angustifdlla, dent^ta, macrophyila, ovata, ealiciidlia, pygmaea. A. cranitolin, once ofifered in Amer. trade, is probably a form of A. Japonica. Alfred Rehder. AUDIBERTIA ( Jf . Audibert, of Tarascon. Provence). Labidtip. Perennial, hoary, aromatic herbs from Calif., with rugose, sage-like lvs. grandifldra, Benth. St. villous, glandular, 1-.3 ft. high : lvs. woolly beneath ; lower lvs. hastate, obtuse, 3-8 in. long, coarse ; bracts crowded, conspicuous : tls. 1-1 H in. long, red or crimson-purple, in dense, showy glomes or clusters. — Prized for bees. AUBlCULA {Primula Auricula, Linn.). Fig. 171. A European perennial, sending up short scapes, bearing fls. of many colors. It is one of the most famous of florists' flowers, but it has never received the attention in this country that it has in Europe. Our summers are generally too hot for it. In this country generally treated as a greenhouse plant ; but it is hardy, and in the Old World is grown largely in frames. See Primula. Auriculas may be propagated by seed for general pur- poses and for the production of new varieties, but to perpetuate very choice varieties, it is necessary to propa- gate either by offsets or division of the plants. Seed should be sown in shallow pans or 4-inch pots early in March, so that the seedlings will be well developed be- fore very warm weather sets in. The soil used in the seed pans should be verv- light and sandy, the surfai'e should be made smooth, and the seeds then pressed lightly into the soil, after which a light covering of sand should be given, and the pans placed in a temp, of 60° imtil they have germinated, which usually takes from three to four weeks ; they should then be removed to a light position, shaded from direct sunlight, in a rather lower tempera- ture, to induce a stocky growth. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle convetiently, they should be pricked off into other pans or shallow boxes containin?^ a mixture of i hree parts leaf -mold and one part sifted loam and clean silver sand. Watering should be care- fully attended to, and everything done to promote active growth, so that, if possible, the plants may be large enough to require a second shift into other boxes, simi- larly prepared, by the end of June. Auricula seedlings AURICULA AZALEA 119 go through the hottest months much hotter in boxen than in not- at they can be kf i)t more »'Vf nly nmist. For their summer (juarters, a wowlen frame pla<'e(i on sifted eoal ashet on t'le north side of a buil<ling or wall, or almoHt an> and 171. Auricula iXK). IV poHiiion where they will l>e wheltered from the sun „,id '•till receive plenty of li»fht, Hh«»uld he ifiven them. The frame should be provided with sash, which shoul*! W kept over the plants most of the time, jfivinjf air in abundance in favorable weather, and during the warmest weather the whole frame should be raisetl by placing a brick under each corner, HO as to allow a good cir- culation of air among the plants. AlKjut the second week in 8epteml)er the young plants Hhould be potted, using a conjpost of two parts g(M>d, fibrous loam, one part leaf-mold, and one part well decayed cow or sheep manure, with a little san<l added. The frame should be kept a little close for a few days after potting, and from this time care must be taken not to wet the foli- age in watering. The plants may remain in the frame until dan- ger of freezing, when they should be trans- ferred to a cool green- house for the winter. All decaying leaves Hhould be carefully removed, and but lit- tle water will be re- quired during the dull winter months. Towards the end of February the plants will show signs of flowering, when they should be given a top-dressing of pulverized sheep manure and placed in a light, airy position, in a temp, of 55°. The flowering season lasts about two months, after which the plants should receive their annual potting. All diseased or decayed roots should be cut away, and most of the old soil carefully removed. The propagation of very choice varieties by offsets or division is best done at this time. The pots used in potting should be well drained, and no larger than will just accommodate the plants. The soil best suited is the same as before recommended. After pot- ting they may be placed in their summer quarters. Offsets should be inserted round the edge of 4-inch pots, using very sandy soil, and kept in a moist, shaded posi- tion until rooted. By annually repotting and giving a little extra care during the summer months, a batch of Auriculas will return very satisfactory results, and may be kept in a good, healthy condition for several years. Edward J. Canning. AVflNA (classical name). Gramlnece. Oats. A genus of annuals or perennials well known from the cultivated oat. Panicles wide open, and loosely flowered, bearing large 2-(J-flowered spikelets. A long, twisted, geniculate awn present, except in the cultivated oat. Species, about 'yO. Widely spread in the temperate regions of the Old and New World. !4taa, Linn. Wild-oats. Sand-oats. Resembles the cultivated oat; can be distinguished by the larger spike- lets and long, brown hairs on the flowering glume. Awn an inch in length. Eu.— A very troublesome weed in some parts. Not cult. 8t6rilis, Linn. Animated Oats. Much larger than the cultivated oat : spikelets large, in a drooping panicle ; awn very long and geniculate. Mediterranean region and E.— Occasionally cult, for the odd behavior of the "seeds." It is the twisting and untwisting of this awn, when exposed to moisture and dryness, that has given to the grass the name Animated Oats. The untwisting of the awn causes the spiKelet to tumble about in various directions, suggestive of independent motion. Th« common oat in Arena aatirn, Linn., native of the Old World. P»»t»irf* irraHHeK f»f>bl ait AveniiH are A . rlatior, winch is an Arrhenttt!therum ; and .1. flaceacena, wbiih \* a Trisetum. P. B. Kennedy. AVERRHdA (after Averrhoes, the Arabian physi- cian). Uifiiniiicfuje. Tropical fruit trees, cult, in India and China, and sometimes grown under glass for orna- ment. Lvs. alternate, o<l<l-pin-..ute; Ifts. alternate, ovate- acuminate, entire, stalkeil, sensitive : tts. borne on the naked stems an<l branches, minute, fragrant, rose-colored to redilish purple, racemose; calyx red; corolla campanu- late ; petals 5. Carambdla, Linn. Carambola. Height 13-20 ft. : Ifts. 4-5 pair.s : rts. rosy purple : fr. varying in size from a hen's egg to a large orange, ovate, acutely 5-angle<l, yel- low, fragrant, the pulp acid. The half-grown fr. used as pickles ; the ripe fr. for preserves. Sai<l to produce 3 crops a year. P.M. 15:231. Cult, sparingly in S. Calif. A. Bilimhi,\Ann. CrcfMBER Tree. Bilimbi. Height H-15 ft.: Ifts. .Vlo pairs : fls. red. in longer racemes than the al>ove : fr. smaller than the ('araral>ola, cucximlter-shaped, smooth, sreen rind, and acid palp. Extensively cult, in S. Amer. P.M. 15: 231. AVOCADO, ALLIGATOR PEAR. See Peraea. AZALEA (from Greek azaleos, dry : Linnaeus be- lieved them to grow in dry locations). Ericdlcece. Shrubs : lvs. deciduous or persistent alternate, more or less nairy and ciliate, rarely glabrous and never lepi- dote or scurfy : fls. in terminal umbellate racenies, rarely lateral ; corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form, campanulate or rotate ; stamens 5-10 ; ovary 5-celled, hairy or se- tose, with or without glands : fr. a loculicidal capsule (Fig. 172), with numerous minute seeds. This genus is often united with Rhododendron, which is easier to dis- tinguish by its lvs. and general habit than by its fls. In Rhododendron, the lvs. are coriaceous, generally per- sistent, usually revolute at the margin, glabrous or to- mentose beneath, often lepidote, not ciliate, or ciliate and lepidote : stamens usually 10 : ovary glabrous, glandular, lepidote or tomentose, never st'ose, some- times more than 5-celled. The glabrous species of Azalea have 5 stamens and deciduous lvs. There are 25 species in Asia (especially E. Asia) and N. Amer. Con- sult Maximowicz, Rhododendrej© Asiie Orientalis, St. Petersburg, 1870. The Azaleas belong to our most orna- mental and beautiful flowering shrubs, and are often completely covered with large showy fls. of brilliant and various colors. They grow best in peaty or sandy soil containing no limestone, and prefer somewhat moist and half-shaded situations. In regard to the culture, they may be divided into two groups : Hardy deciduous Azaleas, and Indian Azaleas. Hardy Deciduous Azaleas.— These include the spe- cies of the sections Euazalea and Rhodora, and the hy- brids known as Ghent Azaleas. They are hardy, but in the N. and in exposed situations a protection with bru>h, hay or mats should be given during the winter, to pre- vent the hower-buds from sudden changes of tempera- ture. They are usually increased by seeds sown in early spring in frames or pans, in sandy peat, without cover- ing, and kept moist and shady. When the seedlings ap- pear they should have pir and a daily syringing. In au- tumn they are transplanted into boxes or frames, in sandy, peaty soil. The seeds germinate very readily sown in cut sphagnum, but ought to be pricked into boxes as soon as they can be handled. The second year the seedlings should be planted out in beds, suflBciently wide apart to allow a growth of two years. Long upright branches should be shortened, to secure well-branched plants. The named varieties are grafted on any of the common species, usually by veneer-grafting in autumn in the greenhouse, on potted stock. They may also be increased by cuttings of mature wood 2-3 in. long, taken with a heel late in summer, and placed in sand under glass. Layers usually require 2 years to root sufficiently ; they are made in spring, and the buried part enclosed in moss. Azaleas are easy to transplant, either in early spring or in early autumn, when the year's growth has ripened. If desired, they may be planted for deco- rative purposes in early spring, in betis, without injuring the abundance or brilliancy of the flower, and after- 120 AZALEA AZALEA wards removed to prive space for other decorative plants, and planted carefully in nursery beds, where they remain till next spring? ; and so on every year. Especially the hybrids and varieties of A. mollis are often and easily forced for wiater-riowering. If intended for early forc- ing, they should be grown in pots, and care taken to allow them to finish their growth as early as possible ; for later forcing, after Christmas, they may be potted in fall, or even just before bringing them into the for ing- house. With a temperature of 50-55° at night, they will bloom in about 6 weeks. The Ghent Azaleas are grown in great quantities in the Low Countries and in (iermany lor export to America ; it is usually more profitable to buy this stock each fall than to attempt to raise it here, where labor is high-priced and the climate dry and hot. In the open, the flowering period of hardy Azaleas ex- tends from April to July. First comics A . Canade »s i s , A . rhomhira and A. Vaseiji ; then^l. nudiflora 9.x\*\. A . mol- //.•*, followed by A. Potitica and A. calendulacea, and nearly at the same time A. Schlippenbachi and A. Albrechti ; somewhat later, A. occidentalis, and last, A. arbortsrens and A. vLscosa. One of the most beauti- ful is the American A. calendulacea, which is hardly surpassed in the brilliancy and abundance of its flowers by any of the Ghent hybrids. Some good hybrids, or Ghent Azaleas, are the following : Single-fld. varieties : Albicans, white with yellow blotch, fragrant ; Admiral de Ruyter, deep red scarlet ; Altaclarensis, white, bordered pink, spotted yellow, fragrant, B.K. 28:27 ; Anthony Foster, orange-yellow; Comte de Gomer, bright rose, spotted orange, R.B. 1 : 97 ; Daviesi, nearly pure white, fragrant, Gt. 42:1307; Directeur Charles Baumann, cherry red, spotted j'ellow; G^ant des Batailles, deep crimson ; Hilda, red-orange ; Louis Hellebuyck, carmine, blotched orange, F.S. 19: 2019; MarieVerschaffelt, pink, blotched yellow; Morteri, rosy pink with yellow blotch, S.B.F.G. II. 1: 10 ; IMn- '•essed'Drange, salmon-pink; Sanguinca, deep crimson; Tsarine, brightpink,R.B.20:277; Van Dyck, blood-red; Viscosa floribunda, pure white, fragrant. Double-(ld. varieties : Arethusa, creamy white, tinged yellow ; Bijou de Gandbrugge, white, bordered rose, F.S. 19: 2024 ; Louis Aim«5 Van Houtte, carmine, tinged orange, F.S. 19: 2022 ; 3Iadame Mina Van Houtte, pink, tinged salmon and white, F.S. 19:2021 ; Murillo, pink, tingedpurple, K.B^19:2:{2 ; Phebe, yellow, tinged or- ange, R.B. 19: OtO. Raphael de Smet.pink; Virgile, pale rose, striped yellow in the center, R.B. 19:232. Indian Azaleas. —This group contains A . Jndica and other species of the section Tsusia and the hybrids of them. They are well known evergreen shrubs in the N. , requiring cultivation in the greenhouse during the win- ter, but some varieties, as A. Indira, var. Kirmpferi and var. anioena, are hardy even near New York. A. ros- marinifolia and A. lineririfolia will stand many de- grees of frost in somewhat sheltered positions. Thoy are rarely iucrensed by seeds, which may be sown in the j.reenhouse in the same way as with the former group. Usually they are propagated by cuttincs or grafting. The cuttings root best when made in August from half- ripened wood, and placed in sand under a frame, with gentle bottom heat. Choicer varieties are usually in- creased by veneer- or tongue-grafting, either in winter or in.luly and Aug. on vigorous-growing varieties raised mostly from cuttings. Grafting on Rhododendron is now used in some German nurseries with very good re- sults. The best soil for Azaleas, jf grown in pots, is a sandy compost of half peat and lialf leaf-soil, with an addition of good fibrous loam. It is essential to plant them firmly, and to give very good drainage. The base of the stem should be just above the surface. The best time for repotting is after flowering, when the new growth commences. Duringthe summer, they should be kept in a coldframe or in the open in a sheltered spot, with the pots plunged in the soil, or planted out in pre- pared beds, where they nmke a very vigorous and healthy growth. In Sept. they should be repotted ana transferred to the greenhouse. They must have plenty of water and free syringing during the hot months. The natural flowering time is from April to June, but in the greenhouse. Azaleas may be had in flower from Nov. till June. Affainst the red spider and thrips, from which the Azaleas are liable to suffer if the air is too dry, free syringing with water is the best remedy. Most of the plants used for forcing in this country are imported from Holland and Belgium ; and it is cheaper to huv them than to attemjtt to raise them. Formerly Aziiltas were kept in summer in shade or partial shade, but now it is the custom of tae best growers to give them full exposure to the sun, either planted out or in tbe pots plunged to the rim in ashes or other good drainaire ma- terial ; in the lattt-r case a top-dressing of 2 or 3 iiuhes of old cow manure is very beneficial. The only Auieri- can treatise is Halliday's Treatise on the Propagation and Cultivation of Azalea Indica, Baltimore, IbbO. Some of the best varieties of Indian Azaleas are the following ( for acompleteraccount,see August Van Geert, Iconographie des Azalees, abbreviated here as Ic. Az.i: Sinffle-fld. : Antigone, white, striped and spotted vio- let. R.B. 7: 241 ; lc.Az.3; Apollo, vermilion. Ic Az. 20; Charmer, rich amaranth, very large, F.M. o:30.'{-4. 1; Comtesse de Beaufort, rich rose, blotched deep crim- son ; Criterion, rich salmon-pink, bordered white and blotched crimson, F.S. 8: 796 ; Diamond, white, blotched dark crimson, F.S. 21: 2233-34 ; Due de Nassau, rich rosy purple, very free and large; Eclatante, deep crim- son, shaded rose ; Fanny Ivery, deep salmon-scarlet, blotched magenta, F.M. 10: '42 ; Fielder's White, pure white, early, A.F. 13:1109; Flambeau, rich, glowing crimson, Gn. 16:242,4; Fuerstin Bariatinsky, white, striped red, Gn. 16, 242, Ic.Az. 13 ; Jean Vervaene, sal- mon, striped, bordered white, R.B. 2: 145, Ic.Az. 11; John Gould Veitch, lilac rose, bordered and netted white, striped crimson, F.S. 20:2071-72; La Victoire, reddish, white towards the edges, spotted maroon crim- son; Louise von Baden, pure white, sometimes speckled pink ; F.S. 17: 1796, F.M. 3: 158 ; Madame Charles Van Eeckhaute, pure white, with crisped edges ; Madame Van Houtte, scarlet rose, bordered white, F.S. 23:2383, Ic. Az. 5 ; IVIarquis of Lome, brilliant scarlet, very fine ; Miss E. Jarret, pure white, with crisped edges. R.B. 14:213; Mrs. Turner, bright pink, bordered white, spotted crimsop, F.S. 8 : 451 ; Mons. Thibaut, orange-red ; President Victor Van den Hecke, white striped and speckled crimson, with yellow center, F.S. 15: 1567-C8 ; Princess Alice, pure white, one of the best ; Princesse Clementine, white, spotted greenish yellow ; Reine des Pays-Bas, rich violet-pink, bordered white, I.H. 13 : 479 ; Roi de Hollande, dark bloo<l-red, spotted black ; Sigis- mund Rucker, rich rose, bordered white, blotched crim- son, very showy, F.S. 19:2010-11, Ic.Az. 31; Stella, orange-scarlet, tinged violet ; W'ilson Saunders, pure white, striped and blotched vivid red. Double-fld. : Borsig, pure white ; Alice, deep rose, blotched vermilion, I.H. 23:244; Baron M. de Rothschild, rich purple-violet, large, F.S. 23: 2477-78 ; Bernard An- 172. Capsule of Azalea nudiflora. 173. Azalea nudiflora (X J 3). dr^, dark violet-purple, large ; Bernard Andr«5 alba, white, I.H. 17:15, Ic. Az. 19; Charles Leirens, dark sal- mon, blotched dark purple, good form and substance, F.S. 19: 1971-72; Charles Pynaert, salmon, bordered white, R.B. 10:25; Chicago, deep carmine, bordered white, large ; Comtesse Eugenie de Kerchove, white, flaked red- carmine; Deutsche Perle, pure white, early, R.H. 1886: AZALEA AZALEA 121 516. Gn 3^: 649.1c, Az. 25 ; Dominique Verveene, bright orange ; Dr. Moore, deep rose, sha«ied whire and violet, vervtine. R. Br. 11:G1; Empereur du Bresil, rich rose, banded white, upper petals marked red, Ic. Az. 15 ; Franvois de Vos, deep crimson, LH. 14:512, Ic. Az. 14, P.M. 8:443; Imbricata, white, sometimes flaked rose, 1 H, 24:281, F.S. 22:2284-85; Imperatrice des Iiuies, sulmon-rose, festooned white and dark carmine. F.M. isriia", Ic. Az.2l ; Johanna Gottscbalk, white ; Louise Pynaert. white, K. B. 4: 209 ; Mme, Iris Lefebvre, dark orauire-carraine, shaded bright violet and blotched brown- ish red, F.S. 18: 18(52-63 ; Madame Van der Cruyssen, pink, tine form. A.F. 12:1003 ; Madeleine, white, larcre, serr--double ; Niobe, white, fine form ; PharaiUle Ma- fhilde,whit> , spotted cherry-red, R.B. l.{:145; President Ghellinckd ;Wulle, bright rose, upperpetals spotted yel- low and striped crimson; President Oswald deKerchove, pink, bordered white, blotched carmine ; Raphael, white ; Sakuntala. white, very free-Howering; Sou v. du Prince Albert, rich rose-peach, broadly margined white, very free-Howering, F.M. 4:201, Ic. Az. 24; Theodore Rei- niers, lilac, large ; Vervjeueana, rose, bordered white, sometimes striped salmon. The following Azaleas are a ■>scribed below : A . alba, Xo. 15; albirtora, 10 ; Albrechti, 12 ; amoena, 14; arbo- rescens, 2; 6rt7.s«mi>u»'/^/or«, 14; calendulacea, 5; Cali- for./.cu, 1 ; calyciflora, 14 ; Canadensis, V, cauescens, 4; crispiriora, 14 ; crocea. 5; Danielsiana, 14 ; flanimea, 5; Oandavensis, 7 ; glauca, 'i ; hispida, 3 ; Ind4ca, 14 ; Kii'mpferi, 14 ; lateritia, 14 ; ledifolia, iC- ; Uliifiora, 15; maerantha, 14 ; mollis, 8 ; narcissiflora, 15 ; nitida, 3 ; nuditlora, 4; obtusa, 14; occidentalis, 1; Pontica, G; punicea, 15 ; purpurea, 15; rhombica, 10; ffoUisaoni, 14; TosiHora, 14 ; rosmarinifolia, 15 ; Schlippenbachi, ];! ; Simsi, 14 ; Sinensis, 8 ; speciosa, 5 ; Vaseyi, 11 ; vis- c<>sa, 3. A, Fls. in terminal l-many-fld. clusters. B. Zc.s. and fls. from diffennt hiids : vinter-buds with niitny scales: Ics. deciduous. c. Corolla irith rather h>ng tube, and nsualhj acute segments, pubescent or hairy outside : stamens 5: Irs. ciliate. (Euazalea.) D. Stamens as long as or longer than the limb: tube long and itarrow, outside glandular. E. Color white, pink or rose. 1. OCCidentMis, Torr. & Gray (Ithododend ran occiden- t()le, Ciray, A. Californica, Hort.). Height 2-6 ft.: branchlets glabrous or pubescent : Ivs. obovute-oblong, finely ciliate, slightly pubescent beneath when young : corolla 2-23^2 in. long, white or slightly tinged rose, with yelli.w on the upper lobe, fragrant. May, June. Calif. B.M. .1005. F.S. 14:1432. Gn. 34:673. 2. arbor^scens, Pursh {Rhododendron arbor^scens, Torr. I. From 8-20 ft. : branchlets nearly glabrous : Ivs. obovHte orobovate-oblong, acute, ciliate, glabrous, green or glaucescent beneath : fls. white or tinged rose, 2 in. lone:, fragrant ; style and stamens red. June, July. Alle-h. Mts. G,F. 1:401, L.B.C. 17:16.32, as A. verti- cil In fa. .{, viscdsa, Linn, {Rhododhidron viscdsum, Torr.). Frotii 4-H ft.: winter-buds glabrous: branchlets with stiflf hairs : Ivs. obovate-oblong, obtuse or niurronulate, ciliate, bristly hairy on the veins beneath : fls. w bite or tinijcd rose, 1^2-2 in. long, viscid outside, fragrant ; style red. June, July. E. N. Amer. Em. 2:438. Var. nitida, Nichols. From 1-3 ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate, bright >:re»'n on both sides : corolla tinged red. B.R, 5:414. ^a^. glauca, Ait. Lvs. wliitish-glaucous beneath, dull an.l-laucous above. L.B.(\ 1(;:1518. Var.hlspida, Britt. {A. hispida. Pursh). Pedicels bristly hispid : fls. usu- ally pink : lvs. glaucescent beneath. L.B.C. 5: 441. 4. nudifldra, Linn. (^1. lutea. Linn. i?. nudiflorum, Torr. I. Figs. 172, 173. Height 2-6 ft.: winter-buds more op less pubescent : branchlets pubescent and often ^ith stiff hairs : lvs. oblong or obovate, hairy on the WKlrib or pube.scent beneath : fls. pink to nearly white, before or with the lvs., about Vi in. broad, not viscid outside. Apr., May. E. N. Amer. B.R. 120. L.B.C. 1:51. G.W.F. .36. Mn. 2:17. Var, can^scens, Rehder (A. cnnescens, Michx.K Lvs, tomentose or pubescent beneath, usually elliptic. EE, Color yellow to flame-red. 5. calendulacea, Michx. (R. calendulAceum, Torr,). i:'rom 4-10 ft. : branchlets glabrous or with stiflf hairs : ivs. obovate or ovate, usually pubescent beneath, serru- late-ciliate : fls. orange-yellow or flame-red, often 2 in. broad, with the lvs., nearly scentless ; tube usually shorter than the limb ; stamens thickened at the mid<lle. May, June. E. N. Amer. Var. fldmmea, Michx. (.1. speciosa, Willd.). Fls. flame- or orange-red. B.R. 145. L.B.C. 7:624. B.M, 180. Var. crdcea, Michx. Fls. vel- low or orange-yellow. B.M. 1721. L.B.C. 14:1324. -One of the most showy species. 6. Pdntica, Linn. (R. fliivum, Don). Plant 2-6 ft.: branchlets hairy: pedicels and petioles glandular : lvs. cuneate, oblong, usually hairy on both sides when young, 2-4 in. long : tls. yellow, 2-2 >^ in. broad, very fragrant ; stamens as Icng as the limb. May. Orient, Caucasus. B.M. 433; 2383 (var. albiflora), — A very fragrant an«l free-flowering species, not common in cult. Nearly all varieties referred to this species in nursery catalogues are hybrids, for w^hich the collective name A. Ganda- vensis may be used. 7. Oandav^nsis, Hort. Ghent Azaleas, Fig, 174. These are hybrids between A . Pont lea, ami the American 174. Ghent azalea— A. Gandavensis (X ^a). species, and A. Sinensis, now more in cult, than the typical species. Of a number of them the parents are easily recognized, but many are hybrids of the second degree or more, and it is impossible to be sure about their parentage. They vary in all shades of white, yel- low, orange, pink, carmine, lilac, and red, with single and double fls.. and also in the time of flowering, from May to July. A short selection of some good varieties has already been given. nn. Stamens shorter than the limb: corolla fuunel- form-camponulate, outside pubescent, not glan- dular. 8. Sinensis, Lodd. (A. mollis, Blume. R. Sinense, Sweet). From :*-8 ft.: branches hairy : lvs. oblong or obovate-oblong. 2-4 in. long, appressed-setose above, glaucescent beneath and nearly glabrous except on the midrib, rarely pubescent ; fls. 2-2H in. broad, yellow, oranee or pink. April, Mav. China, Japan. F.S. 19: 2032-36. Gn. 46, p. 265, 546. B.R. 15:1253. L.B.C. 9: 885. 122 AZALEA AZALEA Gt. 16:556. Gng. 4:279.— A valuable species, with large but scentless lis. A large number of varieties and hy- brids has been raised, which are well adapted for forcing purposes and also for groups in the open, being as hardy as the American species. See Rhododendron for picture. CC. Corolla with very short tube, rotate-campannlate or two-lipped, glabrous outside : seg.nents oh- tu^'i: stamens 7-10. (Rhodora.) T>. Limb of corolla H-lippcd, not spotted, the two lower segments divided nearly to the base: fls. before the I vs. 9. Canadensis, O. Ktze. (Rhoddru, Canadensis, Linn. Rhododendron Rhodora, Don). From 1-3 ft.: Ivs. oval, obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous and slightly pubes- cent beneath : tls. 5-7, on very short pedicels l-l/<i in. broad, rose-purple ; segments narrow, the lower ones revolute : stamens 10. Apr.. Mav. E.N.Amer. : New- foundland to Pa. Em. 2: 4#1. B.M. 474. 10. rh63lbica, O. Ktze. {Rhododendron rhSmbicum, Miq. ) . Shr-ib, 3-8 ft. : Ivs. rhombic-elliptic, acute at both ends and sparsely hairy above, yellowish pubescent at the nerves beneath : tls. 2-3 ; corolla 13^-2 in. broad, somewhat campaDiilate, bricrht rose-colored, segments oblong; stamen' 111. Apr., May. Japan. B.M.6972. Gt. 17:586; G.C. III. 20: 38. Dr. Limh of corolla rotate-campannlate, or slightly 2-lif pel, divided Visually till below the middle: upptr lobi'S spotted. 11. V4p>eyi, Rehder (Rhododendron Vdseyi, Gray). From 5-15 ft. high ; brai chlets without bristles : Ivs. oblong or obloner-lanceoh te, acute, sparsely hirsute : fls. before or with the Ivs,; corolla slightly 2-lipped, lower lobes widely spreadinjr^ stamens 7, rarelv 5. Apr., May. N. Car. G.F. 1:377. 'i.C. III. 20: 71. -Excellent. 12. Albrechti, O. Ktze (Rhododendron Albrechti, Maxim.). From 2-5 ft.: branchlets glandular-pilose: Ivs. obovate or elliptic, acut-*, 3-5 in. long, appressed- pilose above, pubescent along the veins beneath : fls. purple, with the Ivs, 2 in. broad ; stamens 10. Japan. 13. Schlippenbachi, O. Ktze. {Rhoc^odendron Schlip- penbachi,^liixhn.). Three to 5 ft.: branchlets glandu- lar-pilose : Ivs. cuneate, broadly obovate, 2-5 in. lor rounded and mucronate at the apex, hirsute on 1» sides ov glabrous at length : lis. with the Ivs., 2-3 in. broad, pale rose-colored, upper lobes spotted reddish brown : stamens 10. May. Japan. B.M. 7373. Gn. 46:972. G.C. III. 19:561. BB. J^vs. and fls. from the same terminal bud: winter buds with i—i scales of nearly equal length : corolla glabrous outside: Ivs. usually persistent. (Tsusia.) 14. tndica, Linn. (Rhododendron Indicum, Sweet). Figs. 175, 176. From 1-8 ft.: branchlets, Ivs. and pedicels more or less rufously ap- pre88ed-strigo8e:lv8. lanceolate or obo- vate: fls, 1-3 ; calyx densely setose, not glandular, with usu- ally small lobes : co- rolla pink or purple, upper segments spot- ted ; stamens 5-10. China, Jap. Gu. 50, p. 192; 54. p. 487. K.B. 20:121: 21:85; 23:37. A,G. 14:473. Ong. 4:3.59. F. E. 9:431. F.R. 2:579.— This is a very vari- able and much -cul- tivated species, and the following varieties are often described as species. (1) Lvs. lanceolate or elliptic, acute, £-3 in. long, dull above and rufously strigo.'<r : shrubs, t-8 ft. high, somewhat loosely branched. Vhr, Eeempteri, Rehder. Lvs. deciduous, only a few small ones below the fi.-buds persisting till spring, \, V 175. Azalea Indica (X K)- elliptic, bright green: fls. 2-3, with or before the lvs.; calyx-lobes oval, rounded ; corolla 1-2 in. broad, pink or orange-red: stajaens 5, with yellow anthers. Apr., May. Jap. — This is the hardiest variety ; hardy even in New Eng. Var. Simsi, Rehder (A. Indica, Sims, not Linn.). Lvs. persistent, dark green, lanceolate : fls. 1-3, rose- 176. Double-flowered Azalea Indica (X K). colored o' irmine ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; stamens 10, with .rple anthers. May, June. China. B.M, 1480. L.i3.C.3:275. ') Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely acute ; }^-3 in. long, less strigose, and usually shining above : low, much-branched shrubs. Var. macr^ntlia, Reichb. (A. macrdntha, Bunge, A. Danielsicina, Paxt,). Lvs. coriaceous, dark green. shining, obovate or oval : fls. usually single, 2-.{ in. broad, pink or purplish pink ; stamens 5-10, usually cuciosed. May. June. China. P.M.I: 129. S.B.F.(i,lI. 3:261. — From this variety nearly all of the beautiful garden forms of the Indian Azaleas have originated by cross-breeding with other varieties and forms of ,.4, Indica introduced fromJapanese and Chinese gardens, and by hybridizing, especially with ..4. rosmarinifdlid. To this variety may be referred the following re- markable forms : Var. crispiflfSra, Van Houtte. Fls. large, rose-colored, with distinetlv crisped segments. F.S. 9:887. B.M. 4726. Var. laterltia, Lindl, Lvs. oblong-lanceolate : fls. salmon or brick-red. B.R. 1700. Var. rosifldra, Rehder (A. rosifldra, Flor. Mag. ^4, balsamino'fldra, Carr. A. R6llis.soni, Hort. ), Lvs. ob- long-lanceolate: fls. salmon-red, very double, with im- bricated, oblong segments, resembling the blooms of a camellia-fld. balsnm. F.M. 19:418. Gn. 18:249. R.H. 1882:4.32. Var. obttisa, Rehder (A. obtusa, Lindl.). Lvs. obo- vate or ovate, obtuse : fls. 1-3, pink or orange-red ; corolla 1-lH in. broad, lobes oval-oblong ; stamens 5, exserted, anthers vellow. Mav. ('hina, Jap, B.R. 32:37, G.C. 1I.25:'585. R.H. "1876: 370. Var. obtusa Alba, Hort. Fls. white. G.F. 9:395. Var. calyciflbra, Rehder (A . catycifldra, Hort.). Fls. brick-red, corolla double (hose-in-hose). Var. amoena, Rehder (A. amcena, Lindl.). Lvs. obo- vate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, }i-l In. long, dark green : corolla usually double (hose-in-hose), purple, J^-l in. broa<l : stamens 5. Apr., Mav. China, Jap. B.M. 4728. F.S. 9:885. G.C. III. 23: fig. 125. AG. 1 5 : 373 ; 1 8 : 568. G n g. 2 : 385. A . F. 12 : 33. F. E . 9 : .')7.{. — Flowering early and very abundantly ; hardy north AZALEA AZOLLA 123 to New York. There are some forms and crosses of this variety, of which the following may be recom- mended : Caldwelli, with larger purple fls., Gccrt, Ic.Az. 18 ; Marvel, lilac-carmine, double. Flor. Mag. 11; 14: Princess Maud, rosy magenta, R.H. 1886: .516; Mrs. Carmichael, crimson-magenta ; Princess Bea- trice, bright mauve ; Prime Minister, soft pick ; Miss Buist, pure white. 15. rosmarinifdlia, Burm. (A. dlba, Svre*'t. A. ledi- fdlid. Hook. A. lilii flora, Poit.). Much branched, low shrub, 1-3 ft.: branches, Ivs. and pedicels densely ru- foiisly appressed-strigose : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lan- ceolate, persistent, 1-3 in. long : fls. 1-3 ; calyx with lanceolate serrate-glandular lobes ; corolla pure white or ro*»y purple, 2-3 in. broad, fragrant ; stamens usually 10. May. China. B.R. 10:811. B.M. 2901. L.b.C. 13: 1253. — Some remarkable varieties of this species are the following : Var. dlba, Rebder (^4 . Indiea , var. dlba, Lindl. i?. hucdnthnm, Bunge). Fls. white, sometimes striped pink. Var. purptirea, Rehder (B. ledifolium, var. /;!<»•/)'> re Hw, Max.). Fls. rosyptirple. Var. narcissi- fldra, Rehder (A. nareissiflora, Fort.), Fls. double, white; rarelypurple. Var. ptmicea, Rehd. (A.punicea, Sweet. A. ledifolia, var. phwnicea. Hook. A. Indiea, var. cali/c)ua. Paxt.). Fls. single, purple; calyx with linear, not serrate and less glandular lobes. B.>I. 32.'{9. L.B.C. 18:1735. A. rosmarinifdlia has prodace<l, with A. Indka, a large number of beautiful hybrids, of which one of the first was figured in 1833 as jihododen- dron pulchrum. AA. Fls. from lateral 1-fld. buds toward the end <>f the branches: corolla rotate campanulate, glabrous. {Asaleastrnm.) 16. albifldra, O. Ktze. (Rhododh\dron albifldrum, Hook. ). About 2-3 ft. : branches strigose and glandular when young: Ivs. oblong, pale green, appressed-stri- gose above and at the midrib beneath, slightly ciliate : fls. nodding, on short pedicels ; corolla white, 5-cIeft, about 1 in. broad ; calvx glandular ; stamens 10. Rocky Mts. B.M. 3670. A. Dahurica, Koch = Rhododendron D.-thnricnm. — 4. di- anthifldra,VarT.=A. rosmarinifolia, var. dianthitioni.— ^. dila- tdta, O. Ktze. (R. dilatatum, Miq.). Allied to A. rhombica. Lvs. glabrous: stamens 5. Japan.— A. Fdrrercp, Koeh (A. squa mata, Lindl.). Allied to A. Schlippenbachi. Lvs. rhomb<)id- ovate, somewhat coriaceous: fls. whitish pink, spotted. China. B.R. ;«: 3.-^1. Japonifa, Gray=A. Sinensis.— A. A'awi«cAa<ica, 0. Ktze. (Rhododendron Kamschatieiim, Pall.). Low or pros- trate shrub, to 10 in. high : lvs. obovate, setose : fls. 1-5, long- peduneled, 1/4-2 in. broad, campanulate, purple. N. E. Asia, N.W. Amer. Gt. .36:1260.— A. Lapponica, Linn.= R. Lapponi- c'um.— A. linearifdlia. Hook. (R. linearifoliura, Sieb. & Zuc<'.). Allied to A. rosmarinifolia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : corolla pink, deeply divided into 5 linear-laneeolate segments. April, May. Japan. B.M. 5769.— A. macros.^pala, O. Knntze (R. maoro- sepalum, Maxim.). Height 1-2 ft.; branehlets densely villose : lvs. de<Mduous or semi -persistent, elliptic : fls. umbellate, rose- lilac, spotte«i, alK)ut 2 in. broad : calyx pubescent-glandular. Japan. (it.l9: 662.— .i.. mxicrondta, Blume=A. rosmariuifolia.— A. ohtUsa, Lindl. =A. Indiea, var. obtusa.— A. ovata, Lindl. (R. ovatum. Planch.). Allied to a. alb'^ora. Height 2-12 ft. ; I'-s. ovate, glabrous: fls. pink or nearly white, spcted. rotate, 1%-X% in. broad: stamens 5. China. B. M. -5064.— A. reticulata. Koch =A. rhombica.— A. semibarbdta, O. Kuntze (R. semibarbatum, Maxim. ). Allied to A. albiflora, Lvs. elliptic, crenately cili-ite, setose beneath : fls. greenish yellow, spotted purple, ?^-^4in. broad Japan. Gt. 19: 660.— A. serpyllifblia, (}ray (R. serpylli- folium, Miq.). Allied to A. Indiea. Low, rigid shrub : lvs. de- ciduous, obcvate, yi-^Jn. long: fls. single, rosy red, >^-44in. broad. Japan. B.M. 75<)3.— A. Si^fto^t/i, Miq.=A. Indiea.— A. squamata, L.indl.=A. Farrerae.- A. Tschonoiikii, O. Kuntze (R. Tschunoskii, Maxim.). Allied to A. Indiea. Low shrub : lvs. elliptic. J^-^iin. long: fls. 2-4, white, ^in. broad. Japan. Alfred Rehder. AZABA (I. N. Azara, a Spanish promoter of science, especially of botany ) . Bixdcete. Shrubs or small trees : lvs. evergreen, alternate, with usually enlarged and 'eaf- like stipules : lis, small, in axillary peduneled racemes or clusters, apetalous ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens numero'.?", rarely 5 : fr. a raany-seed»'d berry. About 20 species in S. America, especially Chile. Handsome evergreen shrubs, with small but fragrant fls.. for warm temperate regions ; probably only .1. mirrophi/lla will thrive f:ir- ther north in a sheltered position and protected during the winter. Grow best in a sandy compost of loam and leaf .ioil. Prop, by seeds or cuttings of mature wood in autumn, placed in slight bottom heat under glass. microphylla, Hook. f. From 3-12 ft. : lvs. obovate, ser- rate, or nearly entire, %-%m. long, shining, glabnms, the stipules similar, but half the size : fls. greenish, in few-fld. clusters; stamens 5: berries orange. Feb., Mar. Chile. G.C II. 1: 81. — Graceful evergreen shrub, regu- larly pinnately branched, excellent for covering walls ; the hardiest of all the cultivated species. Gilliesi, Hook. & Am. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. 2J^-3 in. long, broad-ovate, with coarse, spiny teeth, glabrous ; stipules orbicular, much smaller ; fls. in dense, elliptic, nodding heads, yellow. Feb., Mar. Chile. B.M. 5178. F.S. 23: 2445. -The handsomest of all Azaras. A.crassifblia, Hort. = A. Gillie.si. — A. d^ntdta. R. & P.iv. Height 12 ft. : lvs. obovate or elliptic, crenate- serrate : fls. yellow, in small corymbs. Chile. B.R. 21:1788.— A. inteurifblia. R. & Pav. Height 10-20 ft.: lvs. entire: fls. yellow, in oblong heads. Chile. Has a variegated form. . „ Alfred Rehder. AZOLLA (Greek, to destroy by drying). Salrinidceif. A small genus of floating aquatics with small, pinnate stems and minute fleshy 2-lobed lvs.. producing two sorts of spores in globular sporocarps. The species mul- tiply rapidly by self-division, but will grow readily in water containing a little nutriment. The species are distinguishable only by microscropic examination. Carolini^na, Willd. Plant %-l in. long : anchor-like processes of spores with septa. N. Y. to the Gulf of Mex. filiculoides. Lam. Plants 1-2 in. long : anchor-like processes without septa. Calif, to Chile. L. M. Underwood. BABIANA (said to come from Dutch for hnhoon, be- cause those animals eat the bulbs). Iriddcecp. About 50 cormous plants of S. Afr. Fls. showy, red or purplish, in a short spike like cluster or raceme, tubular at the base, the segments with claws or narrow bases, and the limb erect-spreadiner : ovary 3-loculed : Ivs. narrow, hairy, plaited, standing edgewise to the stem. Low plants, of easy culture if treated like freesias or hya- cinths. Three or 4 corms in a 4-in. pot give attractive bloom in March or later. Grown only indoors or under frames in the N. They are showy and useful plants. Monogr. by Baker in Handbook of the Irideae, 1892. A. Perianth limb regular orvearly so, and wide- spreading. stricta, Ker. (B. rillosa, and B. purpurea, Ker.). Fig. 177. A foot or less high: Ivs. broad, oblong-lanceo- late or sword-shaped, barely reaching the spikes : fls. scattered, showy, usually red or purple, with a promi- nent tube, the searments oblong-lanceolate. B.M. 583, 621. — Babianas are not sold under species-names in this 177. Babiana stricta {X%). country, but as mixed varieties. These varieties are chiefly, if not wholly, of this species. Many forms and colors. Var. anguatifdlia, Sweet, Lvs. linear. B.M. 637. Var. nibro-cy^nea, Ker. Limb lilac, throat red. B.M. 410. Var. sulphiirea, Ker. Yellow or whitish. B.M. 1053. Two other long-cultivated types are de- scribed below. AA. Perianth limb distinctly ringent or gaping. plic^ita, Ker. Low : lvs. lanceolate, hairy, usually overtopping the spikes : fls. lilac or red, long-tubed, the segments oblong and unequal. B.M. 576. dfsticlia, Ker. Differs from the last in having the perianth-tube distinctly exserted from the spaihe. L. H. B. BABY'S BKEATH. See Gypsophila. BAGCHABIS {bakkari.<i, an ancient Greek nnme). Compotiitie. Groundsel Tree. Shrubs or herbs : lvs. alternate, usually serrate, deciduous or persistent : heads of fls. small, white or yellowish, dioecious ; involuc-re with many imbricate scales: akenes with pappur-. About 250 species in America, mostly in tropical regions. A few species are cultivated particularly for the snow-white pappus, which gives the fruiting plant a very showy appearance. They grow in almost any well drained soil in a sunny position, and are well adapted for dry and rocky slopes, and valuable for seashore planting. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings under glass. halimifdlia, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft. ; branches angular: lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, coarsely toothed, the up- permost entire, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in large pani- cles : pappus white, about Kin, long, Sept. Seaooast, from N. Eng. southward. Gng. 7: 113. — Tlie hardiest species ; in fruit resembling a shrub with abundant snow-white fls. /?. Patauonica, Hook. & Am. Low evergreen shrub: lvs. y^~li\n. long: heswls mostly axillary. Patag.— B. pilularis. DC. Height 6 ft.; evergreen: lvs. 1 in. long: heiwis in racemose pani- cles. Pacific coast.— B. salicifolia. Torr. & Gray. Allied to B. halimifolia. Lvs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate. Colo, to ^ '^^'^^^- Alfred Rehder. BACHELOB'S BUTTONS. See Centaurea Cyanus, Gomphrena globosa and Itanunculus acris. BACTBIS (Greek, ftatfron, cane; the young stems used for walking-sticks). Palmdce(e, tribe Cocoinefe. Usually low palms, ver>- rarely entirely spineless, with solitary or fasciculate ringed, spiny or smooth caudices, sprouting from the roots : lvs. terminal or scattering, equally or unequally pinnatisect, glabrous or pubescent; segments sparse or aggregated, or more or less imperfectly con- nate, forming a bitid blade, acute or rarely obtuse at the apex, the ciliate margins recurved at the base ; petiole short or long; sheath long, spiny; spadices sessile or pe- dunculate, perforating the leaf -sheaths ; spathes 2, the lower short, open at the apex, the upper coriaceous or woody, exceeding the spadix, or fusiform, ventrally dehi.scent, smooth, bristly or spiny ; bracts persistent : fls. .small or medium, pale yellow or greenish: fr. small, green, ovoid or globose. Species, about 100. Tropical America. Ornamental, but little grown on account of the spines. See Palms. A. Spines yellow, tipped black. pallidisplna, Mart. (B. flavispma, Hort.). St. 10-18ft. high, 1-2 in. in diam., the internodes spiny: lvs. showy, 5-9 ft. long, equally interruptedly pinnatisect ; petiole 4-6 ft., brown-scaly, thickly covered with very long {%-2%m.), black-tipped yellow spines, either solitary or in groups of 2-4 ; segments linear-lanceolate, caudate- acuniinate. prickly on the margins, the basal ones 2-8 In. long, l>^in. wide, the upper, 12 in. by IJ^in. Brazil. AA. Spines black. B. Lf. -segments acute at both ends. mSlior, Jacq. St. 9-15 ft. high, l-lJ^in. in diam., armed with rows of black spines, 2 in. long: petiole armed with very long black, terete spines ; lvs. 4-<i ft. long, equally pinnatisect nearly to the rachis; sheath and rachis spiny and white or brown tomentose ; segments linear, acute at both ends.2,'>-35 on each side, 1 -nerved, 8-12 in. long, %-yim. wide, glabrous on both sides, densely setose, with black hairs along the margin. Brazil. (124) !1 BACTRIS BALSAM 125 BB. Lf.- segments acute at tip. Gasipies, HBK. (Guiliilma speciosa, Mart.). St. about 60 ft. higrh, single or cspspitose, with rings of subu- 178. Balaka Seemanni. late-compressed black spines, 1 in. long, the rings about as far apart as the diam. of the st. : Ivs. 6 ft. long, curv- ing: segments dark green above, pale green below, vory numerous, approximate, l^^ft. long, 1J4 in. wide, linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, bristly or minutely prickly alons: the margins. Lower Amazon. hdrrida, Uerst. Ctespitose stems 6-8 ft. high, 8-9 in. diam., very spiny, sheathed for most of its length with bases of dead Ivs.; spines 3-4 in. long, 4-sided, whitish tomentose, at length glabrous: Ivs. 2^3-3 ft. long; sheath 8 in., brown -tomentose ; petiole IJ^ft., densely spiny, subtetragonal, densely brown-tomcntose beneath ; seg- ments 7 in. long, J^in. wide, lanceolate, rigid, glaucous. Nicaragua. Jared G. Smith. BACULARIA (Latin.&a<'»/Mm,a small walking-stick). Pnlmdcete, tribe Areeeie. Low spineless palms, with an- nular reed-like single or fasciculate sts: Ivs. terminal, unequally pinnatisect; segments membranous, broad or narrow, split or toothed at the apex, the broader ones many-nerved, the narrow ones l-nervad, the terminal contiueut ; midrib and nerves without scales below; marsrins not thickened, recurv^ed at the base; petiole and rachis sparsely scurfy, convex on the back, flat above or concave toward the base : sheath short, open : spadices numerous, longer than the Ivs., spreading, recurved : pe<luncle very slender, scurfy, compressed at the base : spathes 2, remote, the lower one at the base of the pe- duncle tubular, the upper membranaceous, linear, ensi • form : fls. green : fr. small, elongate-ovoid, subacute, green. ^i-Vtm. long. Species 2. Temperate and tropical Australia. See Palms. monost^chya, F. Muell. {Areca monostdchya, Mart. Kentia monostdchya, F. Muell.). Trunk 6-12 ft. high: Ivs. l>2-4 ft. long ; the sheath broad, coriaceous, about 6 in. long, produced into 2 stipular lobes; segments very irregular, acuminate, very variable in breadth and dis- tance, adnate to the rachis, or tapering at the base, the longest about 1 ft. long. Queeu-land, N. S.W. B.M. 6644. Jared 6. Smith. BA£BIA (after the Russian zoologist, Karl Ernst von Baer). Compdsitce. Californian annuals (or one peren- nial species), with numerous showy, inch-wide yellow tls. in early summer. gr&ciliB, Gr&y {Biirrielia gracilis, DC). Easily dis- tinguished from Actinolepsis coronaria by its hairy sts. and foliage and undivided Ivs.: plant much branched: height 4-12 in. : Ivs. opposite, connate, linear-lanceolate: fls. solitary, on slender terminal peduncles : involucre leafier than in Actinolepsis coronaria, thescales longer, downy, in 2 series: rays 8-12. B.M. 3758. — This is likely to be cult, as Lasthenia Californica, which, however, is not hairy and has much longer Ivs. B. chrysnstoma, Fisch. & May. Lvs. narrowly linear, 1 line or less wide : lis. larger than in B. gr,tcilis : habit more erect. —B. coro/idria= Actinolepsis coronaria. BALAKA (the Fijian vernacular name). Palmdceof, tribe Arececp. Differs from Ptychosperma in having the seed not sulcate, and in tiie half-rhomboid seg- ments of the lvs.; and from Drymophloeus in the form of the leaf and the caducous spathes. Species 2. Fiji Islands. Sedmanxu, Becc. (Ptychosperma Seemanni, H. Wendl.). Fig. 178. Caudex slender, 8-12 ft. high, straight, ringed, about 1 in. in <li:tm.: lvs. pinnatisect, 4 ft. long ; segments erose-dentate at the apex, alter- nate, 9 on each side, semi-rhomboid, obliquely truncate, the upper margin longer, cuspidate at the apex, the terminal one deeply bifid. Growing as underwood in dense forests. Fiji. — Stems used for spears by natives, because of their strength and straightness. Fig. 178 is adapted from Seeman's Flora Vitiensis. Jared G. Smith. BALLOON VINE. See Cardiospermum. BALM {Melissa officindlis, Linn.). Labidtct. Sweet herb, the lvs. being used for seasoning, particularly in liquors. It has a lemon-like flavor. It is a hardy peren- nial from southern Eu. The plant grows 1-2 tt. high, somewhat hairy, loosely branched, with ovate-crenate lvs. and yellowish or whitish fls. in loose axillary clusters. Thrives in any warm position, and is easy to grow. Prop, by seeds ; also by di- vision. 179. Pod of garden Balsam. 180. Explosion of Balsam pod. BALSAM., Impdtiens Balsdmina, Linn. {Balsdmina hortt^.nsis, DC. Balsdmina Impdtiens. Hort. Impdtiens cocclnea, Sims, B.M. 1256). Geraniaeecp, An erect, ranch-branched, half succulent annual, long ago intro- duced from India, and now widely cult, for its showy 126 BALSAM BAMBOO fls. It has varied immensely in the doubling, size and color of its fls. and in the stature of the plant. It wa.s known to Gerarde in 1596. The plant has lanceolate, toothed Ivs., the lower ones being mostly in pairs. The fls. are clustered in the axils of the Ivs.. on very short 181. Camellia-flowered tsalsam. stalks ; sepals and petals similarlj- colored and not easily distinguished, one of the sepals (of which there seem to be 3) long-spurred ; petals apparently 3, but two of them probably represent two united petals, thus making 5 ; stamens 5. The pod, shown in Figs. 179 and 180, is explosive. It has 5 carpels and very thin partitions, and seeds borne on axile placentse. When the capsules are ripe, a pinch or concussion will cause the valves to separate and contract, the seeds being thrown with considerable force. The full-double Balsams are known as the Camellia- flowered varieties (Fig. 181). In well selected stock, the greater part of the flowers from any batch of seedlings should come very double. The colors range from white to dark blood-red, yellowish and spotted. Balsams are of very easy culture. They are tender, and should be started in thumb-pots or boxes indoors, or in the open when danger of frost is past. The seeds are large, and germinate quickly. The plants prefer a rich, sandy loam, and must not suffer for moisture. Transplanting, and pinching-in the strong shoots, tend to make the plants dwarf and compact. It is well to remove the first flower-buds, especially if the plants are not thoroughly established. Better results are obtained when only a few main branches are allowed to grow, all the secondary and weak ones being pmcheu out. The lower Ivs. may 182. The EfU'den Balsam. be removed if they obscure the fls. Well grown plants .•<hould stand 2 ft. apart each way. and the tall kinds will reach a height of 2-2K ft. Seed of the finest double strains is expensive, but inferior or common seed gives little satisfaction. Plants started early in May should give fls. in July, and should bloom until frost. A full grown plant is shown in Fig. 182. At the present time. Balsams are grown chiefly for their value as flower-garden plants ; but some years ago the fls. were largely used as "groundwork" in florists' designs, par- ticularly the double white varieties. The flowers were wired to toothpicks, and were then thrust into the moss which formed the body of the design. t u o BALSAMOBBHlZA (Greek, balsam root). Compdsittr. liow perennials with thick, deep, resinou? roots, tufts of radical Ivs., and large, yellow fls. Cent, and W. N. Amer. Hodkeri, Nutt. Height 4-12 in. : Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2- pinnately parted : fls. solitary, on naked scapes. Int. 1881 by E. Gillett, but scarcely known to horticulturists. BAMBOO. Various giant perennial grasses consist- ing of the genera and species of the tribe Bambiisece, order Gramine(e. Usually large and often tree-like,' woody, rarely herbaceous or climbing, of wide geo- graphical range. The species are irregularly distributed throughout the tropical zone, a few occurring in sub- tropical and temperate zones, and reaching their maxi- mum development in the monsoon regions of Asia. About 23 genera, only 2 being common to both hemi- spheres. Something more than 200 species are recog- nized, of which upwards of 160 occur in Asia, about tO in America, and 5 ia Africa. They extend from sea-level to altitudes of more than 10,000 ft. in the Himalayas and 15,000 ft. in the Andes, and under the most favorable conditions some species may attain a height of 100-120 ft., with a diam. of culm of 8-12 inches. An attempt to portray the many economic uses of the giant-grasses would greatly overreach the field of this article ; but as objects of grace and beauty in the garden, conservatory, and special conditions of landscape, the Bamboos are invaluable. Not only are they available to planters where the climatic conditions are very favora- ble, but it is possible to grow certain species where the cold of winter may reach zero Fahrenheit, or even occa- sional depressions of greater severity. Bamboos delight in a deep, rich loam, and generously respond to good treatment, A warm, slightly shady nook, protected from the prevailing winds of winter, and where moist but well-drained soil is plentiful, is an ideal location for these beautiful grasses. A top-dress- ing of manure and leaves is not only beneficial in winter, by preventing the frost from penetrating the ground too deeply, but it also preserves the moisture that is so es- sential to the welfare of the plants during the growing season. Seme species produce rampant subterranean stems, and spread rapidly when once established. It is best to plant each group of but one species, and to re- strict the rapidly-spreading sorts to isolated positions. The most effective results to be obtained by planting Bamboos are secured on gentle banks above clear water and against a strong background of the deepest green. In such situations the gracefully arched stems, the dainty branches, bending with their wealth of soft green Ivs., and the careless lines of symmetry of each individ- ual, lend a bold contrast of the richest beauty. It will require a few years to thoroughly establish a clump of Bamboos in the open air, and until this is effected the vigor, hardiness and beauty that characterize some noble sorts are lacking. During the early life of the groups, some protection should be given where the winters are trying, and even with this precaution it is likely the plants will suffer to some extent at first during cold weather. Planted out in conservatories or confined in tubs or large pots, the Bamboos present many admirable qualities. As decorative plants in tubs or pots, either alone or associated with palms and other stock, several species offer many inducements to their cultivation, es- pecially as they may be grown in summer and wintered in a coolhouse. Propagation is best effected by careful division of the clumps before the annual grrowth has started. The difficulty of procuring seeds in some in- stances is very great ; indeed, the fruiting of a number of species has never been observed. Some species flower annually, but the majority reach this stage only at inter- vals of indefinite and frequently widely separated peri- ods. In some species the fls. appear on leafy branches ; BAMBOO BAMBOO 127 in others the Ivs. fall from the culms before the fls. appear, or the inflorescence is produced on leafless, radi- cal stems. Fructification does not exhaust the vitality of some species ; but others, on the other hand, perish even to the portions underground, leaving their places to be tilled by their seedling offspring. Owing largely tj the difficulty in obtaining flowering specimens, the svstematic arrangement or nomenclature of the Bamboo \i in a sad plight. As it is sometimes even impossible to liccurately determine the genus without fls., the correct jiositions'of some forms are not known. Four subtribes of Bambusero are regarded by Hackel, namely: Anindinariece. — Staraens 3 ; palea 2-keele(l : tr. with the seed grown fast to the seed-wall. To this belongs Arundinaria. Unbambusece. — Stamenn 6 : fr. with the seed fused to a delicate seed-wall. Bambusa is the only garden genus. DendrocalameiP. — i^tamens G rarely more) : palea 2-keeIed : fr. a nut or berry. Here belongs Dendrocalamus. 3fe?orrinM«?«. — Characters of last, but palea not keeled. Melocanna is an example. The genera Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys contain the most important species in cultivation, some of which are briefly described below. Roughly, the species of Arundinaria nmy be separated from Phyllo- stachys by the persistent sheaths and cylindrical stems. In Phyllostachys the sheaths are early deciduous, and the internodes, at least those above the base, are flat- tened on one side. Arundina- ria and Bambusa cannot be snparated by horticultural characters. It is probable that many of the forms now classed as species of Bam- busawill eventually be found to belong to Arundinaria. Extended information re- t:arding the Bambuseae may be found in the following publications : .Munro's Monograph, in Transactions of the Linniean Society, vol. 26 (1868); Hackel, in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfa- milien, vol. 2, part 2, p. 89 (1887 iish Translation by Lamson-Scribner & Southworth, as The True Grasses, N. Y., 1>90; papers by Bean in Gardeners' Chron- icle III., 15: 167, et seq. (1894); Freeman- Mitford, The Bamboo Garden, 1896, N. Y MacraiUar, p. 224 ; A. and C. Riviere, Les Barabous, Paris, 1879. The first two are systematic ; the others contain popular and cultural notes. The following species are commended as being among the hardiest : Phyllostachys Ilenonis, P. nUini, P. viridiglaucescens, Arnmlinaria Japotiica, A. nitida, A. macrosperma, Bambusa pahnata, B. tes- selliita and B. pygnvea. C. D. Beadle. The illustrations in the present article are adapted from Mitford's Bamboo Garden. Mitford's work cannot lie praised too highly. It has done much to create a popular appreciation of Bamboos, and also to clear up the complete confusion into which the trade names have fallen. Mitford's book has a literary quality that is very rare in horticultural writing, and represents a type thatdeserves the warmest appreciation in America; viz., the discriminating enthusiasm of the expert amateur. Arundinaria is derived from Latin r.rundo, a reed ; Bambusa from a Malay name ; Phyllostachys from Ureek phyllon, leaf, and stachys, 8\nke. W. M. The following alphabetical list contains all the kinds of Bamboos known to be cult, in Amer. A = Arundina- ria ; B = Bambusa; D = Dendrocalamus ; P=Pbyllo stachys; T=:Tharanocalamus, which is here considered a subgenus of Arundinaria. No Japanese native names are given below, although many Bamboos are still ad- vertised under such names. The prevailin>r tendency is to discard Japanese native names in every branch of horticulture, as they breed hopeless confusion, B. angustifolia, 15 ; B. arundinacea, 11 ; B. aurea, 28; P. aurea, 28; A. auricoma, 16; P. bambusoides, 32; i*.Castillonis,26 ; A. chrvsantha. 17; h. rhnfsnntJia,l7; B. disticha, 18; B. erecta, 10 ; A faicata,' 9; B. fal- cata, 9 ; A. Falconeri, 8 ; T. Falcdneri, 8 ; A. Fortunei, 14; A. Fortunei, var. aurea, 16; A. Fortunei, var. viridi.t, 22 ; B. Fortunei, 14 ; B. Fortunei, var. aurea, 16 ; B. gracilis, 8 ; B. Henonin, 30 ; P. Henonis, 30 ; A. Hindsii, 10 ; A. humilis, 22 ; A. Japonica, 6 ; P. Ku- masaca, 33 ; P. Kumasasa, 33 ; A. macrosperma, 4 ; A. tnacroHpenna, var. suffruticosa , 5 ; B. AInximou-iczii, 7 ; B. Mazeli, 29 ; B. Metake,6 ; B. mifis, 25 ; P. mitis,25 ; //, Hiina, 18 ; .4. Narihira, 7; B. Narihir(t,l', B. nigra, 24; P. nigra, 23; A. nitida, 3; B. palmata, 19; B.plicata, 7; A. pumila, 2; B.pinnila ,2; B, pygma^a, 21; B. quad- rangularis, 12 ; B. (^iiilioi, 29 ; P. Quilioi,29 ; B. Baga- mou'skii, 20; B. rusci folia, 33 ; P. ruscifolia, 33 ; A. Simoni, 7 ; B. Simoni, 7 ; A. tecta, 5; B. tessellata, 20 ; A. Veitchii, 1 ; B. Veitchii, 1 ; B. Vilmorini, 15 ; B. viminalis, 33 ; B. violascenit,2i ; P. violascens, 24 ; B. riridi-striata, 7 ; B. viridi-glaucescens, 31 ; P. viridi- glaucescens, 31 ; B. vulgaris, 13. Sectio?j I. — Internodes not flattened: sheaths persist- ent. {The genera Arundindria and Bambusa.} A. Color of stems purple, or 2>urplish. B. Height 1-2 ft. 1. A.VMtchii, N. E. Brownt Bumbiisa Veitchii, Carr. ). Fig. 183. Heightabout2 ft.: stems pur- ple, white-waxy below the nodes : Ivs. 5-7 in. long, about 2 in. wide, bright --• green above, below pale and minutely pubescent, serrate. Jap. M. 77, but not G.C. III. 15: 169, or R.B. 23, p. 270, 183. Arundinaria Veitchii. which are pictures of B. palmata, as explained iu G.C. III. 15:209. — This is also liable to confusion with /?. ^«'.'j- sellata. No. 20. The edges of the Ivs. wither in lute au- tumn, giving a variegated but shabby appearance. 2. A.pumila, Mitford(5./)«m<7rt,Hort.). Heightl2-20 in. : stems very slender, purplish, white-waxy below the notles : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, % in. or less wide, minutely pu- bescent, bright green. — Much rarer than No. 1, dwarfer, the stems merely purplish, the Ivs. shorter and nar- rower. The Ivs. are a darker green than in A . humilis, shorter, narrower, and tapering less gradually : nodes less well defined and less downy, but having a waxy bloom; internodes about 2% in. long. B: . Height 6-8 ft. or more. 3. A. nitida, Mitford. Fig. 184. Stems slender, about the size of a goose-quill : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, l^ in. wide, shining green above, pale beneath ; sheaths purplish, pube.scent. China. M. 73. G.C. III. 18: 179; 24: 211. Gn. 49, p. 388. — Considered by Mitford the daintiest and most attractive of all the genus, and exceptionally hardy. Some shade is needed, as the Ivs, curl up in full sunlight. Easily distinguished from Nos. 1 and 2 by the deeper color of the stems, which are almost black, and from .4. Falconeri. which it resembles in habit, the branches of both occurring in dense clusters. wAA. Color of stems green. B. Height more than 6 ft. C. Species native to the U. S. 4. A. macrosp6rma,Michx. LAKciECANE, Height 10-20 ft,, branches numerous, short, divergent : Ivs. 4-6 in. 128 BAMBOO BAMBOO long, %-2 in. broad, smoothish or pubescent : sheaths very persistent : stems arborescent, rigid, simple the first year, branchiup the second, afterwards fruiting at indefinite periods, and soon after decaying. Banks of the mm 184. Arundinaria nitida. larger rivers N. C. to Fla., forming cane-brakes. — This and the next are the only two species of Bamboos native to the U. S. They are rarely cult, in Calif, and Eu. as ornamentals. 5. A. t6cta, Muhl. (A. macrosperma, xa.r. stiff ruticdsa, Munro). Small Cane. Switch Cane. Scutch Cane. Heijrht 2-1.5 ft.: stems slender: Ivs. 3}4-8 in. long, 4-rj lines wide, roughish : sheath bearded at the throat. .Swamps and moist soil, Md. and S. Ind. southward. li.B. 1 : 233. — Sometimes fruiting several years in suc- cession. CC. Species not native to the U. S. D. Plants relatively hardy. E. Branches home singly in the axils. G. A. Japdnica, Sieb.& Zucc.(i?.Jfe<f/fce,Sieb.). Height G-10 ft.: Ivs. 0-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, above smooth and shining, below whitened and finely pubescent : sheaths conspicuous. Jap. M. 1. G.C. III. 15:239: 18:18."). — The commonest of all hardy Bamboos, and readily distinguished from all other tall kinds by the broader and larger Ivs. and by the broad, persistent sheaths which almost cover the sts. It is especially dis- tintruished from A. Simoni by the bud being a simple flattish scale instead of a complex scaly one, and also by the less amount of waxy bloom on the st. Particularly recommended for cities. EE. Branches home in dense, semi-vertirillate clusters {which easily distinguishes the Himalayan spt- cies from Phyllostachyx). F. Plants sometimes variegated. 7. A. Simdni, A. and C. Riviere (B. Shnoni, Carr. B. viridi-stridta, Hort. A. and B. yarihira, Hort./ Height 10-20 ft. : Ivs. 8-12 in. long, about 1 in. wide! pale beneath, very minutely pubescent, tapering to a lougi tine point : mid-vein glaucous on one side toward the apex, green on the other. Himal. and China. G.C. 111. 1.5:301 ; 18: l8l. — Asilver variegated formig sometimes known as B. Jfaximoiriczii, Hort., and B. plicata, Hort. B.M. 7146. This is the tallest of the genus, and, next to P. mitis, the tallest of all hardy Bamboos. The plant is very late in beginning growth, and many of the culms should be removed in order to let the strong ones ripen, as weak shoots are untidy. It fiowers occasionally, but does not die thereafter. It has a shabby apj earance until midsummer, and may take several years to be- come established, meanwhile sending up dwarf, slender shoots and narrow foliage, but Mitford urges patience. as the plant is hardy, and ultimately very vigorous and handsome. FP. Plants never variegated. 8. A. Filconeri, Mitford (T. Fdlconeri, Hook. f. B. gfrrfej/i.'i, Hort., not Wall.). Height 10-15 ft. : stems slen- der, bright green, the internodes white-waxy : Ivs. thin. 3-4 in. long, about M in. wide. Himal. — Not'very hardy. The leaf -sheaths are smooth, cut short at the tup, with- out a fringe, and with an elongated ligula ; while A. falcata, No. 9, has very downy leaf -sheaths, fringed with long hairs at the intersection with the leaf. The serra- tions of the leaf -edges are more pronounced in A. Ful- coneri, especially on one side. Venation of Ivs. on upper surface is striate, not tesselated. 9. A. falcita, Nees {B. falcdta, Hort.). Height f>-10 ft.: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, about 3^3 in. wide, light green: stems annual (perennial under glass), slender, tufted. Himal. — The great majority of the plants cult, under this name are really A. Palcnneri, which has lartrer Ivs. In a small state, ^4. ^«/t(;/« can be distinguished from No. 8 only by the glabrous leaf-sheaths of the latter. The flower-bearing and leaf -bearing sts. of .1. falcata are distinct, the former flowering and seed- ing each year. 10. A. Hindsii, Munro {B. erecta, Hort.). Height sometimes 7 ft., branches quasi-verticillate : Ivs. up- right at first, of various lengths up to 9 in., and about 5^ in. wide ; veins conspicuously tesselated; internodes 3-7 in. long, waxy-white ; leaf-sheaths with a few hairs. Jap. — The erect habit of growth is very marked. A re- cent species of doubtful hardiness. Adv. by Dr. Fran- ceschi, who considers it one of the hardiest. DD. Plants relatively tender {Xos. 11,12, IS]. E. Branches spiny. 11. B. arundiniicea, Retz. A majestic species, often attaining a height of more than 40-60 ft. The stems. which are produced in dense clumps, are green and shinin;:. with more or less spiny branches: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, %\vi. or a little more wide, nearly glabrous ; sheaths persistent : fls. are produced at long intervals, and after perfecting seeds, the plants die. India. — Nos. 11 and 12 are green- house plants, not recommended by Mitford for outdoors. EE. Branches not spiny. 12. B. quadrangnl^ris, Fenzi. Stems square. especially in older plants, 20 ft. or more high : Ivs. deep green, serrate, 6-7 in. long, about 1 in. wide. Jap. — Franceschi says it is as hardy as any Phyllostachys. See No. 11. 13. B. vulgaris, Schrad. Height20-80 ft.: stems hollow. 4 in. in diani. or more; branches numerous, striate; internodes 1-1 >^ ft. long : Ivs. usually 6-10 in. long, 8-15 lines wide, sometimes 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide, rough on and near the margins and beneath. India. G.C. 111. 25: M'.«>. — Sold south, but not recon)mended by Mitford. This and D. giganteus are the only two Bamboos extensively cult, in the Orient, though others are more useful. It is also naturalized and cult, in the W. Ind., Mex. andBraz., but there is no evidence of an Amer. origin. BAMBOO BAMBOO 129 BB. JTfi'jht less than 6 ft. C. Variegation ichite. 14. A. F6rtunei, A. and C. Riviere {B. Fdrtunei, Van Houtte, and var. varie(ji\ta, Hort. ). Heijjht 3— t ft^: Ivs. 4-5 in. long, half a^ wide or a little more, striped with white. Jap. F.S. 15: 1535. — Loses its Ivs. in winter, but quickly recovers in spring. More popular than the next two species. The internodes are rarely more than 1 in. apart, while in A. auriroma they are 3-5 in. apart. Var. aureit, Hort., with yellow variegation, is A. atiricoma. Var. viridis, B.ort.= A . humilis . This is an old favorite, and far more common than the next 4 species. Rhi- zomes are more active than the next, and demand more room. 15. B. angTlBtifdlia, Mitford (B. Vilmorlni, Hort.). Height alx.ut 1 ft.: sts. slender, purplish or light green: Ivs. 2-4 ill. long, about V^ in. wide, serrate, frequently variegated with white. Jap. CC. Variegation yellow. 16. A. aurlcoma, Mitford (.1. and B. FMunei, var. adrea, Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 5-6 in. long, about 1 in. wide, brilliantly variegated with yellow, softly pu- bescent beneath, serrate. Jap. 17. A. chrysAntha, Mitford (B. chrysdntha, Hort.). Height 3-5 ft.: ivs. 5-7 in. long, 1 in. or less wide, nearly smooth, sometimes variegated with yellow, but not so brightly as in A. auricoma. Jap. Also dis- tinguished from ^4. auricoma by the lower surface of the leaf being markedly ribbed, and lacking the soft, velvety down. " Being neither frankly green nor frankly variegated, it is rather a disappointing plant."— Mitford. CCC. Variegation absent. D. Arrangement of Ics. distichous. 18. B. disticha, Mitford {B. ndna, Hort., not Roxb.). Height 2-3 ft. : branches numerous : Ivs. 2-2K in. long, 54 in. wide or less, serrate, green, produced in two ver- tical ranks. Origin uncertain. A recent and rare spe- cies of great interest, the distichous arrangement of Ivs. being quite unique among Bamboos, and giving a very distinct habit. DD. Arrangement of Ivs. not distichous. E. IjVS. long, 10-18 in. 19. B. palm&ta, Burbidge. Fig. 185. Height 2-5 ft Ivs. 10-15 in, long, 2-3*^ in. wide, bright green, sharply serrate, smooth and shining above, below pale and mi- nutely pubescent : longitudinal veins very prominent. Jap. M. 79. Gn, 49, p. 59, shows a clump 36 ft. in circumference. 20. B. tessellita, Munro {B. Ragamdwskii, Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4 in. wide, smooth and shin- ing above, whitened beneath, sharply serrate ; midrib prominent, and bearing a tomentose line on one side, China ami .Jap. O.C, III. 15: 167; 18: 189. R.B. 23, 1 .209. — Produces the largest Ivs. of any hardy B:imbusa in cult., which is especially remark- able on account of its dwarf habit. Much con- fused in gardens, but unnecessarily, with .4. I'eHchii, as the tomentose line on one side of the midrib is unique in B. tessellafa. The Ivs. are used by the Chinese for wrapping tea. EE. Lvs. shorter, 3-6 in. (Here might be sought A. piimila, No. 2.) 21. B. pygmsea, Miq, Height H-1 ft, : stems very slen- der, much branched : lvs, :i-4 in. long, about % in. wide, serrate, pubescent, bright green above, glaucous and pubescent beneath, Jap.— The smallest of Bamboos, and remarkably hardy. It is especially valuable for making a thick carpet in wild places, but its rampant growth makes it a nuisance in a border. The sts. are purple : the nobles prominent, and furnished with a waxy, glau- cous band round the base. Hort,). Height 2-3 ft.: proportion to sts, : lvs. branches in 2*9 and 3's, long in 4-6 in, long, the largest about %in. wide : internodes 2-5 in, apart. Dies down in a hardy winter. A rare species, liable to confusion with A. pumila, No. 3. SerTiON 11. — Tnternndes flattened, at least on one side : sheaths early deciduous. { The genus Phylldstachys.) A, Color of stems black. 23, P. nigra, Munro {B. nigra, Lodd.). Black Bam- boo. Fig, 186. Height 10-20 ft, : stems green at first, but changing to black the second year : Ivs. very thin, 2-6 in, long, 6-10 lines broad. China and Japan. M, 142, and frontis. G.C, III. 15:.369 ; 18:185. R.B, 23, p. 268, — One of the most popular of all Bamboos, and verv dis- tinct by reason of its black stems. Var, pnnctilta, Hort. Franceschi, has yellowish stems spotted with black. 24, P. violascens, A, and C. Riviere {B. violascens, Carr,). Height sometimes 13 ft,: stems violet, almost black the first months, changing the second year to a dingy yellow or brown : Ivs, very variable in size, 2-7 in. long, J^-2 in, wide, thelarger Ivs. borne on young shoots or on the ends of the lower branches near the erround. The lvs. are sharply serrated and have a well-defined pur- plish petiole. Franceschi says it is hardy, and that P. bambusioides is often sold under this name. AA. Color of sterna yellowish, or striped yellow. 25, P. mitis, A. and C, Riviere {B. mltis, Hort,, not Poir.). Height 15-20 or more ft. : stems arched, yellow- ish ; internodes at the base not short : leaf characters identical with P. aurea, with which it is closely allied. Japan. Gn. 17, p. 44. -The tallest of all Bamboos, but, unfortunately, not one of the hardiest. 26, P. Castilldnis, Hort. (B. Castilldnis, Hort.). Unique in the genus for having both sts, and lvs, varie- gated. Height 6-20 ft,: sts. 1 in. or more thick, much zigzagged, bright yellow, with a double groove of green: lvs. sparingly striped yellowish white, 7 in. long, l}4 in. wide, serrated on both margins : leaf-sheath topped by a whorl of dark brown or purple hairs. Jap, — Cult, by Dr. Franceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif. 27, B. Btri&ta, Lodd. Height 4-5 ft.: stems striped yellow and green, as thick as the thumb ; internodes 4-6 in, long : lvs. 6-8 in. long, %-l in. broad, China. 0) 2. A. hamiiis, Mitford (A. Fdrtunei, var, vlridis, 185. Bambusa palmata. B.M. 6079, which shows a flowering specimen with con- spicuous anthers, red-purple at first and fading to lilac. Not described by Mitford. Sold S. and by Yokohama Nursery Co. 130 BAMBOO BANANA 28. P. atoea, A. and C. Riviere (B. auren, Hort.). Height 10-15 ft, : stems straight, yellowish ; internodes at the base remarkably short : Ivs. narrowed from near the base to the apex, minutely and regularly serrate on only one border, usually 2-4 in. long and ^iiu. wide, but variable, light green, glabrous ; sheaths deciduous, marked with purple. Japan. (»n. 8, p. 206. A. K. 5:41. — The name is not distinctive, as others of the Phyllo- stachys group have yellowish stems. Hardier and easier of cult, than /*. mMix. AAA. Color of Httiint ijreen, often yellowish when ripe. B. Ueiijht 6-lS ft. C. Lvs. spotted with brown. 29. P. Qtlilioi, A. and C. Riviere (B. Qnilioi, Hort. B. Maz^i, Hort.). Height sometimes 18 ft.: habit looser than in P. mitia or aitrea : stems arched : lvs. much larger and especially broader than in any other Phyllostachys, the largest 8 in, long, 1% in. wide, the serration of one edge cor.- spicuous; lvs. dark green, often spotted brown, very 186. Phyllostachys niera. glaucous beneath ; leaf-sheaths a peculiar feature, be- ing pinkish brown, deeply mottled with purple spots. Cult. S. and in Calif.— Rare. cc. JjVS. not spotted with brown. D. Habit slightly zigzag. 30. P. Hendnis, Mitford (5. IT'^wdMi.s, Hort.). Height 6-15 ft. : stems arched : lvs, 2-3 in, long, a little under ^^in. broad, narrowed below the middle to the base and long attenuate at the apex, bright green ; sheaths decid- uous, yellowish, inclined to purplish: internodes 5-6 in. long near the base and middle of the stem, distinctly grooved with a double furrow. Japan. — This is Mit- ford's favorite Bamboo. DD. Habit strongly zigzag. 31. P. viridi-glaucescsns, A. and C. Rivi&re (B. viridi- glaucescetis, Carr. ). Height 10-18 ft.: stems slender, zigzag, arched, bright green at first, fading as they ripen to a dingy yellow : lvs. 3-4 in. long, about ^in. wivie or little more, bright green above, whitened below. China. Gn. 7, p. 279, G.C. III. 15:433 : 18: 183. -The name is unfortunate because not distinctive, as all Bamboos have green lvs. with more or less whitened lower surfaces. Very hardy and common. 32. P. bambusoides, Sieb. «& Zucc. Height about 5 ft. in the second year : stems zigzag, green at first, ripen- ing to yellow, the branch-bearing side flattened rather than grooved, as in other species of Phyllostachys : in- ternodes long in proportion to length of stem, sometimes 8 in. : branches in 3's, the longest at the middle of the St., and only about 9 in.: lvs. of various sizes, the largest 8 in. long, l>i in, wide, edges serrate, sharply on one side, Jap. — Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Bar- bara, Calif. BB. ITeight 2 ft. or le»» : habit zigzag. 33. P. nucildlia, Hort. Kew. (P. Kumaadca, Munro P. KnmaxiiKii. Mitford. B. riincifiMin, Sieb. B. limi- ntilis, Hort.). Height 1 .V2-2 ft. : stems zigzag, dark green- sheaths purple : lvs. 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. wide, ovate in outline. Jap. G.C. HI. 15: 369. G.C. HI. IH: 189.- The stem is channeled on the branching side, almost solid ; nodes 1-2 in. apart : branches in 3's and 4"*, not more than l-l>a in. long. — Dwarf est species of Phyllostachys. c. D. Beadle. Tlio following are trade names in America of rare kinds- H. agrentis, Poir. India. Cochin China. Adv. by Ydkuhama Kurs. Co.— /y. aryentea, Hort.^^B. argent ea-«triata. Keyel >.—}{ aureit-striata, Kegel. .lap. — .1. foliU-rarienatig, Hort.. is pre- sumably A. Fortunei. the commonest low-growing, v,»ri«-K;nt-<l Arundinaria. -//. Marlidcea, Hort. Adv. by Yokohama Xun Co. as a "vvriiikini Bamboo." I)(..il,stles . named after M. La- tour Marliac. the cele- brated French hyhh- dizer of water-lilie-i. and dealer in Bam- boos and aqiuitics.- />. membrniHieaii>, Munro. Height at- taining 60-70 ft.: lv«. 4-T in. long, 4-6 lines wide, roundish or narrowed at the base, nmcronate, rough above and on the margin, hairy Wlow, petio- late. Burma. Rare. Adv. by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.— F. heteroeycla, Carr.. the "Tor- toise Shell Bamb«)o," is really an abnormal or malformed condition of several species. es;)ecialiy P. mitis, aurea and nigra, as explained in (i.e. III. 24: 92. For the first foot or two aix>ve ground eacli intemode is long on one side and very short on the other, which makes a grotesque appearance. >I. 160, G.C. III.1,'>:,t.t{». —.1. Metake, Sieb.=A. Jap*mica.— A. Narihira, Hort., Yoko- hama Nurs. Co., is presumably A. Simoni.— .B. orientdlit, Nees. E. Ind. Adv. by l)r. Franceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif.. who regards it as a form of B. arundinacea, with lvs. larger and velvety to the touch. It forms clumps quickly.— /*.»/H(jd- rangttldris, Hort., Yokohama Nurs, Co.=B. quadrangularis !- B. scriptoria, Dennst. (Beesha Rheetlei. Kunth) — Melocanna bambusoides, Trin. This was John Saul's favorite hardy Bamboo at Washington in 18',)0, but is no longer advertisetl. — B. striatifblia, var. aurea, Hort., John Saul, 18SK), an ab;in- doned trade name never recognized by botanists.— B. strictn. Hort., Saul, 1890, an old trade name, probably not B. stricta, Roxb.— I), strictug, Nees. Int. 1?<89 by Reasoner Bros., Onwi, Fla., and now adv. by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbani, I'alif. Height .">0-60ft.: sts.3in.in<liam. Thetrue species flowers tner>- year. Ind.— ii. ran'e(fdta, Sieb.=A. Fortunei. — B. rertifiUata. Hort. Franceschi. Height 15-'J0 ft. : stems orange-yellow : Irs, in whorls, striped white, \;_ ^,[_ BANANA (ifusa sapihitium, Linn., chiefly). SnV- aminciceif. This very valuable tropical plant is prizid for its fruit, textile fiber, and decorative effect in land- scape gardening. Most species are cultivated for their fruit, and one or two species for fiber- although all sorts have a fiber of considerable value. Every spe- cies is worthy a place in decorative planting. For au account of the species and their ornamental values, set Musa. The species mostly in demand for fruiting seldom cr never produce seed.s, and naturally increase by sucker- around the base of each plant. These form a lar;:f clump, if allowed to grow without care. They are most readily separated from the parent root-stalk by a .spade, and are then fit for further planting. This is a slow pro- cess of increase, but it is sure, and the suckers so pro- duced make large and vigorous plants. A quicker method of propagation is to cut the entire root-stalk into small, wedge-shaped pieces, leaving the outer sur- face of the root about 1 by 2 inches in size, planting' in light, moist soil, with the point of the wedge down and the outer surface but slightly covered. The best material for covering these small pieces is fine peat. oM leaf -mold, mixed moss and sand, or other light material which is easily kept moist. The beds so planted shouM be in full open sunshine if in a tropical climate, or given bottom heat and plenty of light in the plant -house. The small plants from root-cuttings should not be allowed to remain in the original bed longer than is necessary to mature one or two leaves, as that treatment would ftunt them. The textile and ornamental species, also, may be BANANA BAPTISIA 131 increased by the above proopss, bnt as these species usuftKv prixiuce spjmJs freely, Mee<llinf;s can be more (luii'kly (jfTown. and with less trouble. The seeds of Bananas should be sown as fresh &.<* possible, treating them the same as recommended for r<K)t-cuttinffs. As soon an the seedlings show tlu'ir Hrst leaves, they should be transplanted into well-prepared be«ls of rich, moist soil, or potted off and plunged info slitcht bottom heat, a? the needs of the grower or his locatitm may demand. Both seedlini^s and r(K>t-cuttint;s should have proper tran.HplantinK. sufficient room and rich soil, as a rapid, unchecked growth gives the best and quickest results. The cultivation of Bananas for fruit is carried on very extensively in all tropical countries. In the West Indies, Central America and Mexico, they are raised for export to the United States and Canada. The site selected is usually a level plain in the lowlands, near the coast, or in valleys among the hills, where the rainfall or artificial nn'i^ture is sufficient. The variety most commonly CTownat present is the Martini<jue. having large bunches, with long, yellow fruit. The Bara«,'oa (or Re«i Jamaica) is more sparingly grown now than formerly, and its dark red fruits, of largest size, are not commonly exported. F<»r distant shipping, bunches of fniit are cut with "machetes" or knives, after they reach their full size and are almost mature, but quite green in color. Ripen- inir i" eflfected during shipment in warm weather, and bv storing in dark, artificially-heated rooms during cold weather. Banana flour is a valuable product of ripe Bananas prepared among the plantations in the tropics. It isi nutritious, and has an increasing demand and use as human food. A recently invented process of drying ripe Bananas has been found very successful, and the imiustr}' promises to be of vast importance as the mar- ketable article finds ready salt. In the United States There isi little commercial cultivation of Bananas, since the frostless zone is narrow and the fruit can be grown iana, and southwestward to the Pacific coast. The plants will endure a slij;ht frost without injury. A frost of 5 or G degrees will kill the leaves, but if the plants are nearly full grown at the time, new foliage may appear and fruit may form. If the entire top is killed, new suekers will spring up and bear firuit the following year. A stalk, or trunk, bears but once ; but the new sprouts which arise from the roots of the same plant continue 187. A bearing Banana plant. ^0 much more cheaply in Central America and the West h'\m. Small Banana plantations are common in south- *^rn Florida, however, and even as far north as Jackson- ville. They are also grown in extreme southern Louis- 188. Tip of flower-cluster of Banana. the fruit-bearing. A strong sprout should bear when 12-18 months old (from 2-3 years in hothouses). The plantation will, therefore, continue to bear for many years. A bearing stalk, as grown in southern California, is shown in Fig. 187. The peculiar flower-bearing of the Banana is shown in Fig. 188, which illustrates the tip of a Hower-cluster. This cluster may be likened to a giant elongating bud, with large, tightly overlapping scales or bracts. Three of these bracts are shown at a a a, in different stages of the flowering. As they rise or open, the flowers below them expand. The bracts soon fall. The flowers soon shed their envelopes, but the styles, b, persist f«)r a time. The ovaries soon swell into Bananas, f. The bracts are royal purple and showy. g^ x. Reasoner. BANGBOFT, GEOBGE. The famous American his- torian (1800-1891) deserves remembrance among horti- culturists for his splendid collection of roses at his sum- mer home in Newport, R. I., an account of which may be found in the American Garden, 1891. For a portrait and sketch, see Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1890. In Mr. Bancroft's garden, (teorge Field found a rose with- out a name, which is now known to be the French variety Mme. Ferdinand Jamin. It was introduced by Field & Bro. as the American Beauty. Though little known abroad, it is, probably, the most famous of all roses cult, in America. BANEBEEBY. SeeActaa. BANKSIA ( Sir Joseph Banks, 174S-1820, famous Eng- lish scientist). Profedceie. Many species of Australian evergreen shrubs, with handsome foliage, but scarcely known in cult. here. Prop, by nearly mature cuttings, in frames. BANYAN IEEE. See Ficus Indica. BAOBAB. See Adansonia. BAFTlSIA (Greek, to dye, alluding to the coloring matterin some species). Syn., Podalyria. Legumindsce. Small 'genus of perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer. Corolla papilionaceous, the standard not larger than the wings : calyx campanulate, the 5 teeth separate and equal or "the 2 upper ones united: stamens 10, distinct : pod stalked in the calyx. — Plants usually turn black in drying. Baptisias are suitable for borders. They thrive in any ordinary soil and under common treatment, pre- ferring free exposure to sun. Prop, by division or seeds. 132 BAPTISIA BAKKY A. Lvs. simple : flu. yellow. aiinT)licif61ia, C'riMdn. BnnM-liy. 2-:{ ft.: lv«. 2-4 in. \in\ii. si'«isih', liroiuUy ovatt* ami obtuse : lis. in muuiToUH teriuinuJ racemes. Fla. — Int. ISUl. perfoli&ta, R. Br., of S. Car. an«l Ga., with small axil- lary rls. iiii<i l»roa<l pfrfoliat*' lvs.. in oocasicmally planted, and i« hardy as far N. as Washington, but is evidently not in the trade. B.M. iVl\. AA. Lvs. compound, S-foliolate. B. I^ls. yellow. tinctdria, R. Br. Wild Indioo. Bushy-branched. 2-4 ft., jiii'brous : lvs. stalked, the Ifts. small, oljovate or oblani'eolate. and nearly or (piite sessile and entire : fls, Kin. long. I»ri};ht yellow, in numerous few-tld. rm-emes. Common in E. States, B. M, lUUU. Mn. 5: hi. lanceol&ta, Ell. About 2 ft., pubescent when young, but becoming nearly glabrous : lvs. short-stalked, the Ifts. thick, lanceolate to obovate and obtuse : tls. large, axillary and solitary. Pine barrens, N. Cur. S. BB. Fls. blue. atxstrilis, R. Br. (/?. ccerulea. Eat. & Wr. 7?. cxaJtdta, Sweet). Stout, 4-t) ft., glabrous: lvs, short-stalked; Ifts. oblanceolate to oval, entire, obtuse : tis, lupine-like, nearly or (piite an in. long, in l«K)se-rtd., long terminal racemes. Penn. W, and S. J.H. III,2',>: (14 ; :U: .')11,— Handsome. Probably the best species for cultivation. BBB. Flu. uhite or wJiifish. ilba, R. Br, Wide-branching, 1-3 ft,, glabrous : ivs. stalked ; Ifts. oblong or lance<date, obtiis*-, thin, dry- ing green : tls. white, J^in. long, in long-pe<luncle<l, elongated lateral racemes. N. Car.W. and S. B.M. 1177. leucdntha.Torr. & Gray. Branching, more or less suc- culent, 2-4 ft., glal)rous : lvs. stalked ; Ifts. obuvate to oblanceolate to cuneate, very obtuse, drying bla«"k : tis. white, nearly an in. long, in loose-fld., lateral racemes. E. states, leucophsa, Xutt. Stem stout and angled, but low and wide-branched, \-2% ft., hairy or nearly glabrous : lvs. short petioled ; Ifts. oblanceolate to obovate, stiff, dry- ing black : lis. large and cream-colored, on slender erect pedicels, borne in 1 -sided declined racemes. Ga. W. B.M. 5900. Mu.3:177. F.S.23:2449. L. H. B. BABBAC£NIA (Barbacena. a Brazilian governor). Aunt) i/llidaictf. About 20 Bn'/ilian jilauts, with scape bearing a single large i)urple liower. Grown mostly in baskets, after the manner of many orchi<ls. B. purpiirea, H(»ok., is occasionally seen in tine collections, but does not appear to be in the Amer. trade. Grown in a warm, moist house. It has many scapes and long, grass-like, toothed lvs. B.M. 2777. BARBADOES LILY. See Ilippeasfrum. BABBAB£A (from the old name. Herb of Saint Par- bara). Critvifertx. Hardy biennials, with yellow fls.; allied to watercress and horseradish. vulgaris, R. Br. Coxniox Winter Cress. Upland Cress. Yellow Rocket. Height 10-18 in.: lower lvs. lyrate, the terminal lobe round, the late'"al usually 1-4 pairs : upper lvs. obovate, cut-toothed at the base. Eu. Asia, —Cult, for salad. Var, variegata, Hort., lvs. splashed and mottled with yellow, is cult, as a border plant, and grows freely in rich soil. If the lis. are picked off, stem and all. before they open, the plant will be practically perennial. A common native. praecoz, R, Br. Early Winter, or Bell Isle Cress. Distinguished by the more numerous «livisions of the lvs. (4--8 pairs). Slightly cult, as a salad, an*' knowuS. as Scurvy Grass. Naturalized f rom E ' j^ g_ Keller. BAEBE DE CAPUCIN. See Chicory. BABBERBT. See Berberis. BABBI£BIA (after J. B. G. Barbier, French physi- cian). Le<juminds<f. A genus of only two species, one from Porto Rico and one from Peru, Its nearest allies familiar to the horticulturist are Indigophera and Te- phrosia. It Is distinguisheil from allied genera by the long t1«. Tender evergreen shrubs, with <Mld-pinn»te lvs., numerous entire Ifts., and awl-shaped stipules : fls. large, racemos© red. Prop, by seed. Polyphjlla, DC. (Cliffiria pnlyphylla, Poir. K Lfts. 9-11 pairs, ellij.tic-oblonir. mucronate, pubeMctnf with age : racemes few fli.. sliortt-r than the lvs.: tls. 2 in. long. Porto Rico. — /y. gtabellu, Hort., Peter Henderson & Co., 1899, is probably a variety. BABK. Is often used in n general way to desltTiat*- the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this sense, it includes all that peels remlily. as the liark of th« hemlock and oak. used for tanning leather. In a stricter sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed <in thfi outer surface of vvfM>dy plants. It is formed fnnn an active layer of tissue, — the phellotfen. The bark is de veloped in different ways upon dift'erent trees. So dis- tinct are the resulting tis>^nes that snecies of trets may be readily rec()trniz«'«l by tiieir bark alone. Cork of com- merce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of south- western Europe. w. ^. Rowlee. BABKfiBIA. ^ee Epidemlrtim. PABL£BIA (.T, Barrelier, 1G0G-1C73, French botanist), Aeanth(ic((t . Many species of tropical shrubs, mostly African, sometimes seen in fine collections of stove plants, but not offered in the Amer. trade. They hav« large fls. (yellow, purjde or white), often in dusters. Prop, oy softwood cuttings. B. crist^ta, Linn., E. Ind., is a good blue-rtd. bedder. BABLET. Various kinds of ff6nleum of the Oramlu- eve. Common Barley is //. sat) rum, Jess. Accordintr to Hackel. it "undoubtedly originated from H. xpnnti). nenm, C. Koch, which grows wild from Asia Miiu»r and Caucasian countries to Persia and Beloochistaii. as well as in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia Petrapa." The com- mon Barley has a 4-rowed ear or head. There are also 2-rowe<l and (5-rowed races, and other well marked forms. They are probably all domestic forms of one parent stock, BAB6SMA (heavy .fcent). Butclce(r. Some 2.") to 30 South African heath-like shrubs. They are evergreens, and in the N. nnist be grown under glass. Prop, by mature-wood cuttings. B. pulchella, Bart. <t Wendl.,i* now handled by florists from imported stock. It grows .3 ft. or less high, and has axillary purplish fls., with 5 sepals, 5 petals and 10 stamens. BABRY, PATBICK. Plato II. Nurseryman, editor ami author; was born near Belfast, Ireland, in May, 181t). and died in Rochester, N. Y., June 2;{, 1890. He came to America at the age of twenty, and after four years of service with the Princes, at Flushing, on Long Island, he foun<led, in 1840, with George Ellwanger, at Roches- ter, N. Y., the Mount Hope Nurseries. Ellwanger and Barry intro«luced fruit-growing into western New York at a time when there were no collections of fruits. «•> railroad or telegraphic facilities, nor any fast ocean steamers to bring over their importations from Europe. From 1844 to IS.Vi, Barry edited "The Genesee Fanner.' an excelh'nt an<l influential paper— afterwards mcrccil in "The Cultivator and Country Gentleman." After the death of A. J. Downing he succeeded to the editorshii* of "The Horticulturist," which he removed to Rochester, until June, iH-w, after which this famous magazine had many vicissitudes until 1887, when it went to swell the number of periodicals now represented commercially hy "American Gardening." In 1851 appeared his "Treatise on the Fruit-Garden," a new and thoroughly revised edition of which was issued in 1872, under the title of "Barry's Fruit-Garden." Ic is still one of our nio<t popular books on pomology, and deserve ily so. The catalogue of fruits whi.^h he compiled for the American Pomological Society is a monumental work. Mr. Barry did much to make Rochester a city of nurseries and western New York a famous fruit-growing region. The Western New York Horticultural Society, of which he was president for more than thirty years, and until his death, has long exercised a more than sectional influence. The work of Barry was truly national, and essentially ^1 / / 1 \ x l^Ui^f ^£ r.i.iM-l ^ V Plate II. Prominent American Horticulturists. BARRY BASKET PLANTS 133 that of a pioneer. He must be considered in the front rank of poniolojiieal authors, with the Duwuinj^s, Warder, aiul Thomas, whose combined weifriit gave a great iiupulse towards establishing orcharding on a large scale in \nierica. For a fuller account, with portrait, see "Annals of Horticulture," 1890, 287-290. w. M. BAETdNIA. See Mentzelia. BAETRAM, JOHN. Called by Linnseus the greatest ii.itur:»i botanist in the world. Was born at Marple, near IKirby, Pennsylvania. Mar. 23, 1()'J9, and died Sept, 22, 1777.' He was a (Quaker farmer, who became interested ia botany after the age of twenty-four. In 1728, at King- sessiiifTt'onthe Schuylkill River, he established the first botanic garden in America, which, together with his house, built in 17."{1, of stone hewn by his own hands, Is happily preserved to-day as part of the park system of Philadelphia. He traveled much in America, and was for many years the chief medium of exchange between Europe and America of plants of all kinds, especially new and important species, as lihododendron maximum and Vypripedium iicatile. His correspondence with Peter Collinson lasted nearly half a century. The let- ters, preserved to us in Darlington's "Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall," are rich in botanical, historical and general interest. "Observa- tions on the Inhabitants • * • made by John Bar- tram in his Travels from Pensilvania to Onondago, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario • • » London, 1751, ' is similarly readable, and a document of great value in the study of aboriginal races. At the age of seventy he undertook, with his son Wil- liam, an expedition to Florida, which is recorded in the 'Journal Kept upon a Journey from St. Augustine up the River St. Johns." Bartram was probably the first American to perform successful experiments in hybridi- zation. His sons, John and William, continued his franlen. For many years it was the largest and best col- lection of trees and shrubs in America, and the services of the garden to early American horticulture were very great. He is commemorated in Bartraraia, a genus of mosses, and in "Bartram's Oak," for the literature of which, see I. C. Martiuale's "Notes on tlie Bartram Oak, Quercus heterophi/Un, Michx.," published at Camden, N. J., 1880. Bartram's garden is a unique spot in America. Many of the trees have attained great age, size and beauty. The garden also contains many quaint and picturesque relics which have associations of great interest. On the whole, John Bartram is one of the most illustrious, and by far tfie most picturesque, of the early botanists and horticulturists of America, and his simple, wholesome, powerful personality presents a picture that is altogether amiable. New editions of the works of Bartram and Darlington are much to be desired, and o"- » T)ro' ising field to critical labors. John Bartram's ' u Vi.'Iia.'' is well known to students of x\merican '- .' ^ 'a«Observations on the Creek and Cherokee 1 r. i ;*s<--. • It is very much to be regretted that no i ''rait of John Bartram is known. For an . I ' ii.iistrated account of Bartram and his garden, 1' article by Miss M. L. Dock in Garden and Forest, y:IJl-124 (1895). See also Harper's Mag. G0::}21-;{30 (l^^SO)- ;;;,,. :^ W. M. BASfiLLA (native Malabar name). Chetwpodii)ce(r. M.vLABAK Nightshade. A genus ccmtaining only one species, which is, however, remarkably varial)le. An- nual or biennial herbs, cult, in the tropics as a pot-herb, like spinach. Rarely cult. N. as an ornamental warm- house climber. It may also be started indoors, an<l set out May for use as a ganlen vegetable, to follow ^pina, a. Prop, by seeds. r^bra, Linn. Lvs. succulent, alternate, rarely oppo- site, almost entire, of various forms : fls. not pedicelled, in simple spikes or racemes ; spikes short or long, lax, ffwrid. The following species are now considered only forms of the above : lifhn, a white-fld. form rarely cult, as a trailer from roofs of warm-houses, or as a basket plant; caninifdlin ; cordifdlia, with heart-shaped lvs. 47") in. long and 2-2V2 in. wide ; crassifdlia ; Jap6inca ; lurUla, from India ; n\gra, a Chinese form ; ramdsa and volubilis. Under the name of Sweet Malabar Vine, A. Blanc advertises a form with tiny yellow and ted fls., and lvs. variegated with white, pink, and green. He sajs, "with age it assumes a drooping habit. When cut keeps fresh for weeks." BASIL. Species of Ocimum, of the Lahidfrp. They are Indian annuals, and are cult, as pot-herbs, the clove- flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats and salads. They are of easiest culture, the seed being sown in the open as soon as the weather is settl"'!. Common Basil is O. Basilicnm, Linn., a ft. high, branch- ing, with ovate toothed lvs., and white or bluish white fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. O. niinimtimf Linn., the Dwarf Basil, is lower, and smaller in all its parts ; rarely seen. When Basil is in bloom, it can be cut and dried for winter use. BASKET PLANTS. Fig. 189. Under this term are included all those plants which, from their habit of growth and blooming, have been found especially suitable for use in hanging baskets. Most of these are dwarfish plants of indeterminate growth, of gracefully drooping or vine-like habit, and are valued either for their grace, or for freedom and / >^^ \^9 daintiness of bloom. Some of the * ~ plants used in baskets are of upright habit. These are either plants of naturally small stature, or are practically such for a season from a slow habit of growth. The suitability of these erect- growing plants for the purpose is determined, aside from their stature, by their freedom of bloom, beauty of foliage, striking form, or grace of habit. Such plants are used prin- cipally for filling the cen- tral part of the basket ; whereas, plants of trail- ing hal)it are inserted near the sides— some to droop, others to twine upwards on the cords or handle by which the basket is sus- pended. In addition to the long drooping or climbing plants, there are a number of half-erect habit, like the lobelia, sweet alyssum and russelia. These may droop somewhat, but are not of a truly vine-like habit. Some plants are tnore suitable than others for shady places : the selaginellas, for instance. Others thrive only with several hours of direct sunshine each day. The following" list of common trade names em- braces a number of the most important basket plants, arranged according to their habit of growth an«l tilooming. The list is not given as a complete one. Any list would need amending from year to year to suit individual taste and experience. Plants which will bear considerable shade are marked with aJi asterisk (*); those which will bear more are marked with two asterisks (**): 1. PLA^^TS OF VINE-LIKE HABIT. a. Lox<J-PR<)OPixo. **English I\T. *Kenilworth Ivy,*Vinca major, *V. Har- risonii, Saxifraga sarmentosa, *Cissus discolor,* Money- wort I\-y. Tropaeolums (Naaturtiiims). Lonicera Halli- ana, L. aurea, var. reticulata. Nepeta Glechoma, Ampe- lopsis quinquefolia. A. Veitchil. Note.— The Ampelopsia is deciduous, and not suitable for winter baskets. nf 189. Basket. ■a 9 134 BASKET PLANTS BAUHINIA 6. CUMBING. Maarandia, **Lygodium scandens, *Senecio scandens, Thunbergia, Cobsea scandens, Japanese Variegated Hop, Manettiabicolor, Lonicera Hal liana, L. aurea, var. reticu- lata. Clematis poccinea, Tropaeolum peregrinum, c. Short-drooping, or Half-esect. *Lol>t^lia Erinus,*Othonna crassifolia,*Sweet Alyssum, ♦Tradescaiitia, Petunias, Uxalis tloribuida, *Russelia juncea (also bears sua well), *Fittonia, *Fuchsia procura- bens. It-e Plant, Verbena, *I\-y Greranium, **Selaginellas, *Begonia glaucophylla, var. scandens, *Sedum Sieboldi, *S. carneum, var. variegatum, *Asparagus Sprengerii, *Passifioras, *Panicum variegatum, Gjizania splendons, Abutilon MegaiK)t»raicnm and var. variegatum. Lantana dCiicaUssima, Solanum jasminoides, S. SeaTorthianum, Convolvulus Mauritanicus. 2. PLANTS kjY upright HABIT. O. LOW-OROWINT.. 1. Flowering Plants. ♦Torenia. *Pansy, Cnphea platycentra. C. hyssopifolia, ♦Primula ol»conica. Dwarf Alyssum, Bellis perennis, Linum or Keinwardtia trigynum. Phlox Drummondii, Dutch bulbs. 2. Foliage PlanU. ♦Peperomia. *Begonia Rex, *Farfugium grande, Alter- nanthera. **Maidenh<iir Fern, (.Geraniums (especially Mme. Salleroi), *Isolepis gracilis (droops with age). h. Talt^er Growing. 1. Flowering. Geraniums — Pelargonium *Fuchsias, Petunias. ♦Bego- nias. Browallia. *8tevia serrata. var. nana. Madag.-iscar Periwinkle. *Nierember}jia, Lantana.*Impatiens Sultana, Cuphea Llavea, bwainsona. Chrysanthemum frutes- cens, Salvias. 2. Foliage. *I)usty Miller, *Crotons, *Palms, **Fems, *Fancy Cala- diuras, Coleus. Achyr.int lies. **Aspidistra, *Cyperus alter- nuolius, *Draca3na iudivisu, *D. termiualis, Coccoloba platyclada. Some of the above plauts make large subjects when growing in the open ground. Of such, only young or smaller plants are available for use in hanging baskets. Ordinarih', several diflferent sorts of plants are used for filling a basket. In some cases, however, a pretty basket is made by using but one kind of plant. A hang- ing basket filled with sword fern, for instance, makes a handsome object. Baskets of a variety of patterns are obtainable from florists and other deplers. The baskets most extensively used, perhaps, are made of strong wire, woven into hem- ispherical or other forms. These are sometimes plain, and again of ornamental character. The better form has a flat bottom, or a stand, formed of wire, to support the basket in an upright position when it is not pendent. Another style is fLrmed of rustic work. Here the vessel or plant basin is covered about the sides with rough bark or knotted roots. For this purpose the roots of the laurel are much used. Above the basket there is an arch or handle by which it is suspended. Again, earthen- ware vessels, to be suspended by wires, are offered for sale in a variety of shapes. Some of these are moulded and painted in imitation of logs, and are known as "stick" and "log baskets." ^uch baskets are often without pro- vision for drainage. When this is the case- holes should l>e drilled at the lowest point in the bottom A special form of l)asket is much used for orchids. It is made of square cedar slats in raft- or log-fashion. Fern-fiber and broken bits of brick, flower-pots or charcoal, are used for filling them. The soil used in hanging baskets is simply p'ood, common florists' potting soil. This usually contains about 25 per cent of humus, and a small amount of sharp sand to make it porous. Prior to filling, wire baskets must be lined with moss. This is merely com- mon woodland moss from rotting loffs. or rich, ilamp soil. In filling baskets, a few drooping or climbing plants are disposed around the sides ; then one or more upright- growing or half-erect plants, according to the size of the plants and basket, are planted in the center. Immediate effects require plants which have alreatly made consid- erable growth. Florists usually carry a stock of suitable plants. In case seedlings or cuttings are grown for the purpose, it is usually best to start them in seed-pans or cutting-boxes, end transfer them later to the ba&ket. Seeds may be sown, or the cuttings started in the basket, but it is so long before they fill the basket that there is no advantage in it. A common mistake in arranging baskets is crowding, or filling them too full. Fewer plants will appear more graceful, growth will be more vigorous, and the basket will retain its grace and beauty for a longer time. Exer- cise vigilance and care in watering. After the roots have well filled the basket, watering is best done by dipping the basket in a tub or barrel of water, and al- lowing it to remain until it is well saturated. Dippiug the basket in weak liquid manure once or twice a month will greatly promote vigor when the plants have been long in the basket. These remarks also apply in a general way to vases and rustic stands. Ernest Walker. BAS8W00D. See Tilia. BAST. The soft part of the flbro-vascular bundles in plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases m thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of Basswood have been used in making cordage ; also in making strong paper. ^VV. W. Rowlee. BATATAS. See Ipomcea. BATEMANNIA (in honor of James Batoraan, the dis- tinguishtd collector and cultivat<»r, and author of im- portant works on Orchids). Orchidtlcece, tribe ydndife. Pseudobulbs short : leaf -blades coriaceous : fls. large, 2^2-3 in. in diam., single or in pairs. Cult, like Cattleya. During the growing period they should be well supplied with water and kept from strong sunlight. CoUeyi, Lindl. Petals and sepals pu.rplish or uraber- brown. shading to vellowish green at the base. Deme- rara. B.R. 1714. B.M. 3818. Mele^igris, Reichb. f. Petals and sepals pale yellow. brown toward the summits, broad at the base : labellum white at the base. Brazil. B. Jiurtii, Endr. & Reichb. f., with 1-fld. peduncles, =Zygo- P^^»l^^- Oakes Ames. BAlTHtNIA (after John and Caspar Bauhin, sixteenth century herbalists ; the twin leaflets suggesting two brothers). Legumindsa, but lliere is nothing to sug- gest the legume family to the northern horticulturist ex- cept the pod. MorNTAiN Eboxv. A genus of over 200 species, allied to Cci'cis. Tropical trees, shrubs, or vines, with showy fls. ranging from white to purple, and Ivs. which may be entire or 2-lobed, in some cases the Ifts. being entirely free ; the petiole is prolonged into a short but characteristic awn between the Ifts. : petals 5. The number and fertility of the stamens are important characters in determining the subgenera. They are much cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, in sandy soils. Prop. by seeds ; rarely by cuttings of half -ripened wood. B. variegata and B. purpurea are two of the com- monest and showiest small trees of India, and, although fre^iuently introduced into northern greenhouses, have rarely succeeded permanently. B. variegata is much cult, in India, and, when covered with blossoms, resem- bles a gigantic Pelargonium. The astring'jnt bark is used in tanning and dyeing, and the Ivs. and fl.-buds as a vegetable, the latter being pickled. "The reason for these plants being so little grown in our hothouses." says J. D. Hooker, "is, no doubt, that they nmst attain some sizfc t»efore they flower, and that they re(|uire a dry season to ripen their wood, the giving of which, without killing the plant by drought, is the standing crux of all establishments." Great ntambers of species of Bauhinia are likely to be introduced from time to time because of their gorgeous appearance in the trop- ics. In the experience of Old World gardeners, the most relisible species under glass are B. variegata, B. coriftn- bnsa, and B. XatalenKi.s. These can be planted outside here in summer, and kept over w inter as oleanders are. A. Lvs. divided not to the middle. B. Fls. usually colored. variegata, Linn. Tree, G-20 ft. : lvs. ,1-4 in. acros?, orbicular, '.♦-II nerved, lobes rounded ; petiole 1-2 in. long : fls. about 7, in a short raceme, 4 in. across ; calyx BAUHIMA BEAN 135 8oathe-like ; petals 5, clawed, obovate-oblongr, veined, ro*e-colore«l, the lowest one larger, broader above the middle, strongly marked with crimson : pod 1-2 ft. long. India. B.M. '>8'l8.— The colorinfr of the fls. varies. Vai". Candida, Roxb. (A. dlba, Buck-Ham.)- Height 12 ft.': fls. white, beautifully veined with green : fls. Feb. to May. B.M. 7.'U2. "A taller grower than A. acuminata, hloommg in late winter and early spring. Verv quick-growing, and ornamental even when not in bloom."- Reasoner Bros. purpCirea, Linn. Height 6 ft. : Ivs. coriaceous, rufous- tomentose beneath when young ; Ifts. broadly ovate, 4-nerved : petals red, one streaked with white on the claw, lanceolate, acute ; fertile stamens 3, very long, the rest sterile or abortive : pod 1 ft. long. India, Burma, China.— Without doubt one of the finest flowering small trees in S. Fla. Flowers are borne in the greatest pro- fusion, 3 to 5 inches across, varying in color from almost white to a shade of rich purple, and marked and shaded with many tones. The plant is very robust and hardy here, growing to a height of 15 feet in less than 2 years, and blooms all winter and spring. Gdlpini, N. E. Brown. Half-climbing shrub, 5-10 ft. : Irs. 1-3 in. long, 2-lobed from one-fifth to one-half their length. 7-nerved ; petiole about H in. long : racemes 6-10-tid.: petals 5, all alike, 1-1 >^ in. long; claw as Ions as the limb ; limb orbicular, cuspidate, brick-red ; fertile stamens 3 : pod 3-.") in. long ; seeds dark brown. S. and Trop. Afr. B.M. 7494.-Discovered 1891. Fls borne continuously from spring to late autumn. BB. Fls. pure ivhite. acuminata, Linn. Height 5-0 ft.: Ifts. ovate, acumi- nate parallel, -l-nerved. closing at night : fls. 2-3 in. across : fertile stamen long and nearly free, the other 9 short, connected, and sterile. India, Malaya, China. -One of the most satisfactory of all, either for open ground or greenhouse culture, as it will bloom the flrsf summer, when but a few months old and but a foot or two high, an<l in succeeding summers blooms continu- ously from May to September. AA. Lvs. divided beyond the middle. B. Leaflets not entirely free: fls. colored. corymbosa, Roxb. Woody climber, branching from the ground.: branches grooved: tendrils opposite, revolute: lvs. VA-'2 in. long, outer edges slightly rounded, inner edges straight au(l parallel; nerves 2-4 : fls. numerous, corymbose, 1 in. across, rosj', ithw fluted petals, and chara'^teristic venation ; stamens 3, bright red, 3 very long, the rest abortive. China. B.M. 6G21. BB. Leaflets entirely free : fls. white. Natal^nsis, Oliver. Small shrub : lvs. numerous ; leatiets each 1 in. long, with a midrib and a few nerves, dark green ; petioles };i-%\r\. long : fls. single or in 2s, \\.,\n. across, white, the midvein of the 3 upp'^r petals reddish ; petals erect or spreading, the 2 lower ones larger ; stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short : pod 3 in. long. S. Afr. B.M, 608(5. — Not advertised at present. B. Honkeri, F. Miiell.. from Austral., and B. Eichardsoni, Hort., Franceschi, are also advertised at i)resent. E. N. Reasoner and W. M. BAY-TKEE. See Latims. BEAN. A name applied to various plants of the Ler/u- minMif. The Beans chiefly known to agriculture are of tive types : (1) The Broad Bean ( Vicia Faha), or the Bean of history, an erect-growing plant, producing very large an<l usually flat, orbicular or angular seeds. Prob- ably native to S.W.Asia (Figs. 190, 191, a). See Vicia. These types of Beans are extensively grown in Europe, mostly for feeding animals. They are either grown to full maturity and a meal made from the Bean, or the plant is cut when nearly full growuand used as forage t>r made into ensilage. The Broad Bean nee«ls a cool climate and long season. In the U. S. the summers are too hot and dry for its successful cultivation on a large scale, and the plant is practically unknown there. In Canada, the plant IS used in connection with corn to make ensilage; and this combination is known as the "Robertson mixture." (2) Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, which see ; Figs. 191, 6, 192). This is the plant which is everywhere known as Bean in North America, comprising all the common field, garden, snap and string Beans, both bush and climbing. By the French it is known as Haricot, and this 190. Broad Bean —Vicia Faba ^X 1-5). word is often found in our literature. Its nativity is un- known, but it is probably of tropical American origin. For inquiries into the nativity of the Bean, see DeCan- dolle. Origin of Cultivated Plants ; Gray & 'irumbull, Amer. Jour. Sci. 26:130 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887: .332 i Wittmack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft, 6:374 (1888). (3) Lima or Sugar Beans (Phaseolus lu- natus, which see). Long-season, normally tall-climbing plants, producing large, flat seeds (Figs. 191, c, 193), Native to S. Amer. See Bailey, Bull. 87, Cornell Exp. Sta. (4) Various species of Dolichos (as i>. sesquipe- dalis). Vines which produce very long, slender pods and small, narrow Beans (Figs. 191, d, 194). Native to trop. Amer. See Dolichos. (5) Soy, or Soja, Bean (Glycine hispida, which see). A bushy, erect, hairy plant, pro- ducing small pods in clusters, and pea-like seeds (Figs. 191, <', 195). In this country comparatively little known, and used mostly forforage. Native to China and Japan, where it is much grown. Aside from these types, there are others of less economic importance. The Scarlet Runner type is a perennial Phaseolus (P. wul/iflorns), grown in this country mostly for ornament (Fig. 196). Various other species of Phaseolus are also cult, ni various parts of the world under the name of Beans. P. radiafiis is prized in Japan, and has been int. into the U. S. as Adzuki Bean (see Georgeson, Bull. 32, Kans. Exp. Sta.). V'igna Sinensis, known in N. Amer. as Cow-pea (which see), is sometimes called a Bean. The Velvet Bean of the South is a Mucuna (which see). The .Tack Bean is a Canavalia (Fig. 197). The Sea Beans to the Florida coast are seeds of various tropical legumi- nous plants, and are transported by ocean currents (see Coe, in G.F. 7:503). l. H. B. Ci'i.TrRE OF THE Be AN. — The practical grower usually divides the many varieties of Beans into two groups — the bush and the pole Beans. The one includes all those 136 BEAN BEAN grown as "field Beans" for the dry-shelled seeds, as also both the green-podded and the yellow-podded garden, string, or snap Beans. The pole or running sorts are usually grown for garden purposes, and rarely for the dry-shelled Bean. The ordinary bush Beans make no frreat demands for soil fertility. They do well on ordi- narily goo<l, warm farm loam. If the soil contains a fair proportion of humus, the plants will secure much of their nitrogen from the air ; and if addilional fer- tilizer; are needed, they may be given in potash and phosphoric acid alone. Plant only after danger from late frosts is past. The work may be done by hand, or with any of the various tools de- vised for the pur- pose. The rows are to be from 2-3 feet apart, with plants standing singly every 3-6 in., or in bunches of 3 or 4 every 12-18 in. A quart of seed •will plant about 150 ft. of row. Keep the soil be- tween the rows well stirred with a fine-toothed, nar- row cultivator. Hand - hoe when needed. The pods of the garden Beans are picked and used as snap or string Beans as soon as well formed, and must be picked if the plant is wanted to remain long in bearing. Pods left to ripen seed stop the growth and de- velopment of others. In growing field Beans, early and even ripening is desirable above almost every- thing else. For har- among yellow-podded sorts are Black Wax or Oerman Wax, Golden Wax. Kidney Wax and White Wax. The Wax or Yellow-podded sorts need a richer soil than the other kinds. A good strintr Bean has a thick, meatv 191. Types of Beans. Natural size. a Vicia Faha. b, Phaseolus vulgaris, c, Phaseolus lunatus. d. Dolichos sesquipedalis. e, Glycine hispida. f, Phaseolus multidorus. vesting the crop, special tools have been devised and are in use by those who make a business of Bean-grow- ing ; but when a regular Bean-puller is not available, or when hand labor is cheap, the plants may be pulled by hand and placed in rows on the trround, bottom- side up, and when sufficiently cured put in stooks or taken to the barn, and, in due time, threshed with the flail or with aregular Bean-thresher. After beingcleaned by running through a fanning mill, picking over by band will also be required in most cases. Among the leading sorts of field Beans are White Mar- rowfat, Navy or Pea Bean, Medium, and the Kidneys. For Ktring Beans, Early Valentine, which has various strains, probably stands tir.-,t in popular favor as a green-podded variety for the market-garden at the present time. Other ijood current sorts are Stringless Green Pod, Early Mohawk, Kefugee, etc. The best 192. Common or Kidney Bean — Phaseolus vulgaris. pod, which snaps off completely when broken, leaving no strinfT alonj? the back. Fig. 198 shows ideal pods. Pole or running varieties of Beans require fertile soil; and for that kint^of table Beans, the Lima of all t'orm«, too much can hardly be done in the way of enriching the ground. Warm soil is one of the first essentials of success in growing pole Beans. When poles are to he used for support, they should be set not less than 4 ft. apart each way, before the Beans are planted. Four or five Beans are to be placed arounU '^ach pole, 1 to 13^ in. deep. While it is a safe rule to pat the seed eye down- ward, it is not a necessary condition of prompt and ui.iform germination. In ca**" of absence or scarcity of poles, a serviceable, cheap and ornamental trellis may be constructed by settinjr posts firmly at proper dis- tances along the row, connecting them with two wires, one a few inches and the other 5 or Oft. from the ground, and finally winding cheap twine zigzag fashion around the two wires. Cultivate an<l hoe frequently. A top- dressing of good fertilizer, or of old poultry or sheep manure, hoed in around the plants, may be of jrreat help in keep"ng up the productiveness of the plants to the end of the season. To have a continuous supply dur- ing the entire season, the pods, when large enough, must be gathered fre- quently and clean. Anions: the varieties used both for string and shell Beans, we have the Green - poddea Crease- back, several wax varie- ties. Golden Cluster, and the popular Horticultural or Speckled Cranberry Bean, besides any num- ber of others. A very fine Bean is the Dutch Kunner (Fig. 1%), which approaches the Lima in quality and resembles it in habit of growth. The seed is of largest size and clear white in color. Highly ornamental is the closely related Scarlet Runner, with its abundance of showy scarlet blossoms. This Bean is grown in Europe for eating, but is rarely used for that purpose here. 193. Large White Lima Bean BEAN BEAUMONTIA 137 Of all pole Beans, the Limas have nndoubtedly the greatest economic value. They enjoy a deserve-l popu- larity, and are usually ^'rown with profit by the raarket- pardener. The varieties might be classed in three types, -that of the Large Lima, the Dreer Lima, and the Small Lima or Sieva. Each of them has a nunibei of sub-varieties or strains, and appears in both pole and bush form. The old Large Lima (Fig. lO.'J) is a very- large, Hat Bean, and yet largely grown for main crop. To the same type belong Extra-early .Jersey, King of the Garden, and others. The pods of these are very large, and the Beans in them somewhat flattened. The dwarf form of this type is known as Burpee's Bush Lima. The Dreer Lima of both forms is appreciated especially for its high quality. The seeds are more roundish and crowded close together in the pods, the latter being much smaller thai those of the Large Lima. The seeds of these two types are light colored, with a greenish tinge, but tne Large Lima is also represented Dv red and speckled (red-and-white) sports. The Small Lima, or Sieva, with its dwarf form, Henderson's Bush Lima, seems to be hardier and earlier than the two L^rir^r types, but pod and Bean are quite small. The color of this Bean is nearly clear white, but there is also a speckled sub-variety of it. Wherever there is a place for the Sieva, its bush form will be appreciated. The bush forms of the two larger types, however, are not uniformly productive enough to take the place r-f the pole forms entirely. The latter will often be found preferable where a long season of continuous bearing is desired. For further notes on Lima Beans, dwarf and pole, see Bailey, Bulls. 87 and 11.5, Cornell Exp. St a. Beans are easily forced under glass, in a temperature suitable for tomatoes. They may be grown either in pots or beds The bush varieties, as SJion House, are preferred. Keep them growing, and look out for red spider. See Bailey, Forcing-Book ; and for the forcing of pole Beans, see Rane, Bull, 62, N. H. Exp. Sta. See Fore hi fj. Three other members of the Bean tribe might be men- tioned in this connection ; namely, the Black Bean or Cow-pea of the South, the Japanese Soy Bean, and the English or Broad Bean. The Cow-pea takes in some measure the same place in the southern states that red clover takes at the North, being used both as stock food and as a green-manure crop. There are many varieties of it, early and late, some of strictly bush habit and some producin long runners, (See Cow-pea.) Of greater value for he same purposes, north of New .Jer- sey, seems to be the Japanese Soy Bean, which is early enough to come to maturitj' almost anywhere in the United States, Its foliage is rather thin or jpen, how- ever, which impairs its value for green-man aring. The dry Bean constitutes one of the richest vegetable foods known, and its flavor seems unobjectionable to all kinds of stock. Sow 1 bus, to the acre. Similar to this in value is the English Broad Bean, several varieties of which, as the Broad Windsor, the Horse Bean, etc., are grown tention in the cooler parts of the country. Being about as hardy as peas, they may be planted mufh earlier than would be safe for ordinarv Beans. The Windsor is used 194. Dolichos sesquipedalis, or Yard-long Bean. and are pop'ilar in England and in some parts of the European continent. Inmost parts of the United States they are scarcely known, and in none generally culti- vated. Only a few of our seedsmen list them in their otherwise complete catalogues. Yet they are a decidedly interesting group of plants, and worthy of greater at- 195. Soy Bean — Glycine hispida (X %). by people in England much in the same way that we use Lima Beans ; but the latter are so much better that in the United States we have no need of plant- ing the former as a table vegetable. _ ,, BEABBERRT. See Arcfostaphylos. BEAR'S BREECH, See Acanthus. BEAUCARNEA, See Xolina. BEAUMONTIA (afterMrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall, Yorkshire, Eug,). Aporynacne. A genus of three East Indian trees or tall climbers, with ver}' large, white, fragrant, bell-shaped tis. in terminal cymes. The genus is more nearly allied to the familiar greenhouse shrub Trache lospermum jasminoide.t than to the splen- did tropical climbers in Allamanda and Dipladenia. B.grandi flora has been neglected of late, presumably because it needs so much room. It snould be planted out in the strong, fibrous, loamy soil of a warm house, as it rarely succeeds in pots. It is best traitied to the roof, as full light is necessary for dowering, if not for growth. The shoots may be thinned if the large Ivs. cast too nmch shade on th. plants beneath. The wood should be well ripened to produce an abundance of winter bloom. The fis. are produced on the growth of the previous season. After flowering, the plant should be severely pruned to produce lateral shoots for the next season's bloom. In its native country, this vine climbs over very tall trees. grandlfldra, Wall. Lvs. obovate, cuspidate, wavy margined : sepals 5, large, ovate, wavy, pink-tipped ; corolla tube veined with green, the limb 5-cleft. B.M. 321J. Ga. 45, p. 138 ; 49, p. 314. J.H. III. 28: 243. ■'*^, 138 BEDDING BEDDING, or BEDDING-OUT. The temporary use out-of-doors of plants that are massed for showy and striking effects. There are four main types : spring, summer, subtropical, and carpet bedding. Sprino Bedding is the most temporary of all, and is usually followed by summer bedding in the same area. 196. Phaseolus multiflorus. Natural size. ( See Bean, p. 135. ) It is the only kind that largely employs hardy plants, as crocuses, narcissi, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, and other Dutch bulbs. All four types of bedding are commonly seen in public parks, but spring bedding is the most appropriate for amateur and home use, as the bulbs flower at a dreary time of the year, when their hrave colors are most cheering, and also because they are much more familiar than the subtropical and foliage BEDDING plants of summer. Then, too, hardy bnljlis are more easily cultivated than any other class of plants, and they are cheap. The main principle is to plant them early enough to secure a strong root development. Hence they should be ordered early, and planted in the latter part of October or first of November. The colors may be massed or mixed according to taste, the terms massed and mixed bedding referring to unity or variety of effect and being applicable in each of the four main types men- tioned above. Opposed to this style of bedding is the naturalizing of bulbs in the lawn. Crocuses and squills are particularly charming when they appear singly, or in twos or threes, at unexpected places in the lawn. Daffo- dils are usually naturalized in large masses in spots where the grass is not mowed. Pansies are the only other plants that are used extensively for spring bed- ding. English double daisies and catchtiies are largely used for edgings. Pansies are set out between April l and 15. In large operations, pansy seed is sown in Aufrust of the preceding year, and the young plants are trans- planted once and wintered in a coldframe. After flower- ing, the plants are thrown away. The other method is to sow the seed in a greenhouse in January. The Auffust- sown pausies give larger and earlier blooms, but the Jan- uary-sown pansies will last longer, and in partially shaded places will give scattering bloom all summer, especially if projected from «lrought. Summer Bedding often follows spring bedding in the same space of ground, and employs chietiy geraniums, coleus, begonias, ageratum, salvia, vinca. alyssum, petunia, verbena, heliotrope, grasses, cacti, and aquatic plants, the culture and varieties of which may be sought elsewhere in this work. As to tenderness, these fall into two groups, the first of which may be set out about May 15 in New York, and the second about June 1. Geraniums are the most important of the first group, and coleus is an exami-le of the tenderest material, which is set out simultaneously with subtropical plants when all danger of frost is past. As to fondness for sunlight, there are again two groups, but the only bed- ding plants ot importance that prefer shade are tuberous begonias and fuchsias. The wonderful popularity lately achieved by the former in Europe will probably never be duplicated in America. The secret of their culture is shade, shelter, and moisture at the roots. Hence a clay bottom is desirable for a bed of tuberous begonias, as being more retentive of moisture than a sanc'y or porous soil. They enjoy cool air and as much indirect light as possible, but not the direct rays of the sun. Hence the north side of a building is better forthdm than a station under trees, as the trees usually give too dense a shade, and their roots interfere. On the other hand, coleus is more highly colored in full sunlight than in shade. The only fibrous-rooted begonias largely used for Ited- ding are varieties of the semperflorens type, of which Vernon and Erfordii are extremely popular at present. In the manipulation of tender perennials, there are often two methods of propagation, either of which may be better, according to the ideal in view. As a matter of general tendency, propagation by cuttings gives bloom that is earlier but not as continuous or profuse as by seeds. Salvias and verbenas are pronounced examples. On the contrary, cutings must be depended on. as a rule, to keep the choicest varieties true to type, as the mission of seeds in nature seems to be to produce more variation than can be attained by non-sexual methods nf propagation, as by bulbs or cuttings. Salvias are also an example of plants thiit are particularly effective when seen at a great distance, and also of plants that are generally massed fur unity of effect, and not mixed with others. Verbenas are commonly grown by themselves, but this is because they demand much room by reason of their trailing habit. SrBTRr>FMrAL Beiidino is a department of summer bedding which employ.^ chiefly cannas. nuisas, castor-oil plants, crotons, palms, ferns of coarser habit, screw- pines, dracaenas, araucarias, elephant-ear caladiums. and to a lesser extent, abutilon, acalyphas, achyranthes, anthericum. Carica Papaya, sanchezia, and others. Cannas are by far the most pop\iiar at the present rime, especially for mass-work. S<mietiri'»es the tall, purple- leaved, old-fashioned, small-flowered t>7»es are used in the center or at the back of the bed, :uid the dwarf, i BEDDING BEDDING 139 modem, larpe-flowered types around the edges or in front. Frequently, massing with a single variety of canna is practiced. Next to cannas in popularity prob- ablv come the crotons or codiseuras,— the broad-leaved types, a3 Queen Victoria, being better for thia purpose 198. Typical Snap, or Strine Beans than the narro\rer - leaved or simply cu- rious kinds, as Codiaum interruptum and C. ro/w/j/m, which belong to fan- ciers' collections. For carpeting the ground in a croton bed, two variegated trailers can be used with good effect, the wandering jew or tradescantia and Op- Usmenns Burmanni. which is famil- iar to gardeners as Panicum variega- tum. The large leaves of bananas give a very rich tropical effect, especially if they can be so sheltered that the wind will not split them. One of the very best plants for encircling a public fountain is the huge-leaved elephant- {X}^). (See p. 136.) ear caladium. For interesting pomts concerning its culture, see Colovasia. Among the first half-dozen favorites for subtropical bed- ding is the castor-oil plant, or ricinus. Its marvellous grow-th from seed in a single season makes it one of the very best of all plants for rapidly tilling up large areas temporarily. Grasses furnish an exception to the general rule that bedding plants are tender. There are many kinds of bamboos that are perfectly hardy in the north- ern states, and these are bound to increase in popularity. A favorite combination of grasses for bedding is Arundo Donax, the giant ree<l, surrounded by eulalias. brasses and their kind are particularly effective in aquatic groups. No well kept establishment is complete without a pond or body of water in whicli aquatic plants are naturalized. For a nior« extended account of this attractive subject, see the article Aquatics. There is a large class of tender material— as palms, screw-pines, the coarser ferns, dracienas, araucarias — a class of foli- age plants which really does better outdoora during summer in a shady and sheltered position than indoors all the year round. In the more formal styles of orna- mental gardening, such plants often form the nucleus of a subtropical bed, the large tubs of the palms being hid- den by lower-growing plants, as begonias, or whatever may be left over from the spring operations. In less formal gardening, the tubs may be hidden by plunging them half-way into the ground and grading the sod, which has been previously broken, in such a manner as to conceal the tubs entirely. The plants are arranged in a freer and more natural manner, and the outer fringe of begonias and the like maybe dispensed with. The chief dangers to such plants are from the sun and wind. Palms once scorched or wind-whipped are ruined. Hence, a sheltered position on the north side of a build- ing, or under the shade oJ trees, is usually the best spot for their summer vacation. Carpet Beddino is che most formal and most expen- sive of all kinds (>f bedding, and employs plants that stand pinching and shearing, as coleus, achyranthes, alternanthera, lobelia, one of the dusty millers (Cen- taurea gymnovarpa , — C. caudidisxima will not bear the shears), certain succulents of the hen-and -chickens type (as echeveriast, and many others, which list may be found in a classifi«Ml and ccmvenient form at p. 245 of Bailey's Garden-Making. The terms "geometrical bed- ding" and " fancy bedding" are soniewliat synonymous. Here belong the imitations of buildings and animals, the portraits of men, the lettered greetings to conven- tions, the calendars, floral clocks, and similar ingenui- ties. A single exanifde is ]ii<ture<l in Fig. 199. A ground plan for a fancy carpet bed is shown in Fig. 200. For designs and for extended cultural information, the reader is referred to the numerous German books on the subject, to Mot'^t't's La MosaTculture. and to a book piib- lished by Geo. A. Solly & Son, Springtield, Mass. This style of bedding requires the highest d<'gree of tech- nical skill, and is especially enjoyed by the Germans, whose gardeners excel in it. The position of a bed is far more important than the style of bedding or the kinds of plants that arc used. The natural school of landscape gardening, as opposed to the various schools of ornamental gardening, makes no ol)jection to beds in themselves, but dislikes their usual ]>osition. They are commonly given the most con- spicuous places, where they must be seen, whether peo- ple like them or not. They should be in a place by themselves where they do not interfere with the quieter and larger pictures of the whole place. Sunken areas, t^Su^biiltil^i*^*^'^ Jilt 1 1!', j,'.".""tmiiiiii luin.... . ivwu;vi!3a:'«^"=iKK;ai:5a, • 199. Example of fancy bedding. as in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, are particularly commendable. A flower-bed should not be in the mid- dle of a large lawn, because it distracts the attention I 140 BEDDING BEET from thf larcTPr picture, and because the lawn is the canvas up<)n which the landscape gardener makes his picture. The chief merit of beds is their attract! v»ness and brijfhtness, which accounts for their presr-nc*- in parks and public places. On the other hand, they are expensive, and they are at their Ix-st only two or three months in the year, while a mud-hole in a lawn for nine months of the year is an uusitrhtly object. Formal be«ls. especially of foliaere plants, with their jiraudy colors and unchanging monotony, are considered by some the most unnatural and the least artistic style of garden- ing. Nevertheless, they require a high degree of techni- cal skill, which deserves appreciation. A few practical suggestions may be given for making a bed. The soil should be rich and full of vegetable matter. If a foot or 18 in. of the surface soil is so poor that it must be removed, it may be replaced by two parts of tibrous loam and one of well-rottod manure, with some upturned broken st is in the bottom for drainage. The fall is the proper time to apply manure, and if the bed be thoroughly spaded over and left rough during the winter, the alternate freezing and thawing will tine both the soil and the fiber of the manure. Beginners nearly always fail to supply perfect conditions for wa- 200. Plan oi a complex carpet bed. tering. A midsummer mulch of half -rotted manure en- ables the plants to take all the moisture they need dur- ing the drought and to keep it. The soil should be in ideal condition before the plants are set into it, — mellow, rich, full of fiber, and of firm and in; I rm texture. Begin in the middle and work toward t., ages. When the bed is finished, give it one thorouc .! conking, to settle the soil at the roots. ^,^^^^^^ g^^^^ BEECHER, HENRY WAR-> (181.3-1887). The cele- brated American clerygyraan and orator deserves espe- cial remembrance for his work as ediror of the Western Farmer and Gardener in pioneer days of western horti- culture. A selection of his contributions was printed in 1859 as a book of 420 pp., entitled '"Plain and Pleasant Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming." A second edition was published in 1874 as "Pleasant Talk, etc.." a book of 498 pp., containing also articles written for the New York Ledger. These papers have a higher literary quality than is usual in horticultural writings, and are still entertaining and suggestive. They did much to spread the taste for country life and gardening. Beecher was always deeply interested in horticultural affairs. BEET. There are 4 or 5 species of the genus Beta, which are sometimes cultivated under the name of Beet, but Beta vulgaris, Linn., is the only one of practi- cal importance. From it all our common garden varie- ties are derived. According to DeCandolle, the aborigi- 201. Bassano Beet. nal slender-rooted species is found in sandy soil, and especially near the sea, throughout southern Europe and on nearly all the coasts of the Mediterranean. It also occurs as far eastward as the Caspian Sea and Persia. "Everything shows that its cultivation does not date from more than two or three centuries before the Christian era." It is now highly improved, princi- pally in the one <lirection of large and succulent roots, and is much esteemed in all civilized countries. See Jicta. Young Beets constitute one of the most important early crops in truck - gardening. Many acres of them are grown iii'ar all the city markets, and as the}' bear transportation well, tht y are often grown at comparati^-ely remote |>laces. Large quantities are shipped early fnmi Norfolk, Va., and from other southern points to north- ern markets. Like all root crops, the Beet needs a loose, light, fresh, clean, rich soil, which must be in the best condition of tillage. No fermenting manure should be used, but instead fully rotted barn manure, with some good pot- ash fertilizer. The seed for the first crop is sown early in spring, as soon as the soil can be well worked. Where intensive gardening is practiced, the drills maybe as close as 1 ft. apart, in which case the young Beets are thinned to G in. apart in the row. But in ordinary gardening, it will be found most convenient to run the rows 2-3 ft. apart, allowing cultivation with the horse. The plants in such rows can be left 4 in. apart at thinning time. The thinning is done when the young plants are large enough to be pulled for "greens," for which purpose they find a ready market. Beets are also grown in quantities as a fall crop, and are stored for winter use. When this is to be done, the seed is sown in June, and the plantation is managed in all respects like the spring sowing. Beets are some- times forced in greenhouses, but as they are hardly profitable, they are grown only in vacant spaces or after f)ther crops are out. When the young roots are ready for the early market, they are pulled and tied in bunches ftf five or six. The fall crop is pulled soon after the first frost, the tops are removed, and the roots stored in pits or root cellars. The most popular varietal types of the garden Beet are the following: Bassanoi Fig. 201 ) . — Flesh white and light red mixed ; an old-time early variety, now less grown than formerly. Early Blood Turn jp. — Rich, deep blood- red, flattened turnip-shape ; an old and well-known sort. Udmand. — 'Moderate size ; handsome, rounded, smooth, deep red ; good grain and flavor ; not quite first early. i^cZ*/).'*c. — Uniformly globular, bright red; fine-grained and sweet ; one of the best quick-growing early Beets. Egyptian Turnip. — Topn quite small; ro<»t3 fair size, rich, deep red ; a standard early variety. For field culture of culinary Beet3, the long-rooted varieties are chiefly used. These are sown in the field as soon as the weather is settled, in rows far enough apart to allow of tillage by horse. Most of them require the entire season in which to mature. They are grown mostly for storing for winter use. They were once grown for stock, but the Mangel-wurzels give much greater yields. The various types of Long Blood Beet (Fig. 202) are chiefly used for field culture. Favorite varieties of Mangel-wurzels are Golden Tankard, Golden Yellow Mammoth, Mammoth Long Red. Several sorts of Sugar Beets, mostly imported from Ger- many, are being grown in divers places in America. Of Chard, there are no selected varieties offered in America. The varieties of Beta vuhjaris may be conveniently divided into five sections, though the distinctions are somewhat arbitrary and of no fundamental importance. These sections are as follows : 1. Garden Beets. Varieties with comparatively small tops : roots of medium size, smooth, regular and fine- grained : mostly red, but sometimes whitish or yel- lowish. 2. Mangel-wurzels, or Manoels. Large, coarse- growing varieties, with large tops and often very large BEET BEGONIA 141 foots, the latter frequently rising some distance out of the ground : rather coarse-grained. Extensively grown for stock-feed intr. 3. ScoAB Beets. Sometimes said to belong to another species, hut doubtless to be classified here. Rather small-growing varieties, with ujedium tops : roots small to medium, usually fusiform, smooth, nearly always yellowish or whitish. 4. Chard, or Swiss Chard. Varieties with compara- tively large tops, broad leaf-blades and very large, suc- culent leaf-stems, which are cooked and eaten somewhat like asparagus. The thrifty, tender young Ivs. make a verv excellent pot-herb. Chard has sometimes been re- ferred to a separate species, Beta Cicla, but should be included with B. vulgaris. See Chard. 5, Foliage Beets. A race which has been developed to proluce luxuriant foUage of many colors and varieil markings. Of such varieties are the Brazilian. Chilian, Victoria, and Dracaena-leaved. The ribs of the Ivs. are usually beautifully colored. Where the leaf-blight fungus is not serious, these foliage Beets make excellent bor- ders where strong and heavy effects are desired, and they are excellent for bedding. RaiscMl from seeds, as other Beets are ; roots may be kept over winter. The Beet is not often damaged by insects. It is sometimes attacked by rust, rot, spot-diseases, and 202. Long Blood Beet. scab, of which the last is the worst. The scab is the same disease which attacks the potato, and one of the chief precautious is, therefore, to avoid following pota- toes with Beets. For the most part, clean culture and proper rotations will forestall serious injury from plant diseases. Spra5'ing with Bordeaux mixture may be ex- pected to prevent the leaf diseases. „ 4 -nr * ^ F. A. Waugh. BEGONIA (named after M. Begon). Begonicice(f. Elephant's Ear. Beefsteak Geranium. A large ge- nus of very popular and useful plants for the house, couservatory and garden. Succulent herbs or under- shruhs, having the stem in some cases reduced to a thick rhizome, in others to a distinct small tuber, while a few others possess a semi-tuber, in which there are a num- ber of closely set scales or suppressed Ivs., resembling bulbs : Ivs. variable, alternate, more or less unequal- sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed, ovate-acuminate, or- bicular or peltate : fls. usually in axillary cymes, moncp- cious, large ; males usually with 4 petals, females with 5 (rarely 2), pink, white, rose, scarlet, yellow, and all shadesofthese,beingrepresented ; stamens numerous ; filaments free or united at the base ; styles 2 or 4, free, sometimes connate ; stigmas branched or twisted like a corkscrew : fr. usually a 3-winged capsule, which is often colored ; ovary inferior ; seeds numerous, very minute. The first Begonia was introduced into England in 1777. Since then, out of the 350 species known, about 150 have proved of value to the horticulturist. Few other plants have been improved so rapidly, there being thousands of varieties now in cult., displaying the most gorgeous colors in- their fls. and beauty and coloring in their Ivs. Their geographical distribution is very dis- junctive and localized. They are indigenous to Mex., Cent, and S. Amer., Asia, and S. Afr. They seem to have no genetic relationship with other plants now living. For literature, see Dryander, The Genus Be- gonia, Trans, of the Linn. Soc, Vol. 1, 1789 ; Klotzsch, Begoniaceen-Gattungen und Arten, 12 plates. 1»55 ; De- Candolle's Prodromus, 15, lb(i4; Ravenscroft. B.C., Be- gonia Culture for Amateurs, 1894 ; Wynne, Tuberous Begonias. The Begonias now in cult, may bo roughly divided into four sections or groups : I. FiBROUS-ROOTED, OR WlXTER-FLOWERlNO. Nos. 1-71. 11. Semi-tubkrous, OB Socotrana. Nos. 72-76. III. TCBEROrS, OR SUMMKR-FLOWERINO. Nos. 77-99. IV. Rex, or OrnamentaL-leaved. Nos. 100-103. In the following account, the dates refer to intro- duction into cultivation, not into American trade. They are European dates. p^ j3_ Kennedy. There are four sections of the Begonia family, and as each requires somewhat different directions for their cultivation, it is desirable to treat them separately. The first section, the Fibrous-rooted, comprises such varie- ties as B. nitida, seniperfloremt, var. gitjantea rosea, albo-picta, Haageana, and Burhartrei. Cuttings taken from clean, healthy stems will strike readilj' in an ordi- nary propagating box or bench, and if potted -on. as they require root-room, will make fine plants for late winter- and spring-flowering. As soon as one neglects good treatment, especially in regard to light, fresh air and fresh soil, the red spider, a physiological disease appearing like rust, and the dreaded nematodes, will soon attack them and give them a sickly and stunted appearance. They require a temperature of from 5.>-00° at night and 65-70° in the day time. The plants should be kept close to the glass during the early stages of their growth, on account of the tendency of many of the varieties to send out rather long shoots. A compost of 3 parts good loam, 1 part well-rotted manure, and 1 part sand, will be found very suitable for their growth. While Begonias in general are injured by too strong sunshine during summer, they are benefited by all the sunshine they can get during the winter and early spring months. Strong sunshine, however, pouring through imperfect glass upon wet foliage, is apt to blister the leaves of any Begonia. Such varieties as B. Bregei and Wf^fon/ensis, which produce at their base a thickened, fleshj' stem like a potato, may be propagated either by division or by cuttings. Nearly all the varieties be- longing to this section can be grown by amateurs, and make excellent house plants, especially B. manicatn, rubra, speculafa, argyrostigma, var. picta, ricinifolia, heracleifolia. The second section, the Semi-tuberous, comprises such Begonias as B. Socotrana and Gloire de Sceaux. They require greater care, and should be grown in a soil with considerably more leaf -mold and a temperature of 65-70*^ in the daytime and 60° at night. Of Gloire de Sceaux and other hybrids, plants 2 years old will be found best for decorative purposes. The third section, the Tuberous Begonias, are grown in pots, boxes or baskets, under glass, or as bedding plants in a shaded border. If the plants are intended for pot culture in the greenhouse, it is best to use the tubers. For early flowering, start the tubers in February or March, either in small pots or shallow boxes. The soil may be composed of loam, sharp sand and leaf-mold, and the temperature about 60°- 65^. When the plants are ready for repotting, well-rotted manure may be added, and when the roots have taken a fresh hold a cooler tempera- ture may be maintained. For bedding purposes, seed- ling plants, as well as tubers, may be used, providing they are of a first-class strain. Tubers are preferred if early- flowering pluuts are desired. They bloom more abun- dantly in the early part of the season, as they have the strength of the already formed tubers. Plant in the mid- 142 BEGONIA BEGONIA die of May or bej?inniniEC of June, arcordinff to locality, from 3 'a- or 4-inch pots. Although they >rrow fairly well under trees, the north side of a buildini^ is to be preferred ; but they must not be crowded. Plenty of li^ht, with mois- ture at the roots, and araulchin^ with half-rotted leaves /.''/-y-,'i^v-' 203. Youns plants startine from the incisions on a Beeonia leaf. in hot weather, will greatly benefit the plants. Water, when necessary, under the leaves. See Bedding. The tubers should be lifted after the first light frost, and stored. Seeds sown in March will produce flower- ing plants by July or August, but 2-year-old tubers are more satisfactory for continual blooming. The seed may be sown in any shallow box or seed-pan. which should first be tilled with material which will give plenty of drainage, over which place some finely sifted soil to receive the seed. Scatter the seed thinly. SufKcient covering will be given by simply pressing the soil down level. Keep in darkness by covering with glass or paper for a few days, in a temp, of not less than 70°. As soon as the seedlings appear the covering must be removed, and when the little plants attain roots about 3^4 in. long they may be pricked into nicely prepared soil. In most places in this country, Tuberous Begonias do not thrive out-of-doors, but in some places and with careful treat- ment they do well. They are very satisfactory for blooming in a well-shaded greenhouj^e in the summer. The fourth section, the Rex Begonias, are grown en- tirely for the beauty of their foliage. They may be prop, by means of either shoot- or leaf-cuttinss, the latter being the better when plants have to be raised in quantity. Large and well-matured, but still healthy and vigorous, leaves may have the principal nerves cut on the under side. The leaf is then pegged or weighted down on the surface of a well- drained propagating bed. If carefully shaded, roots will be formed at every cut, a tiny leaf will follow (Fig. 20;{), and the lit- tle plants may be in- serted singly in small pots. Another method is to cut the large leaves into triangular parts, with a bit of the main petiole at the tip of each, and insert the pieces about 1 in., with the lower or thickest end of the lib down- ward {Fig. 204). Still another method is to cut the leaf in two, across the veins (Fig. 205), and stand it edgewise in the propagating bed. The young plants may be potted-up into small pots, using a light, porous, sifted soil. Keep shaded in a low house with a moist atmosphere. The soil may be gradually 204. Plant arising from the base (or tip) of a trianeular leaf- cutting. made coarser with each potting until, in the final shift, an unsifted compost of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf -mold, 1 part well-rotted manure, and I part sand, is used, add- ing a sprinkling of lime. While watering, avoid wt'ttinj the leaves as much as possible, and keep large, well de- veloped plants in a shaded house, with plenty of ven- tilation day and night during the summer. Robert Shore. The Begonia is exacting in its requirements ; yet these requirements are simple. It responds readily to intelli- gent culture ; most of the varieties are extremely rapid in growth, and a year's time will produce an excellent specimen from a rooted cutting. For horticultural pur- poses, Begonias are usually divided into three gt-ntral classes : the Tuberous-rooted, Rex, and Shrubby or Flowering sections. Tuberous-rooted Begonias attained a short-lived popularity in this country some 12 or 15 years ago, when they were imported in large quaiititiei from France and England and used as betiding phmt-^. It was hoped that they might share patronage with the Geranium, but our burning summers and long-continued di oughts wrought such havoc with them that they speedily fell into disfavor, and very few growers now handle them. This is much to be regretted, for they are gorgeous flowers, and careful selection has produced blooms of enormous size and wonderful form, in the most vivid shades of red, white, yellow and pink. The Rex division has been a great favorite for many years. In no other class of plants are the rich metallic shades of various colors found so satisfactorily blended 205. Uprieht leaf-cutting of Begonia. as here, while the form and size of the Ivs. are of the greatest variety ; those of the old Rex and of Mrs. Bon- ner are frequently a foot and more in length, while little Marquis Peralta makes a compact mass of tiny zoned foliage averaging only 2 or 3 in. long. To the Rex va- rieties showing bright green, pure silver, bronze, and velvety green, ha%-e been added Lucy C'losson and Louise Closs<m, both showing bands of bright, rosy plum color, and Mme. Gache, with its zone of light, dull red. A class of Hybrid Rex contains some of the most useful and beautiful of ornamental plants. They are nearly all crosses between Lesoudii and Diadema. These all show the Rex texture and general habit, while the Ivs. are deeply notched and zoned ; they are more substan- tial than the average Rex, and they make symmetrical specimens with less trouble. Some of the principal American varieties of this section are Anna Domer, Elsie Coles, Bertha McGregor, Flora Hill, 31rs. Shep- herd, and Richmond Beauty. Rex Begonia culture is simple. Soil should be a mixture of loam, woods earth, sharp sand, and well-rotted cow-manure. It must be light and porous. Temperature required is a warm greenhouse for growing ; but grown specimens can be hardened to a much lower temperature. They enjoy a moist atmosphere, and must be shaded from hot sun- shine. They have few insect enemies. Of later years they have been subject to the attack of a verj' destruc- tive fungous-like disease, but careful attention to han- dling and propagation will keep it in check. The propaga- tion of Rex Begonias is very simple, a leaf, or portion of leaf with a strong midrib, rooting very readily in the propagating bench with bottom heat. The Shrubby or Flowering Begonias comprise a num- ber of ornamental sorts with inconspicuous flowers, and also varieties that are huge bouquets of bloom. Anioti? the former are Albo-picta, Diadema, Nigricans, 3Ime. BEUONIA BEGONIA 143 Lionnet and Metallica, all forming beautiful specimens of folia),'f. Of tlu' Howt-rint; sorts, two of the most widely cultivated are the old favorites, Rubra and Wel- toniensis. Vernon and Hrfordii are veritable weeds for growth, and are covered with bhmm. Paul Bruant is one of the freest bl(M»mers of the jrnnip, the plant beinj? covered with tls,, while the ivs. are lar«;e, dark, pointed anil shining. Uloire de Lorraine is the most wonderful of recent Begonias, a well grown plant being a sight never to be forgotten. The ris. are large, bright pink, and home in wonderful profusion. It is semi-tuberous in character, and requires a season of rest each year. Tlie Semperflorens gigantea class is a very useful one, and many Improved varieties now add value to it. Among them are La France, Elegantissima alba, (ioliath, Masto<lonte and Obelisque. The Shrubby section thrives in much the same soil as Rex, or a tritle heavier, re- quiring less heat and moisture. Cuttings can be struck as easily as those of the geranium. e, q. Hill. Index to the Begonias here described : Abel Carri^re, No. 104 ; Abundance, 39 ; A. Dalliere, 105; Admiration, 99aa; Adonis, 74; Adrienne .Schmidt, 105; alba tiinbriata, 99aa; Albatross, 20 ; albo-coccinea, ID ; albo-picta, 15 ; Alice Manning, 9yAA ; athieirtora, u^^aa ; Amelise, 40 ; annularis, 41 ; argenteo-guttata, US; argyrnstigma, 28 ; Ascotiensis, 42 ; atropurpurea compacta, 20 ; Autumn Rose, 76 ; aucuhirfolia, 12 ; Baron A. Vriere, 104 ; Bau- mannii, 80 ; Bertha de Chateaurocher, 43 ; Bertha Mac- Gregor, 108 ; Bexley White, ODaa ; bicolor, 87 ; Bijou, 76; BijoudeGand, 44 ; Bismarcki, 45; Boliviensis, 81; Bntnnti, 47, sub 3 ; Caffra, 24 ; Cannell's Gem, 99aa ; carolinisefolia, 46 ; Carriere, 47; Charles Baltet, 99aa ; Chelsoni, 83; cinnabarina, 89; Clarkei, 84; Clementiuffi, 105; coccinea, 29; Comte de LimmingJte, 18; coraUina, 29; Corbeille de Feu, 48 ; coronata, 26 ; Count Erdody, 108; Countess Louise Erdo<ly, 107; Countess of Craven, 9'Jaa; Credneri, sub 3 ; Crimson Gem, 20 ; crinita, 90 ; cyclophylla, 91 ; dapdalea, 32 ; Dandy, 99aa; Davisii, 77; Dewdrop, 47; Diadem, 20 ; diadema, 49 ; digitata, 50; Digwelliana, 66; discolor, 85; diversi folia, 87; Domini, 107 ; Dr. Masters, 99aa ; Dr. Nachtigal, 23 ; Dresrei, 24 ; Duchartrei, 2 ; Duchesse de Brabant, 108 ; Duchess of Edinburgh, 20; Duchess of York. 20; Duchess of Leinster, 9i)AA; Duke of York, 99aa; Duke Zeppelin, 99aa ; D. Wettstein, 105 ; echinosepala, 51 : Edward B. Kennedy, 104 ; Ed. Pynaert, 104 ; elegantissima, 20 ; eUtptica, 16 ; Erdoay, 107, 108 ; Erfordii, .'2 ; Evansi- ana, 85 ; Fairy Queen, 20; Feastii,53; Flamingo, 99aa; F. E. Lain g, 99a ; foliosa, 14; Froebeli, 7f> ; Froebeli vtrnalis, 78 ; fuchsioides, 13 ; geranifolia, 92 ; gera- nioldes, 80 ; Gilsoni, 54 ; glaucophylla, 18 ; Gloire de Lorraine, 75; Gloire de Sceaux, 76; Glory of Stanstead, 99aa ; Goegoensis, 30 ; Goliath, 20 ; gracilis, 87 ; gra- cilis, var. Martiana, 87 ; Grnhamiatia, 19 ; grandiflora, 94; (jrandis, 85, 107 ; Grifflthi, 100 ; gunnersefolia, 9 ; Haa^eana, 3 ; HaAnkarli, 5 ; Hecla, 99aa ; Henri Dor- neek, 105: Henri Vilmorin, 104; Henshaw Russell, 99aa; heracleifolia, 33 ; hernandiiffolin, 63 ; hybrida multi- tiora, 55 ; hydrocotylifolia, 8 ; Illustration, 20 ; imperi- alis,4; imperialis, var. smaragdina, 4 ; incarnata, 12; Ingrami, 56; insignis, 12; John Heal, 74; Julia, 74; Knowlsleyana, 57 ; Kunthiana. 58 ; laciniata, 101 ; Lady Balfour of Burleigh, 99aa; Lady Grinthorpe, 99aa ; La France, 20 ; leopardinus, 107; Leopoldi, 107; Lesoudii. 105: Lin^e, 105; Lothair, 99aa; iiouise Closson, 108: Louise Chretien, 108 ; Lubbersi. 59; Lucaniae, 60; Lucy Closson, 108 ; lucida, 16 ; Lyncheana. 61 ; maculata, 28 : maculata, var. coraUina, 29 ; Mad. tl'Lamagny, 105; Madame deLesseps, 62 ; Mad. Trevve, 104: Mad.Funck, 104 : Mad. F. Alesratiere, 104 ; 3iad. Georges Bruant, 105 ; Mad. Chas. Weber, 104 ; Mad. G. Van Meerbeeke, 104: Mad. Jos. xMoens, 104; Mad. Luizet, 104; Mad. Isabella Bellon, 105 ; Mad. D. Wettstein, 105 ; Mau. ^asrnet, 107 ; manicata, 17; manicata, var. aureo-macu- lata, 17; Margarita?, 6 ; Marquis de Peralta. 108: Jfar- ti<ina, 12; Mastodon, 20: Margarita, 99aa; Matilda, 108; M. Crousse, 105; metallica, 10; minor, 23; Miranda, 107 ; Miss Edith Wynne. 99aa ; Miss Falconer, 99aa ; Miss A. de Rothschild, 99aa ; Moonlight, 99aa : Mrs. Brassey, 99aa ; Mrs. J. Thorpe. 99aa ; Mrs, Re^nart, 99a A ; Natalensjs, 93 ; nelumbiifolia. 63 ; nisrricans, 68; Qitida, 23 ; nitida, var. odorata alba, 23 ; Obelisque, 20; obliqua, 23 ; Octavie, 99aa ; octopetala, 94 ; Olbia, .^6 ; Otto Forater, 107; Parke, 99aa ; palmata, 50 ; Papillon, 105 ; parvHolia, 24 ; Paul Bruant, 64 ; Pearcel, 88 ; pel- tata, 5 ; phyllomaniaca, 22 ; Picotee, 99aa ; picta, 100 ; Pictavensis, sub 3; platanifolia. 9; polypetala, 95; Pres. Belle, 104 ; Pres. Carnot, 65 ; Pres. de Boureuilles, 68 ; Pres. de la Devanaaye, 104 ; Prince Troubetzkoi, 107 ; Princess May, 99aa ; (^ueen of Whites, 99aa ; Reading Snowdake, 20; Rex, 103; Rex xdiadema hybrids, 103; Rexxdiscolor hybrids, 103 ; ricinifolia, 11 ; Ifoezlii, 61 ; rosfeflora, 79; Rosy Morn, 1>9aa ; rubella, 34; rubra, 29; rubricaulis, 96 ; Sandersoni, 6<i ; sanguinea, 31 ; Sauli, 53a ; scandens, 16 ; Scarlet Gem, 99aa ; sceptra, 49 ; Scharffi, 3 ; Scharflliana, 1 ; Schmidti, 7 ; Schmidtiana, 7 ; Sedeni, 97 ; Selloivii, 20 ; semperflcu"eus, 20 ; sem- perrtorens irigantea rosea, 21; Sieberiana, 21 ; Sir Jo- seph Hooker, 104 ; Socotrana, 72 ; Souv. de Mad. la Baronne de Bleichroder, 104 ; Sovereign, 99 aa ; spe- cioHa,23; speculata, 35; Stanstea*! Surprise, 99aa ; stigmosa, 67 ; sirigillosa, 32 ; subpeltata nigricans, 68 ; Sunderbruchi,69: Sutherlandi,98; tenera,9:): Teuscheri, 37 ; Theodore Schmidt, 105; Thurstoni, 70; Thivaitfsii, 99 ; Torrey Laing, 99aa ; Triomphe, 99aa ; Triomphe de Lemoine, 73 ; Triomphe de Nancy, 73 ; Veitchi, 82 ; Vernon, 20; I'ersr hn f fc It i, 27; Verschaffeltiana, 27; Ve- suvius, 99aa ; Wa.shingtoniana, 9 ; Weltoniensis, 25; Wettsteinii, 71 ; Wilhelm Ptitzer, 105 ; Winter Gem, 74; xanthina, 102 ; zebrina, 41. I. FiBROrS-ROOTED OR WiNTER-FLOVVEKIXG. A. B. Lvs. hairy, velvety, or downy on the upper surface. Shape of lvs. oblignely ovate-acuminate, orbicular- acuminate, or peltate. c. Size of lvs. large, more than S in. wide. D. Fls. with red hairs on ttnder surface of petals, large. 1. Scliarffid,na, Rejrel. Fig. 206. A robust herbaceous perennial, l'-2 ft. high : lvs. large, thick, tleshy, hairy, olive-green above, crimson below : stipules very large and prominent : ds. waxy white. Braz. — This Begonia requires warmth and care to succeed well. When well- grown, it is an excellent bracket plant. 206. Beeonia Scharffiana. No. 1. 2. Duchartrei, Hort., hybrid (B. echinosepala xScharf- fi(ina } : st. 2-3 ft. high, branched profusely, hairy, pur- ple: lvs. ovate-lanceolate acuniiiuite, green above, hairy, red below; fls, large, waxy white, a few red hairs on the under surface of petals.— Int. by Bruant in 1892. 3. Haage^na, Watson (B. Scharffi, Hook.). Fig. 207. Tall-shrubby, whole plant hairy : lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate, wavy, red-nerved above: fls. rose-pink, with a cyme 8-12 in. in diam., males with 2 round and 2 nar- row petals, fenaalea with 5 equal petals, Brazil. G.C. 144 BEGONIA BEGONIA III. 16:633 (1894). B.M. 7028. as B. Schnrfii. -One of the most beautiful plauts of the jremi"*. H«s been di?*- tributecl as ti. Schiirff'ntnn by tniHtuke. Ji. Credntri, Hurt. (/?. Schattfiiiua x metdllica). Int. by Haaf^e Si. Schmidt. 18'J0. There is another plant named li. Credneri, which was raised by Lemoine in iHiM from the same parents. Bruant also used these two parents in 18'J1, and called his plant tt. Pirtarifnsis. All three plantH are identical, and can only be distintruished from B. Uitagfiina by their smaller flowers and the peduncles standing erect anu not >fracefully bendinjf over, as in Han>?eana. There is another plant spelled B. Pictavensis, raise«l by Bniant in 1881. a cross of B. Schmidt iixsem- pt-rflorens. It has also been called B. Bruanti. (See R.H. 1882, p. 377: 1883. pp. H. .^2. ) Dn. FIs. white or greenish white, small. 4. imperious, Lem. St. short, herbaceous, preen: Ivs. 4-6 in. wide, very hairy, brownish >;reen, with irre^lar bands of bright jjreen along the nerves : tls, insigniS- cant, white. I.H. 8:274. Var. mactil&ta, Hort., has brown Ivs. with green blotches. Var. smaragdlna, Hort., has wholly bright green Ivs. I.H. 7: 202. 5. pelUta, Hassk. (B. Hdsskarli, Zoll.). St. per- ennial : Ivs. peltate, ovateacnminate, thick and succu- lent, covered with a whitish tomentuni, G-9 in. long: tls. small, white, on long peduncles. Braz. — It is the only Begonia in cult, with thick, felted, peltate, silvery Ivs. cc. Size of h'S. small, less than i in. wide. 6. Margarltae, Hort. (B. metdllica x eehinose'pala). Plant 1-2 ft. high : sts. purple, hairy : Ivs. ovate-acumi- nate, sinuously dentate, green above, red beneath : fls. in cymes, large, rose colored ; sepals with long hairs at the base. — Int. by Bruant in 1884. 7. SchmidtiknAf Regel (B. Schmidti, Bort.). Dwarf, herbaceous, 1 ft. or less in height : Ivs. lobed, toothed, hairy, about 2 in. long, reddish beneath : ris. white, tinted with rose. Braz. R.H, 1883, pp. 56.57. Gn. 17, pp. 2()8.269. — A very use- ful plant for summer bedding. 8. hydrocotylifdlia, Otto. St, succulent, creeping: lvs,rotundate- cordate : petiole short : whole plant hairy : pe- duncles 1 ft. high, pilose; fls. dipetalous. rose-col- ored, Mex, B.M. 3968. reniform, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green, lob«i acute, toothed, ciliated : lis. in axillary dicliotonioui cymes, large, white, tinted rose. Braz. B.M. 3.i!M.-B, 207, Beeonia Haageana (XK). No. 3, BB, Shape of haves incised, or parted. c, Fls. white or wJdtish. 9. platanifdlia, Graham, St, 5-6 ft. high, erect, robust, smooth, green, joints annulated : Ivs. 8-10 in. in diam,, 208. Begonia fuchsioides (X 3^), No. 13. gunne ret folia, Lind. (/?, Wa/thinytoniana, Hort,), once offered by Saul, is very similar to this, but its Ivs. are not so deeply lobed and the tis, are very insignificant. I.H, 22:212. cc. Fls. pink. 10, met&llica, G. Smith. Sts. perennial, succulent, hairy, 4 ft, high, branched : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed and serrated. 3-6 in. long, upper surface green, shaded w^ith a dark metallic color : tis. blush-white, uiider side of petals clothed with red bristly hairs. There are a number of varieties; p. g., var. variegata, var. veliitina, var, c^prea, but thev do not diflFer much from the orijri- nal. Bahia, R.H. 1844 : 218, G.C.II. 5: 397.-A very attractive plant, both in foliage and tlower, 11, ricinifdlia, Hort, (B. Jierachifdliaxpeponifolia). St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, bronzy greeu. lobed, resembling castor-oil plant : tls. numerous, on long, erect peduncles, rose pink, AA. IfVS. glahrous, or only a fexr scattered hairs on the upper surface or on the margins. B. Under surface of Ivs. green. C. Margins entire or toothed. D, Width of Ivs. less than 1 in. E, Fls. pink, scarlet, or carmine. 12, incarnita, Link & Otto (B. ancubcefblia, Hort B. Martidna, Schlecht. B. insigni.s. Grab,), St, erect, herbaceous, 2-3 ft, high : Ivs, uurqually cordate, lanceo- late, toothed : tis, rose-colored, abundant, males Ik. in. across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals ; females smaller, with 5 equal petals. B.M. 2900, as B. insignis. A, G. 16:97, A,F, 12: 724-5 ; 13:588, R,H. 1870, p. 2tK); 1875: 151. V^ar. grandifldra, Hort., is a new and much improved variety, which is very useful f or cut-tlowers or decoration in winter. BEOONIA BEGONIA 145 13. tuehiioldei , Hook. Fig. 208. Rootstock woody : gtg. tall and succulent : Ivs. ovate, IH In. lonj?, tinned with red when younff : flu. droopinf; li>-- a fuchsia, rich 209. Beffonia semperflorens. A recently struck cuUin«. To show the precocity of bloom. No. 20. scarlet, males with 4 petals, females with 5 petals. New Granada. B.M.4281. Var. mini&ta, Linden (i?. cinna- fjarlna. Hort.), differs ouly in having tiesh-colored fls. R.H. 1855:221. F.S. 8: 787. EE. Fls. white or whitish, small. 14. folidsa, HBK. Shrubby, sts. herbaceous, slender, branchinitr : Ivs. frond-like, very small, 3-lobed, glossy green : tis, white, tinged with rose. Blooms early summer. New Granada. — An elegant basket and ornamental plant. 15. 4Ibo-picta, Hort. Shrubby, compact gi*owth> freely branched : Ivs. elliptical, lanceolate, covered with numerous small silvery white spots: fls. green- ish white, males with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals, females of 5 subequal petal.s. Braz.— An elegant foliage plant. Int. by Bull in 1885. DD. Width of Ivs. more than 1 in. E. Stem rhizomatous, creeping, or climbing. 16. scAndens, Swartz (B. I hcida, Otto & Dietr. B. (Ulpticii, Kunth). Sts. climbing or trailing, clinging by means of short aerial roots : Ivs. ovate, acuminate. lobed. glossy green, 4 in. long: fls. small, white, hang- ing in ball-like clusters. W. Ind. R. H. 1879, p. 300. -An excellent basket or climbing plant. 17. manic&ta, Brongn. A short-stemmed, succulent plant: Ivs. ovate, obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shiny green, 6-8 in. long : petioles covered with tleshy, s^'ale-like hairs: peduncles a foot or more long, bearing loose panicles of pink dipetalous fls. Mex. Var. atireo- macnlita, Hort., has large blotches of yellowish wuite onthelvs. F.E. 8:1159. F.R.2:435. 18. glaucophyila, Hook. (B. glancophylla spUndens, Hort. B. glaucophylla scdndetis. Hort. B. Comte de Lmmiiifjhe, Hort. ). Probably a hybrid, but parents not known. Sts. long, drooping or creeping: Ivs. ovate, '^avy,3 in. long, glaucous-green, reddish and variegated in bud : Hs. rose-red, males 1 in. across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals, females of 4 equal petals. Braz. f B. M. •iily. - A good basket plant, flowering freely all winter. 10 19. Albo-coceinea, Hook. {B. G'raAamidna, Wight). Rootstock creeping : Ivs. peltate, ovate, leathery, 6 In. long : peduncles 1 ft. long, coral red ; male fls. I in. across, with 4 petals ; female fls. also of 4 petals, white above, coral-red beneath. Flowers in winter. Bras. B.K. 32:39. B.M. 4172. KK. Stem erect. 20. temperfldrens, Link & Otto {B. Sellou-ii, R?.). Fig. 209, St. herbaceous, smooth, green or reddish, G-18 in. high : Ivs. ovate, rotundate, obtuse at the base, toothed and ciliatt? along the margin, pale glossy green, tinged with red on the midrib and petiole : peduncles axillary, few-flowered : fls. white or rose-colored ; mal«s with 4 petals, females with 5 petals : capsule green, wings tinged with red. Braz. L.B.C. 15:1439. R.H. 1897, p. 40. B.M. 2920. — This is an exceedingly variable species. An endless number of garden forms has been pro<luced from it. Some of the most important are as follows : V'ar. atropurpurea compdrta, Gt. 44, p. 570 ( Vernon ), an excellent bedder, deep red ; Fairy i^nten, bright rosy carmine, bedding ; JDuchfsa of York, crimson, bedding ; Crimson Gem, foliage crimson-bronze, fls. elegant car- mine ; Duchess of Edinburgh, fls. large, white, easily grown from seed ; Reading Snowflake, white ; Dia- dem, dark rose; Illustration, carmine; Albatross^ elegantissima, Mastodontt, Goliath, La France, Obelis- que, etc. 21. Var. grlgantSa rdsea (B. semperfldrensxLynche- dna). Very distinct: rootstock woody ; sts. succulent, about 3 ft. high : Ivs. on short petioles, ovate or reniform, toothed at the margins, about 7 in. across, bright green, with a red spot at base of sinus : peduncles axillary, stout, 4-8 in. long, bearing large panicles of large rosy red fls,, of which the males have 2 ovate petals, the fe- males 2-4 smaller petals. A. F. 13:586. A.G. 16:41.-One 210. Begonia semperflorens. var. Sieberiana. No. 21. of the best Begonias for winter decoration in the green- house. Int. by Lemoine in 1888. Var. Sieberi&na, int. by Lemoine, is shown in Fig, 210 (from the French). 146 BEGONIA BEGONIA 22. phyllomanlaca, Mart. Fig. 211. St. perennial : Ivs, obliquely cordate, attenuate, 4-0 in. long, sli(u:htly lacini- ated and fringed : tls. pale pmk. B.M. .5254. Brazil.— This species is peculiar in that it i^ioduces from the stem, petioles and Ivs, innumerable Ifts. or small growths. It is one of the most interesting of plants, though not of much decorative value. 23. nitida, Dryander (B. m)nor, Jacq. B. specidsa, Hort. B. obnqn'a, holier). St. :V4 ft. high, perennial, fleshy, woody at the base when old : Ivs. obliquely ovate, wavy, 4-6 in. across, glossy dark green : tls. on long, axillary peduncles, pale pink, with a silvery blush ; males \% in. across, with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals ; females smaller, with .5 equal petals. Jamaica. B.M. 4046. — A very useful plant in the greenhouse, flowering all winter. Also interesting on account of being the first Begonia introduced into Europe (1777). Var. odoriita Alba is a very Imndsome variety of this species, which BB. Lvs. red, reddish or red-veined on the under surface c. Margins entire or serrate. 28. maculata, Kaddi (B. argyrostigma, Pisch.). St. erect, branching, woody when old : lvs. cordate, lanceo- late, wavy, 4-6 in. long, upper surface sometimes with large white, roundish spots: fls. pale rose or whit*-, males with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals, females with .") e(iual petals. It includes several forms. Braz. B.R.OC.ri. Var. argyrostigma picta, Hort., is a common form, with ver- large white spots on the lvs. 29. COCClnea. Hook. {B. rubra, Hort. B. maruldta. var. corall'iHa, Hort. ). Tall, succulent sts. : lvs. on short petioles, obliquely oblong, angular, with wavy red mar- gins, 4-6 in. long: fls. deep coral-red; males %m. swnm. with 4 unequal petals; females more attractive, owing to the length and rich color of the ovary, which has .3 small subequal wings. Braz. B.M. 3990. — The fls. are very persistent ceeJingly Beeonia phyllomaniaca. Showing the adventitious plantlets. No. 22. 'ii'il'. ,.//' has smaller fls. of the purest white and sweet-scented. Dr. Nachtigal, hybrid {B. nitida. Dry., var. odorata albaxLynche- ana), is similar in general form to the above, but has fls. of a deli- cate rose-pink, especially on the inne^' surface of petals. cc. Margins incised, lobed or parted. D. Width of lvs. less than 2 in. 24. Dr6gei, Otto & Dietr. (B. Cdffra, Meissn. B. parvifdlia, Giah. a. renif6rmis, Hort.). Rootstock a fleshy, globular tuber ; sts. succulent, an- nual, 1-2 ft. high : lvs. thin, small, green, deeply ser- rated, reddish on the under side : Ms. white, small, profuse. Cape of Good Hope, B.M. 3720. 25. Weltoni^nsis, hybrid (parents not known). St. reddish, l^'2-2 ft. high : lvs. light green, smooth, ovate- acuminate, lobed. dentate, 1%-- in. across : petiole red, 1-1 >2 in. long : fls. pink, profuse, on short peduncles.— Int. by Major Clark, of Welton Park. Var. Alba, Hort., has white fls, DD. Width of lvs. more th in 2 tn. 26. coron^ta, Hort., hybrid (B. caroliniift'dliaxpoltf- dntha). St. shrubby, coarse, 2-r> ft. high, covered with numerous withered stipules : lvs. large, lobe<l, or. long petioles : fls. pale pink, with large, sometvhat droop- ing cymes. 27. Verschaffeltiiina, Refal. {B. V'erschaffelti. Ilort. B. hUDiivata x(aroliniaf(^ la f. St. a thick rhizome: lvs. large, ovate, acuminate, lobed : fls. rose-colored, pendent on long peduncles. I.H.2: 68. — Tail, coarse and unsightly as an ohl specimen, but .hen well grown from year to year from cuttings makes a splendid plant. and ex- oruamen- 1, especially when planted out. Choice. 30. Ooego^nsis, Brown. Fire King. St. a short, thick rootstock: lvs. peltate. ovate- orbicular. 6-9 in. long, surface blistered or puckered, green, with dark, bronzy blotches, red on the under side : 3s. small, rose-pink. Sumatra.— A distinct and ornamental-leaved plant. 31. sangulnea, Raddi. Sts. perennial, woody at the base, red : lvs. subpeltate. obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shining, bright green above, blood-crimson below: fls. small, white. Rio de Janeiro. B M. 35' .—A handsome evergreen foliaged Begonia. .32. daedA) Lem. (j. ...igilldsa, Dietr.). St. a short, thi''k rootst k: lvs. large, green, ovate-acuminate, cor- date, margins slightly serrate and beset with hn\^ red- dish hairs, suirace covered with a peculiar network of russet-bro'vn : peduncles spotted and slightly hairy: fls, white, tinged with pink. Mer. I. H. 8: 209. -A handsome foliage plant, not very widely known. cc. Margins incised, lobed •r parted. D. Jt. creeping ; a short, thick rhizome. 33. heracleifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. (B.jatrophcFfdUa, Hon. ). St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs. (>-12 in. across, palmate, lobes toothed, rich green : peduncles 3-4 ft. loDtr: tis. white or rose-tinted. Mex. B.M. 3444. B.R.IOeti, Var. nigricans, Hort., has the margins <if the lvs. bor- dered with dark green. B.M. 498.!. Var. longipila, Hort., has lonir. fleshy hairs on the leafstalks aii<l peduncle? Var. punctata, Hort., has green ivs., reddish ne.'tr the margin : fls. rose-colored, with deep red spots on the outside. 34. rub611a, Hamilt. St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs. large, cordate, acuminate, deeply lobed, smooth, spotted with irregularly shaped dark brown marks : fls. pale pink, on lontr peduncles. Nepal. 35. speculAta, Hort.. hybrid ? St. a short, thick rhizome : lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate, on long. hairy petioles, dull green, rough, speckled with grey, hairy, reddish on the under side, veins very prominent, litrht tureen, profusely branched : fls. on long, hairy pe- duncles, pink-white, mules and females both with - petals : capsule green, with small red spots. — Orisrin lot known, thctiirh quite common in cultivation. A liardy and uselul Begor .. BEGONIA DD. Stem erect. 36. dlbia, Kerchove. St. leathery, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. lobed, hairy and olive -green above, smooth and red be- neath, margins reddish, petioles grooved, smooth, veins prominent as dark lines: tis. concealed by Ivs., in small rlusters directly on the st. without peduncles, large, white, male a;.d female in same cluster. Braz. 37. Tedscheri, Lind. 8t. 2-:{ ft. hifrh. erect, strong {rrower: Ivs. large, acutely lobed, ovate-lanceolate, mar- gins serrate, bright green above, with srreyish blotches, redveir.ea below: fls. in axillary clusters, bright red, large. Jlalaya. I.H. 26: ;r)8. 38. argfinteo- guttata, Hort. (B. dlbo-pktaxO'lbia). Profusely branching: Ivs. shining green, ovate-acumi- nate, slightly lobed, smooth, 2Hin. wide, 3-5 in. long, thickly dotted wi;h white spots: fls. in clusters, variable; petals white, tinged with pink: capsule rose-pink. — Int. by Lemoine, 188'J. PL'PPLEMEXTARV LIST — FIBROUS-ROOTED. 39. Abunda7ice (B. fucli.siov»:^«»yseinperflorens). Plant, 2 ft. high : st. re- isi. . , -:^sy green, ov;ite. 2 in. long, denta" •'' •. '»>.. ^„|i —Int. by Lemoine in 1891. 40. .4/H»>?(Vp(B.BntantiXRoei.u.,. ""ar^ ■'*: ligh: Ivs.green, broadly ovate, smooth- i. 'jsc', )red. " -Int. by Bruaut iu 1H8U. 41. angtildris, Raddi (B. zebrina, •'-> ;. .. smooth, sue- fuient, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. elongate, ovate-acnminate, margins unduUte, shiny green, vein.s white : tls. insignificant, light link. Braz. 42. Aseotiensis, Webb. Lvs. ov.-»te, 2 in. long, smooth, brown, margin green, dentate: fls. on i)eduucles 4 in. long, bright reu. 43. Bertha de Chateau rncher, Hort. Var. of B. Ascotiensis : fa. bright currant-reu.— Useful for cut-flowers. 44. Bijon de Oand. Hort. Caulescent: fls. rose, in clusters. Very similar to Teascheri (which see). 45. Blsmarcki, Hort. Caulescent: fls. in clusters, rose, males insignificant, females a gorgeous display. Very similar to Teuseheri. Caffra, Meissn. See B. Dregei. 46. caro?mi>/dita, Regel. St.ere<t, thick, fleshy: lvs. palmate. lobes deeply divideu into 6 or 8 : fls. pink, on long peduncles. Mexico. M.Carrierei.Yiort semperflorensXSchmidtii). Dewdrop. BRr.\N-Ti. Plant. .V at 1ft. high: lvs. like semperflorens : fls. white.— Excellent be<lding Begonia. Int. by Bruant in 1883. BEGONIA 147 Fls. 48. Corbeille de Feu (B. semperflorens Xfuchsioides) bright coral-red.— Int. by Lemoine in 1891. 49. (Z/ad^ma, Linden (B.sceptra. Hort.). Plant, 2 ft. high- lvs green, deeply parted, blotched with white, dentate: fls. insignifi- cant. Borneo. I. H. 29:446. ... Begonia Madame de Lesseps (X >4). No. 62. 213. Beeonia President Carnot. No. 65. 50. dimtdta, Raddi (B. palmata, Hort.). Lvs. palmate, i0-12- parteii. somewhat pubescent, green above, brownish beuoath Brazil. 51. echinosSpala, Hort. St. green, succulent : lvs. obliquely oblong : fls. on axillary peduncles, white, with curiously papil- lose sepals. 52. Erfordii, Hort. (B. Schmidtii X semperflorens Vernon) \ ery dwart and bushy, iVaft. high: fls. abundant, rose-carmine —Excellent for bedding. Int. by Haage & Schmidt in 1894. 5.1. Ft'astii, Hort. (B. m.anicitaXhydrocotylifolia). St. a short, thick rootstock : lvs. sulx)rbicular, thick, red beneath, entire - petioles irregidarly marked : fls. light pink, on long peduncles' —Int. by John Feast, of Baltimore, before 1880. Sauli, Hort., is a newly introduced species from Guatemala, resembling Feastii in the shai)e and color of its lvs.. but with a dist'uct red sinus at junction of petiole with leaf. 54. G««o»ii, Hort. (origin .Vraerican). Plant, 2 ft. high: st. shrubby, coarse: lvs. large, lobed: fls. on long, erect peduncles, pale pink.— Interesting as l)eing the only double-fld. fibrous- rooted Begonia. Named for Gilson, colored gardener to Mrs Livingston, N. Y. 55. h^brida mvWmra, Hort. (B. hybrida floribunda, Hort.). I lant 2-4 ft. higli : lvs. small, 1 in. long, V^in. across, dentate, green below : fls. rose-pink, hanging in clusters like a fuchsia. 56. Ingrami. Hort. (B. nitidaXfuchsioides). Combines the characters of the two species : fls. light pink.— Int. by Ingram 111 1849. inaignis. See B. inc lata, No. 12. .*)7. Knowlslei/dna, lort. (origin not known), ""ery similar 'o B. iucamala. .')8. Kunthidna, Walp. Stem erect : lvs. lanceolate, acumi- n.ate, serrate, smooth, green above, red below : fls. white, large B.M. 5284. Brazil. ,')9. Ltibbcriii, E. Morr. Stem a short rhizome: lvs. large, palmate, green : fls. pir' on long peduncles. Brazil. G.C. III. :!:301. R.H. 1888. p. 225. CO. Liun'dnfp. Hort.. hybrid (B. Lyncheana X Bruant i). Fls. large, in the axils »f the lvs., rose.— Int. by Bruaut in 1889. f* '■tinchedna. Hook. (B. Ropzlii, Regel.). St. erect, tall. 8«i<^ •. '-'♦, smooth: lvs. green, 8nio«»th, ovHte-eordate ; sinus rr . N. in axillary, dnwping omes. dwp, reddish crimson. >i k.rani'da. B.M. 6758. — .Vlmost identic.il with B. semper norens gigantea rosea, but not so strong a grower. *^ 148 BEGONIA microphSlla, Willd. Is B. foliosa, Xo. 14. minidta. Planch. & Linden. Is B. fuchsioides, No. 13. 62. Madam de Lesseps. Fig. 212. Strong, erect grower : Ivs. acutely lobed, large, margins serrate, green above, red and strongly veined below : fls. large, white, in axillary clusters, males insignificant. 63. nelumtiifdlia, Cham. & Schl. (B. hemandiaBfoiia, Hort.). St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, 12-18 in. long. 8-12 in. wide, peltate, hairy on the under side : lis. small, white or rose-colored, ilex. Rcezlii, Kegel. See B. Lyncheana. Xo. 61. 64. ^.PaM?J?rufln<(B. manicataX(?) ). St. short, thick : Ivs. large, olive-green tinged with red, deeply lobed : petioles large, long, striped with red : a ring of fine hairs at the junction of I)etiole and leaf : fls. abundant, pale pink, large, on long pe- duncles. R.H. 1388. p. 544.— Int. by Bruant in 1892. 65. President Camo!. Fig. 213. Plant. 2-6 ft. high, leggy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, aeute-lobed, ribs on the under side red : fls. in a large cluster ; males small, insignificant ; females large, bright red-carmine, 2 in. long, including capsule.— Striking. B. Digwelliana. 66. Sdndersoni. hybrid (origin "not known. Hort.). Fls. scarlet. 1882. Sauli. See below B. Feastii, No. 53. 67. stiff mosa, Lindl. St. a short, creeping rhizome: Ivs. large, cordate-acute, irregularly toothed, smooth above, hairy beneath, green, with piirple-brown blotches : fls. insignificant, white, in cymose panicles, ilex. 68. suhpeltoita nigricans, Hort. (B. nigricans, Hort.). Plant, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. ovate, acuminate, blood-red below, silvery and slightly hairy above, 4-8 in. long. 2-4 in. across : fls. rose-pink, profuse: capsule wings equal, pink.— Very useful for decoration. Var. Pres. de Boureuilles, Hort., has Ivs. of a much richer color, and more profusely studded with red hairs : fls. of a deeper pink. 69. Sunderbruehi, Hort. An American form of B.heracleifolia, var. longipila : Ivs. bronze-green, silver bands along the nerves, purple underneath. 70. Thurstoni, Hort. (B. metallicaXsanguinea) . St. 2 ft, high : Ivs. orbicular-acuminate, shiny, smooth, rich purple, red on the under side, veins prominent : fls. insignificant, small, rosy white, on slender petiuncles. A.F. 7: 728,— Excellent. veliUina, Hort. See B. metallica. No. 10. 214. Begonia Wettsteiiiii (X 14). No. 71. 71. Wettsteinii. Hort. Fig. 214. St. a foot high, branching from the base : Ivs. slightly loljeil, elongated, ovate-acuminate: fls. on long, slender, gracefiil i)eduncles, laige, in clusters, bright red : capsule large, retl and showy, very profuse. zebrlna, Hort. See B. angularis. No. 41. BEGONIA II. Semi-tuberocs or Socotran Section'. 72. Socotr^na, Hook. Fig. 215. St. annual, stout and succulent, forming at the base a number of clcsely set scales or suppressed Ivs. resembling bulbs : ivs. "dark green, orbicular, peltate, 4-7 in. across, center depressed, margin recurved, crenate : fls. in terminal few-fld! cvmes, bright rose. B.M. 6555. Gn. 21 : 327. Gn. 49:1069 G".C. II. 15:8. A.F. 13:587, 588. -Semi-tubers were brought from the burning hot, sandy island of Socotra by Dr. I. B. 3alfour, and given to Kew in 1880, The plant was discovered by Alexander Scott, the gar lener accompanying the expedition to Socotra sent out by the Geogr. Soc. of London. Semi-tubers should rest during siunmer and be planted in heat iu winter. The following are Socotrana derivatives : 73. Triomphede Lemoine {3. SocotranaXRcezlii). Stem her- baceous, spreading, then erect and branching into numerous flowering branches : Ivs. large, coriaceous, orbicular, somewhat oblique, margins slightly cenerous,6 in. diam.: fls. in diohoto- mous cymes from axils of Ivs., rose-carmine, female tls. ex- ceedingly rare, males very profuse, plant resembling a large bouquet when in full bloom. G.F.2:.'>57.— Int. by Lemoine in 1887. Retains its fls. after they are withered, a rare o<-currence in Begonias. Another hybrid from the same parent is Trintnpke de \anc}4, with fls. rich jrellow in the center, double, and the outer petals of a paler hue.— Int. b^ Lemoine in 1888. 74. John Heal (B. Socotrana X Visscountess Doneraile). A tuberous variety. Plant intermediate between parents, 9 in. high, branching naturally and freely : Ivs. obliquely heart- shaped, not peltate, as in B. Socotrana; light green: tls.home loosely on gr.iceful peduncles, standing well above the foliage, every stem developing male flowers, ll4 in. diam., bright, rosy carmine. Blooms from Sept. to Jan. Gn. 35:691.— No female fls. have been produced from this hj-brid, so that seedlings have been impossible. Prop, by cuttings and semi-tubers. Int by John Heal in 1885. Adonis (.John HealXtuberous variety). Plant more robttst : fls. twice as large as John Heal, 3 in. diam., all male, soft rose color, on graceful, arching peduncles.— Int. by John Heal. Winter Qem (B. SocotranaXcrimson tuberous variety). Habit like B. Socotrana, but more compact: fls. large, deep carmine.— It combines the characters of the tuber- ous and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by .John Heal. Julia (SocotranaX tuberous variety) . The plant is very similar to & double summer-flowering tuberous Begonia. It has fls. of a salmon-pink shade. 75. Gloire de Lorraine (B. SocotranaX Dregei). Lvs. small, nearly regular, pure green : fls. almost exclusively male, 4- petaled, large, borne in broad panicles, covering the whole superior part of the plant, rose-colored, not deciduous. Gt. 42, p. 111. A.F. 12:842. G.F. 5:247.-Although B. Socotrana is semi-txiberous and B. Dregei has a thickene<l rhizome, the hy- brid forms show neither, but the base of the stem throws out many shoots, which can be separated and insure the multipli- cation of the plant. Int. by Lemoine in 1892.— ExceDent. 76. Gloire de Sceaux (B. SocotranaXsubpeltata). ^ig. 216. Plant stout, half shr ')by, erect, vigorous, compact, 2 ft. high. 1-1)^ ft. across : lvs. aark metallic green, thick, large, red be- neath, veins red above, sub-orhicular, slightly oblique : tls. pro- fuse, beautiftil rose-pink, sh my, females none. Fls. from Deo. till ilay. R.H. 1884:516. G.F. 7:185.— Interesting as connecting the fibrous-rooted and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by Thibaut and Keteleer in 1885. Autumn Rose (B. SocotranaXin.^ignis). Lvs. intermediate l)etween parents, but larger than either, oblique; fls. interme<li,ate, clear, deep rose. Fls. all winter.— In- teresting as connecting the fibrous-rooted and semituSerous sections. Int. by John Heal, of Veitch & Sons, 1882. liijnu is another hyl)rid from the same parents, witli large green lvs. and red-carmine fls.; males and females present. III. Tuberous or Summer-flowerin« Section (Figs. 217,218, 219). AA. Stemle.'if, Irs. springing directly from tuber. B. Color of fls. bright red or brilliant scarlet. 77. r ivisi, Veitch. Stemless : lvs. springing directly from a rootstock, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly hairy, nnderside red, petiole short, fleshy : peduncles, pedicels, and fls. bright red. Peru. B.M. 0; >-.) F.M. 1876 : 231. G.C. II. 15 : G69. -A favorite with hyhridists. Has given rise to numerous dwarf, erect-habitetl garden forms, with small but brightly colored fls. 78. Froebeli, A. DC. Stemless: lv3. numerous, cordate, acuminate, green, covered with fleshy, purplish hairs : fls. in tall, ln\, drooping, branching cjnues, brilliant scar- let, large. Winter. Ecua«l<»r. Gn. 12, p. 370.- A beauti- ful flowering plant, useful for conservatory work in winter. B. Froebeli verntilin, Hort., hybrid ( Froebeli x Dregei), similar to type. Int. by Deieuil in 1880. BEGONIA BB. Color of fls. rose-red or white. 79. rosaefldra, Hook. Stemless : petioles, scapes, bracts, and stipules bright red: Ivs. green, 2-4 in. wide. BEGONIA 149 215. Begonia Socotrana (X %). No. 72. on stOTit. hairy petioles. 2-6 in. long, orbicular, renifonn, Concave. luurgius lohed, red, toothed : lis. 2 in, aooss, Msered. Peru. B.M. .'iGHO. — Light colored seedlings of tills species gave rise to Queen of Whites, put into com- iiitTce in 1878, and destined to be a most important factor in subsequent garden forms of the same color. lut. in lSf)7. 80. geranioides. Hook. Stemless, rootstock fleshy : ivs. radical, reniform, G in. across, lobed and toothed, i-Tecn. hairy, petioles 8 in. long: peduncles erect, 6-12 in. i"ng, reddish, hairy, bearing a lax panirl-^ of is., each l^in. across, pure white, with a button-like cluster of yellow anthers. Natal. B.M. .5583. -Planted in a border in a sunny greenhouse, this is a fine Begonia, flowering profusely during Oct. and Nov. Int. to Kew in 1866. AA. St. present. B. Color of fh. cinnabar-red, orange-red, bright red or scarlet. 81. Bolivi^nsis, A. DC. St. herbaceous, succulent, - ft. high, branching: Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate, 3-5 in. long : fls, in drooping panicles, cinnabar- '"'arlet, fuchsia-like ; males twice as Iwrge as females. Hi'liria. B.M. 5657. -The first Tuberous Begonia intro- 'luced into England. 1864. 82. Vditchii, Hook. St.very short, thick, fleshy, green : Ivs. orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised, margins cili- ated, green, princip'\l veins radiating from a bright car- mine spot near the center, under side pale green , petiole thick, terete pilose: fls. 2Min. in diam., cinnabar-red: capsule smooth, unequal wings. Peru. B.M. 5663. F.S. 22: 2.126.— One of the progenitors of the Tuberous race. Int. 1867. 83. Ch6l80m, Hort. (B. SedenixBoUviinsis). 'St. fleshy, 2 ft. high : Ivs. oblique, lanceolate, irregularly lobed : fls. large, orange-red, drooping. Gn. 4: 109.— Int. by Veitch in 1870. 84. Clirkei, Hook. St. purplish, fleshy, stout : Ivs. obliquely-cordace, serrate : fls. in pendulous racemes, abundant, large, bright re(!. Bolivia, B.M, 5675,— Resembles 5. Veitchii. It was the seed parent of Vesu- vius and Emperor, two important and useful varieties for bedding out. BB. Color of fls. rose-red or pink. 85. Evansi^na, Andr, {B. di.<tcolor, R, Br. B. grdndis. Dry.). St, herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2 ft. high : Ivs, ovate-acute, su )-cordaie, lobed, margins denticu- late, green above, underside and petioles red, p*^duncles branching, axillary : fls. numerous, flesh-colored, large. Java, China, Jap, B,M. 1473.— A handsome and ahn«.st hardy species, Int, in 1804 to Kew. Little cult. now. 86. Batimannii, Lemoine. Tubers as large as ostrich eggs : Ivs. large, orbicular, with short, thick petioles: peduncles 18 in. high, bearing panicles of 4-6 fls., which are rose-red, 4-petalled, from 3—4 in. across, and fragrant a.s roses. Bolivia. Gt. 40:1348: 42, p. 25. A.F. 7: 561. G.F. 5: 77. — It is described as plentiful in the moist val- leys of the Cordilleras, where it is i-aten by cattle Sweet-scented. Distributed by Lemoine in 1890, 87. gr&cilis, H.B.K. {B. &{co7or, Watson. B. diversi- fblia, R. Grab.). St, erect, not branched, succulent: Ivs. thinly scattered along sts., almost heart-shaped, slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate, ciliate : fls. on short, axillary peduncles, pink. Mex. B.M. 2966. — In axils of Ivs. between stipules a cluster of bulbils is borne. These may be gathered and sown as seed>. Along with its varieties, anntilata, diversifolia, Hartiiina, etc., it makes a very beautiful summer-flowering greenhouse Begonia, Int, by P. Neil, of Cannon Mills, Edinburg.i, in 1829, 88. PSarcei, Hook, St. 1 ft. high, succulent, branch- ing : Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla- brous above, tomentose beneath, pale red on undt^r sur- face : fls. in loose, axillary panicles, large, brighr yel- low. Bolivia. B.M. 5545. — It has been the chief factor in the production of the hundreds of yellow, buff and orange-colored garden forms. Int. in 1865. SrPPLEMEKTART LIST — TUBEROUS-ROOTED. (a) The following tuberous-rooted species are not known to be in the Araer. trade, but they are in cultiva- tion in greater or less purity : 89. cinnaharina. Hook. Sts. annnal, short, green, zigzag, sliKhtly downy : Ivs. on short petioles, obliQuely ovate, lob^ ^i^^-Oi:^ 216. Beffonia Qloire de Sceaux ^X H)- No. 76. 150 BEGONIA BEGONIA and serrated : peduncles 9-12 in. long, red ; fls. cinnabar-red, 2 in. across. Bolivia CM. 4483. P.M. 16: 225.— Int. by Hender- son in 1849. 90. cri/iUa, Oliver. Sts. red. hairy, 1 ft. high : 1 vs. ovate-cor- date, irregularly toothed, tinged with red on the under side : peduncles erect, red, producing :{ pale rose-colored fls. Bo- livia. B.M. 5897.— Int. by Veitch in 18G6. 91. cyclophylla , Hook. Stemless : Ivs. orbicular, 6 in. across, green, with fimbriated margin : peduncles erect. 6 in. long ; Ss. rose-colored, with the fragrance of roses. China. B.M. 6926.— Irt. to Kew in 1885. 92. geranifbUa, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, erect, greenish : Ivs. cor- date, lobed, serrated, green, margins red, whole plant smooth : fls. 2 or 3 on terminal peduncles, inter petals orbicular, red ; the two inner obovate, w'lite. Lin^a. B.M. 3387.— Int. 183j. 93. Natalensifi. Hook. Sts. fleshy, annual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. obliquely cordate. lobe<l. sinu.tte, 2-3 in. long, green, sometimes mottled with grey, veins re<ldish : fls. bluish white, 1 in. across. Natal. B.M. 4841.— Int. to Kew in 1854. 94. octopftala, L'Her. (B. grandiflora, Knowl. & West). Stemless, Ivs. long, succulent, downy, petioles IV2 ft. long, cor- date, deeply lobed and serrated, bright green : fls. greenish white, males with 8 petals, females generally fewer. Peru. B.M. 3559. F.S.20:205e-7. A.F. 4: 225 (var. Lemoinei). 2V/. Single Tuberous Begonia (X K). 95. polypetnla, A. DC. St. short, fleshy, annual: Ivs. ovate- cordate, toothed, h.iiry, with raised veins, 10 in. by 8 in. : fls. with 9 or 10 ovate-oblong petals an inch long, red : ovary hairy, with one long wing. Peru. Gn. 14, p. 531.— Int. by Froebel in 1878. 96. rubricnnlis. Hook. TjVs.4-6 in. long, ov.ite, wa\'y, ciliate along thf .v.i.»'gins, deep green : fls. large, males iVain. across, 5-petaled : tVuiales smaller. 6-peta ed, reddish. Country un- known. B.M. 4131.— lul.to BirmiuLham Bot. <iar. in 1844. 97. S^deni, Hort., hybrid (B. Boliviensis X Veitchii ?). Lvs. long, pale green : fls. solitarj', brilliant red ; females of 4 petals ; males of 5 petals. R.H. 1872: 90.— Int. by Thibaut and Keteleer in 1872. 98. Stifherlandii, Hook. St. annual, herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high, bright re<l : lvs. 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, lobed ard serrated, green, with red vf»ins and margin ; iietioles slender, red : fls. numerous, copj>ery or salmon-retl. Natal. B.M. 5689. — Int. by Backhouse in 1807. 99. f^nera, Dr>-. CR. Thwaitesii, Hook.). Lvs. radic.il, cor- dat«», ■'> in. long. copi)»'ry ureeii, mixed with purple and blotched with grey, under .-surface crimson : fls. white, tinged pink. Ceylon. B.M. 4692.— Chiefly interesting as a variegated plant. Int. to Kew in IH.VJ. (aa) The followiiitr list comprises some of the best nnd most distinct of the iiinumerable {rarden forms nnd liy- brids now existing, wbicii have ulmo.st all been pro- duced from si^: species ; vU., B. Boliviensis, B. Pc/ircei^ B. Veitchii, B. rosipflora, B. Davisii, and B. Clarkei by crossine: and rtTos.sing : (1) SINGLE -FLOWERED VARIETIES. a. Crimsons and Hcarli-Th.— Admiration, fls. vivid orange- scarlet, of dwarf. compa«'t ^abit, free flowering : Charlet Battel, rich, velvety vermilion . Dr. Masters, fls. large, with immense spikes, deep redcrimscu ; F. E. Laing. deep, vel- vety crimson, full and free; J/r» Brasseu, deep, glowing crimson ; Lothair, dark scarlet -cannine ; Scarlet Gem. very dark scarlet, dwarf, and very floriftrous ; VesHvius, bright orange-scarlet, compact and free; one of the dnest bedders. 6. RoSE-rOLORED.— iadj/ Ouinthori'e, rose color, extralarge and fine ; Marginata, large, round fls., white, with a margin of bright pink ; Paeke, soft, rosy .td, shaded light rose; Stanstead Surprise, deep rose, very large. c. Whites.— J^f?>o fimbriata, a fin.*, large, pure white flower, with fringed petals ; Bexley White, an immense flower of the purest white ; Mrs. J. Thorpe, v hite, the petals edged with reddish lake; Queen of Whites, large, erect, pure white fls. of great substance ; Moonlight pure white, very free. d. Orange and Yellows. —Duchess of Leinster, orange- buff, large, erect fls. ; Miss A. fi£ Rothschild, pureyeUow; Sover- 218. Form of double Tuberous Begonia (X ^3). eign, rich golden yellow, very free, and excellent in every way ; Tvrrey Laing, reddish orange-yellow, an unusual color, (2) DOUBLE-FLOWERED VARIETIES. a. Crimsons and Scarlet.s.— Cannell's Gem, bright scar- let; Dandy, intensely bright scarlet, extremely free-flowering: Flamingo, brilliant scarlet ; Henshaw Russell, scarlet, one of the l)est : Triomphe, rich, bright crimson ; Duke Zeppelin, dazzling scarlet lis., new. ft. Ro>R-roiiORED.—A?^ho'/^?ora, bright rosy cerise, distinct; Duke of York, <'.eep rose ; Glory of Stanstfod. soft rose, light center ; Hecla, bright, glistening pink, free bloomer ; Rosy Morn, rose-pink, large, broad, wavy petals. c. Whites.— (7oi/nf<'S8 of Craren. pure white fls., dwarf; M ins Edith Wynne, pure crcimy white; <>r<«ri>, pure white blossoms. ver>' floriferous ; P/cofff, delicate white, pink mar- gin, dwarf ; Princess May, pure white, undulated orcriinplw at the edges. d. Yeli/iws.— iarfy Balfour of Burleigh, large j-ellow fls , erect ; Miss Falconer, clear yellow : Mrs Regnart, chrome- yellow, petals prettily undulated ; Alic^ Manning, primrose- yellow blossoms. IV. Rex, or Ornamental-le.vved Section. 100. Griffithii, Hook. (B. picta, Hort.) St.-lvs. and habit a.s in B. Rex : lvs. olive-green, with a broad zone BEGONIA BELLADONNA LILY 151 of grey, tinged with re<l on the under side : fls. large, rieshy, pink : ovary curiously crinkled along the angles. Assam. B.M. 4984. — Int. by Henderson, England, in 1856. 101. laciniita, Roxb. St. perennial : Ivs. roundly ovate, lobed, pubescent, black-purple, with a broad zone of green, reddish on the under side : fls. as in B. Hex. India, S. China. B.M. 5021. — Int. to Kew in 1857. Var. Bowringi^na, Hort., has green Ivs. and rosy fls. B.M. very bright. Lucy Clo$son is very aim ilar, but more vigorons, with the blotohes mor^ numerous and better distributed. Marquis de Peralta. Lvs. small, margins hairy, numerous silvery spots on surface. Ccmi)a?t, dense grower. Duchetse de 5:b2. 102. xantWna, Hook. Similar to B. Hex, and probably only a form of that species : lvs. large, fleshy, cordate- oraite, acuminate, sinuate-ciliated, dark green above, purplish beneath : fls. yellow : capsule with one large wing. B.n. 4683. -Var. pictiidUa, Hort.. B.M. 5102. Var. L4zuli, B.M. 5107, 10.3. K6x, Putz. Fig. 220. St. a short, fleshy rhizome, from which spring the long-stalked, large, ovate, wavy lvs., which are hairy and colored a rich metallic green, with a zone of silvery grey: peduncles erect : fls. large, rose-tinted, males 2 in. across, with 4 unequal petals ; females smaller, with 5 nearly equal petals : ovary .3- angled. with 2 short and 1 long wing. Assam. F.S. 12: 12r)5-1258. B.M. 5101.— This magnificent species is the principal parent in the production of the numerous ornamental-foliaged Begonias, It has been crossed with a fe\: species in the first place, and then hybrid seedlings have been raised again and again from the progeny. Fig. 220 is a copy of a part of the original fig- ure in Flore des Serres (1857), ami is given here for the purpose of showing what this species was like when first known to horticulturists. Following are some of the derivative types of Rex Begonias : m. RexX discolor hj/brids. I.H.2R:4.>4. Mad. Jos. Moens, silver>- white, with green articulations towards the margins, and a green disc. Mad. t'has. Weber, green, spotted with white. Mad. G. Van Meerbeeke, silvery, with a narrow green edge, and a central green disc running out along the veins. A'owr. de Mad. la Barone de Bleichroder, disc and broad margin downy green, central portion silvery. Mad. Fttnck, disc and broad margin light apple-green, '. Mtermediate portion silvery. Baron A . Vriere, disc dark green, ct. r silverj', margin broad, dark green, silver- spoited. Others are Mad. Treyre, Mad. Ltdzet, Edic. B. Ken- nedy, Uetiri Vilmorin, Fres. Belle, Sir Joseph H^'\ker, Ed. Py- naert, Pres. de la Devansaye, Mad. F.Alegatiere, Abel Carriere. 105. RexXdiadema hybrid'^. R. H. 1888, p. 20. R. B. 15. p. 91. LfSdudii, very similar to B. Rex, but larger leaved. Adrien Schmidt, green on the margins, marked and spotted silver in the center. Clementince, lobes very acute, white blotohes in center. Mad. Alamagny, lvs. very large, deeply ioljed. piu"e metallie-white, with a green center. Mad. Isabelle Bellon, finely dentate, lol)ed and undulated, center olive-green, sur- roande-l by a zone of white, becoming rose on the inner mar- gin. M. Cronsse, very long, dentate, green center, band of ?i!ver around margin. Other * are Theodore Schmidt, Henri Dnm^'ck, Linee, Papillon, Mad. />. Wettstein, D. Wettstein, A. Dalliere, Mad. Georges Bruant, Wilhelm Pfitzer. 106. RexXSocotrana. A plant has lieen produced which com- bines the characters of the two parents in a pleasing manner : lvs. like B. Rex, but with shorter petioles, and crowfied on the stem ; prettily colored : ris. in ereot. sttirdy nicenies. which stand we'l above the plant ; like B. Sofotran;i in color, but paler. Plant said to be evergreen.— Interesting as a connecting link between the Rex and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by San- der & Co. m 1897, 107. Miscellaneous Rex hybrids of known origin : Rex leop- ardlim.s (Re.xXxanthina. var. Reichenheimei). Very similar to B Rex. but much larger. F.S. 13: i:a7.— Int. by Van Hontte in 1.<V.>. Grandis (RexXsplendidi). Very similar to B. Rex. F.S. i:{:l:t:!'\— Int. by RolUson. Otto Forster (RexXimperialis). Owf. habit : lvs. obliquely cordate, dark green, marbled with silviry greyish green : fls. greenish white, inconspicuous. Mtrnnda (RexXimperialis. v;ir. smaragdina). Ver>- similar to above. ])ut marbled with silver. J)o>n in i ( RexXargent»'a ) . Leo- poldi ((JriffithiXsplendida). I.H.6:20o. Prince Troubetzkoi, liouhle hybrid (OriflithiXXanthina, var. marmorataand rubro- ^enia). I H. .'irl.'jS; also, from the same cross, Madame yVag- 'i?r, I.H.,'):1G1, and Miranda. Countcfis Ijouise Frdodu (Alex- •mder, var. HimiboldtXargentea-cnpreatai. Fig. 221. Lvs. "biiquely conlate. ovate-acute, the smaller of the two lobes twisted in a spiral manner, with as many as 4 coils ; UT't>cr Mirface silvery, with veins deep green : under surface reddish, l;!!"se. l.H.:n:.=il»(. G.C. II. 22:2()...-Int. by F. Nemeczik, gar- liener to Count Erdody, a Hungariau nobleman, in 1884. 108. Other Rex varieties* of unknown or uncertain origin : lAiuise Clnsson. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, veins deep pur- ple, surface blotched with deep piurle bronze, metallic luster 219. A type of Tuberous Begonia, . double-flowered. Brabant. Lvs. large, purple, mar- gins and surface hairy, otherwise like B. Rex. Louise Chretien. Lvs. green, with a zone of glossy silver toward the center, covered with very small white spots. Bertha MacGregor. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, white, center and margin green. Cou7it Erdody. Silver-white, green-striped along the veins, hairy; lobes twisted into a spiral, hairy. Matilda. Lvs. silvery white, center and along veins gi-een, margins liairy. Alice White. Large, bright silver, center bronze, satin luster. P. B, Ken'nedt. BELEMCANDA (East Indian r name). Iriddcece. Blackberrv Lily. Leopard F'lovver. A monotypic genus, containing an interesting hardy, herbaceou.s perennial plant, which is an old garden favorite. The first of the popular names comes from the clusters of shining, black, roundish seeds, and the second from the flower, which is orange, spotted red. It is more commonly sold as a Pardanthus, which also means Leopard Flower. Perianth segments oblong, the ,*{ inner slightly shorter and spirally twisting as they fade. Prop, by seeds or by division. Of easy culture in rich, sandy loam and in a sunny i)lace. Commonly spelled Belamcanda, Chin^nsis. Leman. (Belamcnnda puncihta, Moench. Ixiu Chint^'n.sis, Linn. Pardanthus Chine'}i.'<i.'<. Ker- Gawl. A .Vin<?'H.sj.s,VanHoutte). Fig. 222. Height 2-3 ft, ; rootstock ft short, stoloniferous rhizome : lvs, about 6, in a lax tuft, equitant, striate, 1-1 32 ft. long, 1 in. broad : outer spathe valves %-l in. long; pedicels 1-2 in, long: ca{" iile 1-1^ in. hmg : valves reflexing, persistent. ("hi:m and Jap. B.M. 171. F.S. ir):l(;,T2. L.B.C. 19:18<4. — The seed-stalks are sometimes us^d with dried grasses for decoration. It is said that the birds sometimes mis- take the seeds for blackberries. BELLFLOWER. See Campanula. BELLADONNA. See Airopa. BELLADONNA LILY. See Amaryllis. 152 BELLIS BENE B£LLI8 (Latin, hellus, pretty). Compdaitcc. Eng- lish Daisy. The Daisy, as it grows wild in England, has a yellow center, siifrotinded bv numerous rays in a 220. Beeonia Rex, in its original form. No. 1U3. (S«e Begonia, p. 151.) single row, but the favorite cultivated forms are double, the rays rising in tier upon tier, and frequently crowd- ing out every trace of a yellow center. The English Daisy is essentially a pink or pinkish fl. in ito general effect, the tips of the rays sometimes and the under surfaces usually being pink or red. There are 27 s v.ies in the genu^. only one of which is American. B, inieg- rifolia is found in moist soil from Ky. and Tenn. to Ark. and Tex., but is too rare and sectional to become a general favorite. The plant that is most commonly called Dai.«5y in America is Chrysanthemum Leucan- themtim. For an illustrated account of the various plants known as Daisies in America, see Daisy. Daisies are favorite border plant--, and are much used in spring bedding, especially for e<iging. They thrive in a cool soil and moist atmosphere, and are, therefore, much better adapted to English than American gar- dens. A light mulch is desirable for winter protection. In home gardenii-^;, the plants, after flowering, are di- vided into single crowns. These are planted about 6 in. apart in good, rich garden soil. Each crown soon sends out side growths, which, in time, form new crowns. Before winter sets in the young clumps can be moved readily to arv nlace in the garden where they are wanted to ^ 'daisies ar j also forced by florists for winter bl u Daisies are desired for edging 231. B. V. Begonia (X >i,). No. 107. ^ Begonia, p. 151.) spring riower beds, plants during the pi to allow the new pJai » clumps are divided into single ous September, or early enough to get a firm hold before wint^^r, and are placed 3 in. art in a narrow trench. These edgings must be renewed each year, as the plants, if they grow well, spread too wide, or irregularly. In Urj summers many roots fail, and if they remain in the game spot year after year, the fls. will degenerate to the single condition. The simplest way of propagating and growing Eng- lish Daisies for spring bedding in this country is to sow the seed in shallow boxes about August 10. Aa soon as large enough to handle, transplant 5 inches apart into coldframes, and when the winter sets in put on the sash, giving air whenever the weather may be mild. Transplant to the flower beds as early as pos- sible in the spring, where in a very short time they will be a mass of bloom, and will continue to bloom flU the beginning of June, when they should be throxoiout, and the summer bedding plants planted. Longfellow and Snowball are the two best varieties for this purpose. Myosotis alpestris and Silene pendula may be grown the same way, using "the Daisies as edging when in the beds, and the others as center pieces. The Daisy is propagated by seeds (which are sown early), and by di- visions, the choicest varieties be- ing maintained by the latter method . The main types growd from seed are the white, rose, quilled, and white with red center, all of which are double. A dark red is less common. Of kinds prop, by seed, Longfellow is now the best rose- colored, and Snowball the best white vari- ety, the latter being especially prized by florists for cut-flow- ers, as it has long, stiff stems. Other varieties are Maxima. Snowflake, and Rob Roy, which is per- haps the best red. per^nnis, Linn. True or English Daisy. Hardy herba- ceous perennial, 3-6 in. high : Ivs. clus- tered at the root, spatnlate or obovate: fls. 1-2 in. across, solitary, on hairy scapes. Apr.-June. W. Eu.; naturalized in Calif. ; rarely runs wild in the eastern 322. Belemcanda Chinensis (X /i). states. B.M. 228. F. (See Belemcanda, p. 151.) S. 0:584, which shows 11 well cr 'ked types.— An interesting but not perma- nent fom vhich is a result of overfeeding, is the "Hen- and-Chickt..s Daisy,'" in which a number of small fl.- heads are borne on short stalks springing out of the main fl.-head. Cockscomb forms, in which several scapes unite to produce a monstrous flower, are some- times seen, but cannot be perpetuated. The rays are sometimes wholly incurved, or reflexed, or quilled. Other Ensrlish names of the Daisy are Herb Margaret, Ewe- or May-gowan. Childinsr Daisy, Bone- or Bruise- wort. Bone Flower. March Daisy, Bairn-wort. J. B. Keller. E. J. Canning, and W. M. BELLWOHT. In England, any member of toe Cam- panulctcece. In America, Uvuldria. BELVIDEBE, or Scimer Cypress. See Kochia. BENE See Sesamum. BEN I BERBERIS 153 V£Hl, JAPANESE. See Curyopteris Mastacanthus. BERINCASA (name of an Italian nobleman). Cucur- hUhcev. One species from E. Ind. Annual, running, squash-like herbs, with solitary yellow monoecious fls., the staminate long-peduncled, the pistillate nearly ses- sile ; corolla deeply lobed ; tendrils 2-3-branched. cerifera, Savi. Fig. 223. Wax Gourd. Zit-kwa. CHI^■E^*E Preservino Melon. Chinese Watermelon. Vine long, like a rauskmelon, hairy, with cordate lobed Ivs.: fr. mostly oblong, 10-16 in. ^«ng. hairy, white- 223. Benincasa cerifera. waxy, with solid white flesh and small, cucumber-like seeds. Cult, the same as muskmelon or cucumber. R.H. 1887:540. -Rp- ntly int. into the U. S. (Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta. ), and used for making preserves and sweet pickles ; said to be eaten raw in warm countries. L. H. B. BENJAMIN BUSH. Benzoin odoriferum. BEUT GEASS. See Agrostis. BENTHAMIA. Referred to Comtis. BENZOIN (of Arabic or Semitic origin, meaning a gum or perfume). Syn., Lindera. Laurdcece. Trees or shrubs, aromatic : Ivs. alternate, usually deciduous, entire or sometimes 3-lobed : fls. polygamous-dioecious, apetalous, small, in axillary, umbel-like clusters ; caljrx 6-parted ; staminate fls. with 9 stamens : fr. a berry. About GO species in trop. and E. Asia and N. Amer. Some E. Asiatic species yield an odorous oil, used in perfumery. Only a few deciduous species are cult. They are attractive on account of their handsome foli- age, which turns bright yellow in fall, and their black or scarlet fr. The hardiest species is li. odoriferum, though B. obtuxilobum and B. hypoglaucum may also be grown noith in sheltered positions. They thrive best in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, usually by seeds sown after maturity; also by layers, which root best in peaty soil : of greenwood cuttings under glass, one-half may be expected to root. The Benzoin of the druggists is a balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin. odoriferum, Nees (Lindera Bhizoin, Blume). Spice BisH. Benjamin Bush. Wild Allspice. Fevek Bush. Fig. 224. Shrub, 6-15 ft., nearly glabrous : Ivs. oblong- obovate, finely ciliate, bright green, pale beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls. yellow, before the Ivs.: berry red, oblong, spicy. N. Eng. southward and west to Kans. Em. 365. -The bark is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, astringem. B. (Pfitivale, Nees=B. odoriferum.— B. grAeile, O. Kuntze (Ditphuiilium gracile, Nees). Lvs. ovate, 3-nerved, chart? - oeous. Habitat unknown. Stove plant.— JS. hypoglaucum, Rehd. (Lindera hyiwglauca. Max.). Lvs. penninerved, glau- cous beneath : clusters few-fld.. with or before the lvs.: berries black. .Japan.— if. melissifclium,See!i,. Allied to B. odoriferum. Branches pubescent : lvs. oblong, downy beneath. S. states. B.M. 1470.— ii. vbtusilobum, O Kuntze. Lvs. 3-ner>ed, ovate or 3-l(»be<l j^ clusters many-tld. : berries black. Japan. <i.F.6:'J95. —B. prcecrrz, S & Z. Lvs. penninerved. elliptic-oblong : clus- ters few-tld., before the lvs.: berries browni.sh, ^ain. diam. Japan— B. aericeum, S. & Z. Lvs. pennintned, pubescent be- neath ; clusters many-fld., with the lvs. Japan. Alfred Rekder. BEBBEBID6FSIS (from Berberis and Greek ops is, likene.«ss), Berberiddcece. Climbing evergreen shrub : lvs. alternate, petioled, dentate : fls. on long pedicels in terminal racemes ; bracts, sepals and petals gradually passing into one another, &-15, the inner ones concave ; stamens 8-9 : fr. a berry. One specii s in Chile, Orr.".- mental low-climbing shrub, with aeep green foliage and crimson fls. in drooping racemes, for temperate regions or the cool greenhouse, growing in almost any soil. Propag. by seeds sown in spring, by greenwood cuttings in spring, or by layers in autumn. coralllna. Hook. Lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate, coarsely spinul(,.se-deutate, 2-3 in. long : fls. globose, over J^in. long, crimson, in many-fld. leafy racemes. B.M. 5343. F.S. 20:2137. Alfred Rehdek. BfiEBERIS (Arabic name). Berherid<icea> . Bar- BEKKV. Shrubs, with yellow inner bark and wood, often spiny: lvs. alternate, often fasciculate, usually glabrous, simple or pinnate, deciduous or persistent, mostly spin- ulose-dentate : fls. in racemes, rarely umbellate or soli- tary ; sepals, petals and .stamens 6 : f r. a 1-celled berry with one or se-^'eral oblong seeds. Nearly iOO species in America from Brit. Col. to Patagonia, Asia, Eu., and N. Afr. Low ornamental shrubs, of which a large Tiumber is cultivated. Most of the deciduous species are quite hardy, while the evergreen ones are to be recommended f<.r more temperate regions, except B. Aquifoliiim and B. repens, which may be cultivated even north in some- what sheltered positions. Both evergreen and deciduous kinds aro very attractive in spring, with their bright or orange-yellow fls., and in fall with their red, dark blue or nearly black fruits. Some, as B. Amtirensis and B. Tliunbergii, while amongst the handsomest in fr., assume a splendid fall coloring. They grow in almost any soil, but prefer drier situations ; the e . ergreen species thrive best in a sandy compost of peat and loam. Prop, by seeds sown soon after maturity, or stratified and sown in spring ; even B. vulgaris, var. atropurpurea, may be increased in this way, as a large percentage comes true. The evergreen species grow from cuttings in Septem- ber, placed in sand under glass. Most of the deciduous species can be grown from greenwood cuttings, taken from forced plants in spring and put under glass with slight bottom heat. Layers put down in autumn usually re- main 2 years before they can be sepa- rated. Some species may be propagated by suckers. Rarer kinds and varieties are sometimes grafted on B. vulgaris or Tliun- bergii, in August or September under glass, or in early spring in the green- house. The root and the inner bark are sometimes used fo* dyeing yellow. Some species have medicinal properties. In wheat-growing districts, plai^ting of Berberis should be avoided, as it is the ho.st of the JS'ojrfJMm -stage of Puccinia graminis, a fun- gus which causes the wheat-rust. Destroyin,? the Ber- beris, however, will not check the prop* /al ion of the fungus, as it is able to grow and to spread for yearr without forming the JFcjdiwm-st.'.ge. Monojrr. of spe- 224. Benzoin odoriferum 154 BERBERIS BERBERIS cies cult, in England in Flore des Serres, 6: 66 and 73 (1850-1). Index : Amurensis, No. 2 ; Aquifolium, 21 ; aristata. 15 ; asperma, 1 ; atropurpurea, 1 ; Bealii, 19; buxifolia, 9; Canadensis, 4; Caroliniana, A; Darwini, 12; dulcis, 1,9; eniarginata, 3 ; Fortunei, 24; Fremonti, 17; Hako- date, 2 ; heteropoda, 6 ; ilicifolia, 11, 14 ; integrifolia, 7 ; Jamesoni, 13, 16 ; Japonica, 2, 19 ; Maxiiuowiczi, 8 ; •>> \ 225. Berberis vulearis, in fruit. Nepalensis, 20 : nervosa, 22 ; Neuberti, 14 ; pinnata, 18 ; pluriflora, 8 ; repens, 23 ; Sieboldi, 2, and suppl. list : Sinensis, 5 ; stenophylla, 10 ; Thunbergi, 8 ; vul- garis, 1 ; Wallichiana. 13. A. Lvs. simple, usuaflif fascicnlnfe in the arils of spines, deciduous or persistent. B. Foliage deciduous : lvs. membranaceous or chartaceous. C. Fls. in racemes. D. Branches gray, except those of the purple-leaved form . 1. vulgiLris, Linn. Common Barberry. Fig. 225, 22P. From 4-8 ft., rarely 15: branches grooved, upright or arching : lvs. oblong-spathulate or obovate. setulose- dentate, membranaceous, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendu- lous, many-fld.; fls. bright yellow : fr. oblong, usually purple. May, June. Eu. to E. Asia ; escaped from cul- ture and naturalized inE. N. Amer. Gn. 35: 693. — Hand- some in spring, with its golden yellow tl.^ and light green foliage; and in fall, with its bright scarlet fruits, remaining through the whole winter. A very variable species ; also the six following species are included by some botanists as varieties. Of the many garden forms, the most effective is var. atropurpiirea, Rgl., with pur- ple colored lvs. Gt. 9:278, 1. There ar.^ also varieties with variegated lvs. and purplish black, whitish or yellow berries, as var. dlba, white-fruited ; var. a8i)^rma, seed- less ; var. dulcis, less acid ; var. liitea, yellow-fruited ; var. mitis, less thorny ; var. nlgrra, black-fruited ; var. viol&cea or fructu-violiceo, violet-fruited. The pines of the Barberry are, raorpholoerically, lvs., and the lvs. are borne on short branches in their axils (Fig. 226). The stamens are sensitive. Touch the filaments with a pin when the fls. first open, and the stamens fly for- ward upon the pistil. 2. Amur6nsi8, Rupr. {B. vulgaris, var. Amurensis, Rgl.). Three to8ft.: branches straight, upright, grooved: lvs. cuneate, oblong or elliptic, densely ciliate-dentate, distinctly veined beneath, 1-3 in. long: racemes upright or nodding, <>-r2-fld., about as long as lvs.: fr, oblong, scarlet. Manchuria, N. China. Gng. 5: 119. Var. Ja- pdnica, Rehd. (B. vulgaris, var. Japdnica, Rgl. B. Sie- boldi, Hort., not Miq. B. Hnkodt^.te, Hort.). Lvs. firmer and more chartaceous, prominenth veined beneath, shorter pf^tioled, dark green above. Jap. G.F. 3:249as B. Sieboldi. A. G. 18: 4.14. — Vigorous-growing shrubs, standing drought well, with brilliant orange and scarlet fall-coloring, especially the variety. 3. emargin&ta. "Willd. One to 3 ft., in culture usually higher : spines simple to 5-parted, sometimes longer than the lvs.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or obovate-oblong, setulose-dentate, J^-15^ in. long : racemes short, up- right ; petals usually emarginate. S. Eu. to Hinial.— Low spiny shrub with handsome fall-coloring. DD. Branches reddish brown or brown: lvs. usualhf sparsely dentate, sometimes entire. 4. Canadensis, Mill. {B. Caroli nit\na ."LowA.) . One T(» 3 ft.: spines small, S-parte'' ; lvs. cuneate-obloug, re- motely spinulose-dentate, rarely entire, 1-2 in. iong : racemes few-fld., nodding, about as long as the lvs.; petals retuse or emarginate : fr. short-oval or nearJv globular, coral-red. Alleghanies.— The plant sold under this name is usually B. vulgaris. 5. Sinensis, Desf. From 4-6 ft., with slender, often arching branches and small, 3-5-parted spines : lvs. cu- neate, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, coarsely setulose- dentate, sometimes entire, green or glaucescent beneath, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendulous, slender-peduncled, bright or pale yellow : berries oval or oblong, blood-red. From Caucasus to Himal. and China. B.M. G573.-A hardy, graceful species, very handsome in fruit. 6. lieter6poda, Schrenk. Three to 6 ft.: branches stout, sprtadiug, with few short spines : lvs. broadly obovate, entire or remotely serrate, pale bluish green, 1/4-2 in. long, some short and some slender-petioled: fls. in long-stalked, few-fld. racemes, orange-yellow, fra- grant : fr. oblong, dark blue with glaucous bloom. May. Turkestan, Songaria. G.F. 8: 455. — Handsome and very distinct species. 7. integerrima, Bnnge. In habit and appearance very like No. 6. and ditticult to distinguish wfthout fl. -clus- ters : stems terete and brown : lvs. broad -obovate. re- motely dentate or entire, dark bluish green above : ra- cemes dense and upright. Persia, Turkestan, Songoria. cc. Fls. usually solitary, rarely in feiv-fld. umbeln: lvs. entire. 8. Thtinbergii, DC. Figs. 227, 228. Dense, low shrub, 2-4 ft. : branches spreading, deeply grooved, brown, with simple spines : lvs. obovate or spathulate, quite en- tire, glaucescent beneath, %-\%'va.. long : fls. 1-3, pale yellow : fr. elliptic or nearlv globose, bright red. Apr., May. G.F. 2:53. B.M. 6646. 'R.H. 1894:173. A.G. 18:357. Gng. 4: li41 ; 5: 119, 3.")3, 355, Mn. 2:118. A.F. 8: 526.- One of the most valuable species, especially remarkable for its low, dense, horizontal growth, its large, brilliant red f rs., remaining fresh till the following spring, and for its bright scarlet fall-col- oring ; hardy. Vei/ val- uable for borders of walks and drives. Endures par- tial shade. Cattle and sheep do not browse it much. Var. Mazimd- wiczi, Franch. & Sav., has the lvs. ereen beneath. Var. pluriflbra, Koehne. with 3-10 fls. in short, um- bel-like raceme, is perhaps a hybrid with B. vulga- ris ; it has almost gray branches. 226. Berberis vulgaris. Natural size, showing the spines and foliage. BB. Foliage evergreen or half-evergreen. C. Lvs. entire, or rarely with feic spiny teeth. 9. buxifdlia, Poir. (B. dulcis. Sweet). One to 3 ft: branch»'s brown, grooved : spiies usually 3-parted, short : lvs. cuneate, obovate or elliptic, %-! in. lonir : fls. solitary, on long pedicels, orange yellow : fr. nearly BERBERIS BERBERIS 155 <flob«se, blackish purple. May. Cdile to Strait of Ma- gelto. B.M. 6505. S.B.F.G. II. 1: 100. P.M. 10: 171. -A very graceful, free-flowering shrub ; one of the hardiest of the evergreen species ; will stand the win- ter even north if somewhat protected. 10. Btenophylla, Mast. {li. Ddrwini x empetrifdHa). Height 1-3 ft., with slender, arching branches : Ivs. narrow-oblong, revolute at the margins, spiny pointed, }i-lH in. long, dark green above : lis. 2-0, in pedun- cled, pendulous umbels. Of garden origin. May. G.C. 111. 7:619. A.F. 6: 325. — Handsome shrub, nearly as hardy as the former. cc. Lvs. coarsely spiny dentate. D. Fls. in simple racemes or clusters. 11. iliciJdlia, Forst. Holly-leaved. Lvs. partially ever- green, persisting till late in winter, shining dark green, ovate, tapering at base, coarsely spiny-toothed: pedicels short, 4-fld., somewhat corjTubose ; . orange -yellow. Terra del Fuogo. B.M. 4308. F.S. 3 it*l. 12. D4rwini, Hook. Height 1-3 ft. : branches brown, pubescent when young : lvs. sessile, cuneate, obovate, usually 3-fld at the apex, glossy dark green above, ^-1 in, long : racemes short, many-fld., pendulous ; fls. orange-yellow, often reddish outside : style longer than the ovarv : fr. dark purple. Chile to Patagonia. B.M. 4590. F.":v 7:663. P.F.G. 2:46. 13. Wallichi^na, DC. ( B. J(\mesoni, Hort., not Lindl.). Shrub, to 10 ft., with grayish brown branches : spines 3-parted, nearly an inch long : lvs. sessile, oblong-ellip- tic or lanceolate, remotely spiny serrate, shining on both sides, 1-2 in. long : fls. long-pedicelled, nodding, 3-6 in a cluster. Himalayas. B.M. 4656. P.F.G. 1:79. 14. Neuberti, Lem. {B. ilicifdlia, Hort., not Forst. B. Aqiiifdliiim x vulgdris). Branches grayish brown, without spines, upright : lvs. simple, oval or ovate, sometimes with 1 or 2 smaller lateral Ifts., spiny or setulose-dentate, dark grayish green above, lK-3 in. long: fls. in racemes. Of garden origin. I.H. 1:111. G.C. III. 9:73, 75. — Hardy north, but lvs. not persistent. 227. Berberis Thunber£li 228. Berberis Thunbergii -^■1 ** no. Fls. in compound, pendulous racemes. 15. aristiita, DC. Bush, 2-6 ft.: lvs. oblong, semi-per- sisteut. usually spinose-dentate, 1-3 in. long : fls. in lontr-peduncled, compound racemes. Himalayas. B.R. 9:72;). 16. J^mesoni, Lindl. Shrub, much branched : lvs. oblontr, 2-3 in. long, with few large and strong spines : fls. orange, in drooping panicles or compound racemes. Ecuador. I.H. 6:201. AA. jLvs. pinnate, persistent : branches spineless. (Mahonia.) B. Petioles short or almost none. C. Racemes few-fid., slender, mostly lateral. 17. Fr^monti, Torr. From .5-12 ft. : Ifts. 3-7, rigidly coriaceous, ovate or oblong, with few strong, spiny teeth, glaucous, dull, yi-l in. long : racemes loose, 3-7-fld. ; 229. Berberis Aquifolium (X %). pedicels slender: fr. at least Kin. in diam., red, in- flated, and rather dry. W. Texas to Utah and Mex. G.F. 1: 497. — Remarkable for its pale, glaucous foliage and large berries. Not hardy north. cc. Racemes many-fld., dense. 18. pinn^ta, Lag. (Mahbnia fascictildris, DC). Two to 3 ft. : Ifts. 5-17, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, undulate at the margin and with few spiny teeth, dark green, somewhat shining : fls. in short, fascicled racemes : fr. blue. Calif., N. Mex. B.M. 2390. B.R. 9:702. -Not hardy north. 19. Japdnica, Spreng. { Jf. Jap6nica, DC. B. Bealii, Fort.). Height 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, roundish or ovate, coriaceous, usually truncate at the base, with large, re- mote, spiny teeth, 2-5 in. long : racemes 3-4 in. long, fascicled: fr- bluish black. China, Japan. B.M. 4840, 4852. P.F.G. 1:11. F.S. 6:79.- Very effective by its large foliage, thriving best, like the other Mahonias, in a partly shaded position. Hardy north to New York in sheltered positions. 20. Nepal6nsis, Spreng. (B. Japdnica, Hort.). Tall, 4-6 ft. : Ifts. 5-25, rigid, obovate-oblong, repand -toothed, with few spiny teeth on each edge. India to Japan. N. 1:182. A.G. 18:355. BB. Petioles prominent or elongated. c. Lfts. truncate or rounded at the base. 21. Aqoifdlium, Pursh (Mahonia Aquifolium, Nutt.). Fig. 229. From .3-6 ft. : lfts. 5-9, oblong or oblong-ovate, shiny dark green above. spinulose-<lent!ite : racemes erect, fascicled: berries blue, small. Mav. British Co- lumbia to Ore. B.R. 17:1425. L.B.C. 18:1718. P.M.B. 9: 5. — Handsome evergreen shrub, hardy north in shel- tered positions. 22. nervdsa, Pursh. Dwarf evergreen shrub : sts. but a few inche.^ high, tipped with lonr, husk-like, pointed bud-scales : lfts. 11-21, lance-ovate, 3-5- ribbed, remotely spiny-tooihed, borne on a strongly jointed stalk : ra- cemes elong.?ted, erect: fr.oblong, blue. Ore. B.M. 3949. L.B.C. 18;17G1. F.S. 2:127. P.M. 7:55, as ifahonia glumacen. 23. repens, Lind!. {Mahbnia repens, Don). Rarely over 1 ft. high, stoloniferous : lfts. .3-7, roundish ovate or ovate, pale or glaucous and dull above, spiuulose- dentate : fls. and fr. like the former. Brit. Columbia to Calif, and N. Mex. B.R. 14:1176. L.B.C. 19:1847. cc. Lff.t. cuneate at base, narroic-lanceolate. 24. F6rtun3i, Lindl. Dwarf : lfts. 5-9, distant, nar- rowJv lanceolate; spinv teeth numerous, small ; racemes erect, faF'.-led. China. F.S. 3:287 bis. li. nctinacdntha , Mart. One to 3 ft., evergreen : spines 5- parted : lvs. small, spiny : lis. in sessile clusters. Chile. B.R. 156 BERBERIS BERTOLONIA 31:.'>5.— R ^titirngis. Prsl. Alliwl to B. pmarginata. Low, dense shrub, with small Ivs. aud long spines. Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica.— If. anguioga. Wall. Height 4 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, small, entire or sparsely spinulose : lis. solitary or few. Him- alayji-s. B.M. 7071.— W. Agidtica, Ro.\b. Three to 10 ft.: Ivs. IKTsistent, oblong, entire or with few teeth, whitish beneath, 1-3 in. long : tls. in short, sessile ra<"emes. Himul. — B. Bel- Htaniana. Hort. = B. virescens.— /f. brachylMrya, Edgew. = B. emarginata, var.— J?. Chitria, Hamilton = B. aristata.— ^. con- eintia. Hook. Low : Ivs. small, semi-persistent, glaucous be- neath, spinulose : fls. solitary, pendulous. Himal. B. J. 4744. — H. congegtiflora, (i.iy. Five to 7 ft.: Ivs. persistent, orbicular, or broatl-oblong, spinos«>, glaucous l>eneath : t!s. in dense, glo- bose clusters. I'hile. B..M.C770.— ii. coridcea, Lindl. = B. flori- bunda.— if. cratceghia, DC. Low : Ivs, small, semi-persistent, entire or spiuulose : fls. in short, erect racemes : fr. blue. Ori- ent to Hiinal. — B. Cretica, Linn. Spines 3-parted : Ivs.det-idu- ous, small, u.sually entire: fls. 2-5, in short, sessile umbels. 8. Eu., Orient.— A dealbdta, Lindl. Lvs. persistent, nearly orbicular, with few spiny teeth : racemes short, dense, nmlding. Mex. li.R.21:17M.—Ii.didphana, Max. Lvs. deciiluous, sparsely spinulose: fls. long-pedicelled, fa.scicle<l : fr. translucid. China. — B. empetrifolid, Lam. Low: branches slender : lvs. persist- ent, linear, revolute at the margin : fls. 1-2, slender-iH'duncled. Chile to Patagonia. B.R. '2*i:'l7.—B. faaeiculdris, Sims = B. pinnata.— Jf. Fendteri, Gray. Allied to B. Cana<lensis. Spines :!-.'>-fl(l : lvs. olK)vate-lanceolate, entire or spinulose : racemes dense, i)endulous. Colo, to N. Mex. G.F.1:W2.—B. floribtinda. Wall. Lvs. deciduous, entire or sparsely spinulose-ciliate : ra- cemes long-pe«luncled. Himal. B.R. 27:46 (as B. coriaria) and 30:44 (as B. uml>ellata).— if. Ouimpeli, Koch = B. Sinensis.— B. heterophylla. Juss. Lvs. persistent, ovate-l.inceolate, entire or with 2-4 spiny teeth : fls. solitary. St-ait.-; of Magellan.— B. Iberica, Stev. & Fisch. = B. crataegina.— if. Ib^rica, Hort.= B. vulgaris, v.ar.— /?. Loxensig, Benth. Lvs. persistent, shining, Avith few spiny teetli : fls. small, on peduncled, loose racemes. Pern. F.S. 6, p. 69.— if. Lyciinn, Royle. Lvs. semi-i)ersistent, obova:e-lanceolate, entiie or spinulose: racemes sessile much longer than the lvs., drooping: fr. \iolet. Himal. B.M. 7075. — if. i>d//(</rt, Benth. Lvs. pimijite, persistent ; 1ft s. 9-13, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, spinose : racemes compound, loose. Mex. B.R. 30:16.— if. ruscifblia. Lam. Lvs. persistent, oblong, entire or with few coarse teeth at the ai>ex : fls. 4-5 on a short pedun- cle. Argentina.— if. serotina, Lange. Allied to B. Sinensis. Lvs. usually entire, bright green : racemes short, dense, i)edun- cled. Origin unknown.— if. serrdta, Koehne (B. microphylla, var. serrata, Hort.). Lvs. small, spinulose, deciduous: ra- cemes dense, much shorter than the lvs. Origin unknown. — B. Sibfrica, Pall. Lvs. deciduous, obov.-ite, remotely dentate- ciliate: fls. short -podicelle<l, solitary or 2-3. Siberia. B.R. 6:487. —B. Sieboldi, Miq. Low: branches brown, 2-edged towauls the end : lvs. oblong, densely ciliate-dentate : raceme few-fld., nodding. Japan.— if . Sieboldi, Hort., not Miq. = B. Amurensis, var.— if. teiiuifblia, Lindl. Lvs. pinnate, persistent ; Ifts. 3-7, lanceolate, entire : racemes nodding, verj' long and loose. Mex. B.R. 30:26.— if. trifolioldtn,'SloT\i.'. (B. trifoliata, Hartw.). Lvs. 3-foliolate, persistent : Ifts. sessile, pale, coarsely spinose- toothed: racemes short, few-fld. Tex. to Mex. B.R. 31:10. F.S. 1:56. P.F.G. 2:68.-if. trifiirca. Fort. Allied to B. Nepal- ensis, and probably a var. Leaflets oblong-ovate. 3-pointed at the apex and with few teeth at the base. China. P.F.(t. 3:57.—^. uinbelldta, Wall. Lvs. deciduous, sparsely serrulate : racemes long-i)eduncletl, uml)eMike. Himal. B.M. 2.>49.— B. rirescens. Hook. Lvs. deciduous, small, entire or remotely spinulose, pale green : fls. greenish yellow, fascicled, or in very short racemes. B.M. 7116. Alfred Rehder and Fred W. Card. B£BCH£MIA (derivation uncertain). Rhnmndceop. Shrubs, mostly clirabinff, rarely trees : lvs. deciduous, alternate, slender, petioled, entire or nearly so, with mi- nute stipules: fls. inconspicuous. .'S-meroiis, in terminal, u.sually leafy panicles : fr. a small berry-Kke drupe with 2-celIed stone. Twelve species in E. Asia, N. Amer., E. A fr.- Ornamental climbing shrubs, not quite hardy north, with small, bright green graceful foliage, useful for covering trellis work in sunny po.sitions. They grow in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds and by root- cuttings in spring under glass ; also by layering the young shoots and by cuttings of mature wood in fall under glass. 8c4ndens, Koch {B. volubilis. DC). Supple Jack. Ten to 17) ft.: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, often undulate, 1-2 in. long, with 9-12 pairs of lateral veins : fls. greenish white : fr, bluish black. June. S. states. racemdsa, Sieb. & Zucc. Closely allied to the former. Lvs. cordate, ovate, with 6-S pairs of veins : fls. green- ish : fr. flrst red, becomijg black at length. July. Jap., China. — Hardier than the former, not hiirh-climbing ; attractive in late summer, with its red fruits. Alfred Rehdfr. B£B0AM0T. Name applied to various aromatic plants, particularly to members of the Labidfrr, as Menthas and Monardas. The Bergamot essence of commerce is made from a citrous fruit. See Citrut. B£BRIA ( after Dr. Andrew Berry, a Madras botanist). Syn., JJirrya, DC, not Klein. TiliAi-ecf. A genus of one or two species, with no familiar allies. Ammonilla, Roxb. High tree: lvs. entire, heart-shaped, long-petioled, smooth, 5-7-nerved, alternate : fls. in racemes, small, white, very numerous: fr. a 3-celled cap- sule with G wings, the .'i-12 seeds with stiff hairs, which reatlily penetrate the skin and produce a painful itching. Growing abundantly in the Philippines and Ceylon, where it is one of the largest and most valuable timber trees. The wood, being light and strong, is used for building, for oil casKS, and for boats. It is exported as "Trincomalee wood." Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif. q. T. Hastlvgs. BERTHOLLfiTIA (after Louis Claude Berthollet, French chemist). Myrtficete. Brazil Nct. Paka Nut. Cream Nut. Nigger Toe. Large trees : Ivs. al- ternate, bright green, leathery, about 2 ft. long, in. broad : fls. cream colored ; calyx j>arts united and tear- ing into 2 parts when the flower opens ; petals 6, sta- mens many, united into a hood-shaped mass, the upper ones sterile : fr. round, about 6 in. in diam., with a hard shell containing 18-24 y-sided nuts. Fig. 230. Spe- 230. Bertholletia excelsa. Cross-section of husk, showing Brazil nuts (X J^). cies 2, both of which furnish Brazil nuts. Curiously enough, the common trade name of the Brazil nut is (^astanea, which is properly the name of the genus that includes the chestnuts. exc61sa,Humb. & Bonpl. Fig. 2.30. A tree. 100-150 ft.; with a smooth trunk 3-4 ft. in diam. : branches near the top. It forms large forests on the banks of the Amazon and Rio Negro. The natives gather the nuts in large quantities, choppingthe fruit open. They are exported in large quantities, chiefly from Para. An oil is expressed from the kernels, and the bark is used at Para for caulk- ing ships. The tree is of little value for decorative pur- poses, and, according to the Bulletin on Nut Culture of the Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agr., is too tender for growth anywhere in the United States. — Cult. at Santa Barbara, Calif. q_ "j.^ Hastings. BERTOLONIA (after A. Bertolini, Italian botanist). Mehtstomaceae. Splendid warmhouse foliage plants from Brazil, always dwarf, and sometimes creeping; the garden forms with membranaceous, 5-7-nerved leaves .")-8 in. long, and purple beneath : fls. rose-colored, 5- petaled, in scorpioid racemes or spikes. Within the restricted definition of the latest monographer of the Melastomaceie (A. Coigneaux. in DC. Mon. Phan. vol. 7), there are only five good species, but some earlier bota- nists do not separate certain allied genera which usu- ally cannot be distinguished by habit alone. The surest character is the inflated and 3-angled or 3-winged calyx of Bertolonia. In Bertolonia, flower-parts are in 5's, but BERTOLONIA BESCHORN'ERIA 157 the ovary is 3-celled. Qravesia has a 5-ce!led ovary, and Sonerila is trimerous. In Bertolonia the connective of the anthers has no appendajfe ; in Salpinga there is A spur below and behind the connective ; in Mouolena there is a spur in front, and the calyx is not hairy. Bertolonias are essentially fanciers' plants. It is lomewbat difficult to bring out their true characteristics under ordinary stove treatment, as they require a more Dumid atmosphere than can usually be maintained, even in a smull house. The additional shelter of a small frame should be provided, where the atmospheric con- ditions will be much more easily regulated. A plentiful supply of water at the roots is necessary ; syringing or rjprinkling overhead is not advisable. The most con- venient method of propagation is by cuttings, which strike readily, in a moderately close propagating case lilled with sharp, clean sand. The pots should be thor- oughly clean and drained, and the compost open and porous. Thrive in dense shade. Old plants are not so brilliant as young ones. Bertolonias and their allies furnish an excellent ex- ample of Van Houtte's triumphs in hybridization. The two species described below have probably been im- portant factors iu the plant-breeding, and Gravesia gut- tata even more so. Gravesia is a Madagascar plant, and has, perhaps, been crossed with the Brazilian Ber- tolonias. Unfortunately, the pictures in Flore des Ser- resshow no flowers, and the pedigree is not given. The Bertonerilas figured and described in I.H. 43, pp. 188 and 189, with colored plates 04 and 68, are presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. Excepting C. maculata a.ud C. marmorata, the following are hybrids. A. Veins not lined on both sides tvith a colored band. marmcr&ta, Naudin. Stem less densely hairy than the above : Ivs. more narrowly ovate, or ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely 'airy, streaked with white along the veins : calyx sparsely hairy, not glandular : petals somewhat blunter, dilute purple. R.H. 1848: 381, as Eriocncma marmorata. Naudin. F.S.7: 750, as B. macu- lata, var. marmorata, Planchon. Coigneaux recognizes two varieties, var. gennlna, with Ivs. green above, and banded with w^ite along the veins ; var. snda {JUrioc- nema lenea and B. cenka, Naudin), with Ivs. dark green with a coppery cast, but not spotted or only slightly so. MirdndsBi, Van Houtte. Spots red on the lower Ivs. and white on the upper or younger ones : Ivs. purple beneath. F.S.21:22«5 (1875). AA. Veins lined on both sides with a white or colored band. B. Bands and spots magenta or purple. mactQata, DC. Stem short, decumbent, rooting at the base, densely clothed with rusty hairs : Ivs. long- petioled, cordate, broadly ovate, obtuse, hispid above and at margins, dark velvety green above, often spot- ted: calyx densely clothed with glandular hairs: petals obovate, somewhat acute, rose-colored. B.M.4551. Houtte&na, Van Houtte {B. Van Hoidtei, Hort.). Lvs. purple beneath. This was the sensational plant of 1874, and Van Houtte refused $2,000 for his stock of it. It was originated by his propagator, Marchand. P. S. 20:2120. BB. Bands and spots silvery white. c. Spots very distinct. Hrubyina, Van Houtte. This has bars of white con- necting the veins. The under side of the lvs. seems to be green instead of purple, at least toward the tip. F.S. 23:"2:i81. Eodeckiina, Van Houtte. Distinguished from the above and all others of this group by the abundance of dark red color in the upper surface of the lvs. Veins of the under side prominent and green. F.S. 23 : 2382. CC. Spots very faint. Legrelle&na, Van Houtte (5. Legrdlle, Hort.). There are a few longitudinal bars, but they do not connect the veins. Reterred to Gravesia guttata by Coigneaux. F.S. 23: 2407. Other trade names are B. guttdta. Hook, f.=Gravesia gut- tota.~/i. margaritacea, Hort. Bull.=Salpinga margaritacea.— o. priinulcefldra, Hort.= Monolema priinulaeflorii.— if. pub^- cent, Hort., with long white hairs and a chocolate band down the cent«r. Enuador.—B. punctatUgima, Hort.— B. auperbm- *ima, Hort. (B. superba ? Hort.), with rose colored s-poU. which are larjjer and brighter near the margin. F.M..151 (1875).— Probably a var. of Gravesia guttata. Wm. Scott, Tarrytown, N. Y., and W. M. BERTONERlLA. A class of handsome foliage plants, presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. I.H. vol. 43 (18%). For culture, see Bertolonia. BESCHORNfiKIA (after H. Beschomer, German botanist). AmaryllidAcem. Succulent desert plants, al- lied to Bravoa and Doryanthes. Lvs. in a rosette, glau- cous, roughish at the margins, not so thick, firm or fleshy as in Agave (which has a strong end-spine and horny marginal prickles): rootstock short, tuberous. In Beschorneria, the perianth is usually reddish green, with scarcely any tube and with long, ohlaneeolate seg- ments ; in Doryanthes the perianth is bright red , the seg- ments long, narrowly falcate ; in Bravoa the perianth is red or white, the tube curved, subcylindral, and the segments short. J. G. Baker, Amaryllidete, 161. Culture similar to Agave. The species are very closely allied, and difficult to distinguish. The following are the only kinds well known, and they are all from Mex. They flower at long, irregular periods, as do century plants. The species succeed best when treated similarly to Agaves, with the exception of the soil, which may be made richer by the addition of crushed bone and a little vegetable mold. All of the species need green- house protection in the northern states. Useful for bedding. A. Roughish on both surfaces of lvs. tubindra, Kunth. Lvs. 12 or more, lK-2 ft. long, 1 in. broad, linear, long-acuminate, narrowest of the genus. B.M. 4642.— The oldest and best known species. AA. Boughish beneath and on the margins of lvs. B. Lvs. very glaucous. Ton61ii, Jacobi {B. Tonelid,na, J emohi) . Allied to B. tubiflora, but wit . looser habit and much broader lvs. Lvs. 15-20, 1-1?^ tt. long, 2-2>^ in. broad, short-acumi- nate, and more boldly contracted below the middle. B.M. 6091. BE. -Lvs. less glaucous. c. Base of lvs. thick, about % inch. Dek08teri4na, C. Koch. Lvs. 15-20, 2-i]4 ft. long, 2-2H in. broad, ohlaneeolate, long-acuminate, very grad- ually tapering both ways from the middle, 1-1^ in. broad above the base ; the bases thickest in the genus. B.M. 6768. CC. Base of lvs. thinner. D. Narrowed to less than 1 inch above the base. bracce^ta, Jacobi. Lvs. 20-30, lK-2 ft. long, 2 in. broad, short-acuminate ; teyture thin but firm. B.M. 6641. — In the picture the margins are rougher than in any other species, and they are also wavy or revolute at intervals. DD. y arrowed to J^ inch above the base. yuccoldes, Hook. f. Lvs. about 20, \-\% ft. long, 2 in. broad, lanceolate, short-acuminate. B.M. 5203.— The lvs. are broader than in A. tubiflora, shorter acuminate, and more boldly narrowed below the middle. In the picture cited, the lvs. seem more spreading and less revolute than in the rest of the genus. B. CalifSmica is offered by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif., without description. As Beschomerias can be certainly identified only when in flower, the following key is added : A. Inflorescence racemose. B. Fls. highly colored, purple and red— ToneZti. BB. Fls. dull-colored, reddish greQU— tubiflora. AA. Inflorescence panicled. B. Fls. 2 or 3 in a c\u%t^r— Dekosteriana. BB. Fls. more numerous in the cluster, 3-7. c. Peduncles bright r^d—yuccoides. CC. Peduncle dull reddish htovfn—bracteata. G. W. Oliveb and W. M. 158 BESLERIA BETULA BESLfiEIA (after Basil Besler, Nuremberj? apothe- cary, an'l reputed author of ♦he. «uperb Hortus Eystetten- ais, 1613). Gesner^' ece. Tropical plants, mostly sub- shrubs, with somewhat 4-ansled stems, large, membra- naceous, -^nr site, petiolate Ivs. prominently veined be- neath, an How, white or purple fls. B. Imray is herbaceoi , .v'ith serrate Ivs. and yellow axillary fls. B.M. 634' Prop, by cuttings. None are known to be offered in America. B£SS£BA (after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at Brody). Mexican Cokal Drops. An exceedingly pretty summer-flowering bulbous plant, with umbels of pendu- lous fls,, which are vermilion outside, have a white co- rona or cup within, and long, purple stamens. It is a monotypic genus allied to Androstephium. Perianth cup-shaped, the tube shorter than the oblong-lanceolate segments ; stamens 6. Culture simple. Bulbs planted out, and lifted when ripe. 61egans, Schult. f. Bulb globular, 1 in. thick, tuni- cated : Ivs. 2-3, about 10-12 in., or even 2 ft,, long: g'^^pe 1-2 ft. long, hollow, fragile ; umbels 4-10-fld. ; pedicels 1-1/^ in. long ; perianth 9-10 lin«s long, keeled on the back, variously marked with white within, but usually with vermilion margins ani center-band : fls. borne through two months of late summer and early autumn. G.F. 4:125. Gn. 25:423. B.R. 25:34. B.R. 1546, as Pharium fistulosum. F.S. 4:424. as B. tninia- ^um. — Strong bulbs sometimes throw up 6-10 scapes, with 12-20-fld. umbels. "W. jj, BfiTA( Latin name). Chenopodihcect. Perhaps a dozen or 15 species of herbs, ranging from the Canary Islands to eastern India. One polymorphous species yields the cultivated Beets. This is B. vtilgaris, Moq., the origi- nal form of which is perennial, and grows on the coasts of southern Europe, reaching as far N. as the Straits of Dover. Moquin (DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:56) divides the derivatives of this species into three groups : (1) The slender- and hard-rooted, essentially wild forms, includ- ing B. maritimaot Linnaeus ; (2) Leaf Beet{.fi. Cicla), comprising the various kinds of Chard or Spinach Beet (see Chard); (3) the common garden Beets, or Beet- root. The ornamental Beets, grown for their handsome colored Ivs., are akin to the Chards. All these races have been developed in comparatively modern times, probably from one original form, Cf . Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887:433. See Beet. l, h. B. BETEL, or BETLE. The leaf of Piper Betle, a kind of pepper used in wrapping the pellets of betel-nut and lime which are commonly chewed in the Orient. The pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, astringent. They redden the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode them. The betel-nut is the fruit of Areca Catechu, a palm. BETCNICA and BETONY. See Stachys. B£TULA (ancient Latin name) . Betuld.ftea>, a tribe of Cupulifer(e. Birch. Trees or shrubs, with the bark usu- ally separating into thin, papery plates : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, petioled, serrate : fls. monoecious, apetalous, in catkins, opening in spring with the Ivs.; staminate catkins usually long and pendulous, formed in the au- tumn and remaining naked during the winter, every scale bearing 3 fls,, each with 2 stamens divided at the apex ; pistillate catkins oblong or cylindrical, bearing in the axil of every scale 3 naked ovaries : fr. a minute nut, often erroneously called seed, with membranaceous wings, dropping at maturity with the bracts from the slender rachis. About 35 species in N. America, Europe, N. and Oent. Asia, especially in the northern regions. No tree goes farther north than the Birch ; in N. America B. papyri fera rcaehes66°N. lat., and in Europe B. alha goes to the North Cape, and is still a forest tree at 70°. The hard and tough wood is often used in the manu- •facture of furniture and of many small articles, in n?.aking charcoal, and for fuel; from the bark, boxe?*, bas- kets, and many small articles are made ; also canoes from that of the B. papyrifera : in Russia and Siberia it is used in tanning leather. The sap of some species i.i used as a beverage. The Birches are very ornamental park trees, hardy, except 2 or 3 Himalayan species, and espe- cially valuable for colder climates. Their foliage is rarely attacked by insects, and turns to a bright or orange-yellow in fall. Their graceful habit, the slender, often pendulous brunches, and the picturesque trunks make them con- spicuiuis features of the landscape. Especially reniark< able are those with white-colored bark, as B. papyrifera popnUfolia, alba, Ermani, and also B. 3faximoiriczii with yellow bark. Most Birches prefer moist, sandy and loamy soil ; but some, as B. alba and poptili folia, grow as satisfactorily in dry localities and poor soil as jn swamps and bogs, and they are especially valuable in replanting deserted grounds as nurses for other trees • both are comparatively short-lived trees. Prop, readily by seeds, gathered at maturity and sot in fall, or usu- ally kept dry during the winter, or stratified ; but B. nigra, which ripens its fniits in June, must be sown at once, and by fall the seedlings will be several inches high. The seeds should be sown in sandy soil, slightly or not at all covered, but pressed firmly into the ground and shaded. The seedlings must be transplanted when one year old. Rarer species and varieties are grafted, usually on B. lenfa, papyrifera, nigra or alba. Cleft or tongue-grafting in early spring, on potted .stock in the greenhouse, is the best method. Budding in summer is also sometimes practiced. Shrubby forms may also be increased by layers, and B. nana by greenwood cuttings under glass. Monographs by Regel : Monographische Bearbeitung der Betulaceae ( 1861) ; and in De Candolle, Prodromus, 16, 2, p. 162 (1869). Index : alba, 10 ; atropurpurea, 10 ; Bhojpattra, 2 ; Carpatica, 10 ; cordifolia, 8 ; costata, 6 ; Dalecarlica, 10; Ermani, 5 ; excelsa. 4, 10 ; fastigiata, 10, 13 ; glandu- losa, 12 ; Japonica, 10 ; laciniata, 10, 9 ; lenta, 3 ; lutea, 4 ; Maximowiczii, 1 ; minor, 8 : nana, 14; uigra, 7; occi- dentalis, 11 ; odorata, 10 ; papyract> . 8 ; papyrifera. 8; pendula, 10, 9 ; persicifolia, 14 ; pi jphylla, 8; Pon- tica, 10 ; populifolia, 9 ; pubescens, 10 ; pumila, 13 ; pyrifolia,8; mihra, 7: tortuosa, 10; urticifolia, 10 ; utilis, 2 ; verrucosa, 10. A. Veins of Ivs- more than 7 pairs, usually impressed above. Trees. B. Zrvs. large, 4-6 in, long, deeply cordate: contH cylindrical, racemose, 2-4. 1. Maziindwiczii, Regel. Tree, 80-90 ft., with smooth, orange-colored trunk and dark reddish brown branch- lets : Irs. long-petioled, broadly ovate, coarsely and doubly serrate, membranaceous, pubescent on younger trees, nearly glabrous on older ones : cones 'K-3 in. long, slender, nodding ; fr. with very broad wings. Jap, —This is probably the most beautiful of all Birches, perfectly hardy north and of rapid giowth ; its large foliage and the yellow color of the trunk render it a highly ornamental and conspicuous park tree. BB. Lvs. S-5 in. long : cones solitary, erect : wings nar- rower than the fruit. c. Shape of lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded and often cordate at the base, broadest about the middle: veins distinctly impressed above, comparatively short-petioled. 2. tltilis, Don {B. Bhojpdttra,WsiU.). Tree, 40-60 ft. : trunk with reddish brown bark : lvs. ovate, rounded at the base, acuminate, densely irregularly serrate, pubes- cent when young, 2-3 in. long, with 8-12 pairs of veins : cones peduncled, cylindrical, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with erect oblong lobes, the middle one much longer. Himal., Jap. — Not quite hardy N. 3. l^nta, Linn. Cherry, Sweet, or Black Birch. Tree, 60-70 ft. ; trunk dark reddish brown, young hark aromatic, of agreeable flavor : lvs. oblong-ovate, usu- ally cordate at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, hairy beneath when yofng, nearly glabrous at length, 2-5 in. long : cones ovoid-oblong, 1-1 % in. long ; bracts with broad lobes, the middle one slightly longer. From Nev'-fouiidland to Florida, west to Illinois and Missouri. S.S. 9:448. Em. 232.— Very handsome tree, round- headed, and with pendulous branches when older: at- tractive in spring, with :*^$ ' >*'g staminate catkins. 4. Ititea, Michx. (B. " ■-». », Pursh. not Ait.). Yel- low Birch. Fig. 231. ''r^f. sometimes 100 ft.: bark BETULA BETULA 159 silvery gray or light orange, on old trunks reddish brown ; young bark aromatic, but somewhat bitter : branehlets usually pilose : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, asuallv rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and 231 Cone of Betula lutea. Natural size. doubly serrate, usually hairy along the veins beneath : cones like the last, but thicker, and bracts larger pu- bescent outside. From Newfoundland south to N. Caro- lina and Tenn., west to Minn. S.8. 9:449. Em. 235.- One of the most valuable forest trees in the northern states, much resembling the former in habit. Var. per- siciJdlia, Dipp., has larger and longer Ivs., often ovate- lanceolate. cc. Shape of Ivs. ovate, broad and usuaUy trtmcate, soimtitnes cordate at the base: veins not im- pressed above: long -pet ioJed. 5. £rmani, Cham. Tree. 60 ft. : trunk white; branches orange-colored ; branehlets usually glandular and pu- bescent when young : Ivs. broadly triangular-ovate, acuminate, irregularly coarsely serrate, 2-4 in. long, hairy when unfolding, with 7-10 pairs of veins : cones oblong ; bracts pubescent, with linear-oblong lobes, middle one somewhat longer. N. E. Asia, Japan.— Handsome round-headed tree, with slender branches. 6. costita, Trautv. Tree, 50 ft. : bark yellowish brown : branches not or slightly glandular : Ivs. ovate, rarely oblong-ovate, irreerularly doubly serrate, with 9-12 pairs of veins, long acuminate, 2-33^ in. long, glabrous : cones elliptic : bracts glabrous, witli short, rhombic or obovate lateral lobes. Japan. Manchuria. CCC. Shape of Irs. rhombic-ovate, ciineate at the base; veins slightly impressed above: petioles rather short: cones erect, peduncled, cylindrical. 7. nigra, Linn. (7?. rubra, Michx.). Red or Rivkr BmrH. Tree, 50-90 ft. : bark reddish brown, or silvei-y gray on younger branches, separating into ijumerous thin, papery flakes : branehlets pubescent : Ivs. rhom- bic-o^-ate, acute, «h)ubly serrate, pubescent when youn>r, at lensrth only on the veins beneath, pale or glaucescemi, beneatli. 2-334 in. lung : cones 1-1 ?3 in. Ion \ cylindri- cal, ripening in May or June ; bracts pube?.cent, with erect, linear-oblong, nearly equal lv>l)ts. From Mass. south to ^la. and west to Kans. und Minn. S.S. 9: 4,')2. -A moisture-loving, graceful tree, with slender, very numerous branches, and remarkable for its torn and ragged bark. AA. Veins of Ivs. 7 or less, not impressed pairs. B. Wings usually broader than the nut. c. Trunk with white bark. Trees; rarely shrubs. 8. papyrifera, Marsh.(5. jaapj/rdcca. Ait.). Paper or Canoe Birch. Fig. 232. Tree, 60-80, exceptionally 120, ft.: branehlets glandular, hairy when young : Ivs. ovate, narrowed to cordate at the base, acuminate, coarsely and usually doubly serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath or nearly glabrous, 1 3^-434 in. long: cones peduncled, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with short and broad divergent lateral lobes. N. states from the Atlan- tic to Pacific coast. S.S. 9:451. Em. 2.38. G.F.8:223. — Ornamental tree, with very white trunk and a loose, graceful head when older. Var, cordifolia, Kegel. ( li. pyrifdlia &m\ pIatyphyUa,TIort.). Lvs. broadly ovate, usually cor late, large. Var. minor, Tuckerm. Low, bushy tree with smaller lvs. and frs. Mts. of N. Eng. and N. York. 9. populifdlia, Ait. {B. dlba, var. populi folia , Spaeh.). White Birch. Small tree, exceptionally 40 ft., with smooth white b.Mk : branehlets with numerous resinous glands : lvs. slen<ier, petioled, triangular or deltoid, long acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, glutinous when j'oung, glabrous at length and shining : cones slender, ?talked, cylindrical, about 1 in. long ; bracts pubescent, the lateral lobes divergent, about as long as the middle one. From N. Brunswick to Delaware, west to Ontario. S.S. 9:450. Em. 1:242. -A small, graceful, but short- lived tree, yet thriving in dry and poor soil. Var. lacini^ta, Hort. Lvs. incised-laciniate. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Branches distinctly pendulous. Var. purptirea, Hort. Lvs. purple when young, gr^en at length. B. populifoliaxpapyrifera is shown in G.F. 8:356. 10. dlba, Linn. European White Birch. Fig. 233. Tree, sometimes 80 ft., with white bark: lvs. slender-^, petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminatOt^ doubly serrate : cones erect or pendulous, cylindrical; bracts with horizontally spreading lateral lobes about as long as tlie middle one. From Eu. to Jap. — This very variable species may be divided into 2 subspecies : (1) p^ndula, Roth (B. rerruedsa, Ehrh.). Branches more pendulous, glabrous, usually glandular : lvs. rhombic-ovate, glutinous when young : cones all pen- dulous. The following varieties belong here : V'ar. atpc ^BO*»^ 232. Staminate catkin (natural size) and flowers iCiilarged) of Betula papyrifera. atropurpilrea. Hort. Lvs. dark purple. Var. Dalecdr- lica, Li'in. (/?./rtcini()^f. Hort.). Fig. 234. Lvs. more or less deeply lobed with incised-serrate lobes. Var. fastigi&ta. Hort. <>f straierht. upright, columnar gro- th. Var. Jap^nica, Miq. (B. dlba, var. Tauschi, 160 BETULA BIARUM Kegel.)' Lvs. broad -ovate, usually truncate at the base. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Branches slender, dis- tinctly pendulous ; cult, in several different forms, as var. p6ndula lacini&ta, Hort., with laciniate Ivs.: a very graceful form ( Fig. 234) ; var. p^ndula Slogans ; var. p^ndula Yotingi, and others. (2) pub^scens, Ehrh. (B. odo r<)/a, Bechst.). Less pendulous or upright, sometimes shrubby ; branchlets usually pubescent, not glandular : h-'s. ovate, pubes- cent beneath, at least when young : cones pendu- lous or erect. The first grows more in dry situations, while the latter is found growing in moist places, often in swamps. To this subspecies belong the follow- ing varieties : Var. exc^lsa, Kegel. iB. excilsa. Ait.). Tree: Ivs. ovate, short petioled, pubescent beneath. Var. pub^scens, Kegel. Branches and Ivs. pubescent, at least when young ; Ivs. ovate, actite. Var. urtic'id- lia, Spach. Lvs, small, deep g^-een, irregula?lf in- cised-serrate, unequal at the base. Var. Carp&tica, Kegel, F6ntica, Dipp., and tortndsa, Kegel, are small trees, without any horticultural value. cc. Trunk with dark bronze-colored bark. 11. occident&lis, Hook. Small tree, occasionally 40 ft.; branchlets slender, glandular : lvs. broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse, sharply seriate, short- petioled, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at the v^ins be- neath, 1-2 in. long: cones 1-1J4 in. long ; bracts with erect, oval lobes, the middle one usually longer. North- west Amer., east to Dakota and Nebraska. S.S. 9: 453. BB. Wings smaller th<' ,» the nut: shrubs 1-15 ft.: lvs. small, short-peiioled : cones erect. C. Branchlets glandular, not pubescent. 12. glanduldsa, Michx. Only 1-4 ft. : lvs. she oeti- oled, rounded or cuneate at the base, orbicu r or broadly obovate, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, J^-l/'a in. long : cones peduncled, %-%m. long : lobes of bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. B.B. 1:510. CC. Branchlets pubescent or nearly glabrous, not glandular. 13. ptunila, Linn. Usually 2-8 ft., rarely 15 : branch- lets tomentose or abescent, at least when young : Ivs. orbicular or oval, ^cute or obtuse, coarsely dentate^ pale and glabrous or pubescent beneath, 14-2 in. long: cones peduncled, 3^-1 in. long ; lateral lobes of the pubescent bracts spreading, shorter than the middle one. New- foundland to Minn., south to Ohio. B.B. 1:511. Var. fastigi^ta, Hort. (B. humilis fastigiata, Hort.). Of distinct, upright growth. B. piimila x lenta is shown in O.F. 8:245. 14. n&na, Linn. Low, spreading, rarely 4 ft.: lvs. o'bicular or cuneate-obovate, crenate, rounded at apex', glabrous, }>i-%\n. long : cones nearly sessile, }i-]4\u, long ; the upper bracts usually entire, the lower ones 233. Leaves of Betula alba. Natural size. J34. Cut-leaved Weeping Birch— Betula alba. 3-lobed. Arctic N.E. Amer., N.Eu., Siberia. B.B. 1:511. —A low, graceful shrub for rockeries and rocky slopes. B. alnoldes, Hamilt. (B. cylindrostachya. Wall.). Tree, 50-60 ft.: bsrk brown : lvs. ovate-oblong, doubly cuspidately serrate: cones racemose. Himal. Tender.— /?.aJpe«tn'«, Fries = B. inter- media.— .B. carpinifdlia. Ehrh.=-= B. lenta.— -B. corylifdlia, Regel. Allied to B. nigra. Lvs. broad elliptic or obovate, coarsely den- tate : cones cylindrical. Japan. H. cylindrostachya, ^r]1.= B. alnoides.— 5. Dahurica. Pall. Tree, to 60 ft.: bark brown: lvs. ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath. 1-2 in. long : cones oblong. Dahur.. Manchuria.-^. /rt/f»>o«a, Pall. Shrub, to 15 ft.: lvs. ovate, glabrous at length and usually glandular be- neath, 1-2 in. long. Siber., Manchuria. — B. Omelini, Bunge= B. fruticosa.— .B. grdndig. Schrad.=B. papyrifera.— J?, grbgta, Sieb. & Zucc. Allie<l to B. lenta. Lvs. ovate, unequally serrate, }4~2 in. long : lol)es of bracts rounded. Jap.— .B. htnnilit, S<-hrank. Two to 6 ft.: branchlets glandular : lvs. Va-l/^in. 'cng, crenately serrate, glabrous M. and N. Eu., N. .Asia.— B. hiibrida, Bechst. Natural hybrid of B. pendnlaXpubescens. Tree.— .B. in^erw^dta, Thomas (B. albaXnana). Shrub: lvs. orbicular or ovate, %-\ in. long, glabrotis. N. En.— ^. Med- wedjeici, Regel. Tree, allied to B. Ermani : lvs. elliptic, 8-11- nerved : cones cylindrical. Trans-Caucasia. Gt. 36. p. 384.— B. Raddedna, Trautv. Allied to B. fruticosa. Tree : lvs. small, ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath : cones oblong. Cauca- sus. Gt. 36. p. 384.— /i. nlmifblia, Sieb.& Zucc. Tree: lvs. ovate, doubly serrate, with 10-14 pairs of veins : bracts of cone with linear oblong lobes. Jap.— B. Yoitngipendula, Hort.= B. .-dba, var. pendula Youngi. ALFRED Rehder. BIABUM (old and obscure name). Aro\deai. Dwarf, tuberous perennials of the same tribe with our native jack-in- the-pulpit. They are hardy in England, but probably are suitable only for pot-eul- ure in the northern U. S. They have a spathe which is tubular at the bu.^e, mostly wiih a long limb, and usually a long tail- like spadix. They grow a few inches high. Odd. Little known in America. tennifdlium, Schott {Arum tenuifdlixm, Linn.). Lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatu- late, appearing after the fls. decay: spathe long-acuminate, at len;?+h recurved and twisted spirally, aboMt 10 in. long, out- side green, streaked purple ; inside dull purple, spotted : margins wavy : spadix 15 in. long. Spain. B.M. 2282. Fyri,mi,Eng.{IscharumPyrdmi, Schott). Lvs. oblong above the middle, narrowing abruptly to a very long petiole, re .embliiig BIARUM BIGXOXIA 161 Calla pnhistris : spathe green outside, shining, velvety jurple within, shorter nnd broader than in B. tnhiflortim , it length revolute ; tube swelling, connate only at the rerv base : spadix thicker and shorter. Syria. B.M. B6vei, Blume. Lvs. similar to B. Pyrami: spathe- tube connate a fourth of its lenptL ; blade of spathe lonfjer and more narrowly lanceolate, greeu outside, dark purple within. Syria, Asia Minor. itDE^S (hatm, tivice-toothed, reterring to the seed). Compos iter. Bur Marigold. Mostly American hardy annual and perennial herbs, allied to Dahlia and Core- TOsis, and distingui**lif <1 ^'Y the barbed awns of the seed, rhich. in B. frondnsa, our common Stick-Tight, or lU'vil's Bootjack, are very trouldesorae by clinging to tie clothiuiT. B. grandifldra, Balb., from S. Amer., is a ytiiow-fld. haniy annual, growing 2 ft, high, bearing gliLrous pinnatisect lvs.; occasionally cult. For B. atr 'Bangui ne a, Hort., see Cosmos diversifclius. BlilNNIAL, A i)lant living two years; particularly one wh'ch does not bear flowers and fruit until tlie second year fio.n the seed. Plants vary greatly in their dura- tion, dep nding upon the climate in which they grow and the ;. 'atment which they receive. Comparatively few plants a~o true biennials. The common mullein and bull thistle (Om'cns lanceolnfu.s) are examples. Most cultivated bien-iials become annuals if grown in a warm or long-season climate, as turnips, celery, cabbage, onion. If the plPLts are crowded, or not allowed to attain their full developm ?nt, they tend to run to seed and com- plete their growth the first year. Gardeners are familiar with this fact in celery, carrots and beets. Plants which are practically annuals under such conditions, but which have the power of carrying themselves over winter by means of bulbs, corms, tubers, and other food-storage parts, have been called p.<i<'t;d-an»iiuls. DeCandoUe esti- mates that true or natural biennials comprise 1 or 2 per cent of the total number of species of seed-bearing plants- L. H. B. BIFBENABIA (Latin for twice and strap, referring to tlie corrective of the pollinii ). Orchiddcecp, tribe Vdndeif. Very like Maxillaria, ami distinguished by technical characters of the poll! ila. About 25 trop. Amer. species, of which the two lollowing are best known to the horticulturist. These species do well at the cool end of the Cattleya house, and, in general, should be treated like Maxillaria and L\ caste. atirantlaca, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate or ovoid, mono- phyllous ; leaf -blades about 6 in. long, oval or nearly so : fls. about 1 in. across, yellow, dotted with deeper yellow. British Guiaaa. B.M. 3597. vitellina, Lindl. Fls. deeper yellow than in the above, with a brown spot on the labelium. Brazil. Oakks Ames. BIGELCVIA (after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of Florula Postoniensis, Medical Botany of U. S.,etc.). Compositir. The only species in cult, is the original one, which resembles a goldenrod. Prop, by cuttings and by seed. Culture simple. grav^olens, Gray (Bigehhcia draninculo\defi, DC). Low shrub, 1-0 ft. high, densely white-tonientose, much branched, very leafy, malodorous only in drying : lvs. linear, 1-2 in. long : fl. -heads, yellow, 5-8 lines high, very numerous, crowded, in terminal corymbose cvmes, rayless. Alkaline soils Dak. to B. C. and S.to S. Calif, and Ariz. Var. albicaillis is more permanentlv and densely woolly, dwarfer, and recommended bv D. M. Andrews. Boulder, Colo., for low hedges and edgings. BIGELOW. JACOB. Botanist, phvsician, educator, and founder of Mt. Auburn Cemetery, the prototype of all garden and landscape cemeteries,' was born at Sud- bury, Mass., February 27, 1787, and died at Boston, Jan- uary 10, 1879. He was graduated from Harvard in 1806, and began the practice of medicine in 1810. His Florula Bo^toniensis, 18U (2d ed. 1824), was the first American local flora of importance, and served for many vears as the only popular manual of New England bo'tanv. He was Professor of Materia Medica in Harvard from 1815 11 to 18.55. and for twenty years Physician to the Massachu- setts General Hospital. His American Medical Botany, 1817-20, was the first work of its kind. Each of the three volumes contained descriptions of 20 species, with a colored plate of e"'h produced by the aqua-tinting pro- cess, a method invented by Dr. Bigelow just before lithography. His essay on " Self-limited Diseases," an attack on heroic remo'lies and a plea for the recuperative processes of nature, marked an epoch in medical reform. Dr. O. W. Holmes said that it probably had more influ- er 'e on medical practice in America than any work ever published in this country. He also did much to introduce science into colleges that were too exclusively classical. The genus Bigelovia, named after him by DeCandolle, was founded on a western plant resembling goldenrod. He was the one man without whom Mt. Auburn C eme- tery would never have existed. This cemetery has been one of the most important factors in the development of landscape gardening in America, and without the reve- nues derived from it the Massachusetts Horticultural Society could never have played so important a part in American horticulture. Dr. Bigelow was one of the most versatile, useful and interesting men of his day. The popular use of the word "technoloffy " dates from his "Elements of Technolotry." 1827. For a fuller account, see the sketch bv L. H. Bailev, in Botanical Gazette, 8:217 (188.'i), and Scientific Papers of A. Gray, 2: 413. See, also, Dr. Bigelow's book on the history of Mt. Au- l>"'"n. ^v. M. BIGNONIA (The Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV, ). Bujnonidceiv. Climbing American shrubs, mostly tropical, of more than 100 species. Fls. mostly large and showy, long-tubular, with a contracted base, 5-lobed or -toothed, 2-lipped limb; perfect stamens 4 : seeds winged, in a linear, compressed capsule. Bignonias are strong and rapid-growing evergreen greenhouse climbers, requiring considerable space for their best development, such as the roof of a large con- servatory, or the back wall of a lean-to greenhouse. If convenient, they should be planted out under the plant stage ot the greenhouse, or otherwise in boxes placed on the stage. A box 5 ft. x 1 % ft. and 1 ft. deep will be found a convenient size fo'* them. As with most greenhouse climbing plants, the roots like considerable freedom; but with Bignonias the roots must be somewhat re- stricted (though not to the limitations of a flower-pot), otherwise an immense growth and few flowers will be the result. They are not very fastidious as to soil. A good, fibrous loam, to which one-third well decomposed cow or sheep manure has been added, suits them admi- rably. A winter temperature of 45° to .50°. with a gradual rise as the days lengthen, should be given them, admit- ting air freely whenever the weather is favorable. They like plenty of moisture at the roots — especially during the spring and summer (the growing season) — but per- fect drainage should be ensured, as the soil at no lime must become saturated or sour. Except when in flower, a good syringing on all fine days will be very beneficial. They should a' so be sprayed once or twice a week with a moderately strong solution of kei ^sone emulsion, or kerosene and water, to keep them free from mealy bug, as they are very subject to this pest. The vines should be trained so as to allow a free circulation of air amonc the branches for the purpose of ripening the wood, as upon this depends the assurance of flowers. All super- fluous branches and weak shoots should be removed, and before the growing season begins all the branches should be shortened from 1 to ;{ feet, according to their strength ; this will throw the energy of the plant into the lateral buds, which will produce the flowering branches, providing the wood has been properly ripened the previous season. Propagation is effected by cuttings taken in late spring and inserted in sand under a bell glass, or in a propagating box, in a warm temperature. Choose, if possible, stout, short -jointed lateral gr )wths for the pur- pose. They must be carefully watered until rooted, which usually takes from 6 to 10 weeks. Cult, by Edward J. Canning. A. Li's, s triple, opposite. magrniliica, Bull. Fri>e-growing and flonferons, need- ing warm treatment: les. ovate-olliptic, stalked, eatire: 162 BIGXOXIA BILLBEEGIA fls. panicled. large (SJsin. across), ranginff from mauve to purple-red, the throat primrose, limb wide-spreading. Colombia. G.C. II. 12:73. regalis, Hort. Lrs. elliptic-lanceolate : fls. large, yel- low and red. Guiana. — Of recent introduction. Requires wanu Treatment. argyreo-violascens, Hort. Lvs. ovate, cordate at base, short-stalked, purple when young, but becoming beau- tifully veined and blotched with white : fls. purple. S. Amer.? I. H. 13:469. AA. Lvs. pinnately compound, the 2 lower Uts. us2tany foliaceous and the others represented by tendrils. B. Fls. normally from the arils of the lrs. C. Pedicels 1-fld. capreol^ta, Linn. Trcmpet-flower. Cross-vine. Quarter-vine. Climbing lo great heights (often 50 ft. or more), glabrous, evergreen : Ifts. stalked, oblong- a'!uminate, cordate, entire : fls. in many 2-5-fld, short- peduncled cymes, j-ellow-red and lighter within, tubu- lar (2 in. long), with a stout limb Native from Md. S. and W.. and often a pest in orchards, climbing on the trees. B.M. 864. Gng. 1:370, 371. — Handsome vine for outdoor use. Good for covering walls. Sometimes grown in conservatories. A cross-section of the stem presents a cross-form appearance, whence one of the common names. Var. atrosangruinea, Hook. f. (B. atrosangntnea, Hort.). Lvs. longer and narrower: fls. dark purple, the lobes short ?>nd triangular-ovate. B.M. 6501. F.R. 2 :27. — Handsome. Tweedilma, Lindl. Leaflets lanceolate and pointed, cordate, 3 in. or less long : fls. trumpet-shaped, 2 in. long, orange-yellow, the limb of rounded, spreading lobes and from 2-4 in. across. Argentina. B.R. 26:45. Gn. 40:812.— Will stand a little frost if grown in the open in the South. cc. Pedicels S-fld. Lindleyi, DC, Glabrous: Ifts. oblong or ovate-oblong, cordate, acute, somewhat wavy-margined : fls. pale purple, with spots and stripes, the tube oblong-cylin- drical (2 in. long), the limb short and the lobes obo- vate-rouaded and undulate. Argentina.— Blooms when young. specidsa, R. Grab. Glabrous: leaflets 3 in. long, ellip- tical and more or less acuminate, shining, the midrib 235. Btgnonia venusta (X /^). prominent : fls. 3 in. long, with compressed tube, which is furrowed or plaited below and yellowish with lilac streaks, the limb 2-3 in. across, purple .nd streaked, the lobes spreading reflexed, ob'i use and wavy. Argentina. B.M. 3888.— Needs warm or intermediate temp. : blooms in spring and early summer. When grown in the open in the S., will stand a little frost. BB. Pl.f. in clusters terminating the hranchlets. c. Branches prominently 4-anijled. buccinatdria, Mairet. {B. Cherere, Lindl. B. Kerhe Hort.). TuU: leaflets 2-3 in. long, elliptic or ovate-ob- long, obtuse or only cuspidate, pelluci«l-dotte(l, the petioles (as the racemes) tomentose : fl. lontr-tuhuiar (4 in. long), blood-red, but yellow at base, the limb rather narrow, with retuse lobes. Mex. Gn. 26:471. B.M. 7516. R.H. 1898: 580. — Needs coolhou.se treatment! Strong grower. One of the finest species. c. Branches terete or very nearly so. aequinocti^lis, Linn. Glabrous : Leaf.ets orate to oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acum'nate, shining altore: fls. in both terminal and axillary panicles ; corolla gla- brous, trumpet-shaped, 2>2 in. long, purple, with dark rose stripes (but said in garden books to be yellow); fls. sometimes only in 2's. W. Ind. and S. Amer.-Per- haps not the plant known under this name in the trade. Chimberlaynii, Sims. Glabrous : leaflets ovate-acu- minate, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, more or less tapering at base : fls. tubular, contracted below, 3-4 in. long, the limb comparatively short and spread- ing, bright yellow ; cluster many-fld. Braz. B.M. 2148. — Perhaps a form of the last. This species and B. {fquioctialis are referred to the genus Anemoptfgma bv some. veniista, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 235. Sts. striate or some- what angular, the young ones pubescent : leaflets usu- ally 3, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, more or less tapering at base : fls. in corymbose, mostly drooping raceme.s ; corolla slender and iong-tubular, contracted in the lower half (2-3 in. long), with 2-lipped limb and oblonpr. obtuse, reflexing lobes, crimson-orange. Braz. B.M. 2050. A.F. 11: 1023. — Requires a rather warm house. Profuse bloomer; early winter. One of the best rafter plants, purpurea, Lodd. Glabrous, tall-climbing : leaflets often 3, usually 2, lance-obovate, abruptly acuminate, short-stalked, toothed or entire : fls. mauve or rose-pur- ple, with a white eye, the flaring tube 1 in. long, the wide-spreading lobes rouaded. S. Amer. B.M. 5800. G.C. III. 24: 399. — Requires warm treatment. B. adenophylla, Wall.=Heterophragma.— B. alba, Hort = Pitheoo<-teniiin —B. grandiflbra, ThTinb.=Teooma.— ^. rarfi- cans, Liiin.=Tecoma.— ^. suaveolens, Roxbg.=Stereosi)ermum. —B. Thtinbergii, H.ort:=Tecoma. j^^ jj g BILIl^I. See Averrhoa, BILLARDlfiBA (after J. J. Labillardi^re. French botanist and traveler. ) Piitospordcece. Tender Austra- lian climbers, with terminal, solitary, pendulous, tubu- lar, stalked fls., prenerally yellow, and edible fr. B. Ion- giflora and B. srandens are cult, abroad as greenhouse climbers. B. cymosa, cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara. Calif,, is Sollya heterophylla. BILLBfiEGIA (for the Swedish botanist, J. G, BiU- berg), Bromeliacete. About 40 tropical American ever- green epiphytal herbs, now much cult, by amateurs aud in fancy collections. A few kinds are well known to florists. A closely allied genus is .^^chmea, which see for botanical differences. The fls. are in a spike or spi- cate panicle, which rises from the cent'^r of the rosette of long, spiny edged, and usually stiflF, pineapple-like lvs. : fls. showy, with 3-parted calyx and 3 long petals. c isertsd stamens, thread-like style, and berry-like fr. The colored bracts of the fl. -clusters are usually very showy. Cf . Charles Mez, the latest monographer. in DC. Phaner. Monogr. 9. Species confused ; but the artificial arrangement given below may aid the gardener. Billbergias can b3 cultivated best in greenhouses, planted in nans, pots, wooden cribs, or wire baskets, with loose, light material about their roots, such as pieces of charcoal, roots of very fibrous plants, or fern roots and sphagnum moss, and such material. They require little water at the roots in winter, and nothing but light sprinkling over the foliage is required to keep thera alivt during tnat time. But in summer, when the heat is great nnd they are making their growth, they BILLBERGIA BIRTHWORT 163 can withstand an abundance of moisture, at the roots as well as at the top, most of the time hohling: water in the funnel-like center or body of the plant. They ^f ner- ally hrin^ their conspicuous, showy tlowers in the spring, when moisture overhead or sprinkling should be with- held iu order to prolong the beauty of the flowers. They require at night a temperature of from 50°-75°, but, of course, can stand atiy amount of heat in summer. Bill- bei-gias, like all other Bromeliads, make very good house plants, and they will thrive exceedingly well in a living- room temperature. They love plenty of light and sun. All tirst-class private garden establishments should have at least a few of this class of plants. They are propairated best from s\i 'kers or sprouts, which arise from the base of the old plant, generally after it has blvomed and performed its functiOiiS. The old plant then gradually deteriorates, sending out from two to five young plants from its base. These can be taken off as soon as they are hardy and substantial enough, and can be mounted or potted into the same kind of material. Then, suspended in the greenhouse, conservatory, or window for an exhibition, they thrive best. Besides their beautiful and attractive flowers, they have very handsome foliage, which is of a tough and leathery texture. Billbergias, ^Echmeas, and the like, are na- tives of the tropics, and, therefore, require a warm tem- perature. iEchmeas are usually larger than Billbergias and Tillandsias. Cult. by H. A. Siebrecht. A. FIs. greenish or yellotcish, often tipped tcith blue. B. Petals curling spirally tfter fl. expands. [Helicddea.) lebrina, Lindl. (Bromelia zebrlna, Herb. uEchmea zebrhui, Hort. ). St. very short, or nore : Ivs. sheath- ing, deep green, with blotches and zones of gray -white, strongly spine-margined : fl. -cluster loose, long and drooping : fls. green or yellow-green, the stamens be- coming long-exserted : bracts salmon or rose, long-lan- ceolate. S. Amer. L.B.C. 20: 1912. B.M. 2686. decdra, Poepp. & Endl. {Helicddea Baraqiiinidna, Lem.). Differs from the last in having longer petals, denser spike and longer bracts : Ivs. 8-10, from 1-2 ft. long, mealy, white-blotched and banded. Brazil. I.H. 11:421. B.:M. 6937. BB. Petals not spirally twisting. specibsa, Thunb. (B. amxna, Lindl. B. pdllida, Ker- Gawl). Lvs. strap-shaped, connivent, and forming a tube at the base, 1-2 ft. long, somewhat spine-margined, green above and lepidote and somewhat striped on the back : fl. -cluster large and loose, erect or drooping ; bracts rose : fls. pale green or whitish, tipped with blue. Brazil. B.R. IOCS. -An old and well known species. nutans, Wendl. Stemless, stoloniferous : lvs. linear and loug-pointed, 1-2 ft., distantly small toothed, finely striate on the back : fls. 4-8, in a loose, drooping spike ; petals green, blue-edged; bracts lanceolate, red. Brazil. B.M. 6423. Gn. 32; p. 107. AA. Fls. markedly red or purple. B. Essentially red. thyrsoidca, Mart. Lvs. 1-2 ft., broad-ligulate, spine- margined, concave on upper surface, green above and paler beneath, abruptly acuminate : fl. -cluster shorter than lvs., farinaceous, densely red-bracted : fls. numer- ous, bright red, petals reflexing. Brazil. B.M. 4756.— Showy. Runs into several varieties, some of them with purple-lipped fls. (as vars. spUndida and fastudsa, Andre, R.H. 1883:. 300). B. spUndens, Hort., is evi- dently one of the forms. Species too near the next. pyramldilis, Lindl. (Bromelia pyramid(ilis, Sims. B. Croijuhid, De Jonghe) . A foot high : diifers from the last in having more gratiually acuminate lvs., which are more strongly and distantly toothed and whitish, or even banded on the back : fl. -cluster less farinaceous, broader and looser, the fls. less numerous Peru. B.M. 1732. BB. Essentially purple. Mor6Iii, Brongn.(5. Morelidna, Hort. B. Wetherellii, Hook.). Lvs. short (1-1 Va ft.), with few weak spines, w-ide, glabrous and green : fl. -cluster exsertvd and drooping, with showy, pointed red bracts, the rachis woollv : fls. with red sepals and purple-limbed petals. Brazil. B.M. 4835.-Very showy. vexillaria, Andr^. Fig. 236. Hybrid of B. fJiyrso- idea and B. Morelii. Fls. purple : lower bracts long- pointed and red : spike-erect, exceeding the lvs. R.H. 1889:468. vittita, Brongn. {B. Leopoldi, Hort., not Morr. ). Vigorous, 2-3 ft.: lvs. lonff and large, concave above, recurved at the summit, obtuse or abruptly pointed, red - spined, cross- banded on the back: fl.- cluster loose and nodding, shorter than the lvs., red-bracted: fls. deep blue, with recurving limbs. Brazil. Gn. 32: 608. R.H. 1869, p. 87. Liboniiina, De Jonghe. Small, 1-134 ft., producing run- ners: lvs. long-linear o r strap - shaped, spiny, very sharp- pointed, concave and green above and whitish-mealy below : fl.- cluster erect or nearly so, rather slen- der, the bracts not prominent : fls. with red sepals and erect blue petals. Brazil. B.M. 5090. F.S. 10: 1048. Quesneli&na, Brongn. ( Quesnilia Cayenn^nsis, Baker). Lvs. numerous, aris- ing from a trunk or stem, rigid and spreading or recurved, concave above, very sharp- spined, more or less white-marked on the back, long- acuminate : fl. -cluster a dense, erect spike, with red and white-blotched obtuse bracts : fls. deep purple. Guiana. F.S. 10:1028. In the American trade the following names have been used: B. clnvata longifblia, once offered by Pitcher & Manda, is proba- bly ..Eehmea bromeliaefolis.— ^. ^a«cid<a = ,^EIchmeafasciata.— B. mdxima= ] — B. orndta=i—B. rhodocydnea = Mchme$k fasciata.— B. striata^ ? Any of the following may be expected to appear in the Amer. trade at any time : B. Andegavensis, Hort.. is B. thyrsoideaX Morelii; lis. red and blue.— B. Bakeri, Morr. (B. pallescens. Baker). Fls. greenish, tipped purple. B.M. 6342.— B. £re«Hfe- dna, Andr6. B. pallesoens X vittata, has reddish, purple- limbed «s. R.H. 1885:300.— i?. Bruanti, Hort. B. Bakeri X decora; fls. greenish, bracts red. —£.£^Hderi,Regel. Small : fls. very deep blue ; bracts coral-red. Brazil.— B. iridifblia, Lindl. Fls. red and yellow, blue-tipped. Brazil. B.R. 1068.-2?. Lietzei, Morr. Fls. and bracts rose. Brazil.— i?. Portedna, Brongn. Fls. green, the petals rolling spirally. Brazil. B.M. 6670.— J?. Sanderidna, Morr. FIs. green. tipi)ed blue. Brazil.—^. Satin- dersi, Bull. Fls. greenish, tipped blue : lvs. striking, green above, reddish beneath, white-blotched and red-spined. Brazil. Qt.39:im. L.H.B. BUSTED. See Liquidambar. BINDWEED. Name applied to various twining.weedy plants, particularly to various kinds of Convolvulus. BIOTA. See Thuya. BIBCH. See Betula. BIBD-OF-PABADISE FLOWEB. See Strelitzia. BIBD'S-NEST FEBN. See Thamnoptcris. BIBD'S-TONGUE FLOWEB. See Strelitzia. BIBTHWOBT. See Aristolochia ; &lso Trillium. 236. Billbergia vexillaria. 164 BISMARCKIA BLACKBERRY BISMARCKIA (in honor of Prince Bismarck). Pal- mareir , irihe liordssi'tP. A pemis nearly related to La- tania and Borassns, di.stiu^uisbed by fruit characters. Forms a tree 200 ft, high, with a gigantic crown of pal- mate Ivs. with white streaked petioles and blades 10 ft. in diam. : fr. borne in large, drooping clusters, dark brown, plum-like, l^iin. in diam., with a thin outer shell and a fibrous inner one enclosing a rounded, wrinkled seed 1 in. in diam.. reticulated like a walnut and ruminated, as in the nutmeg. Cult, as for Latunia. ndbilis, Hildeb. & Wendl. Young plants : petiole con- vex on the back, channelled above, finely serrate on the ridges above, thinly clothed with tufts of fibrous scales, half as long as the bla«le ; blade blue-green, rigid, 3 ft. in diam. : segments 20, 2 in. wide, 1 ft. long, apex blunt, obtuse, with a long curved filament from the base of each sinus." .Madagascar. G.F. 6:246. F.R. 2:257. Gt. 1221. Jared G. Smith. BITTER-SWEET. See Celastrtis and Solanum. BlXA (South American name). BiTiicetr. A genus of two species of tropical trees with large, entire Ivs. and showy lis. in terminal panicles. B. Ortllnna is cult, in the E. and W. Indies for the Annatto dye which is prepared from the orange-red pulp that covers the seeds. It is the coloring matter chiefly used in butter and cheese. It is also used in dyeing silks, and preparing chocolate. Orell^na, Linn. Height 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate : fls. pink- ish. B.M. 14.")6. — It is rarely grown in northern green- hou! fcs as an ornamental. Cuttings taken from a flower- ing ilant will produce flowering plants of a convenient size Plants from seed usually flower less freely, and mu t attain a greater size before flowering. I LiACKBERRY. A name applied to various species of ubus, of which the receptacle remains with the dr elets when fruit is picked. As a commercial fruit, it known only in America. Although a well-known 237. Agawam Blackberry. wild fruit from the earlie«t times, the Blackberry has only recently made its appearance among tht- more orderly and promising garden fruits. The type species is Jiithnx Hiyrobaccus, although it has long been known under the name liiihun i-illosiis (see Bubus). It is a most variable species, and the number of forms whicli may be recognized depends onlj* upon the judtniient of the botanist who is reviewing them. There an- ^everai distinct types or groups in cultivation. ( 1 ) Th.' Lonjj. Cluster Blackberries, Buhns HigrolmcciiK. The plants grow tall and upright, the leaflets are long-stalked, rather finely serrate and taper pointed. The flower duster in long, leafless and open, wita the individual flowers stand- ing almost at right angles to the central stem. The fruit is normally oblong or thimble-shaped, sweet, rather dull in color, with drupelets small and closely packed. The Taylor is one of the best representatives of this class. (2) The White Bhickberry, B. nigro^accus, var. alhiniis. Similar to the above, but with nearly round, yell(,wish green eanes and pinkish cream- or amber-colored fruit. Many varieties of this type have been introduced, but none have attained pro.ninence. (3) The Short-Cluster Blackberries, B. nhjrobavcns, var. sativus. This iis the commonest form of cultivated Blackberry, an«l includes such varieties as the Snyder, Lawton and Agawara (Fig. 237). In this type the clusters are shorter, but leafless, the pedicels more oblique, the fruits shorter and rounder, glossy black, the dnipelets large and irregularly set. The leaflets are broader, coarsely and unevenly serrate, or jagged and less tapering at the point. (4) The Leafy- Cluster Blackberries, B. atgnfns. This is a lower and more bushy form, with narrow, coarsely toothed, lisiht- colored leaflets and short -luster, having simjde leaves intermingled with the flowers. Its best common repre- sentative is the Early Harvest. (3) The Loose-Cluster Blackberries. B. ni(jrobaccnsxviIIo.'<us. This is a group of hy)>rid origin, being intermediate between the Black- berry and dewberry (s.e Dtwbtrnj). The plants have a low, sprejuling habit of growth, broad jagged and notched leaves, short dewberry-like clusters, with large, roundish fruits, made ixp of very large, loosely set drupe- lets. The Early Wilson and Wilson Junior are its best known representatives (Fig. 238). (6) The Sand Black- berry, B. cuneifoUt.s (Fig.'239). A sturdy little shnib, armed with vicious recurved thorns, with thickish, wedge-shaped leaflets, whitened woolly beneath. The clusters are few-flowered, opening from the center out- ward, the fruit roundish, loose-g.'ained, very black and good. Known in cultivation only as the Topsy. or Tree Blackberry. (7) There is still another type of Black- berry, known as the Thornless cr Mountain Blackberry (B. Canadensis), but it is not in cultivation. This is characterized by smooth, unarmed canes, narrow, sharp- pointed leaflets, the upper ones borne on long, slender leaf-stalks, an open flower-cluster, a short, roundish, glossy black fruit, with large drupelets. It ripens later than the common Blackberry, and is not so good in quality. For further account of the Blackberry tribes, see Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fraits. The first Blackberry introduced into cultivation was the Dorchester, which was exhibited before the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society in 1841. This was fol- lowed by the La\vton a few years later, vrhicb became much more prominent. The Kittatinny soon divided hon- ors with this, and both now largely have given place to the Snyder, which is undoubtedly the most widely grown variety of the present day. This, like many com- mercial fruits, is a variety of poor quality, but extremely hardy and productive. The rapid strides made by the Blackberry in cultivation prove that a place was ready and waiting for it in the pomologicai world, a place which it has proved itself eminently fitted to fill, owing both to its desirable qualities in general and to its ability to rapidly vary and develop new types. At the present time it is one of the most important, most generally liked and most profitable bush-fruits grown. The Blackberr>' thrives on almriit all soils, but to reach perfection drmands a strong loam, retentive of moisture and tending toward clay rather than sand. Soil must be well drained at all times. If too rich in humus ami nitrogen, a tendency toward a rank growth of plant. with diminished fruitfulness, appears, while a lipbt. sandy soil will fail to carry the fruit through periods of BLACKBERRY BLACKBERRY 165 dronjr^t. which is usually the great. >stacle to suc- cess with this fruit. For this reason a cool northern exposure is always <lesirable, and in* the region of the Plain?', a good windbreak on the south and west is very Leneflfial. Fertilizers contuining a liiieral proportion of potash are most suitable. Too much stable manure, or nitrogen in other forms, will induce a rank gr )Wth of canes at the exi)ense of fruit. Plants are propagated either by root-cuttings, or by means «( the suckers which naturally spring up about the parent plants. The latter are most commonly used in coiumer al work. Root -cuttings may be made in the fall and carried over winter in sand, or started under glass toward spring, or the cuttings can be made in gprinc and sowed in furrows, like peas. Planting is best done in spring, as a nile. If set in the fall, each plant should be covered with a mulch of earth or strawy manure, which should be removed in spring. The rows pruning is the method of thinning the Blackberry, and judgment nmst always enter into the question of thin- ning fruit. In the region of the Plains, where moisture is likely to be deficient, both in soil and atmosphere, it is frequently found better not to cut back the growing shoots in summer, but to let them develop one straight cane, which is cut back to 2^4 or '.i feet in spring. This will generally develop all the fruit which the plant can carry to maturity under such conditions. A few grow- ers in other parts of the country train to wires, and in that case the shoots are also allowed to grow at will, but are left much longer in spring and tied to the wires for support. Close-pruned, stocky bushes may be covered with straw as a protection against late spring frosts. The best of cultivation is always demanded. In a crop in which so much depends upon an abundant supply of moisture in the soil, none should be allowed to go to waste. Hence, the cultivation should be frequent and 238. Wild hybrid of Blackberry and Dewberry. should be about 8 feet apart, and the plants may be set from 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. At the latter distance, cultivation may be given in both directions for the first year or two. With high culture, good results may b" obtained by planting in hills, 7 or 8 feet apart each wa. Pruning the Blackberry is not difficult, yet upon its proper performance depends much of the success of the crop. The old canes should be removed yearly, prefer- alily in summer, as soon as they have borne their crop of fruit They then no longer interfere with the symmet- rical uevelopment of the young canes, and if gathered and burned at once, much is gained in keeping the field clt-ar of certain fungi and insects. The young canes should be clipped off when they reach a height of 18 inches or 2 feet, in order to induce early branching and a stocky 'jush with well developed laterals, capable of producing' and holding up a heavy crop of fruit. It is very imp >rtant that the shoots be not allowed to get hielier thim 2 feet before this clippin;* is done. They will then elongate and make the bush high enough. If neglected, and later cut back to 2 feet, the buds will be '"'eak.the growth poor, the bush low, and the crop small. The later; Is are usually cut back to about 18 inches in length the following spring, but varieties differ in th^ir habit of b-aring fruit-buds, and it is not safe to cut by measure. It should be remembered that this spring constant, but always shallow, for deep cultivation dis- turbs the roots and induces increased suckering. In small garden patches mulching may be substituted. Growers in the middle West huve found mulching with green clover in the row, and cultivating between, very beneficial. In many parts of the country winter protection is abso- lutely essential to success, and often adds greatly to the yield in other regions, where not considered a neces- sity.* This protection is by no means always called for by' reason of extreme cold. The winters of Nebraska and Kansas are nearly always milder than those of cen- tral New York ; yet during one of the mildest of these, when the mercury reached zero but once, and was then only five degrees below, Taylor Blackberries were killed to the ground, while the succeeding winter, which was decidedly colder, they came through unharmed. It may be as much a matter of moisture as of temperature. The needed protection is best given by loosening the earth on both sides of the plant, carefully turning it down and covering the tips with soil, laying the next plant upon the roots of this, and so on. In mild climates, covering the tips is sufficient ; in especially unfavorable ones the whole plant must be covered. The cost of this need not exceed $5 to $8 an acre. The fruit of the Blackberry should be Ibft upon the 166 BLACKBERRY BLECHNUM plants as long as possible before picking, for it is not ripe when it first turns blacit. It should never be exposed to the sun after it is removed from the bushes. The Blackberry generally outyieldi all the other mem- bers of this family, and is usually one of the most proflt- 239. Sand Blackberry. able to grow when properly manftged, provided the cli- mate and other general conditions are favorable. There are several formidable enemies of the Black- berry, but they are generally easily mastered by the alert and energ»'tic grower. Cutting out the bearing canes as soon as they are through fruiting will circum- vent the borer wliich sometimes works in the canes, and will aid in preventing the spread of anthracnose and leaf rusts. The orange rust must be fought by digging up and burning infected bushes as soon as detected, for there is no cure. But this trouble is seldom serious. Fred W. Card. BLAC:SB£BBT LILY. See Belemcanda. BLACKWOOD. t\ee Acacia. BLADDER NUT. See SfaphyJea. BLADDEBWOBT See Utricularia. BLANDFORDIA (after George, Marquis of Bland- ford ) . Lilicicece. Tender bulbous plants from Australia and Tasmania, placed by J. G. Baker (Jour. Linn. Soc. 11:364) between Kniphofla and Funkia, but very dif- ferent in general ap,)earance from Funkia. Roots tu- berous fibers : Ivs. in 1 wo vertical ranks, narrowly linear, hard, per-^istent : fls. large, Wi-'i in. long, showy, nod- ding, in short raceme.-, usually orange-red to crimson, with yellow tips. Being tenderer thar the poker plant, and of more difficult culture, Blaiidfordias are rarely grown in America. B, ffamwulo . var. princeps, is the best kind. In New South Wales hey grow in peat bogs and on sLady mountain sides. During the growing season they must be shaded from 1, right sunr'iine, and during the resting season they may be placed ir i light pit, wher© they are not crowded or sha<led by taller plants. They like a moist atmosphere and plenty of air, but not draughts. The chief element of the potting soil should be peat ; if the peat is heavy, use sand freely ; if light use some loam, ami i)ack tirmjy ; if spongy, aild some charcoal. Pot after tlowerinir. in early sprintr, beine careful not to overpot, and plan to leave roots undis- turbed for two years at least. A top-dressing each year and liquid manure during ffrowiner season, is necessary to produce a ffood flowering. Prop, by see<ls sown in sandy peat with mild bottom heat, or usually by careful and not too frequent divisions of the root, made in early spring, after Howerinpr, at the time of repotting, and preferably when strong offsets are formed. A. Margin of Ivs. not roughish. Ctinrdnghami, Lindl. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, 3-4 lines wide, broader than in B. flammea : fis. 10-15, or even 20. Blue Mts. of Australia. B.M. .')7;U. Gn. 24:411.- This has lately been held to be synonymous with B. grandi flora, but it is horticulturally distinct, and the pedicels are shorter. AA. Margin of lvs. roughish. B. Fls. golden yellow, without any red. atirea, Hook. f. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, 13^-2 lines wide: fls. 3-0, the only ones in the genus not touciud with red ; perianth wide-swelling, sometimes nearly as wide as long, more bell-shaped than any other species. N. S. Wales. B.M. 5809. BB. Fis. red-tubed and yelloic-tipped. C. Perianth long, 3-4 times as long as icide. ndbilis, Smith. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, %-% lines wide, dark green, sharply 3-angled : fls. 4-9, smallest of the genus, and narrowest. Near Port Jackson. B.M. 2003. B.R. 286. fldmmea, Lindl. Lvs. 12-18 in. long. 2-2K lines wide: fls. 4-12, typically constricted near the base of the tube and much lower down than in B. Cunninghami. E. Aus- tralia. B.M. 4819. P.M. 16:354. F.S. 6:585. F.S. 18: 1829, as B. Cunninghami. Var. princeps, Baker (B. princeps, W. G. Smith), has larger and brighter colored fls., and is the best of the genus. The perianth is longer and less spreadinfr than in the type, and swells very gradually from the base, instead of being constricted near the base. B.M. 6209. F.M. 1875:170. F.S. 22:2314. Gn. 47:101.3. cc. Tube short, scarcely twice as long as wide. grrandilldra, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4^2 lines wide: fls. 10-30. Distinguished from all others by hav- ing the filaments inserted above instead of at the middle, but in var. intermedia, Baker, which connects B. (p-andi- flora and nobilis, the filaments are inserted at the mid- dle of the tube, the lvs. are narrower, and the fls. smaller. Tasmania. B.R, 924. — The name grandiflora is now a misnomer, as the fls. are smaller than in any other spe- cies except B. nobilis. The rar.-st species. \\r. M. BLANKET FLOWEB. See Gaill.rdia. BLAZING STAB. See Liatris. BL£CHNUM( Greek name for some fern). Polypodia- ce(e. Rather coarse greenhouse Ferns, with pinnatitid or pinnate lvs., and rows of almost continuous sori par- allel to the midvein and close to it, covered with a membranous indusium. Blechnums will thrive in al- most any compost, but their lvs. quickly turn brown and then black if watered overhead. Prop, by spores. In Blechnum we have a singular knot in nomenclatiire. Linna>us described two species in 17.o3, and to the West In<lian one he gave the name B. orientah, citing figures, etc., to show that it is the plant that recent writers call B. occidentale. His Fast Indian plant he simi- larly called B. occidentale. The normal or ordinary usake has been followed below, the name B. orientale beinK given to the eastern plant. Blechnums are very useful to florists for jardinieres, and for specimen Ferns. To attain best results, it is necessary to maintain an abundance of moisture at the BLECHNOI roots, with a d ner atmosphere than most other Ferns re - quire, to preve it fronds from turning brown during win- ter months. A verajfe temp. GfMiri" F. Soil, equal parts of rich loam ai d leaf -moid or peat. The spores of most Blechnums >j«'rminate very freely if sown on a compost of loam and leaf -mold or peat in equal parts, and placed in a moderately moist and shady position in a temp, of 00- 65° F. Some of the species send out creep- ing rhizomes, which develop young plants at the ends. When of sufficient size these may be detached and potted, and in a short time they will develop into good specimens. Some very attractive spe- cies are found among the hardy British Blechnums. Cult, by N. N. Bbuckker. A. PinntB strongly decurrent at the base, joining with the one next below. Brasili^nse, Desv. Grow- inj? from a stout, slightly ar- borescent trunk 1 ft. or more long : Ivs. 2-3 ft. hmg. 1 ft. or more wide, with the pinn» set at an acute angle with the rachis, the lower much shorter and more distant. Braz. S. 2:4. nitidum, Presl. Habit of B. lirasiliense, but much smaller: Ivs. pinnate; pinnae oblong-falcate, thickish, 2— t in. long, serrate. Braz.— Plant 1-2 ft. high. Corcovad6n8e, R a d d i . Pinnae not cut to the rachis, much crowded and shorter than the last; longest pinnae less than 6 in. long, attenu- ate at the tips ; Ivs. crimson when young, and gradually turning to a metallic hue before becoming perma- nently green. By some con- sidered a variety of B. Bra - nliense. Braz. Var. crisptim, Hort., with wavy edges. may be commoner in cult, than the type. AA. PinncB contracted at the base to the midrib, forming a very short stalk. Cficidentiile, Linn. Lvs. from an erect caudex, which is covered with brownish scales : lvs. 9-18 in. long, 4-6 in. wide, with the piDn» truncate or even cordate at the base and slightly falcate. Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz. See Fig. 240. serrulitum, Rich. Growing from an ascending nearly naked rootstock : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 6-1.1 in. wide, with numerous narrow pinnap, which are contracted at the base and of nei./ly uniform width throughout ; margins finely serrulate; texture coriaceous. Fla. to Braz. li. orientdle, Linn., is a large Ei-^t Indian and Polynesian Feiu, with lvs. often 3 ft. long ; well worthy of cultivation. L. M. Underwood. BLEEDING HEABT. See Dicentra. BLfiPHARIS (Greek, eyelash; referring to fringed bracts). Acant1u\cece. An unimportant genus of dwarf, often spiny shrubs and herbs, allied to Acanthus, and of similar culture. carduifdlia, T. Anders. {Acanthus carduifdlius, Linn. Acnnthbditan carduifdlius, Hee^). Plant villous: lvs. lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, spiny : spike terminal, cylindrical : bracts roundish, palmately 5-spined at the apex. BLfiTIA ( Louis Blet, Spanish > otanist ) . Orchiddceoe, tribe EpidCndrece. Terrestrial or epiphytal herbs, widely distributed : lvs. plicate, membranaceous, sheathing the St., erecf. This genus lends itself readily to cultivation, BLOO.MEHIA 167 1-f 240. Blechnum occidentale. but is not showy enough to be popular. They need a long season of rest. The commonly cult, kinds are ter- restrial, and thrive in ordinary orchid loam. hyacinthlna, R. Br. Lvs. about 1 ft. long: fls. looking down, in various shailes of purple, on a scape about 1 ft. high. China. B.M. 1492, as Cymbidium hyaeinthinum. — Stands some frost. ▼ereciinda, R. Br. The first exotic Orchid introduced (17:11). Ha<'fmes showy and branching, 2-3 ft. : fls. pur- plish. W. Ind. ; also in Middle and E. Fla. 8h6pherdii, Hook. Very like the last, and perhaps a form of it : fls. deep* purple ; center of labellum yellow. B.M.:{;U9. Sherratiina, Bateman. Lf.-bla<les pointed at both ends: fls. large, more showy than in the above, brilliant lilac or ro.se color; labellum purple, with 3 golden yellow lines. New Grenada. B.M. 5646. p&tola, Hook. Fls. deep pink-lilac, numerous and large (2 in. across). B. M. .'{318. — Requires culture given Cattleyas. campanuliita. La Llave & Lex. Fls. bell-like, purple, with white center. Mex. — Not common in ctilt. li. apfiylla, Nutt., is a native species growing as far N. as N. Carolina.— B. Tdnkervillece, R. Br., is a Phaius. Oakes Ames. BLIOHT. An indefinite term, popularly used to desig- nate any sudden and inexplicable death of plants. The term is now restricted by botanists to parasitic diseases. These diseases are of two classes,— those due to bacteria or microbes, and those due to para.'-itic fungi. For an account of these troubles, see Diseases. ^BLITE. ^ee Chenopodium . BLOODBOOT. See Sanguinaria. BLOOM£BIA (named for Dr. H. G. Bloomer). Lili- d^eie. A genus of two species, natives of southern California. In every way they are closely allied to Brodiaea, but differ in having the perianth parted nearly to the base. Bloomeria.* have a flattish conn, much like Crocus, covered with fiber, and not often pro- ducing off .V.' . The lvs. are radical, sle^'^'^r, and grass- like ; scape slender but stiff, 6 to 18 in. high, naked, ex- cept for short bracts be- neath the many-rayed um- bel ; pedicel': slender, jointed; fls. nearly rotate, less than an inch across, orange. Bloomerias prefer a sandy, warm and well- drained soil. In northern California, with a minimum temperature of 15° above zero, they are perfectly hardy. In a colder climate, a covering of straw or leaves or a position in the cold- frame would be a judicious precaution. Plant early, and see that the soil is light and sweet. They like the .-'lu, and are good for forcing. The light soil and warmth of a pot more nearly approxi- mates natural conditions than the open ground does in cool- er climates. After ripening, it is best to dig and replant in fall. The seeds grow readily, and the plants flower in 3 to 4 years, atirea, Kcilogg. Fig. 241. Scape roughish, 6-18 in.: If. >4->^in. broad: fls. numerous, bright orange, In a M 241. Bloomeria aurea (X ^). '•''ft -'Sli 168 BLOOMERIA BOM AREA dense umbel: stamens nearly as loii^ as the perianth, the filaments dilate<l at the base. B.M. 58% (as yothos- corilntn annum). (i.C. MI.20:G«7. Cleveland!, Wats. More slender: lv9.3-7: fls, smaller, keeled with brown, the stamens shorter. G.C III. 20:(»87. -Less valuable than the other. ^^^^ p^,^^^ BLUEBELL. See Campanula. « BLUEBEBBT. Species of Vaceinium. BLUE FLAG. See /W«. » BLUETS, ^ee ffoHsfonia. 3LUMENBACHIA (after Dr. J. F. Blumenbach, pro- fessor at <tottingen). Loaxhcrce. Agronusof S. American plants allied to Loasa and Mentzelia (Mexican prickly poppy), not cult, in Amer. because of their coverini? of stin^in^ hairs. The fls. are odd and pretty. The gar- den forms are mostly treated as tender annuals. R. Chuinitensis, Hook, f. Lvs. 8-10 in. long : tls. l>^-2 in. long, brick re<l, tipped yellow without, and yellow within ; petals 5-10. lK)at-8haped. Pern. Equador. B.yi.Gl^.—B.grandi- flora, ii. Don (B. contorts. Hook. f. B.M. 6134). Lvs. 4-6 in. long : fls. l>^-2 in. long, wholly red : scales Hin. long, cnp- Khaped, green ; stamens in 5 bundles, with long lilaments. Peru.— /f. ingignis, Sclir.-id. Stem climbing, 4-sided: i>etal3 white, ungiiioulate. B..M. 286.5. BOCCONIA (after Dr. Paslo Bocconi. Sicilian botanist and author). Papaverdcetv. Plume Poppv. A genus of 5 species, of which It. i-nnlata is the only one worthy of cultivation. The large, handsome, glaucous lvs. remind one, by their texture and lobing, of bloodroot and Sty- lophorum, which belong to allied genera. The fls. are very unlike our common poppies, being small and with- out petals, bui they are borne in great feathery or plumy masses, in terminal panicles raised high above the heavy foliage, making the plant unique in its picturesque general appearance. Hence, it :s much used for isolated lawn specimens, or for very bold and strik- ing effects, being especially adapted to be viewed at long distances. It is also placed in shrubberies, wild gardens, and at the back of wiile borders, as it spreads i> 2ii. Bocconia cordata. rapidly by suckers, any one of which, if detached, will make a strong plant in a single season. The Plume Poppy seems to be much hardier in America than in the Old World. It was popular early in the century, but was neglected, probably because it spread so rapidly. Lately it ha.-, become popular again. It deserves to be ]• irom.iently naturalized in the American landscape. *'o puxluce the largest specimens, it is well to [)lant in %'ery rich soil, give the old clumps litjuid manure in sprintr, and cut off the suckers. Prop, chiefly by suckers. cordata, Wiild. (li.JapAuica.Hort.). Fig. 242. Hardy herbaceous perennial: height 5-8 ft. : lvs. large, glau- cous, heart-shap«'d, much-lobed. deeply veine(l : fls. pinkish ; stamens alniut :u). China, Japan. B.M. 1905' Gn. 54, p. 279. Gng. 5::U2. J. B. Kelleb and W, M. BOEHMISBIA (G. R. Boehmer, a German botanist). UrticAcem. Many widely distributed species. B. n'u-ea Gaud., of trop. Asia, is cult, in some countries as a tiher plant, and has been intHnluced into this country fur that purpose. It is a strong-growing, large-lvd. perennial, well suited to the border as an ornamental subject. H.nrt/f'nffa, Lind., a stove plant, is useful for subtropi- cal bedding ; but it is not in the Amer. trade. BOLANDBA (H. N. Bolander, Califomian botanist). iSaxiffai/aettv. Two species of small west American herbs, with purplish tls. in lax corymbs ; petals 5. in- serted on the throat of the 5-lobed caljTc ; stamens 5 alternate with petals. Delicate herbs, suitable for rock- work. Oreg&na, Wats. A foot or two high, pubescent and glandular : lvs. laciniately toothed and lobed : tls. deep purple ; tube of the calyx equaling the teeth and a little shorter than the petals : pedicels retlexed in front. O'-egon. — Int. by Gillett in 1881. The first-described species. B. Cnlif&rnica, Gray, seems not to have been offered in the tratie. It is a smaller species, less pubescent, with smaller fls.. the lower lvs. round-reniform and 5-lobed : plant 3-12 in. high, the stems weak and slender. BOLDOA FBAGBANS, cult, in S. Calif. Set Peiimus. BOLETUS. Consult Mnshrooms. BOLLEA. See Zygopetalum. BOLTONIA (James Bolton, English botanist). Com- pdsitce. False Chamomile. Four or 5 species of aster- like glabrous, often glaucous herbs of the United States and eastern Asia. They are tall and leafy plants, bloom- ing profusely in late summer and autumn, and excellent for the hardy border. Differs from aster in having a convex receptacle, short pappus bristles and awns, and other technical characters. Boltonias are of easiest cul- ture. They take care of themselves when once estab- lished. Prop, by division. Should be better known to gardeners. They stand without staking. asteroldes, L'Her. {B.gla.^tifdUn,L'B.eT.). Sts.2-»ft., simple below and branching at the top : lvs. broadly lanceolate or the upper narrower : heads short -peduncled. numerous, the rays varying from white to violet and purple; involucre bracts lanceolate and acute, greenish; scales of the pappus numerous and conspicuous, the two awns sometimes missing. Pa. to 111. and S. B.M. 2381,25.->4. Mn. 1:33. -Perennial. latisqu&ma, Gray. A handsomer plant, wilii larger and more showy heads with blue-velvet rays : invo- lucre bracts oblong or obovate and obtuse (often bear- ing a minute point); pappus scales small, the awns present and conspicuous. Kans. and Mo. G.F. 5:271. Perennial. B. Cantoniensis, Franch. & Sav., is native to Japan, where the young plants are used for greens. See ( ieorge- 8on. A.G. 13, p. 8, fig. 4. It is annual. Has not yet ap- peared in the Amer. trade. Gray restricts Boltonia to the U. S., and regards this species as of another genus. L. H. B. BOMAREA (derivation doubtful). AmarylUdiicetr. Tender South American plants allied to Alstra^nieria, and with similar fls. but a twining iiabit. Lvs. parallel- veined, usually borne on sh* i:, rwisted petioles: fls. in pendulous umbels, variously colored and spotted, borne in early spring and summer : perianth funnel-shaped : tube none. See Baker, AmaryllidesB. Bomareas delight in a rich, flbrous soil, and require plenty of water during the growing season, which com- Plate III. A mixed Border. A fHivless pianti'tion of her)>s uifiiinst a boundary hetlge. BOMAREA BORDER 169 mences early in sprinpr. Late in fall the stems are cut down to the ground and the roots are kept in the soil in a dry state. While they often make satisfactory pot plants', they do best when planted out in an open, sunny petition in a cool conservatory, where they have plenty 243. Bomarea Salsilla (X >3 of air in summer. Prop, by fresh seeds, I. which germinate readily if sown in shallow pans in a warm propagating-house. Also, and more rapidly, by careful division of the rhizome, to which some of the roots should be attached. Cult, by N. J. Rose. A. Perianth segments equal. B. Umbel simple : fls. medium-sized. oligintha, Baker. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, oblong, acute, las. thin, densely pubescent beneath : fls. 6-8 in an umbel: bracts large, leaf-like; segments l-l^in. long, outer dull red, inner bright yellow with reddish brown spots. Peruvian Andes. BB. L'mbel compound. c. Fls. small. Salsilla, Herb. {B. oculiifa, ]>i. Roem. Alstrcemeria ocnidt't, Lodd.). Fig. 24:}. i.vs. 2-4 in. long. 3^ in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanc?olatc, moderately firm, glabrous beneath : umbel 4-15-rayed ; rays 1-3 in. long, 1-3-fld.; bracts small: fls. pink or red, marked with bhie and dark purple within. Chili. L.B.C. 19:1851 B.M. 3344. cc. Fls. large. Carderi, Mast. Lvs. 4-fi in. long, 1)^-3 in. broad, ob- long, acute : umbel 1 ft, long, G-9-rayed ; rays 1-4-fld. : bracts large, leafy ; perianth-segments 2 in. long, outei pale pink, spotted brown near the top, inner greenish white, much spotted. P.M. 1876: 239. G.C II. 5: 793. Shuttleworthii, Mast. Lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong, acute, glabrous : umbel 1 ft. long. 5-10-rayed ; rays usually 3- fld. : perianth segments 2 in. long, outer reddish, inner greenish yellow. Colombian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 77 and 8'). The curious egg-shaped tubers terminate un- branched roots, which spring from a rhizome about 1 in. wide. Having no eyes or buds, they cannot be used for propagating. AA. Perianth segments not equal, the inner longer than the outer. B. Cmhel simple. Patacoc6n8i8, Herb. ( B. confirta , Benth. ) . Stems pur- ple-tinted, pubescent : lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong-lanceo- late, pubescent beneath : fls. 20-30 ; outer segments Wi'm. long, bright red, inner ones 2% in. hmg, bright red. yellow-keeled, with a few spots. Andes of Equador and Colombia. G.C. II. 17: 187. B.M. 6692.-When well- grown, the umbel is very dense and many-fld. BB. Umbel compound. vitellina, Mast. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, ovate-oblong : um- bel about 12-rayed : perianth segments bright yellow, outer 1% in. long, inner 2 in. long : bracts large, leafy. Penivian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 151. w. M. BoMBAX (a Greek name for raw silk, alluding to the cottony contents of the po<ls). Mah'()ci'(f. Silk Cotton Tbee. Ten or 12 tropical trees, with digitate 5-9-foliolate lvs., 1-ttd. axillary or clustered peduncles, and usually large white or scarlet fls. Specimens are rarely seen in cult, in fine glass-houses, and none of the species appear to be in the Amer. trade. The bark of some species pro- duces commercial fiber. BONESET. Eupatorium perfoliatum. BORAGE (Bordgo officindlis, Linn.). Boraginhcem. A <'<)ur.se annual plant grown for culinarj* use in some parts of Eu.. as in Germany. Used as a pot-herb and sometimes with salads. Only the young lvs. are palatable. Mostly known in this country as a bee-plant and for its handsome blue or purplish racemed fls. It is a hairy plant, IV2-- ft. high, with oval or oblong lvs. Eu., North Africa. BOBASSITS. Palmriceai. Tall palms, with large pal- mutely flabelliform plicate lvs.: sheath short: petiole spiny*: ligule short, rigid : fr. large, subglobose, brown. Species 1. Trop. Africa, flabellifdrmis, Linn. Fig. 244, St, 30-100 ft. high: lvs. 8-10 ft. long; If.- segments bifid at the apex.— Widely cultivated. One of the most useful palms of India. The fruits are very large. Many parts of the plant are utilized by the natives a?* food and in the arts. Wood black, very hard. This plant requires rich soil and strong heat for its best development, and is rather slow- growing under ctiltivation, especially while young. The illustration (Fig. 244) is adapted from Martius' Natural History of Palms. Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin. BOBDEB. A narrow planting', particularly if it is alongside a walk, drive, fence, or other boundary. Plate III. Figs. 245, 246. The term border may >)e taken to have meant originally a line of plants set out to mark the edge or dividing line, or termination of a part of the ground?, in many instances still to be seen in the most ancient gardens of castles and other residences. These are formed on the ter- race, where no other form of floral decora- tion would be possible. In these places are often herbs, shrubs and trees that are grand old specimens of very rare or ten<ler subjects, that would not thrive in any other location. There are three dis- tinct types of border : (1) the shrubbery bor- der, in which various forms of garden plants of fruticose habit are blended so as to mahe a harmonious whole. (2) Another form of border, now happily al- most obsolete, is the "ribbon border," in which plants of dwarf habit and bright color- ing are used to produce geometrical designs on the greensward. This form of gardening was very common in parks and public spaces until ^■^Vi'i^ recent years, but i)ub- lic taste has been edu- cated to see and to like the old-fashioned bor- der, or (3) the border proper,— the one that was used when gardening had to be done without the aid of glass structures, all the occupants being hardy by na- ture, whether of annual, biennial or perennial dura- tion. It may be said that we are in the renaissance of the flower border ; but much has been added to it, aud Vs^ 244. Borassus flabelUformis. 170 BORDER BORDER the greater possibilities we have are due largely to our greater wealth in plants. To have a good flower border is by no means an ex- pensive undertaking if a few essentials are regarded. 245. Border on the side of a lawn, the body of the plantation being made of shrubbery. The first and most important requisite is a good depth of soil ; it matters little what the kind of soil, if good, but it is better, if possible, to vary the texture and be able to control the quantity of moisture. Lilies are among the most beautiful of border flowers, but they like a soil that is light, cool and moist ; hence decayed humus, as leaf -mold, is valuable. Many other subjects, as annuals from warmer climates, like a soil that ab- sorbs heat rapidly and retains it, such as a soil of a sandy texture, in this will thrive all bulbs that die down early in summer, such as tulips and narcissuses. It enables the bulbs to mature well and remain dry in winter, and to make an early start in spring. The great majority of plants, however, require a retentive compost, that will not dry out readily in hot weather, and it must be made rich enough to grow vegetable crops. One cannot starve the plant and expect a good harvest of bloom. If the natural soil be not really good or suitable, make it so. If it is not possible to do it all at once, be- gin well, and add to it as time goes on and the plants need the space, for it will be found that in a mixed bor- der of plants which practically take care of themselves, there will a'ways be plenty "for one's own use, and a quantity of roots to spare. The location of such a border is an important con- sideration so far as general effect and efficiency are con- cerned. Along the line of a fence or boundary, near the margin of a walk, drive, or avenue, or next the house, are good locations. The front line may be straight, curved or irregular in outline, according to the situation or fancy of the owner. The plants will lend themselves kindly to one or all forms, oftentimes forming a line of their own by outgrowing their al- lotted spare. The number of subjects suitable for this kind of work are many. Begin with the old-fashioned flowers, such as p' nnies, dicentras, larkspurs, perennial poppies, py- rethrums, iris, hemerocallis, and a host of others. Hollyhocks are most excellent, but in the East the disease or rust must be kept off by thorough spraying. The perennial garden phlox must be added, but see to it that it does not seed the bed and produce a tiresome crop of poor, weedy sorts. The same may be said of the larkspur. In fact, unless some specially marked flowers are wanted for seeds, it is best not to allow border plants to seed in the soil, for they speedily make trouble. Sweet-smelling plants are very desirable, such as bergamot, monarda* the perennial fennel, with its graceful foliage for blend" ing with cut-flowers, a little bush of rue, one of marjo- ram, a plant of the lemon-scented verbena or alovsia (which may be wintered over indoors), the scented jrVra- niums, southernwood, and many others that have old associations, and help to take the memory back of self and friends. Spring flowers must not be'neglected. as they "come before the swallow dares." Narcissuses in many kinds are hardy and permanent ; so, also, are the Darwin tulips, even though unlike the florists' ideal. This recent race of tulips and those of the Gesneriana type live year after year and grow better, besides giv- ing fine blooms for cutting. Crocuses may be placed near the margins in warm ••omers, planting over them or sowing a few seeds of annurls to cover the soil that hides them in summer. *^tjcks, zinnias, asters and mignonette are all admissible and most suitable, with a ciumi or row of sweet peas near the back at intervals. Gladioluses are excellent. The lilies ought to be planted in a group, to «do them justice, and the bulbs can then be covered in fall with a coat of dry leaves or pine needles to protect them. The regal Japan iris needs much wa- ter, and may be given a special bed, whereit can be sup- plied freely, other semi-aquatic plants being placed With them, provided the one border does not give the desired variety of soils ; but the whole of the above-named plants may be made to grow in a mixed border if it be properly prepared. One c f the best uses of a border is to make it a re- pository r catch-all for hardy plants. Here plant wild asters and goldenrods, wild lilies and buttercups, and anything and everything which interests you in the woods or fields. These plants may be dug even in sum- mer. Cut off the tops, leaving a few leaves just above the ground, plant them firmly, and most of them will live. The border reflects the personality of its maker. One caution must be given,— never spade up or fork over such a border. Let all enrichment be given as a top-dressing in fall, allowing the plants to come up through it as they will. The best time to plant is early in fall, before the soil loses its stored -up warmth, as the plants then get well estab- lished before spring ; but if division and replanting are necessary, wait until things have made a visible start in spring, so that nearby plants are not injured by the 246. An informal border alon£ the fence. BORDER BORONIA 171 spade or fork. The border is an important conception in landscape gardening (see Landscape Gardening). E. O. Okpet. The Hardv Border may be made a most attractive feature of any planting. A good model to follow may often be found along a country road which has not been "cleaned up" into formality and monotony. The charm of the hardy border lies tis much in its happy faculty of change as in its beaut* everj- day of the growing season, and every week of the year, there appear new points of interest. It is apparently nature's workshop, and the changing habits of plants are of vital interest. It is always crowded, never full ; the shy beauty found on a ramble takes its place promptly among the older friends. With a little care and previous observation, and reasonable preparation of the soil, the hardy border can be made to reflect the preferences and personality of the planter. The available material is so rich and plentiful that there need never be duplication. Nor is the best hardy border an expensive luxury ; it requires no rare exotics, and its chief members may well be the com- mon plants of the neighborhood, bnught together under conditions which give each a chance for development. A border is recalled which shows as its chief glor>' in September an enormous boneset ; visitors who exclaim at its beauty do not recognize the roadside weed. This particular border is most catholic in its hospitality to all American plants — no foreigners are allowed admis- sion. In early spring the great fiddle-heads of the un- curling cinnamon ferns mate with the trilliums, and the moss-pijk carpets the edge, alternating with the spring beauty and bluet. The columbines hang, their bells against a rocky point, which later is a glory of wild roses. IShatiy comers have the laurels and the rhodo- dendrons, and the warmth of early summer brings out the yarrow and the rudbeckia, just before the happy succession of asters and goldenrods start on their pro- cession toward winter. No two days show the same blooms ; often a visit in the afternoon gives a totally different impression from the morning view. Artistically treated, and with care to keep out any of the formal and comparatively artificial plants (gera- niums, coleus, verbenas, and the like), the hardy border may be a source of much enjoyment and edification, whether it be in a city back yard or a great park. Often an existing cluster of shrubs or bed of lilies in the home grounds may serve as a starting for the border ; and some fine examples are remembered as incidental ad- juncts to the farm vegetable patch, while one which has a most distinct individuality of beauty unobtrusively flanks a unique Connecticut grass garden. To create an individual hardy border, the planter must divest himself of prejudice, and cheerfully start a burdock where its richness of foliage is needed, backed up with a skunk cabbage for greater breadth of green, if need be. He should estimate plants for their beauty, their individuality and their season of bloom, as mem- bers of his general plan. He should be prepared to con- sider any plant a prize in the border if it fit? , and any plant a weed if it is inharmonious. J. Horace McFarland. BORECOLE, ^e^ Kale. BOBONIA (after Francis Borone, an Italian who lost his life at Athens in the service of Dr. Sibthorp). Butdce<v. A genus of Australian shrubs with numerous fls. having a rue-like fragrance : Ivs. opposite, odd-pin- nate, or simple. B. megastigma and its allies, B.elatior and B. heterophylla, are remarkable for their very large stigma (which is 4-lobed at the base), and their curious stamens, 4 of which are small, yellow, pollen-bearing, and hidden under the stigma, while the 4 large, conspicu- ous ones are dark purple or black, and bear no pollen. The chief value of Boronias is their delicious fra- grance. A small specimen will perfume a whole house for two or three weeks. Boronias are cultivated like Cape heaths in a cool greenhouse. After flowering they shouhl be cut back, in order to make compact, bushy specimens. The leading shoots may be frequently pinched, to prevent a straggling growth. As most of them are natives of barren, sandy places, not bogs, good drainage is necessary. Sour soil is very disastrous to them. The English florist T»t their young plants in the open ground during sum,. >i, being careful to shade them with lath frames. Plants that have flowered two seasons are thrown away and replaced by younger speci- mens. Robert Cameron propagates them by cuttings from half -ripened wood inserted in 4-inch pots, which are filled to within an inch of the top with a compost of finely sifted loam, peat and sand, over which is spread a layer of sharp sand. After a thorough watering, they may be placed under a bell-glass in a greenhouse where the tempera^are ranges from 4.5-50° F., and shaded from bright sunshine. Seeds germinate readily in the same temperature, and make good flowering 247. Boronia megastigma (X %)• plants in one season. Seeds can be obtained from Ger- man or Australian dealers, large quantities being col- lected in the wild. Boronias belong to a large class of hard-wooded Australian plants that were popular along with the Cape heaths in the early part of the 19th cen- tury. These were largely replaced by quicker-growing, soft-wooded plants. The renewed interest in Boronias is largely due to the more recently introduced species, of which the first three described below are the best. American florists have lately grown them somewhat for Easter, especially B. heterophylla. Many species are likely to be introduced, as these shrubs are very bril- liant in Australia, blooming when very young, and re- maining attractive for two or three months. A. Stigmas large. B. lyfs. less than 1 in. long : leaflets in 1 or S pairs, plus an odd one. c. Fls. borne singly megastigma, Nees. Fig. 247. Height about 2 ft. : Ivs. very sparse, ys-% in. long, sessile, the upper with one pair, the lower with two pairs of Ifts. beside the end one ; Ifts. narrowly linear : fls. maroon-purple outside, yellow within, borne less densely than in B. elatior. At times some fls. are chieflv brown, others chiefly purple. B.M. G04G.~The best species. cc. Fls. borne in whorls of 4 or 6. heterophylla, F. Muell. Height 5-6 ft. in Australia : Ivs. 1-1 Vain, long, sometimes simple, usually with 1 pair, rarely 2 pairs of Ifts.: fls. bright scarlet, but usually pictured as purplish crimson. Differs from B. elatior and B. megastigma in its larger leaves, fewer Ifts., more brilliant fls, and longer filaments. Cult, only in its var. br6vipe8, Hook, f., which differs merelv in the shorter peduncles. B.M. r)845. Gn. .T2: 622. -Of "late years it has been grown for Easter by florists to a con- siderable extent. 172 BORONIA BOrGAlNVILL.EA B. Lvs. more than 1 in. long: leaflets in 2-6 pairs, plus an odd one. elitior, Bfirtl. Height about 4 ft.: pubescence va- riabk- : Iv.s. dose-set, 1-2 in. long, }4-% in. broad, petioled, with Ifts. in 2-6 pairs : ifts. broader and shorter-acuminate than in B. megnstiijma : fls. dark red-brown, or rosy red. or purple, sometimes showing groups of widely different colors on the same branch, and borne so densely as to hide one side of the branch. '?.M. 6285. Gn 10:39, F.E. '.♦:491. AA. Stigmas small pinnd^ta, Smith. Lft a ■J— i pairs, very 9mi>> , ti, acute : peduncles dichoto- mous, 5-7-fld.: stamens 8. B.M. 176.1. L.B. 0.5:473. tetr^udra. Labill. Lfts. in 4-5 pairs, obtuse, glabrous: branches pilose : pedicels short, 1-fld. : stamens 4. W. M. BOSTON Ntphrolepis FESN. See ^^P^ 248. Botrychium obliquum. BOTANY. The science which treats of plants ; plant- knowledge. In its widest sense, and properly, it in- cludes much that, by com- mon consent, is usually in- cluded in horticulture,— as amelioration of plants by <lomestication, hybridizing, and the like. BOTRtCHIUM (Greek, in allusion to the grape-like sporangia). Ophioglossiicece. Native Ferns of woods and pastures, with fleshy root3, broad temate lvs., and sporangia borne in a pani- cle, which branches from the common st. Grown in the hardy border, or against a building on the shady side. They require no special treatment, and are little cul- tivated. A. Lf. omple, sessile near the middle of the stem. Virgrini^num, Swz. Moon- wort. Six in. to 2 ft. high, with abroad, triangular leaf, with 3 main tri-<}uadri-pin- natifid divisions : sporophyll long-stalked. Eastern U. S. — The only species which is large enough to make a display. AA. Lf. stalked from near the base of the com- mon stem. obllqanm, Muhl. Fig. 248. Plant, 6-15 in. high, with a temate If. 2-6 in. wide: segments obliquely ovate or ob- long, yi-%\n. long : sporophyll long-stalked. {B. ter- natum, Authors, not Swz., which is a very different Japanese species.) Eastern U. S. dl8S6ctuin, Spreng. Plant, 6-18 in. high, with a temate, finely dissected If., .3-8 in. wide, the ultimate divisions -n,- in, or less wide. Eastern U. S. — Evergreen; delicate and graceful. Grows in woods. j^ ^j Underwood. BOTTLE -BRUSH. See Metros ideros. BOTTOM HEAT. Said of soil temperature which is higher than that of the superincumbent air. Most ten- der plants re(}uire to have the roots warmer than the tops, particularly when grown under glass. BOUGAINVlLL^A (De Bougainville, 1729-1811, a Fren<'h navigator). Ntictagincicea?. A half dozen or more species of S. American shrobs, with alternate petiolate entire lvs. The tis. are small aud inconspicu- ous, tubular, the margin ■■>-6-lobed ; stamens 7-8, on unequal capillary filaments ; ovary stipitate. Fls. in S's, each one subtended by a very large colored bract. These bracts are vent- gaudy, and constitute the decorative vahie of the plants. Two more or less scandent species are chiefly known in cultivation. Bougainvilleas are just now receiving much attention in this country. glabra, Choisy. Fig. 249. Growing 10-16 ft. high and wide, when planted in the ground and allowed to have its way : glabrous : lvs. ovate and acuminate, glabrous and bright green : bracts cordate-ovate, bright rosv red, distinctlv veined. Brazil. G.C. III. 23: 168. Gn.".54.p. 257. R.H. 1889:276. A. G. 16:15. A.F. 11:137. F E. 10: 100. — Free-flowering and handsome ; often grown in pots and kept dwarf. Var. Sanderidna, Hort. Very flo- riferous, blooming even in very small pots: bracts deeper colored. Gn. 45:962. A.F. 10:307; 11:977; 12:1185. Gnf. 4:2.'>1 ; 5. 345. — A very worthy plant. spect&bilis, Willd. (B. i,pecidsa, Lindl. B. splendens, Hort. ). Te'ler and stricter, with larger and thicker lvs., hairy : fls. in large panicles ; bracts larger, deep rose color, but varving tc purple and greenish. Brazil. B.M. 4810,4811. P'.M. 12:51. I. H. 42: ,30.- Variable ; known also as B. Brasiliensis, B. bracte.atn and B. Peruviana. Var. laterlria, Lem. (B. laferitia, Hort.), has brick-red bracts. I.H. 14: 46(i. More showy than the last when in full bloom, but more difficult to grow, and. therefore, not so desirable. Int. to cult, earlier than B. glabra. refdlgens, Bull. Lvs. pubescent : racemes long and drooping, and bracts purple. Brazil. — Perhaps a form of B. spectabilis. l H. B. There is much confusion in species and varieties of Bougainvilleas in the trade. They seem to vary consid- erably. B. spectabilis and its varieties seem to be un- promising. Our experience with thousands of plants of B. glabra and var. Sanderiana leads us to say that we cannot think of any class of plants so readily handled. 249. Boasainvillaea glabra (X K)• They are easily propagated, are not particular as to soil or treatment, their growth is strong and rapid, they can be flowered with ease and certainly, and they are but little subject to insect attacks. Their flowering charac- ter is so persistent that a small stock of plants will afford BOUGAIXVILL.EA BOrVARDIA 173 cuttini — if.terial for almost six months. The bloom- bracts are extremely durable. They harmonize well with some of t^»e popular orchids, and also go well with Amer- ican Beauty rosLS. Entire heads of plants produce very decorative results, and are very satisfactory on account of their durability. Biiiiijiiinvilleas are propaprated easily in April, M:iy anil .Iiine. Secure half -ripened or old-wood cutriii:;-! — no woo«i is too old or too heavy— ami cut into 6-r2-in. lenjjfths, or shorter if more attention is given to them. Place the lowr part 2-4 in. deep in sand in an airy situjition, fully exposed to the sun during April, with some bottom heat for this month, in Miiy and June give no bottom heat, but slight' shade should be given during the briirliter hours of the day. The sand should be kept moist, not wet, and cuttings be svringed several times every day in bright weather. The foliage will dDp mainly at the end of the first week ; after the second week, roots may be seen. The time of r")oting varies from 12 to .10 days, according to conditions. In propaga- tini? in quantity, it is ad- visable to grade the wood according to ripeness, enabling the removal of the same from sand with less trouble and loss of time. For first potting, use a light, sandy loam, with pots to suit the roots ; place in a sunny situation, keep them on the dry side for a week or so. giving light syringing daily, an<l shade during midday hours. In four or five weeks they can be shift 'd to larger pots, and water may be given more freely ; after this they can be shifted almost monthly. From the time they are in 5-in. pots they should have careful drainage, as they will want daily syringing and a free supply of water. They should be grown with full sun exposure under glass, and plenty of air, and in ,. uly and August may receive al- most daily ('.renchings of water. All growths should be exposed to the sun by occasional turning of plants; this secures a ripened con- dition of wood, which is essential to best results. So grown, every shoot will flower freely. If crowded or shaded, satisfactory re- sults are risked. The aim siiould be to secure strong, well-ripened growths by the last of Octooer. For earliest bloom, plants may be held drier from this time on, but in the case of B. glabra not enough to yellow the foliage, unless in very strong plants. "With a little experience, the earliest rested plants can be flowered for Christinas, and others can be brought in successively. The new growths will afford cut-flower material until midsum- mer. In June, the flowering j>lants should be held as cool and airy as possible, but not shaded or only slightly so. If held too warm or dry, the bracts drop in a short time. After the flowering season is all comi»leted. the plants may be held dry for a w»'ek or ten days; then all old soil should be removed, the roots an<l tops pruned to suit, and the plants repotted to smallest suitable pots, with perfect drainage. Then treat exactly as for a rooted cutting. As an excess of water is injurious at this stage, shade for a few days and syringe frequently. Keep on the dry side until the foliage indicates that water may be given more freely. Hundreds of eyes will push from strong plants ; and the plants will soon make rapid growth, when they may be syringed and watered daily. A yellowish foliage is evidence of too much water, but this will hardly occur with plaats thoroughly drained and exposed to the full sun. Growths may be pinched according to the end in view. Strong, well-ripened shoots of B. rjlahra, tied hori- zontally, produce numerous laterals, whose inflorescence is very distinct in character from the earlier bloom, clusters of intense mauve bracts crowding the shoots, offset by the dark green, glossy foliage. The arrange- ment or disposition of the bracts on such shoots is a revelation of beauty comi)ared with the more familiar form. B. glaftra is gener- ally spoken of as a climbing plant, which may apply in a large state or when the plant is unrestricte«l as to root room. In pots up to 12-15 in. we have frequently seen shoot.^ 2(>-25 ft. long, but these al'.vays prove mainly self- supporting. Both B. glabra and its variety make distinct and extremely showy subjects for the lawn, in a partially shelteied situ- ation they could be- held in fair condi- tion for at least o. month. B. glabra, var. Sanderiana. has prove(l valuable as a decorative plant, particularly for Easter, as it can bo flowered unerringly, and possesses the merit of being durable for wef^ks, — a decide<l advantage over most subjects grown for that season. B. glabra also may be grown into showy specimens, but, being less compact than Sanderi- ana, requires more attention to secure shapely plants. It should be noted that B. glabra, — on account of the larger size of the bracts ( fully three times as large as those of Sanderiana ) and their arrangement n the branches, offset by luxuriant v: -y foliage, — appears to be the : uesirable variety for cut- flower terial ; while Sanderiana, from i • > legant, compact habit, affords a splendid subject for pots. Theo. F. Beckeet. BOUSSINGAtLTIA (J. B. Boussin- gault, born in lbU2, a famous agricul- tural chemist). Chenopodidcece. A few tropical American climbing herbs. Fls. small, perfect, with a o-parted, short- tubed perianth, 5 stamens, and 3- divided style, in long racemes. Lvs. alternate, thick, entire. baselloides, HBK. Madeira Vine. Mignonette Vine. Fig. 250. Peren- nial, root tuberous; stems smooth and twining, reaching 10-20 ft. in a season, and in late summer or fall bearing; profusely of the fragrant white fls. (which become nearly black witli age), and pnxlucing little tubercles, by means of which the plant is propa- gated. Equador. B.M. 3620.— A com- mon vine, prized for porches and ar- bors. The roots are stored in the winter, and planted out after dan- ger of frost is past. The plant will not endure frost. Sometimes grown in the conservatory and window garden. ^ H. B. BOUVARDIA (Dr.Charles Bou- vard, physician to Louis XIII., and superintendent of the Royal Gardens in Paris). Bubificeir. Between 20 and 30 American (chiefly Mexican) shrubs or per- ennialiierbs. Mostly tropical, but some of them range as far N. as Texas. They have entire and mostly sessile, opposite or verticillate lvs. with small stipules interposed, and terminal cymes of long-tubular fls. with 4-parted limb (lobes becoming more numerous in cult.), 4 stamens, and 1 style with a slightly 2-lobed stierma. Bouvardias are very useful late fall or early winter- '"^*W» 250. Madeira Vine, or Boussinsaultia (XVa.) 174 BOUVARDIA BOWIE A flowering greenhouse plants. Though they may be prop- atrate«i by cuttings inserted in sand in a propagating frame with bottom heat, yet a better and more expedi- tious way is to cut up the largest roots of a healthy plant into pieces about 1 inch in length, placing them thickly in puns of light, peaty soil and covering them to the depth of 1 inch with the same mixture. If the pans are then placed in a warm temperature with bottom hear, every piece will quickly develop one or more buds and grow into a young lant. March is per- haps the best time for propagating. As soon as the youi.g plants are well rooted they should be potted singly into small pots and grown along in a tempera- ture of about 60°. By the end of May the plants may be planted out, either in spent hotbeds or frames prepared with a goodly proportion of leaf -mold mixed with the soil, if fine pot plants is the ultimate aim ; or if grown for cut-tiowers only, they may be planted out in the greenhouse benches about 15 inches apart, giving all the air possible and a plentiful supply of moisture. In both cases, the plants must be kept well pinched back to in<luce a bushy habit, and also to insure a greater profusion of flowers. Towards the end of September those intended for pot plants should be lifted and potted and placed in a close frame for a week or ten days, keeping them moist and well shaded until they have re- covered from lifting. Before the approach of frost they should be removed to the greenhouse and given a tem- perature of 50°. They are very subject to the attacks of mealy bug and green fly. They therefore should be sprayed once a week with an insecticide, with a vapor- izer sprayer, choosing fine mornings for the operation. After flowering, the plants should be rested by keeping them almost dry. Towards the end of April they should be well pruned back, and in May again planted out for the summer. The same plants may be grown in this way for several years, when in 4 or 5 years' time they ■will make very fine specimens. Cult, by Edward J. Canning. The Bouvardias of florists do not represent any of the type species. They are sports, hybrids, and other types of variations. The Latin-form names in American trade catalogues nearly all belong to these garden forms. The species which are of most import to the horticul- turist are mentioned below: A. Fls. in shades of red. B. ^yvs. normally in 3's (except, perhaps, on the branchlets). triphtUa, Salisb. (B. Jdcquini, HBK,), Small pu- bescent shrub, 2-6 ft. high : Ivs, in 3's or 4's (or oppo- — The genus Bouvardia was founded upon this species which was introduced into England about 100 year« ago! It is evidently the most im}»<>rtant parent strain, al- though it is prol)ably not in cult, in its original form. Fiirs. 251 and 2.')2 partake ven.' strongly of this species. In fact. Fig. 251 compares well in botanical characters 351. Common earden form of Bouvardia. Terminal truss. site on the branchlets), lanceolate to lance-ovate, glabrous above : fls. an inch long, pubescent, red. Mex. , and reach- ing N. to Ariz, B.M. 1854; 3781 as B. splendens, Grab. 252, Bouvardia. Cluster from a side growth. (except less long-pointed Ivs,) with the early pictures of B. triphylla. leitotha, Benth. Much like B. triphylla ; more bushy and better errower : stems hairy : Ivs, hairy above : lis. glabrous. Mex. R.H. 1851: 81. — Perhaps only a form of the preceding. Other red-ttd. 3-lvd. species are : B. angustifdlia, HBK. Lvs. lanceolate, revolute, glabrous above and fine-pu- bescent below : branches nearly glabrous. Mex. B.hir- Ulla, HBK. Very similar : lvs. pubescent on both sur- faces, Mex, B. scdbra, Hook, & Arn. Lvs. ovate, short-stalked: lis. large, in dense clusters, pink : stem hairy. Mex. B. Lvs. opposite. Cavanillesii, DC. {B. multi flora, Schult.). Hairy: lvs. ovate-acuminate, broad at base, short-stalked, edges hairy: fls. 1/^ in. long, very slender, glabrous. Mex. AA. Fls. yellow. fl^va, Decne. Lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate or lance- elliptic, very short-stalked, ciliate : fls. very long, drooping, in 3-5-fld. racemes, bright yellow. Mexico. F,S. 1:43. AAA. Fls. white. longifldra, HBK. Glabrous, branching shrub : lvs. opposite, ovate-acuminate, stalked : fls. lK-2 in. long, with a very slender tube and a wide-spreading, large limb, 2 or 3 together and aggregated into a terminal cyme. Mex. B.M. 4223. F.S. 2:123.-Gray supposes (Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Sci. iv., p. 314) that this species belongs to the genus Houstonia. Not known to be in the American trade. Humboldtii, Hort. Lvs. opposite, ovate-acuminate : fls. very large, fragrant, in a large, terminal cluster. G.C. 1873:717. — This is a choice conservatory plant, and is in the Amer. trade. It is usually catalogued as B. Humboldtii corymbiflora. Blooms from summer to winter. Probably a derivative of B. longi flora. B. can- didissima, Hort., white-fid., is said to be a hybrid, with £. Humboldtii as one of its parents. jasminiflbra, Hort. Compact and dwarf, very florif- erous, the fls. in close, terminal clusters. G.C. 1872:215. —Probably a derivative of B. longiflora. t w R BOWIEA(afterJ, Bowie, collector for Kew). Lilidcece. A monotypic genus containing one of the most curious plants in the vegetable kingdom, A round, green bulb 4-5 in. thick throws up yearly a very slender, twining flower-stem 6-8 ft. high, with many compound, forked, curving branches below, and numerous small green fls, above. The st. is somewhat a^pajragus-like. There are BOWIEA BRAHEA 175 no ivs. except two small, linear, erect scales at the apex of the bulb, which quickly vanish. The Ivs. show its relation to Drimiu aud .Srilla. voltibilis, Harv. Fig. 2r)3, Perianth 6-cleft to the base: >i-,niieiit.s incurved at the tips. S. Afr. B.M. .'><»19.— >o\i by Reasoner Brox., Oneco. Fla., and cult, in botanic irardeiis with cactus-like Euphorbias and other curi- osities. W. M. Boiriea volubilis is a useful plant for twining on the supports of a moderately warm greenhouse, and is of the easiest possible crlture. Propagation is effected by Bo\wiea volubilis. seeds, or occasionally by the natural division of the bulbs. The season of growth usually begins about the tirst of October, when the bulbs should be repotted in any light, rich soil, and kept well watered until the stems begin to mature, which usually occurs in May, when water should be gradually withheld, and the plants stored away in some shaded part of the green- house and kept quite dry until the season of growth begins again. Edward J. Canning. BOX. See Buxus. BOX ELDEB (Acer Negundo, which see). Fig. 254. A very pupular small native tree for planting on the prairies and in trj-ing climates. It propagates most readily from seeds' It is an excellent nurse tree for other species. The wood is of inferior quality. It grows with great rapidity for a few years. BBACHYCH.STA (Greek, short bristle). Comp6sit<B. ^ne species, growing in open woods from Ky. to N. C. and Ga. Closely allied to Solidago, from which it differs in the very short pappus (the l)ristles shorter than the akene), and the lower Ivs. cordate. B. cordita, Torr. & (3rav, which has been int. by dealers in native plants, is 2-r{ ft. high, soft-pubescent, with thin, serrate Ivs.: rts. golden yellow, in small heads, which are borne on racome-like secund branchlets. Recommended for the native border. BRACHYCOME {short h'lir, from the Greek, al- luding to th*? pappus). Compdsitcp. Australian herbs, with membrana- ceous in\ olucral bracts, naked re> ptacle. veiy short pappus bristles, and ditfuse leafy growth. One specieN in cult. : ihcrdifdlia.Benth. Sw^n RiVEK Daisv. Figs. 2.'».5, 2«6. A very graceful little annual! 6-12 in. high ) from Austral., suited to bor- ders, and also attractive in pots ; seeds may be sown in the open or under glass. Fls. blue or white, an inch across: Ivs. small, pinnate, with very narrow divis- ions J glabrous. l. jj. B. BBAHEA (Tycho Brahe, the astronomer). Palmdcece, tribe Cor^phece. Spineless palms, with medium caudices, ringed below, and clothed above with the bases of the fibrous sheaths. Leaves terminal, orbicular, somewhat peltate, flabellate -plicate, split down the middle, the lobes bifid, infolded, filamentous on the mar- gins; rachis short, narrow; ligule subtriangular; petioles flattened, dentate along the margins ; sheaths fibrous : spadices long, pendulous, paniculately much branched, the ultimate long ver- miform obtuse branches rigid, spreading, very densely velvety tomentose : spathes many, long- linear, firm, coriaceous, split, glabrous ; bracts and hractlets minute: fls. smaller than the diameter of the branches, hidden in the tomentum: frs. % in. long, ob- liquely ellipsoidal, minutely pubescent, laterally keeled, pale when dry. Species 4, Mex to the Andes. Of sim- ple culture in a fibrous compost, with an admixture of sand. Prop, by seeds. ddlcia, Mart. Palma Ditlce. Stem 10-20 ft., 6-8 in. thick, cylindrical : Ivs. 4-5 ft. long ; petiole plano-con- vex, green, with pale margins; ligule short, subtriangu- 254. Raceme of young fruit of Box Elder. 255. Brachycome iberidifolia. 176 BRAHEA BRASSIA lar. preen, the soarious villous marerin at length de- ciduous: fr. edible. Mex. B. filamentdga, Hort.=Wa9hingtonia filifera.— B. filifera, Hort.=W. fi\it^TT\,.—R. {ilnuca, Hort.=Wa.shingtoma filifera.— B. rohuata. Hort.=Washingtonia.— B. RazUi, Lin<ll.(B. glauca, Hort.)=Washinartnnia filifera. Jared G. SMITH. BRAKE. A name applied to various coarse ferns, particu- larly to Pttris aquilina. BRAMBLE. Thorny plants of the genus Kubus, — raspber- ries, blackberries, dewberries. BRASfiNIA (meaning unex- plained;. Nymph(t-itcfip. Water Shield. One species of atjuatic plant widely distributed ( in N. Anier., Asia, Afr., Austral.). Lvs. oval and entire, floating, centrally peltate : fls. axillary near the summit of ♦^he stem, small, purple ; sepals 3 or 4 ; petals 3 or 4. linear : stamens 12-18, on filiform tilaments ; pistils 4-18, forming indehis- cent follicles. B. pelt&ta, Pursh, is not a showy plant, but is interesting for ponds. It is catalogued by dealers in native plants. Grows in 1-0 ft. of water. l. H. B. BRASSAVOLA (A.M. Bras- savola, Venetian botanist). Or- chiddceie, tribe Epid^tulrecf. About 20 Trop, Amer. epi- phytes, closely allied to La^lia, and demanding similar treat- ment. Suspend on blocks. The fls. are large, solitary or ra- cemose, the sepals and petals narrow and greenish, the lip white: lvs. thick, solitary. For the cultivator, the treatment of Brassavola is identical with that of the Mexican Lselias. Plenty of sun to mature the young growths, and water when growing, with a somewhat drier atmosphere when resting, will B. Digbi/ona, Lindl., is Lalia Digbyana; B.glauca, Lindl., is Ixflia ghiuca. A. Flower solitary. cucoll^ta, R.Br. (B. cu.spiddta, Hook.). Leaf terete and subulate, grooved above: scape very short but bear- ing a very long-tubed fl., so that the blossom seems to be elevated on a stem: sepals cream-colored, tinged red; petals white; lip 3-lobed, fimbriate, the middle lobe beak-like. S. Amer. B.M. 543, 3722. AA. Fls. in racemes on corymbs. acaulis, Lindl. & Paxt. Low: lvs. very narrow: fls. large, greenish white; lip cordate; tube red-spotted at base. Cent. Amer. cordiita, Lindl. Lvs. linear, rigid, recurved : fls. corymbose ; sepals and petals lance-linear, acuminate, pale green; lip roundish -cordate, cuspidate, entire, scarcely as long as the claw. Jamaica, Braz. B.M. 3782. noddsa, Lindl. (B. grandiflora, Lindl.). Lvs. lanceo- late, acuminate, channeled above : fls. few and large, corymbose ; sepals and petals linear-acuminate ; lip round-ovate, long-cuspidate, entire. Ioniser than the claw. Jamaica, Mex., S. B.M. 3229, of this name, is B. subulifoUa. L_ jj^ B^ BRASSIA (William Brass, botanical collector of last century). Orchidcicece. tribe Vavdeif. About 30 Trop. Amer. plants, closely allied to Oncidium. Distinguished from that genus by the verj- long and pointed sepals 256 Brachycome iberidifolia. Natxaral size. be found to suit them. and the wingless column. The fls. are odd and spider- WVv in form, and are cultivated chiefly for that reason. They can be grown with ("attleyas. They bloom in sum- mer, and during that time should have liberal supplit-c of water. Keep them quiet in winter, b;-.t do not »lrv them off completely. Grow in pot.s with th(,r<»infh drainatre, in a soil of fibrous peat and sand. Prop, by division. The Brassias succeed well in the Orchid house de- voted to C'attleyas, one that is not too warm \n winti-r and furnishes plenty of air during the waTn nionrlis. They have not been popular in gardens, as their il"\vtT» icick brilliant coloring, but their shape is weird, and to the collector they have charms that are almost as alhir- ing as the O'ontoglossums. Pot culture is best, as the plants make fine specimens, and are vigorous root-pro- ducer , B. Z. vrenecana and its variety lottifissima, with ; vemfro.a, are the best- Known in gardens, and are most desirable fron. a cultivator's standpoint. Cult, by E. O. Orpet. A. Sepals and petals whitish or greenish. verrucdsa, Batem. Fig. 257. Strong : foliage deep green: fls. many and large, the greenish white petals and sepals l>lotched v;\ih dark, purple, the lip white and warty. Guatemala. Var. graindifldra, Hort., has lis. twice larger than m tlie type. AA. Sepals and petals greenish yeiiow. mactllJita, R. Br. Sepals and petals pale or greenish yellow, short for the genus, marked with large, irregu- lar brown spots, the large lip white, spotted with brown and purple. Jamaica. B.M. 1(591. — Int. into Eu. in 180<>, being one of the first known of exotic Orchids. Flowers large, but not very showy. Var, gntUta, Lindl. {B. Wrdya, Skinner). Fls. greener, much spotted, lip yellowish ; spikes 2-3 ft. high. Guatemala. B.M. 4003. BRASSIA BRASSICA 177 AAA. Sepals and petalu dearer yellow. eaudita. Liidl. Spikes drooping, 12-18 in.: sej alM and ]»«'tuls verv lonjr (4-6 in.), barred with brown; lip yelluvv and l>ro.'d spotted. W. Inu A.F. (i.'UH- L&nc^^na, Li idl. Robust, with 2 dark green ieavts froiu < i.<'b pseu.lobulb: tls. large and numerous, vei-y frasjrant, lastii./ 2 or .'} weeks; sepals and petals brigl t velli'W. long and tapering, blotehe«l with br(»wn or rec, the ii]) yellow and wavy, spotted at the base. S. Amer. B..Vl.'."<-"»77. — A hundsome species. There are two oi' three varieties. Lawrenceina, Lindl. Sepals and petals bright yellow, spottt-d with broWii and green; lip yelhiw tinged with j.Teen : otherwise iimeh like the last. Braz. J.H. III. ;i0:275. Var. longissima, Leiehb. f,. has a spike 18-20 in long, an I vt-ry slender sepals, which are G or 7 in. long, the lip purple-spotted n 'ar the base. Costa Rica. B.M. o74S. — A remarkable plant. Gireoudiana, Reichb. f. «S: Warsc. Large, with many- flil. scapes: tis. larger than in H. L<iiiff(ni'i,thv sepals and petals very long, •^hey and the lip bright yellow, blotched with deep red. Costa Rica. l_ jj^ g BBASSICA (old classical name). Crucifenr. Prob- ably bH) species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs, natives of temperate reirions of Europe, Africa, and Asiia. Petals and stamet-s 4: pod long, beaked : seeds not winged (Figs. 2.")8, 2."»9). Includes all the mustards, cabbages, turni]>s, and the like ; and to these plants the reader should refer for other information. In common with nearly all cultivated plants, espe- cially those which are perplexing, the Brassicas have re- ceived too little attention fiom botanists. The inevita- ble outcome of such neglect or of any superficial study is a reduction of species, and in this direction Brassica has suffered greatly. It is usually confusing to reduce types. The most perplexing species in our manuals are those which contain the greatest numbi^r of old types or synonymous names. It is true that this is supposed to orifdn is lost, and perspicuity demands that they be l.ept distinct in a horticultural treatise. The confusion into which our Brassicas have fallen is 'W.' m Flower of Mustard. (X3.) be primarily due to the va- riation of the species or groups, but it is often to be charged to superficial study or insuflicient ma- j "^it* ' 1 t^rial. Our manuals contain too few !t*'^\fe a "■S'ther than too many species of . «l \1J ; ■ Brassica; at all events, the miscel- laneous dumping of rutabagas, tur- nips, rape and other plants into Jirassica campestris is unnatural, and, therefore, unfortunate. One of the best presentati(ms of the true 2^9. Pod or siliQuc Brassicas is that of De Candolle's ofMustard-BrassicaProdromus, as long ago as 1824 (also juncea (X2). in Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc. vol. 5, and in Systema, 2:582-607), and the following scheme closely follows that outline. Some of the forms which are here kept separate as species may be derived from their fellows, but the evidence of such 260. Flowers of Cabbage — Brassica oleracea (X J^). in some measure due to the different vernacular names which they bear in different countries. The French use the word chou generically to in<'lude all forms of H, oleracea and the rutabaga— that is. all the blue, thick- leaved Brassicas — while in England the rutabaga is called the Swedish Turnip. A tabular view of the dif- ferent vernaculars mav be useful : Freiuh. Chou CabnS, Chou de Milan, Chou Je Bruxelles, Choux-verts, Chou- rave, Cbou-navet, Chon-flenr, English. Cabbage, Savoy. Brussels Sprouts, Bore<*ole or Kale, f Turnip Cabbage \ or Kohlrabi, I Turnip-rooted -< Calihage «»r ( Swedish Turnip Caulitiower, American. Cabbage. Savoy Cabbage. Bnissels Sprouts. Borecole or Kale. Kohlrabi. Rut.ibaga. Navet { or Chou-navet ) , Turnip, Cauliflower. Turuip. A. B. Whole plant glancntis-hlue when in flower: Ivs. of the flower-i<tem.H clanpinrf: fin. various. {Brassica proper. } Lvs. from the first more or less fle.<}hi/ throughout^ and glaucous-blue et'en when young: fls. large and rreamy yellow, the petals conspicuously long- clawed, and the sepals usually erect. oleracea, Linn. Cabbage, CAfLiFLOWER, BRrssELS Sprouts, Kale. Fig. 260. Lvs. smooth from the first, and the root never tiioerous. Sea shores of the Old World, and naturally perennial. See Cabbage. N^pus, Linn. Rape. Lvs. smooth from the first ; differing from Ii. oleracea chiefly in habit and more deeply scalloped lvs. The botanical posi*ion of the Rapes is open to doubt. camp^stris, Linn. Rctabaga. Fig. 201. First lvs. hairy, the root usually tuberous. 12 178 BRASSICA BRASSICA BB. Lvs. {except upon the f1ou-er-!ft>'m) thin and green: fix. smaller and bright yellor-, less prominently clawed. C Plant pntenfiallft biennial (that t*. the roof hard and thiekrned, often distinctly tnbetnus): foliitge firm in texture. D. Foliage distinctly hairy. B&pa, Linn. Common Tirnip. Lvm. prominently lyrate or interrupt«'(l b«'low,the root tube --ous. —Whatever the oritfin of the Hutahaj;a an«l Turnip may be. the two plant.s show ^<mm1 botanical charaeters. The tubers of the two are (litf»Tent in season, texture and flavor. In the Rutabaga, the small leaves immediately following the seed-leaves are sparsely hairy, but all subsequent leaves are entirely smooth, densely plaueous-blue. thick and cabbaffe-Iike, with a Heshy petiole aiid nudrib. In the Turnip, the ra<lical leaves are always ni<»re or le«.s hairy, and they are green and ra<iish-like, thin, with slender petiide.^and the leaves are much more lyrate, with interrupted leaflets on the petiole; the small leaves following the seed-leaves are also thinner an<l narrower an<I more deeply scalloped. In the Rutabaga, the flow- ers are large and more cabbage-like, whereas in the Turnip they are small, jellow and mustard-like, with shorter claws and more sprea<^.ing calyx. The Turnips vary in hairiness, but the cone of expanding leaves, or the "heart-leaves," always shows the hairs distinctly, while the heart-leaves of tiie Rutabagas are entirely gla- feathere*! petioles, sharply and irregularly toothed, with a thin bloom : beak of the po<l more abrupt : root dis- tinctly hard and tulK-rous, — This vegetable a[»peare(l in France in 1HH2 from seeds sent by Dr. Brets«'hn<i(l,r of tlie Russian legation, Pekin. It was offered by Anier! seedsmen as early as 1889. The plant is a bienniHl' with thin, bluish f«diage, and a small tuberous root like a conical turnip. These roots reach a diameter of M or 4 inches, and are scarcely distinguishable from white turnips in appearance, texture and flavor. In China the tubers arc used as a winter vegetable, the seeds being sown in summer. The plant is native to Cliina. It docs not appear to have been brought to the attention of botanists until Bretschneider published ati account of it in a French journal in 1881. Paillieux an«l Boi>, jI^ Potager d'un Curieux) regard it as a variety of Brasxica juncea, to which the (Jliinerte mustard belongs, but it is very different from that plant. It Ls nearly related to Pak-Clioi, and it may have sprung from the same spe- cies; but it is cleiwly <listLuguished by its sharply toothed Ivs., one of which is shown in Fig. 204. CC. Plant truly annual: foliage profuse, loose and soft. Pe-ts&i, Bailey. Pe-tsai Cabbaoe. Fig. 2(5.'). Xu- merous radical Ivs.. laree and light green. ol>long <ir ovate-oblong, crinkled and ver>- veiny." and the mar- gins wavy, contracted into a flat and ribbed pitiole 1-3 261. Flowers of Rutabaga — Bre\ssica campcstris (X. %). 262. Pak-Choi— Brassica Chinensis. brous, fleshy, and remind one of the young shoots of sea-kale. The Turnip usually produces seed freely if the bottoms are left in the ground over winter : and thereby the plant spreads, becoming a true annual and a bad weed, with a slender, hard root. DD. Foliage not hairy. Cliiu^nsis, Linn. Pak-Choi Cabbage. Figs. 262, 263. Radical Ivs. wavy and ample, glossy green, obovate or round-obovate in general outline, either entire or ob- scurely wavy or even crenat^, tapering to a distinct and thick, strong petiole, which is generally not prominently margined ; pod large and tapering into a beak half an inch long; root sometimes tuberous. — This plant is grown by the American Chinese, and is occasionally seen in other gardens (see Bailey, Buil. 67, Cornell Exp. 8ta. ). It is impossible to determine if this particular plant is the one which Linnseus meant to distinguish by his Brassica Chinensis, but it best answers the de- scription in hi.v Amoenitates (vol. 4). In Linnspus' her- barium is a Brassica marked "Chinensis " in his own handwriting, but it is purple-fld. and has lyrate-lobed Ivs., whereas Linnseus de.scribed his plant as having yellow fls. and CjTioglossum-like Ivs. napifdrmis, Bailey (Sindpis jiincea.v&r. napif&nnis, Paill. & Bois). TuBERors-ROOTED Chinese Mtstard. Fig. 264. Radical Ivs. comparatively few, the blade thin and oval iu outline, and on long and slender, slightly in. wide, which is provided with a wide, thin, notched or wavy wing; stem Ivs. sessile and clasping; pod of me- dium size, with a short cone-like beak. — The Pe-tsai, or Chinese Cabbage, is no longer a novelty in Amer. gar- dens, although it does not appear to be well known, and its merits are not understood. Its cultivation ari''. pecu- liarities were described in France as long ag") as ii<40, by Pepin, wLu says that, while the plant had bfru known in botanic gardens for 20 years, it was brought ti notice as a culinary vegetable only three yeais befoiu he wrote. It appears to have attracted little attention in Europe until very recent years, however, and it is still included in the second edition of Paillieux & Bois' Le Potager d'un Curieux, 1892. It began to attract at- tention in the United States probably about 1.5 years ago. The leaves tend to form an oblong, loose head, like Cos lettuce. See Cabbage. Jap6nica, Sieb. California Pepper-geass. Pot- herb MrsTARD. Fig. 2<;6. Rathir numerous radi<al Ivs., oblong or oblong-obovate, the margins eitljcr crisped or cut into many very fine divisions, the petiole distinct at its lower end ; stem Ivs. all petioled ; pod verj' small, with a slender beak.— The soft, thin Ivs. make excellent "greens." Long known, but with no designative name, in old gardens in this country, and occasionally runs wild. Int. in 1890 by John Lewis Childs as California Pepper-grass. A ver>' worthy plant (see Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.). BRASSICA BRECK 179 AA. ^yholf plant green or hat ^ilightly glauronn tvhfn in flower: It'it. on the fl.-»temM »<>t prttniimuthj rlosping : flu. amnll and yellow. Annmih. {Siniipix or Mustard.) B. Pod terete or nearly go. juncea, C(>ss. {SinfipiM jiinrfn.hinn.). Chinese Mfs- TAKi». Fijf-^. 27)9. 2<»7. Hunk and coarse grower, in the common formn luukinf? great tufts of root-lvs. if sown f-Hfly: nwlieal Ivs. generally abundant and often very lariTi'. oval or obovul in outline, the blade angled or toothed, tapering into a narrow petiole, which generally Itears leafy appendages ; lower stem-lvs. more or less t(Mttlie<l and petiolate, the upper ones oblong or oblong- lanffulute, entire and usually sessile or clasping : flow- criiiir steins and Ivs. more or less lightly glaucous : fls. brijrlit yellow : pod slender, of medium size, tapering into a short beak. Asia. — This much abused species is held by Hooker and Thomson (Joum. Linn. Soc. v. 17i> til include a great variety of f.>rms, us Sinapin hrvigata, Linn.; A'. itttegrifiUia,\kiW\.\ H. ramoaa, rugoita, pa- teus.vHneifolia, Roxbg. ; ^'. la nceolafa, DC, and others. There are two types of it in cultivation in our gardens, one with the radical Ivs. somewhat shuri>ly t<M)thed and nearly smo<(th below (sometimes grown as BrasKica [or ^'/w(;/>i.'<] rugnsa), the other with root-lvs. obtusely toothed and spinescent on the veins below (comprising Chinese Mustard, Chinese Broad-leaved Mustard, and Brown Mustard). Linnaeus founded his Sinnpis junvea upon a figure in Hermann's Paradisus (Hermann, Para- «li.>'u.s Batavus, t. 2:50, 170.")), which represents a plant anth-tu>>e : fr. .3-celled, many-seeded. Native of the mountain and table land r«-gion of Mex.— FMve specicH have been describe*!, but recent explorations have brought to light some 5 or additional species. While 263. Tuberous Root of PaJc-Choi. very like the former type mentioned above, and which Hermann described as "lettuce-leaved." (Llba, Boiss. Wild Mustard. Tall : Ivs. pinnatifld and rough -hairy: pods spreading, hairy, the lower part thick and few-seeded : seeds pale brown, large. Weed, from Europe. Sinapistnun, Boiss. Charlock. Tall : Ivs. strong- foothfd, or sometimes nearly lyrate : pods knotty, glabrous or hairy, the upper third indehiscent and 2-edged, usually 1-seeded. Weed, from Europe. BB. Pod distinctly 4-angled. nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 208. Wide- spreading and loose grower : Ivs. pinnatifld, somewhat hairy : pods short and erect, glabrous ; seeds small and dark brown, pungent, supplying the mustard of com- merce. Cult, in Eu., but a weed in this country. — Com- mercial mustard is the flour of the seeds of this species chiefly, but the seeds of B. alba and probably of li. juncea are sometimes used. L, jj. g^ BEAVOA { Bravo, Mexican botanist ) . ^4 mariflliddcaf . A small genus, much resembling in some of its species the tuberose ( Polianthes), and considered by the writer as hardly distinct from it. Stems slender, from small thickened rootstocks: Ivs. mostly basal: inflorescence a lax spike or raceme; fls. always in pairs more or less bent or curved ; stamens 0, included within the peri- 264. Lower stem-leaf of Tuberous-rooted Mustard — Brassica napiformis. the flowers are not as showy as the common tuberose, yet the genus shouhl be fouu<l in every ch«»ice bull) col- lection. Only one spe<M«'s has been cultivated to any ext«»nt. an«l even this sp«' -ies is not well known. As the species often grow iu the high mountains of Mexico, they ought to l>e hardy in the southern stretches of the tem- perate zone. geminifldra, Llav. & Lex. Mkxican Twin P"'lower. Stems 1-2 ft. high: bulbs snuill, 1-13^ in. long, the outer scales cut into fine fibers at the top: basal Ivs. linear, erect, (5 lines or less broa«l, smooth: fls. in a slender raceme, reddish or orung<' -col- ored ; ! 'bes minute, rounded. H. M. »741. — Haiulsoine, and worthy of more attention. B. liulUana, linker. Bas.il Ivs. described as lanceolate, 1-1 'i in. broad : tls. in 5 or G pairs, white. Seemingly too ncjir tlie little known Poliantlies Mexicana. Notininilt.— B. sessiliflora, B. deniii flora, ami B. aini/uUflora are rare siKH-ies. only known from herbarium sx)ecimens. The latter two, however, should probaldy be excluded from this s^"!*- J. N. Rose. BBAZIL NUT^ See Bertholletia. BREAD FRUIT. See Artocarpus. BREAD NUT is Brosimum Alicastrum. BRECK, JOSEPH (1794-1873). Plate 11. Boston .seeds- man, and author of " The Flower Garden, or Breck's Book of Flowers," first j)ublished in 18.51. and reis.sued in 1866 265. Pe -Tsat Cabbage — Brassica Pe -Tsai. 180 BRECK BRINCKLE a« the "New Book of FlowerH." This was preceded, in 1833. by "The Voutjk Florist." In 1822. he founded the seed businesH now conducted at 51 North Market St., under the name of Joseph Hreck & Sons. He was one ttf the original raerabers of the Mbssachusetts Horticul <:^^^^r^^ 266. Brassica Japonica. tural Society, and its president from 1859-1862. He edited the ol«l New England Farmer for many years, but discontinued it in 184«j, when he turned over his list of subscribers to Luther Tucker, of Albany. N. Y., at the time of the founding of The Hi>rticulturist, which was edited by the ilhistrious A. .7. Downing. He also etlited The Horticultural Register from 18.'Wi-18,'{8, in company with Thomas Fessenden. The revision of his book in l8(Hi was undertaken when the author was 70 years old. It was a popular lM)ok in its day. A portrait of Joseph Breck is seen in the catalogues of the present firm. W. M. BBEVOORTIA (J. Carson Brevoort, Regent N. Y. State University). JLiliiieein. Differs from Brodiiea in the long-tubular and 6-saccate corolla. One species. Ida -Maia. Wood. (P. coccinen, Wats. Brodicpa coe- ctnen, Gray). Floral Fire-Craoker. Lvs. slender, grassy: scapes slend*^r, 1-2 ft. high, with 3-60 pendu- lous tubular-saccat fls. 1-2 in. long, which are bril- liant crimson-red, tipped with pea-green. N. Calif, to Ore. B.M. 5857. G.C. III. 20: G87. Gn. 46, p. 503.- The flowers are very lasting and beautiful. Half-hardy. Needs partial shade and a deep, loose soil, thoroughly drained, and with xome leaf mold. Bulb the size <»f a nutmeg. Grows 2-3 ft. high. Qa^u Prunv. BR£W£BIA ( Samuel Brewer was an English iM.ta- nist of last century). CoHvolvulAeetp. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody: Hs. much like those of Convolvuhis, but style 2-cleft, the divisions simple, with capitn'a stigma, the corolla pubescent outside in the bud : lvs. simple. Trailing plants of 30 or more species in warm climates. grandifldra, Gray. Root tuberous : stem pubescent : lvs. broa«i-ovate and very short-stalked: peduncles 1-fld.: fl. ver>- large (3 in. long), bright blue and showy, funnel-shape<l ; stigmas large and glo- bOi»e. S. Fla. — Int. bv Reasoner Bros. BBIAR. In America, commonly appli»'d to branildi's or thorny plants of the genus Rubus. especially blackberries. In the Old World, it is applied to large, wild- growing roses. BRICK£LLIA (Dr. Tohn Brickell, an early American naturalist). CotnpdtiUd. About 40 species of herbs cr small shrubs in the warmer paits of the U. S. and Mey., only one of which seems to be in the trade. Somewhat allied to Eupatorium. Lvs. veiny, either opposite or alternate : fls. white, cream-colored or flesh -colored, small, with pappus either scale - like or somewhat plumose : akenes striate. grrandifldra, Nutt. Tassel Flower. Nearly glabrous, 2-3 ft., branchy above : lvs. triangular-cordate or triangular-lance- olate above, coarsely toothed : heads about 40-dd., drooping, in large panicles, tassel- shaped and yellowish white. Rocky Mt.-^. — Recommended for moist, shady borders. / ^A BRIDAL WREATH. ni folia. See Spirtfa pni- 267. Broad-leaved Chinese Mustard — Brassica juncea. BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. Plate II. Gar- dener, tlorist, seedsman and author; was born in Berkshire, Eng., came to America in 1824, and established thebusin«^ss which is now conducted under the name of his son, Alfred Bridgeman, at 37 E. IDth St., New York. An historical account of this business may be found in the catalogue of the present firm. In 1829, Thomas Bridge- man published "The Young Gardener's Assistant," which was many times re- printed and eventually enlarged to five times its original bulk. It was copyrighted in 1847. when it appeared as a large-sized work in three parts, covering fruit, vege- table, and ornamental gardening. Two of these parts were published separately in the same year as "The Kitchen Gardener's Instructor," and "The Florist's Guide." The first-named work was revised by Sereno Edwards Todd, and republished in 1806 by Alfred Bridgeman. Thomas Bridgeman died in iH-'iO. \\ -yi^ BRINCKLfi, WILLIAM DRAPER. Plate II. Physi- cian an<l amateur pomologist, was bom in Delaware, began the practice of medicine at Wilmington in 1820, moved to Philadelphia in 1825, where he passed most of his life as a busy physician, and died at Groveville, N. J., in 186;}, at the age of sixty-four. In a room of his Phila- delphia home he hybridized strawberries, and had fruit at every season of the year. He also had a little ganlen about the size of a parlor. He produced the Cushing strawberry; the Wilder, President Cope, Cushing. and Orange raspberries, and the Wilmington and Catherine Gardette pears. Unfortunately, most of his work with raspberries was done with Jfubus Idtetis, the Old World species, which is not hardy in America, but his yellow- fruited variety of raspberry is still regarded by many a* 268. Brassica nigra. Natural size. BRINCKLE BROin.l!:A 181 the a^me of qnality. He wa« for many ypum vlre-prpsl- dent i)f the IN-nnsylvania Horticultural Swiety, ami wart n*(fB>^i^d a.H a lea<ler of AnM'riran fMrniolojcy. In raJ-*injf pear Ht'edllnjrM, he wan w<»Dt to Kraft an<l r«-jfraft jinnu»Uy, after the Herond or thint year from seed. H« thu'* prmluced new fruits in half the time required by Van Mona, many of whoae novflties did not fruit within twenty vearH from aeed. Dr. Brinckl^ grave away thou- Hftiiils of jfraftM to amateurs and tratlesmen everywhere, and always prepaid the carriage. In IHOO he edited "Hoffy's North American Pomologiat," a high-claaa peri- ixlipaf with colored plates, which. unf«»rtiinatelj', did not survive. Some sprightly anec<lotes of Dr. Brinckl^ are reprinted from the (iardener's Monthly for ISGJ, in Bailey'a "Evolution of Our Native Fruits." W. M. BRITISH COLUMBIA. See Car^da. BSlZA (Greek name of n grain). Oraminetr, Qt'ak- iN<j Gka.-«s. a genus «>f grasses cultivated for the graceful panicles, which tremble in th*^' slightest breeze. Lvs. flat or convolute; panicles loosely flowered and open : spikelets many-flowcre«i. triangular or heart- shaped, ncMlding ; glumes membranaceous and rounded on the back; awnless. Species, 12 in Eu., N. Afr., S. Amer. About h are considere*! to be ornamental and useful for dry boucjuets. greniculita, Thunb. Fig. 2m. Plant 12-18 in. high: culnis geniculate at the base: lvs. .'i-.') in. long, smooth above, slightly rough below: spikelets showy, nodtling, oblong-cordate, ^ in. long, 9-12-fld.,' with a striking ribbed appearance. m&xima, Linn. ( /?. miijor, Presl.). Annual, 14-18 in. hitfh : lvs, long and linear-acuminate : panicles nod- ding: spikelets oblong-cordate, l.{-17-rtd. .some ornamental grass. mMia. Linn. Common Qiakino Okas.«?. 2 ft. big.- : lvs. short, linear-a<-uminate : angular, ^^in. long, 5-12-fld. Eu. minor, Linn. (B. grdrilis, Hort. Ji. minima, Hort.). Plant 4-15 in. high: lvs, !-.'> in. long : panicle with hairlike branches ; spikelets triangular, • MJ-fld. ; empty glumes longer than the flowering glumes. Eu., X. Afr. — An exceeclingly pretty little ornamental grass, P, B. Kennedy. Eu. — A hand- Plant C in. to spikelets tri- BRIZOPtBUM. serin. See Deama- 3H0CC0LI. See CauUnower. BBODI^A (J. J. Brodie, a Scotch botanist). Lilidcetf. West American cormous plants of low growth, some of which -e now becoming popular in cu .. The rts. are several on a scape, the perianth mostly fuauel-form, and either saccate or non-saccate, ranging from purple to re<I, white and yellow; stamens (J, 3 of them sometimes reduced to staminodia. In Hot. of Calif., Watson includes under Brodiffa a number of genera erected by previous au- thors. Baker, in his latest re- vision of Brodisea, still further enlarges the genus by includine some species of South American bulbs heretofore separated under Milla and Triteleia. Bnxliapa. as thus outlined, includes Hookera, Triteleia, Milla, Calli- prora and Hesperoscordum. For horticultural purposes, it is better and more convenient to merge all into Bro- tliaea. In this broad sense Brodiaea includes about '.\0 species, which must be divided into several groups. The species differ so widely in every way that cultural directions must follow the group. For B. volnbilis. 269. Briza geniculata. (XJ4.) see StrophoUrion ; for B. merinfn, se« Brevoortia. Monogr. by Baker, In U.C. III. 20. pp. 2l;{. 2:J8, 4'i*J. G87: also Watson, Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Scl. 14: 236. Index to the species: Bridgesii, 4; Callfomica, 11; can<lida.2; congesta. 19; Douglasii,22; erecta.G: fllifcdia, IfJ: gracilis, 1»; gran<liflora, 10; Hendersoni, 5; Howellil, 23; byacinthina, 7; ixioiiies.H; lactea, H; laxa, 1; lilucina, 270. Brodiaeas. At top. B. candidii ; at l>ottom. B. ixioides, \ar. sitlendens : at left. B. Bridgesii. 8,23, and supplementary list; major, 8; minor, R, 12; multiflora, 20; Orcuttii, Ifi; parvi flora, 20; peduncularis, 3; Purdyi, 18; ros'^a, 17; splendens, 6 ; stellaris, 14; terrestris, 13. Group 1. In this group, which contains some of the best species in cultivation, the plants have a fibrous-coated flattened corm, resembling that of the crocus; not usually bulbif- erous. The lvs. are few, all radical and grass-like; the scapes are slender but stiffly erect, naked except for bracts below the many-fld. umbel ; the fls. are oftener broadly tubular, borne on slender pedicels, and are in purples, white and yellow. All are hardy, but a protec- tion of straw or leaves is advisable in the colder regions. A light, loose, well-drained, sandy or loamy soil best meets their needs, and an excess of moisture and very rich soils are to be avoided. 1. l&za, Wats, Strong, with many broadly tubular purple fls.: tube very narrow, and equaling or exceed- ing the segments ; filaments verv slender ; stamens in 2 rows. N. Cal. G.(\ III. 20: 241. -Showy, and one of the best. There are many variations. 2. c&ndida. Baker. Fig. 270. Mucn like B. lara in characters of bloom, but segments whit' or bluish with a green vein, and the fls. set at an angle on the pedicel, so that they all face one way : further tlistinguished by early flowering and the ver>* broad and glossy, scarcely carinate lvs. Calif, 3. pedunctiliris, Wats. Still stouter (1-2 ft,), with smaller and fewer white fls. on pedicels a few inches to a foot long; filaments short or none. N. Calif. G.C. III. 20: 243. — This species grows in wet, heavy ground close to water, and is very bulbiferous, 4. Bridgesii, Wats. Fig. 270. Similar to B. laxa, but stamens in one row, corolla with a spreading limb, and color reddish purple ; filaments deltoid. Cent. Calif. G.F. 1 : 126. — Grows a foot or more high. 5. H^ndersonii, Wats. Resembles E. Bridgesii: yel- low, banded purple: filaments somewhat winged, but not deltoid: small-fid. Central and N. Calif, to Ore. 182 BKODL BROMUS 6. izioldes, Wats. Allied to B. la. «, but dwarfer (3 in. to 2 ft.). Fls. few to many, on pedicels 1-4 in. long, in shades of yellow and often purple-tinged ; dlanients vs'inged. 2-toothed above. S. Calif, to Ore. B.R. 1590. B.M. 3588{as Calliprora lutea). G.C. III. 20: +.lt>.-Many handsome varieties. The best is var. spldndens, Hort. (Fig. 270), with large, bright yellow Hs.. the limb wheel- shaped. Var. minor, Hort. Dwarf : lis. yellow, with dark band and blue anthers. Var. er^Cta, Hort. Dwarf. 7. hyacinthina, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 ( Tritele)a hyacinth'nia, Greene). From 1-2 ft.: Ivs. linear : fls. 10-30, 1 in. or less long, milky white or purplish. Calif. — Probably a form of the next. 8. iJictea, Wats. In the type, has the habit of B. laxa, but the tis. have a short tube with a rotate corolla, and are white, with green midvein: tllaments deltoid. Calif, to Brit. Columbia, in many forms. B.K. 1639 (as Hes- peroacordum lacteuvi and H. ht/acinthinum). G.C III. 20:459. — Var. liladna, Wats., is much stronger, very bulbiferous, grows in wet, heavy soils, and has a larger tl., which is usuaUy lilac -colored. Var. miiior, Furdy. Like var. Hlacina, but Hs. white. 9. gr&cilis, Wats. A tiny species, with small yellow fls. Scape 2-4 in. and purplish: If. 1: fls. Kin. long, on pedicels of equal or greater length; ttlaments elongated and very slender. N. Calif., in Sierras. Grotip 2. In this group thecorm is not flattened, and bears many strong offsets ; the coating is hairy and reddish. The Ivs. are linear and grassy; the scapes stiff, few-fld. ; the fls. of a thick, waxy texture, funnel-form (except B. Ptirdyi), very lasting, usiially purple. These Brodiaeas are native to a heavy soil, in rather moist situations, and are hardy. They will thrive under conditions recom- mended for Group 1. (Hookera.) 10. grrandiflora, Smith {Hookera corondria, Salisb.). Scape 4-10 in. high : Ivs. nearly terete, dying before the fl.-st. appears: tls. 3-10. blue, of good size (1 in. long), very lasting; staminodia obtuse; anthers line.ar. Calif, to Brit. Col., Ore., and Wash. B.R. 1183. B.M. 2877. G.C. 111.20:213. 11. Califdmica, Lindl. (Hoo i CaJifdrnica, Greene). Very like B. grandiflora : scape longer ( 12-siO in. ) : fls. 10-20. \%-2 in. long, rose to deep purple : staminodia linear and cuspidate. N. Calif. G.C. III. 30: 215.-"The finest species for garden purposes,'' ace. to Baker. 12. minor, Wats. Very slender, :?-6 in. : fls. >^1 in. long: staminodia broad and usually eraarginate: anthers oblong. Calif, to Ore. 13. terr^stris, Kellogg. Scape short or practically none, the umbel sitting on the earth : Ivs. nearly terete: fls. %-\ in. long; staminod'a emarginate, yellowish: an- thers sagittate-oblong. Central Calif., along the coast. 14. stelliris, Wats. Low: scape with long pedicels and 3-6 bright puri)le fls., with white centers : Ivs. nearly terete: anthers winged behind: staminodia white, longer than the stamens, emarginate. N. Calif. G.C. III. 20: 213. -Very pretty. 15. Orcuttii, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 (Hookera Orcutfii, Greene). I'lant rather stout, a foot or more high: Ivs. linear, flat or nearly so: fls. 5-15, less than an inch long, short-tubed, lilac; staminodia a small, triangular scale or none. S.Calif. G.C. III. 20: 215. 16. filifdlia, Wats, (Hookera fill folia, Greene). From G-12 in.: Ivs. slightly flatten»^'l: fls. 3-€>, %m. or less long, dark colored; staminodia triangular, twice shorter than the anthers. S. Calif. 17. rdsea, Baker (Hookera rdsea, Greene). 'About 3-6 in.: Ivs, nearly terete: fls. 5-8, under 1 in. long, rose-red ; filaments itilated ; staminodia white, obtuse and entire, longer than the anthers. N. Calif. G.C. 111. 20:213. — A pretty species. 18. Ptirdyi. Eastw. Different from others in having a short-tubed fl. with broadly spreading, declinate seg- ments, the throat constricted. Cent. Calif., in Sierras. Group 3. In these pretty Broilia»as the corra is long r.nd bulbif- erous. Lvs. grassy; the scape tall, slender and flexuous; the fls. in a close, head-like umbel, t'ae separate fls. waxy and narrowly tubular. They like a, loose, perfcptlv drained, loamy soil, with some humus. Hardy. The spe- cies are not readily distinguished. All are from Cent. Calif, to Wash. Known as "California Hyacinths." 19. cong^sta, Smith, Tall (2-3 ft,), with a globular head of purple fls.: Ivs. somewhat terete: fls. 6-12, ses- sile or nearly so, % in. long ; filaments ; staminodia purple. 2-toothed. N.Cal. G.C. IIL 20: 213. -Blooms late. 20. moltifldra, Benth. Similar to B. congesta: fls. 6-20, sessile or short-stalked, umbellate, % in. longj blue: staminodia lanceolate, entire. Calif , Ore., Utah.' 21. capit&ta, Benth. Lower (1-2 ft.): Ivs. narrow- linear: tls. many, in a capitate umbel, % in. or less long, lilac (avar.rt/6a); three inner anthers winged. Calif' Utah, N. Mex. B.M. 5912. G.C, III. 20:238.-Early blooming. Var. parvifldra, Torr. Dwarf (.3-6 in,), very early. Group 4. Bulb as in Group 1 : fls, many, in a dense umbel, the tube about as long as the segments. 22. Doilglasii, Wats, Lvs. linear: scape 1}4-2 ft.: fls. few, in a close umbel, saccate as in Brevnortia coeciuea, blue : segments as long as tlie tube, the inner ones wavy: fllaments winged. Ore. and Wash. B.M. 6907. 23. Hdwellii, Wats. {Tritele)u HdirelUi, Greene). Fls. bell-shaped, white: differs from B. Doug!asii in smaller fls., and segments not more than half as long as tube. Wash. B.M. 6989. Var. lilacina, Hort. One of the handsomest of all Brodia?as. and a good grower. Fls. porcelain-blue, sug- CPfitive of Brevnortia eoccinea. Wash. G.C. III. 19: 767; 20 : 239. Gn. 46 : 992. - Large and strong. B. crbcea, Wats. 1 ft. or more : fls. 6-13, yellow. N. Calif.— .B. insuldris, Greene. Like B. capitata, but more robust and larger fld. Islands off Calif. — B. Lemmorne, Wats. 1 ft.: fls. small, deep orange. N. .\riz. — B. leptdiidra, Baker. 1 ft. or less: fls. 2, pnrple. Calif. — B. lilacina. Baker. 1 ft. or less: fls. 10-15. lilac-purple. Calif. — B.liigens, BaV?r. Like B. ixioides, but fls. saffron color within and brown-biack.on tvbe ami ribs Calif.— .B. Pdlmeri. Wats. Lvs. linear: fls, many, lilae. S. Calif. (ir.F.2:245. — B.pulchella, Greene. Probably the same as B. congesta. — B. scabra. Baker. Like B. ixioides, but scabrous; fls. bright yellow. Calif. c^rl Purdy and L. H. B, BROMfiLIA (Bromel, a Swedish botanist), Brome- liaceip. About two dozen species of tropical Amer. herbs, with stiff, pineapple-like lvs., and fls. in panicles; corolla 3-parted; calyx of 3 ovate-oblong sepals. Differs from Billbergia and Ananas in technical characters, particularly in the deeper-cut calyx. Less popular as stove plants than J^chmeaand Billbergia. B. bracteata and B. macrodonteK of trade lists belong to Ananas. Culture as for Billbergia, which see. Monogr. by Mez, in De Candolle's Monogr. Phaner. 9. Finguiu, Linn. PiNoriN of Jamaica. Wild Pine. Three or 4 ft. high : lvs. broad-toothed and spiny, bright green, but becoming pink and red with age : fls. reddish, pubescent, in a dense panicle, with a mealy rachis, the s«'pals acute : fr. as large as plums, acid. W. Ind. — Makes a good hedge in tropical countries, and the fr. yields a cooling juice. Bindti, Morr. Panicle '-x: sepals rounded at the top: habit open and spreadiuj,. Braz. l_ jj_ 3, BROMPTON SiOCK. See Matthiola. BROMUS (Greek, food). Gramineir. Brome Grass. Annual or perennial grasses, with large spikelets. usu- ally over 1 in. long. Lvs. flat, the sheaths often closed: panicle branched, somewhat spreading ; spikelets sev- eral-fld., erect or drooping, awned, rarely awnless; empty glumes 2, unequal, atnite; flowering glumes usu- ally rounded on the back ( except B. uriioloidea ) , .'species about 40, most abundant in the North Temperate zone, some also in temperate S. Amer. ; a few on the moun- tains of the tropics. A number of kinds used as for- age grasses. The common Chess is B. secalinus. A. Spikelets lO-flowered or more. brizsefdrmis, Fisch. & Mey, {B. squarrdsus, var. miiti- CHS, C, A, Mey. ) . An elegant biennial grass with droop- BROMUS BROWALLIA 183 ingr panicles of spikclets about as larpro as those of Briza maxima : Ivs. 5-7, soft-pubescent, blades 2-3 in. Ion? : spikelets lO-lo-fid.. noddinj;. awn short. Int. from Eu. -Very useful in the mixed border, and for dr>-ing for winter decoration. macrdstachys, Desf. {B. lancenhMns, Roth. B. divari- (i)tns. Kiduie). An erect, smooth annual: Ivs. soft, coverfd with hairs; sheaths sdit : panicles erect, nar- row, the branches very short or the lower ones some- what long ; spikelets large, lanceolate, lQ-16-fld. Medi- terranean, Siberia. AA. Spikelets from 1-10-f lowered. Linn. {B. polifstfichifus. DC 'I. A soft, erect, LONG- slender 271. Bromvis Madritensis. (X .) Madrit6nsis, AWNEi) Bkome (tKASS. Fig. annual, geniculate at tlie base : sheaths longer than the intemodes ; bladts 2K-'< in.long; spikelets dull green, 7-10-fld. : flowering glume linear- lanceoliite, about % m. long, including the two slender points: awn about 1 .n. long. — l*r«'tty oi aamentnl '•ass. Int. from Eu. tmioloides. II B K. (B. Srhni(hrl, Kunth). RESCUE Grass. A stout, erect an- nual, 2-,3 ft. high : sheaths shorter than the intemodes ; blaties flat, smooth on the lower side, scabrous on the upper ; panicle variable, about 8 ia. long; rays stout, bearing 1 to few spikelets along the upper part. N. Anier. B. inermis. Leys. (B. gigan- ten<, Hort.). An erect peren- niikl 2-5 ft. high. In Europe <'!a>;se(l among the l)est forage plants. Int. from Eii.— if. mol- lis, Linn. An erect annual 1-3 ft. high. Resembles chess (B. Recalinus), from which it differs by its more erect panicle and hairiness.— li. secdlhnis, Linn. Chess. Ohe.xt. A well-known weed y a n n n a 1 grass , with spreading ar. '. more or less drooping panicles. As it very often (X'curs in wheat fields, it is erroneously regarded as de- generated wheat. Int. from Eu. p_ g^ Kexkedy. BROOM. See Cytisus and Genista. BROOM CORN. Brooms are made of the rays or pe- duncles of the tlower-c luster of Androprxjon Sorghum iSot'ijhum viibjare), the species which in other forms is known as Sorghum, Kaflir Com, an«i (xuinea Com. Broom Com is grown in various parts of the U. S. BROSIMUM (Greek, edihle). rrtic,\ceir. A few larfre trees of Trop. Anier., yielding edible fr. B. Ali- edstrinn. Swz.. is the Bread -nut of Jamaica, but it is not grown within the U. S. It bears round yellow fr., altnut an inch in diameter, containing a sinirle large, edible seed. The tree has shining lance-elliptic Ivs. BROUGHTONIA (Arthur Broughton. English bota- nist!. Orchidiiceie, tribe Epidendreif, Two or three W. Indian Orchids much like Lielia and Cattleya. Several species which have been referred to this genus are now distributed in Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Phajus. etc. Plant producing pseudo-bulbs, and sending up a bracted scape hearing several or many showy lis. : calyx of [\ equal lanceolate sepals; two lateral petals broad-ovate and somewhat crisped, the labellum round-cordate and somewhat 2-lobed, crenate, with a spur at the base ad- nate to tfie t^wV^'. Require warmhouse treatment. Cul- ture like that for Ladia. Do not dry off enough to shrink the bulbs. Prop, by division. sanguinea, R. Br. (/?. cncdnea. Hook.). Pseudo- bulbs clustered, roundish-ovate and somewhat flattened, often brown-marked : scape 1 ft. high: fls. stalked, in a loose, erect raceme, bright crimson, lasting a long time in perfev.um. Jamaica. B.M. 3070, 3536. l H. B. BR0nSS0N£:TIA (after T. N. V. Broussonet, a French naturalist). L'rticdceir. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu- ous, alternate, petioled, large : fls. dioecious, incon- spicuous, apetalous, the staminate in cylindrical, nod- ding catkins, with 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens, the pis- tillate in globular heads: collective fr. globular, consist- ing of small fleshy nutlets. Three species in E. Asia, and there often cultivated, the bark being used for paper-making. Ornamental trees with broad, round heads, but under culture often shrubby, of vigorous growth when young, and eflfective by its large, often deeply lobed foliage, not hardy north or only in very shel- tered positions. They thrive best in rich, somewhat moist soil and sheltered positions. Prop, by seeds, sown after matiirity or in spring, by greenwoo<l cuttings under glass, or by cuttings of ripened wood, kept in colder climates during the winter in the greenhouse ; also by root-cuttings »nd layers. Budding in summer or graft- ing in early spring in the greenhouse is sometimes practised. Known as Paper Mulberries. papyrlfera, Vent. Tree, .^(V-oO ft., with thick, pubes- cent brunches: Ivs. long-petioled, usuallj- cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, often deeply lobed, espe- cially on younger plants, rough above, pubescent be- neath, 3-8 in. long : fr.-heads % in. m r-oss, red. May. China, Jap. B.M. 23.")8. — Many varie ics. Var. cuctll- l&ta, Ser. (B. varicii/iYria, Lodd.). Lvs. small, curled upward. Var. lacini^ta, Ser. Lvs. deeply lobed and in- cised. Decorat've form, but more tender than the type. Var. macrophylla, Ser. Lvs. large, usually undivided. Kazindki, Sieb. (B.Kit'mpferi, Hort.). Branches slen- der, glabrous at length : lvs. shori-petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, nearly glabrous, only somewhat rough above, entire or 2-.3-lobe»l, 2-8 in. long : fr.-head less than A in. in diam. China, .Tap. — This species is more tendtr than the former, which is also cultivated some- times as B. K(Ptnpferi, while the true B. Kawpferi, Sieb., with the lvs. resembling in shape those of B. Kazinoki, but much smaller and pubescent, and with very small fr.-heads, seems not to be cultivated. Alfked Rehder. BROWALLIA (after John Browall, Bishop of Abo, Sweden). Solitndee(e. A genus of about 10 South American anuuals, with abundant blue, violet or white flowers. The seeds can be sown in the open border, but for the sake of the earlier bloom it is better to start them indoors in early spring and transj)lant into the open about May 15, where they will bU)om {)rofusely all through our hot, dry summers, and until frost. They can be grown in poorer soil than most half-hardy an- nuals, and make excellent bedding plants. They are also used for winter decoration, the seeds being sown iu midsummer, earlier or later according to the size of the specimens desired. They should be placed near the glass and freqxiently stopped, in order to produce com pact plants. Large specimens are excellent for cutting, and snt.all potted plants should be grown more com- monly by florists for home decoration at Christmas. It is even possible to lift flowering plants from the open before the first frost of autumn and pot them for con- ser\-atory decoration, though the flowers are likely to become successively smaller Blue flowers are rare in winter, and Browallias are esj>ecially desirable for their jirofuse bloom all through winter an<l early spring. The flowers are, however, likely to fade, especially the purple ones. In the names of the early species, Linnanis connnemonited the course of his acciuaintancship with Browall : ehtta, reflecting the exalted character of their early intimacy ; demissa, its rupture ; and alienata, the permanent estrangement of the two men. A. corolla segments long, acuminate : fls. large. specidsa, Hook. Lvs. sometimes opposite, sometimes alternate : fls. thrice as large as in B. grandi flora, all solitary, axillary: peduncle shorter than the lvs.: eo- ndla-ttibe thrice as long as the calyx, and abruptly swelle<l at the top into a globular form : limb of 5 ovat«, 184 BROWALLIA BRUNFELSIA striated, dark purple se^rments, pale lilac beneath. Colombia. B.M. 4339. P.M. IG: 290. -There are blue, violet and white-fld. varieties. Var. m^jor, Hort.. has violet fls. 2 in. across. R.B. 20: 240. B. gigantda, Hort., is a florist's variety, with very deep blue fls. and long- blooming habit. Int. into Amer. trade in 1899. AA. corolla -segmeniis short, 2-lobed or notched : fls. smaller. B. Upper IvK. not stalked : fls. all in loose racemes : calyx not hairy. grrandifldTa, Graham (B. Hcezlii, Hort.). Stem and Ivs. glabrous, or in the upper part of the plant minutely clamray-puberulent : Ivs. ovate, the lower petioled : calyx-teeth oblong, somewhat obtuse, equal, scarcely shorter than the tube, spreading: corolla white or pale blue, the limb wicler than in B.demissa. Peru. B.M. 30H9. In B. Raeziii, from Rocky Mts., some fls. are white, some pale blue. No dark blue or violet colored forms are known. BB. Upper Ivs. stalked : fls. solitary and axillary below, racemose above. C. Calyx hairy. demfssa, Linn. (B. eUlta, Linn.). Fig. 272. Stem and Ivs. pubescent or glabrous : Ivs. ovate, with longer stalks than in B. grandi flora : calyx-teeth acute, un- equal, much shorter than the corolla-tube. The Ivs. are variable, cuneate, rotund, or rarely cordate. S. Anier. B.M. 34 and 11.3G. The following are now referred to the above : B. Antericana, elhta, elongclta, nervbsa. This species is the commonest, and is usually known as B. elata. Blue, violet, white and dwarf forms are cult. cc. Calyx sticky or clammy. viscdsa, HBK. (B. pnlchella and B. Czerniakowski- dna, Hort.). Plant viscous-pubescent: Ivs. short-peti- 272. Browallip demissa (X %). oled, ovate, rough-hairy on both sides : pedicels a little shorter than the calyx : caljTC teeth very clammy, oblong, shorter than the corolla tube. The Ivs. are similar to B. demissa, but the habit is stiflfer and the fls, more numerous. The calyx teeth spread less than in B. grandi flora. So. Amer. B. Am,eric&nn, Linn., is considered by some a separate spefies from the above, but in Germany, where most seeds of annual flowers are grown, it is used by Siebert and Vos.s (in Vilraorin's Blumengartnerei) to include B. demissa, J{. data and other forms.— /f. Jamesonii, Benth. = Streptosolen .Fame- sonii.— i?. pulchella, Hort., is likely to be either B. grandittora or B. viscosa. ry -.r BSOT^NEA (Patrick Brown wrote a history of Ja- maica). Leguminbsce. Several small evergreen trees of trop. Amer., allied to Amherstia, but little known in the Amer. trade. Lvs. alternate and i)innate : fls. showv, red, in dense terminal or axillarj' clusters. Cult, m hothouses. B. Arlza, Benth. (B. PrincepA, Lind. i has drooping heads of scarlet fls. B. grandiceps, Jaeq..rts. red, in capitate spikes : Ifts. about 12 pairs, lance-oblon^r. B. Bd8a-de-M6nte, Ber^;., fls. scarlet, in dense heads: Ifts. 2-3 pairs, oval, acuminate. BEUCKENTHALIA (after S. von Bruckenthal. an Austrian nobleman). Ericficecf. Low. heath-like, ever- green shrub, '-t-S in. high, with small, linear, whorled lvs.: fls. rosy pink, nodding, in short, terminal racemes. Only one species — B. spictilifldra, Keichb.,in the moun- tain's of S. E. Europe. A pretty little plant for rock- eries, quite hardy, and requiring the same treatment as hardy Ericas. Alfred Rehdeu. BBUGMANSIA. Consult Datura. BBUN^LLA (probably from old German breitne or bra line, quinsy, which it was thought to cure). Often written Prunella. Labid.ta>. Low-growing, hardy, her- baceous perennials, with fls. usually violet or purple, produced all summer on heads an inch or more high. They are best suited for the rockery and slightly shaded parts t)f the border, succeeding in almost any soil that is not excessively dry. vulgaris, Linn. Self-Heal. Heal-All. Lvs. ovate- obhmg. entire or toothed, usually pubescent : corolla violet or purple, rarely white, %-%'ya. long, not twice as long as the purplish cal>-x. Amer.. Eu., Asia. D. 2.1.'}. — One of the most cosmpolitan of all plants, be- ing too common in the wild to be cult. A fonu with variegated lvs. is rarely found wild. grrandifl6ra, Jacq. ( B. Pyrendica, Phillipe) . Lvs. often toothed, especially at the base : corolla over 1 in. lone. more than twice as long as the calyx. Eu. B.M. 'SM.- The best of the garden kinds. Webbi&na, Hort. Lvs. shorterthan in B. grandiflora, and not so pointed : fls. very freely produced, more than twice as long as the calyx, bright purple. June- September. J. B. Keller and W. M. BRUNF^LSIA (Otto Brunfels, physician and botanist of the IGth century). Syn., Franciscea. Sohniaceiv. More than 20 trees and shrubs of tropical America, a few of which are grown in warm glasshouses. Lvs. entire. oblong, often shining : fls. in terminal cymes or clus- ters, or solitary, large and showy, fragrant ; corolla with 5 routided and nearly equal spreading lobes (or two of them a little more united) ; stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla, the anthers all alike : fr. berry-like. Brunfelsias are usually winter-flowering plants. The wood n)ust be well ripened before flowering begins. Grow in a rather sandy compost. Of easy culture. Re- quire a night temperature of 50°. They bloom best when pot-bound. Prop, by cuttings from the new growth in spring. Hope&na, Benth. ( Franciscea ITopeiina, Hook. F. uni- fldra, Pohl. ). Compact and dwarf: lvs. lance-oblong, alternate, paler beneath : fls. solitary or in 2's. with a whitish tube and a bluish violet or purple limb. Brazil. B.M. 2829. -Grows 12-18 in. high. One of the least worthy species. paucifldra, Benth. (F. calyc)na. Hook.). Branches terete and glabrous, with abundant evergreen foliage : fls. in large trusses, purple, with a lighter ring about BRUNFELSIA BRYANTHUS 185 the mouth of the tube ; calyx large, as long as the curved tube of the core' la. Brazil. B.M.4r)8.'{. 0x0.40:815. -A handsome plant, tlowering in succession most of the rear. The commoner species in cult. B. cnnfertifldrn, Benth.=B. ramosissima. — B. extmia, Bossa =B. macrophyUa.— if. grandiflora, Don. Fls. large (2 hi. across), greenish, in termiual corymbs.— if. LindeniAiia, Nicholson. Fls. 3 in. across, violet-mauve.— B. rnacrophyila, Benth. Fls. 2-'2%in. across, deep purple: Ivs. longer and duller than those of F. calycina.— ^. ramosissima, Benth. Fls. Urge, in crowded corj'mbs. deep violet-purple : foliage luxuriant. One of the best; may be grown cooiti ir< winter than thr other species. L. R. B. BEUNSVlGIA (after the Duke of Erunswick\ Ama- rijlliddceie. Tender flowering bulbs from S. Afr., with umbels of large, numerous, brick-red lis. The bulbs must be thoroughly rested from the time the Ivs. fade until the scape appears, or from May to Aug. Bruns- vigias are hard to flower. They require rich, sandy soil, plenty of heat and sunlight. When growing, give water and liquid manure freely. They propagate by offsets. J. G. Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideae, p. 96. A. Lvs. strap-nhaped. Josephlnae, Ker-Gawl. Bulb ,")-6 in. thick : lvs. 8-10, strap-shaped, glaucous or greenish, thick, closely ribbed, •2-3 ft. long, 13^-2 in. broad : scape 1 in. thick, 1% ft. long: fls. 20-.'?0, rarely 50-00. in pn umbel: pedicels J^-1 ft. long : capsules smaller than in B. qigantea, less conical and less .strongly angled. B.M. 2.578. F.S. 4:322. -Named after the Empress Josephine, who purchased the original bulb after it flowered at Malmaison. AA. Lvs. tongue-shaped. gigant^a, Heist. (Amaryllis gigantea, Van Marum. A.orientdlis, Ecklon). Bulb very large: lvs. about 4, tongue-shaped, closely ribbed, 3-5 in. broad, usually un- der 1 ft. long: scape red or green, a finger's thickness: rts. 20-30 in an umbel, paler than in B. gigantea, &a6. less numerous ; pedicels stout, strongly ribbed, 4-6 in. long. B.M. 1619 as B. multifora. B.falcata, Ker-Gawl =Ammocharis falcata. H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M. BBUSSELS SPBOUTS. Fig. 273. Although this vege- table is popular in England and on the Continent, and i.s extensively grown there, it is infrequent in Ameri- can home gardens ; it is also but little grown as a market-garden crop. The edible part of the plant con- sists of the little "sprouts " or diminutive heads which form along the stalk in the axils of the lvs. The'se small heads may be boiled like cabbage or cooked in cream the same as cauliflower. This is considered by many to be one of the most delicately flavored vege- tables of the whole cabbajre family. The requirements of the crop and its general treatment differ but little from those of cabbages and cauliflowers. Any soil which will produce good crops of these vegetables is well adapted to the growing of Brus.sels Sprouts— a good, rich, well-drained soil beiuir the best. For eaj-ly fall use, the seeds should be sown in April (in the North), in a mild hotbed, or if the weather is sufficiently warm the open ground will suffice. As soon as the first true leaves have developed, the seedlings should be transplanted to a coldframe or some pro- tected place, being set 2-3 in. apart each way. These plants will be ready to transfer to the field or garden in fnne. June-set plants should be ready for use in September. For field-culture, the plants should be set in rows about ;i ft. apart and 18 in. to 2 ft. asunder in the rows. Ordi- narily good cultivation should be given durinfjr the grow- ing season. As soon as the sprouts become large enough, so that they crowd at all, the leaves should be cut or broken off as close to the stalk as possible, in order to (rive the sprouts more room to develop. A tuft or ro- sette of leaves only should be left at the top of the stalk. These early-set plants will continue to develop •sprouts for some weeks. The crop for late fall and winter use requires the same general treatment, up to the time of severe freez- ing, as the earlier crop does, except that the seeds should be sown in June. The plants will be ready for setting out in August. These plants will make much of their growth in the cool fall days, and by the time of freezing weather they will be in condition for storing. The late crop is usually less troubled by aphis, and more profitable. Where the climate is not too severe the 273. Brussels Sprouts plants may be left in the field undisturbed, and the sprouts gathered from them during the winter as they are desired. This method is followed by some of the Long Island growers. But where the climate is too rigor- ous, the plants may be dug, with considerable soil re- maininar on the roots, and packed as closely together as they will stand in some sheltered place, as in a vai'ant coldframe or some similar place where they can be suffi- ciently well protected, to prevent repeated" freezing and thawing. The essentials for good storatre are the same as for cabbages. Frosts improve the quality of the sprouts. They are hardier than cabbages. In marketing, the sprouts are cut from the stalk and shipped in crates. They are usually sold by the quart. To bring the best prices, much care must be taken in preparing the sprouts. All discolored leaves should be removed, and it is also well to have them as uniform in size as pos.sible. Although a dozen or more sort^ are catalogued by the seedsmen, there is but little ditference between those of the same type or form, they beinfj: little more than dif- ferent strains of the same thine:. There are two forms,— the tall and the dwarf. The former grows to a height of 2% ft. or more, and the sprouts are smaller and less closely packed along the stalk than the dwarf ones are. The latter seMotn exceed 18 or 20 in. in height. For the botany of Brussels Sprouts, see Cabbage. H. P. Gould. BRYANTHUS (Greek, hrj/nn, moss, and anthos, flower: growing among mosses). Sjti. Phi/lMdoce. BricilceiV. Low evergreen shrubs : lvs. small, linear, alternate, crowded : fls. in terminal umbels or short ra- cemes, nodding, on slender pedicels ; corolla urceolate or rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 8 or 10: fr. a many-seeded capsule. Eight species in arctic regions 186 BRYAXTHUS BRYOPHYLLUM of N. Eu. and N. Asia, in N. Amer. in the Rocky Mts. southward to California. Heath-like prostrate shrubs, quite hardy, with handsome, delicate Us., but rarely cul- tivated. They thrive best in peaty and sandy soil, and can only be grown successfully in localities where the air is moist and cool, but i>. erectus is less particular. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring in peaty soil or cut monoecious, fascicled: fr. about the size of a cherry spherical, preen, with prettv white markings, ^si'a' Afr., Austral. F.S.12: 1202. ' Var. erythrocArpa, Naud. (B. ery throe drpa, Naufl ) Has red fr. with white marks. I. H. 12:4.31. F.S. 21:22:17! On. 6, p. 19;{. — A warmhouse plant, rarely grown in p>ots nn<l trained to rafters. Prop, by seeds. w' M > • 274. Sprouting leaf of Bryophyllum. sphagnum and kept moist and shady, by cuttings in August under glass, and by layers. empetrifdnnis, Gray. Five to 8 in. : Ivs. H~14 in. long, finely serrate: tis. campanulate, 6 or more on slender, glandular pedicels, in short racemes: corolla rosy pur- ple, about % in. broad. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 3176 (as Memiesia empetrifomiis). erectus, Lindl. (B. etnpetrif&rmis x Bodothdmmts Chanurcistns). Six to 10 in. high: Ivs. slightly serrate: fls. 2-10, rosv pink, rotate-campanulate, about J^ in. broad. F.S. 7:"G59. P.F.G. 1: 19. -Of garden origin. B. Brhveri, Gray. Allied to B. empetriformis. Fls. larger; stamens exserted. Sierra Nevada.—^, glanduliflonis. Ciray. Fls. urceolate-ovate, sulphur-yellow. Sitka to Brit. C'olunib.— Ji. Gmelini, Don. Fls. small, rosy, 3-10, in slender peduncled rafemes. Kamschatka, Behring's Isl.— .B. taxifblia. Gray. Fls. ohlong-urceolate, purple. High Mts. of N. E. A jier., Greenland, K. Eu., N. Asia, N. Jap. ALFRED Rehder. BRYONIA (Greek, to sprout, referring to the annual growth from the tuber). Cucurbitdceie. A genus of 7 species of perennial cucurbits, natives of Europe and W. Asia. They are herbaceous perennial climbers, with the staminate fls. in racemes, while Bryonopsis is an annual plant, with the .staminate fls. in fascicles. All spe- cies of Bryonia are dioecious except B. a Iba . Brjonopsis is monoecious. See Cogniaux, in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:469. A. Fls. dioecious : stigmas rough : fruits red. didica, Jacq. Brvonv. Height 6-12 ft.: root long, fleshy, branching, white, a finger's thickness: Ivs. ovate or roundish in outline, 5-lobed, margin wavy-toothed, rough with callous points, paler beneath : pistillate fls. greenish white, i-orymbose. short-peduncled. Common in Ens;, and in central and S. Eu. Rarer in W. Asia and N. Afr. Not sold in Amer., but a common si^iht along English highways. It grows rapidly over hedges and fences. AA. Fls. mouopcious : stigmas smooth : fruits black. &lba, Linn. Height 6-12 ft. : roots thick, tuberculate, yellowish outside, white within: Ivs. long-petioled: pis- tillate fls. in long-peduncled racemose corymbs. Eu., Caucasus, Persia. B. lacinibsa, Linn.=Bryonopsis laciniosa. \\r^ j^_ BRY0N6PSIS (Greek, Bryony-tike). Cueurbitdceo'. A genus of two species of annual climbers. Consult Brifottia for generic differences. lacinidsa, Naud. (Brydnia lacinidsa, Linn.). Lvs. deeply 5-lobed, rough, light green above, paler beneath; segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : fls. 075. Flowers of Bryophyllunj (X K). BRYOPHtTLLTTM (Greek, sprouting leaf). Cransu- lAceie. A small genus of succulent plants in the same order with stonecrops, houseleeks and Cotyledon. The only species in cult, is a rapid-growing window-plant, and, like the Begonias, a familiar example of plants that are propagated by leaf -cuttings. It is hardly a decora- tive ^lant, but is' very odd and interesting. It is only necessary to lay the leaves on moist sand or moss, and at the indentations new plants will appear after a time (see Fig. 274). It is even possible to pin leaves on the wall, and without water new plants will come. Useful in botanical demonstrations. calycinum, Salisb. Fig. 275. Height 2-4 tt.: stem reddish, with raised, oblong, whitish spots : lvs. oppo- 276. Flowers of BuckiArheat. Natural size site, fleshy, simple or ternate, ovate, crenate, obscurely veined above: fls. pendulous, in terminal-comiHiuud panicles : cah-x and corolla cylindrical, reddish green, spotted white; calyx l^^in. long; corolla 2>^in. long, BRYOPHYLLUM BUDDLEIA 187 ^th 4 slierhtly curving tips f Fijf, 275). Mex. B.M. 1409. LBC. 877. — It is said that the Ivs. are sour in the morn- ing, tasteless rc noon, and somewhat bitter towards evening. This chantre has been attributed to the absorp- tion of oxygen at night and its disengagement in daylight. W. M. BUCKEYE. Consult ^Esculus. BUCKTHOE"^. Rhamnus. particularly R. cnfhartieus. 281. Apple twig, showmg an expanding flower-bui. BUCKWHEAT (Fagoppnim esculentum, Moench). Polligonuccif. A tender annual grain plant, 'iour being made of the large 3-cornered fruit. It is much grown in the northern U. S., usually being sown about the first of July. It is also a favorite for bee forage. Buckwheat is native to central Siberia and Manchuria, and is now widely cult., although it is a grain of secondary impor- tance. The flower-cluster is shown in Fig. 27(> The Tartarian Buckwheat {F. Tatdrirum. Gsprtn.; is occa- sionally seen. It has smaller and yellowish fls.. and a smaller, roughish, wavy-angled fruit. BUD. The undeveloped or embryo state of a branch. As commonly known to the horticulturist, the bud is a more or less dormant organ ; that is, the horticulturist doe'* not recognize the bud until it has attained sufficient size to be obvious or to suggest some practice in the treatment of the plant. In this state the bud usually represents a resting stage of the plant. The bud-cover- ing protects the growing point in the cold or dry season. The bud is a shortened axis or verv condensed branch. 377. Apple buds— fruit- bud en the l«-ft. leaf- bud on the right. 278. Pear twigs— fruit- buds on the left, leaf- buds on the right. The dormant or resting bud (as the winter bud of all trees) is covered with protective scales which are modi- tied leaves ; and the core of it is the nascent or embryo liranch or flower-cluster, with rudimentary leaves. 8in'ce the bud is an embryo branch, it follows that disbudding is a most efficient means of pruning. A bulb is a form of bud; and a dense rosette of leaves (as in the common house-leek) is intermediate in structure between a bulb and a normal branch. A cabbage head is essentially a gigantic bud. Horticulturists speak of buds as leaf -buds and flower- buds, according as they give rise to barren, leafy branches or to flower l)ranches ( for flower-clusters are modified branches). True flower-buds or fruit -buds are those which produce only flowers, as those of the apricot (Fig. 116) and the peach. Mixed flower-buds or fruit- buds are those which contain both flowers and leaves, as those of the apple (Fig. 281) and pear. On dormant plants, leaf-buds and flower-buds are distinguished by position, size and shape. The position of the flower-bud varies with the kind of plant, but is commonly termi- nal, either on a branch of common length or on a very abbreviated branch or spur. The flower-bud is com- monly larger and thicker than the leaf -bud, because it contains the embryo flower. Illustrations of flower- buds and leaf-buds are shown in Figs. 277-280. With Fig. 279 compare Fig. 298, showing a section of cabbage head. The reader is referred to The Pruning-Book f»r detailed discussion of the subject. Of all the buds which form, very many do not grow, being crowded out in the struggle for existence. These buds often remain alive and dormant for several years, each succeeding year decreasing their chances of grow- ing even if favorable conditions occur. It is a common opinion that these dormant buds become covered by the thickening bark, and grow when large limbs are re- moved ; but this is an error. The shoots which arise from a wound on an old limb are from true adventitious buds, or those which are newly formed for the occasion in the cambium. Buds are normally formed in close proximity to leaves, usually in their axils; but adventi- tious buds form under stress of circumstances, without reference to leaves. Xj. H. B. BUDDING. See Graftage. B0DDLEIA (after Adam Buddie, an English bota- nirt). Syn., Buddlea. Loiinniclcece. Shrubs or trees, with usually quadrangular branches : Ivs. opposite, short- petioled, deciduous or semi-persistent, usually tomen- tose when unfolding, entire or serrate : fls. in racemes, panicles or clusters ; co- rolla tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed ; stamens included, 4 : fr. a 2-celled cap- sule, with numerous minute seeds. About 70 species in tropical and temperate regions of America. Asia and S. Africa, of which only a small number of hardier species is cultivated. Ornamental shrubs, rtt»wering freely in summer; not quite hardy north: the hardiest seems to be li. Japonica, which may be grown in sheltered positions north, but also many of the others, as B. 'jlobosa, variahilix, Liiidlejfatia, Colvillei, will stand many degrees of frost, and, when killed to the ground, they freely push forth 279. Sections of pear buds - fruit-bud on the left, leaf- bud on the right. young shoots, which will flower mo.stly the same season, especially i^. Japonica, Lind- Ivyana and intermedia. The handsomest in flower are B. Colvillei, variabili.f, glo- bo.'oi and Lindleifana. They grow best in a light, well-drained soil, in a sunny po readily by seeds sown in spring in gentle 280. Buds of the peach. The mid- dle bud is a leaf-bud and the large side buds are fruit buds. sition. Prop, bottom heat. 188 BUDDLEIA BUFFALO BERRY by greenwood-cuttings under glass, or by hardwood cut- tings taken oflf in fall and kept during the winter in a frost-proof room. A. FI.H. in panicles. B. Corolla small, ivith long, narrow tube, %-% in. long. O. Color violet or lilac. Japdnica, Hemsl. (B. cnrviflbra, Hort., not Hook. & Am.). Three to 6 ft., with quadrangular, winged branches : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely denticulate, slightly tomentose or nearly glabrous be- neath, 3-6 in. long : tls. in dense, terminal, pendulous racemes, 4-8 in. long : corolla slightly curved, lilac outside, with grayish tomentum. Japan, I. H. 17:25. R. H. 1870, p. 337, and 1878, p. 330. Lindleydina, Fort. Three to 6 ft. : Ivs, ovate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, remotely denticulate, pale green beneath, and slightly pubescent or glabrous, 2-4 in. long: racemes dense, erect, li-5 in. long ; corolla purplish violet, slightlv curved, pubescent outside. China. B.R. 32: 4. F.S. 2:112. P.M. 14: 5. intermedia, Carr. {B. JapdnicaX Lindlexjcina). Hy- brid of garden origin, similar in habit to B. Japonica. Lvs. ovate-oblong, dark green above, 4—5 in. long : lis. violet, in slender, arching or pendulous racemes. 10-20 in. long. R. H. 1873: 151. Var. insignis, Hort. {B. in- signis, Carr.), has the upright habit of B. Lindleyann. Branches distinctly winged : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, of- ten in 3's : racemes erect, rather dense, 4-6 in. long, usuallv panicled at the end of the branches, with rosy violet fls. B.H. 1878:330. variabilis, Hemsl. Three to 8 ft.: lvs. nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely ser- rate, whitish-tomentose beneath, 4-10 in. long : tls. in dense, terminal, erect panicles, 4-6 in. long ; corolla lilac, with orange-vellow mouth, glabrous outside. China. B.M. 7609. R.H. 1898: 132. G.C. Ill, 24: 139.- A newly introduced, very handsome species, with showy and fragrant fls. CC. Color yelloic. Madagascari^nsis, Lam. Shrub, 6-12 ft., with densely tomentose branchlets : lvs. ovate-oblong, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, entire, dark green and lustrous above, whitish or yellowish tomen- tose beneath : fls. tomentose outside, in large terminal panicles, appearing during the winter. Madagascar. B.R. 15:1259. B. M. 2824. -Hardy only in subtropical regions. BB. Corolla with broad cfflindrical tube, limb over 1 in. broad. C61villei, Hook. & Thorns. Shrub, occasionally tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, pubescent, and pale or grayish green beneath, 5-7 in. long : panicles broad, pendulous. 12-18 in. long ; corolla purple or crimson, with white mouth. B. M. 7449. R.H. 1893:520. I. H. 41: 10. F.S. 14:1487. J. H. Ill, 31 : 85.- The most beautiful of all Buddleius. and a very desirable shrub for warmer temperate regions ; only older plants flower freely. AA. Fls. in globular heads. globosa, Lam. Three to 10 ft., with the branches and lvs. beneath yellowish-tomentose : lvs. ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, rugose al)ove, .3-7 in. long : fls. orange-yellow, in dense, long-peduncled, axillary heads at the ends of the branches ; fragrant. Chile. B. M. 174. — A graceful and very distinct shrub, standing some degrees of frost. B. Americana. Linn. Eight to 12 ft. : fls. in globuliir clusters, forming termiiiiil panick's. Peru. Tendtr.- /i. Asidticn. Lour. Three to l."> ft.: fls. white, iu long, usually panicle*! spikes, fra- grant. 8. Asia. B.M ^VZi.—H. capitata, Jacq.=B. glohosa. — B. crispa, Benth.= B. panipul.'ita.- .B. fieterophylla, Lintll.= B. Ma<lagasfariensis.— ^. Xefindn, Roxb.= B. AMntira —B. pan ic- ttldta, Watt. (B. crispa. Benth ), 6-15 ft.: fls. lilac, in rather dense panicles: branches and lvs. tomentose. B.M. 4793. F.S. 9: 9'^.—B. salicifoUa. .Fafq.= Chilianthns arb^reus —li. salici- folia, Hort.^B. Lindleyana.— JB. saligna, Willil. = ('hilianthus arboreus. ALFRED Rehder. BUEL, JESSE. American agriculturist and editor was born at Coventry, Conn., Jan. 4, 1778, and died at Danbury. Conn., Oct. 6, 1839. He lived at Albanv from 1813 until 1821, when he retired to his farm near bv. He was one of the founders, in 18.34, of The Cultivator, a monthly, "to improve the soil and the mind," the sub- scription price of which was fifty cents a year. In 1866 The Cultivator was merged with The Countrj- (Gentle- man, a weekly founded in 18.'}3, and The Cultivator and Country Gentleman is, therefore, the oldest surviving American agricultural paper. BUFFALO BEERY. Fig. 282. Shephlrdia argentea, Nutt. {Lepargyrceaarghitea, Greene). Elfpagndce(f.The 282. Buffalo berry {X%). Buffalo Berry has been long before the public, but it ia only within the last few years that it has attained any prominence as a fruit plant. In Hovey's MajLiazine of Horticulture for 1841, page 251. it is mentioned as fre- quently cultivated, indicating that it found its way into our gardens earlier than the blackberry. Its position to- day bears evidence that no such place was awaiting it as stood ready for the blackberry, or that if there were, it has lamentably failed in attempting to flll it. The plant did not find its place as a cultivated shrub until the settlement of the West created a demand for hardy and drought-resisting fniits. The plant belonijs to the Oleaster family, and now bears the name otLepargifnm argentea (Nutt.), though more commonly known as t>hepherdia argentea. It occurs commonly throughout the Rocky Mountain region and the dry plains to the eastward, from Saskatchewan to Colorado, and even New Mexico. Its fruit is frequently used for jelly, and i« sprightly and agreeable, but small with a single large seed, and borne among numerous thorns, so that it is far less promising than most of our other garden fruits. Apparently its chief value lies in its adaptability to regions where more desirable bush-fruits can not be grovi-n. Where the currant thrives, there is little nee<l for the Buffalo Berry, except as a novelty or fi»r orna- ment. It possesses ornamental qualities of value, and may well be planted for that purpose. It is often reconi- mende«l as a hedge plant for the Northwest. There are two forms, one bearing bright red and the other yellow fruit. The plant propagates re^ulily, either by seeds < cuttings, and also by the suckers which sonietiuie- spring up about the base of the plants. It is dio-cious, and both staminate and pistillate plants must be grown together, or no fniit will result. These may be distin- guished by the buds in winter, those of the pistillate BUFFALO BERRY BULBS 189 plant being more slender, less numerous, and arranged in less compact clusters, those of the staminate plants bem? rounded, and borne in dense clusters. Fred W. Card. BUGBANE is Cimicifuga. BUIST, EGBERT. Florist, seedsman, and author, was b,.ni at Cupar Fyfe, near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 14, Igi).'). and (lied in Philadelphia, July 13, 1880. He was trained at the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, came to America in August, 1828, and was employed for a time bv Henry Pratt. In 1830 he became the partner of Hib- bert.who had established the first notable fiorist's busi- ness iu Philadelphia. He became noted for his suc- (,,.<<es with roses, which were at that time second in popular favor to the camellia with the Philadelphians. The great improvement of the verbena was largely due to Vim, and was immediately followed by the introduc- tion into America of a distinct class of bedding plants. He intToduped Poinsettia pulcherrinia to the trade, and hi* sale of the double form is said to have been the first tran^iaction of the kind accomplished by ocean telegraph. He was the author of The American Flower-Garden Direi'tory, in 1832, The Rose Manual, 1844, and The Family Kitchen-Gardener (copyrighted, 1847), all of which were frequently reissued, and enjoyed a consid- erable sale for many years. An excellent account of his life may be found in The Gardener's Monthly 22:372 (1888). The frontispiece of the bound volume for the year is his portrait. \y_ -^ BULB, BULBS. A bulb is a thickened, fleshy, and usually subterranean bud, generally emitting roots from its under side. The function of the bulb is to carry thf plant over an unpropitious season, as over winter or a dry period. True Bulbs are either tunicated, formed in rings or layers, like those of hj'acinths and oniims (Fig. 283), or scaly, like those of liliums (Fig. 284 i: but as popularly understood and in commercial parlance, the term Bulbs applies to a lar^e class of flowering and ornamental buJbous-like plants in their which are solid, as crocus and gladiolus (Fig. 285); tubers which are succulent and have the buds or eyes near the surface, as the dahlia and potato (Fig. 280); rhizomes, fleshy, creeping underground stems like cer- 283. Onion bulbs. 285. Corm or solid bulb of Gladiolus. dormant condition, during which period they are col- ieot*(l. dug, stored, shipped, sold and planted, like so many potatoes. This class includes, in addition to the true bulbs, many that are botanically known as corms. 286. Potato— Example of a tuber. tain iris, ginger, and many wild plants (Fig. 287 ; also. Fig. 53, p. 37) ; pips, the flowering crowns of lily-of-the- valley ; and certain other dormant fasciculated fleshy roots like those of peonies, ranunculus, etc. A variety of bulbs is shown in Fig. 288. The true or feeding root's grow generally from the base of the bulb, the stems, flowers and foliage from the crown of the bulb, or the eyes. There is an exception to this in certain iilies, which throw out roots above the bulb also (Fig. 289). The bulb is a storehouse for the plant, wherein is formed, after flowering, new stems, leaves and flowers. In fact, the bulb contains a new plant, which is protected and sus- tained within the bulb by the reserve food and energy collected therein during one season for the plant's suc- cessor. After the flowering period, the plant above the bulb and the roots beneath it ripen off and die away. The bulb is then in a dormant condition. It is during this state of rest, lasting approximately from three to six months, that bulbs are taken out of the ground and transported easily and safely from continent to conti- nent, if required; after which the incipient roots, stems, foliage and flowers develop with as much luxuriance and perfection — conditions being congenial — as if the bulb had remained in its original environment. Bulbous flowering plants (bulbs) are very popular with flower-loving people. There is a particular charm and interest in growing them. As a rule, they produce flowers of remarkable beauty, uTisurpassed by any other class of plants, and many of them are deliciously fra- grant. They comprise an endless variety in habit, form, size and color, are adaptable for many purposes, and many of them flower equally well under either garden or house culture. Soon after their beauty fades they hide away, or may be removed , and in the interval, their places may be occupied by other seasonable flow- ering plants. Not the least among the merits of bulbs is their ease of culture, and the great certainty and perfection with which their flowers are produced, under suitable conditions. Among bulbous plants are many that are sufficiently hardy to withstand the severity of our northern winters. The kinds that are suitable are nearly all dormant in the fall, which is the proper time for planting them, and they will flower the coming season. In March or earlier, spring is ushered in with the blooming of snowdrops, chionodoxas, anemones, scillas, cr<K'us, winter aconites, bulbocodiums, etc., followed in April with brilliant hya- cinths, tulips, narcissus and hosts of others. In April appear the unapproachable late tulips, poet's daffodils, dicentras, etc., followed in succession until frost, notably with peonies, irises, hemerocallis, lilies, montbretias, tritomas, etc. All these are useful for gardens, lawns, and parks. Gardeners usually think of bulbs as divided into two classes, — hardy and tender, or those which stand freez- ing and those which do not. There is a class from South Africa known as Cape bulbs, which usually bloom in the fall. There are now so many improved hybrids and breeds that are crowding out the types, that the term 190 BULBS BULBS "Cape bulb" has lost its significance in this country. In the present article, bulbs are treated under the follow- ing general heads : hardy spring bulbs for design bed- ding ; hardy bulbs in tlie herbaceous garden, mixed rtower border or lavm ; summer- and autumn-ttowering tender bulbs for spring planting ; bulbs for flowering 287. Example of a rhizome— Smilacina racemosa. in the house and greenhouse ; keeping dormant bulbs, tubers, etc. : hints on buying and selecting bulbs ; catalogue of bulbs. Hardy Spriso-flowerino Bulbs for Design Bed- DiNO. — The only bulbs adapted for geometrical beds are Dutch hyacinths and tulips. It is not best to use both in the same bed for really fine effects. While there are hundreds of varieties in both hyacinths and tulips with colors, gr«ulations and variegations innumerable, yet for this style of bedding only solid, bright, contrasting colors should be used. This limits the selection in hya- cinths to dark crimson, rose-red. pink, purple, blue, lavender, white and yellow (the latter is seldom satis- factory), and in tulij>s to dark blood-red, scarlet, rose, blush-pink, yellow, white, and a bluish claret, which last is s» ' 'om used. In ordering the bulbs for this style of beddi it is important to select kinds that bloom at the sail ime and are of uniform height. The bulb catalogues ;;ive this information: or, deal with a reliable firm and leave the selection to them. In planting bulbs in "design beds," it pays for the extra trouble to first remove the soil to a depth of 6 inches, spade up the lower soil, using well-rotted manure and plenty of bone dust worked in. Then level off, smooth, and cover with an inch of sand. This prevents the manure from touch- ing the bulbs, allows the water to drain away from im- mediate contact with them, thus removing causes which may lead to their decay. Bulbs set in this manner on the sand may l)e placed in their exact position, after which the top soil is carefully replaced. It is a difficult matter to set bulbs just 4 inches deep and 4 to 6 inches apart with an ordinary trowel. The planter is almost sure occasionally to chop off a piece of a neighboring bulb or displace it. Bulbs i)lant«d in the manner ad- vised, being all of an even depth, will flower uniformly; often, when planted with a trowel, some bulbs will be an inch too high and some an inch too low, which in early spring makes considerable difference in the time of blooming. Besides, when bulbs are planted with a trowel or dibble, there is danerer of "hanging" a bulb occasionally, where it may perish on account of not touching bottom. Hardy Bulbs in the Herbaceous Garden, Mixed Flower Border, or Lawn.— The mixed border is a favorite place for most hardy bulbs. They should be planted in little colonies here and there among the hardy plants and shrubs ; and it is here that bulbs seem to thrive and give the most pleasure. As spring ap- proaches, the sombre winter browns and dull greens of the deciduous and evergreen plants are suddenly trans- formed into an unrivaled setting, studded with bril- liantly colored and fragrant flowers, the contrasts being exceedingly effective and cheery; and besides, from the border one does not hesitate to cut a few flowers for the house for fear of spoiling the effect, as would be the case in formal bedding. Furthermore, bulbs seem to do better and last longer in a border because the flowers are cut freely in bud or when just approaching their prime, which is the best possible time for the ht-nefit of the bulb, for the efforts of any bulb to form see«l8 wt»k- ens the bulb. A hyacinth bulb that matures seed is virtually destroyed. Then, again, in an herbaceous bor- der the bulbs are not disturbed. The foliage remains uninjured until ripe, thus fulfilling its duty of re- charging the bulb with new energy for the next season's display. Bold clumps of the taller bulbous plants are very effective on the lawn, where beds of one kind should be isolated, and be given a position not too prominent nor too near. The object desired is a mass of one color, which at a little distance is more striking on account of the contrast with the surrounding green grass and trees. Among the best hardy bulbous plants for this purpose are : hemerocallis, such lilies as candidum. tierinum, speciosum and auratum; also dicentra, crown im- perials, montbretias, tritomas, peonies, Kaempferi and Germanica irises, etc. Bulbs planted right in the sod on the lawn make a very pleasing picture when in bloom in th«» early spring. Make patches here and there of golden, white and purjde crocus, the little chiono<loxas.' snowdrops. Scilla amcena, winter aconite, snow- flakes, bulbocodium and triteleia. These grow, increase, bloom and ripen the foliage before it is necessary to use the lawn mower, so that the surface of the lawn in summer is not marred. The bulbs may be dibbled in when the ground is moist and soft during the fall rains, but it is better to cut and turn back the sod here and there, plant the bulbs under it, then press the sod back again. For parks, groves and wild outlying grounds beyond the closely clipped lawn, a very happy style of ''natural- izing" bulbous and other plants is coming much into vogue. Such bulbs should be used as can be planted in quantity, twenty-five to a hundred or more of a kind in a patch, and only those should be used which are hardy, and will flower and thrive and increase under neglect. Fortunately, there are many bulbous plants that suc- ceed even better in sxich rough places than in the prim garden. Among them are hardy anemones, caniassia, convallaria, dicentras, erythroniums, funkias. certain iris, liliums, poet's narcissus, Von Sion narcissus, tril- liums, and numerous others. In regard to the preparation of bods for hardy bulbs, planting and treatment, we can only generalize. De- tailed directions suited to the different species, and also varieties where treatment varies, will be found under their respective headings in this Cyclopedia. As a rule, well-rotted manure (mind that it is well-rotted, not fresh 288. Various types of bulbs and tubers. 1. Tuberose. 2. Colocasia Antiquoram ( CaZadiwTn e^culentum). 3. Easter Lily. 4. Jonquil. 5. Gladiolus. 6. Lilium pardaliuum. 7. Hyacinth. 8. Lily-of-the-Valley. and heating) should be liberally applied and dug into the ground deeply. It must be where the long, feedirg roots can get at it, and yet not touch the bulbs, nor be too near their base. This is easily accomplished by re- moving a few inches of the top soil first, as described under " Design Bedding," above. If it is impracticable to BULBS BULBS 191 do this, then it is not wlvisHble to use manure at all, for the bulbs are liable to come in contact with it and become diseased. Bone meal alone is then the safest fertilizer to use, and it should be applied lavishly. Most bulbs like rich food if properly applied. Although the embro dowers were formed within the bulb the season 289. The Easter lily throws out feeding roots both below and above the bulb. before, yet their size, luxuriance and brilliancy this season depend larf,'ely upon the nutrition the roots receive. Liberal ai)plications of manure water, when the bulbs are in bud, often produce excellent results. The proper dei>th to plant bulbs varies according to the kinds, it is a coninion fault to plant them too near the surface. Some kinds, notably the Californian Hum- bohltii and Washingtonianum lilies, do best when 10 to 12 inches deep ; hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, and simi- lar large bulbs from 4 to 6 inches deep ; smaller bulbs somewhat shallower. Hardy bulbs root during the fall and early winter, and if planted too near the surface the freezing, thawing and heaving of the upper crust of soil in mild winters often causes the bulbs to break from their roots, and. in consequence, only inferior tlowers are produced. When good, cold weather has set in and a light crust has been frozen on the soil, then cover the bed with leaves, straw, marsh hay or reeds to a depth of from 4 to 6 inches. This protects not only from severe freezing, but from equally injurious unsea- sonable thaws. Do not put the covering on too early, for it might warm the soil so that the bulbs would com- mence to grow and afterward be injure*! from freezing. Gradually remove the covering in the spring. The general run of bulbous plants thrive in a loamy soil, inclining to sand. This soil attracts moisture, allows free drainage, and admits air. If the soil is cold and stiff, a liberal admixture of leaf -mold and sand, with the addition of manure a[>plied as above described, will be beneficial. The texture of the soil should be such that stagnant water will not remain around the bulbs, as it tends to rot them, particularly when dormant. An excess of humus is, therefore, to be guarded against for most bulbs. While the majority of bulbous plants thrive under the soil conditions advised above, yet there are many notable exceptions. Happy should be the man on whose grounds can be found a variety of soils and exposures, shade and sun. A small wooded valley or ravine, with a brook flowing through it into an open, moist meadow, affords conditions suitable for growing to perfection the greatest variety of bulbous and other plants, many of which cannot be enjoyed in the average monotonous garden. The sooner bulbs can be put in the ground after they are ripe the better for the bulbs ; for, no matter how long they will keep, they do not improve when out of the ground, but tend to dry out and lose vitality. There are, however, many reasons why bulbs cannot be planted as soon as ripe ; and when they are to be kept for certain purposes, they should be stored as advised below. Hardy spring-flowering bulbs should be planted In the open ground in the fall, not earlier than six weeks before reg"jrar frosty and freezing nights are expected. Plant as much later as necessarj', providing the bulbs are keeping sound, but it is not advisable to plant them earlier. Cool weather is necessarj' to deter top growth, which is very liable t/> «t«rt after fonr to six weeks of root development ; and young, suiculcnt top grov.th is apt to be injured by the succeeding freezing. In Maine, Ontario, Wisconsin, and other northern parts (about 45 degrees north latitude), such hardy bulbs as hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, etc., may be planted in September. In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. (about 40 degrees), plant about the middle of October. In the latitude of K ich- mond, Louisville, St. Louis, etc., the middle of Novem- ber .s early enough. In the latitude of Raleigh, Nash- ville, and south, do not plant until middle of December; and for the latter section let the selection of bulbs run to late-flowering varieties, such as Bizarre, Darwin and late double tulips, late hyacinths, late narcissus, etc., for they are not so likely to be caught by the occasional freezing weather in January and February, In this southern latitude, however, very early-flowering bulbs, such as Roman hyacinth> , Due' van Thol tulips. Paper White narcissus, etc., if planted in September, are usually through blooming before freezing weather be- gins. South of the freezing belt, hardy spring-flowering bulbs are not very successful, as a rule, there being no sufficiently cool weather to deter top growth and force root actit>n first, without which the flowers and foliage will not devoljp beyond such sustenance as the bulb can supply; and this sustenance is usually exhausted by the time the flower-spikes are half grown. But there are many half-hardy and tender btilbs that are more easily grown and fli)wered in the South than in the North. The treatment of bulbs after flowering is important when the bulbs are to be used again, for it nmst never be forgotten that the flowers and resources for the next season are garnered within the bulb after blooming, through the agency of the roots and foliage. Imper- fectly developed and matured foliage this year means poor flowers or none at all next year ; so it is best to leave the bulbs alone imtil the leaves have died down. When summer bedding plants are to be substituted, it is sometimes necessarj* to remove bulbs before ripe. In such cases, the bulbs should be carefullj- taken up with a spade. Disturb the roots as little as possible, and do not cut or crush the leaves. Heel-in the plants in a shallow trench in some half-shadj' out-of-the-way place until ripe. Simmer- axd AurrMN-FLOWERixo Garden Bilbs FOR Spring Planting. — This class (Tender) includes some of our showiest garden flowers, which are almost indispensable. Thej- are of the easiest possible culture. Planted in the spring, after danger from frost is over, in a sunnj' position in good, rich, loamj' soil, thej' will flower with great certaintj- the same season. After flow- ering and ripening of the foliage, they should be taken up and stored for the winter as advised below, under "Keeping Dormant Bulbs," until wanted the next spring. Among the more important species of this class of bulbs are the imdermentioned (those marked F must be kept in a Ronii-dormant condition in a coldframe or green- house): Agapanthus (F), alstroemeria (F), amorpho- phallus,anomatheca ( F),antholyza (F),tuberous begonia, bessera, colocasia (caladiura), cooperia, crinum, cypella, gladiolus. galtonia(Hj'acinthus candicans), boussingaul- tia (madeira vine), montbretia, nemastylis, border ox- alis. omithogalum (F), pancratium, richardia (calla), schizostylis (F), sprekelia, tigridia, tuberose, watsonia, zephj-ranthes. BiLBS FOR Flowering in the HorsE and Green- HorsE. — There is no class of plants that gives more satisfaction for this purpose, with so little skill, than 192 BULBS KILBS the various bulb^. Perhaps the most important class of all l)uU)s for winter-flowering and f«»rcinjf are certain hardy and half-hardy kinds. They are the m«>st easily managed of all, and need occupy no space in the window or greenhouse, excepting when in bud and bloom. Un- der suitable treatment, they flower with great certainty, and their flowering period may be hastened ( forced ) or retarded at pleasure, so as to " bring them in " for certain occasions, or to give a continuous succession of Idoom. There is a great variety of kinds of bulbs to select from for this purpose (see list of species at end of this arti- cle), yet the great demand, at this writing, has centered on the following leatlers, especially for forcing pur- poses: AUiiim yeapolU(tnHm,A.Hfrmetti(jr(tn(iiflorum, Anemone fuhjens, convallaria ( I^ily-of-the-Valley ), Free- gia refractd alba, glmliolus "The Bride," early single- flowering Dutch Hyacinths and "Romans." Canipemelle Jonquil, Lilium candidHtn, L. llarriaii and L. Inngi- florum. Several narcissuses are in demand, notably among the large trumpet varieties : Emperor, Em- press, Golden Spur, Horsfieldi, Maxiraus and Trumpet major ; among the medium and small trumpets : Sir W'atkins, Barrii conspicuus and Poeticus ornatus; of the doubles are Von Sion and Orange i'ha'nix ; of the Poly- anthus narcissus : Paper White graudiflora (Totus albus),and Double Roman (Constantinople). Of other species of bulbs, Ornithogalum Arabicum, Spinra aittil- boides floribamla (Arimcus), and s'ngle and double tulips of the early varieties are in demand. The prin- ciples of culture for hardy bulbs for winter flowering are the same, whether only a few are grown in pots for the window garden, or whether tli»'y are to be forced by the thousand by the florist. The first essential is to secure the strongest bulbs. Remember that the flowers were fonned within the bulbs the previous season. If you buy bulbs of narcissus containing only one flower, or hyacinths with ou' ♦en bells on a spike, the best culture possible c;:iUt. r>ikt them produce more; but good culture will develop fU'rh »'owers larger and better. The next most in.poriaut e^set^ial — we mi;jht say the secret of success in flowerin^' bul'.:* In the house or greenhouse — is perfect root deveVipment before the tops begin to grow. To aid the uninitiated in this important matter, we will illustrate: When hardy bull»s are planted in the open ground in the northern states in the fall, the weather above them is cool or cold, the ground beneath them is warmer, and the conditions are congenial for root action but deterrent to top growth. This results in the perfect development of such flowers as the bulbs contain. On the other hand, when hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, and most other hardy spring-flowering bulbs are planted in fall in our extreme southern states, they usually prove disappointing, because the weather is warm, causing the flowers and foliage to begin to grow before the roots ; and as so(m as such sustenance as the bulb could supply has been exhausted, the plant stops growing and dwindles. When we grow bulbs under arti- ficial conditions, we must make them produce roots first. Failure to do this is responsible for nine-tenths of the disappointments. When hardy bulbs are to be grown in pots for winter blooming in the house or conservatory, the bulbs should be potted as soon as they are procurable, between Au- gust and November. Some writers recommend that bulbs be planted in successional lots to give later and continuous flowers, but we think such advice is at fault, as the bulbs tend to dry out and lose vitality when kept dry too long. It is no trouble to retard the flowering of hardy bulbs in winter, as hereafter described, without keeping them out of the ground. The soil should be rich loam. Fresh manure cannot be used. Of thoroughly rotted manure, some may be pulverized and worked into the soil, but it is safer to use pure bone meal, one part to fifty of soil. If the soil is stiff and heavy, mix it with sand and leaf-mold or peat. The size of pots depends upon the kinds of bulbs. A .l-inch pot is best for a first-sized hyacinth, or large- bulbing narcissus, particularly the Polyanthus type. Tulips, small narcissus, and bulbs of a similar size, while they can go individually into a 4-inch pot, are bet- ter when put three or more of one variety together in a larger pot, as the soil retains a more even tempemture and moisture ; and for this reason some prefer earthen 290. Bulb with a cushion of sand beneath it to prevent decay. bulb-pAnii, which roinf> in various nizen, from 8 to 1ft inches in ifianieter. In (Htttinir, place a little broken pott»*ry t>r lumps of chnrcuMl in the bottom for drainaee then till the |Hit with j«oil and shake it down, but <!<> not pack it. Neither must the bulb Ik? pressed or screwed int«> the soil, eUe the soil will l>e packed under it so that when the roots start they often raise the bulb out of the pot. Plant the bulb just deep enough that its top will not show. Large and soft bulbs, which are lia- ble to rot, may l>e set in a cushion of "sand, and the bulb not covered with soil until it ha> taken root and become estab- lished ( Fig. 'J'JO I . When planting mixed bulbs in the same jiot. pan or box, care should be used in selecting dif- ferent varieties that will flower at the same time. An early-flowering Due van Thol and a double Tournesol tulip would flower a month apart under the same treatment. Some varieties of hyacinths, of narcissus, and of most species of bulbs vary greatly in time of blooming, which, of course, would spoil the etfect. When florists force bulbs in quantity for cut-flowers, they sehlom use pots, but shallow boxes, or flats, of a size to economize bench room. Usually these boxes are cut down from soap boxes to a depth of 3 or 4 indus. The bulbs are planted closely in these, from an in, h to 2 inches apart, according to the kind. The tops of the bulbs (excepting lilies) are kept about even with ihe top of the soil. Do not water them unless the soil is very dry, for bulbs in a <lormant condition resent an excess of moisture. After the bulbs are potted, or boxed, as described, they should be placed in a coldfranie or cold-pit to root. This is the most important detail in flowering bulbs under artificial conditions. Cover the pots, boxes or pans with 4 inches of sand, ashes, rotted leaves, tanbark or similar substance, and do not put the sashes on until freezing weather, and even then remove the sash on pleasant days. When no coldframes or pits are available, the pots may be covered as advised in a cool cellar. It is preferable, however, to sink them in th«^ open ground. The writer never had finer flowers on hardy bulbs than when treated as follows: A trench a foot deep is dug in the garden where water will not set- tle on it, and it is protected from the north and west cold. Three inches of coal ashes is first placed in the trench, to allow drainage and keep the wonns out. The pots are then placed on the ashes, the earth is filled in about the pots, filling the trench rounding over. No further attention is required, as everj'thing is congenial to perfect root development, while the weather is cool enough to check top growth. When the weather gets cold enough to freeze a crust on the soil, an additional covering of about 4 inches of rough stable manure, leaves or straw, is put over. Some early bulbs, such as Roman hyacinths, Paper White narcissus. Due van Thol tulips, etc., will root sufficiently in five or six weeks to be taken up for first flowers, which should be out by Christmas or earlier, but it is safer to allow all bulbs not less than eight weeks for rooting. Even* two weeks after the first removal of pots, or as needed, fur- ther relays of rooted bulbs may be taken out for a con- tinuous display of bloom. When the pots of hardy bulbs have been taken up, place them in a cool greenhouse or co()l, light store room, with temperature not over 50°. This temperature will allow the flower stems and foliage to grow, and at the same time prevent the opening of the flowers until the t tems have attained their proper height, after which the pots may be taken to a sunny, warm window, or wherever they are wanted to flower. Bulbs treated in this manner will produce perfect spikes of flowers. A good rule to keep in mind in flowering hardy bulbs is: Temperature, 40° for roots, 50° for foli- age and stems, 60° for best flowers, 70° for quick de- velopment. 80° to rush bloom with loss of substance and risk of "going bliud" (producing uo flowers). BULBS BCLBS 193 The exceptions to the above advice are liliums and lily-of-the-valley. Lilium JIarrisii and Lilium lomji- fJoniM bulbs* particularly, in addition to throwing out roots from the base of the bulbs, usually fomi rrxits from the new stem just above the bulb, and the plants and flowers derive much strength from these top roots. So in potting lily bulbs, it is best to put them down so (feep that tht-re will be sufficient soil al>ove the bulbs to eatice and sustain the stem roots. In other respects treat the bulbs after potting as just advised. Winter- rtowering lily-of-the-valley foniis no new rot)ts. The thick, fleshy, fibrous old roots should be trimmed at the bottom, leaving them from 2 to :{ inches long. This al- lows them to al>sorb the abundant moisture with which they shoiild be supplied while the flowers and foliage are' developing. They tlower just as well in sand or moss, or anything that retains an even moisture and temperature, as they do in soil, but lily-of-the-valley for flowering in the house or greenhouse requires freez- ing before it can be successfully broxight into flower. Without freezing, many pips will "come blind," or pro- duce malformed spikes. So it is just as well for ama- teurs to plant their pips an inch or two apart in pots or l»ulb-pans, and plunge them in the garden, as recom- mended for other hardy bulbs. Florists generally freeze their pips in refrigerators, or have them placed, just as they arrive from Germany, 2,500 pips in a case, in cold storatre, in a temperature of ifrom 28 to 30°. After being forced or flowered in the greenhouse or window, hardy bulbs are of little value, for most bulbs suitable for the purpose have attained their maximum size, and, in consequence, are ready to break up. Flor- ists usually throw these bulbs away. Still, if space can be spared for the bulbs to complete their growth after flowering and ripening, many of them can be utilized for planting in the mixed border or garden, there to remain, where some of them will eventually recuperate and flower. Half-hardy bulbs for winter-flowering and forcing should be treated the same as hardy bulbs, excepting that after potting they should be placed for rot)ting where they will not freeze. Yet they can go pretty close to it and be all the better for it. In northern states, a coldframe or pit or cold greenhouse to root them in is, therefore, almost indispensable. For tender winter- and summer-flowering greenhouse bulbs, the culture varies with almost every species, and as no general instruc- tions would suit all kinds, the reader may refer to their individual cultures given under their respective head- intrs in this Cyclopedia. (See list of species at the end of this article, ) The flowering of bulbs in glasses, bowls, unique pots, etc., is always interesting. Among the most successful and interesting are hyacinth bulbs in glasses of water. Use early-flowering single varieties only. The seedsmen and dealers in bulbs supply special hyacintti glasses for the purpose. They come in various shapes, colors and decorations, and vary in price from 20 cts. to $1.50 each. These are simply filled with fresh, pure water. A lump of charcoal thrown in absorbs impurities, but it is not a})solutely necessary. The bulb rests in a cup- shaped receptacle on top of the glass. In filling, the water should not quite touch the bottom of the bulb. Put in a cool, dark, airy place until the roots have reached the bottom of tlie glass, which should be in about six weeks. Do not place them in a close, warm closet. They must have fresh air. As the water evapo- rates, fill the glasses, and change the water entirely when needt^d to keep it sweet and clear. After rooting, place the glasses in a light storeroom where the temperature averages about 50°, until tke stems and foliage have developed ; then remove to a warm, sun.iy window for flowers to open. There are other kinds that do equally well when rooted in water, providing the largest healthy bulbs are chosen. AmouT them are sprekelia ( Jacobapan lily). Trumpet narcissus Horsfieldi and Golden Spur, polyanthus narcissus Grand Monarque and Gloriosa, large bulbs of Roman hyacinths, early single tulips, and Mammoth Yellow crocus, etc. We have flowered hyacinths on a piece of virgin cork floating in an aqua- rium, a hole being cut through the cork for the roots to reach the water. The so-called "Chinese Sacred Lily," a variety of Polyanthus narcissus, grows and flowers 13 luxuriantly in bowls of water, provided they are not placed in a dry, furnace-heated room, which will cause the buds to blast before opening. Sufficient pebbles or shells should surround the bulbs to prevent them from toppling over. Crocus, Roman hyacinths and lily-of-the-valley pips are very pretty when nicely flowered in columnar, hedge- hog- or beehive-shaped hollow pots with holes for the reception of the bulbs. A bulb is place<l in front of each hole from the inside, with the crown of the bulb looking outward. The pot is then filled with soil through the large opening in the bottom, moss being pressetl in last to hold the contents in place, after which the pots are put «>utside for the bulbs to root, as explained for other hardy bulbs for the house. Keepino Dormant Bilbs, Tubers, Et<, — Bulbs and tubers of the various species, as well as their varieties, vary greatly in size. Some, like oxalis, snowdrops, chionod(»xas, etc., often do not exceed half an inch in diameter, while other bulbs, such as those of Calndium escultutum, certain arums, crinums, etc., attain great size, frequently weighing several pounds each. Such solid bulbs as those of tulips, hyacinths, narcissus, etc, will remain out of the ground soli«l and plump, in a suitable place, for three or four months. The larger the bulb the longer it will keep, as a rule. Large cri- num bulbs have been kept for fifteen months. Still, it is always better to plant the bulbs as soon as possible, for, altiiough they keep, they do not improve, and their tendency is always towards drying out and loss of vi- tality. Never keep bulbs packed up air-tight. They are apt to generate heat or sweat, nudd or rot, or to start. When solid bulbs are to be kept dormant for any length of time, they should be store<l away from bright light in baskets, shallow boxes or slatted trays, in a room or cellar where there is a circulation of fresh air and the temperature is as cool as possible. Forty degrees is the desideratum for all excepting tender bulbs. Scale-like bulbs, as liliums, soon dry out and shrivel if exposed to the air for any length of time ; therefore, they are best kept in open boxes packed with some substance that will retain a slight and even moisture, such as sphagnum moss, rotted leaf -mold, cocoanut fiber refuse, or moist sand, but they must be kept cold to check any efforts to start. Fleshy roots, like those of peonies, certain irises, astilbes, etc., should be treated like the lily bulbs. When a cold-storage room, with an average temperature of 'Mii° to 40°, is available, it is the safest place to carry over hardy bulbs and roots for spring planting. Lily-of-the-valley pips are carried in rooms of about 28° to 30°. The pips and packing freeze solid ; and here they are kept for months until wanted for forcing. When they are removed from this arctic chamber, they must be thawed out gradually and as soon as possible, by plunging in cold water, before they are subjected to any heat ; otherwise, they are likely to rot. For this reason, "cold-storage pips " cannot be safely shipped any distance in warm weather, this often being the cause of the country florists' disappointment in results. Tender dormant bulbs, as begonias, gloxinias, araa- ryllis, pancratiums, tigridias, tuberoses, etc., must be kept in a warm, dry atmosphere, not below 50°. The cause of tuberoses not flowering is often that the bulbs have been kept below 40°, which destroys the flower germ, although the foliage grows just as vigor- ously. Tender tubers, such as dahlias, cannas, etc., should be stored in dry sand in a warm, dry cellar or under the greenhouse bench. Hints on Buying and Selecting Bulbs.— As already said, bulbs can develop only the flowers which were formed within them before they were ripened. A bulb may be poor because not full grown or too young, or because grown in impoverished soil or under unconge- nial conditions, or because it may not have been matured when dug ; or it may be injured from heating, sweating, rotting or moldiness in storage or transit, caused by improper curing or packing, or it may be dried out from having been out of the ground too long. In the major- ity of cases in which poor bulbs are planted, however, it is the buyer's fault in procuring cheap bulbs, which in many cases are second grades, lacking age and 194 BULBS BULBS proper size. The commoner varieties of a species usually propat;ate the fastest, and it in generally these less salable varieties ami inffrior seedlinjfs and cullings from the named bull)» tiiat ^o to m'alct' up most "mixed colors "and "mixed varieties." Therefore, for best re- sults, it is advisable to expend a jfiven amount of money for the first size named varieties, rather than for a larger quantity of cheaper seconds and mixtures, unless, of course, the bulbs are wanted for large permanent plantings, as in promiscuous borders for naturalizing, etc., wht're best flowers the first season are of secondary consideration. The best named hyacinths— "top roots," as they are called in Holland — require fiom four to six years to attain full size and give best flowers. Such bun)s, ec- cording to the variety, shouhl measure from 20 to 24 centimettrs (8 to 10 in.) in circumference. These nat- urally cost more to grow than the younger second or "l)edding" grade of bulbs, measuring from 18 to 20 cen- timeters (6 to 8 in.). There is a third size, ranging from Ki to 18 centimeters (4 to G in.), that goes in mixtures, and a fourth size (12 to 14 centimeters) that goes out as "Dutch Romans," "Pan Hyacinths," "Miniatures," etc. Some growers even scale their sizes a centimeter or two less than mentioned, to enable them to quote lower prices. Crocus, narcissus, tulips and many other bulbs are also sorted into sizes, enabling the grower to catch all classes of buyers. A first size crocus bulb should measure 10 centimeters (4 in.) in circumference, and such bulbs prcxluce from € to 12 flowers each. A small, cheap bulb produces only two or three flowers. A narcisstis bulb of maximum size will produce from 3 to 5 flowers (sometimes more), and an inferior size usually but a single flower. A White Roman hysuduth bull> 14- to 16-centimeter size (5-6 in. circumference) will produce 3 and often 4 spikes of firsts and several seconds, while an 11- to 12-centi- meter size will average o?ily one first grade spike and a couple of seconds, or perhaps nothing but seconds. The best lily-of-the-valley pips bear from 12 to 16 bells on a spike, usually all firsts. Cheaper inferior gra<les of pips have seldom more than 7 to 10 bells. If the florist or planter wants the best bulbs, he must pay more money for them, but they are cheapest in the end, f<»r second- grade stock takes u]) just as much room and requires as much care, fire, and other expenses. It is the grade of flowers called firsts that sell and pay a profit* The supply of seconds is often so abundaut that the market price for them does not pay the cost of the bulbs. Catalogue of Bulbs. —To aid in the selection of bulbs for particular purposes, we append a list of the leading species that are procurable while dormant (between the months specii'ed) from seedsmen and bulb dealers, and we afllx a sign to each to indicate the purpose for which the species — or certain varieties in it— are adapted. Some kinds are useful for more than one purpose, and such have a corresponding number of signs. For example: if a selection of bulbs is to be made for winter-flowering in the house, make a note of those to which an aste- risk (•) is affixed, then ttim to their respective headings in this Cyclopedia, where will be found full descriptions of the V[.rieties as well as species— and cultural instruc- tions—which will enable any one to make an intelligent selection. For winter-flowering bulbs for greenhouse or window, select from species marked *. For summer- and fall-flowering bttlbs for pots for greenhouse and other decoration, select from species marked t. For spring-flowering hardy bulbs for gardens, laicns, etc., select from species marked X. For summer- and fall-flowering hardy bulbs for gardens, lawns, etc., select from species marked !|. For summer- and fnll-flowering {not hardy) bulbs for spring planting in garden, etc.. select from species marked §. For climbing bulbous plants, select from species marked ?. Those marked H are hardy ; H.H, half-hardy ; T, taider. GKNEBA, ETC. HARDINESS. DORMANT. Abobra %'i H.H Oct. to April Aehimenes t . .^ T Oct. to April Agapaiithus t § H.H Oct. to April Albucat T Oct. to April Allium* J H. & H.H Aug. to Pec. Alstroemeria t § h.h Sept. to Nov. Amarj'llis *t t Oct . to April Amorphophallus § T Oct. to April aXXXIU, «TC. HAKDISISS. dohmaxt. Anemone 't ".A H.H Aug. to Not Anomat heca I h.h Oet. to Aorii Antholyzag H.H Oct. to April Apiosi i.. H Oct. to April Arlsa'um t H.H Oct. to April Aruni't. T Aug. to April Habiana ' H.H Aug. to Nov Begf.li la. Tuberous tj t ()«. to April BesHirai* h.h ....Oct. to April Blandfordla* r..., Aug. to Nov Bloomenal h Aug. to Nov* BomHrea«lf . H.H Aug to Oct.' Bous8inKaultia 1? t ( k-t . to A pnl Bowiealt H.H Oit.toMwfh Bravoaf... H.H Oct. to April Brodiwa*t... H.H Aug. to Oct Bolbocodium t H Aug. to ( »«'t' Caladium t § T Oct. to April t alochortns • J h.h Aug to Nov Camassia il h Aug. to isov' Cannat...... t Oct. to April ChionfMloxa • J h Aug. to (H Chlidanthus g h.h Oct. to April Coli-iii.-um 1! h Aug. to Sept Commelina | h.h Oct. to April" Convallaria * J h Oct. to April Cooperia^ H.H Oct. to April Cop'dalts.! H Aug. to April C n num t ^ t N o v . t o A p r 4 Crocus*:.. H Aug. to Oft Crocosmia ? H.H Oct . to April Crown Imperials J H Aug. to Oct Cummingia t t Aug. to Oct Cyanolla t h.h Aug. to ( H-t Cyclamen Persicum • T Aug. to Nov Cyelo»K)thra g h.h Aug. to No / Cypella i t Oct.toI)«. Cyrtant bus t T Oct . to April Dahlias i. t Oct. to April Dicentra I. h Oct. to March Dioscorea 11 h 0<-t . to April Eranthis J h Auj?. to Oct. Eremurus !l h.h Ot. to April Erythronium X h Aug. to Nov. Eucharis t t Sept. to Dec. Eurycles f t Oct. to March Freesia * h.h Aug. to Nov. Fritillaria * t H. * H.H Aug. to Oct. Galanthus* J h Aug. to Nov. Galtonia I h.h Oct. to April Geissorhiza t H.H Aug. to Nov. Gesnera * t T Oct. to April Gladiolus I h.h Sept. to April Gloriosa ^t T Oct. to April Gloxinia t T 0<'t. to April Griffinia t T Oct. to April H^manthust t Aug. to Nov. Helleborus X H 0<'t. to April Hemerocallis li H Oct. to April Homeria § H.H Aug. to Nov. Hyacinth *{ h Aug. to Nov. Hymenocallis ? t T Oct. to April Imantophyllum t t Oct. to April Iris, BuJtons* X H. A h.h Aug. to Nov. Iris, Rhizomatous, etc. J li H Oct. to April Ismene §t T Oct . to April Ixia * H.H Aug. to Nov. Ixiolirion X H Aag. to Nov. Jonquils *X H Aug. to ( )ct . Lachenalia * H.H Aiig. to Oct. Leiicojum t i H Aug. to Oct. Lilium * !l H Sept. to April Lycoris § t H.H Oct. to April Milla I H.H Oct. to April Montbretia I H.H Oct. to April Muscaria X H Aug. to Nov. N»gelia * t T Oct. to April Narcissus *X H Aug. to Oct. Nemastj'lus g T Oct. to April Nerine T T Aug. to Nov. Omithogalum * ? H. & H.H Aug. to Nov. Oxalis, Winter-flowering * t h.h Aug. to Nov. Oxalis, for Ixirders § h.h Sept. to April Paeonias i h Oct. to April Pancratium t§ T Oct. to April Phsedranassa * T Oct. to April Polygonatum I! H Oct. to April Puschkinia X H Aug. to Oct. Ranunculus * H.H Aug. to Nov. Richardia *tg T Sept. to Dec. Rigidella § T Oct. to April Sanguinaria X h Oct. to April Schizostylis * § h.h Oct. to April Scilla J * H. * H.H Aug. to Nov. Sparaxis * h.h Aug. to Nov. BULBS BUPHANE 195 QtTtZflA, rrC. HAPDrXKii. DOKMAHT. Spfrea < AntUbeJ • H Oct. to April Sprt-Mia^ti! T Sept. to April 8ternl.ergift 9 H Aug. to Oct. Tt^i>l»h V lea * , H.M Aug. to Oct. Tiirri.lia i T Oct. to April Trillium i H Ot . to March Tritf leia t H.H Oct. to April Tritonif* • H.M Aug. to Nov. Tritoma ' H Oct. to April Tn'Pi»^»Iuin. Tuljenius * 1 H.H Aug. to Dec. TnticroHcs t T Nov. to May Tulip •♦ H Aug. to Nov. Tyiljfa 't T Oct. to April lmH)lina t T Oct. to April Vitllota t T Oct. to April Wat soiiia * i. H.H Sept. to Dec. Zephyranthes*? h.h Aug. to April Piter Henderson & Co. B''LBlNE (Greek, holbog, a bulb). Liliclcecf. Half- banlv African |ilant.M. of several .speeie-s. allied to Antheri- cuni. but practically unknown in thi.s country. Some of the species are bulbous, and require the general treat- ment given Tape bulbs (see Bulbs). BULBIN£LLA. See Chryaobactron. BULBOCOOIUM (Greek, woolly bulb). Lilidcece. A half dozen low, crocus-like bulbous plants of the Medi- terranean region and eastward, some spring-flowering and others autumn-tlowering. The spring-flowering spe- cies, B. vernum, is the only one in our gardens. It is hardy, and demands the same soil and location aa crocuses. v^mam, Unn. Fig. 291. Blooms in earliest spring, before the Ivs. appear, the fls. resting nearly on the ground : fls. rosy purple, white-spotted on the interior, l-:{ from each bulb: Ivs. broad and channelled. B.M. 153 (cf.Fig. 291). ''/f^ F.S. 11: 1149.- Bulbs ' should be taken up and divided eve.-y 2 or 3 years. Plant in the fall. Usually blooms in ad- vance of the crocus. L. n. B. BnLBOPiHtLLUM v.w,«f V ■■i^«ra«»v?5 •':• (Greek, bulb - Itaf). l^-i^'i'^~-}\'r' Orchiddce(r, tribe £pi- ^^y'''<i': ^hidrece. Many species i^^^r^" '. o^ trop. orchids, mostly J^^^f-.' of the Old World, more t'l^^BfeH^', I iifiE^'/V^-'. odd than ornamental. Very few are known to "j^ -'■^^SSBBfKSSS^^^i^^>m-m>~ cultivators. They are :^S>clj^^^BKBiS8WiBf^ ^5^''^ '• plants with a stout, yv TKrC»«^HiHwa K«f" ■ ~- "**->s ^'reepingrhizome, small •yy^^fcj^^^^a^^rS^-' •■•. pseudobulbs bearing ^^•/4'^^^^^^^^xSr -;^^ one or two stiff Ivs, : lip ^^W'l^Sk^A£^ "•* • jointed, moving when fiP''l^''^^\i(^!^i:i.^^- ' touched, sometimes -j>t jjj^jj^. gg^ .jj racemes or spikes, or solitary. Require warm temper- 291. Bulbocodium vernum. a^ure and much water. Do not dry them off. They thrive on blocks or trunks of ferns. B. B^ceari, Reichb. f., is one of the largest of orchids, its rhizomes twining about trees, and its fls. emitting the vilest con- ' ceivable odor; see G.C. II. 11: 41, and 14: 326, 525; B.M. G5G7. L6bbii, Lindl. Leaf solitary, broadly lance-elliptic : scape 1-fld., arising from the side of the pseudobulb, shorter than the If.: fls. large and spreading (2 in. across) ; sepals lanceolate and acuminate, yellow, more or less marked with purple ; petals smaller, streaked purple ; lip cordate-ovate, yellow and orange-dotted, not bearded. Java. B.M. 4532. — Flowers in early summer. Once cata- logued by Pitcher & Manda. BULL, EPHEAIM W. The introducer of the Concord grape lived a long, quiet, and useful life in Concord, Masx., where he died S<^pt. 27. 1895, In his ninetieth year. In commercial importance, the greatest event in the tar!y history of American grapes was the intnxluction, early in the fifties, of this variety of the northern fox-grape. The first fruit of this grape was obtained in 1849. It« exact origin is obscure. In 1840, Mr. Bull l>ought the house in which he lived until his death. That year some boys brought from the river some wild grapes, and scattered them alwiut the place. A seedling appeared from which Mr. Bull obtained a bunch of fruits in 1H43. He planted seeds of this bunch, and a r«'sulting plant fruited in 1849. This variety was named the Concortl. It soon became the dominant grape in all eastern America, as it was the first variety of sufficient hardi- ness to carr>' the culture of the vine into every garden in the land. It is a pregnant type, and has given rise to no less than fifty honorable seedlings, which range in color from greenish white to purple-black. The quality of the fruit is excelled by many varieties, but the latter usually demand more careful cultivation. The Concord is the one most important type of American grape, and the really successful commercial viticulture of the coun- try <lates from its dissemination ; and yet this grape is apuro native fox-grape, and evidently only twice removed from the wil<l vine. Ephraim W. Bull was loved of his neighbors and hon- ored by every countryman who grows or eats a grape. He made verj* little money from his variety, and (lied in extreme poverty. The original vine is still preserved. It is a sprout from the old root. l H. B. BULLACE. A small wild or half-domesticated plum, standing midway In-tween the cultivated European sort.s (PrunuK domentica) and the wild sloe {P.Hpinosa). This plum is usually referred to P. instititia, but it is so closely related to the Damsons as to be best classified with them. The Bullace would theTi take the botanical name of the Damsons, P.dommticn, var. Dnmnscena (see Bot. Gaz. 27:481). This plum is rather common in parts of Eu- rope, but is very seldom seen in America. F. A. Waugh. BUMELIA (ancient Greek name for an ash-tree). SapotdceiP. Small trees or shrubs, usually spiny, with rather small, entire, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and small white fls. in axillary clusters: fr. an oblong black drupe. About 20 species from S. N. America to Brazil. None of them is of much horticultural value, but as they grow naturally, mostly on dry, rocky or sandy soil, they may be used sometimes with advantage for plant- ing in similar situations. Prop, by seeds. lanugindsa, Pers. Tree, sometimes 50 ft. : Ivs. oblong- obovate or cuneate-obovate, rounded and often apiculate at the apex, dark green and lustrous above, tomentose beneath, sometimes nearly glabrous at length, 1-2)^ in. long : clusters many-fld. ; pedicels slender hairj' : fr. oblong or obovate, i^in. long. S. S.5:247. S. states north to S. Illinois, west to Texas. — This species and B. lycioXdes, Pers., are the hardiest. They have proved hardy in very sheltered positions even in Massachu- setts ; besides these, B. amjustifoUa, Nutt., and B. Umax, Willd., are the most common species in the S. states. B. Pdlmeri, Rose, from Mex., is illustrated in G.F. 7:196. Alfred Rehder. BUFHANE (Greek, eattle-deafroyer, alluding to poi- sonous properties) . A ma rylliddcew. Two or three South African bulbs, practically unknown in this country. They are large plants, with many red fls. in an umbel. Perianth tubular, segments equal and narrow, spread- ing : stamens 6, exserted : Ivs. long and sword-like, thick. See Baker, Amarjilideae. dlsticha, Herb. {B. toxicdria. Herb., ff(emdnthu8 toxicdrius, Thunb. ). Bulb, 6-9 in. in diam. : Ivs. sev- eral, distichous, 1-2 ft. long : peduncle or scape stout (6-12 in. high) and solid, compressed, glaucous, bearing a dense umbel. B.M. 1217. — Sparingly offered in this country. Lvs. said to be very poisonous to cattle in S. Afr. ; bulb furnishes arrow poison for the natives. Another species is B. cilidrifi, Herb., with fewer, shorter lvs., and shorter peduncle, bearing 50-100 fls. Not known to be in the Amer. trade. l, g^ g. 196 BUPHTHALMUM BUXUS BUPHTHALMUM (Greek for ox-eye). CompdsUce. A few Eluropean and W. Asian perennial herbs, some- times grown in the hardy border. Heads large, with long yellow rays : Ivs, alternate, entire or dentate : pappus short, often connate into a corona : _akene8 g'abrous. Showy plants of easy culture. specioaissimum, Ard. Lvs. cordate and clasping, the upper ones oval and acuminate : heads solitary on the ends of the stems : 2-5 ft., flowering in July and later. salicifdlium, Linn. {B. grand! fldrunif Linn.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate. 3-nerved, somewhat pubescent and slightly serrate : fls. solitary and terminal, large : lower than the last. specidsom, Schreb. (B. cordifbUtim, Waldst. & Kit.). Lvs. very large, cordate, coarse-serrate : tis. very large and showy, on an upward-thickened peduncle : 'A-A ft., blooming in June and later. B. M. ;W60, as Telekia spe- «*^'*"- L. H. B. BUFLEUSUM (Greek, ox and rib : of no obvious ap- plication ) . Cm bellifertp. Weedy plants of the Old World, of which one {B. rotttndifoUuM, Linn.), is naturalizec* in the Eastern states, anc. another {B. falcatum, Linn.', is cult, in Japan for greens (A.G. 13: 9). BUBBtDGEA (after F. W. Burbidge, who discoveret. It in Borneo). ScifamindceKP. A monotypic genus allied to Hedychium, but with no lateral perianth segments and the lip reduced to a small blade. The showy orange- scarlet fls. rival cannas in brilliancy. For culture, see Alpinia and Hedychium. nitida, Hook. f. Tender herbaceous perennial : height 2-3 ft. : rootstock creeping, matted : stems tufted, slen- der : leaf -blades glossy, 4-4) in. long, eared at junction with the sheath : panicle terminal, 4-6 in. long, many- fld, ; inner p.^rianth tube 1-lV^ in. long ; outer segments 134-2 in. long, orange-scarlet, the dorsal one shorter and more roundish than the 2 lateral ones. B. Jf. 6403. Sold by Siebrecht & Son. BUBCH£LLIA (W. Burchell, botanical traveler). Hubiiicert'. One species from S. Afr., an evergreen shrub, with opposite short-petioled lvs. and dense ter- minal clusters of sessile scarlet fls.: corolla tubular, bell shaped ; stamens ,5. inserted in the tiibe : fr. a 2- celled, many seeded berry. B. Cap^nsis, R. Br., is in the Amer. trade, being cult, for its rich, dark foliage and brilliant fls. It is very variable, and has received several names. 3-10 ft. Prop, bv cuttincs. Grown un- der glass. B.M.2339. R.H. 1886:"420. J.H. IIL 34: 81. BUBDOCK. See Arctium. BUKLINGTONIA. See Fodriguezia. SUBNET (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.). A hardy rosaceous perennial, the piquant lvs. of which are some- times used in flavoring soups and salads. The dried roots are occasionally used as a family remedy. Burnet Is little known in this country as a condimental herb. It is worthy a place in the hardy border for the orna- mental character of its odd-pinnate lvs. and its little heads of fls. with drooping stamens. The leaflets are very dark green, ovate and notched. .Stems 1-2 ft. high, bearing oblong or globular monoecious heads. Of easiest culture, either from seeds or by division of the clumps. Native of Europe. L_ g g^ BUENING-BUSH. See Euonymus. BUKElfiLIA. SeeJ?aeW«. BUESABIA {Bursa, a pouch, alluding to the shape of the pods). Pittosporcicete. Two species of shrubs with white fls. in clusters ; sepals, petals and stamens each 5 : fr. a 2-loculed capsule, in shape like that of the Shepherd's Purse. spindsa, Cav. An elegant spiny shrub or small tree, with drooping branches and pretty white fls., produced in summer : lvs. small, oblong-cuneate, alternate and nearly sessile : fls. small, lateral or terminal, mostly terminal. Australia, Tasmania. B.M. 1767.— Cult, in S. California. ee BUBS£BA (Joachim Bursvir, a disciple of CVpar Bauhinl. Burserdceie. Generally tall trees, ivith sim- ple or pinnately compound lvs.: fls. small, m dusters 4-0 parted, with twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, an<i a 3-pai :ed ovary containing 6 ovuK-s : fr. a 3-parted drupe with usually (mly 1 seed. About 40 spe cies of trees in tn)pical America. For B. servidta je< Protitim. Simarubra, Sarg. {B. gummifera, Jncq.). Lvs. odd- pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of Ifts. ; Ifts. ovate, acute, mem- branous, smooth on both •sides, entire, the netted veins prominent on the under side : fls. in a very kuottv ra- ceme, 4-6 parted : fr. a drupe, with a 3-valved sui-culent rind and 3-5 nuts. .\ tall tree with a straight trunk and spreading head, found in Florida, Mexico, and (.intra! America an<i the West Indies. — It yields a sweet, aro- matic balsam, which is used in tropical America as a medicine for internal and external application ; dried it is known in the trade as Chibou, or Cachibou re^in! c. Gomart resin. It is a hardy greenhouse plant, ami chrives in a compost of loam and peat. Prop, by cut- tings under glass, with bottom heat. G. T. Hastings. BU&3-FBUITS. A term used to designate those small fruits which grow on wotxly bushes. It inchides all small-fruits — as that term is used in America— ex- cept strawberries and cranberries. Bush-fruits is an English term, but it has been adopted i-itely in this country, notably in Canl's book on "Bush-F/uits." The common bush-fr-'its are currants, goosebeni'js, rasp- berries, blackberries, and dewberries. BUTEA (Earl of Bute). Leguminr<v. Three or four species of trees or woody vines of In>i;:i and China, with deep scarlet, papilionaceous ds. iti racemes and pinnate lvs. In the Old World rarely grown in stoves. In this country, one is cult, in S. Calif. fronddsa, Koxbg. A leafy tree, yieldiner gum or lac : Ifts. 3, roundish, pubesceiit beneath, the lateral ones unsymmetrical : fls. 2 in. long, orange-crimson, very ehowv ; stamens 9 together and 1 free. India. — Reaches a height of 50 ft. BUTOMUS (Greek, hous, ox, and temno, to cut; the leaves too sharp for the mouths of cattle). Alismkcea. Hardy perennial a<|uatic of easy culture on margins of ponds. Prop, by division. All the species are referred by DC, in Mon. Phan., vol. 3, to B. iimbellafuK, or to th: Austraiiiin Butomopsis, which is also a monotypic genus. umbelli tug, Linn. Fi.owering Rush. Rhizome thick: lvs. 2-3 ft. loug, iris-like, sheathing at the base, 3-<*or- nered : fls. rose-colored, 25-30 in an umbel, on a long scape ; sepals 3 ; petals 3. Summer. Eu., Asia. BUTTERCUP. Species of Banunculus. BUTTERFLY WEKD. Asclepias tuberosa. BUTTEENUT. See Juglans. BUTTON-BUSH is Cephalanthus. BUTTONWOOD. Consult Platanus. BUTTEEWOET. See Pin^juicuU. BUXUS (ancient Latin name). Euphorhihcecf. Box Tree. Evergreen shrubs or small trees : lvs. opposite, short-petioled, entire, almost glabrous, coriaceous and rather small : fls. montpcious, in axillary or tenuinal clusters, consisting usually of one terminal pistillate flower, with 6 sepals, and several lateral stamiuate tls. with 4 sepals and 4 stamens : fr. an obovate or nearly globular 3-pointed capsule, separating into 3 valres. each containing 2 shining black seeds. About 20 specie* in the mountains of Cent, and E. Asia, N. Afr., and S. Eur., also in W. India and C. Amer. Ornamental ever- green shrubs of dense but rather slow growth, with shining, small foliage and inconspicuous fls. and fr. The common Box Tree and B. microphylhi may he grown in sheltered positions even north, while B. WaU iichiana and B. Balearica, two very distinct and hand- i«t. BUXUS BUXUS 197 some species, iettow in the warmer temperate rei^ons onlv. li. »empervire»K stands pninin^ very well, and in the ohl formal frardens of Europe was fomxerly much used for hedges, and sometimes trimmed into the most fantast'cal shapes ; the dwarf variety is still often plante<' for bordering flower beds. The very hard and olose->. rained wood is in great demand for engraving and finer tnmery work. The Box Tree thrives in almost any well-drained soil, and best in a partially shaded position. Prop, by cuttings from mature wood early in 392. Puxus sempervirens. (X ].,.) I'he lower spray shows toe uuder surface. fall, kept during thj» winter in the cool greenhouse or under handlights in J^he open ; in more temperate re- gions they may be inser^ed in a shaxly place in the open air: 4-<J in. is the best si/.e for outdoor cuttings. Layers will also make good plarts. The dwurf variety is usu- ally i>ropagated by division. In planting borders, it is essential to insert the divided plants deeply and as firmly as possible, and to give plenty of water the Urst time. Seeds are sown soon after maturity, but it takes a long time to raise plants of good size from them. sempervirens, Linn. Com>ion Box Tree. Fig. 292. Shrub or small tree, to 2i; ft.: branches quadrangular, sparingly pubescent : 1 .. oval-oi>lor.g or oval, rarely roundish oval or lanceolate, usually obtuse, J^-IH in. long : fls. in axillary clusters ; staminate fls. sessile, with a gland half as long as the calyx in the center. S. Eur., N. Afr., Orient, CI ina. Very variable in size, color and shape of the Ivs. ; some of the most cultivated forms are the following : Var. angustifdlia, Loud, (var. longifdUa, Hort.; var. uttUcifoHa, Ho'i^.). Lvs narrow, oblong-lanceolate, usually shrubby. Var. arbor^scens, Ijinn. Tall shrnb or small tree : lvs. usually oval. Var. argdnteo-marginita, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. aurea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. atireo-margin&ta, Hort, Lvs. edged yellow. Var. sufiraticdsa, Linn. (var. nf>«o, Hort.). Dwarf : lvs. small, oval or obovate : tlowering clusters usually only terminal. Jap^oica, Muell. Arg. (B. obcorddta, Hort. /?. F6r- tunei, Hort.). Shnib, C ft.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or roundish obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, yi~\M in. long, with usually pubescent petioles ; clus- ters axillary ; staminate fls. sessile, with a central gland as long as the calyx. China, Japan.— Nearly a.^ hardy as the former. There are also some variegated forms. microph^'lla, Sieb. & Zucc. {B. Japdnica, var. micro- phf/lla, Muell. Arg.). Dwarf, often prostrate shrub, quite glabrous : lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, J^-1 in. long : clusters mostly terminal ; staminate fls. ses- sile, with a central gland, like the former. Japan. BaieArica, Willd. Shrub, 6-15 ft.: lvs. elliptic or oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, 1-2 in. long, light green : clusters axillary : staminate fls. pedicelled. S. Spain, Balear. — Handsome shrub, but less hardy than the former. li. CalUomica, Lk. = Slmmondala Californifa.— .R. Fdrtunti, Hort. = B. Jajwnica.— If. Hdrlandi, Ilance. Branches pul>es- ceut : lvs. narrow obovate, emarginate, %-ll4 i"- long. China. — li. litnyifolia, Boiss. Lvs. narrow-elliptic or lanceolate, 1-1% in. long. Orient. China. —i?. lonpifolia, Hort. = B. sempervi- rens, var. anewstifolia.— 7f. WallichiaDn, Baill. Branches pu- bescent : lvs. liueai--elliptic, 1-2)^ in. long. Himalnyas. Al.:^K£D ReHDUB. CABBAOE. Brdssica olerdcea, Linn., is a crucifer- ous plant which grows wild on the sea-cliflFs of we&tem and southern Europe. Fi^s. 293 and 294. from nature, ^S/^ 293. W^ild Cabbaee on the cliffs of the English Channel. show the common form as it grows on the chalk cliffs of the English Channel. It is a perennial plant, or per- haps sometimes a biennial, with a very tough and woody root, a diffuse habit, and large, thick, deep-lobed leaves in various shades of green and reddish, and more or less glaucous. The leaves of this plant were probably eaten by the barbarous or half -civilized tribes ; and when history begins, the plant ha(' been transferred to culti- vated grounds and had begun to produce dense rosettes or heads of leaves. It a]>pear8 to have been in general use before the Aryan migrations to the westward. There were several distinct types or races of the Cabbage in cultivation in Pliny's time. From the one original stock have sprung all the forms of Cabbages, Caulirtowers, Brussels Sprouts and Kales. For this family or group of plants the English language has no generic name. The French include them all under the term Chou, and the Germans treat them under A'o/j/. These various tribes may be "^-lassified as follows (cf. De CandoUe, Trans. Hort. Soc. London, 5, 1-43 ; Prodr. 1.213): Var. ac6phala, DC. The various headless Cabbages. It comprises the Kales, in many types and varieties, as the tall or tree Kales, Curled or Scotch Kales, and Col- lards. The Georgia Collards, gro\\'n in the south and shipped to northern markets, is shown in Fig. 295. Its likeness may be found wihl on the cliffs of the south- eastern coast of England to-day. A Curled Kale is shown in Fig. 29(J. The thick, tender leaves of the Kales are used as "greens." See Collards and Kah. Var. gemmlfera, Hort. The bud-bearing Cabbage, or Brussels Sprouts i see Fig. 273). In this group, the main stem or axis is tall and erect, and the axillary buds are developed into little heads. V^ar. capit&ta, DC. The head-bearing, or true Cab- bages. In this tribe, the main axis is short and thick, and the leaves are denselv packed into a gigantic bud or head (Figs. 297, 298). the varieties of Cabbage are very numerous and various. A serviceable classification of them might follow this order: A. Lvs. plain (not blistered). B. Head oblong or conical (Fig. 299). c. Green. CC. Red. BB. Head oblate or flattened (Fig. 299), including c and CC, as above. AA. Lvs. blistered or puckered. The Savoy Cabbages, Fig. 300 iB. olerdcea, var. bulldta, DC), to be further di^ vided, as in A. Var. botr^tis, DC. Cauliflower and Broccoli, in which the head is formed of the condensed and thickened flower-cluster. See Cauliflower. The Chinese Cabbage is a wholly different species from the common Cabbages (see Brassica). It does not form a compact and rounded head, but a more or less open and soft mass of leaves, after the manner of Cos Lettuce. It is of easy culture, but must be grown in the cool season, for it runs quickly to seed in hot and dry weather. l H. B. ' Ci'LTi'RE OF Cabbage. —The Cabbage is a gross feeder. It endures much abuse. We may cover its leaves with dust, dose it with all sorts of substances, mutilate its leaves or roots as we choose, plant it in heavy clay, black muck or pure sand, and it will do fairly well in spite of all conditions if we but supply an abundance of easily secured food and the right quantity of water to enable the plant to take it in and make it available. Next to plenty of food, its great requisite is a proper supply of water, and, though its native home seems to be near the ocean, it is by no means an aquatic, and suf- fers as much from an over-supply of water as from any untoward condition, '"iltbages cannot endure hot sun- shine and dry air, ami ■ best at all stages of growth in a cool, moist atmospl .e, and while young plants do fairly well in a higher <.»ne, provided there is plenty of light and air, the older ones cannot be made to form per- fect heads in such weather as prevails in most parts of the United States during the summer months. They are quite hardy, and will endure a too low temperature' bet- ter than one which is too high, their hardiness in this re- spect depending largely upon the condition of the plant. The leaves f>f one rapi«lly grown in a greenhouse will be killed by 2° or 3° of frost, while it will take 20° to 25", continued for some time, to kill one grown slowly out- of-doors. It is clear that if the plant is to be grown suc- cessfully in our southern states, it must be during the cooler winter and spring months ; and at the north seed-sowing must be so timed as to avoid bringing the plants to a heading condition during hot weather. Cab- bages can be grown without protection at the south 294. Wild Cabbage plant in seed. wherever a minimum temperature of about 15° above zero is the coldest that may be expected, and at the north well-grown and hanlened plants for early crop may be set out as soon as danger of a temperature btdow about 20° above zero is passed. The earliest maturing (198) CABBAGE CABBAGE 199 Tarieties-, when grown without check, will come into headiug condition in about ninety days from the seed, and the time necessary for the different sorts to perfect heads varies from that to some 200 days for the lat^e.st. In about sixty days from the seed the plant will be as large as can be profitably transplanted, so that when plants can be safely set out-of-doors early in March the seed should be sown early in February, the date of sow- ing to be determined by the local climatic conditions. We think the best plan is to sow the seed in boxes, about ',i inches deep, and of convenient size to handle, filled with rather heavy but very friable soil. We plant the seed in drills, about 2 inches apart, dropping about tei. seeds to the inch. The seedlings need abundant light and air, and the great danger to be guarded against is their becoming soft and spindling through too high temperature and the want of lighr. Thv^ should be fully exposed whenever the weather will • mit. In from fifteen to twenty days after sowing tLe seed the plants should be "pricked out," setting them about 2 inches apart, in a rich and somewhat heavier soil than was used in the seed boxes, and as soon as well established they should be given all the light and air possible. A few de- grees of frost for a niirht will be an advantage rather than an injury. It was formerly the custom, and one still followed by some successful growers, to sow the seed in the open ground in September, transplanting into cold- frames in late October or November, and carry the plants through the winter in a dormant or slowly growing condi- tion. Such plants, being very hardy, can be set out early, and. if all goes well, will mature somewhat earlier than spring-grown plants, but this method is now generally thought to be more expensive, less profitable and certain than spring planting. For the later or general crop at the north, and for those parts of the south where no pro- tection is necessary, seed is sown in beds out-of-doors. For this purpose, select a well-drained, level spot, of rich, friable soil, as near the field where the crop is to be grown as practicable, and get it into the best possible condition as to tilth and moisture by repeated cultiva- tion. In the latitude of New York, the latter part of May or the first of June is considered the best time for sowing seed for the general crop, but fine yields are often obtained there from seed sown as late as the mid- dle of July, and many of the most successful growers wisely make several sowings, one as early as May 10, and one or two later, so as to be sure to have plants in the best condition for transplanting at the time when the condition of the field and weather is favorable. The seed should be sown in drills, about a foot apart, at the rate of about fifty to the foot, or, if thicker, the plants should be thinned to about one-fourth inch apart, as sr .all roller, or, best of all, the foot ; this firming of the soil is often quite essential to success. It is sometimes the case that, in spite of all our efforts, the seed-bed be- comes so dry that seed will not g' rminate. In such cases one can often get a good stand by watering the ground before planting, filling the drills two or three times with 295. Georsia Collards. soon as fairly up. Some growers sow the seed and leave the plants much thicker, but we think it pays to give them plenty of room. The seed should be lightly cov- ered, and the soil pressed lirmly over it with the hoe, a 296. Curhed Kale. Brassica oleracea, var. acephala. water, and when it has settled away sow the seed and cover with dry earth, well pressed down. In most cases an attempt to wet the bed by sprinkling, either before or after the seed is planted, will do more harm than good. As soon as the starting seed breaks ground the surface should be carefully stirred with a rake, and this should be repeated at least as often as four times a week un^il the plants are taken to the field. A full stand of healthy, well-established plants is of great importance, and does much towards assuring a profitable crc»;). So important is it, that many growers wait for damp weather before setting, regardless of the season. We think they often make a mistake in doing so, and, while a cloudy or damp day is desirable, it is of far greater importance that our plants are set at the proper time, and the moisture of the soil conserved by cultivation before and stirring of the surface immedi- ately after setting. Careful attention should be given to so arrange the work that the young plants should be taken up so as to save all the root possible, protected from the sun, anfl set as soon as practicable. Just how thi? can be best done will depend \ipon each planter's circumstances and the help he has at his command. There is one point in transplanting which is of especial importance with Cabbage plants, that is that the roots are not doubled ba<'k upon themselves. This is often done by careless men, and some of the transplanting machines are worthless because of this fault. A Cabbage plant so set never does well, and seems to suffer much more than if the root had been cut off instead of folded back. The Cabbage is very dependent upon a proper supply of water, and suffers more from the want of it than most of our garden vegetables. Its roots, though abundant and of quick growth, are comparatively short, and less capable of gathering moisture from a dry soil than those of such plants as the bean. On the other hand, it is quickly and seriously injured by an over-supply of water at the root. Want of consideration of these ehar- acteristics is a frequent cause of failure. Men seei.i to think that, It.'cause the plant is a rank feeder, all that is necessary is an abundant supply of food, and set tiiem on rich, black soils, made up chiefly of vegetable mat- ter, but so open that they quickly dry out during sum- mer droughts and the plants die or Tail to do well, or on lands so poorly drained that in a wet time the ground is flooded and the plants drowned out. Not only shoul-' we select ground where the natural water supply is good, but one where the physical conditions are such that we can conserve the soil moisture by frequent and thorough cultivation, both before and after setting the plants. For the highest possible development, the evenness of 200 CABBAGE CABBAGE distribution and the de^ee to which the plant-food has l)econie immediately available is of equal or greater importance than the quantity. Land can be put into the best condition for r&ising a maximun crop by a heavy dressing of stable manure, thoroughly worked into a well-drained, loamy soil, and repeating the process yearly for several seasons. A much heavier dressing of manure can be profitably applied to a soil which has been well fertilized in previous years than to one which has received little or none. The most successful grow- ers use large quantities of manure, often as high as one hundred tons to the acre. When stable manure cannot be readily obtained, it may be supplemented by com- mercial fertilizers, so made up as to contain about seven parts of nitrogen to eight of available phosphoric acid and about six of potash. If we depend entirely upon fertilizers, we should use from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds to the acre, and we should not forget that xipon all ordi- nary soils the yield and profitableness of a crop of Cabbage is largely dependent upon the amount of avail- able and evenly distributed plant-food and the degree to which the soil is kept always moist, and more with conditions which can only be secured by frequent and thorough cultivation. Diseases and Sore of the Most Common Insect Pests. — C7»<6-roo^— This is the effect of a fungus {Plas- tnidiophora Brassicce), which develops within the cells of the root, causing them to become distorted and the plant to develop imperfectly or die. On the death of the plant, the spores of the fungus become mixed with the soil, where they lie dormant until roots of some other host-plant come in contact with them, and tfie conditions are favorable for their development. They develop within several of our common weeds, and we believe that the spores are to be found in most of our cultivated fields, and need only favorable conditions to develop. We have found that the disease is seldom troublesome except where the cultural conditions, par- ticularly as to moisture, are unfavorable to the Cab- bage, and that the best preventive is careful attention to the health and vigor of the plant. We know cf no practical remedy where a plant or field is badly affected. Flea Beetle.— A small, quick-moving black insect (Phi/Uotreta vittata), which sometimes destroys the seedlings before they have formed true leaves. By at- tending to them promptly, we have always succeeded in protecting our plants by dusting them with tobacco dust, used liberally and as often as necessary, which may be twice a day. A great deal depends upon using the tobacco as soon as the first beetles appear. It is a great deal easier to keep them off than to dislodge them after they are«once there. Cabbage Boot Maggot (Phorhia Bra ssic(r).— This is the larva of a fly very much like the common house fly, though a little smaller. They appear in the latitude preventive, only practicable for use on early plants of high prospective value, is to surround the plants with shiel«ls formed of octagon pieces of tarred paper about three inches across, and having a small hole in the cen- ter, from which there is a slit to one edge, by means of 297. A modern Cabbage head— Early Flat Dutch. of Detroit early in May, and the female deposits her eggs in the ground at or close to the plant, usually put- ting her abdomen into the opening in the soil formed ])y the movement of the plant by the wind. The eggs hatch in a few days, and the magg<»ts feed upon the roots and soon destroy them. An effective but costly 298. Section of Cabbaee I Jad. Showing the thickened rachis and leaf-stalks, and the buds in the axils. which the guard can be slipped around the plant and pressed down on the ground, so that the fly is prevented from laying her eggs in the earth, and, laid on the sur- face, they will perish for want of moisture. We have also done much to prevent injury by scattering among the plants bits of sticky fly-paper, by means of which a great many of the flies are caught and killed. It is important that the paper should be put out early, so as to catch as many as possible before they have laid their eggs. In the seed-bed, the maggot can be destroyed by injecting bisulfide of carbon about the roots from a svringe, or pouring it into a hole and quickly closing the hole (cf. Slingerland, Bull. 78, Cornell Exp. Sta.). The Green Cabbage Worm (PiVWs i?a;j<F).— We have succeeded best in protecting our young plants from worms by spraying with Paris green and water in about the proportions used for potato bugs. As the plants become larger, and the use of the poison objectionable, we dust the plants with pyrethrum powder, which, if pure, will be very effective. Harvesting, Storing and Marketing.— Nearly all of a well-grown crop of Cabbage of a good stock will mature at about the same time, and, while the earlier sorts remain in prime condition but a few days, the later ones remain so for two or three weeks, and can be stored so as to be salable for several months. Often the maturing of the crop can be delayed to advantage by partially pulling the plants and pressing them over to the north. The southern crop is usually marketed from the field as soon as it is fit, being sent forward in open crates containing from two to ten dozen heads. The early fall market is usually supplied by local growers, who deliver direct to retailers. The late fall crop is often shipped long distances in open or well ventilated cars. At the north they may be stored till spring. We have tried more than a'score of •highly praised methods of storing, and found that each, under certain condi- tions, had advantages, but we have found that generally the best and most certainly successful plan, at least for the latitude of Detroit, is' to store in trenches, as fol- lows : Plow and replow several times a strip of well- drained sandy land, where there is no danger from sur- face water, and open a trench some 10 inches deep and about 20 inches wide. Then pull the Cabbages, remove a few of the outer leaves, stand them on their heads for CABBAGE CABBAGE 201 a few hours, that any wator at the base of the leaves may escape, and set them in the trench, heads up and as com- pactly as possible, throwing a little earth over the roots as we do so. We have found it profitable to build a roof of four rotigh boards over thera, but this is not essen- tial, and they may be slightly covered with corn-stalks or other coarse litter, or even the refuse leaves of the 299. Jersey Wakefield Cabbage. Cabbage may be used. As soon as there is danger of frost, cover with earth, to protetL them from it and the rain. If the boards are used, they should be covered with earth in the same way, and in both cases the cov- ering should be increased as the weather grows colder, and if it should be very cold, a covering of straw or coarse manure is desirable. The aim is to protect the heads from rain, but to keep them moist and at an even temperature — one of about 32° is best, and one some- what lower is less objectionable than one much higher. The cost of growing an acre of general crop or late Cabbage on good ground, not including ground rent, is about as follows : Fertilizer, $20 to $40 ; preparation of the ground, $10 ; growing and setting about 8,000 plants, $13 ; cultivating and hoeing, $10 ; harvesting and mar- keting, $10. The yield should be about 7,.')00 heads, making the cost of growing a!)out one cent a head. Varieties.— The Cabbage has been made more valu- able to man by the development of a tendency to form more and larger leaves, and thickening them with thick- walled cells deposited both in the blade and the ribs. There has also been a shortening of the stem, particu- larly at the top, until the upper leaves are crowded and folded over each other and form a bud or head, the inner portion of which becomes blanched, tender and sweet, and, through the loss of much of the naturally strong taste, well-flavored. The thicker the leaves and the more solid the head, the sweeter, more tender and better fla- vored the Cabbage. If the leaves are long and narrow, with large midrib and little blade at the base, the upper part of the head may be solid ; but the lower i)art, being made up chiefly of the thickened midribs, will be open and coarse. If the leaves are broad and proportionately too short, they will not lap well over each other, and the head will be soft and even open at the center. Many varieties have been developed, differing in season of maturity, shape of head, etc., and adapted to different cultural or iiiarket conditions. JMany of them, though differing in some point, are essentially identical, and, as the list is an ever-increasing and constantly changing one, we would refer our readers to the "various seedsmen's cata- logrues for descriptions, onh- speaking of a few representative sorts of the different types, between which there are many intermediate forms. Jersey Wakefield (Fig. 299), Express, Netr York. — These are small-growing, early-ma- turing and small-headed sorts. Under favor- able conditions they become fit for use in from 90 to 110 days from seed, and contiime in edible condition but a comparatively short time. The plants are compact and erect-growing, with very thick, smooth and smooth-edged leaves, and are very hardy. The hearts are small, as compare<l with the later sorts, more or less conical in shape, quite solid, and of good quality. Owing to the hardiness and com- pact habit of the plants, tbej* are the best sorts for forc- ing under glass and early spring planting at the north, and for winter culture at the south. Winm'i/.'ifadf is in some respects much like the above, but is larger in plant and head, somewhat later, and a much better keeper. The heads are sharply conical, with the leaves convolute rather than overlapping at the top, and very hard ; of good quality, and remain a long time in conditi(m for use. The type is very sure heading and hardy, and will form good heads under circumstances where most others would fail. Jlenderson's Early Sumtuer, Early Flat Dutch (Fig. 297), All -Head, are strong-growing, vigorous sorts, be- coming fit for use in from 100 to 140 days, and continuing in condition nmch longer than the Wakefield type. The plants are large, spreading, with large, broad, smooth, thick leaves, anil form a more or loss flattened, oval head of good size ; solid, and of good quality. They are best adapted to early fall use. Late Flat Dutch, Stone Mason, Late Drumhead. — Strong-growing, sj) reading plants, forming very large, solid hea«ls in from 120 to 180 days, and remaining a long time in usable condition. They are th« best type for general crop, will give the largest yield, and keep well through the winter. Hollander, Ltixemhurg. — A type of Danish'"origin, which has become quite popular of late years, particu- larly for shipping long distances. The ])lants are strong- growing and the hardiest of all, enduring with but little injury frost or drought which wouM ruin other sorts. They come to maturity slowly, and form a comparatively small but very hard round head of good ciuality, which keeps well and which, because of its shape and solidity, can be handled in shipping better than most sorts. Savoy (Fig. 300). — A class of Cabbage in which the leaves of both the plant and head are cnimpled or sa- voyed instead of smooth, as in the preceding. There are varieties of all the types found in smooth-leaved sorts, thou;!:h generally they are less certain to form good heads, and the heads are smaller. As a class they are very hardy, particularly as to cold. They are extensively grown in Europe, where they are esteemed to be much more tender and delicate in flavor than the smooth- leaved sorts. Ifed Cabbage.— A class of which there are many varie- ties, and in which the leaves of the plant are dark pur- ple and those of the head bright red. The heads are 300. Savoy Cabbaee. small, but usually very solid, and are especially esteemed for use as "cold slaw." Seed-«kowino. — It is only through the constant exer- cise of the utmost care and skill in the growing of the 202 CABBAGE CACALIA seed that this or any other vegetable can be improved, or even its present gooti qualities maintained. It would 8eem to be an easy matter to save and use only the seed of a few of the most perfect Cabbages, for the plant is capable of enormous seed production. We have known a single plant to yield 35 ounces of seed, enough, if every seed grew, to furnish the plants for 50 acres; but it is not quite so easy as this showing would make it — lirst. because the yield mentioned is an exceptional one. and, secondly, because it is very seldom that an isolated plant yields a crop of seed. The flower of the Cabbage is sexually perfect, and I think there is no dis- covered reason why individual plants are self-impo- tent, but we have never succeeded in getting more than a very few seeds from an isolated plant, either in the open air or when enclosed in an insect-tight struc- ture of glass and cloth, in which a nuniluT of lu'es were confineci. Again, we have repeatedly isolated the best plant of an hundred, setting the rest in a block, and the few seeds obtained from the isolated one pro<iuce<l plants showinji more variation, ami quite inferior in evenness an<i type, than thoso from the block. At least one of our popular varieties is made up of the descendants of a single isolated plant, but it is a curious fact that in the second and subseqiu>nt generati«>ns the stock was very dilTerent in type from that of the selecte<i plant from which it was descended. The originator of one of our best varieties maintains that it is essential to the pnxluc- tion of the best seed of that sort that seed-plants of very different types should be set together, and by crossing they will produce and give plants of the desired type. In spite of those facts, we believe that the general rule and practice which give the best results with other plants are equally desirable for the Cabbage, and that in this, as with other plants, we should first form a distinct and exact conception of the plant we wish to proiluce, and then raise seed from the one which comes nearest to that ideal. It would s<>em that the necessity of a distinct and well defined ideal of exactly what we want to produce would be self-evident, but some seed-growers have a very vague idea of the exact type wanted. Some years ago we visited the originator of one of our best varieties, for the purpose of learning what he considered the type oi the variety. He was an iutelligrent man, a good culti- vator, and had been growing this strain for over twenty years. He took us into a field of as handsome Cabbages as we ever saw. but which were far from uniform. We asked him to select an ideal plant of his strain, and care- fully noted its every characteristic. Going to another part of the field, we asked him to select another, and he picked out one which in color, shape, and general charac- ter of the crop, was very different from the first. Both were fine market Cabbages, but so different that if either were taken as the true type of the variety, the other should be thrown out of a seed crop as being a different sort. Third and fourth selections were intermediate between the first two. and the fifth very nearly like the first. This man ha<l been growing this strain for twenty years, and was intt-nt upon developing a strain of supe- rii»r (juality for marketintr, and in his selection and breeding had looked solel;. to the selling quality of the heads. His course was as unwise as it would be for a breeder of Jersey cattle to breed from black, red, white, big or little cows, regardless ot anything but the qual- ity of their milk. Having formed a carefully consid- ered ideal, we sliould select from 10 to 10*0 of the plants which come nearest to it. and from these make an extra selection of about one-tenth of the best. We would set the whole lot in a nearly sqtiare block, with the extra selections in the 'H'uter. We would save and plant seed from each extra select plant by itself, and having, by very careful examination, ascertained which lot adiiered most closely and evenly to our ideal type, w«»uld select our ]>lants for next year's seeding from it. rather than use tlie be^t individual plants foun<l in all the lots. Experience has satisfied us that by this method we can gradually fix and improve our stocks, and grow seed much better than that usually produced. In commercial see<l-growing, they aim to so time the planting that the crop will be just coming to maturity at the time of storing for winter. Mixtures and inferior plants can be detected and thrown «mt then as well hs when the plants are fully matured, iumI the younger plants will (go through the winter and seed better thaa those which are fully ripe when put away for the win- ter. The plants are usually wintered in the manner described for storing for market use. except that the trench is usually narrower. The plants are set out for seed-bearing as early as possible in the spring. It ig usually necessary to carefully open the head by two cross-cuts with a knife in order to let the tender "seed- stalk break through. The plants are given double or treble the space which they required the first year. It is generally true that the more developed and better the stock, the smaller the yield of seed, y^^ -^ Tiiact CABdMBA (aborjginal name). yymph<T(\cea>. Haifa dozen aquatics of the western hemisphere, with small flowers having persistent sepals and petals, e.ach 3 or 4 and stamens few ; carpels '2-^i, free and distinct, and submerged Ivs. finely dissected and mostly opposite. CaroIiniJina, Gray (C. aqudfica, DC, not Aubl. c. riridi folia, Hort.). Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear: fls. white, with 2 yellow spots at base of each petal • stamens G. N. Car., S. an«l W. A.G. 15:157. — ('. mmt^. fdlia, Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs. A.G. 15:157, The true C. aqudtica. Aubl.. of trop. Amer., with vellow fls. and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shovni in B.M. 7090. l. H, B Cdhomba CaroUniana is very largely used by growers of aquatics. It is one of the indispensable plants for the aquari'ira. It is grown largely in North Carolina, District of Columbia an<l Maryland, where it can be ob- tained in quantities during the year for persons in the large eastern cities, where it is commonly called Fish Grass, Washington Grass, etc. It is tied in bunches with a metallic fastening, "which acts as a \veight, thus re- taining the same in a natxiral position in water. In a moderate temperature it soon emits roots and grows freely. It is a submerged plant, except in midsummer, when the flowers are borne above the water, accompa- nied by a few floating leaves. It is one of the best plants for domestic fish. It also grows in New Jersey, where it is quite hardy. C. rostr folia is tender, does not retain its delightful carmine coloring under confinement, and is not so often met, except in Florida. William Thicker. CAC Alia ( ancient Greek name ) . Cotnp6sit(F. Peren- nial herbs, of which 9 or 10 are native to the U. S. Florets all hermaphrodite, with white or flesh-colored corollas, each of the 5 lobes with a midnerve : akenes \1#' /J 301. Cactus forms. CACALIA CACTUS 203 riabroTis : Ivs. petioled. None of the species are known to he in the Anier. trade, but some of the native kinds may be expected to appear in commerce. For an account of the N. Amer. species, see Gray, Syn. Fl., vol. 1, p. 2, pp. ;tt)4-6. CACALIA of the florists. See Emilia. 302. Showing the remarkable condensation of the plant body in a cactus— Mamillaria micromeris. CACALldPSIS (Cura?m-7/Av). CompSsiUr. One spe- cie*, with discoid, very many-fld. lieads of perfect yel- low florets, and palmate Ivs. Narddsmia, Gray. Strontr perennial, 1-2 ft. hisrh, IcHise, woolly, but becoming nearly glabrous : Ivs. nearly all radical. long-stalke<l, .">-0-cl«'ft or parted, the lohes dentate or cut: heads an inch high, in a loose cluster at the summit of the nearly nakeci stem, fragrant. Pine woo<ls. Calif, to Wash. — int. by Gillett in 1881 as a border plant. CACAO, COCOA. See Theobroma. CACTUS, CACTI. The peculiar forms included under this uame constitute the family CactiireiF. They are especially characteristic of the warm and dry regions of America, their display being greatest in Mexico, although extending from the plains of North America and east- ward southward through the West Indies and Mexico to southern South America. Aside from certain African species of Rhipsalis, this great family, containing about 1,000 known species, is absolutely restricted to Amer- ica. The common prickly pear {Opuutitj F)ciis-I>HJ)ra) has long been naturalized throughout the Mediterranean reeitin. and its pulpy fruit is eaten under the name of "Indian fig." The chief display of Cacti in the United States is in the Mexican border states, representing the nt)rthern edge of the still more extensive Mexican display. The peculiar habit of the family seems to be the re- sult of perennial drotight conditions, to which they have l)eoonie remarkably adapted. The two-fold problem pre- sented by such ctmditions is the storage of water and the regulation of its loss. As a result of water storage, the plant bodies are chara<'teristica!ly succulent. Loss of water by transpiration is re«luced to a mininuim by heavy epidermal walls and ciiticle. and other anatomi- cal devices, but perhaps still more by reducing the sur- face exposure of the bodv in comparison with its mass (Figs. 301, 302. 303). For the most part, foliatre l.'aves have been abandone<l entirely, and their peculiar work has been assumed by the superficial tissues of the stem. The stem itself is flat or columnar or gli>bular. the la.st form representing the least exposure of surface in pro- portion to the mass. The lat«'rally developed leaves and branches common to ordinary stems are generally re- placed by various ephemeral or abortive structures, the most notable of which are th varied spines. The real natur* puted question, and not a very important one. When rudimentary leaves appear, as in Opuntia. they are found subtending the cushion or area in connection ^th which the spines are developed. This area is clearly an aborted branch, and the spines represent lateral members upon it ; and most probably these lateral members represent leaves. The Cactus forms are not always leafless or compact, for'the species of Peres- kia are climbing, woody forms, with well developed petiolate leaves (Fig. 309); and even the well known prickly pears (Opuntia) are more or less expanded, and have very evident ephemeral leaves. The flowers are usually conspicuous, in many cases remarkably large an«l brilliantly colored. The sepals and petals are nunien>us, arrang<Ml in several imbrica- ting series ; the stamens are indefinite in number and inserted at the base of the con^lla : the style is promi- nent, with spreading, stigmatic lobes (Fig. 305). The inferior ovan." contains numerous seeds, ripening into a smooth or bristlv or spinv fleshy fruit, often edible (Figs. 304, 30<)). ' The largest forms are species of Cereus. with huge, columnar and fluted, spiny bodies, bearing a few clumsy ascen<ling branches, said to sometimes attain a height of 50 or t)0 feet. These arlmrescent forms are especially developed in the drainage basin of the Gulf of Califor- nia. On the western slopes of Mexico proper, and on the eastern slopes of Lower California, these Cactus trees occur in extensive forests, forming the so-called "cardon forests." In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plant.annn, 13 gen- era of Cncfacfcr are recognized, while in Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, recently i>\iblishf<l. Schu- mann recognizes 20 genera. Of these 20 genera, 15 are included in trade catalogues, and five of them are rep- resented in the United States. Generic and specific lines among the Cortacect are very indistinct, and the greatest diversity of opinion in reference to them ex- ists. The group seems to be a very modern one geolog- ically, and unusually plastic, responding readily to varying conditions, so that fonns that have been de- scribed as distinct species will undoubtedly prove to be but different phases of a single species. The confxision has l)een further intensified by the description of nu- merous garden forms. As a result, many catalogue names are very uncertain, being applied differently in or abortive structures, the I ' "'■'^^!3^^/?]^^"'T^'i^ e bristles and remarkably |_^^» " / *•.:•;•*••■:"'%-' e of Cactus spines is a dis- f* «.,'■- '- - ,-■■ ^-^**-''<r? 303, Extreme condensation * Felecyphora ase of the plant litormis. body— 204 CACTUS CACTUS different garden collections. In addition to forms which appear normal, various so-called "monstrosities" are apt to arise, both in nature and in cultivation. These 304. Fruit of Cere us Martinii abnormal forms are of two general types : one, in which the body takes the form of a fan or contorted ridge, is designated by the varietal name cristatus and its gender equivalents ; the other, in which there is an irregular bunching of branches, is designated in the same way as var. monstroi!n,s. A brief sjTiopsis of the 15 genera announced in trade catalogues is as follows : A. Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary: stems icith tubercles or tuberculate ribs. B. Stems short: fls. in axils of tubercles or ribs. 1. Melocactus. Nearly globular, strongly ribbed and spiny, easily recognized by the distinct flower-bearing crown. About 30 species, found chiefly in W. India and Brazil. 2. Mamillaria. Fig. 302. Globular to short cylindri- cal, not ribbed, but with prominent tubercles bearing terminal clusters of spines, and fls. usually in zones. The largest genus, nearly 300 species being recognized, ranging from northern U. S. into S. Amer. 3. Pelecyphora. Fig, .303. Like the last, but the spirally arranged tubercles are flattened, and bear two rows of flat, overlapping, homy scales instead of spines. A single Mexican species. 4. Anhalon^Tun. Low, flat -topped forms, the tubercles spineless and resembling thick, imbricate scales. About BB. Stems short: fls. terminal, on tubercles which are often confluent into ribs. 5. Echinocactus. Globular to short cylindrical, stroiigly ribbed forms. The second genus in th«' num- ber of its species, 200 being recognized, ranging from the U. S. to Chile and Brazil. 6. Malacocarpus. Closely resemlding the last, and often iiu'iudfd under it. Distinguished by the W(>ollv tuft at the very apex of the stem. About 8 species are recognized, restricted to Brazil and Uraguay. BBB. Stems mostly elongated, erect or climbing, branching, ribbed or angled. 7. CereuB. Fig. 304. From almost globular to stout columnar, or slt-nder, climbing, creeping (»r deflexed. A genus of abovit 100 species, extending from the U. S. into South America. 8. Pilocereus. Distinguished from the large, colum- nar forms of Cereus by the development of abundant white hairs instead of rigid spines. About 45 species are recognized, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. 9. Echinopsis. Like columnar species of Cereus, but ver>' short (sometimes glol>ose) and many-ribbed, with remarkably elongated calyx tubes. About 10 species, restricted to southern S. Amer. 10. Echinocereus. Like cylindrical species of Cereus, but small, and with weak spines and short calyx tubes. About 30 species, found in both N. and S. Amer. 305. Flower of Phyllocactus. 6 species, all Mexican, one of which is found in the U. S. The proper name of this genus is Ariocarpus. By xnany it is considered as belonging to Echinocactus. 306. Fruit of Phyllocactus angrulieer. BBBB. Stems flattened or winged, jointed. 11. Phyllocactus. Figs. 305, 306. Mostly epiphytic, the joints flat, becoming thin and leaf-like upon cylin- drical stems. About 12 species are recognized in Cent, and S. Amer. 12. Epiphyllum. An epiphyte, with numerous hang- ing, many-jointed stems. A single S. American species, the other species usually referred to this genus belong- ing to Phyllocactus. ^ * ^ AA. Calyx tube not produced beyond the ovary : stems branching and jointed. 13. Bhipsalis. Small, epiphytic forms, with joints ribbed, cylindrical or flat, with or without bristles. A genus of 50 species, chiefly developed in Cent, and S. America. 14. Opuntia. Figs. 307. 308. Branching, jointed forms, the joints flat or cylindrical, usually bristly and spiny. A large genus of 150 species, ranging from central N. Amer. to Chile. The cylindrical forms belong to the more desert regions, while the flat-jointed forms, or "prickly pears," as a rule occupy conditions not so ex- tremely dry. 1"). Fereskia. Fig. 309. Climbing, woody forms, with perfectly developed Ivs. About 15 species are known, ranging from Mexico to Argentine. The name is ordi- narily written Pereskia. The completest monograph of Cacti, with descriptions of species, is Schumannn's Gesammtbeschreibung der Kakteen, Berlin, 1899. Jqhn M. Coulteb. CACTUS CACTUS 205 CrLTrRE or Cacti.— To enable one to hop*" to be fairly successful in the culti- vation of a collecti<m of Cacti, it may be well to observe the following sug^es- tions : Always endeavor to secure plants in May or early June, as at that time any wVmnds caused by pa<king or in transportation become quickly healed, ami a perfect callus is formed, which (reneraily prevents further decay. Again, alwavH be sure that the plant is in per- fect condition before it is potted. Plants collected from their native habitats are usually received without roots ; or, if they have roots, they will be found, in most cases, to be so injured that, for the safety of the plant, they w^ould better be takeu off close to the plant with a sharp knife. This done, priweed to closely examine the plant, and be sure that every part of it is per- fectly free from all signs of sickness or rot. Plants which have been on the roatl only a few days may arrive with a certain percentage dead. Such plants undoubt- edly looked good while being pa<'ked, but a careful examination would have shown them to be unfit for sale. If, on esaminatiim, any sign of sickness or decay should be found, let the batl parts be at once taken out until healthy tissue is re".ohed, after which place the plants in full exposure to sun and wind, allowing them to so remain until every atom of the treated part has become covered with a dry and perfect callus. It may sometimes be found necessary to use a hot iron where decay is doing ver\' rapid work. When the plant re- ceived 's very large and old, or the bottom has become hard, dry and woody, or the roots injured, then at once cut off the woody bottom up to living tissue ; and plant only after the woun<l has been dried thoroughly. Treated thus, the plant will produce, in most cases, an abundant supply of new roots in a very short time, and thus give a virtually young plant ; but if any old, woody part is left on. the chances will be against the forming of new roots. Never take the hard trunk of a plant for propa- gating purposes, but choose the active, growing part, in which the cells are full of life. In preparing soil for Cacti, it will be found advisa- ble to use one-half good, fibrous loam and one-half very old lime rubbish, secured from some old, torn down brick building, taking care to sift from it the fine, dusty particles to ensure material of perfect drainage. To this may be added good, clean sand. In potting Cacti, it is generally supposed that a pot as large uo the body of the plant is sufficient ; but it is better to select pots of a rather larger size, for during the season of growth the plant must be supplied with water, and when pots are too small this cannot be done. In such case the plant has to depend upon its own resources. In the process of potting, fill the pot one-third with rough lumps of coke or other such material, on the top of which place a liberal supply of hnely broken crockery. Now ' add the soil, taking care to put the coarsest soil directly on top of the crocks, and then the finer, on whicL to place the cuttings or plants. Take care to plant very little below the surface. Be sure that the soil is fairly dry, and carefully abstain from watering for some time ; but if the weather is verj' warm and bright, a very light syring- ing may be given once each day. If pots are plunged in open ground, this light daily syringing will be sufficient until the plant 307. Opuntia. shows signs of growth. 308. Leaf*Uke branches of Opuntia— Opuntia. or Nopalea, coccinellifera. the cochineal plant. It is a mistake to repot Cacti very often, unless the roots have become infested with mealy bug or other pest. Should this occur, the plant must be turned out of the pot, roots thoroughly washed, and planted in a new pot and in new soil. The condition of the soil in each pot should be constantly and carefully examined, and if the slightest sign of imperfect drainage is mani- fest, the case should receive prompt attention. In the summer season, some persons turn their plants out of pots into the open borders. They may do well during the season, but, as there is more or less danger of bruising or injuring them in taking them up from open ground and repotting, the practice is unwise. Avoid inflicting any injury on the plants in the late fall or winter. It will be found a much safer practice to plunge the plants, in their pots, in late spring or as soon as the cold spring rains are over. Any warm, well- drained bed or border may be selected for this purpose, where they may receive sunlight and perfect venti- lation. For winter protection, select a naturally damp house, —one with floor sunken two feet or more. It should not be made wet by constant syringing or by a leaky roof, but by keeping the floor of the house damp, thus ren- dering it unnecessary to be constantly watering the plants. Let the temperature of the house be kept as close as possible to 50°, promptly ventilating when the heat begins to increase. Avoid all severe changes. Use as mild a fire heat as possible to be safe from cold. Cacti may be propagated from seed, by division of large clumps, and by cuttings or offsets. The most interesting, instructive and permanently successful method is from seed. Plants grown in this way will furnish the grower, in two or three years, with a fine stock of thrifty plants which will be a permanent source of satisfaction. Raising seedlings is better than import- ing the plants from their native habitats if one desires to secure a fine collection of Cacti. There would be many n ore amateur collections of Cacti if persons would sort by raising plants from seed. The most 206 CACTUS C^SALPINIA desirable Cacti to be raised from seed are Peleoyphora, Maniillaria, Cereus, EchinopHis and Echinocactus. When raised from seed, any of these may be successfully grown as window plants, with little danger of loss. Perhaps the most easily grown of the Cactus family are Opuutias, but these are not to be recommended for •window culture, on account of their full equipment of barbed spines. Vertus flugtlUfurmis, Rhipsalis, and Epiphyllums on their own roots, flourish well and are exceedingly attractive. But the best of all are the Phyl- locacti ; these are without spines, grow vigorously, and produce an abundance of blooms if they are given a sunny window and the necessary amount of water. Cactuses generally are subject to insects and fungous troubles. One i>f the most common pests is a scale in- sect. The safest way to rid the plants of these is to clean them off with a small brush which has bristles of only moderate stiffness. The mealy bug may be easily disposed of by dissolving 5 grams castile soap in hot ■water, and addinj; 1% quarts of alcohol ; then add 100 grams of fusel oil ; apply with a very fine spray. _— James Gurney. CADIA (Arabic name, Kadi). Legtimindsce, tribe Sophdrvve. About ^ species of small evergreen trees of Arabia and Africa, "'emarkable for their regular mallow- like fls. : Ivs. pinnate : fls. axillary, mostly solitary, drooping ; stamens 10, free. purptirea, Forsk. (C rd ria, L'Her.), Lfts. 20-40 pairs, ■very narrow : tls. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red, pretty ; not spiny. Arabia. — Cult, in S. Calif. C. Elliiiana, Baker, has few large lfts. and rose-colored fls. Madag. B.M. 6685.— C pubescent, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs, broad-oblong. Madag. CJSSALFtNIA (Andreas Csesalpinus, 1519-1603, Ital- ian botanist). Legumindscp. Brasiletto. Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate Ivs. and racemes or panicles of red or yellow tls., with obovate more or less clawed pet- als, 10 stamens, and a very long style. The fls. are not papilionaceous. The species, all tropical, are nearly 50. The genus yields tanning materials and dye sti'ffs; and most of the species are very showy in flower and are favorites in tropical and semi-tropical countries. They are grown rarely in warm glass houses. The botanical status is confused. L. jj. 3_ In Caesalpinia, propagation is readily effected by seeds, which should be well soaked in warm water for some hours before sowing, A sandy soil should b« chosen for the seed-bed, and lightly shaded. After the plant.s show the flrst true leaf, they should l>e potted off into small pots of ordinary fcarden soil, not t(Mj rich made light by the ddition of .sand if of a clayey nature! The plants grow verj' rapidly, and must be shifted into larger pots as their size requires for jfreenhouse cul- ture, but in tropical climates may be transpjunti-d into permanent positions outdoors after they reach a fair size in pots. The dwarf species are elegant .sul.jt ctM f,,r subtropical gardening during the sunmier months in temperate climates, provided a sunny location is given them, as they revel in rather dry, very warm soil, ami do not require artiflcial watering after being established. A rocky, sunny situation may be given C. puhherrimn and its varietv flora, where they will bloom during many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if strong plants about a foot high are selected in early Kumnier. Care should be taken to grmlually harden off plants in the house, so that they may not be chilled when transplanted outdoors. While they will do well in a poor soil, an application of manure or chemical fer- tilizer may be given them to advantage, causing them to make a more vigorous growth and give better and larger heads of flowers. In the tropics, and also in sub- tropical climates, these shrubs and trees are ahvavs admired and are commonly planted for ornament. The R<»yal Poinciana (C Ji'^gia, but properly Poiuriana Regia, which see), and also the Dwarf Poinciana, or Flower -fence (C. pulcherrima), will thrive in close proximity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in exposed coast situations. e. N. Reasonek A. Stamens long-exserted : fls. very showy: trees, unarmed or nearly so. Oilliesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many small, elliptic pinnules : fls. light yellow, with brilliant red stamens protruding 3-5 in., in terminal racemes ; sepals hairv-f ringed. S. Amer. B.M. 4(M»(>, as Poinci- ana Gilliesii, Hook. F.S. 1:61. R.H. 189:^, 400. G.C. III. 15:73.— Endures mild winters. A very showy and worthy plant. ptUch^rrima, Swtz. Barbadoes Pride. Barbadoes Flower-fence. Dwarf Poinciana. Shrub, with deli- cate, evergreen, mimosa-like Ivs., few scattered prickles, and very gaudy red and yellow crisped fls. on the ends of the new growth : stamens and style red, and long- exserted. Generally distributed in the tropics. B. M. 995. — One of the most popular shrubs in warm climates, as S. Fla. and S.Calif. There is a var. flAva, with yel- low fls. aa. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, or shorter. B. Lfts. small, %~\ in. long, very obtuse. C. Shrtib, unarmed. panndsa, Brandegee. Shrub, 2-i ft., with slender brtinehes clothed with white, r* jciduous bark : Ivs. de- compound ; pinnae 2—4, each v. xth 4-6 oblong and retuse lfts. : fls. yellow, showy ; '^^od glandular, 1-2-seeded. Lower Calif..— A rapid-growing species, recently dis- covered and introduced to the trade. CC. Shrubs or trees, prickly. D. Pod smooth : shrubs. sepiiiria, Roxbg. Pinnules about 10 pairs, oblong, rounded on both ends : fls. yellow. India.— Furnishes dye wood ; also used as a hedge plant. Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub, armed with stout, recurved prickles : pinnules 7-9 pairs, ob- long, very obtuse : fls, in large, panicle-like clusters, canary-yellow, the stamens bright red. ,Tapan. Gn. 40: 837. J.H. Ill, 34: .531. -Endures the winters in some parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus, probably hardy as far north as Washington, D.C. DD. Pod prickly : tree. echin&ta, Lam. Tree, with prickly branches, blunt, elliptic, shining, alternate lfts., yellow fls., and spiny- pods ; stamens shorter than the petals. Brazil.— Yields dye 770od. C.tSALPINIA CALADIUM 207 BB. Lftt. IS in. long, acute or mueronulate : pod prickly. MIhax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnap 10, with 12-20 ovatf-lan-'eolate jrlabrous Ift.s., 1-1 Vi in. lonj? : ra- cemes panicleil, nmny-t1(l., with verj' lar^e bra<"ts : fls. white ami purple : pixls '-seeded ( seeds large and black ) , spiny. China. fidnduc, Roxbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly, pubes- cent Ivs., oblong-ovate nmcronate Ifts., l^-.'{ in. long, vellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds in a short, prickly pod. Tropics ; S. Fla. C. hijiiga. Swtz. (Acaria Bancroftlana. Bert.). Spiny shrub, with ultimate Ifts. in 'J pairs : tls. paniculate. Jamaica.— C Regia, L>ietr.=»Poinciana Kegia. L. H. B. and Alfred Rehder. CAHOUN. Consult Attalea Cohune. CAJANUS (aboriginal name). Leguminbsce. Tropical shrub with pinnate. ;{-foliolate Ivs., yellow papiliona- ceous fls., an<l a small, hairy pod bearing edible seeds. Several species described, probably all derivatives of the following : tndlcus, Spreng. A shrub with yellow and maroon fls., blooming all through the year, and bearing a con- tinuous crop of highly nut-'itious peas. Lfts. elliptic- oblong. Plant more or less hairy. Grows from 4-10 ft. high, very diffuse and spreading. Much cult, in the tropics for the seeds or pulse. It varies greatly in stature and in character of seeds : C. fl()ni.H. DC, has yellow fls. and 2-;{-seeded pods which are not spotted ; C. bkolor, DC, has red-striped fls., and 4-5-seeded pods which are spotted : see B.M.G440 and R.H. 1874: 190. Usually treated as an annual. Probably native to Chi- nese territory. Known under many \or&\ names, as Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Dhal, Toor, and others. L. H. B. CALABASH OOTJBD. See Lagenaria, CALADIUM (origin of name obscure). Ardideat. Her- baceous perennials, arising from large rhizomes or tubers, acaulescent, with beautifully marked, long- petioled Ivs. with a deep basal lobe. Differs from Colo- casia in floral characters. A dozen or less species in Trop. Amer. Two of the species are immensely variable, and many named horticultural varieties are in the trade. Eugler in DC. Monog. Phan. 2: 452 (1879) ; also F.S. i:{. In Caladium, propagation is effected by division of the tubers at the beginning of the growing season, which is about the first of March. The soil best suited to them is a mixture of fibrous loam, leaf mold, peat, and well-rotted cow or sheep manure in equal parts, with a sprinkling of sand added. The tubers should be potted at first in as small pots as will conveniently accommodate them, and shifted on into larger pots as they require it. But little water must be given at the roots till active growth commences, when, as the plants develop, they require an abundance. A warm, humid atmosphere, such as is recommended for Alocasias, is necessary for their best development. They must also be sha«led from bright sunlight. As the leaves mature in the fall, water should be gradually withheld, though at no time mu.s't the tubers be alh)wed to become quite dr%-. Caladiums should be kept for the winter in the pots in which they have been grown, and stored away in some convenient place in a temperature not less than 50° or more than 60°. E j Caxxing. Fancy-leaved Cal.\diums.— As soon as the plants begin to lose their leaves in the fall, water should ffrailually be withheld until the leaves are all gone. The pots should then be removed to a position under a bench, and laid on their sides, or taken from the soil and placed in sand. During the resting period they should not be subjected to a lower temperature than 60° F., and kept neither too wet nor too dry. Al)out the be- ginning of March the tubers should be started for the earliest batch to be grown in pots. Arrange the tubers in their sizes, and keep each size by itself. The largest sized tubers will start quickest, and it is desirable to be- gin with these for pot plants. Start them in chopped moss in boxes. The tubers may be arranged pretty close together in the box, and merely covered over with the moas to the depth of about an Inch. The new root.^ are made from the top part of the tu)>er, so it is important that this part should be covered to encourage the roots. For starting, a heat varying between 70° and 85" will suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots make their appearance, the plants should >>e potted, usini; as small sized pots as possible. The soil for this potting should be principally leaf-mold, with a little sand. In a short time they will need another shift ; the soil should on this occasion l)e a little stnmger ; give a position near the glass, and shade fnmi strong sunshine. New forma are raised from seed, this operation being an exceed- ingly easy one with the Cala4lium,as they cross-fertilize very rea<iily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthu- rium, are monoe<?ious, the females ripening first. To pollinate them, part of the spathe must be cut away. Seedlings at first have the foliage green, and it is not until the fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that they show their gaudy colorings. Pro]>a;ration of the kinds is effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut sur- faces of which should be well duste«i with powdered charcoal to prevent decay. As bedding plants, the fancy- leaved Caladiums are gradually getting more popular. To have them at their best for this purpose, the ground sh<mld be worked for sfmie time previous to planting out, with a giKidly ({uantity of l>one meal incorporated with the soil. The tubers are best put out in a dormant state, as then they make very rapid progress, and eventu- ally make finer plants than when they are first started in the greenhouse, as by this system they are too apt to sustain a check in the hardening-off process, and lose their leaves. The fine, highly colored kinds are not so well suited for outdoor work as those having green pre- dominating in the foliage, but some of the kinds, such as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remarkably well. Fre- quent watering with manure water is absolutely neces- sary to the development of the foliage, both outdoors an«l in. G. W. OuvER. The following species and varieties, most of which are in the American trade, are here described, the syno- nyms being in italic : albinerviiitn,5o; albomaculatum, 16; albostriatulum, 51 ; Alfred Bleu. 16; atnoentan, 17; Appuui<inum,5(j; rtrj/«/r»7<'.'<, 57; argyroneuron, 5; argy- rospilum, 36; Baraquinii, 12; Belleymei, 49; bicolor, 8, II; Brongniartii, 32; Chantini, 17; Co^ntta-rtii, 17; cor- datum,3; cuprenm,53; Curwa«llii,37; Devosiannm,2H; Devosianum,28; di)tcolor.2*J; Duchartrei, 35; Ecklmrtii, 23; elegans,54; Enkeanum, 45; erythrteum, 3; e.^tr/i/cM- /Mm=Colocasia Antiquorum esculenta ; firmnlum, 9; G(rrdtii,\'y, gri.'feo-aryenteitm, 39; Haageannm. 17; haematostigmatxinj, 29; hifmostigmatHm , 29: hastatum, 50; Hendersoni.24; Houbyanum,26; Houlletii, 18; Hum- boldtii. 57; Ketteleri, 13; Kochii,38; Kramerianuni, 20; Laucheaninn, 43: Lemaireanum, ,55; Leopoldii. 15: Lin- deni.46; macroi>hyllum, 39; marginatum, 19: niarniora- tura, 7; mannoreum,2; Martersfeigianum, 17; mirabile, .33 ; Mooreanum, 18 ; myriostigma, 58 ; Neumanii. 40 ; Ottonis, 28; Osyanum, .52; jiallidinervium, 30; pelluci- dum, 27, 29; Perrierii, 22; pictum, 4, .34; picturatum, 48; poecile, 30 : porphyroneuron, 53 ; punctafissimuw, 17; Piirdieanum,9; pti.silhtm.d; regale, 31; Iteichinhachi- anum.W; J^ogierii.lo; roseum, 14; rubellum,41; rubi- cundum, 11; rubronerviitm,42; rubrovenium, 42; sngit- tie folium, 31: Schmi(2ii.3; Scho'lleri.o; Schomburgkii, 1; Sieboldii, 25; splendens, 14 : Sprnceanuni, 9; Stan- geanum, 21; subrotundum,6; Suriname».>(e, 31; thripe- destum, 7: transparens, 10; Troubetskoyi, .56 ; Vellozi- anum,9; Verschaffeltii.47; viridissimum, 5o; Wagneri, 31; Wallisi, 28; Wightii, 44. It will be seen that most of the cultivated Caladiums are considered to be forms of C. bivolor and C. pictura- tum. Only 5 species are concerned in the following list: Schomburgkii. 1 ; marmorotum, 7; bicolor. 8; pictura- tum. 48; Humboldtii, 57. C odoriltum, Lodd.= Alocasia macrorrhiza. A. Blade not at all peltate, obliquely elliptical-ovate. 1. Schbmburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times longer than the blade, sheathed % its length ; blf»;'.e obliquely elliptical-ovate ; midrib and 4-5 acutely ascend- ing primary nerves silvery, pale, or red ; sparsely spot- ted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para. — Runs into the following forms: 208 CALADIUM CALADIUM (1 ) Veinn red. 2. Var, marmdreum, En»fl. Hlude dull green, with brownish red lu-rves, bordered with yellow. 3. Var. erythrsenm, Engl. ( C. Schmitzii, Lem. C. eor- datum, llort.). Midribs and ner\"eM red. I.H,8:2i>7. 4. V^ar. pictum, Engl. With white or red spots between the red veins. S Anier. (2> I'finx nilrery or green. 5. Var. argyronearom, Engl. (C. anfyroneuron, C. Koch. C. tSchalleri, Lem.). 31idrib and veins silvery. I.H. 8:297. 6. Var. BUbrotundum, Eugl. (C.aubrotumlum, Lem.). Leaf-blade rounded at the base, or shortly cordate, with white or red spots. Brazil. AA. Blade digtinctly peltate. B. Zieaf gagittate-ohlong-ovate . 7. marmor&ttun, Mathieu (AlocHxia Jf<fzlii, Bull. C. thript'lf'sfKtti, Lem. ). Petiole cylindrical, 12-16 in. long, twice as long as the blade, variegated; bimledark green, with irregular gray, yellowish green and snow-white spots, glaucous-green beneath, sagittate-oblong-ovate, the upper lobe semi-ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal ones unequal, % or % as long as the upper, connate %-54 their length. Equwlor. I.H..^, p. .59. 310. Caladium bicolor. var. Chantini. (No. 17.) BB. Leaf ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate. 8. bicolor, Vent, (jnim 6ico/or, Ait.). Fig. 310. Peti- ole smooth, 3-7 times as long as the blade, pruinose to- ward the apex ; blade ovate-sagittate, or ovate-triangu- lar, variegated above, glaucous beneath; upper lobe semi- ovate, narrowing gradually to a cuspidate point, the basal ones }4 to but little shorter than the upper, oblong-ovate, obtuse, connate 1-5- >3 their length. S. Amer. Intro- duced into cult, in 1773. B. M. 820. — Very common in cult., furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladiiims. The marked varieties are as follows : (1) Leaf-blade and I'eins of one color. 9. Var. Vellozi^nom, Engl. {C. Velloeidnum, Schott. C. Purdieanum, Schott. C. pusillum, C. Koch. C. Spruced nnm, Schott. C. firmnlum, Schott). Leaf- blade dark green above ; basal lobes connate past the middle. Brazil, Peru. R.B. 10:169. (2) Leaf-blade more or less variegated. (a) With a colored disc. (b) Disc transparent. 10. Var. transp&rens, Engl. {C. transpdrens, Hort.). Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disc ; mid- rib and primary veins red-purple. 11. Var. rubitundum, Engl. (C. bicolor, Kunth). peti- ole green, or variegated green and violet; blml»- irreen with a re<l. tran^'parent, central disr, and a very uarrow red line between the di.sc an«l the margin. (bb) Disc opaque. ((') Purple disc. 12. Var. Baraqulnii, Engl. (('. Baraqulnii, Hort.) Petiole v'iolft ; blade with a purple-red disr; beautiful green between the disc and margin; nerves and midrib red-violet. Para. I.H. 7: 257. F.S. 13: 1378. 13. Var. KAtteleri, Engl. (C. KHteleri, Hort.). peti- ole crimson, variegated toward the base ; bla*'" with purple di.sc, midrib and primary vein ', sparsely marked between the veins with many small, rosy spots. (cc) Red disc. 14. Var. ipl6ndens. Engl. (C.rdseum, Hort. C.nph'n- dens, Hort.). Petiole green below, red aJtove ; blade with a red disc at the middle ; midvein and primary veins red-purple ; green between the ner^•es and along the margin. L. 4. 15. Var. Ldopoldl, Engl. (C. Leopoldi, Hort. G. Oirrdtii, C. Koch. C. Rogieri, Ch. & Lem.). Petiole violet beneath, red-purple alwve ; blade with a hroatl, reddish disc ; margin green, red spotted ; midrib and primary veins dark red-purple. Para, 1864. 16. Var. albomaculMum, Engl. {C. Alfred Bleu). Petiole green ; blade green, with red disc, midrib ami primary veins, and markeil clear to the margin with many large, white spots between the nerves. (ccc) Rose disc. 17. Var. Chintini, Engl. {C. Chantini, Lem. CCon- lUfrtii, Hort. C. a ma num. Hort. C. Martersteigiiinum, Hort. Cpunctatissimum, Hort. C. Haagehnum, Hort.). Fig. 310. Petiole more or less violet ; blade broadly red-puri)le along the midrib and primary nerves, ro!«iy at the center, and with very numerous, "unequal spot;* between the nerves clear to the marginal vein. I. H. 5: 185. F. S. 13: 1350. 1351. B. M. 5255. B. L. PI. 19 (1891). Para, 1858. A.F. 8:129. (cccc) Light green disc. 18. Var. Hotdl^tii, Engl. ( C. HoulUtii, Lem. C. iln«r(- dnum, Hort.). Petiole green, the sheath and a little of the base violet-variegated ; basal lobes of the blade somewhat introrse, rounded, connate % ; blade obscurely preen toward the marprin, the midrib and primary veins slightly reddish, and with a pale disc marked with many Irreg^iiar white spots. (aa) Without a colored disc. (b) Margins colored throughout. (c) Red margin. 19. Var. margriniitum, Engl. (C. marginatum, C. Koi-h ) . Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer ° ' (cc) Yvllow margin. 20. Var. Krameri^nom, Engl. (C. Krameridnum, Hort.). Veins purple : yellow margin. 21. Var. Btangeanum, Engl. (C. Stangednum. C. Koch). Blade reddish ; green along the narrow mar- gin, yellowish toward the margin. (ccc) Solid white margin. 22. Var. Perri6rii, Engl. (C. ^VrrtVW, Lem.). Petiole violet-black ; blade dull green, with many red-purple spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861. (cccc) Spotted margin. 23. Var. fickhartii, Engl. (C. AVt^iaWti, Hort.). Peti- ole violet-blotched at the base, g^een above the middle; blade green, with few rosy spots along the margin, and email white ones in the middle. 24. Var. H^ndersoni, Engl. (C. Hindersoni, Hort.). Petiole variegated violet and green, reddish toward the apex ; blade mostly green, reddish next the lower parts of the nerves ; midrib and primary veins red-purple spotted ; small red spots along the margin. 25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (6\ Sieboldii, Hort.). Peti- ole violet and green, reddish toward the apex ; basal lobes of the leaf somewhat introrse, connate /'s their CALADIUM CALADIUM 209 lemrth, dark jrreen ; midrib an«l primary reins beautl- fullv red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white bor- der, marlipd with small, purple-red spots. A.F. 8: 127. (ccccc) Purple margin. •f^. V'ar. Eoaby4nam, Kn«l. {('. Houhydnum, Hort.). Petitilf dirty green on the lower Hurface, bright red above ; blade brigbt green, with large pale spotn, an<l small red-purple ones between the midrib and primary vein«* ; a re<l-puri>l« ^P**^ above the insertion of the peti- ole, and a pale purple line around the margin. .i,. Var. pelliiciduin, Engl. (C. pellHcidum, DC). Petiole reddish, variegated with violet ; blade broa<lIy iTiMioh purple spotteti along the midrib and primary vfin". and more or less marked with transparent, red- A\*h purple spots between the primary veins ; a contin- uous purple line along the outer margin. (bb) Onlff the margin of the basal sinus colored. 2S. Var. DevosUnum, Engl. {C. DevosiAnutn, Leva C. Wdllisi, Hort. C. Ottdnin, Hort.). Petiole green; blade bright green, with small, irregular white spots be- tween the midrib and primary veins, and a narrow crimson border at the sinus. Para. I.H. 9: 322. •jy. Var. haBmatottlgmattun, Engl. {C. hiematostig- wa/Mm, Kth. C. peUuriilutn,l)C). C. discolor, Hort.). Petiole violet ; blwle dark green, with a purple line on the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood-red spots. Para. 3U. Var. pcBClle, Engl. (C.pctcMe, Schott. C. pallidi- nhi'ium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely streaked-variegated ; blade dark green ; midrib and primary veins paler, often whitish ; a red-purple spot where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar- pned in the sinus. Brazil. 31. Var. regr&le, Engl. ( C. regdle, Lem. C. Wdgneri, Hort. C. Suritunntnue, Miq. C. sagittigfolium, Sieb. ). Blade bright given, purple-margined at the sinus, every- where marked with small, confluent white spots. West Indies, 1710. I.H.9:31G. (bbb) No colored disc or colored margin. {:) Variegated green blade. 32. Var. Bton^idrtii, Engl. ( C. Brongnidrtii, Lem.). Very large ; petiole vari( jjated violet and green, red- dish toward the apex ; blade green, except along the ner\"es below, where it in colored reddish, paler green between the primary nerves, deep green toward the margin ; veins and nerves red-purple. Brazil-Para, 1S5«; F.S. 13:1.348, 1.349. I.H.5, p. 58. 33. Var. mir&bile, Engl. {C. mirdbile, Lem.). Petiole firreen : blade bright green, densely covered with large and small irregular pale green spots between the pri- mary nerves and midvein. Para. I.H. 10: 354. (cc) Blue-green blade. 34. Var. plcttun, Kunth (C. pictttm, DC). Petiole greenish , variegated beneath ; basal lobes connate 1-5 their length ; blade thin, blue-green, marked with iar;:e. irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish semi- transparent spots. L. 43. (ccc) Colorless blade. 35. Var. DuchArtrei, Engl. ( C. Buchdrtrei, Hort. ) . The long petiole green above, variegated below the middle with violet-black ; blade colorless, except the midrib and all the veins, or here and there pale rosy or red spotted, or even more or less dirty green. A.F. 8: 129. (cecc) Solid green blade. (d) Dark green. 36. Var. argyrdspilum, Engl. {C. argijrdspilum, Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely streaked ; blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson spot at the middle, and with manv small white spots between the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13: 1346,1347. 37. Var. CurwAdlii, Engl. {C. Curuddlii. Hort.). Petiole gi'eenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the base ; blade rc^ddish purple along the midrib and pri- mary veins, marked between the veins with large white spots, otherwiise dark green. 14 38. Var. Kdchii. Engl. {C. fC^rhii. Hort.). Leaf- blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 18*)2, 39. Var. macroph^lltun, Engl. {C. marrophyllum. Lem. C grinfiftnjenfttnn, Hort.). Peti(de green; blade dark Kreen, marked everywhere with many small, Hcarcely confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para, 1862. I.H. 9: 316. 40. Var, Netunannil, Engl. (C. XeHmannii, Lem.>. Petiole green ; blade very beautiful dark green, with scarcely paler veins, marked lietween the primary veins with large and small white-margined, reddish purple spots. F.S. 13: 13.'>2, i;{53. B.M.5199. (dd) Light green. (e) yot spotted. 41. Var. ruMllTUn, Engl. ( C. rubellum, Hort. C. Reich- enbachitinnm, Stangl.). Blade green, with reddish purple mi<lrib and primary veins. 42. Var. rubrovdniam, Engl. {C. rubrov^nium, Hort. C.rubron^rviiim, Hort.), Petiole variegated green and violet ; blade small, oblong-ovoid, the basal lobes some- what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to the middle, pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri- mary veins ; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862. (ee) Spotted. (f ) With white spots. 43. Var. Laaeheintun, Engl. (C. Lauchednnm, C. Koch). Blade bright green, with white spots at the middle. (flf) With purple and white spots. 44. Var. Wigrhtii, Engl. (C. Wlghtii, Hort.), Petiole pale green ; blade very beautiful green, marked be- tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and small white spots. French (juiana. 311. Caladium picturatum, var. Belleytnei. (No. 49.) (fff ) With red or crimson spots. 45. Var. Enke&num, Engl. (C. Kukednnm, C Koch). Blade bright green, marked with large and small red spots. 46. Var. Lindeni, Engl. (C. Lindeni. Hort,). Blade bright green, with confluent small red spots. 47. Var. Ver8chaff61tii, Engl. (C. Verschafmtii, Lem.). Petiole pale green ; blade very beautiful green, with few irregular crimson spots. I.H.5: 185. B.M. 5263. L.46. BBB. Blade lanceolate -sagittate, 48. pictnratum, C Koch. Petioles usually green, variegated below, elongated ; blatle lanceolate-sagittate, cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal lobes over half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate 1-6-34 their length, separated by a triangular sinus ; primary 210 CALADIUM CALAMOVILFA lateral veins 4-7, erect-spreading or spreading. Brazil. — V'ariable, furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladi- ums. (1) TrnnKp^.ent white blade. 49. Var. Belle^mei, Engl. ( C. Bellei)mii, Hort. ). Fig. 311. Petiole greenish above, vanegated violet beneath; blade slenderly haste::e-sagittate, white, translucent ex- 312. Caladium Humboldtii. (No. 57.) cept the green veins and nerves, with small green spots along the margin ; basal lobes 1-5, or rarely ^i or % connate. Para. I.H. 7:252. A.F. 8:127. (2) Pale green blade. (a) With transparent blotches. 50. Var. hast^tum, Engl. (C hastdtum, Lem.). Peti- ole long, stout, white, violet-spotted ; lalade hastate- sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes ; dull, pale green, very irregularly marked with transparent blotches ; basal lobe % connate, crimson margined in the sinus. Para. (aa) Opaque. 51. Var. albostri&tulam, Engl. Blade greenish white along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted between the nerves. 52. Var. Osyinom, C. Koch. Blade white along the miilrib and primary veins, with purple spots between the reins. 5.3. Var. porphyronetiron, Engl. (C. porphyroneuron, C Koch. C cupreian, Hort. Alocdsia porphyrontura, Lem.). Petiole pale reddish, variegated with dull vio- let ; blade broadly hastate-sagittate, dull, pale green, slightly reddish on the veins, opaque basal lobes 1-G-^^ connate. Peru and Brazil. I.H. 8:297. (3) Dark green blade. 54. Var. dlegans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish below, variegated ; blade narrowly hasta<'e-sagittate, slightly contracted abi -'e the lobes, dark green above, broadly red or purple next the midrib and primary lateral veins ; ba.^al lobes 1-5 connate. 55. V^ar. Lemaire4num, Engl. ( C. Lemairectnttm, Barr. C. picturHtuin albinervium, C. Koch. C. pictitrdtum viridissimutn,C. Kochl. Blade shaped like preceding, dark green ; midrib and primarv veins pale green or white. S. Amer., 1801. I.H. 9: 311. 56. Var. TrouWtskoyi, Engl. <C. Troub4tskoyi, Chan- tin. C Appunianum, Hort.). Petiole red, variegated; blatle very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly con- tracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly marked with pale red along the midrib and primary veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or rose spots. F.S. 13: 1379. BBBB. Blade oblong-ovate, or oblong: plant small. 57. Humboldtii, Schott (C argyrltes, em.i. Fie 312. Petiole slender, variegated, 2-3 times onger than the blade ; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblontr-ovate or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and primarv veins, with many large and small transparent spots he- tween ; shortly and very acutely acuminate, tlw apical lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the oblong or ovate- triangular, obtuse basal ones ; basal lobes 3/, connate separated by an obtuse triangular sinus, the :i-4 priniarv veins of the apical lobe uniting in a collective nerv«» re- mote from the margin. Brazil. I.H. 5:185. F.S.1;M345 Gng.3:279. A.F. 10: 197. L. 22. 58. V&T. myriostigma, Engl. (<7. myriosticjmn. c. Koch). Blade marked everywhere with small white spots. , Jared G. Smith. CALAMAGBOSTIS (Greek for reed grass). Grn- minetp. Reed Bent-grass. A genus of perennial grasses with running rootstocks. Very similar to Agrostis, but spikelets usuaily larger. Can be distinguished from it by the tuft of long hairs at the base of the rt.-^'lume, and the flowering axis continued beyond the paletl Spikelets 1-flowered (rarely an aborted or second tlower present). Glumes 3, the first two nearly e(inal and empty, the third, or il. -glume, awned on the back, usu- ally below the middle. Species about 120. very widelv distributed over the world in the temperate arid arctic zones and on the high mountains of the tropics. For C. brevipiJis, see CalamovUfa. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Very com- mon in the northern and northwestern states, usually growing in moist meadows and swales. Under such conditions it yieMs a large amount of indifferent hav. which is used in some places. It is not used for horti- cultural purposes. This species grows 3-5 ft., and has flat, glaucous-blue Ivs. : panicle oblong, becoming open: upper glume weak-awned near the middle. Stricta, Beauv. (C. neglecta, Gfertn.). Pony Grass. A rather slender, erect perennial, with narrow leaves and a contracted, densely-flowered panicle. \\-f, in. long:: fl. -glume about % as long as the second empty glume, and nearly twice the lentrth of the basal hairs ; awn bent, exceeding the glume. Northern C S. — A varie- gated form has been brought into cultivation for oma- mental purposes. p g ^^^^^^^^ CALAMlNTHA (Old Greek name, m^dmmg beautiful mint). Lahiiit(f. Various species of herbs or very small shrubs, 2 or 3 of them occasionally grown in borders for their fls. and aromatic fragrance. Calyx 2-lipped, ol)- long or tubular ; corolla with a straight tube, and gen- erally exceeding the calyx, the throat commonly en- larged ; ;stamens parallel under the upjjer lip : fls. in whorls, which are usually arranged in a long interrupted spike. Plants mostly of temperate regions, and of easy culture. The cult, kinds are perennial, more or less hairy, mint-like herbs, 1-3 ft. high. grandifldra, Moench. Lvs. ovate, serrated : stems de- cumbent, branching from the base : fls. in axillary whorls, quite large. \% in. long, with a straight tube; upper lip flattened, purple ; June-July ; h. 9-12 in Europe ; this and C. alplna. Lam., which is smaller in all its parts, are the two best species for garden use. C. offieindlis. Moench, the common Calamint of Eu.. is sometimes seen in gardens, being an old domestic medi- cinal plant. It has long, ascending branches, ovate crenate-serrate lvs., and few-fld. cymes : 1-3 ft. J. B. Keller. CALAMOVlLFA (Calamos, reed, and Vilfa, a kind of ^rass). Gramine(v. A genus recently separatecl from Calamagrostis. Distinguished from it only in that the flowerini,' axis is not produced beyond the flower. Tall grasses, with stout, horizontal lvs. and paniculate in- florescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, with a ring of hairs at the base of fl. -glume. Three known species, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of N. America. brevipilis, Hack. {Calamagrdstis breviplUs. Gray). PrRi'LE Bent-grass. Culms bar! wiry, 2-4 ft. hi^'h : lvs. flat, with an open, purplish panicle.— A rare grass, CALAMOVILFA CALANTHE 211 apparently limited to the sandy swamps rens of New Jersey. Now in cultivati< ren mental grass and pine bar- ation as an oma- P. B. Kennedy. CALAMPfiLIS is Eccremocarpus. CALAMUS (Greek for reed). Pnlmi)ee(w, tribe Lepi- docdrpa. Slender, cespitose or climbinjr palms, with pinnatisect Ivs.; Ifts. with reduplicate sides, acuminate, entire. with parallel nerves : fr, of many carpels, clothed with reflexed, shining, closely imbricated appressed scales : spathes tubular, persistent, flowering annually. Species about 150. Tropical Asia. ciliirifl, Blume. Stem slender, climbing by means of long, axillary, leafless branches, covered wit'a hooked spines: Ivs. 1 ft. long, 6 in. vide; Ifts, numerous, hairy; petiole 2 in. long, with fen' hooked spines. Malaya. F.R. 1:607. G. C. III. 21: SG.-Introdi^ced into cultiva- tion in 1809. C. Andreanum, Hort.. P. & M.=?— T. caUcdrj'fts. Griff.= Djemonorops oalicarpus. Mart.- -C. Xeimtdnu«,Griff.=Diemon- orops Lewisianus, Mart. Jared G. Smith. Calamus is an easily growr group of i alms, very ornamental, even in a you:i;^ state. Some of the spe- cies have stems several hundred feet long, which enable them to unfold their leaves at the tops of the tallest irees. The leaves are peculiarly well adapted to assist the plant in climbing, having numerous hook-like pro- cesses arranged on a long continuation of the midrib of the leaf. Where accommodations can be given these plants should be selected, as their growth is rapid, and they are capable of furnishing a large conservatory quickly. Numerous suckers are produced, so that when the main stem ascends the lower part is clothed in foli- age. Valiimus tenuis (or C liojileamis) and C.liotang furnish the rattan canes. Malacca canes are furnished by C. Scipioniim. Young plants thrive best in a root- ing medium containing a c<msiderable quantity of leaf- mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting nature; a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may be used to advantage. Old, well-furnished plants need enonnons quantities of water. All of them require stove temperature. G. W. Oliver. CALAMUS or SWEET FLAG. See Acorxis Calamus. CALANCHOE. See Kalimhoe. CALANDKfNIA (J. L Calandrini, Gtnevan botanist of last century). Por- tuIacAcece. Fleshy, spreading, or nearly trailing plants, with mostly alter- nate Ivs. and red fls. of short dura- tion. Petals 3-7; stamens 3-5-12. A number of species in N. and S. America and Austral. Sometimes cult, in borders and rockeries, or used for edgings in sunny places. Prop, from seeds, and usually treated as annuals (which some of them are). umbellita, DC. Four to 6 in.: Ivs. linear and hairy: fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster, bright crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853: 5. -This species is hardy in many parts of the U. S., in our northern climate, it should be planted in a well-sheltered position, or pro- vided with ample prote'*tion in winter; sometimes it acts like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced very freely, young seedlings spring up constantly between the old plants, and one does not miss the few which may decay during die second year ; the plant forms a very neat, slightly spreading tuft; flowers are produced in many- flowered umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow- ing crimson-magenta, saucer-shaped, very showy. June to November. Full exposure to sun, atid light sandy soil, ar? needed to bring out the rare beauty of these plants. The flowers close up when evening comes, like the annual portulacas, but they reopen on the follow- ing day. In the sunny, sloping part of a rockery, even when quite dry, or among other low plants in abed or border, they are h!'?hly satisfactory. This is the only species which we Imve'found to be tolerably hardy with tia in the north as a perennial ; it may also be treated like the annuals, as it flowers the firstsumnier just as freely as afterwards. Can be prop, by cuttings. discolor, Schrad. (C. /legans, Hort.). One to 2 ft,: Ivs. fl»'shy and obovate, purple beneath : fls. bright rose, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M. 3357. caul^scens, HBK., var. M^nziesii, Gray (C. specidsa, Lindl.). Three to 12 in. high, with green herbage, gla- brous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or 8patuIate-«»blanceolate: fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long-pedimcled (petals J^ in. long). Calif., N. B. R. 1.598.- Variable. There is a white-fld. var. advertised. J. B. Keller and L. H. B. CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful flnwr). Orrhidih cetf. trilie Windiie. A jrenus of sub-epiphytal or terres- trial orchids found in the eastern hemisphere, and spar- ingly in the western hemisphere. Scapes erect, many- flowered : Ivs. broad, plaited : fls. white or rose-colored, rarely yellow : pseudobulbs angulate, with greyish jrreen sheaths in the Vestitaj section, but absent in the VeratrifoliiB section. Many species are known to orchid fanciers. vestlta, Lindl. (C.oculctta, Hort.). Lvs. broadly lan- ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from greyish green pseudo- bulbs : fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes; petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping, the former oval-ol)long, the latter oV)i>vate-oblong; label- lum flat, large, three-lobed, the midlobe cleft ; a yellow or crimson blotch in front of the short column ; scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairv. Blooms in winter. Malava. B. M. 4671. F. E. 9: 32*5. A. F. 0: G55. F. S. 8:816.— A most pop- ular orchid. There are many forms, of which the following are the most impor- tant : Var. gigant^a, Hort. Larger in all parts: fls. white, with red eye. Var. nivalis, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. Tumeri, Hoit. (C. Turneri, Reichb. f. ). Fls. more numer- ous, labellum with a crimson blotch ; blooms later in the season than the next. Var. rtibro-ocul^ta, Hort. Label- lum with a crimson -purple blotch. October- February. Var. lilteo-OCuUta, Hort. Yel- low-blotched. Var. Begrni^rif I' | Hort. (C Begnieri. Reichb. I ^ f. C. Stevemti()tia. Regnier). * Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a depression above the middle, labellum rose-colored, with a purple blotch in front of column, less deeply lobed than in the type. A.F. 6: (555. veratrifdlia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2 ft. long, from a creeping rhizome : fls. white, in dense VI" 212 CALANTHE CALATHEA corymbose racemes ; petals obovate-spatulnte, sepals obovate-oblong ; Jabellum 4-parted, the anterior lobes usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes. Blocms from May to July. Malaya. B.M. 2615. Vditchii, Lindl. Fig. '.il'.i. A hybrid between C. rosea and C. vestita : fls. rose-colored ; labellum with white spot near the base. Winter-flowering. There is also a white variety. This hybrifl was raised by Veitch, in 185(). B. M. o.'JTo. Forms of this are var. b^Ila, Hort., with pink ris. ; var. Sajidhursti4na, Hort., with crimson fls.; var. S^deni, Hort.. vith deep rose fls. C. Eyer- manii, Hort. (G.F. 4: 17), is a hybrid of C. Veitchii and C. vestita. Var. sup^rba, Hort., has richer color. Mastica, Lindl. Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many- ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segments over- lapping ; deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet- purple. Summer and autumn. N. ^ndia. B. M. I"41. Var. gn^ndifldra, Hort., is of greater size throughout. C. discolor. I AmW.. ami C Japonica. Blume, both of Japan, have been offered by dealers in Japanese plants; but they are unknown to general cultivatioc Oakes Ames. CALATH£A (Greek for basket, the application not agreed upon). Scitamindcece. Perennial foliage plauts which are commonly cult, as Marantas. From Maranta the genus differs chiefly in technical characters. In Maranta the fruit is 1-seeded, in Calathea usually 3- seeded; in the former the fl. -clusters are branched and few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate or cone-like. Of Calatheas there are 70 or 80 species, mostly of trop. Amer., but a few of trop. Afr. The Ivs., for whicn the plant is grown, are variously mirked with shaaes of green, red, brown, yellow, and white. The Ivs. spring from the very base of the short stem, just above the rhi- zome. Sepals 3, free and equal : corolla tubular, with 3 spreading lobes : stamens 3, petal-like, 2 sterile an'i 1 bearing an anther on its side (compare Canna). L.H.3. Calatheas are among the handsomest of ornamental- leaved stove plants. They may be propaf.'ated by divi- sion of the crowns, or in those species which iiiaKe sec- ondary growths, by cuctiugs taken just below the node and inserte«i in shar.> silver sand 'u thumb-pots and plunged in a propagating box with 1 ottom heat. About the beginning of April, or just b for^ active growth commences, is the best time for { ropatiating and also for repotting. The soil best suited to ♦^I.ca is one-third good, ttbrous loam in small lumps, one-third flbrous peat or chopped fern-root, and one-third leaf -mold and clean silver sand, to which may be added a few nodules of charcoal to keep the mixture s- .'cet. In repotting, the old soil should be shaken from the roots, and the plants potted loosely in the new mixture, using clean, well- drained pots, or for the creeping and shallow-rooting species, pans are preferable. All matured leaves should be removed at this time, and after repotting they should be placed in a close, warm, moist atmosphere and kept shaded, to induce active root growth. As the leaves de- velop they require an abundant supply of water at the roots, f re<iuent s ..*aying witij a fine syringe, and to be well shaded from di- ect sunlight. TIese conclitions should be reduced on ht approa<"h of winter, but at no season must the };lants be allowed to become dry. The tempera- ture uuring winter should not fall below 00°. Strong- gro" Ing species, as C. zehrina, do best planted out in a palm house under the shade of palm trees, while the low-growing or "reeping species are excellent sul)jects for inside rockeries, where a warm, humid atmosphere can be maintained. q^i^^ ^y Edward J. Caxnixo. There ar«' many species of Calathea i. fancy collec- tions, but ;he following list includes those which are known to be in the Amer. trade. Since the plants are often named and descrioed before the flowers are known, it is not always possible to determine the proper genus. Consult Mamnta, Phrifnimn, and Stronumthe. For horticultural purp>ses, botanical cha-acters cannot be used in classification of the species ; • ^^e following scheme, therefore, i'? based on evident lea^ characters. Index : C. albo-lineata, 3; Bachemiana, 9; Chimbora- censis, 10; crotalifera. 20; eximia, 21; fasciata. 4; La- geriana, 7; Layrrel liana, li); Lietzei, 11; Lindeniana, 12; majestica, 3; Makoyana, 13; Marcelli, 25; me<li(»-picta, 22; m'cans,23; niteus, 14; of»i;am,13; ornata, 3; Prin- ceps, 15; pulchella. 2; regalis,ti; rosea-lineata,6-, rosea picta, 6; smaragdina, 5; tubispatha, 8; Vandenheckii 24 ; Veitchiana, 10 ; virginalis, 2.> ; }ya(jneri, ; Warl scewiczii, 17; Wiotiana, 18; zebrina, 1. A. Lvs. marked only by transverse bars. 1. zebrina, Lindl. (Maranta zebrina, Sims). Large free-growing ])lant : lvs. 2-Mt. long, purple beneath] satiny green above, with alternating bars of deep aud pale green : fls. dull purple, on a very short scane Braz. B.M. 1920. L.B.C. 5:494. R.H. "1805: 90. S.h! 1:104. L. 1. — The commonest species, occurring in nearly all collections of warm greenhouse plants. 2. pulch611a, Kopm. Weaker grower than C. zebrina the lvs. lighter colored, with two series (large and small) of broad green bars. Braz. — By some considered to be a form of C. zebrina. 3. oru&ta, Koem. (Maranta regdiis, Hort.). Dwarf: lvs. oblong-acuminate, the stalks 1 ft. long and blades usually shorter, red beneath, green abo\e and marked with two bars bei»veen each of the transverse veins. Colombia. — The transverse markings are usually bright red. and this form is taken as the type of the'spedes (I.H. 2: 74. L. 20). In var. ^Ibo-lineata, Hort. (Cala- thea and Maranta dlbo-Unectta, Hort.), the lines are white (F\S. 4:413. L. 55). Var. majestica, Hort. (J/. majestica, Lindl.), attains a height of 4-5 ft. It has red- striped lvs. I.H. 41: 1. 4. faaciita, Kegel & Koem. Dwarf: lvs. long-cordate, the blade 10-12 in. long, pale green and purple-tinged below, green above, with wh'te bands running off to the margin. Braz. Gn. 2, p. 3. L. 23. 5. smaragdina, Lind. & Andr^. Two ft.: lvs. wide- spreading, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, silvery greeu below, dark green above with prominent bauds of different shades of green, the midrib prominent. S. Amer. I.H. 17: 16. AA. Lvs. variously marked and blotched, often mar- gined, or only the miaHb colored. B. ATarkings red, parallel with the margin. 6. rdsea- picta, Kegel (C. rdsea-'inedta, Hort.? J/. Wdgneri, Hort.). Dwarf: lvs. nearly orbicular, purple beneath, the upper side dark green, the midrib red. aud an irregular led zone (sometimes twj zones) two-thirds of the distance from the midrib to^vards the margin. Amazon. F.f^. 10:107.5-6. Gn. 2, p. i BB. Markings in sJiades of bro'vn or bronze. 7. Lageriana, Hort. Lvs. large, dark red beueatl the prominent veins rich bronze. 8. tubispitha. Hook. f. Two feet or ^ ^ high: lvs. obovate-elliptic, short -acuminate o- ite, thin, greenish beneath, lively green abov. iiked mid- way between the rib and the margin wii. lighter green and squarish patches of brown. W. Afr. B.M. 5542. EBB. Marfcings in shades of yelloiv and green. 9. Bachemiftna, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral. cordate at the base, long, smooth, finely striate, >'-:t.h parallel greenish or whitish markings along the primary nerves, purplish beneacn. Brazil. 10. Cbimborao^nsis, Lind. Dwarf : lvs. oblong-ovate, 8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a very dark green white-margined band running length- wise the blad« midway between the rib and each mar- gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17:6. 11. Li^tzeif Morr. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, truncate or shallow-cordate at base, undulate, purple beneath, deep green -^ud shJv Ing above, with feather-like blotches of deeper gre^n. iJrazil. 12. liindenlAna; Wallis (C. Undent, Wallis & Andr^). Lvs. elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate ( 12 in. or less long), deep gieen above with an olive-green zone either side of the midrib, and bey md which is a darker zone of green, the under side crunterfeiting ti e upper side, but with purplish zones. Peru. I.H. 18::i2. — By some considered to be a form of C. rosea-picta. 13. Makoy&.na, Morr. (Mardnta olivdris, Hort.). Or»e to 4 ft. : lvs. broad-oblong, obtuse or somewhat short-pointed, the stalks red, the leaf olive-green or cream-colored above but marked against the midrib CALATHEA CALCEOLARIA 213 with outspreading, dark green blotches of oblong, oral or pvriform shape, the under surface similarly marked, but "in red. Brazil. F.S. 20: 2048-9. G.C. 1872:1589. Gn. 4. p. 87. 14. nltens, Hort. Dwarf : Ivs. oblong, glossy green, on each side of the rib marked with oblong, pointed greenish bars, which alternate with dark green lines. Brazil. 15. princeps, Regel. Leaf elongated or elliptical-lan- ceolate. 7-10 in. long, .3-.3>2 in. broad, light green above, with broad black-green, flaming, broken band along the middle nerve, violet-purple below. Amazon. 314. Calathea Veitchiana. 16. VeitchiAna, Veitch. Fig. 314. Very handsome, 3-4 ft.: Its. large, ovate-elliptic, obtuse or nearly so, rather thin, glossy, purplish below, dark, rich green above and marked with one or two rows of light yellow-green irretrular blotches running the length of the blade (often shailinir into white). Tropical Africa. B.M. 5.535. G.C. 1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F. S. 16:1655-8.- Common ; one of the handsomest and most serviceable species. The darker parts of the blade are often bronze-brown. 17. Warscewlczii, Kcern. Rather large : Ivs. 2 ft. lonff. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath, dark, velvetv green above, but the midrib broadlv feath- ered with vellow-green. Trop. Amer. F.S. 9:939-940. Gn. 17:238. L. 17.-One of the best. 18. Wiotiina, Makoy {C.Widti, Hort.). Lvs. bright green, with two rows of olive-green blotches. Brazil. BBBB. Markings white or very neariy so. 19. Le^rellitoa, Regel. Leaf elliptical, pointed, 5-6 In. long, 2-;jV^in. broad, above shining green, with broad, ■white, flaming, broken middle band along the middle nerve and numerous broken white linear small bands be- tween the side nerves; lower surface whitish green and marked with red and green Equador. — Neat species. 20. crotallIera,Wats. Rattlesnake Plant. Lvs.oval, ahniptly acute at each end, 2 ft. or less long and half as broad, yellowish green, with a white-maririned midrib; petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, sheathing: peduncles 1 or 2 and 8-10 in. high, bearing distichous yellow-fld. sp?kes. Guatemala.— Offered in Fla. 21. eximia, Kcern. (P/in/HiMm fj-fm /urn, Koch). Peti- ole grooved, greenish, closely covered with soft hair and naked only on the somewhat thickened end. Leaf sur- face somewhat long-elliptical, pointed, in full-grown Ivs. 8-10 in. long and 4-5 in. broad, lightly shining blue-green, and marked with broad white cross bands ; the under side of the Ivs. covered with short, velvety hair, and of a brownish purple color. S. Amer. Gt. 686. 22. mddio-picta, Makoy. Lrs. oval -lanceolate and tapering to both ends, dark green, with the rib feathered with white from base to summit. Brazil. 23. mlcans, Koem. Very small : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, ob- long-lanceolate, somewhat acummate, green nnd shining above, the rib in a feathered white stripe. Brazil. L, 49. 24. Vandenli6ckei, Regel. Lvs. dark green, shining, red-purple beneath, the upper surface marked with two concentric zones of white, and the rib margined with white. Brazil ? 25. virgin^Iis, Lind. Lvs. soft-hairy below, broad- oval, rather blunt, 7-9 in. long. 4-6 in. broad, upper sur- face light green, and below, intheconmion form, whitish gre^n and lighter zones shown, as on the upper surface, — or in another form, which has been distributed in gar- dens as C. (Maranta) Marcelli, under side shaded alight violet and without zones. Brazil. A.F. 7: 611. C. argyriea, Koem. Has been offered in the American trade. — C. arrecta, Lind. and Andre. Tall : lvs. oblong, red 1>eneath, green alx)ve, with the nerves all prominent. Equador. I. H. 18:77. — C. Baraqitini, Regel. Lvs. oval-lance<ilate, green, witli bands of white. Brazil.— C Fascinator. Hort. Dwarf: lvs. broad- ovate-oV)long. purplish l)eneatb, green above and with blotches of lighter color and transverse narrow bars of red. Brazil. I.H. 41:104, as Maranta Fascinator. — C. hieroglyphica. Lind. and Andre. Dwarf: Ivs. short -ov.-ite. short-pointe<l, purplish be- neath, green aViove and marked by m-nnj' oblique bands or bars of silvery white. Colombia. I.H. 2():l'i2-3.— C i7/»»^r/s, Hort. (Marama ilhrstris. Lind.). Dwjirf : lvs. broad-ovate or some- what obovate, pxirple beneatli. green above, with oblique bars of lighter green and an encinding zone of shaded white. Equador. I.H. 14: ol.!.— C. leopnnVinn, Kegel. Medium to large : lvs. ob- long, olive-green, with blotches of deep green. Brazil.— V. MaS' sangeana, Hort.=Maranta Massangeana.— C. pardhia. Planch. & Lind. =»C. villosa.-C.rHfiT/dW^rt. Hook. f. Brown-hairy: lvs. long-oblong or linear-oblong, bright green a hove, and bluish greenand violet -tingetllieneath: lis. yellow. Brazil? B.M. 7560. — C gplendens and splendidn, Hort. = Maranta splendida.— C. villdsa, Lindl. Large : lvs. 10-20 in. long, oblong-ovate, pale green, with dark brown angular blotches: fls. yellow. S. Amer. F.S. 11:1101-2. as C. pardina ; also, L. .T2.— T. rittata, Koem. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, less th.%n 1 ft. long, light green, with many transverse bars of yellow-white. Brazil. L. .38. L. H. B. CALCEOLABIA (Latin calceohis, a slipper, alluding to the saccate fl.). Scrophnlaridcecp. Many species of herbs and shrubs, chiefly natives of S. Amer., but some in Mexico and New Zealand. Corolla 2-parted nearly to the base, the lower part or lip deflexed and inflated-.s'lip- per-like, the upper lip smaller and ascending, but usu- ally saccate ; stamens 2 or rarely 3, and no rudiments (A, Fig. 315) : fruit a many-seeded capsule: lvs. usually hairy and rugose, mostly opposite. Calceolarias are grown for the variously colored and usually spotted lady"s-slipptr-like fls. The colors are often very rich and intense. The genus falls into two horticultural" sections, the herbaceous kinds, and the shnibby kinds. The former are the only ones generally known in this country. They are grown from seeds. They are often known as the hybrid Calceolarias (C. hyhrida, Hort.), since the com- mon varieties are evidently the products of inter-crossing and plant -breeding. L. H. B Of the hybrid section, seeds are best sown at the end of J'.me or beginning of July, in pans. Care should be taken to have the pans thoroughly clean. Good drainage is essential. A good soil is one composed of equal parts of sand, leaf -mold and sod soil. This should be finely sifted. After filling the pans, thoroughly dampen, and allow to drain before sowing. It is unnecessary to cover the seetls with soil, but a close-fitting pane of glass should be placed over the pan until the little plants are well started, when the glass should be gradually removed. In the early stages, watering is best done by inmiersion, but it i8 not advisable to keep the pans standing lu water. .X' 214 CALCEOLARIA Prick oflf, when larp;e enough to handle, into pans or shallow flats one inch apart. Same compost as for seeds will suit. When plants begin to crowd, pot into thumb- pots. This time the compost should have the addition of a sixth part of finely sifted dried cow-manure. Subse- quent shifts should be given as required, the last being into 7-inch pots. Shade is necessarj- all along, but should not be so heavy as to induce the plants to become drawn. A house or frame with a northern elevation is most suit- able for their culture, keeping the temperature as low as possible during the warmer months. Later on, provide a night temperature of 40° and a day temperature of 50° to 55°. Water carefully, avoiding extremes, and when the flowejT spikes begin to show, weak liquid manure may be frequently use<i with advantage. Green-fly is the only really troublesome insect enemy. This can be kept in check by the free distribution of tobacco stems around the benches where the plants are set. If it gets thoroughly established, evaporate tobacco extract in the house. The shrubby Calceolarias are grown extensively in Europe, especially Britain, as a bedding plant, but the heat of an American summer proves too much for them. Propagation is effected chiefly by cuttings, which are taken there the end of August, stnick, and wintered over in cold frames protected from frost. Wm. Scott, of Tarrytown. Tlie herbaceous garden forms of Calceolarias cannot often be referred to botanical species. In the following account, the important stem species are described. Rodi- gas considers the garden hybrids to be offshoots chiefly of C. araeh)ini(ha and ere nati flora, and he has called this race C. arachnoideo-crenatiflr'ra (f^e I.H. 31:528, 53G; 35: 54). Fig. ;{I5. C. crenatiflora seem? to have left its impress most distinctly on the greenhouse forms. -:^^^ 315. Calceolaria arachnoideo-crenatiflora. A. HerbnceouH Calceolaria f, parents of the florists^ varieties of this country. B. Lvs. simple. c. Fls. essentially yellow. crenatifldra, Cav. ( C. phulu la , Sweet ) . One-2 ft. , t he stem soft-hairy, terete: radical lvs. ovate and long peti- CALCEOLARIA oled {the petioles winged at top), undulate and dentate sometimes obscurely lobed, rugose and pubescent, paler beneath, of ten purplish towards the tip ; stem-lvs. shorter- petioled and becoming sessile above : fls. in a forking corymb, the slipper large, oblong or oblong-olK)vate, fur- rowed or crenate, hanging, yellow, with orange-l»nnvn dots. Chile. B.M. ir255.— From this species we seem to have derived the spots of Calceolaria fls. corymbdsa, Ruiz & Pav. One-2 ft., the stem 4-aiig;e(l: radical lvs. ovate and sometimes cordate, obtuse or m-ariv so, doubly crenate, rugose and hairy, whitish beneath- stem-lvs. smaller and narrower, somewhat clasping, op'- posite : fls. small (about half as large as in C. crmati- flora), in a broad, somewhat loose corj-mb, the slipper somewhat short-oblong, clear yellow outside and ruarked with red lines inside. Chile. B.M. 2418. amplezicaiilis, HBK. A ft. or two high: lvs. cordate- ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent woolly beneath and deep-rugose above, claspinjr : fls. small, in an upright corymb, pale yellow and spotless, the slipper hoof-shape<I Equador, etc. B.M. 4300. cc. Fls. purple. purptirea, Grab. Stems erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft. : radi- cal lvs. spatulate and acutish, with a strong midrib sparsely hairy, rugose, dentate; stem-lvs. broad-cordate and clasping, less toothed : fls. in loose corymbs, small, purplish or reddish violet, the slipper somewhat fur- rowed. Peru. B.M. 2775.— Supposed to have entered largely into purt)le-fld. varieties. araclinoldea. Grab. Stem a foot or two high, terete, branchy, woolly, with appressed hairs : lvs. oblong or lingulate, narrowing into long winged petioles, clasping, obscurely toothed, rugose, woolly on both sides : pe- duncles in pairs, forking: fls. small, dull purple, the slip- per nearly globular and furrowed. Chile. B.M. 2874. B. Ja'S. compound, or essentially so. scabiosaefdlia, Sims. Often 2 ft., the stem terete, hairy and leafy: lvs. opposite, with clasping petioles, cut nearly or completely to the midrib : Ifts. varying from lanceo- late to broad-oval, acuminate, ciliate, dentate : fls. very small, in small hairy corjnnbs, pale yellow, the slipper nearly orbicular ifi outline. Peru. B.M. 2405.— In es- sentially pure form, this is sold by seedsmen as an annual and bedding plant. piiui&t%, Linn. Often reaches 3 ft. or more : lvs. pin- natifld or completely compound, the divisions short and nearly entire, obtuse or nearly so : fls. small, sulfur- yellow. Peru. B.M. 41.- The first known garden spe- cies, still sold as an annual. AA. Shrubby Calceolarias. integrifdlia, Murr. (C. rugdsa, Ruiz and Pav. C. sal via folia, Pers.). Two ft. or less high, branchy and bushy : lvs. glabrous, oval-lanceolate, crisped ■""x and dentatp, the short petioles winged : fls. in ter- minal clusters, small, yellow. Chile. B.M. 2523.— Variable. Probably the chief source of shrubby Calceolarias. thyrsifldra, Grab. More shrubby : lvs. linear and clustered, toothed, sessile, not hairy : tts. small, yel- low, in a close, terminal cluster, (,'hile. B.M. 2915. C. dUa, Ruiz & Pav. Shnilihy: lvs. linear, toothed above: fls. sniiill, white. Chile. 15 M. 4157. 0.0.111.22:141. Gn. 51:1102. — C. And'tna, Benth. Shrubby, gl.tndnlar-pubesceut : lvs. orbicular-ovate, t) k. ntgose. hairy : fls. small, yellow, the slipper crenate. Chi B.M. "■{26.- C bi^olor, Ruiz A: Pav. Shrubby: lvs. ovate, <; tate : fls. small, the slipper sulfur- yeUovv above and white below. Peru. L? M.:Ui;{6. — <['. Jhhftidaei, Hort. Handsome yellow-fld. hybrid of C Pavonii X (\ fuchsise- folia. Gn. 47:1012. — *". flexwmi. Ruiz and Pav. Shrubby at base : lvs. large-ovate, coarsely crenate-dentate : Hs. nither large, clear vellow, with very lar^e green calices. Peru. B.M. 51.'>4. F.S. 22:2:«1. — C. fuchsiivfolia, Hemsl. JShrubby : lvs. lanceol.'ite: fls. yellow, panided, upper lip very large. Peru? Gn. 1.">:173. G.C. IT. l.'):26».— r'. Henrici, Hook. f. Shnibby, evergreen : lvs. willow-like, small-toothe<l : fls. panided, clear yellow, the upper lip large. Equador. B.M. .^772.— C. husum- folia. HBK. Shrubby : lvs. erowde<l, small, lanceolate and toothe<l, or at top of stem linear and entire, margins revohite: fls. rather large, in many-fld. corymbs, pale sulfur-yellow the slipper obovate-orbicular and crenate. Equador. B.M. 'tMS — C. lf>bnta, Cav. Herbaceous : lvs. triangular-ovate, palniately 5-7-lobed, dentate : fls. in terminal clusters, clear, pale yellow, CALCEOLARIA CALIFORNIA 215 and spotted on the np-curved slipper. Pern, Bolivia. B.M. (0^—C. Pavonii, Benth. Herbaceous : Ivs. large and wrinkled, ovate, truncate or cordate at base, the radical ones winged, all jagged and toothed : tls. large, clear yellow, the lip up-eiir\-ed. Peni. B.M. 4i>2.'>.— C. Pisacomensia, Meyer. Shrubby : Ivs. ovateconlate. nearly or quite obtuse, nearly sessile, irregu- larly crenate, margins retlexed : tls. large, orange varying to ml. the slipper up-cur^'e^l. Peru. B.M. 'iCTT.—f'. pJnnfowtHca, Smith. Herbaceous, stemless : Ivs. ovate-spatulate, toothed at top : scapes many, few-fld., the tls. large, yellow, the under side of the slipper dotte<l with red. Chile. B.M. 280.5.— C. Sin- elairii. Hook. Herbaceous, half-hardy : Ivs. oblong-ovate, stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy : fls. small, lilac or flesh-col- ored spotted within, the two lips nearly equal, not saccate. New Zeal. B.M. 6.507.— f. tenella, Poepp. & Endl. Herba- ceous, h."ilf-hardy. 6 in. high : Ivs. ovate or orbicular, small {%m. longt, nearly or quite sessile : fls. yellow, spotte«l within. Chile. B.M. 6231.— C. violacea, Cav. Shrubby : Ivs. small, ovate-cordate, deep-tonthed, stalked : fls. yellow-salmon, spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile. B.M. 4929. L. H. B. CALENDULA (Latin, calendce or calends: flowering throughout the month.s ) . Compbsitce. Herbs of temper- ate regii ns, of 20 or more species. Annuals or peren- nials. With alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved akenes, plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre broad, with scales in one or two series. officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Fig. 316. Annual: 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more or less clasping, entire, thickish ; heads solitary, on stout stalks, large with flat, spreading ravs, sliowv, closing at night. 8. Eu. B.M. 3204. -One o'f the most universal garden fls., running into many vars., distin- guished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is the Marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl. -heads are sometimes used in oookerj', to flavor soups and .stews. The Calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, loose soil. The seed.s are usually sown where the plants are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a frame and the plants transplanted. The akenes are large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom most of the year. soffruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses- sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel- low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles. W. Mediterranean region.— Seeds are sold by American dealers. C. Pongei, Hort., and C. pluvialis, Linn., will be found under Dimori>hotheca. L H B CALICO BUSH is a Kalmia. CALIFORNIA, HORTICULTURE IN. California oc- cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a vast area, nmch of which is peculiarly well-fitted to horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, 31ai"ne, New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area than California. The range of products grown suc- cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea- level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants, such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but on the sheltered uplands of California many species which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home. Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal- nuts and prunes of France ; the olives, oranges, lemcms, chestnuts, figs and pomegranates of Italy and Spain ; the Acacias, Eucalypts, Casuariaas, and salt-bushes of Australia; the melons of Turkestan; the cotton and to- bacco of tiie south ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul- berries, and other products of the more extreme north, the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief, examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural productions of the temperate zones. While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight- ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi- gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms, and European grapes, about the early Missions. After the American conquest, and the gold discoverv' of 1848, horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its gardens and its beginnings of orchards. Soon the thoughts of men turned to the broad, fertile, untilled valleys, and in a f.?w years the wheat farmer became the typical Calif omian. Lastly, the state entered upon a magnificent and still continuing period of horticultural development, which well deserves to be written down in history as one of the most important facts of modem material progress. Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of California were considered "nearly all waste." Now, O.^. 316. Calendula officinalis, double-flowered (X%). one finds that forests, pastures, farms, gardens, so sug- gestively occupy the land that, although there is room for many more, it is difficult to call anything worthless except the great heights that shelter and water the val- leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams, and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine, modern India, are being repeated over large districts of California. The great valleys and nearly level lands of Califor- nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise about 40,000,000 acres of land; the foothill fruit-belts, 216 CALIFORNIA CALLIANDRA of Coast Range and Sierra, hardly as yet one-tenth oc- cupied, comprise fully 25,000,000 acres; in timber and fine grazing lands, capable of perpetual renewals, are 12.000,000 acres; high mountains cover some 13.000,000 acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri- gation, or slowly conquered by neutralizing their super- abundant alkali, occupy about 10.000,000 acres. Over these greftt areas every wind current, every mountain spur, eve; " alteration in slope or altitude, helps to make a local climate. The complicated geological develop- ment of California has produced soils almost as varied as its local climates. Still, the state can be conveniently divided into five characteristic oliraate-zones: in the high Sierras the mean annual temperature is from 30'^ to 44°; in the lower Sierras it is from 44° to 52°; near the Pacific ocean it is from 52° to 67°; in the central valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin it is from 60° to 68°, and in the southern counties from 68° to 72°. But every part of California shows verj- sharp horticultural contrasts upon farms not a mile apart. Local climate is the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in- stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val- ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end; groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and rich alfalfa fields along the "bottoms "of the Sacramento valley rivers. See Fig. .317. Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul- ture of California can be shown only by some of its re- sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the records. Take the well-known industry of raisin-mak- ing. In 1873, 120,000 pounds were produced in Califor- nia. By 1894 this crop had grown to 103,000,000 pounds. The interstate shipments of fresh fruits, beginning late in the seventies, rose by 1894 to nearly 180,000,000 pounds. The interstate shipments of dried fruits rose between 1884 and 1897, from about 2.000,000 pounds to 150,000.000 pounds. During the same period of only 13 years, the product of beet-sugar increased from about 2,000,000 to over 70,000.000 pounds. Oranges, for many years a noted California pro<luct, rose between 1884 and 1898, from 850,000 boxes to 4.«340.000 boxes. Turning to some other separate industries, in 1897 the dried apricot crop was over 30,000,000 pounds, the prune crop was over 97,000,000 pounds, the dried peach crop was over I UTAH >>Kv38ARI Z O MA Fiff. 317. Horticultural resions of California. 27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in 1897 was 34,500.000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful tabulation of the area planted to fruit-trees and vines, made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti- mated as follows: Kind Acreage Citrus and semi-tropic 9.i.(M)fl Deciduous fruits 2(M»!(MMt Nut-l)earing trees 2.">.<KiO drapes 19l!im Small fruits oMl Total Tsif.oii At the usual distances of planting, this would give 48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines. Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and ytt the acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and worn-out orchards have been destroyed. The area in small fruits has nearly doubled. The citi-us and semi- tropic fruits have somewhat increased in area. Tliere have been seasons of heavy frosts and of litrht rainfall. The industry has been less generally profitable «luring recent years. A multitude of lesser horticultural occu- pations have attracted attention. Among these new horticultural industries of the last decade or so are the extensive growth of tree, flower and vegetable seeds, of cut-flowers, of vegetables and of dec- orative plants. California has always had important nurseries and large market-gardens, but there is now a tendency to specialize more than ever before, and to supply, in many departments, the markets of America and Europe. Portugese, Italian, Chinese and Japanese peasants have settled in larere numbers in the richer districts of California, introducing their special horti- cultural industries. Large farms and orchards are still profitable, but every year the small, well-tilled plots in- crease in number and relative importance. Charles H. Shikn. CALIFOENIA POPPY is Eschscholtzia. is Emmennnthe CALIPOBNIA TELLOW BELLS penduliflora. CALIMEBIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com- pdsittv. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, but horticulturally distinct, and differing from that frenus in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal, scarious -margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth, suited to the border in front of stronger plants. C. Ta- tarica is described in the genus Heteropappus. inclsa, UC. (Aster incUus, Fisch. ). One to 2 ft., erect, corymbose at the summit : Ivs. lanceolate, remotely in- cise-dentate : scales of involucre red-margined :" fls. large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered. — Of easy culture in any good soil, making a display throughout July and Aug. The commonest species, Alt^icB, Nees {Aster Altdicus, Willd.). Lower, pu- bescent or hispid : Ivs. linear-lanceolate and entire : scales of involucre pubescent and white-margined : rays narrow, blue. l_ g q^ CALIPHEUBIA. See CaUiphruria. CALLA (ancient np,me, of obscure meaning). Ardidea. A monotypic genus, containing a native bog-plant with a white spathe. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2- ranked Ivs. Differs from Orontium in the parallel sec- ondary and tertiary veins of the leaf -blade. S?e liU-h- ardia for C ^thiopica, albotnacuhtta, ElUottiava. and nana. The Calla of florists, or Calla Lily, is Richardia. palustris, Linn. Fig. 318, Rhizome bearing many dis- tichous Ivs. one year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the pe- duncle : petioles c*-Iindrical, long-sheathed : blade cor- date : spathe elliptical, or ovate-lanceolate, white. Eu., N. Asia, and E. N. Amer. B. M. 18.31.— An interesting little perennial plant, useful for outdoor ponds. Jared G. Smith. CALLIANDBA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu- niindsre. Tropical American shrubs, distinguished from Acacia by the presence of a thickened margin on the pod. Lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. numerous: fls, usually borne in glolK)se heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu- merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, in S. Calif., and prop, by cuttings. CALLIANDRA CALLIRHOE 217 LambertiAna, Benth. (Acdcia Lambertidna, D.Don). Unarmed : branches terete : Ivs. puberulous-villous : pinnae 2-3-yoked : Ifts. 9-12-yoked, oval-oblong, obtuse at both ends : petiole not glandular : peduncles 3-5, racemose : heads roundish ; stamens 20-25, exserted. Mexico. B.R.721 318. Calla palustris. tetrdgona, Benth. {Achcia tetrdgona, Willd.). Un- armed, glabrous: branches tetragonal : pinnae 5-6-yoked : Ifts. l&-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger :' heads pedunculate, axillary; fls. white : pod linear-obtuse, thickened at the margiu. Fortoricdnsis, Benth. {Acdcia Fortoric4nsis, V^'illd.). Unarmed shrub, 10 ft. high: pinnte 5-yoked: Ifts. 15-25- yoked, linear, obtuse; petioles not glandular: branch- lets pubescent : heads globose, peduntulate, axillary : calyx ciliate on the margin : filaments long, white : sta- mens 20-25: pod straight, linear, tapering at the base. West Indies. CALLICABPA (Greek, heaitty and frttit). Verbend- ceif. Shrubs or trees, mostly with rough, stellate hairs: Ivs. opposite, usually dentate and deciduous : fls, small, perfect, in axillary cymes ; corolla with short tube, 4- lobed ; stamens 4: fr. a small, berr>--like drupe, red, lilac or violet, with 2-4 seeds. About 30 species in trop. and subtrop. regions of Asia. Australia. N. and C. Amer. Some species are cult, chiefly for their decorative fr., profusely produced in fall ; the hardiest are C. pur- puren and C Japonicn, and they may be grown even north in sheltered positions, if somewhat protected dur- ing the winter. If killed to the ground, young shoots spring up vigorously, and will produce fls. and fr. in the same season. If grown in the greenhouse, they require a sandy compost of loam and peat, and plenty of light and air. Prop, readily by greenwood cuttings in spring or summer under glass, also by hardwood cuttings, layers and seeds. ▲. Z(VS. tomentose beneath. Americ&na, Linn. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with scurfy, downy tomentum : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, ob- tusely serrate, 3-6 in. long: cymes short-stalked; corolla bluish, glabrous: fr. violet. .luly-Aug. Virg. to Texas and W. India. — One of the handsomest in fr.,but more tender than the Japanese species. There is a var. with white fr. AA. Lvti. glabrous beneath, hut glandular : corolla glandular out aide. Jap^nica, Thunb. Shrub, 2-5 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, ellip- tic or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenately serrate, 2J'^-5 in. long: cymes peduncled, many-fld. : fls. pink or whitish: fr. violet. August. Japan. P.F.G. 2, p. 165. purpi^iTea, Juss. {C. gracilis, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrub, 1—4 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic or obovate, coarsely serrate above the mid<lle, entire toward the base, lK-3 in. long: cymes peduncled, few or many-fld.; fls. pink: fr. lilac- violet. Augu.st. Japan, China. Gn. 23: 3i^2. — Closely al- lied to the former, but smaller in every part. C. cdna, Linn. Shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic, shining above and whitish-tomentose beneath : fr. deep purple. E. India. China. Philippine Isl.— C dichotoma, C. Koch = C purpurea. — C. lanata, S<*hau.. not Linn.=C. peduneuJata.— C Ifu/iMrazflAri, Sieb.=C. Japoniea.— C mollis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, tomentose beneath: fls. and fr. pink. .JAj)&n.—C. jiednticvluta, R.Br. Shnib: Ivs. oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, and rounded at the base, green and slightly tomentose beneath: cymes slender-peduncled. E. Ind., Austr. Sieb. Flor.d..I.ird. 4: 1)7.— C n/frt^iio, Lindl. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. cordate-ohlong, tomentose beneath: fr. purple. Himal.. China. B. R. 11: 883. Y. S. 13: 1359 (as C. purpurea). Alfred Rehdek. CALLI6FSIS. Consult Coreopsis. CALLIPHRtlEIA (Greek, beautiful prison; referring to the spathe inclosing the flowers). Written also Cali- j)huria. Amarf/lliddcetf. Tender bulbs from New Granada, distinguished from Eucharis by the stamens, the filaments being petalid, with three large linear teeth on top, the middle one bearing the anther. The fls. ap- pear with the Ivs. Prop, by offsets. J. G. Baker. Ama- ryllideje, p. 112. Hartwegi^na, Herb. Bulb ovid, 1 in. thick, stolonifer- ous. with brown membranous tunics: Ivs. bright green, firmer and more closely veined than in Eucharis, with an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad, narrowed into a petiole, which is flat above, and round beneath : scape slender, 1 ft. long : fls. 6-8, in an umbel, white ; perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota. B.M.6259. Int. in 1889 by Reasoner, who has never flowered it. C. subedentdta. Baker =■ Eucharis subedeutata. CALLIPEC»EA is included in Brodio'a. CALLtPTEBIS (Greek, beatitifulfern). Polypodidcece. A genus of ferns allied to Asplenium, with elongate sori formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins uniting to form meshes or areolae. Some fifteen species are kno\^-n from the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The follow- ing is the only one in cultivation. Culture of tropical Aspleniums. prolifera, Bory {Asplenium decussdtum.S-wz.). Lvs. 2-4 ft. long besides the stalks, which are 1-2 ft. long, with numerous pinnae 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the axils ; veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous veins uniting. Polynesia and Malaya. l^ jj^ Underwood. CALLIEHOE ( Greek mythological name ) . Malvdcece. Poppy-Mallow. Seven native species of hardy, showy herbs of the easiest culture and deserving a much greater popularity. The two kinds mentioned are chiefly prop, by seeds, but the perennial species may also be prop, by cuttings. The name is also written CaliirrhoS. A. Annual: involucre ab»ent. ped&ta, Gray. Fig. 319. Height 1-3 ft. : stem erect, leafy : radical, and lower lvs. round-cordate, palmately or pedately 5-7-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely toothed or incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted, usually into narrow divisions : fls. red-purple, cherrj' red, varying to lilac. Common in Texas. R.H. 1857, p. 430. 218 CALURHOE CALLUNA AA. Perennial: involucre present. involucrJtta, Gray. Height &-12 in., i>lunt hitpute or even hispid : root lar^e. napiform : stems procumbent: lv8. of rounded outline, palmately or pedately 5-7-parted Thuja. The small cones have 4-6 separatinjr woody scales : Ivs. smaU and scale-like, persistent. Of attractive habit V( •ry 319. Callirhoe pedata. or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped, incised, the lobes oblong to lanceolate : fls. crimson-purple, cherry red or paler. All summer. Minn, to Tex. G.W.F. 26. R.H. 1862:171, as C. verticUlata. Var. lineariloba, Gray. Less hirsute than the type : stems ascending: Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in. across, the upper or all dissected into linear lobes.— An excellent trailer, especially for rockeries. Thrives even in very dry soils, the root penetrating to a great depth. A sunnv position is preferable. j ^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^;^ ^, ^^ CALLISTllMMA. CALLlSTEPHUS. See Aster, China. CALLIST£:M0N (Greek. kaUos. beauty; stemon. a stamen ; in must of the species the stamens are a beau- tiful scarlet color). Mifrf<lceif. Bottle-brush. Au- stralian shrubs : Ivs. evergreen, short : tts. in dense, cylindrical spikes, at first terminal, but the axis grow- ing out into leafy shoots ; anthers versatile, with par- allel cells opening longitudinally : fr. persisting several years. Prop, by ripened cuttings in sand under a hand- glass, which flower when small ; or by seeds, but the seedlings are slow in reaching the flowering state. Rapid growers ; very ornamental ; greenhouse in the north ; hardy in California, thriving in any soil and without irrigation. A. Lvs. flat, penni veined. specidsuB, DC. Lvs. thick, narrow-lanceolate, pubes- cent when young : spikes dense, large : fls. scarlet, the calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens obscurely or very shortly 5-adelphous. March-April. West Australia. B.M. 1761, as Aletrosideros speciosa. Height 10 ft. lanceolitus, Sweet. Fig. 320. Height 6-10 ft. : lvs. crowded, thick, lanceolate, punctate, reddish when young: spikeratherloose,of reddish fls. N.S.Wales. 6ft. rlg^dus, R. Br. Lvs. linear or narrowly linear-lanceo- late, rigid, almost pungent-pointe«l : spikes dense : fls. red ; anthers dark. New South Wales. 4 ft. AA. Lvs. channeled above, linear, nerveless or 1-nerved. linearis, DC. Height 4 to 6 ft. : fls. dark or pale scar- let : fr. more globular and more contracted at the mouth than in C. rigidus. June. N. S. Wales. J. Bi'RTT Davy. CALLlTBIS (from the Greek for beautiful). Conif- er(f, tribe Cupress\ne(s. About 15 trees or shrubs, growing in Africa and the Australian region, allied to The only species in the Amer. trade 13 robiista, R. Br. Cypress Pine. Somewhat resemhUs our native red cedar, but is conical in form and very dense. It is a fine tree for tall hedges and windbreaks. Young trees planted out in S. Fla. make fine specimens* branching from the ground. In Ave years the plants reach 10-12 ft. high. Little known in this country. Queensland. L. H B ' ' CALLt^NA (Greek, to sweep ; the branches are some- times used for making brooms). Erichceo'. Heather. Low evergreen shrubs with imbricated, scale-like lvs! in four rows, the branchlets therefore quadrangular : fls. in terminal racemes ; condla campanulate, 4-lobed shorter than the 4-parted colored calyx ; stamens 8 : fr. capsular. One species in W. and N. Eu., also in Asia Minor ; in E. N. Amer. in some localities natural- ized. For culture, see Erica. vnlg&ris, Salisb. (tJr\ca vulgaris, Linn.). From 3^-3 ft.: lvs. oblong-linear, obtuse, sagittate at the base, glabrous or pubescent : fls. small, in long, erect, rather dense racemes, rosy pink, sometimes white. Aug.- Sept. — Cultivated in many varieties: Var. 41ba (and var. alba Hammondi), with white fls.; var. Alpdrti, of more vigorous growth, with rosy carmine fls.; var. cor- nea, with flesh-colored fls. ; var.'fldre-pl^no, with double 320. Callistemon lanceolatua. rose-colored fls. ; var. p^gmsea, forming low, moss-like tufts : var. tomentdsa, the branchlets and lvs. with grayish tomentum. The Heather is a very handsome -.."- +,' CALLUNA small shrub, well adapted for borders of erer^een shnibberies, or for dry slopes and sandy banks and preferring sunny positions ; it is also found growing well in swamps and in partly shaded situations. Cut branches keep their life-like appearance for many months. Alfred Rehder. CALOCHOBTUS (Greek for beautiful and grass). Lilid,ceiv, tribe TuUpett. West American comious plants, the occidental representatives of Tulipa. St. usually branched, and fn-m a coated corm, more or less leafy: perianth of unequal segments, the outer ones the smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner ones large and showy and bearing glands and hairs ; stigmas 3, sessile and recurved ; stamens 6 ; fls. showy, shal- low-cupped on the inner segments, arching. Nearly all the species are in cult. Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Joum. Linn. Soc. 14: .'«)2-:{10 (1875); and bv S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Aca<l. Arts and Sci. 14:2G2-2«)H (187!)). See also Colochorti in the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen, Erythea, 7: 13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea, 2: 1-2, 27-:{0. Li. H. B. Calochortuses are natives of western North America. One or two extend into British America, and a few. be- longing to a peculiar grou]», are found in Mexico ; the remainder are natives of the United States, from Ne- braska to the Pacific ocean. While the generic charac- teristics are unmistakable, the species and even varie- ties have the most variable tastes as to soil, exposure and climate. The Colorado desert and the summits of the Sierra Nevada, the heavy clay lands of Califomian valleys, the volcanic soils of the foothills and the mead- ows of the Northwest, each has its own representa- tives of this beautiful tribe. The character of the genus can be treated better under the various groups. Nearly every known species is in cultivation to some extent. Some are readily grown, others present considerable cultural difficulties ; but while there are some which will probably always be difficult to cultivate, there are many species — and the number includes the very best— which can be successfully grown by any one who is willing to give a little special care to "their culture; and there are a few which possess such vigor and hardiness as to be adapted to extensive cultivation. All Calo- chortuses are hardy in the sense of withstanding ex- treme cold, but they will not withstand alternate thaw- ing and freezing nearly so well ; and thus we have the paradox of their going safely through severe eastern or European winters and suffering the loss of foliage in mild ones. They should l)e planted in the fall, and it is better to plant late, so that leaf growth is delaye.l until spring. Diverse as are their natural habitats, oae soil will answer the needs of all. In my own experience, a light loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. My very best re- sults have been with a mixture of equal parts of a good light loam and spent tan-bark, with a littl? broken char- coal. Wallace, one of the most successful English growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The idea is a light, porous, not too stimulating soil, with perfect drainage. Wallace recommends covering the beds with reeds to throw off the heavy rains. I accom- plish the same end by such thorough drainage that the rains pass through quickly. It is better to lift the bulbs as soon as they ripen, and replant in the fall. Water sparingly at all times. They take well to pot cul- ture with similar soils and treatment. While not to be forced rapidly, they considerably anticipate their out-of- door season. The same treatment can be used in cold- frame culture, but do not coddle them too much. Under suitable conditions they are really very hardy and tena- cious of life, but excessive moisture, either in air or ground, is not to their liking after the flowering season arrives. Theoretically, all Calochortuses of Section A (Star Tulips) should have shade, and all Mariposas (AA) sunshine; but I find that the light shade of the lath-house suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in the Mariposas. The flowering season extends over three months, accord- ing to species. Carl PrRDv. Index: albus, No. 1 ; amoenus, 1, 6; apiculatus, 8; atroviolaceus, 25 ; aureus, 22 ; Benthami, 4 ; cwruleus. CALOCHORTUS 219 5; Cataline, 28; citrinus, 17,21; clavattis, 2.3; concolor, 21; elegans, t> ; flexuosus, 26 ; Oreenei, 14 ; Gunnisoni, 31 ; Howellii, 16 ; Kennedyi, 20 ; Leichtlinii, 30 : lilaci- nus, 10; Lobbii, 6; longebarbatus, 15; luteus, 21 ^ Lyallii, 6 ; macrocarpus, 32 ; Maweanus, 3 ; nanus, 6 ; nitidus, 13 ; nudus, 12 ; Nuttallii, 29 ; Obispoensis, 19 ; oculatus, 21 ; Palmeri, 27 ; paniculatus, 1 ; pictus, 24 ; Plummerff», 18 ; pulchellus, 2; Punlyi,9; purpurascens, 24 ; roseus, 3, 24 : ruber, 25 ; sanguineus, 24 ; splen- dens, 25 ; sulphureus, 24 ; Tolmiei. 7 ; uniflorus, 11 ; venustus, 24 ; Vesta, 24 ; Weedii, 17. Star TvhiPS. — BIntisoms or fruit more or less nod' ding : inner perianth segments strongly arched. Fls. subglobose, nodding: st. usually tall and branching. Globe Tulips.— These have a single long and narrow shining leaf from the base, and slender, flexuous, leafy stems, the perfection of grace in outline. The flowers are exquisite in deli- cacy of tints. Woodland plants. 1. ilbus, Dougl. Fig. 321. Strong, 1 ft. high : fls. globu- lar, pendent, 1 in. across, of a satinv texture, delicately fringed with hairs. Calif. B.R. 1G61. F.S. 11: 1171.- Chaste and delicate. A. B. 321. Calochortus albus (XH)- Var. paniculittus, Baker. Lower : Ivs. narrower, fls. smaller. Var. amoenus, Hort. Like C, albus, but rosy colored. Cent. Calif. 2. pnlcMUus, Dougl. Similar, but fls. flatter, of pure yellow, the edges of petals with a line of stiff hairs: very handsome. Northwest Calif. B.R. 1662. BB. Fls. bell-shaped, erect when open, mostly lined with hairs, the pedicels becoming recurved: stem mostly low, and fls. often more or less umbellate. Star Tilips Proper. — Like the Globe Tulip, but smaller as a rule, and the fls. dainty open cups. All of the species resemble each other, and were first included under C elegans. 3. Maweanus, Leichtl. Plant low (4-10 in.), usu- ally branched : fls. white, purplish at the base, filled with silky hairs, the gland covered by a broad semi- circular scale : capsule long-elliptic. Calif. N. B.M. ,5976 as C. elegans. — \i\r'vAh\e. Var. miLjor, Hort. Fig. 322. Twice as large in all its parts. Var. rdseus, Hort. Fls. tinged rose. 4. Benthami, Baker. Resembles C. pulchellus : sts. low : Ivs. narrow: fls. nearly erect, yellow, the segments J^ in. lone: and brown at the base. Sierra Nevadas, in Calif. J.H. III. 30:o49. 220 CALOCHORTUS CALOCHORTUS 5. cserfileafl, Wats. Similar to C. Mawfanu», but lined and <lotte<l with blue : low, 2-5-fld., the pedicels very slender : perianth ciliate inside: capsule nearly or quite orbicular. Calif., in the Sierras. 6. ilegans, F*ursh. Similar to the last: petals greenish white and purplish at base, bearded, little or not at all ciliate: gland covered by a deeply fringed scale. Ore- gon, Idaho. Var. aoKBiias, Hort. Fls. lilac, large and showy. G.C. III. 15:808. Var. L6bbii, Baker (C. Ldbbii, Hort.). Dwarfer, alpine: tis. straw-colored, with dark eye; anthers less pointed. Ore. Var. n&nus. Wood (C. Lyallii, Baker). Subalpine, dwarf : petals narrow and usually more acute, more hairy and ciliate. Mts. Calif., N. BBB. Fls. bell-shaped : like be, hut fall (i ft. or more), and stoutly erect, with several fine, erect cups, similurto C.Mnweauus. Giant Star Tulips.— In this splendid group we have the very dainty, silky fls. and handsome, glossy Ivs. of the Star Tulip, with a stout st. a foot or two high and large fls. Unlike the others, they naturally grow in open places, and have a vigor and health which are a high recommendation. 7. TOimiei, Hook. & Am. Stout, a ft. high, generally branched : petals often raor*' than an inch long, tinged lilac, with pur]>le and white hairs : glan<l without a scale : capsule broad-elliptic, acutish. Mt. Shasta, N.— Remains a long time in bloom. 8. apicol^tUB, Baker. Taller and stouter, with umbel- late straw-colored fls. N. Idaho. 9. Piirdyi, Eastw. Fls. silvery white, filled with blue hairs. S. Ore. G.C. III. 23: 395. -Very handsome. BBBB. Fls. bell-shaped, the petals naked or hairy only at the base: low: leaf solitary. Meadow Tl'LIPS. — These Calochortuses are natives of wet meadows. C. lilacinus and C Vesta grow well in all soils as long as well drained, and as garden plants thrive everj'where. In habit they are low, flexuous and leafy. The cups are open, erect and numerous, an inch or so in diameter. 10. lilacinus, Kellogg (C umbellhtus. Wood). A handsome species, with large, clear lilac fls., hairj' only at base : fls. 4-10, on long, slender scapes: capsule ellip- tic, ob^-use. Grows naturally in wet meadows, and makes offsets freely. N. Calif, and Ore. B.M. 5804 as C. tinifldrus. Perhaps the same as the next. 11. Tinifldras, Hook. & Am. St. very short, bearing bulbs at base, 1-2-fld. : petals lilac, with purple claw and hairy on the lower half. Coast ranges, Calif. 12. ntidos, Wats, Low, delicate : leaf solitary : fls. 1-6, umbellate, small, white or pale lilac, not hairy, den- ticulate. Calif., in the Sierras. AA. MahiposaTwips.— Blossoms on stout, erect pedi- cels, the stems stout and strict: fls. open-bell- shaped. Excepting in B, the Mariposa or Butter- fly Tulips have slender, grassy, radical Ivs,, stiff, erect stems bearing cup-shaped fls., and sparingly leafy and with an erect capsule. Bulbs small. B. Capsule actite-angled or winged : fls. lilac or vhite. These are hardy species, growing in the meadows from Oregon to Montana, where they endure much cold. They form a connecting link between the Giant Star Tulips and the true Mariposas. Their Ivs. are like those of the Star Tulips— long, broad and glossy. Like the Star Tulips, too, the seed-pod is handsome, 3-cornered and winged. The stems are stiffly erect: the fls. cup-shaped, not so brilliant as the true Mariposas. but very delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy and vig- orous, and are to be highly recommended for cold climates. 13. nltidus, Dougl. Scape erect, but not stiff : leaf solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac, yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the cen- ter, lined with. yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to Mont. — Very beautiful and showy. 14. Orednei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft., 2-5- fld.: sepals with a yellowish hairy spot; petals lilac barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish, luose- hairy, not ciliate : capsule beaked. Calif, and Ore. 15. longebarb&tUB, Wats. Slen<ler, about 1 ft. hiirh, bulb-beuring near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld.: fls. erect or nearly so, lilac with yellow at base, scarcely hairy except the long-bearded gland. Washington. 16. H6weUii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld.: Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; p^-tals yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly filiate near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland" yellow- hairy. Ore. BB. Capsule obtuse-angled. C. Color yellow or orange or orange-red, more or less marked uith brown and purple {except in forms of C. luteus) : in cult, forms running into other colors. 17. We^dii, Wood. Radical leaf single, glossy, broad: St. tall, leufy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted with purple : petals triangular, square-topped : gland small, hairv : bulb heavily coated with fiber. Calif. B.M. 6200, as C. citrinus. G.C. III. 16: 183. -Varies to white. 18. Flummeree, Greene. Similar, but purple and very showy. Calif. G.C. III. 16: 133. J. H. III. 29: 289. Gn. 47:999. — A fine species, with fl. of large size and full outline, lined with long, silky yellow hairs. It is the C. Weedii, var. purpurascens, of Watson. 19. Obispo^nsis, Lemm, Tall and slender, branchins?, very floriferous : petals yellow, verging to red at the tip and less than half the length of the orange-brown sepals. Calif. G.F. 2: 161. — Odd and bizarre. 20. Kennedy!, Porter. Bulb small and ovoid : st. slender, 18 in., sometimes branches: Ivs. linear, tufted from the branching of the St. : fls. 2-5 ; sepals broad with a purple spot ; petals red-orange to vermilion, not ciliate nor prominently hairy, purple-spotted at the center. Desert spe- cies of S. Calif, B.M. 7264. — Brilliant and desirable, but difficult to grow. 21. ItteuB, Dougl. St. 1-10-fld., bulb-bearing near the base : Ivs, very narrow : sepals narrow-lan- ceolate, with a brown spot : petals 2 in. or less long, yellow or orange, brown-lined, slightly hairy below the middle, the gland densely hairy. Calif. B.R. 1567.-Varia'- ble. Some of the forms are sold as C. venustus. Var. citrlniUB, Wats. {C.ventis- tus.VAr. citrlntis. Baker). Petals lemon - yellow, with a central brown spot. V'ar. ocul&ttu, Wats. ( C. venits- Calochortus Maweanus, tus, var. oculdtus, Hort.). Petals var. major (X ^). P^^^ or white, lilac or yellowish, with a dark spot. Var. cdncolor, Baker ( C. cdncolor, Hort. ) . Petals deep yellow, marked with red bands, hairy below. Gn. 48 : 1043. 322. CALOCHORTUS 22. aiireuf, Wats. Very low: petals yellow, not hairy, the hairy gland purple-bordered. S. Utah. 23. clavAtUi, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown, the lower part bearing club-shape<l (or davate) hairs, the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif.— In this excellent sort we have the larjrest-riowered and gtoutest-stennned of all Mariposas. The bulb is very large, the sinjfle bare leaf 1 or 2 ft. lonj; : the st. is heavy, stout and zigzag. The tts. are shaped like a broad-based bowl, sometimes 5 or ti in. across. The color in a deep, rich yellow, and the lower half is cov- ered thickly with stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a round translucent knob, and in the light like tiny icicles. There are various strains : El Dorado, the largest, not 80 deep yellow ; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow ; Obispo, like the last, but the up[>er half of the back of each petal is olive brown, which shows through the deep yellow of the inside, giving changeable shades. CC. Color white or lilac: sometimes running into yellows. 24. veniiBtTis, Benth. Butterfly Tulip. Stout, 6-36 in.: petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base : gland large and oblong, usually densely hairy : capsule l-2^^ain. long. Calif. B.R. 1669. P.S. 2: 104. Gn. 46, p. 395.- Very variable. The yellow forms {ah var. sulphureus, Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteus. To this group of Calochortuses is properly applied the Spanish name Mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly colored fls., with eye-like spots on each petal and sepal, and other delicate markings with dots, lines and hairs, which are strongly suggestive of the wings of a brilliantly colored butterfly. Botanists have variously divided this great group of allied forms between C. luteus and C. veniistus. Botanically all can be considered as either strains of one variable species or as a number of closely allied species. Var. pictus, Wallace (G.C. III. 18, p. 14). Creamy white, brilliantlv marked, often with a gold blotch. Gn. 48, p. 277. Var. purpuriscens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur- plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Strong grower. Gn. 46:986. Var. rdseus, Hort. (C. rdseus, Hort.). Creamy white or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch at apex. Gn. 46: 986. Var. saagTiineus, Hort. Fls. deep red, with very dark eye. ami without the rose blotch at the apex. Perhaps a form of C. Inttus. Var, V68ta, Hort. (C. Vista, Wallace). Tall, long- stemmed, vigorous, bearing large white fls. tinged witn lilac and beautifully marked. Produces large offsets, which flower in 2 years. Gn. 46: 986. 25. spl^ndens, Dougl. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft. : fls. 2-3 in. across ; petals large, pale, clear lilac, paler below, with a darker claw and scattered long, white hairs be- low the middle. S. Calif. B.K. 1676. Var. atroviol^ceus, Hort. Tall and slender: fls. 1-lJ^in. across, of a deep purple color, with a dark spot on the claw, and short hairs on the lower third. Var. rtiber, Hort. As large as the type but deep, red- dish purple, with a dark purple spot at base of claw. 26. flexudsuB, Wats. Related to C. splendens, but with sts. so weak as to almost be said to creep. The fls. are large and very brilliant, a dazzling purple, with a darker purple eye, and yellow hairs below. S.Utah.— Int. by Purdy in 1897. 27. P^lmeri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and flexu- ous, 1-7-ttd., bulb-bearing near the base : sepals with long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted; petals 1 in. or less long, white (or yellowish below), with a brownish claw and bearing scattered hairs about the gland : capsule very narrow. S. Calif. — The C, Palmeri of dealers is not always this species. 28. CatallnsB, Wats. Habit of C. venustus : st. 2 ft., branching : fls. white to lilac, or deep lilac, very large and handsome, a large round black spot at base of each petal.— A lovely species between C. splendens and C. fenustus. Remarkable for blooming with the Star Tulip CALOPHACA 221 323. Calochortus Gunnisoni. Natural size. section, fully a month before other Mariposas. Native to Santa Catalina Isl., off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast. 29. Nattallii, Torr. & Gray. Seoo Lily. St. slender, bulb-bearing at base, usually with only 1 cauline leaf, 1-5-fld. : sepals ovate-lanceolate, often dark-spotte<l ; petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with greenish yellow or lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow base and hairy about the gland ; anthers obtuse. Dak. to Calif, and N. Mex. — There are no more exquisitely beautiful fls. thnn these Sego Lilies (the Morniof name) of the Great Basin. Most of them are plants of the sage- brush deserts. Thelvs. are an ashy green, the foliage scant, but the great fls. are wonder- ful in tintings. There are sha<les in blue, pink, lilac, and yellow- ish; also white. 30. Lelchtlinii, Hook. f. der alpine species (5-6 In. by some regarded as a form of C Nuttallii : fls. smoky white, banded with green and marked with dark brown. Sierra Nevadas. B.M. 5862. F.S. 20:2116. 31. Gunnisoni, Wats. Fig. 323. Much like C. yuttallii: anthers acuminate : fls. light blue or al- most white, delicate yellowish green below the middle, purple- banded at the base, and bearing a band of green hairs across each petal. Rocky Mts., Wyo. to New Mexico. 32. macrocArptiB, Dougl. St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5: fls. 1 or 2; sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals 2 in. or less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, some- what hairy. B.R. 1152. N.Calif, to Wash, and Idaho.— This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very large bulb, a- stout almost leafless stem, and a laree flower of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the back with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed. Oarl Purdy and L. H. B. CALOD^NDBUM (Greek, beautiful tree). ButHceai. One of the handsomest deciduous trees at the Cape of Good Hope. Cult, in northern greenhouses, and out- doors in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Its great panicles of white or flesh-colored fl«. are sometimes 7 in. across and 6 in. deep. A monotypic genus. It is a symmetrical tree, with attractive, evergreen foliage, an«l many interesting features. Called "Wild Chestnut" in Africa. Prop, by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in heat. Capensis, Thunb. Cape Chestnut. Height in Africa, 70 ft.: branches opposite, or in 3's: Ivs. simple, decus- sate, ovate, obtuse, retuse or acute, parallel-nerved, 4-5 in. long, studded with oil cysts, which look like translu- cent spots when held to the light : panicles terminal ; peduncles usually trichotomous : calyx deciduous : pet- als 5, linear-oblong, \% in. long, 2 lines wide, sprinkled with purple glands : stamens 10, 5 alternate, sterile, and petaloid : seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazel- nut, black and shining. G.C. II, 19: 217. CALOFHACA (Greek, kalos, beautiful, and phaka, lentil). Lttjumindste. Deciduous shrubs or herbs, with alternate, odd-pinnate, pubescent, and often glandular Ivs.: fls. papilionaceous, solitary or in racemes: pod pubescent and glandular, cylindrical. About 10 species from S. Russia to E. India. The two cultivated species are low, prostrate shrubs, with grayish green foliage, and rather large yellow fls. in erect racemes. followe«l by decorative, reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for bor- ders of shrubberies and sandy or rocky slopes. Proj>. by seeds, sown in spring ; the young seedlings should have plenty of light and air, as they are very liable 'o 222 CALOPHACA CALTHA damp-off if kept too moist and shady. Sometimes grafted hiKh on Caragana or Laburnum, forming a very attrac- tive, small standard tree. Wolgiriea, Fisch. Two-3 ft.: pubescent and glandu- lar : Ifts. 11-17, roundishovate or oval, H-J^ in. long : racemes long-pedunded, with 4-7 tls. ; corolla over % in. long. June--July. S. Russia, Turkt'stan. — C. f/ro »*(/»- fldra, Kegel, is similar, >»ut Ifts. 17-2.'): racemes 10-16- fld.; corolla 1 in. long. «. Russia. Ot. :«.'>: 12:U. Alfred Rehdek. CALOPHfLLUM (Greek, beautiful-leared). Gut- tifrnU-rtf. Tropical trees, with shining, leathery, ever- green prnninerved Ivs. and panicle*! fls. The following is cTilt. outdoors in S, Fla. and S. Calif., and possibly in >#liorthem warmhouses. Prop, by cuttings. Inophyilum, Linn. Branches terete : Ivs. obovate, usually niarginate : fls. white, fragrant, in loose, axil- lary racemes; peduncles 1-rtd., usually opposite: sepals 4: fr. reddish, as large as a walnut. E. Tropics. — Int. by Reasoner, 189.3. Also in S. Calif. A tall tree, with beautiful glossy Ivs. and white tls. Oil is extracted from the seeds. Has medicinal properties. CALOFOGON (Greek, beautiful beard). Orvhiddcece. One of our daintiest native orchids, with pink fls. an in. across, grass-like Ivs., and a small bulb. The Up is on the upper side of the flower, sprea<ling, distant from the column, with a narrowed base. One of the choicest hardy bog plants. A moist and shaded position and very porous soil are most suitable for this pretty plant, though I have seen it do admirably well on a rockery only slightly shaded at midday, but here the plants were watered very freely every day during hot or dry weatuer. Prop, by offsets, separated from the old tubers, but the old established plants should not be disturbed very often. Collected clumps of all our native orchids are offered at very reasonable figures, and these give imme- diate satisfactory' results, while the small offsets would not be strong enough to flower for several years, and require much attention during the first year, or perhaps longer. pulchfiUus, R. Br. Height 12-18 in.: scape 2-6-fld.: fls. pink, magenta, or purple : lip bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. G.W. F. 14. G. F. 10: 505. J. H. in. 35: 45. B.M. 116, as Limodorum tuberosum.— Eleven fls. on a scape is the average number in Penn- sylvauia bogs. j g ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Ifyr- tdceif. Australian shrubs somewhat similar to Calliste- raon but more graceful in habit : Ivs. long, alternate : fls, showy, usually red, in lateral clusters : stamens united in bundles opposite the petals ; anthers erect, attached by the base, oblong or linear ; cells parallel, turned inwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Orna- mental greenhouse shrubs. Hardy out of doors in Cali- fornia. For cult., see Callistemon. quadrifidus, R.Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete or slightly flattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted: fls. rich crimson, 4-merous ; calyx 2-lobed in fruit ; stami- nal bundles nearly equal, of 15 to 20 or more filaments. W. Austral. B.M*. 1506. j Burtt Davy. CALF0ENIA (after Calpuniius, an imitator of Virgil, because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Legumi- nbsoe. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern Afr. cult, out of doors in S. Calif. Lvs. odd-pinnate ; racemes long, axillary and terminal : fls. yellow. sylvAtica, E. Mey. Shrub, 6-10 ft. high : lvs. 2-6 hi. long: Ifts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-elliptical, retuse or obtuse : fls. ]/» in. long : ovary glabrous. Caff raria.— Also rarely cult, north as a greenhouse shrub. lasidgyne, E. Mey. ( C. aurea, Benth. ) . A taller shrub, with larger lvs. and fls., more coriaceous, more pulses- cent, and exactly elliptical or oblong leaflets. The silky ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal. CALTHA (Latin name of the Marigold). Rnnuneu. Idcetr. A genus of beautiful marsh plants, alxiut 10 species, of temperate and frigid regions. Succulent perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle of strong! flbi'ous roots : lvs. simple, rather rounded-cordate at base : fls. yellow, white or pink ; sepals larire, dccid. uous, petal-like ; petals none ; stamens numerous, car- pels sessile, becoming follicles, with two rows of 8eeds. They flourish best in wet places near runninij water. Though naturally Iwjg plants, they suci-eed ad- mirably well in an ordinary border in rather rich soil. They should be introduced more liberally into f lie flower ganlen, where they flower very freely year after year, and generally mature a second quite abundant croi» of bloom in the fall. The flowers last a lonj; time in water, and sell readily in the cut-flower market. M<»n«>Kr. by G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zoiil.-Bot. Gesell- schaft (Vienna, 1886), 36: 347-363 ; E. Hath, Monogr. in Helios 9:69-74. bifldra, DC. No true stem ; scape slender, usually 2-rtd. : lvs. as in C. palustris : sepals 6-9, nearly white or sometimes bluish : follicles at maturity distinctly stalked. Spring. Calif, to Alaska. Int. 1881. leptos^pala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in.: lvs. all basal or barely one on stem ; nerves at base nearly parallel, otherwise like those of C.biflora: sepals 7-10, obi. mg, becoming narrower, white; fls. solitary: follicles scarcelv stalked. Mav-June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo. Gn. 30:' 56.5. palustris, Linn. Marsh ^Iariqold. Stem holfow. 1-2 ft., branching, several-fld. : lvs. cordate or reniform, den- 324. Calycanthus flor>..us. tate, crenate or entire : fls. bright yellow, 1-2 In. broad; sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, J-^ in. long. Apr.-June. Wet ground. Carolina to Canada and west- ward. Gt. 47, p. 6.30. D. 115, pi. 35. -Used before flow- ering in the spring as "Cowslip greens." Var. mon* FF5- CALTHA itr6ia*pIino, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). An im- pruv»imnt on the a»M)v«* : \U. larger, of jfreater sub- gtsnce, and often much doubled. Very beautiful. K. C. Davis and J. B. Kelmr. CALTROPS. Trapa. CALYCANTHUS | Kniyx and nnthnu, flower; the calyx is lurjfe and conspicuous). ('nhjrnnfh<\ee(P, Cak«»lixa AuLSPK'E. Sweet-scented Shrcb. Deciduous shrubs of aromatic frajfrance : Ivs. opposite, petioled, entire, usuullv rough aJ>ove : fls. terminal or axillarj', solitary, rather lunre, with numerous sepals and no distinct petals; 8tanjens 5-2."{: fr. capsule-like, but not <lehisrent, like the rose hip, forme<l l>y the calyx tube and containing nu- merous akenes. Six species in N. America and E. Asia. Oniamental shrubs, with rather large, handsome foliage and mostly sweet-scented fls.; they are almost hardy north, except V. oci-identalin and i\ priprnr. They grow in almost any well drained and somewhat rich soil, and succeed as well in shady as in sunny positions. Prop, by seeds SO" ti in spring; also, increased by layers put down in sumiii. r. and by suckers or division of older plants. A. Winttr-hu(l» without xcaleit. very small: tin. brown, in summer. B. Lvs.denseb/ pubescent beneath. fl6ridUB, Linn. Fig. .T24. Three-fi ft.: Ivs. oval or broad-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or grpyish green beneath, VA-3 in. l<mg : fls. dark reddish brown, fragrant, about 2 in. broad. Va. to Fla. B.M. .')():}. — This species is the most cultivated for its verj' fragrant fls. BB. Lvs. glabrous beneath or nearly so: fls. slightly or not fragrant. f^rtilis, Walt. ( C. femx, Michx. C. Icevigdtus, Willd.). Thnt'-l) ft. : lvs. usually elliptic or oblong, acute or acu- minate, green beneath, 2-.5/4in. long: fls. reddish brown, IVjin. broad. AUeghanies. B.R. G:481. glaucufl, Willd. Fig. .325. Four-6 ft. : lvs. usually ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous beneath, 2-4^in. long: fls. reddish or yellowi.sh brown, l^in. broad. Va. to Ga. B.R. 5: 404. — Var. oblongifdlios, Nutt., with oblong-lanceolate lvs, occidentilis, Hook. & Am. {C. macrophylhis,H.OTt.). Tu 12 ft. : Iv.s. usually rounded at the base, ovate or ob- long-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly pubes- cent. 4-<> in. long : fls. light brown, 3 in. broad. Calif. B.M. 4808. F.S. 11:1113. R.H. 1854: 341. CALYITROCJVNE 223 Calycanthus Blaucus (X ^). AA. Winter-buds with scales: fls. before the lvs., axil- lary, with 5 fertile stamens, i Chimonanthus. ) praecox, Linn. {Chimonanthus frAgrans, hindl.). Lvs. elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, green and glabrous beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls very fragrant, 1-1 J^ in. broad, outer sepals vellow, inner ones striped purplish brown. China, Japan. B.M. 466. B.R. 6:451. L.B.C. 7:617. O.C. in. 11: 213. -Desirable for temperate regions for its very early, sweet-scented fls. The newly intrtnluced C. nitens, Oliv., from China, allied to C. priprox, has the lvs. coriaceous, long-acumi- nate, shining and smooth above. Alfred Rehdeb. 326. Calypso borealis. CALTGOTOME {Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut ; calyx looks as if cut oflf ). Legumindsai. Low, spiny, divaricate shrubs : lvs. 3-foliolate, deciduous: fls. papilio- naceous, yellow, fascicled or in short racoraes ; calyx truncate, obscurely denticulate. Four species in the Mediterranean region, of which two are sometimes culti- vated ; not hardy north. They prefer a sunny position and well drained soil. For prop., see Cytisus. villdsa, Link. Two— 4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomen- tose: leaflets obovate, densely silky beneath, under %m. long : fls. %m. long, 3 or more, fascicled : pod villous. May, June. — It is excellent for dense, low hedges. spindsa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods : fls. solitary or few. B.R. 32: 55. Alfred Rehdeb. CALYTSO (from the Greek goddess, whose name sig- nifies concealment ; referring to its rarity and beauty). Orchiddcea?. One of our rarest and most prized native orchids, a delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in. high, with a small bulb, one roundish or ovate, striated leaf, and one pink flower with a spotted sac. A monot\'pic genus. For culture, see Calopogon; but more diflicult to grow than that plant. bore41is,'Salisb, Fig. 326. Leaf an inch wide and long : scape li-i in. high, with about 3 sheaths : sepals and petals similar, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, pink : lip larger than the rest of the fl., with brown spots in lines and purple and yellow markings, woolly- hairy within : column petal -like, ovate, bearing the lid- like anther just below the apex. Maine to Minn, and N. ; also Eu. Abundant in parts of Oregon and Washing- ton. B.M. 2763. CALYPTE6GYNE (Greek-made name). Palmdcece, tribe A recetje. Spineless stoloniferous palms, with short orlongcaudices, ringed below: lvs. terminal, unequally pinnatisect : segments a few joined together, narrow or broad, falcate, very long-acuminate, plicate ; margin 224 CALYPTROGYNE CAMBIUM recurved at the base ; nerves numerous : ,»i;tiole very- short : sheath short, open; spadices simple or branched at the base, lontf-pedunculate ; spathes 2, narrow, the lower much shorter than the peduncle, split at the apex, the upper deciduous, elonjjrated, split its entire length ; bracts -'onnate, borderinf? the lower lip of the flower- bearing cavity ; bractlets minute : fr. small, oblong or obovoi«l. Species 8. Trop. Amer. limesbrechtiina, H. Wendl. [Geonbma Ghiesbreghti- ihia. Lindl. & H. Wendl.). Stem short or almost none : petiole 5 ft. long : Ivs. elongate-oval ; segments in 6 pairs, unequal, almost opposite, rather remote, lanceo- late, very long-acuminate, falcate, the two uppermost on each side very wi«le. Chiapas. Mex, C. gpicfgera, H. Wendl. Stem evident : Ivs. irregidarly pin- nate, 3 ft. or less long, the stalks flat on upper side. Guate- mala.— (7. S^odrtzii, Hort., is a Geonoma. Calyptrogj'nes are handsome palms, seldom seen out- side of large collections. Special care must be given to the soil so that it will be sweet and porous, especially after the plants leave the seed-pan. Well-drained pots and a little charcoal mixed wiAi the soil, and the plants kept in a uniformly moist state, are conditions essen*ial to the healthy growth of the plants. In this genus, C. Ghienhrechtiana is the most widely known species, another garden name for which is Geonoma Verschaffelti. These are shade-loving palms, having leaves of comparatively thin texture, and con- sequently are subject to attacks of red spider unless properly cared for in regard to moisture. Calyptrogynes are most useful in a small state, old plants in general being rather leggy and poorly furnished. Jared G. Smith, G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin. CALYSTfiGIA. See Convolvulus. CALYX. The outer floral envelope. See Flower, 327, Camassia esculenta. CAMASSIA(^Mamas/«or Camass is the Indian name). Lili>)ct'(r'. Fls. blue, purple, or whitish, with (i spread- ing, ;{-7-ner\'ed sepals, ami «i filiform stamens, filiform style, and 3-angled, 3-vaIved, several-seeded capsule. The Camassias are bulbous plants, found only in the temperate regions of N. Amer., and closely allied to Scilla, Bulb, as in Sciila ; the many lance-shaped Ivs. sheathing at base : st. erect, many-fld., bracted beluw each flower, and flowering in long succession from the bottom. The genus has not been carefully studied, and many forms are confused under the same names. Mouogr, bv J. G. Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. V,i:'>M; S, Watson, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Hr'itO. On questions of nomenclature, consult Coville, Proc. Biol Soc. Wash, 11: (>1. Camassias are natives of rich meadows, very wet in winter and spring but dry in summer. They do well in any good loam, avoiding too rank manures. They are perfectly hardy. Bulbs should be set in ep.rly fall," at a depth oi-i-ii inches, and left undisturbed. As cut-flowers, they open in long succession. The bulbs produce off' sets very sparingly. Seeds grow readily, and seedlings bloom in three to four years. A. Plant S ft. or more high, robust: fls. very many (30 or more). Gtisickii, Wats. Bulb very large (weighing 4-8 oz.): Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat undulate (15 in. long, often 1^2 in. wide): st. often 3 ft. high : fls. 30-100, very pale, delicate blue ; segments spreading, crinkled atthe base, faintly 3-5-nerved. Ore. G.F. 1:174. —One of the best of the genus, "^^iffers from C. f.scit- lenta in its larger bulb, more num:;. us h.. and stouter and more clustered habit. Grows on drier land. Hardy in New £ng., and grows well in good garden soil. i>..* Plant usiialli, less than 2 ft. high, with shorter spikes : fls. fewer. escul6nta, Lindl. Camass. Fig. 327. Not very stout, 1-2 ft. : Ivs. i^in. or less broad : fls. 10-40, dark blue or purple, the perianth irregular (5 segments on one side and 1 on the other, and deflexed); segments 3-5-nerved and a little longer than the stamens, narrow and chan- neled at the base : pedicel not exceeding the fls. : cap- sule ovate to ob' .ng, obtuse, transversely veined. Calif. toUtahandN. B.R. 18:1486. F.S. 3: 275. Gn. 4G, p. 3;}9, 983. — Bulb cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls. vary to white. Lelchtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. high: fls. cream- colored, ranging to white, nearly regular, the stamens and style ascending; segments broad aad flattened at the base, usually 5-7-nerved : capsule oblong-ovate, eniar- ginate. obliquely veined. Mts., Calif.. N. B.M. ()2^7 as C. esculenta, var. Leichflinii, Baker.— ^^urple-fld. Camassias are sometimes referred to this species, but it is doubtful if they belong with it. Hdwellii, Wats. Bulb rather small : Ivs. few, 1 ft. long and less than J^ain. wide : st. often 2 ft. high, many- fld., with spreading pedicels twice or more longer than the linear bracts : fls. pa.le purple, opening in the after- noon, the segments 3'2iu. long, .3-5-nerved : capsule small, broadly triangular-ovate and very obtuse. Ore. -Int. 1892 by P'lkington & Co. Fr&sen, .orr. Scape 12-18 in. high : Ivs. keeled : fls. light blue, smaller than in C. esculenta ; segments 3- nerved : pedicels mostly longer than the fls, Penn., W. and S. B.M. 1574, as Scilla esculenta. Var. angr^sta, Torr. (C. angtista, Hort.). Very slen- der, and Ivs. narrower (^iin. wide): fls. smaller, % or J^in. long. La. and Ark. to Tex. L. H. B. and Carl Plkdy. CAMBIUM is a nascent layer of tissue between the wood and bark of trees and shrubs. From it is developed secondary wood and bast. The thickening of stems and roots is mainly due to activity of the cambium. It is most evident in June and July, when tissues are rapidly forming. Woodsnun take advantage of this to peel bark. Boys also take advantage of the readiness with which bark and wood separate at the cambium to make whistles of l)t>sswood or willow. Trees are more easily bruised at this time in the year than at any t)ther. The cambium plays an important part in the healing of wounds upon steins. It is the union of the cambium layers of cion and stock that makes grafting possible, y^^ w. Rowlee. CAMELLIA CAMELLIA 225 CAMELLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus, aMoravian Jesuit, who traveled i; Asia in the seventeenth century). Temstraemidceo'. Evergreen trees or shrubs: Ivs. alternate, short-petioled. serrate: fls. large, axillary or terminal, usually solitary, white or red ; sepals and petals 5 or more: stamens numerous, connate at thel»ase: fr. a 3-5-eelled, dehis- cent capsule, wit4i large, globular or ovoid seeds. About 10 species in trop.and subtrop. Asia, di- vided into the sub- ffenera EncnmeUin and Thea, considere<l by some to be distinct genera, by some all united under Thea. The species of Eu- 329. Camellia Japonica — Lucida. 32S. Camellia Japonica — Abby Wilder. camellia, especially ('. Japonica, are popular decorative shrubs, with very showy fls. About 50 years ago one of the most appreciated greenhouse shrubs, and several hun- dred varieties were culti- vated. Of the second subgenus, C. Thea is cultivate J in nearly all subtropical coun- tries and in the mountainous regions of the tropics for its leaves, which yield the well-known tea. and are an article of great commercial importance. There is a mono- graph of this tfenus by Seemann in Trans. Linn. Soc. XXII. p. X^T-.'ia'J. Illustrated monographs of the horticultural varieties are: Curtis, Monogr. of the genus Camellia (1819); Baumann, Bollweiler Camellien- saramlung (1828); Chandler, Camellie^ ( 1831 ) ; Berl4se, Monogr.du genre Camellia a(18,3iM; Verschaffelt, Nouvelle Mono- graphie du Camellia ( 1848-<)() ) : the last with 57G and the foregoing with 300 colored plates. A. Fh. sesKile, erect, terminal and aril- lary: calyx-lobes deciduous. Camel- lia proper. Jap6nica, Linn. Figs. 328-331. ^ • » or tree, sometimes to 40 ft., ^:i- us Ivs. very shining and dark green ^' " . ovateor elliptic, acuminate, sharply fls. red in the tvpe, ;*-,'> in. across •. ish. China. Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. .••-. Var. ilba, Lodd. Fls. white. L.B.C. /: 24:5. Var. 41ba pl^na, Lodd. Fls. white, double. L.B C 3:2ti!». Var. anemonifldra, Curtis. Fls. red, with 5 large petals, the stanit-iis changed into numerous smaller and narriiw petals; the whole ti. resemb'ing that of a double Aiumone. L.B.C. 537. B.M. 16,54. For the numerous other garden forms, sev ♦he above mentioned mono- graphs ; also. Flore des Sv rres, L'lllustration Horticole, and other older horticultural publications contain a larire nunibei of varieties with illustrations. reticulata, Lindl. Large shrub, glabrous : Ivs. dull preen, not shining above, reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate, .'{-5 in. long : fls, .5-7 in. across, pur- plish rose; petals 1.5-20, obovate.looselv arranged. China. B.R. 1:{:107'' B.M. 2784. P.M. 3il01.-Var. pWna, Hort. Fls. with twice as manv petals, and more regularly arranared. B.M. 4976. F.S. l"2:127{»-80. Sasanqua, Thunb. Shrub of loose, straggling habit, with the branches pubescent when young : Ivs. elliptic, 15 bluntly pointed at the apex, crenate-serrate. shining, dark green and hairy on the midrib above, li^-3 in. long: fls. 1^-2 in. across, white ; petals 5 or more, obovate or oblong. China, Japan, (in. .54:1 IHO. !S.Z. 83 (except the red vars.). — Var. semiplena, Hort. Fls. seniidouble, white. B.R. 1:12 and 13:1091. Var. anemcnifldra. Seem. Fls. large, double, outer petals white, iinicr ones much smaller, yellow. B.M. 5152. Var. oleifera, Kehd.i (\ oleif- era, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ivs. and ihe single white fls. larger than in the tvpe. B.R. 11:942. L.B.C. 11:106.5. AA. Fls. pedicelled, nodding, mostly axillary : calyx- teeth persisttnt. Thea. Thda, Link. (C. theifera. Griff. Thea Sinensis, Linn.). Tea. Shrub, sometimes tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lance- olate or obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, sometimes pubescent beneath : fl. white, fragrant, 1- 1 J4in. broad; petals 5. China. India. — Usually two varie- ties are distinguished: Var. Boh^a ( Thea Bohea, Linn. ). Lvs. elliptic, dark green, to 3 in. lon^: branches erect. B.M. 998. L.B.C. 3: 226. Var. viridis (Thea viridis, Linn.). Lvs. pale green, lanceolate, to 5 in. loiij; ; branches sprea<ling. B.M. 3148. L.B.C. 3:227 and 19: 1828. The black tea, however, and green tea of commerce do not come from certain varieties, but are the result of different treatment of the leaves after gatherine. C. axillaris, Roxb.= Gordoaia anomala.— C. drupifera. Lour, (C. Kissi, Wall.). Shrub to 8 ft.: lvs. elliptic, long acuminate: fls. iK'n. wide, fragrant, white: petals olx)vate. Himal., India. L.B.C. 19:1815.— (J. euruoidfs, Lindl. (Thea eur5-oides. Booth). Shrub to 4 ft.: lvs. ovate-lanceol.'ite. silky l)eneath : tls. white, nodding. axUlary, rather small. B.R. 12:983. L.B.C. 1j:149.-5.— C. euryoides, Hort.= C. rosiflora. var. malitiora.— C. rosi'ldra. Hook. (C. .Sas.inqaa. fl. rubro. Sims). Shrub: lvs. ovate, acumi- nate : Ha. pink : petals 5. obcordate : ovar>- glabrous. China. B.M. .T044. Var. maliflora, Rehd. (C. malitioni, Lindl.). Fls. dotible, ^)ink. B.R. 7:.547. L.B.C. 12: 11S4. B.M. -JOSO. Alfred Rehdeb. Camellias are not hard to grow, either the well known C. Japon- ica or the lesa common V. Sa- sanqua, and C. Thea, the Tea Plant. They re- rjuire a coolhouse, not too dry an atmosphere, and 330. Camellia Japonica — h A. Downing 1;^ u.long: round- : 20:2121.- ,>J6. Gn. 54, p. must never suffer from dryness at th« roots ; a somewhat shady position is helpful, and good ventilation is essen- tial. A night tem- perature of 45°-50'^ F. is best for them while at re.st ; this is also the time of blooming, but it may be increased tluring the period of growth ; the <lay temperature should be from (;o°-70° F. The soil for es- tablished plants should be made mainly of well rotted Hods, to which should be added some leaf -mold, rotted cow-manure, and enough sand to instire goo«l drain- age ; sod and leaf-mold should be unsifted. For young plants, the Dutch growers use a rather fine soil of peat, leaf -mold and sand ; the Japanese gardeners use 331. Camellia Japonica — President Clark 226 CAMELLL\ CAMPANULA a heavier soil, appiirently containing some clay. The pots and tubs should be well drained with potsherds and charcoal, the drainage being protected by sphagnum to insure durability, the older plants not requiring frequent shifts. Potting should be done just Ijefore new growth starts, when the flowering is about over; the exact time can be determined by noting the beginning of the root ,'Xrowth, which generally precedes th" e:;i>anding of the le^if-buds. The soil should be moi«t. r jt wet, and made firm. Large shifts should be avoided: .u a.»^»..- oases, by renewing the drainage and removing the surf ce soil, a larger pot will be found unnecessary. After pt ;ting, the temperature may be increased, and the plants should be kept close until a new growth is established. When the weather in May becomes settled, they should be pla<'ed in summer quarters. This may be a cool green- house, well shaded, or, preferably, a position in the open air, protected from sun and wind. Lath screens may be employed, or the shade of trees or fences. In any case there must be j '"^nty o light and air. Great care must always be given to watering, but especially at this time, while they are nfaking and rpening their growth ; the dr()pi)ing of flower buds in ^November is often the result of careless watering in summer. Plenty of water must be given to the roots, never in driblets, and the foliage should be syringed night and morning in dry weather. The forcible application of wate.'in the form of spray not (mly keeps the plant in good c<mdit' - checks mealy- bug and red-spider. In September tu M be prt in the cool e.id of the coolhouse, or they c jred in a pit and brought in later. The Camellia is nearly hardy, but should not be exposed to actual frost. Large speci- mens can be planted out in a coolhouse or winter gar- den. They thrive wonderfully in the evenly moist soil of such a position, and give an abundant bloom at Christ- mas and New Year, when flowers are scarce; the foliage, too, can be freely cut, since growth under these condi- tions is so much improved. Propagation is now ejected by cuttings and grafts. Formerly inarching an(i even layering were employed. Cuttings shoo.ld be ma«le, November to January, fn^m wood of the previous season's growth, from 1)^-2 or 2J4 inches long, each having from 1-3 eyes ; in single-eye cuttings the leaf is left entire, in others 1 or 2 leaves are removed. Plant firmly in sharp sand, keeping them cool, well watered and carefully shaded for the first few weeks. Sometimes they will be sufiiciently rooted in June for potting in thumbs, but at others they will not be ready until ()ctol)er. Shift on the young plants as their gTo\\-th requires, never giving them too large pots; they make a surprisingly good growth when once established. Flower buds should be picked from young stock ; sometimes there is trouble from blind eyes, but a new bud will eventually form. Grafting is done in November, Decem- ber and January, using the improved veneer graft ; a close frame is not necessary, but is often used, in which case great care must be given to watering and ventila- tion. If raflia is used for tying, it should be smeared with grafting wax to prevent decay; the process of unit- ing is lengthy. Stock can be obtained from seed or by cuttings of easily rooted varieties. Mealy-bug and red- spider can be avoided by proper syringing ; thrips and aphis are kept down by tobacco fumigation; scale must be checked by washing and spraying; a troublesome leaf- eating insect is only removed by hand picking. Consult Practical Camellia Culture, by Robert Halli- day, Baltimore, 18^0. lUus. The only other American book on Camellias is an American edition of The Abbe Berlese's Monography of the Genus Camellia, by Gen. Dearborn; Boston, Ib'AS. For a list of varieties, see also Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias, Amit, Verschaffelt Fils; (Jhent, 1856-()0. Illus. B.M.Watson. Camellias are general favorites with most people, and, when well-grown, have few equals among hardwooded, cool, greenhouse plants. They may be propagated by seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting or inarching ; the two latter methods are best for the double forms, as they succeed better when grafted or inarched on the single forms than on their own roots, the operation be- ing performed immediately after the flowering season, or just as soon as new growth is about to commence, asd the method known as "side-grafting" is best if this means of propagation is used. The single species arc best propagated by seeds, if these can be obtained fresh. They should be sown in early spring, in 4-inch pdts* containing a mixture of peat, leaf-mold and sand, in equal proportions. The pots should be placed in a warm temperature, where they will usually germinate in from 4 to G weeks. If propagated by cuttings, the half-ripened wood should be chosen, and the cuttings inserted around the edge of 4-inch pots containing a sandy, peaty mixture, pressed very firm. The j.uts should be placed in a shaded, close position, where an even teniperature of about 60° can be m-iintaine*!. The pots plunged in a half-spent hotbed woul«l be an ideal place. If carefully attended to, they should be rooted in about two months, after which they should be potted singly, in small pots, and grown on as rapidly as possi- ble. When of suitable height, stopping should be at- tended to, to induce a bushy habit. As the plants in- crease in size, a slightly heavier soil should be used when potting, a mixture of equal parts loam, leaf-niolj and fibrous peat being most suitable. Camellias re- quire at all seasons a good supply of water at the roots and during the flowering season they should have an abundance. If allowed to become dry, the flower liuds will fall off. They also require to be shaded from direct sunlight during the spring and summer months. A lean-to greenhouse, with a north a.^pect, is an ideal one in which to grow Camellias. In such a house they niijrht te planted out, providing an abundance of air conhl he given during the summer ; they make nmch lareer plants and flower more freely when planted out than when grown in pots or tubs. The flowering season is usually from the beginning of February to the middle of April, if grown in ordinary cool greenhouse tempera- ture, but they will staml gentle forring if the flowers are wanted earlier. After tlowerine:. they should be kept syringed to encourage the new growth, and also to keep them free from thrips. If grown in pots or tubs, they should be placed in a sheltered, shaded position outside for the summer. „ . „ Edward J. Caxninc, CAMEL'S THOBN. See Alhagi. CAMPANULA (Latin, a little bell). Campanuliicra. Bell Flower. A genus of about 300 species, confined to the northern hemisphere, and containing some of the most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her- baceous perennials. The root-lvs. are usually larjrer than the stem-lvs., and often of different shape, and more or less transitorj*. Fls. blue, violet or white; calyx 5-fid ; corolla 5-lobed or 5-fid ; stamens 5, free ; liia- ments wide at the base, memb.anaceous ; stigmas 3 or 5, filiform : capsule 3-.')-valved, dehiscing laterally hy \\-Ti valves : seeds ovate, complanate, or ovoid. Allied genera of garden value are Adenophora. Canarina, Jasi- one, Lightfootia, Phyteuma, Platycodon, Speculuria, Symphyandra, Trachelium, and Wahlenbergia. in which genera many species originally described as Campanu- las may be sought. Of these, perhaps the two host known cases av^ Platycoflon qmndiflorutn, the ''Balloon Flower," with its chara<'teristic inflated buds, dark green, glossy leathery Ivs,, and Specithiria <Sy>tr»/«>H {C. Spectiln>rt), "Venus' Looking-glass,"a pretty annual, which grows in the grain flehls of S, Europe, and is cult, .^r its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx tube of Specularia is much longer, proportionately, than in any Campanula, Botanically, Campanulas are divided into two impor- tant groups, based on the presence or ab,-«ence of calyx appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen- dages, and Eucodon lacks them. In straiirht* ning oat one's garden labels, the calyx appendages are one of the first things to be looked for, and they are often minute and disguised. In cultivation. Campanulas tend to become taller and more robust, less hairy, more branched, and more floriferous. A very few have white or yellowish fls.. with no blue or violet forms. Any blue or violet-flowere«l form is likely t«» have white varieties, and double an<l semi-double forms are common in 3 or 4 of the most popular species. All flowers tend to become larger and more numerous on a stem. In culti- vation, the 3-celle«l species are likely to have .'» stiirnias instead of 3, and .5-celled capsules, often along with normally constructed tls, on the same plant. The height CAMPANULA CAMPANULA 227 is the most variable feature of all, and in the scheme below C. Carpatica and C. punctata especially will seem wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by De CandoUe in vol. 7, part 2 of the Prodromus are well- nigh useless to the gardener, and nothing else but a distinction of height can bring out the two important cultural groups of Campanulas, viz: Border or tall kinds, and rock-garden or dwarf kinds. The best gar- den monograph of Campanulas is by F. W. Mover, in The (Jarden, 48:294-299 (189.")). See, aLso, The Garden for May 1.'^ 1899, and 8: 17.'i-180 (1875). The most popular of all Campanulas is the Canterbury Bell (C. Medium and its var. calt/ranthemn). Of all wild forms the best known is certainlv C. rotnndifoUa, the true "Hairbell," or " Blue Bells of Scotland." Of the border kinds, the 6 most popular are probably C. Me- dium, C. rotnndifoUa (in its many forms), Cpi/ramid- alis, C. persici folia, C. glomerata and C Carpatica. Of the rock-garden kinds, the most popular in America are possibly C. Carpatica, Cccespitosa, and C.rotundi- folia. The greatest curiosities are C. punctata, C. mac- rostyla, C. Zoifsii and C. rotund ifolia, var. soldaneUai- flora. For exhibition and for pot-culture, C.pyramidalis la most used. For pendent effects in rockeries, baskets or window boxes, C. fragilis is best. For edgings, C. Carpatica is perhaps the favorite. For large, isolated specimens, C. pyramidal is, the tfUest species, is best. F. W. Meyer's choice of varieties and classification should be consulted by all who intend to import Cam- panulas. England is probal)ly the most favored spot in the world for the culture of Bell-flowers, and the Eng- lish dealers offer the greatest variety. Unfortunately, Campanula-culture is at a low ebb in America to-day, partly because the plants are less hardy here, and also because rock-gardens an<l amateurs' collections are less frequent than in England. Many failures with Campan- ulas, however, are directly traceable to ignorance of their natural term of life. Some opecies are perennial in the wild, but practically biennial in cultivation, and each kind must be studied by itself. Unless otherwise specified, they are presumed to be perennial. C. Me- dium may be treated as a hardy annual or biennial, or as a tender annual or biennial. The general rule is that Campanulas give the most and best flowers in the sec- ond year, but C. Medium can be sown indoors in early spring and set out later, with the expectation of getting the best bloom the same year. As a rule, all border C mpanulas that are propagated by division should be divided every year, or every 2 years at most. Mr. Cam- eron recommends several species which are not de- scribed below, as they can be obtained only through botanic gardens. W. M. The genus Campanula is a very important one, and contains many showj- and useful plants. Their cultiva- tion is very easy, and most of the strong-growing kinds can be grown in any rich, well-draine(l garden soil, while the dwarf kinds can be grown in the rockery, and many of them in the front row of the mixed border. Propagation is done either by division, cuttings or seeds. The genus can easily be divided into three groups — annuals, biennials, and perennials. The annuals can be raised in the border by sowing the seeds late in April or May, or raised in the green- house and then transferred to the border. The best of the annuals are C. ramosi.ssima and var. alba, C. dra- bifoUd, C. Erinus, C. macrostyla, and C. Americana. Of the biennials, many will flower the first season if the seeds are sown early in spring in the greenhouse and the plants put out-of-doors when the weather is favorable. One of the most important is C. Medium (Canterbury Bells), and its numerous varieties. Its variety calycanthema is so named because the calyx has broadened out into a saucer-shaped secondary flower, which is very showy and interesting. Canterburj- Bells are generally raised from seeds, which can be sown in April. May or later, in pots, boxes or beds, and can then be transferred into sonu* sheltered place where they can be slightly protected during the winter, and then trans- planted in spring to their permanent places into good, rich soil, where they will make a great show if they have ol)tained the right treatment. A few other good biennials are O. primulce folia, C. Siiiirica, C. spicata, and C, thyrsoides. Of the J iinial species, the best border plants are the followny:: C. Carpatica and vars. alba and turbi- nata ; C. gr/omerafa, especially var. Dahurica ; C. lac- liflora ; C, lat ifolia, especially its vars. eriocarpa and macrantha ; C. nobilia (about 2 ft. in height); C.per- sici folia and its nimierous vars., especially the white kinds ; C. punctata (about V/i ft.); C. pyramidalis, a very showy plant when well grown, but not quite relia- ble in the eastern states as to hardiness ; makes a good pot-plant for the cool greenhouse ; C. rapunculoides, which spreads rapidly and must be so placed that it will not crowd out the other plants that are near it ; C. ro- tundifolia; C. Trachelium ; C. Van ITouttei, a hybrid, and one of the best bell flowers. The following are the best low -growing kinds for the rockery : C. Carpatica and its varieties, C. Caucasica, C. fragilis (which needs protecticu, but makes a good pot-plant), C. pnlla in sheltered position, C. Por- tenschlagiana, C. rotund i- folia, and C. pusilla. Many of the larger-growing kinds are also good for the rock garden. r. Cameron. 332. Canterbury Bells — Campanula Medium. Alphabetical list of species described : C. alliarisefo- lia, 3 ; Allionii, 23 ; alpina, 26 ; Americana, 7 : bar- bata, 24 ; Bononiensis, 1(5: cjespitosa. 41 ; Carpatica, ,35; celtidifolia, 11 ; divaricata, 21 ; Elatines, 1; excisa, 41; floribunda, 'AG ; fragilis, 29 ; (iarganica, IIO ; glome- rata, 10; yrandis, 9 ; Grossekii, 5; Ilohenackeri, 27; Hostii, 39 ; isophylla, .3(5 ; lactiflora, 11 ; lamiifotia, 3 ; Langsdorffiana,iO : latifolia, 15 : latiloba, 9; linifolia, var. Scheuchzeri. 40 ; macntntha, 15 ; macrnphylln, 3 ; macrostyla, 1 ; Medium, 2 ; mirabilis, 6 ; mollis, 25 ; muralis, 32 ; nobi I is, 22 ; persicifolia, 8; Portenschla- giana, 32 ; pulla, 38 ; pumila, 41 ; punctata, 22 : pu- silla. il: pyramidalis, 14 : Rainerii, .33; rapunouloides, 19; Rapunculus, 43; rhomboidalis, 17; rotundifolia, 39; Huthenica, 16; Sarmatica, 4; Scheuchzeri, 40; Scou- leri, 37; Sibirica, 27; Soldanella. .39; Tenorii, 34; thyrsoides, 12 ; Trachelium, 18 ; tnrbinata, 35 : nrtici- fnlia, 18; Vnldensis, 40; versicolor, 20; Vidalli, 13; Waldsteiniana> 28 ; Zoysii, 42. A. Tall or Border Campanulas, a foot or more high. B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each sinus. c. Capsule 5-celled : stigmas 5. D. Style excessively long, the stigma an inch or more long. 1. macrdstyla, Boiss. & Heldr. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, branched from the base, hispid with rigid, spreading, scattered bristles : branches stout : Ivs. scattered, small for the size of the plant, sessile, bristly on both surfaces ; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute ; upper ovate- lanceolate; recurved, cordate, eared at the base : caljrx 228 CA.MPANULA CAMPANULA tube hidden by the bladdery appendapes, small, broader than lonj; : fls. solitary, on stout peduncles. 2-2% in. broad ; corolla very broad and open, pale purple with- out, dull purple within marked with violet and hairy to- ward the bottom ; lobes verv broa<l, short an«l acute. Mt. Taunis in Anatolia, (in. 15: 178 and 12, p. 209. B.M. (k{94. — Easily told from all other species i»y the very lonj; exserted style, which is brown and spin«lle- shaped before spreading open. Self-sown seeds some- times wait a year before sprouting. i>D. Sft/h not excesKii'elif long. 2. Medium, Linn. C'AXTERBfRV Bells. Fig. 'M2. Biennial, 1-4 ft. high : plant pilose : st. erect ; Ivs. ses- sile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, crenate-dentate ; peti- oles not marginal : ra<'eme lax. many-fld. : calyx lobes ovate-m'uniinate. the api>endages half as long as the ample, ovate, obtuse lol»es : corolla verj- large, bell- shaped, inflated. S. Eu. Much less cult, than var. caly- c&nthema, Hort. CrPAV)»SAr("ER. Hose in Hose. Has the calvx colored like the corolla. A fair per ceitt come true fn'.m seed. (J.C.III. 24: «>.-. R.H. 1897, p. 2:{8. R.H. 18!H>::U)1. (ing. ,"): 88. (in. 48. j). 295. F.S. 19, p. 152.- Canterlniry Bells are probably the oldest and most popu- lar of all Campanulas. They are most commonly treated as hardy biennials, the seed being sown in the open border, but they do not flower the first year. They can also be treated as ten<ler annuals, the seed being sown in<loors in early spring and the 'plants set out May 1- 15. They will then flower well the first season, but always better the second year. Double forms are very popular and interesting, 1-^ perfect bells being formed one within another. The name Me<liuni has no reference to size of plant or flower, but was the name of an old genus, now a subgenus of Campanula. or. Capsule S-celled : stigmas S. DD. Corolla uifh a curiouf projection at the base of each sinus. 3. alliariaefdlia, Willd. (C lamiifdlia, Bieb. C. mac- rophf/lla, 8ims). Fig. 3:}:{. Height 1J4-2 ft.: stem erect, striate, woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs. large, heart-shaped, crenate, tomentoae : stem-lvs. on petioles which gradually shorten upwards, the highest being sessile: fls. white, nod- <ling. on short stalks, borne singly in the axils of the floral Ivs. as in C. Har- matica, but the floral Ivs. larger and broader : calyx a third or a fourth shorter the corolla, with nuir- rolled back, and appen- dages less minut<» than in C, Sarmatica : corolla always whit*, 2 in. long, ciliated at the margin, and with charac- teristic tooth-like processes at the base of each sinus, which are especially interest- ing in the bud. Caucasus, Asia Minor. B.M. 912. -Int. into England about 1805 by Loddiges. No blue-fid. form seems to be known. Prop, by seeds, 4. Sarm^tica, Ker - (tawl. Height 1-2 ft. : stem simple, striate, pubescent : Ivs. re- markable for their gray color, harsh, leathery, wrinkled, to- mentose, oblong-cordate, cre- nate, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile : calyx with minute reflexed appen- dages, and a short, <lensely hairy tuft : fls. about (i on a stem, nod<ling ; corolla about 1 in. long, and \% in. across, marked with 5 hairv lines. Caucasus, subal- pine portions. B.M. 2019. L.B.C. 6: 581. 5. Ordssekii, Heuff. Has the habit and inflorescence of t'. Trimhtlium, but the calyx is appendagt'd. Height 33. Campanula alliariaefolia. 2'^ ft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivg. hispid, the lower cordate unequally petioled, doubly crenate-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed into a petiole : calyx setose-ciliate, lobes lanceolate spreading, reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate! a third shorter than the lobes ; corolla hispid, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx lobes : fls. large, bell- shaped, violet, in a long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p. 477. f. .55. — A rare plant. 6. mir^bilis, Correvon. Height 1 ft. or more. "The leaves forming the rosette are somewhat thick and fleshy, the lower ones spreading otit to a diameter of about 9 or 12 inches, the succeeding leaves snmller and arranged in an overlapping manner." Upper Ivs. ovate- serrate : fls. pale blue, hair)-, 2 in. across, bell-shaped, sometimes stronglv angled : raceme lax or dense. Cau- casus, (i.e. in. 24 :.•{:?. Gt. 47:192. Gn. 54. p. 454.- Int. in Europe in 18% by Leicthlin. Very rare and in- teresting. Probably a biennial rock plant. Slow from seed. BB. Calyx without an appendage at the base of each sinus. c. Fls. rotate or wheel shaped. 7. Americ&na, Linn. Annual and biennial : height ;}-6 ft.: St. erect, simple: Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pi- lose, root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate ; stem- lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends : calyx tube long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost entire, spreading shorter than the 5-fid, wheel-shaped corolla : fls. light blue, 1 in. br<»ad, in long spikes. soH- tary or in 3's ; corolla shallow, lobes pilose outside and at the apex ; style long, strongly declined and up- wardly cui^'ed : capsule cylindrical, grooved. Shaded low ground western N. Y. t«> Iowa, south to (ia. and Ark. Rarely cult. It is possible that Phyteuma cnies- cens is still cult, as C. Americana. CC. Fls. saucer-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, i. «., the tube shallower and the limbs more widely spreading than the bell-shaped. D. Stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, crenulate . 8. persicifdiia, Linn. Fig. 334. Height 2-3 ft. : stem erect : Ivs. glabrous, rigid, crenulate ; root-lvs. lanceo- late-obovate ; stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatulate, often 3 in. long : calyx lobes acuminate, wicle at the base, entire, half as long as the broadly bt U-shaped cor<dla : fls. blue or white, pedicelled, solitnry, terminal and axillary, often \% in. long, 2 in. broad : capsule ovoid, ;{-grooved. Eu. B.M. .397. Var. macr4ntha is a large-fld. form with fls. all along the stem. ( Jt. 44. p. 148. Gn. 48, p. :m\. A.F. G :38;{. S.H. 1 : 131. Var Alba grand- ifldra and var. BAckhousei are among the p-tpular wiiite- fld. forms. Ther<' are double and semi-double forms in blue and white. The double white is useful for cutting. The var. alba grandiflora is F. W. Meyer's favorite of all Campanulas. This species occasionally nins wild, especially in England. The Ivs. are very characteristic, and, once seen, are never forgotten. Var. coron^ta, Hort., is a semi-double white form. F.S. 7:G99. The pictures in B.M. and F.S. show distinctly saucer-shaped flowers. DP. Stem-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed. 9. latiloba, DC. (C. grdndis, Fisch. «k Mey. Height l-lVaft.: glabrcms : stem erect, simple, terete: stem- lvs. .'{-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, crenate-serrate : calj-x lobes ovate-acute, broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly bell-shape<l corolla : fls. blue, with a white fonn, often 2 in. wide, sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, pometimes equaling the ovate-acut«, dentate bracts. Mt. Olympus. P.M. 10: 31. -Fls. like C. persicifolia. Quickly forms a dense carpet. Int. into Eng. about 1842 from St. Petersburgh. ccc. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, n. t saucer-shaped. V. Inflorescence a dense roundish head. 10. glomer&ta, Linn. One of the most variable : DeCaudoUe makes 8 botanical varieties. Height 1-2 ft.: typically pubescent : stem erect, simple, terete : Ivs. serrulate, lower ones rough, with very short, stiflf i^ CAMPANULA CAMPANULA 229 hairs, lK-3 in. loni?, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate, ovate- oblon? blade shorter than t\w petiole : upper ones ses- sile, ovate, acute : tls. in dense heails or itrlonies, 15-20 in the terminal heads, fewer in the axillary ones. Eu., Armenia, Persia, Siberia. B.M. 2649 is var. epecidsa, which has the largest tis. L.H.C. 6:505 is var. sparsi- fldra, with much smaller dusters. — This is one of the earliest tloweriuff and easi- est of cultivation. Fls. typi- cally dark purple, with no recorded white varieties. Var. Dahiirica, Hort., is probably the commonest form. Terminal clusters .'{ in. or more thick ; a very characteristic inflorescence. The fl. has a longer tube than C. lactiflora and thyr- suides. I)D. rnfloreseence a spike or racem*', dense or loose. Color of fls. normally white or yellowish. P. Corolla small, short- tubed. 11. lactifldra.Bieb. Heifrht 2J^-5 ft. : stem erect, branch- ing : Ivs. sessile, ovate-lan- ceolate, acutely serrate : calyx lobes very broad, acute, serrulate, one-half shorter than the broadly bell-shaped corolla: tls. in a loose or dense panicle, vhich may be 3% in. long and thick ; corolla wh'te or pale blue, 1 in. long, nearly 1}4 in. broad : capsule ovoid, erect. Caucasus, Siberia. B.M. 197.}.- Not advertised in Anier. at present. C. (eltidifolia, Boiss., referred to the above, may be a strongly marked variety. A plant once cult, at Harvard Botanic (Jardens has very characteristic, perfectly el- liptical Ivs., blue tls., and more open inflorescence. 12. thyrsoldes, Linn. Biennial: height l-lj^ft.: stem grooved : Ivs. all covered with long hairs at t! margin ; root-lvs. sessile, spatulate or obtusely lanceo- late, 2% in. long, % in. wide, in a dense rosette, lying on the ground ; upper Ivs. more narrow and acute : fls. 40-oO, sulfur or creamy yellow, in a dense thyrse-like spike, which mav be 6 in. long and 2*2 in. broad : stvle exserted. B.M. 'l290. L.B.C. 17: 1644.-lntenningied with the fls. in the spike are Ivs. which are longer than the Hs., which is not true of C. lactiflora. Should not be confounded with C. thyrsoidea, Lapeyr., which = C. speciosa. No blue or purple fonns are known. The picture in B.M. shows a characteristic red-tipped calyx. FF. Corolla lartje, long-tubed. 13. VidAlli, H.C.Wats. Perennial: height 1-2 ft.: stem branching from the base : some branches short, sterile, others tall, fl<»rifer«»us, all groove<l, clammy, glossy : Ivs. 3-4 in. long, oblong spatulate, coarsely ser- rate, thick, fleshy. Arm, viscid, the upper ones gradually becoming bracts : fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a loose terminal raceme; calyx lobes triangular, thick, one- fourth shorter than the corolla ; corolla tubular, swelled below, con.stricted above, with a yellow base. Azores. B.M. 4748. F..S. 7:?29. A.Fl. 3: 116. Gn. 54, p. 299. G.C. III. 18: 95. -Very distinct. n. Color of fls. normally blue or purple, with white varieties. F. Size of fls. large, o. Raceme pyramidal, usually dense. 14. pyramidiilis, Linn. Chimnev Campamla. Figs. 335,330. Ulabrous : Ivs. glandular-dentate, lower petio- 334. Campanula persicifolia. (There are fonus with more broadly bell-shai)ed flowers.) lat«, ovate-oblong, snbconlate ; stem-lvs. sessile, ovate- lanceolate : calyx lobes acuminate, spreading, half a.s long as the broadly beU-shaped corolla : fls. num.'rous, in pvramidal riweraes. Austria, near Adriatic, (in. 45, p. 67 ; 48, p. 306 ; 51, p. 221 (a staked pot plant). K.H. 1897, p. 238. Gn. 53, p. .535 (with extensive cultural not^s). Var. compActa, Hort. S.M. 2:97. Gn. 47, p. 86 (with very full cultiiral notes). The tallest of Campanulas and one of the ohlest. Much grown in pots for exhibi- tion. The compact variety is very floriferous an«l con- venient for conservatory, but lacks the chara«'teristic tall, pyramidal liabit. <j<j. liaceme not pyramidal, usually looser. 15. latifdlia, Linn. Height :J— I ft. : ivs. large, doubly serrate ; root-lvs, sometimes 6 in. long, petiolate, cor- date, covered with soft hairs : stem-lvs. sessile, more acurainate : pedimcle 1-fld. : calyx lobes long-acuminate, one-third shorter than the corolla : fls. 6-15 in a loose sp^ke or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large, 23^ in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia. Var. macrtotha, Sims {C. tnacnintha, Fischer) is commoner in cult, than the tj-pe, a little hairier, with a glabrou.s calyx and very large fls. B.M. 2.55.3 and 3.347. K.H. 1897, p. 2.39. Var. erioc&rpa, DC, has the stem and Ivs. pilose and more pallid, an«l a hispi<l calyx tube. There is a white-fld. form. It is native to England, and is easily naturalized in their wild gardens. The stem-lvs. are probably the largest of any of the garden kinds, often 3K in. long and 2 in. wide. FF. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long. 16. Bononi^nsis, Linn. Height 2-23^ ft.: scabrous: stem simple : Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, palli<i be- neatlf; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate ,• upper Ivs. clasping: calyx lobes acuminate, one-fourth shorter than the fun- nei-shape<l corolla: tis. normally pur plish, in a long, loo.se, pyramiilal spike, which may be 2 ft. long, with 60-100 small fls.; corolla /<iin. long and broad. E. Eu., W. Siberia, and Caucasus. Var. Buth^nica (C. liu- the'nica, Bieb. ) has Ivs. wider and to- mentose beneath. Caucasus and Tau- ria. B. M. 2(5."i.3. There is a white- fld. form. The fls. are much smaller than in C lati folia, and the raceme is much larger. 335. Pot plant of Campanula pyramidalis. 336. Nearer view of flow- ers — Campanula pyramidalis. 17. rhomboldalis, Linn. Height 1 ft., sonu'times 2 : stem simple, erect : Ivs. sessile, ovate-acut.', serrate : calyx IoIh's awl-shaped, one-half shttrter than the bell- shapeii corolle : fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose ra- ceme, the lower pedicels of which may be 3 in. long, the 230 CAMPANULA CAMPANULA uppermost 1 in. or less : corolla purplish blue, with a white variety, 1 in. long and a little wider. Mts. of Eu. B.M. 551. as C. azurea. — \X flowers in July and August, after which the stems and Ivs. die down quickly. 18. Trach^lium, Linn. Fig. 337. Height 2-3 ft. : stem angular, covered with dense, short hairs : Ivs. rough, acuminate, coarsely crenate-dentate; root- Ivs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked : caljTi lohes erect, triangular - acuminate, one- third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla: peduncle 1-3-fld.: fls. erect at first, at length tending to droop, in a loose raceme, which may be 12-18 in. long : capsule nodding. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan. R.H. 1897, p. 2.'i9. There is a double-fld. form. — One of the commonest and hardi- est of the border per- ennials, often running out the other Campan- ulas, and hence pass- i n g under many names, especially C. 'tirticifolia. 19. rapunculoldes, Linn. Height 2-4 ft.: stem a little rougher than in C. Troche- lii'.in : Ivs. rough, ovate-acuminate ; root- Ivs. petiolate, cordate, crenulate ; stem - Ivs. serrulate : calyx a lit- tle rougher than in C. Trachelium: lobes lin- ear-lanceolate, at length reflexed. one- fourth shorter than the funnel-formed corolla: fls. solitary, nodding, in long, racemose spikes. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia. 20. versicolor, Sibth. & 8m. Height 3-4 ft. : plant glabrou- : stem ascending : s. ser- rate ; root-lvs. long-petioled, ovate-acute, subcordate ; stem-lvs. short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate : calyx-teeth acun inate. spreading, at length reflexed, one- half as long as the corolla : fls. in long, spicate racemes; style exserted : capsule spheroid. Greece.— Rare. DDD. Inflorescence an optn, compound panicle. 21. divaric^ta, Miehx. Glabrous: height 1-3 ft.: stem erect, slender, paniculate above : branches slender, di- vergent : Ivs. sparse, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate at both ends, coarsely serrate : calj'x-lobes awl- shaped, one-half shorter than the tubular, bell-shaped corolla : fls. small, nodding, blue, in a very open and com}>ound panicle : style st raight exserted. AUeghanies, from Va. to Gp. — Rare in gardens. AA. Jjou'-grou'ing or rock-garden Campanulas, less than a foot high. B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each simts, often minute or disguised in form. c. Throat of corolla spotted violet. 22. punctata, Lam. (C.ndbilis, Lindl.). Named from the spotte<l corolla, the purplish spots being inside and showing through faintly in the fresh fl. but more plainly in the dried specimen. Height 1 ft.: stem with longer and looser hairs than in C. alliari(efolia : upper h's. nearly sessile, and more sharply toothed than the lower: calyx-lobes one-third as long as the corolla, longer, looser and hairier than in C. allinriafnlia, and the margins much more recurved: peduncle 1-4-rtd. : fls. nodding; corolla cylindrical. 2% in. long, white, spotted within, strongly ribbed. Siberia, Japan. (■. nobilis has been considered distinct. In F. S. 3: 247 the cor -11a is dark violet with- out, the limb hairy, while in B. M. 172'6 {C, punctata ) the 337. Campanula Trachelium corolla is white outside and not bearded. In F.S.6:.'563 (C. nobilis, \Ar. alba) the limb is not bearded aiid the stem is red, and not hairy. The three pictures show great differences in foliage, pubescence and appendages This is one of the most interesting of all Campanulas and is, unfortunately, usually considered more quaint than beautiful. Cannot be use<l for cutting. The spot- ted throat readily separates it from all Campanulas See supplementary list for C. Van Uouttei, a supposed hybrid. CO. TJiroat of corolla not spotted. D. Stems 1- flowered. 23. Ailidnii, Villars. Height .3-5 in. : rootsto<k slen- der, creeping underground, sending up stems at inter- vals of %-l in. : Iva. few, about 7 on a stem, 1-2 in, long, linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones similar but more erect : calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as long as the corolla, the appen<lages ovate, reflexed. one- third the length of the calyx-lobes : fls. purple, with a rare whit« variety, only one on a stem, inclined or nodding, 1% in. long, and as broad across the mouth, the largest for the size of the plant of any Campanula. A verv local species, found only in the Alps of Piedmont anil Savoy. B. M. 6588. — No white-fld. form is known. Int. into Eng. about 1879 by G. Maw. "It is an excellent rock-plant, and, though requiring plenty of raoi.sture, it shouhl have a well-drained position, an<l is therefore best grown in a narrow crevice filled with sandy loam and an abundance of ^small stones and grit."— i^, W Meyer. DD. Stems several -flotvered. E. Margin of corolla bearded. 24. barb&ta, Linn. Height 6-9 in.: stem pilose: Ivs. villous, entire or nearly so; root-lvs. tufted, lanceolate; stem-lvs. few, ligulate? : raceme loose, :{-4-fld. : fls. nod- ding, pale blue ; calyr appendage ovate, obtuse, half as long as the lobes ; corolla bell-shaped, shorter than in C. Allionii, and with a beartied mouth. Alps. L.B.C. 8 :788. Gn. 48, p. 297. - ''here is a white-fld. form, but ap- parently no purple. Readily told fnmi C. Allionii by the different colored, bearded and smaller fls., which are rarely borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of the stem. Commonest species in the Alps. "In the rock-garden it should be grown in poor, stony soil, as it is apt to become somewhat coar>e when grown in rich soil."-.?\ W. Meyer. EE. Margin of corolla not bearded. F. Fls. erect. 25. mdllis, Linn. Perennial : velvety gray : height 6-8 in. : stems procumbent, about 2-fld. : root-lvs. tufted, obovate or spatulate ; stem-lvs. ovate or rotund : tls. loosely panicled ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect, half shorter than the glabnms, bell-shaped corolla ; appen- dages minute, shorter than the calyx tube; corolla erect, dark purplish blue or lavender, with a white throat, the tube long, segments short, broad, spreading, acute. Spain, Crete. B.M. 404. — Rock or border plant; not adv. in America. FF. lis. nodding. 26. alplna, Jacq. Height .3-8 in. : stem furrowed : Ivs. smaller than in C. barbata, more narrowly lanceo- late, entire, hairy : fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped, with broader and shorter segments than in C. barbata : calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the fl.-imd, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely spreading. Swiss and Austrian Alps. B.M. 957. J.H. III. 29: 5. —There is a white-fld, var. Int. into England about 1805 by Loddiges. The plant has a characteristic shaggy appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult. 27. Siblrica, Linn. (C. HUhenackcri, Fisch.), Seta- ceous-pilose : stem erect, simple, panicled above : ivs. crenulate ; root-lvs. petioled, obovate, obtuse ; stem- lvs. lanceolate-acuminat« : calyx hairy, the lobes long- acuminate, a third shorter than the corolla : calyx ap- pendages like the lobes but half shorter and reflexed: fls. 25 or more, violet, with a longer and narrower tube than in C. alpina, and longer divisions of the limb. N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu. B.M. (;.')9. R.H. 1861: 4.'?I.- The type is rare, but var. ezimia, Hort., is somewhat CAMPANITLA CAMPANULA 231 eoTDTnoner. It is dwarf er. much branched, with long, scabrous Ivs. and pale bluish to violet Ha. See Mottet's translation of Nicholson. Diet. Gard. Var. divdrgrens, Willd., has lart;er fls. and broader Ivs. than the type. G.(\ HI. l«i:597. C. Sibirica usually does best when treated as a biennial. BB. Calyx without appendages. c. Fls. very wide-itpreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped, almost flat. D. Blossoms all erect. 28. Waldsteiniiina, Roem. & Schult. Perennial : heijrht 4-0 in. : stems rigid, glabrous : Ivs. fleshy, ses- sile. s;ray-green, lanceolate, slightly serrate-dentate, the lower obtuse, the upper long-acuminate : calyx lobes awl-shaped, spreadiuff or recurved, one-tourth shorter than the corolla : fls. 5-i) in a corymbose raceme 1^ in. bng, ?4in. wide, pale purplish blue ; corolla rotate, al- most starlike, with a dark spot in the throat : pistil large, white, twice the length of the corolla, with a yel- low stigma. Hungary. Gn. 8, p. 173.— Not advertised in America at present. DD. Blossoms not all erect. E. Habit trailing or pendulous. 29. frdgilis, Cyrill. Perennial : height 4-6 in, : stems diffuse, trailing : root-lvs. long-petioled, roundish-cor- date, obtusely dentate, or crenat<*ly lobed ; stem-lvs. sm;»ller, scattered, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate : fls. pale purplish blue with a white center, IJ^in. wide, in loose corymbs ; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate, erect, almost equaling the corolla; stvle exserted: capsule ovoid. Italy. B.M. r..")04. P.M. 11:25. Gn. 8, p. 174, and 47, p. 278. Var. hirstita, DC, is a hairier fonn.— This is the best species for hanging baskets, window and veranda boxes, and for covering large stones in the rockery. Prop, by cuttings in spriufr, the roots being too fragile to divide well. Not so hardy as C. Garganica. 31). Garganica, Tenore. Height .Vfi in. : stem diflFuse: lower Ivs. renifomi-cordate, crenate-dentate ; upper Ivs. ovate-acute, dentate : raceme lax : peduncles 1-2-fld. : cahTC tube spheroid, the lobes spreading, a third or fourth shorter than the glabrous corolla. Mt. Gargano in Italy. B.R, 21 : 17G8, Gn. 48, p. 295. and 4.?. p. 25. Var. hirstita, Hort., is a hairier form. Gn. 4«J, p. 253, and 48, p. ■_".>7. — "Owing to the pendent character of its flower- ing branches, its proper place is against a rocky ledge, over wliich its masses of flowers may hang."— J^. C. yiven. Half -shaded position. Prop, by cuttings or by division. EE. Habit not trailing or pendulous. .11. Elatlnes, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubescent: height o-d in. : Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den- tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute : raceme lax : calyx tube spherical, the lobes spreatling, linear-lanceo- late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate corolla : style exserted. Piedmont. — Rare rock plant for light, stony .soil. ;t\ Portenschlagriina, Roem. & Schult. (C. murdlis, Port.). Heitrht (>-8 in.: stems somewhat erect : Ivs. all alike petiolate. cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den- tate: calyx tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a third shorter than the infundibuliform corolla : fls. racemose. Dalmatia.— Allied to f. 6^ar(7«w/r<i, but the corolla not so deeply 5-cut. Little known. For conflicting descrip- tion.s, see Gn. 8, p. llli, and 48, p. 297. cc. Fls. broadly bell-shaped, less widely spreading than in C, wider than in CCC. D. Height 2-3 in. :^.'!. R^nerii, Perpenti. Height2-3in.: stems suberect, branchinfr; branches l-:{-rtd. : Ivs. subsessile. ovate, dis- tantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate: calyx tube olxonical, the lobes lonff-acuminate. erect, half shorter than the broadly infundibulifonn corolla: fls. large, soli- tar}, erect, dark purplish blue ; style short, not exserted : capsule obovate. 3Its. near Lake Como. F.S. 18:1908.— One of the choicest roc": plants, but somewhat rare. Several fonns of the hybrid Campanula G. F. Wilson are often cult, under this name, but their Iva. are lighter green and less tomentose than C. Rainerii. Enjoys a well drained, sunny position. DD. Height more than ?-3 in. 34. Tendril, Moretti. Height 8-12 in., glabrous : stem a.scending or prostrate : Ivs. leatherj'; root-lvs. long-peti- oled, ovate, subcordate, irregularly serrate ; stem-lvs. petiolate, ovate-acute, coarsely serrate : calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, spreading, half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : fls. racemose : capsule spherical. Naples. — This is now referred to the Grecian species C. versicolor, which is typically taller. In the garden, C. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in foliage and flower, but is shorter. E. Style not exserted. 35. Carpitica, Jacq. Fi>f. .'{.{8. Height 9-18 in., gla- brous : stem branching : lowr Ivs. thin, long-petiole<l, ovate-rotund, c<»rdate, coarsely dentate, undulate: upper ones shorter petioled, ovate-acuminate: peduncles long, terminal and axillary, 1-fld. : fls. large, often 1 Hin. wide, deep blue or white: calyx tube obconical, the lobes a<'ute, wide at thf base, subdontate, erect, a third or half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : .style not exserted : capsule ovoid-cylindrical. Carpathian Mts. of Austria. B.M. 117. Gn. 48, p. 297. Var. turbin^ta, Hort. ( C. turbi- v(ita. Schott), is dwarfer, more compact, with fls. more bell- or top-shaped, and often 2 in. across, purplish blue. It also has larger Ivs. and more decumbent hal)it. ( in. 45, p, 171, A form with pallid fls, is rarer, Var. Q. F. Wil- son, Hort.. is a hybrid of var. turbinata antl C pulla, with the large fls. of the former and the handsome dark foliage of the latter. It is compact, dwarf, and small, ovat«, very hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin. O. Haylodginsis, Hort., is a garden hybrid, probably be- tweerfC Carp'itica and C cwspitosa. Raised by Ander- son Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in. : root-lvs. tufted, roundish cordate, slighcly dentate: stem- Jvs. light green, ovate-cordate, con- spicuously t<K)thed : fls. light blue, bell-shaped, few, at the ends of 8tems. Var. pelvif6rmi8, Hort., from Crete, has very large, pale lilac. almost saucer- shaped fls. PH. 1882, &509. Var. Henderson!, ort.. is generally re- ferred to var. turbinata, b'lt is more robust. Lvs. ovate and ovate-cordate, IK in. long, ^in. broatl, slightly huiry on both sides, folded upwards, serrate: petioles 1-1 Vain, long: fls. dark blue, 1 J^-2 in. wide, in short, 6-9- fld. racemes. — This spe- cies is among the ttrst dozen in popularity, and is very variable in height and in shape of flowers. EE. Style exserted. .36. isoph^lla, Moretti {C. floribunda, Viv,). Stem suberect : lvs. all alike, petiolate, round- ish cordate, crenate-den- tate: calyx lobes acumi- nate, haif shorter than the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. pale blue, 1 in. or more wide, corym- bose ; style exserted :' capsule ovoid. Italr. B.M. 5745. Gn. 49, p. 483: 48. p. 297. -An excellent basket or rock plant in sun or half shade. The white variety seems to be more popular. Fls. may be saucer-shaped. CCC. Fls. bell-shaped. D. Style exserted. 37. ScoWeri, Hook. Height 8-12 in.: stem simple or branched : Iv.-. acutely serrate, somewhat hirsute ; lower ones ovate-acute, petioled ; middle ones ovate-lanceo- 338. Campanula Carpatica . 232 CAMPANULA CAMPANULA lat»' : upper linfar-latireolate. sessile : calyx lobes awl- shaped, erect, (uie-third shorter than the eorolla : Hs. racemose, or more or less panicled : style exserte<l : capsule ovoid. C'olunihia river. — The capsular valves are a little above the middle, while in C. Carpatieti and (\ pernicifolia they are near the apex. A rare western American species. DD. Style not exserted. E. Color ft-ry dark purple. 38. polla, Ijinn. Height '.Wt in.: stem normally 1-fld.: Ivs. triabrous, crenulate-dentate ; lower ones short-petioled, ovate- rotund : upper sessile, ovate- acute: calyx lobes long-acuminate, erect, a half shorter than the b e 1 1 - shaped, nodding corolla. Mts. of Austria. In B.M. 2492 the calyx lobes are short - acumi- nate, a sixth as long as the corolla. L.B.C. 6 : 5i>4. — Darkest flow- ered of all Campanu- las. 339. "Blue Bells of Scotland"— Campanula rotundifolia. Natural size. EE. Color }tot very dark purple. .39. rotundifdlia, Linn. Hair- bell. Hakebell. Bue Bells OF Scotland. Fit,'. 3:}i>. Height 340. Campanula rotundifolia. (>-r2 in. Root-lvs. petiolate, var. soldanellaeflora. cordate, crenate-dentate : stem- Ivs. iiiiear or lanceolate, usually entire: cah-x lobes awl- shape 1. erect.a third shorter tluln the bell-shaped corolla: tl. Inids <rect. Eu., Siberia, W. N. Amer. On. 53: 1153, — This is one of the most cosmopolitan of all Campanu- la-. im<\ The true hairbell or bluebell of literature. In the wild it is sletiderer and taller than in the garden. In sliady woods it often gi-ows 2 ft. high. The type has a white-fid. variety which is much less popular, but G.C. LMU:098 shows an excellent pot-plant of it. Var. Hostii, Hort. (C. Ildxtii, Baumg.), has larger fls. than the type and stouter stems. The lower stem-lvs. are lanceolate, remotely dentate, the upper linear entire : calyx lobes lontrer than in the type, a half shorter than the contUa. The white-tld. form is not as vitrorous. The most pronounced form is var. floldanellsefldra, Hort. (C. sohlanella, Hort.). Fig. 340. With semi- double blue rts. split to the base into about 2.") divisions. F.S. 18: 1880. — This curious variation is unique in the genus. The alpine soldanellas are famous among trav- ellers for melting their way through the ice. They have fringed blue fls. The name of this species seems singu- larly inappropriate until we have sought the root-lvs. in early spring. 40. Schetichxeri, Vill. (C. ihii folia, var. Seheiichseri) Height 4-12 in.: stem 1-4-Hd., usually 1-Hd.: rwt Ivs roundish, ovate, or cordate : stem Ivs. linear or nar- rowly lanceolate, sessile, denticulate, the lowest stem Ivs. spatulate : calyx lobes slender, linear-awl-shapeU. nearly as long as the bell-shaped corolla. Alpine and subarctic regions of Newfoundland, Labrador, Alaska F.S. 21: 220.*), not L.B.C. 5: 485, which DeCaudolle states most emphatically is C. rotundifolia and nothing else. The stem-lvs. of C. Scheuchzeri are 'Mstinctly serrate! while in C rotundifolia they are entire ; the tl«»wer- buds jhhI in the former, but are erect in the latter. The calyx lobes are relatively longer in C. Scheuchzt ri, and perhaps the l)ell is deeper. 41. caespitdsa. Scop. (C. pftmila. Curt. C. pusilJn, HH>nk. I. Height 4-4J in. : root-lvs. tufted, short-petioled! ovate, glandular-dentate, shining : calyx lobes linear] erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : tls! no«lding, pale blue or white: p<dlen violet-colore<l. B M 512. Gn. 43 : 892. (in. 48. p. 297. - Dwarfer than C, roiun'. difolia, with root-lvs, never renifonu, shorter-petioled, and lasting until after tls. have gone. Perennial, quickly forms a dense mat. Border, edgings, or nM;kery. The European trade catalogues usually t>fter C. cii^spHonu and C. punilla separately, and doubtless plants of dis- tinct horticultural value are passing under these names, but there seem to be no botanical or horticultural de- scriptions that will distinguish them. 42. ezclsa, Schleich. Perennial, glabrous: height 4-5 in.: stems slender, 1-fld.: roct-lvs. spatulate: upper Ivs. linear: calyx lobes bristly, spreading, at length retlexed, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : Hs. pale blue, divided to about half their depth, with a round hole at the base of each sinus, which easily distinguishes it from C. pulla and all other Campanulas. Rare in Alps. B.M.73i>8. L.B.C. 6: 561. — A rare rock plant. Likescool, moist air, and not too full exposure to sun. Not adver- tised in America. occc. Fls. long-tubular, abnormal. 43. Z6yBii, Woif. Height 3-4 in. : plant tufted, gla- brous : stems few-fld. : root-lvs. entire, crowded, petio- late, ovate-obovate, obtuse: stem-lvs. obovate-lanceolate and linear: peduncles 1-fld, terminal, rarely axillary i cahT: lobes linear, awl-shaped, spreading, a fourth shorter than the corolla : corolla long-cylindrical, constricted at the apex, wider at the base, sharpiv angled. Austrian Alps. Gn. 8,p. 173. G.C. III. 20: 183.'- A rare and abnor- mal species. "Fls. large in proportion to the size of the plant, azure blue. * * * terminated before expansion by a pretty stellate process, arising from the infolding of the segments of the corolla after expansion. These are seen to be densely bearded, forming a mass of hairs sur- rounding the large capitate stigma."— J'. C. JViven. AAA. Kitchen garden vegetable: roots radish-like. A salad plant. 44. Bapuncnlus, Linn. Rampion. Biennial: height 2-3 ft. : root spindle- or long-radish-shaped, % in. thick. white : stem erect, sulcate : lower Ivs. obovate, short- petiided, somewhat crenate: stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire: fls. lilac, in a spike or n-c ne: calyx tube obconi- cal, lobes glabrous or brist?\ - ."i't, awl-shaped, a half shorter than or nearly equal ' v tiie funnel-shaped corolla. Eu., Orient, N. Asia, N. . \. The roots and Ivs. are eaten as a salad. The seem, which are the smallest of any kitchen garden vegetaule, are sown in the open ground in early May either broadcast or in drills. A little sand mixed with the .seed gives an evener sowing. Press flrmly, and water carefully. Thin out the seedlings if necessary. Water freely in hot weather. A fresh sowing may be made in June, as early sown plants may run to seed. Roots are gathered in October, and may be stored in sand for winter use. Rapunculus means a little tur- nip. Vilmorin-Andrieux, The Vegetable (iarden. C abiet}na, Griseb. Rare, tiiftetl. rookerj- plant, with slender. wiry stems 9-15 in. high : tls. light blue in loose, branchiiiK spikes. July-Aug. E. Eii.—CcalycdntheitM. Hort. = C Me- dium, var. calycunthema. — r. i'enisia, Linn. A rare rofk plant from Mt. Cenis and other mts. of the Alps, is a rare tufted rock plant with solitary deep blue tls. on stems 2 in. high. Root-lvs. obovate. obtuse : stem-lvs. ovate-oblong : all Ivs. sessile-entire : calyx hirsute, the lol>es linear-lanceolate, li half shorter than the deeply jHiut, spreadiuK corolla,— C. Dahdrica, CAMPANULA CANADA 233 Hort. Plants sold under this name are likely to b« C. glom- •rata. var. spe<-iosa.— C Erlnus, Linn. Annual : plant hispid : lieight :H>in.: Ivs. small, glossy, %-%\n. broad, coniate, deeply eat, the iMiinted lolies conspicuous : lis. sessile, pale blue with alight i-enter. tubular (or star-shaped.'), ^in. broad, with acutf narrow lobes ; style long, conspicuous, colored like co- rolla : racemes long, semi-prostrate, lO-2t)-rtd. Metliterranean. Bare shortlived rock plant. Also for edgings and iwts.— 6*. gramlUlora, Jacq.==Platyco<lon granditlorus.— f '. Lamdrckii, D. hietr.— Adenophora Ijamarckii. — C. nitida, Ait.=C. plani- HQff^—C, planiflora, h&m. ((.'. nitida. Ait.). Glabrous: height 3-flin.: stem simple: Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining: root-lvs. crowded in a dense rosette, ovate or ol>ovate-ol>tuse, crenulate, l^in. long: stem Ivs. linear-lunceolate, acute, nearly entire: fls. blue or white, with double varieties, in spicate racemes ; eaiyx l<)l)es ovate, acute, broad, erect, a third shorter than the broa'JIy bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla. Not American, though commonly so state<l. Habitat unknown. J.H. III. 33: 2h:j. RiM'k plant, for sunny position.— <'. specioga, Pourr., is a rare species. Most of the plants passing under this name are likely to he C. glomerata. B.M. 2t>49 is < . glomerata, var. sj»e- ciosa.— r. Sfteeultim, Linn.=Si>ecularia Speculum. — C. tirtiri- fblia. This name is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C Trachelium. — r. Van Houttei, Carr. Height 2 ft.: root-lvs. longpetioled, roundish cordate, more or less lobed ; stem-lvs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, irregularly bi-dentate, 2H^ in. long, more or less villous, strongly ner\-e«l : fls. usually solitary-, nodding at the end of a small branchlet, 2 in. long, half as broa»i, indigo blue, or violet ; calyx lol)es linear, spreading, 1 in. long. A garden hybrid resembling ('. punctata. Int. into France ISTXby Thibaut and Keteleer. R.H. 1878, p. 420(descr. ). Var. j>allida has pale lavender fls. \y t^j^ CAMFHOBA (from camphor, made from its juice). LaHrileece. The Camphor Tree {Camphb^nt officintilis, Steud. ) is native to China and Japan, but it is now in- troduce«i into S. Fia. Botanically, it is very closely al- lied to the cinnamons, and is often referred to that genus (a.s Cinnamomum Cuniphora), hut it diflFers in its scaly buds, membranaceous calyx, and leaf characters. Comphora officinalis attains a height of 40 ft., and en- dures light frosts. It has alternate, ovate-elliptic, en- tire, thick Ivs., and axillary panicles of small, yellow fls. The whole plant contains camphor. The gum is obtained from the extracted juice. CAMPION. See Silene. CAMPSIDIUM. See Tecoma. CAMPTOSOBUS (Greek, bent sort, alluding to the irrejTular arrangement I. Polypodidcecp. A small genus of hardy ferns, with simple, pointed Ivs., which take root at the apex, and are hence known as ''Walking-leaf Ferns.'' A single species is na- tive mostly on lime-bearing rooks, and an allied species is known from Japan and N. Asia. rhizopli^lluB, Link. Fig. 341. Lvs. simple, tapering from a heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long; veins forming meshes near the midrib ; sori irreg- ularly scattered. Canada to Alabama. —Sometimes grown in rockeries and wiW gardens. L. M. Under\vooi>. CAMPYLOBO- TEY8, See Hoff- mminia. CANADA. Figs. 342-4. The most important fruit re- gions of Canada are those surrounded wholly or in part by bodies of salt or fresh water. In the extreme east the Atlantic ocean with its indentations, is the influencing climatic factor. In central Canada the great lakes. Ontario and Erie, serve the same usefiil oflace, while in the extreme west the Pacific ocean, with Camptosjfuj inizophyllus. its gulf stream, tempers tlu* climate of British Colum- bia, and gives sutlicifnt atmospheric moisture, so that all but tropical and citms fruits may W grown in the most favored localities. It is interesting to note that while on the eastern Atlantic coast apples are success- fully grown as far north as the 47th parallel north lati- tude, and in British C«dunibia as far north as the 52d degree north latitu<ie, yet in the interior of Ontario and Quebec they have not succeeded north of the 4<ith par- allel. The fruits of Cana<la of to-day are attributalde to .'» main sources : 1. Seeds, brought by tb-^ first Frencli missionaries and English coh>nists. ]>. Seeds antl plants obtained from Virginia and New England. .'}. Plants and seeds brought in by United Empire Royalists. 4. Chance seedling pro<luction. ,5. Recent importation from Europe, and systematic plant-bree<ling. In order to obtain an idea of the character of fruits cultivated in the Dominion, it will be necessary to con- sider the provinces separately : Prince Edward Islaxi*. — Latitude, 4G degrees to 47 degrees north, area about one and a quarter million acres. The surface is undulating, the whole island eminently agricultural and pastoral. Soil, a reddish loam, some- times sandy and (M-casionally clayish. Tlu- climate is sufficiently mihl to a<lmit of the cultivation of pears and of plums of the Prunns domentica type. The winters are long and tedious, with heavy snowfalN. and freijuent fogs and sleety rains. The first fruits introduce<l were apples, by French colonists. Later, the English and Scotch settlers brought other apples and pears, in addi- tion to Kentish cherries. It is probable, also, that some of these early fruits were introduced by the Acadian French, We still find on the island a few of the old Freneh orchards of apples and cherries. Cherries have been cultivated — in fact, they have taken care of them- selves—with success since the time of their first intro- duction. They belong to the Kentish type, and ripen in that locality a month later than do the same varieties grown in eastern Ontario. Black-knot has lately ap- peared, but is being attended to. Apple-growing is on the increase. The better practices in fruit-growing are being introduced; a few large orchards are already established and are bearing satisfactorily. The climate has an important effect upon the keeping properties of apples and pears. Such late-maturing varieties as Ben Davis, Stark, and Missouri Pippin do not, as a rule, at- tain full size and perfection. The autumn and early winter apples of the west are the most suitable varie- ties. Of these are Ribston, Blenheim Pippin, Hubbard- ston and Grimes Golden. The same is true of pears. The early and midseason varieties do best. Clapp, Bartlett, i Howell, and Aujou are doing well. Among plums, Moore's Arctic, Early Damson and Lombard are favorites. Peaches cannot be grown successfully unless artificially protected during winter. bmall-f ruits are grown successfully in all parts of the island. The most important of these is the cranberry. The area devoted to this fruit is extending rapidly. Tlie product is shipped to England. There is undoubtedly a future for fruit-growing on this island, with its natural under-drainage in many parts, its equable climate, and its proximity to the European market. Nova Scotia ant* Cape Breton.— The Dominion owes very much to this province for the good pioneer work done in advertising the fruit-growing capabilities of ('anada in the European markets. The best advertise- ment that could be given by any country was afforded bv the magnificent display of fruit made by the Province of Nova Scotia through its Fruit Growers' Association at the Indian and Intercolonial exhibition in London in 188(5. As early as the middle of the last century, the Acadian French, who then peopled Kings and Annapolis counties, cultivated apples and pears with great success. When these lands fell into the hands of Connecticut and Eng- lish immigrants in 17t>0, old pear and apple trees wen- found in many places; some of the latter exist at the present day. It must not be supposed that the apple growing of Nova Scotia is restricted to the Annapolis valley. This valley is only one of several, and the con- tiguous fertile valleys of the Comwallis and Gaspereaux rivers are equally well adapted and equally productive. The protection afforded in this, the best fruit section of 2^ CANADA CANADA the pn>vince, by the low parallel lines of hills, known as the north and south mountain ranjfes, is important and valuable as windbreaks. The numerous bays and inlets assist in etjualizing temperatures, and exercise a marked intiuence upon the longevity of the apple tree in this region. The soil consists of sand, sandy loam and clay, overlaying sandstone formation. The enormous rise and fall of the tiiles have pro<luced extensive deposits con- stituting the present marsh and dyked lands. These marsh lands serve the purpose of supply in tr an abundant annual supply of herbage, in addition to > 'ding an in- exhaustible store of cheap, natural fertili/.er, used by fruit-growers with great advantage upon the upland orchard areas. Figs. '.U2, 'MA. Fruit Regions and i-VMiVs. — Kentville, Wolfville, and Berwick are important fruit pro<lucing centers. Here are found many of the old English types of apples, such as Golden Pippin and Devonshire Quarrenden. Good apples are grown in nearly all parts of the province, but the valleys already mentioned contain the major portion of the bearing orchards. The total orchard area is esti- mated at 80,000 acres, and is rapidly increasing, i'ears have long been cultivated, but the industry has not grown like the apple. Plums are widely cultivated. Doniesticas and Japans do well; Moore's Arctic is the favorite of the former class and Burbank of the latter. The export of apples to Britain began in 1875, and has been steatiily on the increase since that time. The mar- ketable crop of apples in 1896 amounted to 500,000 barrels, nearly all exported to Britain. The characteris- tic apple of the province is Gravenstiin. This, with Ribston Pippin, was imported from England by Hon. Charles Ramage Prescott, between 18ii0 and 1835. Col. John Burbidge introduced the Nonpareil Russet. Doctor Inglis, the first bishop of Nova Scotia, introduced Yellow Bellefleur to the Annapolis valley, where it is now known by the name of Bishop's Pipjiin. The cranberry industry is developing rapidly. In 1890 the output from the cultivated bogs amounted to 400 barrels; in 1898 it had nearly reached 4,000 barrels. The varieties cultivated are selected from the wild marshes. The fruit-growers of the province are intelligent and energetic. The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association, the oldest in the Dominion, assists in maintaining a hor- ticultural school, which was established at Wolfville and is affiliated with Acadia College. The fruit-growing industry- in Cape Breton is yet in its infancy. The climate and soil resemble that of Prince Edward island, and practically the same class of fruits are being tested. New Brunswick.— The climate of this province fa- vors a mixed husbandry. Wild raspberries, strawber- ries, blueberries and cranberries grow in wild profusion, and have to some extent hindered the growing of culti- vated forms. Apples may be grown successfully for home use in nearly all parts. Commercial orchards are now tftWDfT 342. Ontario. Quebec and Nova Scotia. I, 1, peach and grape regions; 2. mixed truit zone: 3 general agriculture, ami apples. Nova Scotia : 1, plums, pears, apples; 2, apples. being planted in the valley of the St. John river, at and about Woodstock. Damson and Moore's Arctic plums are grown to a considerable extent. A few grow- ers have found it profitable to protect their plum trees in winter by planting them in such a manner as admits of the trees being reclined on the ground in the autumn. The snowfall is heavy, and is a sufficient protection. Thomas A. Sharpe, of WtiodsttK'k, is a pioneer in this work. Of apples, the following varieties have l)een most successful in the St. John river valley: Duche!«s Wealthy, Fameuse, Pewaukee, Longfield, and Scott's Winter. The small-fruit harvest is h week later than in Nova Scotia. New Brunswi<-kers are therefore enahled to place their berries upon the Boston market at a tijne when competition from other <iuarters is light in these classes of fruits. Native raspberries and wild cranber- ries (VacriHiitm I'ifi.s-lthpu) are gathered and shi[»|K'd in large quantities to Boston. T. Vifi>t-l<Jmi is com- monly known in New Brunswick as Wolflierry or Low- bush Cranberry. In the past, lumbering, fishing and mining have absorbed much attention in New Bruns- wick, but fruit culture is constantly receiving increased attentum. Bright minds are at work in the province. What to grow, and how to grow it, are questions receiv- ing earnest attenti >n. QiEBEC. — The climatic conditions in eastern Quebec approach quite closely those obtaining in many parts of New Brunswick. We find the principal fruit areas ly- ing south of that great artery of commerce, the St. Lawrence river. Here and there, not on the low clav flats, but on the higher middle elevations, with gravellv subsoil affonling natural drainage, we find (orchard's made up of "La Belle Fameuse," Pomme Gris. and St. Laurent, truly Canadian an<l truly delicious ai)ples. In the lower St. Lawrence region, especially on the north side, the keeping season of apples is very much ex- tended — or rather, the ripening season is very much re- tarded. At ('hicoutmi,on the Saguenay, Red Astrachan ripens about the end of September and Wealthy is late winter. In L'IsIet county, about 70 miles northeast of the city of Quebec, plum-growing has become a somewhat spe- cialized industry during its evolution, which covers a period of a century and a quarter. Varieties of Reine Claude and of Orleans plums have originated, and are now peculiar to that district. Reine Claude de Mont- morency is a fine flavored strain of the parent gnmp. All plums gi'ow in stocky form, with widely spreading branches, and are very protluctive. The trees are grown in sod, with little pruning and fertilizing. The marketing season extends from September 15 to October 15. Hardj- forms of Kentish cherries have also been developed. The season is a month later than at C)ttawa, Out. Between Quebec and Montreal, along the St. Lawrence river, plums and apples are grown to a limited extent only. The heavy blue clay of the re^'ion between the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers is uu- suited to the cultivation of fruits. A wild fniit which is being grown by the French habitant of the Richelieu and its tributaries is the choke cherry, Priinus Mr- gin iana, Linn. The fruit is eaten raw, but is also made into jellies and conserves. A yellow variety is common to gardens in the vicinitv of St. Hyacinth, Que. The Island of Montreal is undoubtedly the cradle of the fruit industry of the province. Here a truly intensive style of fruit-growing prevails. Apples. plums and pears are staples. Strawberries, gooseberries, and other small fruits are largely culti- vated. Convenient market facili- ties, both at-home and abroad, assist the fruit-grower. The hardier types of Primus dome.stica, such as Dam- son and Orleans plums, succeed except in seasons of unusual se- verity, when their fruit buds fail. Japan plums have not yet been sufficiently tested on the island, with the ex- ception of Burbank, which fruits uncertainly. So far as can be ascertained, the Island of Montreal is the home of the Fameuse and St. Lawrence, and possibly Pomme Gris. About the foothills of those curious outcrop- pings of the Vermont moimtains th^t we find in the Richelieu valley and in the eastern townships — locali- ties peopled by U. E. Loyalists — fruit - growing is a leading branch of rural labor. Beloeil, Rougemont and Abbotsford are well known to Quebec fniit-growera T'Srr-i CANADA M leadinjf fruit-growins: centers of the province. The gtandard coniiueroial apples of Ontario and New York, as GreeniuK. Baldwin and Spy, do not succeed. Faineuse, Wealthy and Duchess, with Canada Baldwin and Win- ter St. Lawrence, do well, the latter two beinj? natives of the Province, and much appreciated. The fruit area along the New York bound - ar>- line is rapidly extending?. Apples and plums are sta- ples, while pears and lurrapes are grown for home use. The earlier varieties of grapes only are grown. Con- cord does not ripen with certainty everj- year. Dela- ware, Lady and Moore's Early are generally reliable in this western region. Gibbland Farm, once the home of Charles Gibb (de- ceased 1890), a prominent amateur fruit-grower and philanthropist, is Undated at Abbotsford, Que., and con- tains a large collection of Russian fruits. These fruits were widely distributed in Quebec through the efforts of Mr. Gibb. A few of the summer varieties have su- perseded older kinds. The only winter Russian apple which has become at all well known in Quebec is Arabka of Ellwanger & Barry CANADA 235 to 200 acres of land for a cow, but found no buyer. This land is now valued at from $;{()() to $500 per acre. The improvement of native fruits began in 1830 by the in- tro4iuction of foreign varieties, and by the establishment of home nurseries. Cntnmercial and statisficnl.^The peach industry of Apple orchards in the Annapolis valley. Nova Scotia. Longfield is also suc- cessful in eastern Quebec, where it keeps till midwinter. Unless carefully managed, this variety soon deteriorates by overbearing. Montreal is the chief apple shipping port during Sep- tember and October. Later in the year Ontario and Quebec apples go to Europe via Halifax, Portland or Boston. For a number of years past fruit-growers in the vicinity of Montreal have shipped Duchess and Alexander apples to Liverpool and Glasgow. The un- satisfactory feature about the commercial side of fruit- growing in Quebec is the scarcity of good winter export apples. The old standards are not reliable and de- sirable substitutes have not been found. Canada Bald- win, Scott, Winter ano Pewaukee are generally rec- ommended. OxTARio. — Prom the star.lpoint of a fruit-grower, the province may be divided as follows : 1. An apple-growing region in the extreme east, on the north side of the St. Lawrence. 2. A pear, plum and apple-growing region between Toronto and Kingston, along the shore of Lake Ontario. 3. An extended and distinctively apple-growing area between Toronto on the south, Owen Sound on the north. Haliburton on the northeast, and Lake Huron on the west. [In the vicinity of Owen Sound, on the south shore of Georgian Bay, plums of P. domestica class are extensively cultivated.] 4. A peach, grape, pear, ])lum and small-fruit region in the Niagara peninsula, between the overlapping ends of Lakes Erie and Ontario. 1, Fig. .'U2. 5. A peninsula in the west, between Lakes St. Clair &Q(I Fiiie— an area where fruits similar to those noted in the last are cultivated. Pelee Island, in Lake Erie, might be included in this fruit zone. 1, Fig. '542. Historical.— Along the banks of the Detroit river, in the extreme southwest, are gigantic pear trees. These are from seed planted probably by French missionaries. One of the oldest trees is said to date from 170.^. These trees are productive, but the fruit is not valuable. The planting of apple orchards began in this region about the year 1784. The planting of vineyards, for which the region is not^d, dates back about 40 years. The Niagara Peninsula was settled somewhat later than the Essex region. Here, between 1780-90, the United Empire Loy- alists received grants of land from King George, and planted seeds of apples brought from their homes in the United States. Here we are told that John Smith, in the early part of this century, offered to sell his claim the Leamington district, in the west (5), is growing rapidly. Though not more than 20 years has elapsed since its inauguration, the present annual output is very large. In lh94, 3.'), 000 baskets of peaches were shipped from Leamington station, Essex county ; in 1895 more than double that fjuantity was sent out. In 189(i, more than half a million peach trees were planted in that region. In the Niagara district the output of peaches is much larirer, and the fruit industry is more uniformly diversitied. The Niagara fruit-grower is strictly up-to-date. Electric cars run every half hour past the doors of the fruit-growers residing between Hamilton and Beamsville ; telephones connect their homes, and bring daily market reports. During the shipping season, a fruit train leaving Niagara Falls daily and, running to Hamilion, carries away such peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, pears and berries as are not .^hipped by boat from St. Catharines, Port Dal- housie, or Niagara on the Lake. The standard varieties of apples of the province are Spy, Greening and Baldwin. Ben Davis, York Imperial and Ontario are being widely planted — the latter a native of the province. It is a cross between Northern Spy and Wagener, produced by the late Chas. Arnold, of Paris. Princess Louise and 5lcIntosh Red, supposed seedlings of Fameuse, are becoming well known in the eastern parts of the province. Among other fruits produced in the province are the Moyer and Jessica grapes, the Fitz- gerald and Longhurst peaches. C. C. James. Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, gives the following estimated statistics regard- ing fruits and fruit areas in the province in 1895. Area in orchard, garden and vineyard, .'520.122 acres; number of apple trees of bearing age, 5,91:5.900; young trees not bearing, 3,548,053. In 1896, the yield of apples in the province was estimated to amount to 20,000,000 barrels. The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association has a mem- bership of 5,000, and publishes a monthly Journal of Horticulture. Secretary and editor, Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont. A series of fourteen fruit experiment stations has re- cently been estal)lished, so located as to cover the va- rious climatic divisions of the province. The object is to test and report upon all fruits, old and new. These are under the joint control of the Ontario Agricultural College and the Ontario Fruit-growers' Associaticm, with L. Woolverton as executive officer, whose duty it is to make an annual report of the whole to the Min- ister of Agriculture, I 236 CANADA CANADA MANrTOBA AND THB NORTHWEST TeKRITORIES. — As far as the tret* fniits are concenied, those whioh can bo jfrown sucofssfuliy in these rejfioMs without ext.aordi- nary care have yet to be produced. A few Huxsian apples and Siberian crabs have survived and have pro- «luced some fruit in southeastern Manitoba. Pyrun fntccdta (the Iwrried cnibof Europe) is hanly at the Doni. Experiment Stations at Brandon, Man., and Indian Head, N. W. Terr. This has been crossed with the hardiest Itussian apples in the hope? that the resultant seedlinj^s, of which there are now many thousands, will prove hardy in tree, and pnwluce fruit of edible size. With the protection afforded by belts of timber, small fruits of nearly all kinds — grapes, however, beinsr a »'<'- table excej)tion — are grown with a nnnlerate degree of success. The natural obstjwles are appreciably less in Manitoba than in the Provinces of Assinil>oia, Alberta and Saskatchewan, where late .spring frosts, high winds and perioils of summer <lrought utid severe winter cohl make the cultivation of the hardiest fruits, such as gooseberries and currants, difficult and precarious. Na- tive types of these fruits are cultivated. Juneberries are much appre«'i.ited. Without doubt the rancher and wheat grower of these northwest provinces will be de- pendent for his fruit supply upon Ontario and British Columbia for many years to come. The chief sources of horticultural information in this region are the l)t>- minion experiment stations already referred to. 344. British Columbia. The fruit regions are lietwfeu the itarallel series of dotttnl lines. British Colcmbia.— Fig. 344. I am indebted to J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the province, for much of the following data. British Col- umbia is wonderfully diversified, and has great fruit- growing possibilities in its deltas, its coast line, its valleys, its benches, its irrigated lands. Great climatic variation means a corresponding widening of the possi- bilities of fruit-culture, and tliere is here undoubtedly a more extended range of therniometric variation and atmospheric moisture than' is found in any other prov- ince of the Dominion. fl^<*7or/<vf/. — Regarding the early history of fruit- growing, and some of its later developments, Mr. An- •lerson writes as follows : "It was soon discovered by the early settlers in and about the old Hmlson's Bay C'ompany's forts of Victoria and Langley. that apple trees would mature and bear fruit. Tliere was, however, a deep-rooted belief that the greater part of the country wouhl not produce fruit, or, indeed, for that matter, crops of any kind. However, gradually trials were nia<le by adventurous spirits, miners, packers, and others (probably never by practi- cal farmers or fruit-growers ), and it gradually da'wned upon the sparse population that apples and field crops would grow in most parts of the coast line of the province, and of that part known as the dry belt lying between the Coast Range and the Rocky mountains. Then it appeared to occur to the residents that other fruits might do, and thereupon trees and plants were procured from California, and in mogt caaef^ all were found to be successful. Up to this time (between 1855 and 1800), most of the fruit was the produce of seed- lings, the offspring of seeds procured from other coun- tries, which being acclimatized, with a gmxl climate freedom (»f insect pests and diseases, pro«iuced womler- ful crops without the trouble of cultivating, pruning and spraying. Now, however, fruit trees of a superior «jual- ity began to be imported, and for Home time throve equally well as those of humbler origin, but by an<l hy, f«)r some unacct)untable reas«»n. the trees did not hear as well as formerly, nor was the fruit as gooil or &g large as it use«l to be, and old-timers w<mdered what was the matter, and so things went on from ba«l to worse until people of a new generation began to settle in the province, who so<m ascertained the cause of failure to be due to the importation with the trees, from the neighlH)ring states and pn»vinces, of pests and dis- eases hitherto unknown in the province. It was then that the legislature enacted the Horticultural Boanl Act which provides for the appointment of a "Board," whose duties are, inter alia, to inspect all fruit and fruit trees entering the province, and orchanls within the province, and to make such recommendations in the interest of fruit-growers as they may <leem necessi r>'. It has fol- lowed, as a matter of course, that in consequence of the stringent regulations, a better class of nursery stock is now imported into the province, anil although it is quite impossible, even with the strictest in- spection, to detect all infestations, and although people have been slow in adopting even those measures best cal- culated for their benefit which have been recon mended by the Board of Horticul- ture, there is a marked improvement in the state of the orchards of the j>rov- ince, and of the fruit pro- duced. The young orchards planted out since the inau- guration of the newer and more intelligent methods, are likewise coming into bearing. The production of fruit Is even now in many lines in excess of local demands, and hence, in view of the line of a<'tion pursued by the Board of Horticulture, which now prevents this province from being the dumping ground for the refuse fruit of the neighboring states, it may reasonably be concluded that the imports of fruits will be restricted in the future to those early fruits which mature in the south, or to the production of the antipodes at a time when those of this country are not in season. Fruits. — "The principal fruits produced in the province are apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, and all the small fruits. Other fruits, such as peaches and grapes, have not been produced in sufficient quantities to meet the demand, those like the first named havine: been at first considered unsuitable to the country, but are now found to do excellently in many parts." Fruit Sections. — Some of the i)est fruit lands are to be found along the mountains and foothills on either side of the numerous valleys of the province. This is particularly true of the region along the Eraser river between Chilliwack and Hope. The region along the Eraser river from Agassiz to the coast is one abun- dantly supplied with water and now producing large quantities of plums, apples and berries. Some of the interior valleys are eminently adapted to the require- ments of the tenderest tree fruits. Peaches are being successfully cultivated here and there on the lower bench lands. The accompanying map shows the princi- pal fruit-producing areas of the province. At Vernon, in the Okanagan valley, the Earl of Aberdeen, a late governor-general of Cana<la. has an extensive orchard of 200 acres. Here an irrigation plant, while not deemed absolutely essential to fruit-growing, is thought to be a CANADA CANNA 237 J43. ttecils of Canavalia ensiiormis. Full size. desiraMe adjunct. This valley is producing apples, pf»rH iintl plums of gtwtX quality. M'lrkfts. — "The t-xportatiou (»t' fresh fruit to the North- west Territory and Manitoba, which is the natural mar- ket of the prov- in4*e, is asstiminfc larjife proportions, more especially in jilunis, for which British rolunihia is specially noted. The markets of the Orient and Australia will in the neai future also be outlets for the surplus fruits of the country. Canneries and fruit - preserving establishments of various kinds also afford means of disposing of some of the surplus fruits which are not in a condition to be t'xported. The high price of labor, and the compe- tition which has to be met, in the matter of the cheap jams and other products, adulterated with foreign sub- stances and glucose, which come from the east and California, are, however, verj' serious factors which mil- itate atfidnst the success of such establishments." Pestn. — ^loHt of the pests which have caused such serious loss to the orchardists of other countries have made their appearance in the province, but, thanks to the efforts ma<le for their suppression, the codlin moth and curculio are notable exceptions. Climate. — The climate of the coast is most equable. The temperature seldom falls to zero nor rises above 75° or 80°. In the interior the variations are naturally greater, but even there, in the coldest part of the win- ter, the temperature does not long remain at or below zero. On the coast, the precipitation is almost entire'v in the form of rain, which is sufficient for the moiit 346. The parts of the Canna flo^ver. (SeeCanna, p. 238.) part for agricultural pur poses, the .objection be- ing that little or none falls (luring the summer months. In the interior, where the preciriiation is mostly in the shape of snow, it is so light that irrigation has to be resorted to. John Craig. CANASINA (from the Canary Islands). Campnnu- Ideetf. Three species of tropical herbs closely allied to Campanula, but with the tubes of the calyx and corolla grown together, and the floral parts in 6's. C. cnm- panulata, Linn., is a tender plant from the Canaries, with drooping, inflated buds and solitary, hell shaped ttn. more than 1 in. long and 1'.^ in. wide, dull yellow, Hushed and veined with «lull purplish bn>wn. Lvs. has- tate. B.M. 444. -Not in tlie Amer. trade. CANABT-BIBD FLOWEB is a Tropaolum. CANABT 0BA8S is a Phnlari». CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Lequminf^Htp. Trailing or twining iierbs : tis. in axillary riwemes, with bell-shaped, 2-lippe*l calyx, papilionjweoujs corolla, 9 stamens united and 1 free for most of its length : po<ls large and ribbed on edges. Several species, widely distributed in warm countries. eniilbrmii, DC. {C. ylafUAta, DC.). Jack Bean. Chickasaw Lima. Figs. 197. :M.'». Grown in the s<.uth- ern states for stock, but the pods make passable snap beans when not more than 4 or t» in. I«>ng. In warm countries it is a bushy plant, with ^ little tendency to climb. The pods reach a length of 10-14 in., the walls being very hard and dense when ripe. The halves of the po<l. when split apart, roll up spirally, often into an al- most perfect cylinder. The large white. 347. Old-time Canna. 348. Modern floAArering Canna. turgid beans, bearing a very prominent brown seed- scar, are prcked crosswise the pod, imbedded in a very thin white, papery lining. The tlowers are sniHil and light purple, resembling those of the Cow-pea (though larger) and of various species of Dolichos. The leaflets areli, large and broad (5-8 in. long and half or three-fifths as broad ), strongly veined and dull, dark green, abruptly pointed and smooth. Tropics. A. G. 14:84. B.M. 4027.— Beans said to be used as a coffee substitute, i^ jj g^ CANDLEBEBBT, CANDLENUT. See Alenrites. CANDYTUFT. See Iberis. Species of Arnndinaria (treated CANE-BBAKE. under Bamboo). CANfSTBUM. See ^chmea. CANNA (name of oriental origin, of no application). Scitamindcetp. Stout, unbranched, large-leaved tropi- cal and warm -temperate herbs of both hemispheres, with large and ornamental foliage. Fis. mostly red or yellow, 238 CANNA CANNA in a tprminal raceme or panicle, very irregular : capsule 3-locule(l and st'veral-many-seeded (p, Fig. AM't) ; sepals, «, 3 and small and usually p-een ; petals 3, cce, mostly narrow and pointed, green or colored ; style single and lonir. e ; the stamens are represented hy petal-like, oh- lanceolate bodies or staininodia. (iiii;l>, 2 or 'A of which are usually much pro»luced and broadened, and one is deflexed and narrower and forms the lip of the flower, /*; the pollen is borne in a sinijle-loculed anther, f, borne on the side of a narrow and more or less coiled stami- nodiuni. A generation ago, ('annas were grown for their foliage or mass-effect. Th«'y were tall and long- jointed, with small and late tlowers (Fig. 'M~). The parent of the old-time garden race of tall Oannas was C Ann<ri, raised by M. Ann^e, of France, from seeds of C. yt- pahHsia, sown in 1848. The flowers from which the seeds were taken probably had betn pollinated by some other spe- cies, most likely with C ghnica . In 18(>;{, a new race appeared, as the result of the union of C ifi'liflora with C Warsci'U'icsii. This hybrid was known as ('. Eh<'nutntn (and C. iridiflont hyhrida). This was of interme- diate stature, with showy foli- age and t»ettt'r drooping flow- ers. Under this name plants are still sold, butthoy may not be identical with the original C. L'.'k - m'tniii. This race has been variously crossed with other species and forms, and from innumerable see<llings there have been selected the ilwarf and large-Howered raunas (Figs, .'US, 341>), which have now practically driven out the old, tall, snutU- flowered forms. These dwarf Cannas are often known as Frendi t'anuas, from the country of their origin ; also, as Crozy Cannas. from the most re- nowned breeder of them. Within recent years, another nK-e of Cannas h:is arisen from the anml- gamation of our native i'nund rfacvuhi with the gar- den forms and with C. iridi flora. These Iiave come mostly from Italj' and are known as Italian Oannas; also, as orchi«l-flowered Cannas. The tt«»w- ers are characterized by soft ,nd flowing iris-like outlines, but they are short-lived. Of this class are the varieties Italia (Vis. ;{.")0), Austria, Bavaria, Burgundia, America. Pandora, Burbankaud others. For a sketch oi' the evolution of the garden Cannas, see J. G. Baker, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc, Jan., 1894: also, Bailey, Plant-Breeding, 140 ; also, particu- larly for the history of the Italian race. Revue Horticole, 1895, 516, and Gardeners' Chronicle, Dec. 14, 1895. The culture of Cannas is simple and easy. They demand a warin, friable, rich and moist soil. They are injured by frost, and therefore should not be planted <mt until the weather is thoroughly settled. For mass ef ects, set the plants not more than 1 foot apart each way: but if it is desir'^d to show individual plants and their flowers at the best, give three times that annmut of room to a single plant. Pick the flowers as soon as they wilt, to prevent the formation of seeds { which causes the plant to lessen flowering), ajid keep the plants in tidy condition. If the best ]tlants are desired, give the soil and treatment which produce the best re- sults with Indian coi-n. "New varieties are raised from seeds. The seeds usually germinate slowly, an<l sometimes not at all, unless the hard integument is cut or filed, or is softened by soaking in water ; these pri'caution.s taken, they germinate quickly. Sow late in winter, in rather strong bottom heat, either in flats or pots. Prid; out, and give ]>lenty of room as they grow. Commonly, Cannas are propagated by dividing the rootstock. This rot)tstock is a branchy mass, with many large buds. If stock is not abundant, as many pi mts may be made from a rootstock as tl ere ire buds, although 1;lae weak buds produce weak pb >t •. Leave as mucb> tissue as possible Willi each bud. These 1-bud partts usually give best re- >^- 349. Flowering or FrenchCanna — Prince Hohenlohe. suits if started in pots, so that the plant is 6-12 in. high at planting time. The commercial Canna plants are grown mostly in pots. If one has suflicient roots, however, it is better not to cut so close, but to leave several strong buds on each piece (as shown in Fig. 351). These pieces may be planted dir iotly in the ground, although more certain results are to be secured by starting them in the house in boxes or pots. If strong effects are desired, partictilarly in shrub borders, it is well to plant the en- tire stcol. In the fall, when the plants are killed by frost and the tops have dried a f 3w days, dig the roots, and let them dry as if they were potatoes. Then store them on shelves in a cellar which will keep Irish or rotind potatoes well. Take care that the roots do not be- come too warm, particularly be- fore cold weather sets in ; nor too moist. Well cured roots from well matured plants usu- ally keep without difficulty. Cannas are commonly used only in formal beds, but most excellent effects may be se- cured by scattering them singly or in very small clumps in the hardy border or amongst shrub- bery. Against a heavy back- ground of green, the gaudy flowers- show to their best, and the ragged effect of the dying flowers is not noticed. They also make excellent center-pieces for formal beds. The tall-growing Cannas, with small aid late flowers, have given way almost wholly to the modem race of Crozy or French dwarf Cannas, which usually remain under 4 ft. high, and give an abundance of large early flowers. The Canna al- ways must be used for bold planting effects, be- cause the flowers have not sufficient durability to be useful as cut flowers. As individual blooms, the flowers are not ustially attrttctive, but they are showy and interesting in the mass and at a dis- tance. The new race of Italian or Flaccida Cannas has more attractive flowers, buu even these are most useful when on the plam. Of varieties there are legion, and many new ones are imported each year, chiefly from France: and there are so many new aspirants each year that it is not worth while to enumerate varieties in a cyclopet'ia. The garden Cannas are now so nmch varied and inter-bred that it is no longer possible to classify them by the characters of the species. One of the best cicssificaiorv schemes is the following ( adapted from G. C. III. 14:432): I. Tall varieties. A. Foliage green. B. Self-colored varieties. c. Minor flower-segments narrow, cc. Minor flower-segments broad. BB. Bicoior fonns, in which the lip is of a dif- ferent color from the other segments. Divi<led into c and cc, as above. BBB. Spotted varieties. Including c and cc, as above. Blt)tched varieties. Including c and co. Margined varieties. Including c and co. AA. Foliage pvirple. Divisions as under a. II. Dwarf varieties. Divisions as under I. BBBB. BBBBB. To many of the garden forms and hybrids spe- cific Latin nai^^'S have been given: but the follow- ing synopsis (aeapted from Baker's 'Synopsis of the Species of Cannas," n G.C. 111. 13: 42, 70, KU, 190) gi'*es a general view of the original species. The names here accounted for are ; aurantiaca. 14: aureo- rittnta, 4; camea, 15; ('inniib<triHft,{>: coc<'inea, (J; com- mufata, 14; compm'ta, 13; crocen, 14; densifolia,^', de- nHdata, 20; discolor,19; divaricata. 20: edulis. U; Khren- bergii, 5 ; e.H ulenta, 9 ; excelsa, 20 ; fxigna, 5 ; Fintol- manni, 3; f^.accida, 21; flavescens, 5: florihutida. 4; fonnoxn, 6 : fuhjida, iS ; tjiganfta, 7 ; glauca. 10 ; heli- coniwfolia, IJ ; humiliHf o; liidica, 1; iridilJora, l^ ; CANNA CANNA 239 Roscoe). ItgUt, 4 ; tagnnensin, 14 ; Lamberti, 2 ; lann^nosa, 12; latifoliii. 7; leptocheila, 16; lencocarpn, 14; liliiflora, 23: linibata, 4 : lonqiMia, 10; lutea, 14; mnrrorarpa, 14; mitrrophtiUn, 7; maculnta, 14; Mexiran(i, 10; iIorit^i<ina, 14; jyepalenniH. 16; occidentalis, 4; ori- eatalis, 5 ; pallida. 14 ; paniculata, 20 ; patens, 4 ; pe- (lunoulata, 8 ; polycla<la, 17; poffjuwrpha, Hi ; Porfori- cf «»*."<, 6 ;/>«?'•/"■".•> : recurvata, -i; Ifeevesii,2\; Ho.s- foearia, 14 ; rubra, t'*; saturate-riibra, i ; Schlechten- dahlinnn, 3 ; Selloirii, 4 ; spfciosa. 16 : specfnbilfs, 4 ; slolonifera, 10 : sulphiircn, H ; Siirhinnien.'ii.'<, d : syl- vestris. 6 ; Texensis, 4 ; Tinei, 14 ; variabilis, 15 ; va- rieijiita. 4; vetitrico.sa, 4; vitellina, 14 ; Warscewiczii, 18. A. EUCASNA. — Corolla lobea and xtfiminodia iiuifed into a short tube : two or three of the upper stamhiodia petal-like. B. Three upper staminodia petal- like. c. Lt'S. of ordinary consistency or thickness. D. Lip entire. 1. tndica, Linn. Indian- Shot. Stem slender, gla,- bnms. green. ;}-.") ft.: Ivs. oblong and aeute gree- half as broa<i as long [i ft. long): raeenies simple and lax, some of the lis. in pairs, the bracts green and nearly orbicular : fls. S3iall ; sepals oblonc, and green, ^4 in. long; petals lanceolate, pale green, about Ij^ in. long ; 3 upper 'W'/M'> starainodia bright red. entire, 2 in. long but nar- '^'^'f' row ; lip linear, red-yellow, spotted with red; cap- ' suie irlobose, 1 in. in diam. W. Indies and Guiana. 2. Lamberti, Lindl. Stem stout, green and gla- brous. 12-14 ft.: Ivs. oblong, green, acute: raceme simple or forked, lax and fe\v-dd.,the !*racts large and oblong, green : sepals lanceolate, pale green, i^in. long ; petals lanceolate, 2 in. long, reddish ; staminodia entire, scarcely longer than the petals, brieht crimson; lip bright crimson: caosule oblong, large. W. Ind., 8. Amer. 3. Fintelmanni, Bouche. Stem green and glau- cous, 4-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong and acute, green and glaucous : raceme few-tiu. and lax. the bracts green and oblong: sepals oblong, fain., green; petals lan- ceolate, pale green, IJain.; staminodia obtuse and entire. 2-3 in., yellow; lip oblanceoiate, vellow, mottled red : capsule large. Trop. Amer. ' — Pos- sibly a hybrid of C. glauca and C. Indica. C. Schlechtendahli()na, Bouch^, is similar, but has the staminodia spotted red. DD. Jjip emarginate. 4. pitens, Roscoe. Stem slender, green and gla- brou.-i. 4-5 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute, jjrreen. the lower 1 ft. long: raceme few-tld., simple and lax, the bracts orbicular and green, the fls. s^igle or in pairs : fls. small ; petals lanceolate, pale irrecn. about lyUw. U»ng ; upper staminodia l>right red, entire, 2 in. long, and narrow , lip bright red-vellow. with minute red dots : c"psule globose, l' in. in diam. Tr.>p. Anu-r. B.M. 1.54 as (\ Indica. Var. limbita, Baker (C. limbcMa, Koscoo. C. m/eo-vitf()f>i.hiHh\.). I'l^per staminodia bright red.wilh a borderof bright yellow .-To ('. paten.^ Baker would re/er the following: ('. fl»ribundu, lata, rerurvata, saturate- nibru. Sellowii, spectabilis, Texensis, variegata and ventricosa of Bouch^. C. occidentalis, Roscoe, has only 2 staminodia, petal-like. 5. orientalis, Roscoe. Stem slender, glabrous, ;j-4 . . : lys. oblong-lanceolate, a fo(»t or more long : raceme lai, simple or forked, the bracts oblonir : sepals oblong- lanceolate, green, ^2in. or less long ; petals lanceolate, p^enish. ll^in. long; upper staminodia 2'.2in. or h ss long, bright red, often emarginate; lip red-vellow: cap- sule globose and very sniali. Old Worhl tropics. Var. flavSscens, Baker (C flnv^scens. Link), tapper staminodia and the lip entirely yellow. — With C. orien- talis probably belong C. densifolia, Ehrenbergii, exiguu, humilis and pulchra of Bouch^. 6. coccinea, Miller (C. rM^m,Willd.) . Stem slender, green, 4-6 ft. : Ivs. longer than those of C. Indica , oblong and acute: raceme simple and lax, with small, green, or- bicular br.Hcts: sepals lanceolate, J^in. or less long, ti.iged with red; petals lanceolate, H'^in. long, tinge<' with red; staminodia 2 in. long and narrow, often emarginate; lip red-yellow: capsule globose and .small. Trop. Anier. — To this species Baker would refer C. cinnabari. , rmosa, fulgida, Portoricensis and Snrinamensis of Bouch^. Var. 8ylv68tris, Baker (C. sylvan fris. Staminodia longer, plain deep crimson, that and the lip with a long claw. Trop. Amer. 7. latifdlia, Miller (C. gi- ijanthi, DC C. macrophylla, Bouch^). Stem stout and pu- bescent, 10-16 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute, green, the lower ones often 3—4 ft. long: fls. in several racemes forming a panicle, the bracts oblong or the lower ones becoming sev- <'ral inches long ; sepals oli- long and green, ]4 in. long ; ■^^ petals lanceolate, 2 in. long, tinged with red; staminodia 3 in. or less long, entire or emar- ginate, bright red ; lip bright red: capsule large. S. Anier. B.M. 2316. 8. peduccul^ta, Sims. Stem slender, green and glaucous, glabrotis. 5-6 ft. : Ivs. oblong- lanceolate, green and glau- cous, 1-2 ft. long and 3-4 in. broad : fls. in a many-fld. lax raceme, with a hairy rachis and long-spreading pedicels, the linu-ts small, ob- long and obtuse ; sepals oblong, small and green; petals lanceolate, green, reflexed, 1 in. loiig; staminodia emarginate. about 1 in. long, pale vellow ; lip oblancei.late, plain vellow : ca])sule globose, small. S.Brazil. B.M. * 2.323. -Probably not in cult, ;». 6duli8, Ker. (('. tsculenta, I..odd.). Rootstt»ck thick and edible: stem stout. 8-12 ft., purple: Ivs. oblong, green or bronze. 1-2 ft. long : raceme lax, forked or .simple: fls. usually in pairs; bracts or- })icuhir or oblmg: sepals oblong-lanceolate, %\n. long, tinged with red; petals lanceolate, lK-2 in.; stamino<iia entire or emarginate, 2K2in. long, bright red or orange; lip bright red or yellow-red: capsule large. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2498. — Starch is procured from the roots, and for this purpose the plant ' ■ wid«'ly cult, in the tropics. 10. glatlc^ Linn. Stem green and glaucous. 5-<) ft.: Ivs. {.reea and glaucous, oblong-lanceolate and very acute, tapering both ways (the middh* of the dade about 4 in. wide): raceme lax, simple or forked: sepals lanceolate, green, Vain, long; petals lanceolate, yellow-green, l%-2 in.; staminodia en- tire, 2*E-3 in., yellow, not spotted; lip linear, emar- ginate, pale yellow: capsule oblong, l'2-2 in. long. Italia Canna. Trop. Amer.— The (\ longi folia, Mexicana and stolonifera of Bouch^ belong here. vv. Lrs. thin and papery. 1 1 . heliconieefdlia, Bouch^. Stem 6-8 ft. : Ivs. oblor green, 2-3 ft. long (resembling those of Heliconia) : tts. in a panicle formed of several lax racemes; sepals lan- ce<date. %m. long; petuls lanceolate, '.in. long, colored; statuinodia not much lunger than th»' petals, scarlet; lip scarlet: capsule ellipsoidal. \9^*^iq. Mex, Two upper staminodia petal-like. c. Ste.A icooUy-pubescent. sa, Roscoe. Stem green, woolly, 4-<» ft.: te, green : raceme 1 1^ nv-lld., simple 350. BB. 12. lanugi lv8. oblong, 240 CAyNA CANTERBURY BELL or forke«i. the bracts obtuse, small and p^een : sepals lanceolate, green. %m. or less lonj; ; petals lanceolate, \}4 in. lonpr, tinfre<l with re<l ; staminodia « : tire, red or red-yellow ; lip the same color, oblanceolattr and emar- ginate. Brazil. cc. Stem glabrous. D. Leaves green. V.i. comp^cta, Roscoe. Stem stout and green : Ivs. broad, oblong and acut«' : ra«'eme simple and manj'-fld.. dense : sepals lanceolate. Vgin. long ; petals unequal, lanceolate. l\» in. long, red-yellow ; staminodia slightly enian;inate. 1 H-2 in. lontr. bright crimson; lip emar- ginate, red-yellow. Trop. Anicr. 351. Stool of Canna, showing how it may be divided. 14. Ifitea, Miller. Stem slender and green, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. oblong an«l acute : raceme lax, simple or forked, the small green bracts oblong and obtuse: sepals green- ish, oblong. Sjin.; petals lanceolate, pale green, 1-1 J4 in. long : staminodia pale yellow, often emarginate, \yi-2 in. long; lip linear, pale yellow, emarginate. Trop. Amer. Var. p&llida, Roscoe. Staminoaia and lip pale yellow, spotted red. Var. aurantlaca, Roscoe {C. Tlnei, Todaro). Petals tinge<l red ; staminodia red-yellow ; lip red-yellow and red -spot ted. — To C. lufea are to be referred C cnmmu- tata, teiivocarpa, Moritsiami. and Nn.sroea na , of Bouchi^; C. croeeaf Lag.; C Luguuensis, Lindl. ; C. inarulafa, Link ; 0. moerocarpa, sulphurta and vitelUna, of Hora- ninow. 15. varidbilis.WiHd.fC. crfrwert, Ro.scoe). Stem green, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. obiong and acute : raceme simple antl lax, the small bracts oblong and obtuse : sepals lanceolate, green, S^in. long; petals lanceolate, 1% in. long, pale green : staminodia pale red, entire; lip linear and entire. Brazil. l«t. specidsa, Roscoe (C. leplocheUa and polymSrpha, Bouche ), Stem green, .'i-O ft. : Ivs. broad-oblong, acute: tls. in a deeply forked, long-branclied panicle ; sepals lanceolate, i'^in. lonir. pale red : petals lanceolate. 2 in. long, pale re«l ; staminodia '.\ in. long, em.arginate, bright red ; lip emarginat", bright red-yellow. Himalayas. B.M. 2317. — C.Af/j«/«''»«j.s, Wall., has 3 upper staminodia. DD. Lvs. bronze or brown, at least on the margins. 17. polycl&da, Wawra. Stem tall and slender : lvs. oblong and acute, base rounded. brown-edge<l : fls. (often in pairs) in a long, much -branched panicle, the bnwts nearly orbicular : sepjils lanceolate, 3'2in. long ; petals lanceolate and uiiequ!.!, the longest 2 in., tinged red; staminodia acute, not longer than the petals, brigiit crimson : lip ohlanceolate. the claw yellow-spotted, the limb bright crimsou. Brazil. 18. Wancewiczii, Dietr. Stem claret-ptirple and glaucous, 3-4 ft. : lvs. oblong and acute, more or less claret- or bronze-tinged : raceme simple an<l rather dense, with ovate, brown, glaucous bracts : sepals lunce- oblong, V-jin.. glaucous ; petals lanceolate. 2 in. long reddish and glaucous ; staminodia (sometimes 3) entire or nearly so, 2 V„-:{ in. long, bright scarlet ; lip oblan- ceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet. Costa Rica. B AI 4854. 19. discolor, Lindl. Stem stout, 6-10 ft., purple and glaucous : Ivs, broad-oblong, acute, brown-tinted, the lower ones sometimes 3 ft. long : fls. in a deeply forked panicle of lax racemes, the bracts small and orbicniar ; sepals lance<date, Kin. long, green : petals lanceolate, l}4 in. long, pale green ; staminodia entire. 2H in. l«.ni;[ bright red ; lip lanceolate and emarginate, brick-red. Trop. Amer. AA. DlSTEMOS. — Corolla tube short: vpper statu i- nodia suppressed. 20. panicul^ta, Ruiz & Pav. {C. denudhta, Roscoe. (\ exc^lsa, Lodd. C. divaricdta, Klotsch). Stem tall and slender, glabrous : lvs. oblong and acute, green and glabrous : racemes lax. disposed in » large panicle ; sepals lanceolate, Kin. long ; petals lanceolate, yellow- green, 2-3 in, long ; lip rather longer than the petals, crimson. S. Brazil. AAA. EvRYfiTYLVS. — Corolla tube 2-S}4 in. lomj : 3 staminodia produced, clawed : lip orbicular. 21. fl&ccida, Salisb. (C. Reei'esii, Lindl.). Stem preen and glabrous, 4-5 ft,, very leafy below : lvs. oblonp- lanceolate, green : raceme simple, lax and few-fld.. the bracts very small : sepals lanceolate, 1 in. loi.g, green ; corolla lobes lanceolate and reflexed. nearly as lontr as the tube ; 3 upper staminodia obovate. sulfur yellow, 2-3 in. long by 1 in. broad ; lip large, yellow. Swamps. S. Car. to Fla,, near the coast, L,B.C. : 562. - Useful for its good habit and iris-like lis. AAAA. AcnimviA.— Tube of corolla and staminodia ns long as the blade : fls. large and pendulous. 22. iridifldra, Ruiz & Pav. Stem green. 6-10 ft.: lvs, oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath : ra- cemes paniculate, drooping : sepals lanceolate. 1 in, long, green ; corolla lobes lanceolate, red-brown. 2'oin. long ; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer than the corolla lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in, broad, rose- crimson ; lip narrow, deeply emarginate. rose-crimson. Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. R.H. 1861: 110. 23. liliilldra, Warscew. Stem robust, green. S-10 ft.: Ivs. many, oblong, green, li— 4 ft. long, spreading from the stem at a right angle : fls. in a corymbose panicle ; septals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla lobes lance<date, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of equal length ; .3 upper staminodia white, xmited into a tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread- ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the staminodia. Colom- bia. R.H. 1884: 132, F. S, 10: 1055-<i.- A flne species. The white fls. finally become tinged with brown ; loni- cera-scented. L. H. B. CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Crticdcea?. Hem?, a single species, probably native to central Asia, and now widely cult, as a fiber plant. Hemp is also grown occasionally as an ornamental plant, being grown from seeds and treated as a half-hardy annual. It makes ex- cellent screens in remote places. It thrives best in a rich, nither moist soil. C. sativa, Linn., is the only species, but various forms have received specif" names. In par- dens, the form known as C. gigauten is commonest; this reaches a height of 10 ft. and more. The seeds are usu- ally sown where the plants are to stand ; but if (piick effects are wanted, they may be started indoors in pt;ts or boxes. Hemp is di»pcious. The staminate fls. aic in axillary panicles, and have .'» sepals and 5 drooping sta- mens. The pistillate fls. are in short spikes, with 1 sepal folding about the ovary. Lvs. digitate, with ,>-7 nearly linear, coarse-toothed leaflets. The plant is annnal, nmghish and strong-smelling. L. H. B. CANTERBURY BELL. See Campanula Medium. CANTUA CAPSICUM 241 CANTUA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). Polemonih- ce(f. Ten species of South American flowering shrubs with very variable foliagre and showy, tubular fls. of va- rious colors. C. biixifolia is cult, out of doors in S.Calif., and is recommended in Europe as a coolhouse shrub. Probably no tenderer than Fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings. buxifdlia, Lam. ( C. dependens, Pers. ) . Much branched shrub, about 4 ft. high ; branches more or less downy : Ivs. very variable, generally oblong-obovate, acut€, taper- injr at the base, entire or serrate, downy or glabrous : fls 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy, termi- nal corjTub ; calyx pale, membranous, green-streaked, 5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla tube; corolla long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2Kin. long, red, usually streaked ; limb of fringed, obcordate, crimson lobes : stamens included. Peru. B.M. 4.")82. F.S. 7:650. R.H. 1858. p. 294. — One of the choicest of European green- Louse plants. Very liable to red spider in our climate. C. bicolor, Lem. Distinguished from the above by the entire Ivs., which are shorter, about 1 in. long, and the solitary fls. . with a short, yellow tube, the limb not fringed. The lis. droop, but not vertically. Pern. B.M. 4729. F.S.4::J43. Probably less de- sirable than the above.— C. pyrifdlia, Pers. Lvs. generally broader and more toothed than in C. bicolor: fls. as many as 17, in an erect, terminal, compound corymb ; calyx reti-tipped, nearly half as long as the yellow corolla tul)e ; corolla about l^in. long, with a white limb : stamens long, exserted. Peru. B.M. 4:i86. F.S. 4:383. W. M. CAPE Treated Bulbs. BULBS. under CAFE CHEST- NUT is Calod en- drum Ca pen sis. CAPE GOOSEBEKBY is a Phyaalis. CAPE JESSAMINE. Gardenia. See CAPE PONDWEED. See Aponogeton. CAPEB. See CappaHs. For Caper-spurge, see Euphor- bia Lathy rus. CAPPARIS (Greek, caper). Capeu-bish, or Caper Tree. Cappariddcece. Capers are pickles made by preserving the flower buds of C. spinosa, a straggling shrub which grows out of old walls, rocks, and nibbish in Mediterranean regions and India. Also rarely cult, as a greenhouse flowering shrub. The genus is large and polymorphic, and none of its relatives are familiar north. Prop, by cuttings in green- houses, and by seeds south. spindsa, Linn. Spiny shrub, 3 ft. high : lvs. rotmdish or ovate, deciduous : fls. borne singly, alternately, and fading before noon ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, oblong, clawed, wavy, white, IHin. long: stamens 40-50: filaments purple above, per- haps the chief beauty of the plant. B.M. 291. —What seema to be the long stylo with a short, un- opened stigma, is really the elon- gated peduncle or torus topped by the pistil, which has no style and a minute stigma. W. M. CAPKIFOLIUM. See Lonicera. CAPBlOLA (the wild goat, which feeds upon this grass). Gratnine(P. Low, creeping perennials, with short, flat leaves and slender spikes, which spread out at the apex into finger-like branches. Spikelets 1-fld., awnless, sessile, in two rows along one side of a slender, continuous axis. Glumes .'{. the first 2 narrow, keeled, usually acute, empty; the third or floral glume broader and usually a little longer than the t mpty ones. Species 4. One distributed throughout the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. Ddctylon, Kuntze {Cynodnn Ddctylon, Pers.). Ber- muda Grass. Fig. 352. A widely dispersed grass, with a '•reeping habit of growth, extending rapidly over the surface of the ground and rooting at the joints. Used extensively in the south for lawn-making, where Ken- tucky blue grass and the bent grasses cannot be success- fully grown. Except in the far south, however, it is not. a desirable lawn grass, as it quickly turns brown upon the approach of cold weather, and is rather late 'n be- coming green in the spring. A variety known as St. Lucie Grass is regarded as a more desirable form for lawns than the species. Experiments made in central Michi- gan by Heal seem to show that Bermuda Grass is val- uable to mix with June grass for a lawn where the soil is rather thin, the June grass occupying the soil from early spring until hot, drj- vreather, when the Ber- muda covers the ground. In the cool autumn, June grass appears again at the surface. P. B. KE>rNEDV. 353. Normal '2-loculed fruit of Capsicum, in cross section. Capriola Dactylon. Nat. size. CAPbXCUM (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from kapfo, t^) bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or pericarp; or from capsa, a chest, having reference to the form of fruit). Solandcea;. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. Herbs or shrubs, originally from trop. Amer., but escaped from cultivation in Old World tropics, where it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stam branchy, 1-6 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate or subel- liptical, entire, acuminate : fls. white or greenish white, rarely violaceous, solitary or sometimes in 2's or 3's ; corolla rotate, usually 5- lobed ; stamens 5, rarely 6 or 7, with bluish anthers de- hiscinglongitudinally ; ovary originally 2-3-loculed : fr. a juiceless berry or pod. extremely variable in funn and size, many-seeded, an«i with more or less pungency about t!ie seeds and peri- carp. Hg. 3.")3. The fruit be- comes many-loculed and monstrous in cultivation. About 90 species have been named, most of which are now considered forms of one or two species. Monogr. by Irish, 9th Ann. iJept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For culture, see Pepper. A. Annual or bien Ilia I. innuum, Linn. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, grown as annuals in temperate climates, but in warmer latitudes often treated as biennials. All of the leading commer- cial varieties in the United States readi'y find clast;ifica- tion within the types or b( tanical varieties. The species has never been found wild. B. Pruit oblong-linear. C. Calyx usually embracing base of fruit. Var. conoldes, Iri.sh (C conoldes. Miller). Suffrutes- cent: lvs. numerous, rather small, 2-3 in. long, %-2 in. wide: peduncles slender, straight, erect: fls. small; calyx obconicalorcup-shi>ped, usually embracing base of fruit; corolla greenish »"hitt, spreading, ?^-5'8in. : fr. erect, sub- conical or oblong cylindrical, about 13^in. long or less, usually shorter than the peduncles an«l mostly borne above the 'vs.. very acrid. Coral Gem, Tabasco. Var. faaciculitum, Irish (C. fasciculcttum, Sturt. ). Stem herbaceous, round or nearly so: branches few: lvs. clustered or crowded in bunches about the summit, ellip- tical-lanceolate, pointed at both ends: fr. also clustered, erect, slender, alxmt 3 in. long by Hin. in diam., very acrid. This is the Red Cluster Pepper. IS 242 CAPSICUM CARAGANA Var. actiminitnm, Fingerh, (C. ChiUnse, Hort.). Her- baceous. veryl>rani'hy. about 2!^ft. high, beariner a dense mass of foliage : li. medium size, spread ]4-% in. : fr. larger than the preceding, either erect or pendent. Chile. Long Cayenne. CC. Calyx not usually embracing base of fruit. Var. Idngum, Sendt. ( C. dnnuum, Linn. C. h'nigum, DC). Plants herbaceous, about 2J^ft. high, with com- paratively few branches : Ivs. large, often 4 in. long by 2>^in. wide: fl. large; corolla* spreading. "^-iHin., dingy white ; calyx usually paterifonn or funnel-form, rarely embracing base of fruit: fr. often a foot long by 2 in. in diam. at base : flesh thick and in some varieties very mild. Black Nubian, County Fair, Elephant's Trunk, Ivory Tusk. BB. Fruit of various shapes, btit not oblong-linear. Var. grrdssum, Sendt. (C. grossum, Linn.). Fig. 354. Herbaceous, about 2 ft. high, with few branches : Ivs. very large, often 3 by 5 in., sometimes coriaceous, lower one's usually pendent ; petioles deeply channeled : pe- duncles stout, about 1 in. long; corolla large, spreading, %-l34in.: fr. large, oblate, oblong, or truncated,' 3-4- lobed. usually with basal depression, more or less sulcata and rugose; "flesh tb'ck, firm, and of a mild flavor. Em- peror, Monstrous. Bell, Sweet Mountain, Golden Dawn, 334. Foliage and flowers oi Capsicum annuum, var. grossum. Ruby King, Golden King, Brazilian Upright, Golden Upright, Fquash. Var. aborevi&tum, Fingerh. (C umbilicdtum. Veil. C. litteum, L^m.). SutTrutescent: Ivs. broadly ovate, 2-4 in. long: peduncles slender, straight or curved, as long as or longer thsn the berry: fr. about 2 li:. long or less, varj'- ing niuch in the different horticultural varieties, in gen- eral ovare, quite rugose, except in one variety, sometirnes tnrhitijite. While this variety is used to soir>e extent for pickling, it is noted more as an ornamental plant. Celes- tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled. Var. cerr'sifdrme, Irish (C. eerasiforme, Miller). Fig. 355. Sufl'rutesccnt : Ivs. medium size, ovate or ol)long acuminate, ubout l%-3}4m.: calyx seated on base of fruit ; corolla large, spreading, %-lKin.: fr. spherical, Bubcordate, oblate, or occasionally obscurely pointed or slightly elongated, smooth or rarely minutely rugose or sulcate ; flesh firm, one-twelfth-* « in. thick, extremely pungent. Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart. AA, Perennial. frut^scens, Linn. Fig. 356. Shrubby, perennial,. V6 ft. high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled stem and branches: branches loosely spreading or trail- ing: Ivs. broadly ovate acuminate, 3-6 in. long. 2-3J4in. wide: peduncles slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu- ally longer than the fruit : calyx cup-shaped, embracing 335. Capsicum annuum, var. eerasiforme (X K). base of fruit ; corolla often with ocherous markings in the throat : fr. red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, ^-H^in. long, ^-%'m. in diam., very acrid. — Cultivated only in the south, as the seasons in temperate latitudes are not long enough to mature the fruit. Var. baccatnm, Iriii^h (C. bacc()tuui, Linn.). Plants not as tall, but more erect than the spe- cies : branches slen- der, fastigiate, flex- uose: corolla small, spreading, about K in. : fr. ovate or sub- ASA ^ MKfmssa£:% X\ round, about J^in. in diam. H. C. Irish. CABAGANA (Car- agan, its Mongolian name). Legumindsit>. Pea Tree. Shrubs or .small trees : Ivs. deciduous, abruptly pinnate, often with spiny - pointed and persistent rachis ; Ifts. small, entire, mueronulate ; stipules deciduous or spiny and persistent : fls. papilio- naceous, axillary, solitary or fascicled, usually yt-llow : fr. a linear pod. About 20 species from S. Rus>*ia to China. Ornamental shrubs, with handsome yellow lis., appearing late in spring or early in summer ; quite hardy, except a few Himalayan species. They grow in almost any soil, but best in a sandy soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for shrubberies. V. ar- borescens is the only one which grows into a small tree, and is of upright habit, like C. frutescens, which is about half as high and more graceful ; all the other species are low shrubs, of usually spreading habit. Prop, by seeds sown in fall or in spring ; if kept dry durintr the winter, soaking in tepid water for 2 or 3 days before sowing will be of advantage ; also, increased by root- cuttings and layers, or by grafting on seedling stock of C arborescens in spring. A. Lfts. 8-lS: rachis of the Ivs. deciduous. arbor68cen8, Lam. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. : lfts. 8-12, obovate or oblong, sparsely pubescent beneath or glabrous at length, >2-l in. long : fls. 2-4, pale or brif^ui yellow, %in. long ; pedicels usually lunger than the lis. May, Jime. Siber., Manchuria. — There are some varie- ties, of which var. pendttla, Hort., with pendulous bn nches, is the most remarkable ; it should be grafted high. microph^'lla, Lam. (C Alta- g(ino , Poir. ) . From 4-6 ft. : lfts. 12-18, obovate. pubescent when young, one-sixth- >3 in. long: f s. 1 or 2, yellow, •>4in. long; pedicel about as long as the fl. Siber.. China. L. B.C. 11 : 1064. — Under this name a dwarf form of the former is often cul- tivated. AA. Leaflets 2-4. B. Sachis of the '.vs. de- ciduous: pec icelsas long as or longer tJian the fls. frutescens, DC. { C fritter, C. Koch). Fig. .357. From 6-10 ft. : lfts. 4, approximate, nearly digitate, cuneate, obovate or oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex, glabrous, ^3-l in. long : fls. solitarv, %-l in. long, yel- low. Mav. S. Ru.^sia to China. G't. 10:348. S.B.F.G. 3 : '.ViT.— Var. grandindra, Hort. Fls. somewhat larger: lfts. usually large and broad. 356. Capsicum frutescens {XH). CAR AG AN A CARDIANDRA 243 Caraeana frutescens. BB. Bachis persiatent, spi-.ry • pedicels shorter than the fis. Chamlagru, Lam. Shrub, 2-4 ii.: spines long: Ifts. 4, in 2 somewhat remote pairs, chartaceous, obovate, emar- ginate or rounded at the apex, glabrous, 34-% in. long: fls. solitary, reddish yellow, l?4in. long. May. N. China. pygmaea, DC. One to 3 ft.: spines short, Min. : Ivs. nearly sessile ; Ifts. 4, ap- proximate and almost digi- tate, cuneate, linear-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, gla- brous, %-)'^ in. long: fls. solitary, %in. long, golden yellow. Cauc. to Siber. and Thibet. B. R. 12: 1021. — Grafted high en C. arbo- rescens, it forms a graceful, standard tree, with pendu- lous branches. grandifldra, DC. Similar to the former. Lfts. cuneate- oblong : fls. IMin. long ; calyx gibbous at the base. Cauc. — Under this name mostly a variety of C. frutes- cens is cultivated. C. Altagdna, Poir.=C. miero- phjila.— C. arboresceits arend- ria, Hort.=C microphyUa.— C. arendria, Dipp.=C. aurantiaca, Koehne.— C. arendria, Loud., see C. cuneifolia.— C auranti- aca, Koehne. Allied to C. pyg- maea. Fls. orange-yellow: calyx a<5long as broad: ovary glabrous. Siber.— C brei:i8jnna, "Royie. Spines 2-3 in. long: lfts. I'J-ie, pubescent: fls. 2-4, on a common peduncle. Hiiial. P. F.G.2: 184.— (7. cuneifolia, Dipp. t'C. Ke- dowskii, Hort., not D*^.). Probably var. of C. arborescens. Stip- ules spiny: lfts. small, cuneate ; pe<licels shorter, p\ibescent : seeds brown, spotted black. C. arenaria. Loud. (B. M.1886), seems to be the same.— C. friitex, €. Koch=C. frutescens— C. Gerariidna, Royle. Spines 13^-2 in. long: stipules large, scari- ous: lfts. 8-12, densely pubescent: fls. 1-2, short-pediceUed. Hitnal.— C\ gracilis, Hort.= C. pygmwa— C jubdta. Pall. Branches spinj', villous, thick, with rounded Ivs.: "^ipules large, scarious : lfts. 8-10, villous beneath : fls. whitish, * ort- pedieelled. Siber. F.S. 19:2013. L.B.C. 6:522. Gt. 10:331. A very distinct and curious looking species; hardy.— ('. Hedi^tv- skii. Hort., not DC.=cuneifolia, Dipp.— C spinosa, DC. Spines 1 in. long: lfts. 4, rarely more, approximate, ciuieate-lanceolate, glabrous: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled. Siber.— C spinosissima, C. Koch = C. spinosa.— C. tragacatithotdes, Foir. Spiny: lfts. 4-8, cuneate, oblong, ptibescent : fls. solitary, short-pedicelled; calj-x \'illous-pubescent. Himal.— C triflora, Lindl.=C. brevi- spina.— C. vulgaris, Hort.=C. arborescens. Alfred Rehder. CAKAGUATA. By the latest monographer referred to Guzniania, which see. CARAMBdLA. See Averrhoa. CAEAWAY iCi)rum Curui, Linn.). UmhellifercB. A hieunial or annual herb grown for its seeds, which are used in flavoring bread, cakes and cheese ; also oc- casionally for the young shoots and leaves, which are eaten. It grows a foot or two high, has finely -cut, pin- natt'ly compound foliage, and small white flowers in umbels. It is of the easiest culture. The seed is usu- ally sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the fol- lowing year. It thrives in anv garden soil. The plant occasionally runs wild. See C'arum. CARB£NIA (name of doubtful meaning). Compds- it<f. BLE8SEU Thi.sstle. a monotypic genus allied to Centaurea, and distinguished from it botanically by involucre, achenes, pappus and anthers. Its habit in the garclen is very different from the Bachelor's But- tons, being thistle-Uke, and more interesting than oma- niental. A hardy anntial. low-growing herb, rough, branching and pilose. Once thought to counteract poi- son. Culture easy. Fit for wild gardens and rockeries. benedicta, Adans. {Cdrduus benedtctus, Authors. Cnicus benedictus, Itinn. Centaurea benedicta, hinn.). Fig. 358. Height 2 ft. : Ivs. alternate, sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes and t^jeth spiny: fls. terminal, yellow, 1 in. wide. Mediterranean regions and Caucasus, Sometimes cult. ; also rarely seen in waste places of southern Atlantic states and Calif, as a weed adventive from Eu. CABDAMINE (Greek name of a cress). Crucifer<x. Small perennials growing in low, rich land, blooming in spring or early summer. Petals obovate or spatulate ; pods linear and straight, the wingless seeds in 1 row. prat^nsis, Linn. CrcKOO Flower. Plant slender and usually g'abrous, 12-20 in., somewhat branched : Ivs. pinnately divided; lfts. of root Ivs. small and rounded (% in. or less across), those of the upper stem-lvs. ob- long or even linear and entire or somewhat toothed : fls. % in. long, in a corymb, white or rose-color, pretty. Eu. and Amer., in the northern parts. — In the gardens it is chiefly known in the doublf-fld. form, which prob- ably has been obtained from European rather than American sources. There are other forms of it. It is an excellent little plant to grow in moist places, particu- larly along creeks and about springs. It is also useful in drier places, as in rockeries. angul^ta, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-folio- late, the lfts. ovate or oblong and the middle one usu- ally coarsely toothed : fls. rather large, white, in short, few-fld. racemes. Mts. of Ore. and Wash. — Int. 1881 by Gillett. C. gemmdta, int. by Pilkington, 1892, is evidently Dentaria macrocarpa. j^^ g^ g^ CAROAMON. See Amomum and Elettaria. 358. Carbenia benedicta. CABDIANDBA (Greek, heart, and manor stamen: alluding to the shape of the anthers). Sarifraqdcece, Low deciduous shrub, allied to Hydrangea, with alter- nate, rather large Ivs.: fls. in terminal, loose corymbs, small, those of the margin large, radiant and sterile. One species in S. Japan and China. Tender and suffruti- cose, thriving in any good garden soil ; be.si; in a partly shaded position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under glass. altemifdlia, Sieb. & Zuce. 1-3 ft.: Ivs. broadly ellip- tic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short 244 CARDIANDRA CAREX petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana- ceous, 3-7 in. long : fls. white, tinged red. Summer. S.Z. 06, 67. Alfred Rehder. CABDINAL FLOWER. Lobelia cardinalis. 359. Balloon Vine — Cardiospermum Halicacabum. CAEDIOSPfiEMUM (Greek, heart-seed, from ti white heart-shaped spot or the round black seed; hen; the plant was thought a c .re for heart diseases). Sa pinddce(e. Thirty tropical American species of climbing herbs, with alternate, bitemate Ivs., coarsely serrate Ifts., and small white fls. in axillary racemes orcorj^mbs. The most popular is the interesting Balloon Vine, which is a rapid-growing, tender annua!, curious for its in- flated seed-vessels. Halic&cabum, Linn. Fig. 359. Height, 10 ft.: stem and branches grooved: balloons an inch or more thick. E. and W. Indies. B.M. 1049.— A general favorite, es- pecially with children. "W. m. CABDOON {Ctfndm Cardiineulns, Linn.). A thistle- like plant of southern Europe, cult, for the thick leaf- stalk and midrib. It is thought to be of the same spe- cies as the artichoke, and to have been developed from it by long cultivation and selection. The plant has been introduced int:) South America, and has run wild exten- sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti- vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the Cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in talker and more prickly growth and snuiller heads. The Cardoon is perennial, bxit it is not hardy, and is treated as an annual. Seeds are sown in spring, either in pots under glass or in the open where the plants are to si and. The later sowing is usually preferred. The plants are given rich soil and should have abundant moisture sup- ply, for they must make continuous and strontj growth. When the leaves are nearly full grown, they are tied to- gether near the top, straw is piled around the head, and earth is banked against it. This is to blanch the plant, for it is inedible unless so treated. From two to four weeks is required for the blanching. The procedure is not very unlike that adopted for the blanching of celery or endive. If the plants are late, they may be dug just before frost and blanched in a storage pit. The plants are usually grown from 2-3 ft. apart in rows which are .4 ft. apart. They are sometimes grown in trenches, after the old manner of growing celery. Cardoon is almost unknown in America, except amongst foreigners. L. H. B. CABDUUS. For C. benedictus, see Carhfinia. CABEX (name of obscure origin). Cyperacea?. Sedge. Hundreds of grass-like plants in temperate cli- mates. Fls. unisexual, in spikes, the staminate naked and subtended by a bract or scale, the pistillate com- prising a single pistil enclosed in a thin sac or perigyn- ium. The two sexes may be in the same or separate spikes ; and rarely they are on different plants (plant dicecious). Carices are very abundant in cool temperate regions, both in species and in indivi' .-d plants. Many of them grow on dry land, but the largest species grow in low grounds and swales, and often form much of the bulk of bog hay (Fig. 3(50 ). The spe«'ies are very diffi- cult to distinguish because they are very similar, and the study of them is usually left to specialists. Some of our broad-leaved native species make excellent borders and interesting clumps in comers about buildings and along walls. Many of the lowland species are excellent adjuncts to the pond of hardy aquatics. Others hnve very graceful forms, with drooping spikes and slender culms ( Fig. 3G1 ) . The following native species have been offered by collectors: aurta, ehiirnea, flava, Grayi, hystricina, lupulina and its var. peduncuhifa, lurida, Magellanica , Pennsyli'anica, plantaginea, Pseudo-Cy- pertis, retrorsa, Bichardsoni. riparia, Tuckermani, iitriculata, vulpinoidea. The following species are in the Amer. trade : 362. Carex Morrowi. C. t <wi, Boott. {C. Japdnica, Hort., not Thunb. '.ssima, Hort. C. acutifdlia, Hort.). Fig. 362. I CAREX CARICA 245 Lvs. stiff and evergreen, long-pointed, in the common garden form with a white band near either margin : culm 1 ft., with a terminal staminate spike and two or three slender pistillate spikes (1 in. long) from sheaths: perigvnium small and firm, somewhat excurved, 2- toothed. glabrous. Jap. G.(MII. i:i:17:{. R.B.20, p. 9. —A very handsome plant, suited for pots or the border. The stiff, clean, white-edged foliage keeps in condition for months, making the plant useful for decorations in which pot-plants are used. It is perfectly hardy in central New York, holding its foliage all winter. A use- ful floristij' plant. teniria, Hort. (C. f/nera, Hort.). Slender but stiff: Ivs. narrow, rolling more or less when dry: staminate spikes long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short- stalked, short, with few large-turgid, tapering, shining Oaadichaudiiina, Kunth (C. vulgaris. Pries, var. GandichamUdind, ^ootX). Culms erect. 1-2 ft. : Ivs. long and grass-like : staminate tls. in terminal spikes : pis- tillate tis. in 2-3 cylindrical, sessile or subsessile spikes : perigynium lenticular, small, very short beaked, ol)scurely 2- toothed, finely nerved, longer than the narrow scale. Jap.. Austral., N. Zeal. — Useful for bog planting. Fr^seri, Andrews. Lvs. 1 in. or more broad, stiff, but with no midnerve, flat and thick, evergreen : culm 16 in. or less high, bearing at its summit a single whitish spike which is staminate at top : perigynium ovoid, thin and inflated, liich mountain woods, Va. B.M. 1H91 as C. I'raseriana. — 'Ra.re, and a very remarkable plant. L. H. B. CABiCA (a geographical name). Passiflor&cece. Papaw. Small trees, mostly with un- branched trunks, the juice milky. Lvs. near the top of the trunk, alternate, large and vari- ously lobed, soft, long-stalked: plant usually <licpcious: fls. in racemes from the leaf-axils, the Btaminate funnel-shaped and bearing 10 anthers on the throat, the pistillate larger and with 5 distinct petals and 1 pistil with 5-rayed stigma. There are about 20 species, in tropical Amer. They have somewhat the aspect of palms. Under glass in frosty countries, the common C. Pa- paya is frequent, and is grown for its foliage and interesting habit (Fig. 363). In frost - less countries, this spe- cies is grown for its fruit ( Fig. 3()4 ) , wuich is oblong or egg- ehaped, a foot or so long, orange - yellow when ripe, thick-skin- ned, with many small black seeds. The young fruit is cooked and eaten, and the ripe fruit is eaten by nc- tives. L. H. B. The soil most suited 361. Carex loneirostris (X 3^). 360. Carex lurida. one of the common boe species. (Natural size.) or, staminate spike; b, b, pistillate spikes. perigynia and awl-like, rough-pointed scales. Probably Japanese. -Cult, for its stiff foliage. Grows 18-30 in. ttigh. Allied to the N. Amer. C. bullata, Schk. for Caricas is a rich loam, having perfect drainagre. As the stem is succulent and tender," great care is nec- essary to avoid bruising ; hence pot-grown plants are much to be preferred to seedlings from the open ground. Seeds should be selected from the best and largest fruits and sown in a well-worked bed under a Blight shade. If seeds art^ quite dry or old, they should be soaked in warm water before sowing. The seed- ling plants are delicate, and require close watching at first to avoid damping-off. So<m as plants are well up remove the shading, and after the third le»i ap- pears they maj- be pricked o"* into a larger bed, or bet- ter, potted off in fairly rich soil. After plants are a few weeks old, and have been shifted once into larger pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in the tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow up- rim:ht like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail- able. Sometimes small branches form, and these m:*y be cut off and as readily rooted as most tropical x' -co- ratire plants. provide<l the cutting is not too ycung and tender. In temperate climates, Caricas have l>een 246 CARICA CARLUDOVICA found to be prood decorative plants for both conserva- tory and summer beddinj?, the deeply cut. palmate leaves forming a striking contrast to ordinary vegetation. In bedding out, select open, sunny exposure, with perfect drainage, and make the soil rich and friable. Constant cultivation with a light hoe will cause a luxuriant growth under these conditions, and the planter will be amply re- paid for his trouble by beau- tiful, showy specimens as unique and tropical-appearing as palms. Cult, by E. N. Reasoner. Papjiya, Linn. Pap aw. MEL.ON Papaw. IVIf.lon Za- PoTE. Figs, [ifui, ;it>4. Trunk reaching 20 ft.: 1 vs. often 2 ft. across, palmatt'ly 7-lobed: fr. 6-12 in. long and half as thick, hanging from the lower axils of t? e pistillate plant. Trop. Amer., but widely natu- ralized. Grows spontaneously in the wild in S. Fla. B.M. 2898-9. A. G. 18: I'M.- The plant seems sometimes to be polygamous (to bear both kinds of flowers}. The fruit is used as a vermifuge and a cosmetic. The juice of, the fruit or the macerated leaves, if rubbed on animal flesh, make it very tender. It is best to roll the meat and leaves together for a few hours. The fruits are made into sauces or conserves, and are son:. rimes eaten raw. The Papaw is variable. C. pyrifdrmis, Hort., has pear-shaped fr. V. atrovioldcen, Hort., with purple fr., is evidently only a form of il, grrdcilis, Hort. Larger than C. Papaya, with finely cut palmate Ivs. with pink veins. A form of C. Papaya f Candamarc6nsis, Hook. f. (C. Cundinamarc^nsis , Lindl. I. Lv^. numerous, dark green above and pale beneath, pubescent below, circular-cordate in out- line (1% ft. across), r)-lobed to the middle, the lobes more or less pinnatitid: fls. green and pubescent: fr. small, obovoid and pointed, contracted at the base, 5-angled, golden yellow, 5-loculed. Equad<»r. B.M. 6198.— "Probab!y the most hardy of all Papaws ; ID .Kes rapidly a bold foliage plant, the sweet-scented jellowish flowers being produced here all the year." —Frunceschi, S. Calif. quercifdlla, Benth. & Hook. ( Vasconcella qtterci- folia, St. Hil. ). Lvs. shaped like those of the Eng- li'jh oak, palmatt ly 3-nerved, ovate or ovate-lance- olate and sometiiiifs obscurely cordate, the margin undulate or inequally few-lobed, the lobes obtuse or the lower ones acute. S. Braz. and S. — "A quick-growing, hardy kind, with small fniits, but its large halberd- shaped leaves contain a higher percentage of papaine, row much used in medicine in preference to pepsin. "—^ra«rf«cftj. L. H. B. CARtSSA (aboriginal name). Apocynd- cfif . About 20 very branchy spinose shrubs of the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for ornament or for t'.ifc edible berry-like fr. Fls. white, solitary or in cymes ; lobes of calyx and corolla 5, the 5 etamens free and included in the throat, the ovary 2- loculed : lvs. opposite and thick, simple. In the Old World sometimes cult, in warmhouses, but in this country known only in the extreme !S. Prop, by seeds and cuttings of ripe wood. CarAndas, Linn. Caraunda. Christ's-Thorn. Ever- green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or elliptic mucronate entire lvs., strong axillary spines (which are often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clus- ters of 2-.'{, the corolla twisted to the left in the bud : fr. the size of a cherrv (1 in. in diam.), reddish, pleas- ant-tasted. India. L.B.C. 7: «6:i.-Reaches 20 ft. Half hardy in central Fla. The fruits are eaten from the hand when ripe, and pickled wh«a green. Might serve lor hedges. Ardulna, Lam. Amatunoula. Maritzoula. Spines strong, often 2 in. long : lvs. ovate and subcordate, mucronate, glabrous and entire : fls. white, the corolla tTvisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. — A choice ever- green shrub, rather hardy, with thick camellia-like lvs,, very glossy: fls. large, fragrant, .vhite, and borne pro- fusely: fr. dark red, 1-1}^ in. long, resembling in fla- vor red raspberries, and having a papery skin and few small seeds. A fine pot shrub. Well worth ex- tensive planting in S. Fla. and Calif. The fruit is said to bj unsurpassed for jam making. actunirita, DC. Spines weak: lvs. oiuwUer, ovate- acute, subcordate, mucro- nate : peduncles short, forked, axillary : fls. with lance-acuminate calyx lobes, the corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S. Africa. grandifldra, DC. Natal Plum. Spiny shrub : lvs. ovute-acute, tapering to the base : fls. large, white, fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to the right: fr. red, size of a cherry, good. S. Afr. B.M. 6307. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B. CABLINA (said to have cured the army of Charle- magne [Carolinus] of the plague). Compdsitie. Some 15 or 20 species in the Mediterranean region. Low. rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle. acatilis, Linn. A small and very dwarf hardy plant: height 3-6 in.: lvs. glossy, pinnatitid, divided, with spiny ends: fl. arising barely above the foliage, soli- tary, very interesting, the scales surrounding the flower-head being long and narrow and riy- or petal- like, silkv, shinv: head 6 in. across when expanded. June, July and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720, 721. -Cult.: an open, sunny place and ordinary garden soil are all they require. They are capital for the sunny part of a rockery. Prop, by cuttings or seeds. J. B. Keller. CAELUDdVICA (Charles IV., and his Queen Louisa, of Spain). Cyclanthhcece. Palm-like plants of Trop. Amer., allied on the one hand to screw pines and on the other to aroids. The plants are monoecious, the two sexes being on the same spadix, which is enclosed in a 4-leaved spathe. Staminate fls. with many stamens and niany- lobed calyx, 4 of them surrounding a pis- 363. Carica Papaya 364. Carica Papaya ( X 1-6) . tillate fl. — the latter have a 4-8ided ovary, \ bar-en sta- mens, and 4-lobed calyx: fr.a 4-sided, many-seeded berry. The Carludovicas are usually regarded and treated as palms by gardeners. They are useful tor decoration. The family Cyclanthace® is exclusively American, of t^jjaamttatmaammm mm CARLUDOVICA CARNATION 247 35-40 species an«l 4 geuera (Stelestylis, Carludovica, Lu('ovia. Cyclauthus); it is often united with the Pan- danaceie or screw pine family. l. H. B. Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently met with under cultivation. Under favorable conditions it jrrows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the kinds need stove treatment during the winter months ; in summer they may be used for subtropical bedding with good results. They have a certain palm-like appear- ance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any of the palms. They may be propagated by division, choos- in? theearly spring for the operation. C. palmata seeds freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental appear- ance for a short time after bursting open. The seeds are very small, and should be carefully washed free from 365. Carludovica palmata. the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of finely chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes place in two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist heat. The species are not particular as to soil, but the drain- age must be perfect, as the plants require an abundance of water when growing. (j. y^^ Oliver. A. Lvs. S-5-lobed. palmita, Ruiz & Pav. Fig. 365. No trunk : petioles 3-(i ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed ; blades 4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segments, dark green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar- gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 10. -The common species, and a very useful plant. Panama hats are made from this plant. rotnndildlia, H. Wendl. Much like the last, but more compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent: leaf-blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-Iobed. Costa Rica. B.M.7083. ^legans, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which are very deeply cut into straiglit strap-like divisions. Probably of horticultural origin. AA. Lvs. s-lobed. atrdvireni, H. Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and very deep, rich green (whence the name, dark green), glabrous. Colombia. htunilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf : blades angular, 2-lobed at the summit, the segments more or less jagged but not divided, <^ foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H. 1869, p. 327. -One of the best. Fliunerii, Kunth (C. palmoffdUa, Sweet). Caudez erect : blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions, bright green above and pale beneath : spadices pendu- lous. Martinique. imperi&lis, Lind. & Andr^. Caudex short and pros- trate : blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segments, with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide and shining green; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid at the base. £quador. I.H. 21:166 (by error 165). L. H. B. CARNATION (Ptrfnfftus Caryoph^lhis, Linn.). Cary- ophijlldcut. Figs. 366, 367. Half-hardy perennial, her- baceous suffrutescent at base : height 2 ft. : stem branching, with tumid joints : lvs. linear, gkiucous, opposite : tls. terminal, solitary ; petals 5, tlesh-col- ored, very broad, .. rdless margins toothed ; calyx cylindrical, v^'ith Si .ly bracts at base. June-August. Native of southern Eu. ; occasionally met in the wild state in England, where it was introduced through cul- tivation. Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years B.C., gave the name Dianthus ((ireek Dios, divine; aitthos, flower) to the genus, probably suggested by the delightful fra- grance. The specific name Caryophyllus ((Areek, Caryon, nut; and phyllon, leaf) has betw applied to the clove tree {Cartfophi/tliix aromaticus), and because of the clove -like fragrance of the Carnation, this name was applied to the species ; otherwise it would have no sig- nificance. The name Carnation (Latin, carnatio, from cam, carnis, flesh) has reference to the flesh-color of the flowers of the original type. This plant has been in cultivation more than 2,000 vears, for Theophrastus (History of Plants, 300 B.C.) says : "The Creeks cul- tivate roses, gillyflowers, violets, narcissi, and iris," gillyflower being the old English name for the Carna- tion. It was not, however, until the beginning of the sixteenth century that the development of the Carnation into numerous varieties made an impression upon its history. The original flesh-color of its flowers was already broken up into its component colors, red and white. The gardeners of Italy, France, Germany, Hol- land and England, with their respective ideals of beauty in this flower, contributed so many varieties that in 1597 Gerard wrote that "to describe each new variety of carnation were to roll Sisyphus' stone or number the sands." There were many attempts at classification, but most of them, like the varieties they serve, have disappeared. Two of them are as follows : The French scheme ar- ranged all varieties into three classes, thus : — Greuadins (Fig 368), including those with strong perfumes, flow- ers of medium size, either single or double, petals fringed, an«i of but one color ; Flamands, including those with large flowers, round and double, rising in the center to form a convex surface, petals entire, either iinicolored or striped with two or more colors ; Fancies, including those with colors arranged in bands on light grounds the petals toothed or not. The En.'jlish classi- fication of these varieties makes four categories : Selfs, or those possessing only one color in the petals ; Flakes, or those having a pure ground of white or yellow and flaked or striped with ^ne color, as scarlet, purple or rose ; Bizarres. or those having a pure ground marked as in the Flakes, but with two or three colors : and Picotees. or those having a pure ground of white or yellow, id each petal bordered with a band of color at the mart,in. This last class h\^ been regarded with the distinction of a race. In tbe early part of the ninetec nth century English gardeners exercised very great care, in the growing of Carnations, to mature only perfect flowers. Imperfect and superfluous petals were extracted with forceps ; petals appearing out of place were arranged in a per- 248 CARNATION CARNATION feet imbrication ; the calj'x tube was cut partly down between the teeth, to prevent excessive splitting at one side and to pive more freedom to the expansion of the 366. Section of Carnation flower. c, d, bracts; 6, calyx; a, style. flower. These and many more tedious details seem to have wrought the downfall of this sweet tlower about the middle of the nineteenth century. All the foregoing has reference to those types of Car- nations which are but little known or grown in America at the present day. The varieties so common in Europe are usually kept in coldframes or coolhouses during the winter, and as spring approaches the plants are brought into their blooming quarters, for no tiower is expected to appear until the month of Julj', when there is a great profusion of blossoms, but for a short season. Therefore, they can all be classed as a summer race. They are also grown permanently in the open. PERPETrAL-FLowEKiNG CARNATION ( Remontant, Monthly, or Tree). — The Carnations so common in America, and grown so extensively under glass for win- ter cut-tlowers, originated about 1840 as a distinct race of Perpetual-flowering Carnations. A French gardener, M. Dalmais, according to M. Jean Sisley, of Lyons, ob- tained the first real constant-blooming Carnation, which was called Atim, and sent out in 1844. It was the result of artificially crossing Oeillet de Mahon, or St. Martin, because it was regularly bloomed in November, vrith pollen from Oeillet Biohon. The first gain was crossed with Flemish Carnation with repetition. In 1846 he obtained a great number of varieties of all colors. M. Schmitt, a distinguished horticulturist of Lyons, fol- lowed in the work, and obtained several fine varieties, like Arc-en-ciel and EtoUe Pohtire, which were culti- vated for several years. The next enthusiast who aided materially in the development of this new race of Car- nations was i\I. Alphonse Alegatiere, who, by careful crossing, obtained varieties with stiff stems. About 1866 the number of such varieties was increased, and as a class they received the name of Tree Carnations, but in America they were more generally termed the Monthly Carnations. The earliest importation of this race of varieties into America seems to have been made in 1868, and included such varieties as Edwardsii, President Degraw, La Purite and Variegated La Purite, and for a period of ten years were grown as pot plants for sum- mer or winter blooming. About 1875 bench culture was introduced in coolhouses, and was attended with such marked success that soon entire greenhouses were de- vote<l to the cultivation of the Carnation, and there arose the carnation specialist, or carnationist, the latter title » being used first, in 1892, with such men as Starr, f Swayne, Tailby and Dorner. There are now about 500 distinct varieties in this country, all of American origin. The winter forcing of Carnations is now more liijfhly develope«l in America than anywhere else in the world. For sketches of the evolution of the Carnation, particu- larly of the American cut-ttower race, see Bailey, "Sur- vival of the Unlike." ProprtfiTrt/toM. — The perpetual-flowering Carnations are propagated by cuttings ( Fig. 369) . The best " wood " for this purpose is found in the lateral shoots at the base of thrifty branches ; shoots appearing high on the flower- ing stem are not desirable. No cuttings should be taken from stems bearing small, sickly, or poorly colored flowers. Diseased plants, and plants which have been greatly stimulated and forced in a high temperature, should also be avoided in propagation. The material for cuttings is pulled from the plants by a lateral move- ment, and in this condition, — that is, without farther cutting or trimming, — is considered by many propaga- tors as ready for the sand-bench ; others remove a por- tion of the leaves or the tips of the long ones. Cuttings are successfully made from December 1 to May 1. Growers choose different portions of this Y)eriod for the best results. February is, perhaps, most frequently chosen. The cuttings are usually planted in sand- benches to be rooted, either in a separate propagating house or upon a portion of bench prepared for the pur- pose in the regular Carnation house. For a limited num- ber of cuttings, "flats" may be used and placed where they will receive proper treatment. The temperature in which cuttings are best rooted is 50° F. for the first few days, then increased to 55° or 60° F. During sunshine the young cuttings are shaded, and at all times mois- ture" is carefully regulated, to avoid the "damping off" funsrus and the'flagging of the cuttings. In about four weeks a good bunch of roots will be formed, and the cuttings are transplanted into small pots or flats. They are then kept in coolhouses (45 to 50° F.) until it is possible to plant them in the field. Propagation by lay- 367. Showing the anthers becomine leaves.— a stage in the doubling of the Carnation. ering is practiced abroad (Fig. 370), but is too slow for American conditions. Plants are grown from seed only when it is desired to obtain new varieties. .*'/^ CARNATION CARNATION 249 Summer Treatment.— The young plants are carefully hanlened in the sprintr, to enable them to be planted in the open field in May. Various soils have Kiven good results. A sandy soil yields fine plants if a drouj?ht does not prevail ; a clay soil will make short, stiff plants, which are slow to yield flowers in the fall ; a sandy loam is the best soil. The field soil is well pre- pared by applying a liberal quantity of well- rotted manure or an equivalent in commercial ferti- lizer, plowing deeply and har- rowing thorough- ly. The plants are then set, as soon as danger from heavy frosts is past, putting them 10 inches apart, in rows 12 inches apart if to be worked entirely by hand, and 3 feet apart if to be worked with horse and culti- vator. Throughout the summer tlje plants are kept free from weeds and frequently culti- vated. No blossoming by plants intended for winter flowering is permitted. All rising shoots are cut back to 2-4 inches as fast as they appear. Such prun- ing ceases about August 1 to 10. In the month of September the plants are lifted and planted" upon the benches. Some grow- ers transplant with "balls" of ground, others without any soil clinging to the roots. Vi^inter Tre<^tfment.— The Car- nation house usually stands east and west, and is provided with both raised and solid benches. Much experience and a long controversy have resulted in the conclusion that some varie- ties of Carnations should be planted on raised benclics and others on solid benches. The soil is prepared some time pre- 368. Grenadin Carnation. lio"\ ^^ its use, with three- (><^ 2y J fourths loam and one-fourth — well-rotted manure, turning several times to thoroughly mix the elements. About September 1 it is placed on the benches, enough to be 4 or 5 inches deep when settled. The plants are set 8 to 12 inches apart each way, watered thoroughly, and syringed frequently until established. Staking is nec- essary to keep the branches off the ground and the flow- ers above the foliage. Various arrange- ments of wires and strings are devised. The use of plant-stakes has been universally abandoned. The temperature of the Carnation house is maintained at 50 to 55° F. at night and about 10° warmer in the daytime, during the whole winter. The proper use of water maintains a healthy growth, ensures sub- stantial flowers, and prevents red spider. On bright days the houses are freely; syringed. Fertilizers are used with great j liberality on the plants in the benches, and! with good results. Liquid manures from^ horse, cow, sheep or hen droppings, diluted 369. Cama- to the color of weak tea, are applied about ^lon cutting. once a week, beginning about January 1, or a mulch of well-rotted cow manure is put over the ground after the plants become well set. Disbudding is practiced to produce ge flowers on stiff stems. Carnations are not very seriously annoyed by insects or fungous diseases. The red spider is usually kept under control by syringing judiciously with water, and the greenfly by fumigation with rose-leaf extract or the use of tobacco stems on the floor of the house. Three fungouH diseases have recently become annoying ; viz., rust (Uromycea carynphylliuus, Schr. ), anthracnose ( yoliitella sp.), and spot or blight {Septoria Dianthi, Desm). The best treatment is to destroy diseased plants and to spray the rest with Bordeaux mixture. Varieties are constantly changing. The following represent the common range of variation: White— Lizzie Mc<iowan (Fig. 372), Ivory, Alaska, Uncle John, Flora Hill. White Cloud. Pink-WnK Scott Daybreak (Fig. 374), Albertini, Bridesmaid, Delia Fox, Triumph, Victor. Scarlet— Hector. Portia, Dazzle, Jubilee (Fig. 373). Variegated — Minnie Cook, Helen Keller, Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt, Armazindy. Yellow— Eldorado, Buttercup, Mayor Pingree, Gold Nugget. Crimson— Meteor, Tidal Wave, Cartledge. Carnations in Pots. — For pot culture, the Carnation is propagated and treated as previously described in field culture up to the time of lifting the plants, when they are taken up and planted singly in pots,— 4-, .*>-, i>' J'^^, * 370. l„ayer of Carnation. The parent stem was severed at S. 6-, or 7-inch sizes, suitiug them to the size of the plants. If the heading-back was not continued too late in the field, many plants may be in bud in October and be excellent specimens for fall sales. The bulk of the potted plants, however, are intended for spring sales, and are carried over the winter in well-built coldframes, left uncovered as long as flne weather will permit ; frosts and even light freezes will not hurt the plants. At the approach of severe weather, sashes are covered over the plants, but on mild days liberal ventilation is given, and during extreme winter cold af'Jitional cov- ering is placed over the frames. About the first of March these plants are brought into a coolhouse. and one month later they are graced with a profusion of buds and blossoms ; with proper care they will continue to flower throughout the summer. The varieties pre- ferred for pots are those of dwarf habit, with stems stiff enough to hold up the flowers without staking. In color, the varieties known as " fancies " are usually more salable than those with single colors. Varieties recom- mended for pot culture are Portia, Mrs. Fisher, Grace Wilder, Buttercup, American Flag. Robert Craig, E. G. Hill. Other Carnations. — Aside from the forcing Carna- tions, the following groups receive attention in this country : Carnation, Ma Imaison. — This is a group of varieties grown in Europe. It is said ( Revue Horticole, 1888) that the original variety of the group was taken from La Mal- maison in the time of Napoleon I, It was pure white in color, but now all the shades of red are in the group. The flowers are very large, even 6 inches in diameter with good culture. The plants are dN-'arf , very florlfer- 250 CARNATION CARNATION ous, but not constant bloomers, never seeding. The stems are strong and straight. Csually propagated by cuttings or layers. Carnation, Victoria. — A group of varieties under this name originated with M. Benary, Erfurt, Crermany^, in 1879 (Revue Horticole. 1890), probably descendants from Souvenir de la Malmaison, which it closely re- sembles, but of greater merit because of a firmer calyx. All the colors of Carnations are represented ; petals are large, finely fringed. The plant is dwarf, not remontant. Propagated by layers or cuttings. The members of this group, as of the preceding, liave not r^eived much attention in this country. Carnation, Marguerite (Fig. 371). — A comparatively new class of Carnations. Origin not definitely known; supposed to have been in somewhat obscure cultivation in Italy and Algeria a very long time. The plants are generally raised from seed, and blossom in about four months. A very large majority of flowers come double or semi-double, strongly clove-scented, deeply fringed ; color red, pink or white. The plant is dwarf, 10-15 inches high, compact, erect, branching. It is a constant bloomer, but in quality the flowers are far inferior to the Perpetual-flowering Carnation. The Marguerite Carnations are highly prized for massing in summer beds, and are treated as annuals. George C. Butz. Commercial Carnation Culture. — Carnation cul- ture can be divided into three parts or periods — propa- gation of the young plants during the winter ai<d early spring months ; the summer culture, generally carried on in the field or garden, for the growing of the young plants to a stage of maturity suitable for the transfer to the houses in the fall : and the wii -r or house cul- ture, which is often prolonged througij spring and early summer, depending on the condition of plants and va- riety. Of late, experiments have been made with summer culture under glass, a subject which is treated below. To make the mode of cultivation more comprehensi- ble, it will be well to speak first of the habit of the Car- nation in general, for there is a great difference in growth and blooming of the different varieties, without making one variety or the other less profitable. Al- though the same treatment may be applied, a slight deviation from general rules may often be practical and more fitting to certain varieties. We find among our present varieties some with a more spreading, straggling growth, as Daybreak, while others grow more compact, as Jubilee. We find early and late bloomers ; some that are continuous bloomers, as Mrs. Geo. M. Bi-adt, and others that show a tendency to "crop", while with some varieties the coiuing-off crop and the new coming- in are so linked together that it will only benotice*. by a less quantity and smaller flowers, as in White Cloud; with others it is so marki d that often an interval of from four to six weeks, or an entire cessation of blooming, will take place, as in Bridesmaid. In the aggregate, the continuous bloomer and the cropper may furnish the same number of flowers through the season, and, under circumstances, one may be as profitable as the other. Propagation can be carried on from January to May. Early propagation is preferable, as often in April warm weather will interfere with good results. When the plants are expected to commence to bloom early in fall 371. One form t the Marguerite Carnation {X%). and furnish a good quality of blooms, early propagation is a necessity. Late-blooming varieties, when propa- gated early, advance their time for blooming consider- ably. Late-propagated plants may have to be trans- ferred from the propagating bed to the field at a time when the hot weather will prove very severe on the little plants ; they are deprived of the advancing spring growth, and consequently make little headway through the hot summer months, but will make gool plants for late blooming, or, when not allowed to bloom, will fur- nish excellent cuttings for early propagation. Any young shoots not advanced into bud formation, but seeming to be capable of producing a good flower in time, will, as a cutting, make a good plant. If the bud has commenced to form, even only to half the size of a pinhead, it is bound to develop ; it retards root formation, and when eventually roots ar^s formed, all the nourishment taken up is used to mature that bud. Such cuttings, doubtful at their taking, but which will in time develop a flower-bud, are not to be necessarily classed as bad cuttings if, at the first symptoms, the bud is removed ; when left to develop it may still make a plant after a lapse of two or three months, but time is lost. In general, the strongest and best cuttings are found at the base of the flower-stem; those that appear upon the flower stem are of an inferior quality, and will in time show symptoms of degeneration; the same will be the case when taken from exhausted blooming plaats. For this reason the late-propagated plants, whose growth has been made through the late fall months, and where the flower stems are removed as fast as they appear, and the whole strength thrown into the young shoots appearing below the break, will furnish the best cut- tings. The plant is in quite a different stage of growth when producing new shoots, and when young shoots- cuttings— are produced only in connection with the ma- turing of flowers. This will lead to the conclusion that to produce the best cuttings, a separation of the culture for flowers and the culture for cuttings is the best solution. A cutting should have an average length of 4 inches, with at least 1-inch clean stem. When taken off close from the branch or stem out of the axil of a leaf, no further trimming of the heel is necessary except an occasional removing of some wood fibers that may adhere from the break. When the shoot is too long and demands a cut with the knife, the cut should be made ai or right above a joint, so that the two leaves can be peeled off and leave a clean heel. If cut too high above a joint, the stem gets too hard ; if below, the bark v.-ill be peeled off with the leaves, and gives occasion to rot. Leaves should be re- moved as far as the cutting is inserted in the sand, and the top of the lea -es shortened, so as not to give too much surface to evaporation. The propagating bed should be filled with 3 inches of clean, sharp sand, not too coarse, and well packed. When the cuttings are to be inserted, a line should be drawn with a knife to the required depth of about 1 inch, the cutting inserted and the sand pressed on. A tile or brick bottom in the propagating bed is much su- perior to a common wooden bottom ; it assures better drainage and less danger of fungus. The utmost clean- liness should be observed in a propagating house, and no decaying matter be allowed to lie around. Water is needed every two or three days when the bench has good drainage. The house should be shaded either from the outside with a whitewash of white lead and coal oil, or on the inside with a light white mus- lin. Ventilation is advisable whenever the temperature comes near to 00°; general tem- perature 5'i°, and all available means should be employed to keep it at that point. Day tem- perature may be two or three <legrees above, end night temperatui'e as much below. Average time to root Carnation cuttings is four weeks, and depends much on the variety. Mary Wood may root '.n two weeks, while it may take six weeks to root Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt. In p. higher temperature, cuttings wUl root more quickly, but it is not advisable, as it increases the danger of cutting-bench fungus and soft- ens the young plants. As soon as rooted, transplant into a light soil enriched with well decomposed manure— none CARNATION CARNATION 251 other should be used— in a light, well- ventilated house, either on benches, in flats or small pots, the latter pref- erable, as early-rooted plants can be shifted into larger pots, and the later-rooted be just in good shape for the transfer to the field. Temperature the same as in the propagating house, but when the young plants become well established may be kept 5° lower. The ground for the field or summer culture sh ould be well prepare.!, and any working in it be avoided when too wet: planting to be done as soon as the weather will permit. A grood spring growth is of the greatest advan- tage, especially if good plants are wanted for early fall blooming. Late spring frosts will not injure the plants, and a cool atmosphere is more congenial to a good growth than the hot summer weather, when growth is comparatively slow ; plants to stand at least 15-18 inches apart each way, or at any greater distance, as through a drought than when resort is had to watering. Watering, unless it can be done thoroughly and kept up, should not be resorted to, and only as a last measure in a sever*, drought. When the plants attain the height of 5-6 inches, top- ping should be commenced and , j,i(i/fiii/. be kept up as .Wi^ long as the ■*' ' plants remain in the field. This operation is for the purpose of removing the top shoots w h e re buds are forming, or 373. Carnation, Jubilee. 374. Carnation, Daybreak. the mode of cultivating the soil to be adopted may re- ijuire. From the time of planting, as soon as a crust forms after a rain it should be broken and the surface of the soil kept in a mellow condition to a depth of 2 inches through- out the summer { any deeper cultivating is in- jurious rather than bene- ficial to tht plants. A thorough cultivating will not only destroy weeds, but v^ill keep the soil in condi'ion in which it retains mois- ture the longest, an<'i will carry the plants much better 372. Carnation. Lizzie McGowan. where a part of the plant grows out of proportion to the other, to force the plant to grow into a symmetrical, bushy form. At the same time, care must be taken not to cut any more than the purpose of topping calls for, for the plant is just as dependent on all its leaves as on its roots. Any bloom is at the expense of the fall and winter crop, for it retards the growth of the plant and use> up energy that is wanted at a more desi-ed time. The transfer from the field tc the house for the fol- lowing winder cn.lture is at ordeal to the plants and much anxiety to the grower. If early flowers are wanted, an early transfer has to be made— as early as the latter part of August and begin; ing of September. Late- rooted plants, that had not the chance of any sprinfi; growth, should be given the benefit of a fall growt'^ and be transferred laUar. 252 CARNATION CARNATION The preparation of the soil for the benches in the bouses should be commenced the year before. If pos- sible, select a piece of sod — but other ground will au- swer— give it a good coat of stable manure and plow- under. In the spring, add more manure or any fertilizer that the soil may mostly require, especially bone, wood- ashes and lime, if not already in the soil, plow again, and repeat the plowing two or three times during the summer. As to the texture of the soil, a loam that con- tains some clay without making it too heavy, is prefer- able. It requires a rich soil and, therefore, the prepara- tion has to be commence*! in time, so that the manures become decomposed and well incorporated, ready for assimilation. Light, roomy houses, with j»ood ventilation, are re- quired to insure a bountiful crop. Whether solid or raised benches, especially for the latter, fresh soil is re- quired every season. Good drainage and an even fill- ing and packing of the soil insures an even, healthy Krowth. Strong-growing varieties should be planted 12-15 inches each way, less strong ones closer ; any crowding, when rot diminishing the quantity of flowers to the square foot, will certainly degraue the quality of the same. Transplanting is an ordeal for the plants, and has to be done with the greatest care and dispatch. especially as the ordeal is often aggravated by hot weather during early transplanting. Points to be ob- served are, in the first place, a careful lifting. When the ground is sandy and loose, the ground may be shaken off, but when hard and baked, so there is danger of breaking the roots, it is better to leave a ball. In setting, plants should be cleaned of all decaying leaves, and buds removed. Place the plants in a natural position by spreading the roots out over a little mound formed in the excavation made for the plant, and press the ground on firmly. Any deeper planting than the plants have stood in the fields invites stem-rot. Water well after transplanting, after that more sparingly, as a too wet, cloggy soil will retard root-formation. Other precau- tions to facilitate the establishing of the plants are shading of the house, and reduction of ventilation to a minimum. A moist, cool air, even if close, that other- wise would be injurious, has to be employed to prevent a too strong enervating evaporation from the leaves — in other words, to prevent wilting. An occasional syring- ing two or three times a day will give enough moisture to the soil after the first watering, and keeps a moist atmosphere. When plants showing signs of having formed new roots become established, any of the pre- cautions employed to gain this end become injurious. The shading is to be gradually removed, ventilation in- creased, syringing reduced, and a norm-il treatment of growing plants assumed. House culture may be summed up as follows: Average night temperature 55°, day tem- perature on cloudy days 60° to 05°. When over 60°, ven- tilation should be given, and increased when necessary to retain the desired point. Fresh air is a necessity, and ventilators should be opened whenever it is practi- cable to do so. All syringing is to be avoided and the water applied to the soil below the plants. W^ater should be given freely when needed, and care be taken to make the watf'rir.gthorough,reachingthe bottom of the bench. Glass roof should be kept clean, so the plants will de- rive the benefit of every moment's sunshine. Cultivat- ing the soil, with the exception of a mere scratching, is of more injury than benefit, as it will destroy the white roots coming near the surface in quest of food. The principles of support are to hold the body of the plant off from the soil for a free circulation of air un- derneath, and to support the flower stems in a way so as not to impair the plant in its freedom of growth, and leave free access to cut the blooms with any desired length of stem. The Carnation is rather a heavy feeder, and quantity and quality of blooms depend largely on the nourish- ment supplied. The necessity for feeding depends on the richness of the soil, and to avoid a disastrous over- feeding, food has to be applied judiciously— rather weak and often than too strong at a time. Feeding can be done with a mulch of well decomposed manure, or best, with prepared liquid n^anure. If it can be arranged so a part of the liquid manure could be given with each or every other watering, best results will follow and danger of overfeeding be avoided. In the preparation of liquid manure, it is best to take fresh cow-manure as a base and add any other ingredients desirable, as chieken manure, bone meal, sulfate of potash ; but avoid any- thing that contains lime, as lime will set free the valua- ble ammonia. Summer culture under glass has been experimented with in late years, but with no generally satisfactory re- sults. The hot, close, greenhouse air is against it ; the plants grow, as greenhouse plants do, soft and drawn, not to be compared with the sturdy, short-jointed, hardier outdoor growth, so productive of a good crop. Indoor- grown plants lack the foundation gained in the field. True, the plants will not have the set-back of a trans- planting, but better results have to be shown before this mode of summer culture will become general. Every year new varieties are produced and introduced, superseding older ones. A list of the varieties grown at present may be useless in three or four years, so we mention only the best grown now. Among the whites, Lizzie McGowan (Fig. 372) has been a standby, but White Cloud now stands as the best. Maceo is the best deep red or maroon yet produced ; a very free and continu- ous bloomer. In the scarlets. Jubilee (Fig. 37;{) wants first place, but indications are that it will bo superseded Plate IV. Carnations. Types of the American winter-rtowering Carn.ition. H.ilf size. CARNATION CARRIE.ilA 253 by G. H. Crane. Among the light pinks, Daybreak (Fig. 374) is still a standby, but there are some among the new ones that will, to all appearance, push it into the background. In the dark pinks, Scott yet claims the honors, but Mrs. Francis Joost, as the newer variety, may succeed to its place. In yellow, Gold Nugget is conceded the best. Mayor Pingree is a good large tlower, but rather of a pale color, and a shy bloomer. The Carnation par excellence is Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt, white striped scarlet — an even, continuous bloomer through- out the whole season ; a fine, large flower, admired wherever grown. long: fruit-clusters peduncle^', 2— 4 in. long: bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in. long, with 2 broad and short inequal lateral lobes, and a much longer middle lobe, usually serrate only on one margin. E.N. America, west to Minnesota and Texas; also, in Mexico and C. Amer. S. S. 9:447. Em. l:iyy.-Bushy tree, with dense, but Fked Dobneb. CABOB. See Ceratonia. CABOLINA ALLSPICE. See Calycanthus. CABPEL. One of the separable or component parts of a compound pistil. See P lower. CABP£NT£BIA ( after Professor Carpenter, of Louisi- ana). Saxifrugciceff. Evergreen shrub, with rather large opposite Ivs.: tls. large, in terminal, loose corymbs; calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens nu/.ierous ; ovary almost superior, 5-0-celled : fr. a many-seeded dehiscent cap- 8U1.;. One species in Calif. A highly ornamental ever- green shrub, with very large, white and fragrant fls., but not hardy north. It requires a well-drained, light and sandy soil, and sunny, somewhat sheltered position; it especially dislikes moisture during the winter, and its perishing is often more due to an excess of moisture than to the cold. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under glass in summer, and by suckers, which it produces freely; also, bv seeds, sown in spring. Cali!6mica, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceo- late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above, whitish-tomentose beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. pure white, 2>^-3 in. in diara., fragrant ; petals orbicular, concave. June, July. B.M.6911. Gn. 31: 581, and 54, p. 248. G.C. 11,26:113. K.H. 1884,p.365. J.H. 111,29: 251. Alfb^d Rehdee. CABPET BEDDINO. See Bedding. CABPlNUS (ancient Latin name). Cupuliferw (or Bettdacexe). Hornbeam. Tree, of medium size, some- times shrubby: Ivs. decidi i, petioled, alternate, ser- rate; stipules deciduous: fls. in catkins, appearing with the ivs.; starainate catkins pendulous, each scale bear- ing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex ; pistillate cat- kins terminal, slender, each scale bearing two ovaries, the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large, leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small, nut -like fruit at the base. About 8 species in C. and E. Asia. 2 in Europe and W. Asia and 1 in N. and C. Amer. Hardy, ornamental tree, usually with dense, round head, and of somewhat slow growth. The wood is very hard and close-grained, and much used in making tools and other small articles. The handsome foliage is rarely attacked by insects, and assumes a yellow or scarlet color in fall. The most beautiful are C cordata, with large ivs., and C. Japonica, of graceful habit and with elesant foliage. The Hornbeam bears severe pruning well, and is very valuable for high hedges, and the European species was formerly much used in the old formal gardens for this purpose; the latter makes, also, an excellent game cover, as it retains its withered foli- age almost throughout the whole winter. They grow in almost any soil, and even in dry, rocky situations. Prop, by seeds, sown usually in fall, germinating very irregularly ; if they do not spring up the first rpring, the seed bed should be covered until the following spring with moss or leaf-mold, to keep the soil moist. If intended for hedges, the seedlings should be trans- planted after the first year, and allowed sufficiert spr.ce to prevent them from growing into slender, tall plants, unfit for hedgei. The varieties of rarer species are grafted in spring under glass, or in the open air on seedlings of one of the common species. Carolini&na, Walt. ( C. A mericdna , Michx. ) . American Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Fig. 376. Bushy tree, rarely 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, usually rounded at the b^oe, acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous at length, except in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-i in. 376. Carpinus Caroliniana (X %). slender and often somewhat pendulous branches, and dark bluish green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange- yellow in fall. Bdtulos, Linn. European Hornbeam. Tree, to 60 or 70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above: fruit-clusters 3-5 in. long : bracts over 1% in. long, with ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den- ticulate. Europe to Persia. — The most remarkable of the garden forms are the following: Var. incisa, Ait. (var. que.. 'fdli(t,Dest.). Lvs. incised or lobed, smaller. Var. fa'^tigljita, Hort. Of upright growth. Var. purptirea, Hort. Lvs. purplish when young, green at length. It grows into a taller tree than the American species, though the former is of more vigorous growth when j'oung ; the foliage turns yellow in fall, and remains on the tree throughout the winter. C. Amerirdna, Miehx.=C. Caroliniana.— <7. corddta, Blme. To 40 ft. : lvs. deeply cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate, with 14-20 pairs of veins, 4-7 in. long. Japan, Manchuria. G. F.8: 295. The most beautiful species, and quite hardy.— -C duineimis, Scop.=C.orientalis.— C'.t/apoHica, Blme. To 50ft.: lvs. slightly cordate or rounded, oblong-ovate, 3-4 in. long, with a)>out 20 or more pairs of veins. Japan. G.F. 6: 365 (as Carpinus Carpinus). R.H. 1895:427. A very graceful species.— (7. laxiflora, Blme. To 50 ft.: lvs. ovate or elliptic-ovate, long acuminate. 2 3 in. long, with 10-14 pairs of veins. .Japan. Very attractive in fall, with its long and slender catkins.— C. onVHfa/i«, Mill. Bushy tree, to 15 ft. : lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 1^-2 in. long, with about 10 pairs of veins. S. E. Europe to Persia.- C Turczaninoici, Hanee. Shnihby tree: lvs. ovate, acute, 1-2 in. long, with 10-12 pairs of veins. N. China.— (7. Virginiana, Michx. f.=C. Caro- liniana.— C. F^do^n*i», Maxim. Small tree: branchletsand lvs. beneath pubescent : lvs. ovate-elliptic or ovate- lanceolate, with about 12 pairs of veins. 2-3 in. long. Japan. Alfred Rehder. CABBI£BIA (after E. A. Carrifere, prominent French horticulturist and botanist, died 1896). Bixdce(p. De- ciduous trees, wiih alternate, long-petioled, glabrous Ivs., resembling in appearance the genus Idesia. Two species, recently discovered in China, of which one, C. calycina. Franch., has been introduced. It is a tree to .50 ft. high, with rather l^rge, oval or obovate lvs, and apetalous fls. with 5 large sepals in few-fld. terminal racemes. It will be probablv of the same hardiness and culture as Idesia. K. H. 1896, p. 4r8. Alfred Rehdeb. 254 CARROT CARYOPTERIS CARROT (Da MfKS Crtrd/a, Linn.)- UmheUlfern. A native of the British Isles, and one of the bad intro- duced weeds of eastern North America (Fig. Ml). The improved succulent-rooted garden varieties are believed to be descended from the same stock, though this has been denied. It seems probable that the horticultural improvement of the species was begun in Holland, and it is said that the cultivated forms were introduced thence into the gardens of England during the leign of Queen Elizabeth. The Carrot is now very generally, though not extensively, cultivated everywhere, both fur culinary purposes and for stock-fee<ling. It is some- times forced under glass, but to no great extent. Car- rots are most useful in culinary practice for soups, stews, and salads, and as this class of cookery has never been reasonably popular in America, this vege- table has not received the attention it deserves. To*' Carrot requires a loose, friable, warm soil, in the very uest mechanical condition, and especially for the early ".rop of tender spring roots, this needs to be lib- erally fertilized with well-rotted stable manure and some rapidly available potash fertilizer. Seed for the first crop of Carrots should be sown as soon as the ground is warm and dry enough, in rows 1-2 feet apart. As they germinate slowly, the land should be free of weeds. When they are large enough to be thinned, the plants are decimated to stand 2-'.i inches apart in the rows. Careful, clean cultivation is requi- site, and drought is to be especially avoided, even at the cost of any practicable irrigation. Later crops, and Carrots grown for stock feed, may be sown in May or early June, and treated like the early sowing. When the young roots are ready for market they are pulled and tied in bunches of six or ten or a dozen (Fig. 378). In the early spring, when a considerable appetite for green stuff can be depended on, a great many young Carrots are shipped north from Well-ripened roots of the fall cro^ pits or in the root-cellar. The Cari«^ importance. The varieties of Carrots differ chiefly in respect to size and grain, wiib differences in earliness closely cor- related. The following are favorite varieties: French Forcing (Earliest Sh'T* Horn). — One of the smallest and earliest ; root ; maU> almost globular, orange-red. 2>ani'ers.— Cylindrical stump-rooted, medium large, dark orange, fine-grained ; the favorite all-purpose variety. Oxheart. — Medium size, oval, rather light colored, ^ne grain and flavor ; recently introduced from France, and qtiite ^n.'cessfnl. CARTHAMUS (Arabic name, alluding to the color). Comji<'tsit(P. Hardy annuals 2-:{ft. high, with spiny Ivs! Involucre with spreading and leafy outer scales and the inner ones more or less spiny : receptacle chaffy : akenes glabrous, mostly 4-ribbed, the pappus none or scale-like. Of easiest culture, from seed. southern gardens, may be stored in bas no enemies of 377. Last year's umbel of wild Carrot. Half-long Scarlet. — Top small, roots medium size, cylindrical pointed : much used for bunching. Early Scarlet Horn. — Top small, roots half -long, somewhat oval, smooth, fine grain and flavor; a favorite garden sort. Large White Belgian. — Very 'arge and rather coarse, whitish; principally grown for stock-feeding. F. A. Wauqh. 378. A bunch of Carrots. tinet'^TitiB, Linn. Safflower. False Sappkon. One to oft. high, glabrous, branched: Ivs. ovate, spiny- toothc ; • fl. -heads with upward-tapering involucre, and a globular i -own of orange florets. Asia. — The flowers furnish a 'Ke material, which is used in place of the true,3affion (which is a Crcvjus). ^ H. B. CAEUM (Caria, in Asia Minor). UmhelUfera>. Gla- brous annual or perennial herbs, widely distril)uted in temperate and subtropical regions. Lvs. pinnate, or ternate and pinnately decompound : fls. while or yel- lowish, small, ill compound umbels, the calyx-teeth small : fruit ovate or oblong, sometimes compressed, more or less ribbed, glabrous, or sometimes hispid. Roots often tuberous. Fifty or more species. C&rtii, Linn. Caraway (which see). Stem slender but erect, furrowed, 1-2 ft. : lvs. pinnately decompound, with thread-like divisions. Old World. — Sometimes runs wild. Fetrosellnum, Benth. & Hook. f. {PetroseDnum so- fUvtwj^Hoffm.). Parsley (which see). Erect, 1-3 ft.: lvs. ternate-pinnate, the Ifts. ovate and 3-cleft (much cut in the "curled" garden vars.). the upper ones nar- rower and nearly entire : fls. yellowish. Old World. — Much cult., and occasionally runs wild. G^irdneri, Gray. Stem solitary, 1-4 ft. : lvs. mostly simply pinnate, with 3-7 linear or thread-like Ifts., tbe upper Ifts. usually entire, but the lower ones often di- vided: fr. with long style. Dry hills, in Calif, and Nev. —Int. 1881 by Gillett as an ornamental plant. Roots tuberous and fusiform. l. H. B. CARI^MBIUM. See Homalanthus . CARYA is treated under fficoria. CARTOFHt^LLUS, the Clove Tree, is now referred to Eugenia. CARTdPTERIS (Greek for nut and tcing). Verbe- ndcea. Small shrubs with deciduous opposite lvs. and blue or violet tis. in axillary cymes : corolla 5-lobed, CARTOPTERIS CASIMIROA 255 one segment larger and fringed ; stamens 4, exserted ; fr. separating into 4 somewhat winged nutlets. About 6 species in E. Asia. Free-tlowering, small shrubs, very valuable for their late blooming season ; not hardy north; even if well protected they will be killed almost to the ground, but the young shoots, springing up freely, will flower profusely the same season. They require well-drained and sandy soil and sunny position ; if fjrown in pots, a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil or loam will suit them, and they will Hower in the green- house until mi<lwinter. Prop, readily by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer or fall under glass, and by seeds sown in spring. Mastac^nthus, Schauer ( C. inedna, Miq. C. Sinensis, Dipp. ). Fig. 379. SuflTruticose, 1-5 ft.: Ivs. petioled, ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, imbescent above, grayish tomentose beneath, 2-'' h\ long: cymes pe- duncled, dense-fld.; fls. small, violec uIuh »>r lavender- hhie. Aug.-Nov. China, Jap. B.R. 32:2. B.M. G7J)9. R.H. 1892:324. R.B. 19:273. G.C. II. 21:149. Mn. 5:5. S.H. 2, p. 89.— Known in the nursery trade as "Blue Spiraea." There is also a new variety with white tls. C Mnngblica. Bunge. Lvs. lanceolate, almost entire : cymes with fewer but larger fls. R.H. 187'J:4.')0. Alfred Rehder. CAEYOTA (old Greek namcj. Palmace<f, tr'ihe A recece. Fish-tail Palm. Spineless, monocarpic palms, with tall, stout, ringed halms, at length bearing suckers. Lvs. disposed in an elongated terminal fringe, ample, twice pinnately divided ; segments dimidiate-flabelliform. or cuneate, entire, or split, irregularly dentate, plicate, folded back in the bud : midnerves and primary nerves flabeilate : petiole terete below: sheath keeled on the back, fibrous along the margins : ligule short ; spadices usually alternately male and female : peduncle short, thick : branches long, pendent : spathes '.V-o, not entire, tubular ; bractlets broad : fls. rather large, green or purple : fr. the size of a cherry, globular, purple. Spe- cies, 12, Malaya, New Guinea, Australia. Remarkable for the delta-shaped or flsh-tail-shaped leaflets, which make the graceful, spreading fronds very attractive. They are excellent warmhouse palms, very useful for decoration, particularly when young. They are frequently planted out in protected places for the summer. Prop, by seeds and suckers. For culture, see Palms, There being so many different genera to choose from in selecting plants for moderate-sized conservatories, the members of this genus are not very popular for providing small specimens. In a hi^h, roomy structure, however, they are among the most ornamental of the tribe. They are quick-growing, with large, broad leaves, finely cut up, the small divisions resembling the tail of a fish ; hence the name "Fish-tail Palm." After reaeh- injjr maturity the plant begins flowering at the top, and continues downwards until the vitality of the stem is exhausted. Suckers are freely produced by some species, but these, as a rule, do not become so robust as the parent stem, owing probably to the soil becoming exhausted. Seeds are offered by most dealers. The young plants should be grown in a warm, moist atmosphere, the soil consisting of loam with about one-third of its bulk leaf- mold and sand in equal parts. They some- times lose their roots if kept too cool and wet in winter. mitis, Lour. (C. soboUfera, Wall.). Caudex 15-25 ft. high, 4-5 in. in diam., soboliferous : petioles, leaf- sheaths and spathes scurfy -villous ; lvs. 4-9 ft. ; pinnsa very obliquely cuneiform, irregularly dentate, upper margins acute ; pinnules 4-7 in. long. Burma to Malaya. tirens, Linn. Wine Palm. Toddy Palm. Caudex stout, 30-40 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, not soboliferous : lvs. 18-20 by 10-12 ft.; pinnae 5-G ft., curved and drooping, very obliquely truncate, acutely serrate, the upper mar- gin produced and caudate; pinnules 4-8 in.: petiole very stout. India, Malaya. A. F. 12:295. Gng. 5:131. Bnmphi&na, Mart. Lvs. 2-pinnate, several feet long, the pinnules thick, sessile, 6 in. long or nearly so. ob long. Malaya.-Var. Albertii.Hort. (C'.J[Z6er<it,M.uelL), is in the trade. It is large and free-growing, the lvs. being ir>-18 ft. long and two-thirds as broad ; If. -seg- ments fan-shaped and obli(jue, toothed. C. Blanedi, Hort.. from the Philippines, is in the Amer. trade. It is probably a form of C. urens. Jabed G. Smith and G. W, Ouvkb. CASHEW is Anarardium oecidentate . CASIMIROA (named in honor of Cardinal Casimiro (iomez). Hutat'en'. Evergreen trees : lvs. alternate, long-petioled, digitate, :i-7-foliolate ; Ifts. petiolulate, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, smooth or pubes- cent beneath : fls. regular, polygamo-dicfcious ; calyx 5-parted, small ; petals 5, ob'ong, valvate, apex in- curved ; disc inconspicuous, circular ; stamens 5, free; filaments subulate ; anthers cordate : ovary sessile, on disc, globose, 5- or occasionally (»-8-lobed, 5-celled : stigma sessile, 5-lobed : ovules solitary in the cells, ax- illary : fr. a drupe, large, depressed-globose ; pulp agreeable to taste, edible : seeds oblong, compressed, exalbuminose. Mexico. Two species, of which the fol- lowing only is in cultivation : 6dulis, LaLlave. White Sapota. Coohil Sapota. Large tree : trunk ashen gray, with warty excrescences : lvs. dark green, glossy: fls. greenish yellow, small: fr. greenish yellow when ripe, with strong, thick epicarp, Kin. thick, about the size of an orange : seeds nearly 1 in. long and half as wide. Mex. Cultivated to a lim- ited extent in Calif. — The fruit of this species is said to have a delicious flavor, similar to that of a peach. They are used in Mexico as an aid in inducing sleep, and the leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea. Trees grown at Santa Barbara, Calif., are said to have reached an age of over 80 years and to have borne fruit regu- .•.r> 379. Caryopteris Mastacanthus. larly, though entirely neglected. The tree would prob- ably succeed well in southern Texas, Louisiana and Florida. It grows on the const of Mexico to an altitude of about 7,000 feet. It does not root well from cuttings, but may be raised from s<?'ds. jj^ j, Webber. 256 CASSABANANA CASTAXEA CASSABANANA. See Sieana. CASSANDRA. See Cham^f daphne. CASSAVA. Consult Manihot utillissima, CASS£BE£RA (from a Qerman botanist). Polypo- du\ci<p. A small genus of small Brazilian ferns allied to the maidenhair, but rarely seen in cultivation. CASSIA (ancient Greek name). Legumindsce. Senna. Several hundred herbs, shrubs or trees in many parts of the world, of which a very few are iu cult in Amer., mostly as border plants. Lvs. even-pinnate: Hs. nearly recrular (not papilionaceous), with the nearly equal calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube ; corolla of 5 spreading, nearly equal clawed petals: stamens 5 or 10, frequently unequal, and some of the anthers abortive : fr. a stalked pod which is either flat or terete, contain- ing numerous seeds. The Cassias delight in a snnny exposure. Most of those which are cultivated here are herbs or herb-like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut foliatre and the showy tls. Some of them are cultivated only in the extreme south. Prop, mostly by divisions and" seeds,— the annual species always by seeds. Senna leaves, used in medicine as a cathartic, are de- rived from various species, chiefly from C. acutifolia of Eeypt, and C. angustifolia of India and other Old World tropics. The "Cassia lignea" of drug stores is made from a Cinnamomuni. A. Hani y border plants : leaflets C or more pairs. MaryUndica, Linn. Wild Senna. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, stems nearly simple : Ifts. 6-10 pairs, ob- long or lance-oblong and entire, short-acuminate or nearly obtuse; fls. in axillary racemes near the tops of the stems and often appearing as if panicled, bright yellow, wide open. New Eng. to Mich, and south, mostly in wet soil. — Grows 3-4 ft. high, and has attrac- tive light green foliage. Chamaecrlsta, Linn. Partridge Pea. Annual, erect or spreading, 2 ft. or less high: Ifts. lO-l.'j pairs, small, narrow-oblong, mucronate, sensitive to the touch : fls. large, 2-5 together in the axils, canary-yellow and 2 of the petals purple-spotted, — Dry soil, Maine S. and W. AA. Tender plants, (frown far smith, or tinder glass: Ifts. mostly fewer. B. Tree, with very long, woody, indehiscent pods. Fistula, Linn. Pudding Pipe Thee. Lvs. large, the Ifts. 4-6 pairs, and ovate acuminate : tls. in long lax ra- cemes, yellow : pods cylindrical, black, 3-furrowed, 1-2 ft. long, containing 1-seeded compartments. India, but introduced in W. Ind. and other tropical countries. Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. — Furnishes the Cassia pods of commerce. BB. Shrubs or herbs, with shorter and n-^re or less dehiscent pods. Soph^ra, Linn. (C. schinifdlia, DC). PL ;^, 6-10 ft.: Ifts. t\-\0 pairs, lanceolate-acute : fls. ^^110%. ■ li many- flfl. axillary and terminal peduncles, which are shorter th.ui the lvs.: pod thin, tardi]> dehiscent. Oriental tropics. Int. in S. Calif. tomentdsa. Linn. f. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs, oval-oblong and obtuse, white-tomentose beneath : fls. vhIIow. Mex. — Said to be a good winter bloomer in S. Calif. corymbdsa, Lam. Shrub, half-hardy in middle states, 4-10 ft. : Ifts. S pairs, oblong-lanceolate and somewhat falcate, obtuse or nearly so: fls. yellow, in long-stalked, small axillary and terminal corymbs. Argentina. B.M. 6:W. Gn. 50, p. 139. — The best known stove species. artemesioldes, Gaud. Tree-like shrub, soft-canescent and cray all over : Ifts. 3-4 pairs, very narrow-linear : racemi's axillary, .VS-Hd., the fls. deep yellow. Austral, — Int. in S. Calif. Withstands drought. bifldra, Linn. Shrub. 4-8 ft.: Ift.s. 6-8 pairs, broad- oblong, very obtuse : fls. Itrge. yellow, on 2-4-fld. pe- duncles, which are shorter than the lvs. S. Amer. B.M. 810. — Sparingly cult, in greenhouses. C. Schraderii, "yellow, dark spctteil fls. in racemes, 2-3 ft.," is offered, but its systematic position is doubtful, l. H. B. CASSlOPE (Greek mythological name). Ericdeecg. Low, procumbent, evergreen, heath-like shrubs .- lvs! small, usually imbricated and opposite : fls. solitary* nodding; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; stamens lo' Included : fr. capsular. Ten species in arctic region^ and high mountains of N. Amer., N. Eu., X, Asia and Himal. Graceful, delicate plants, adapted for rockeries flowering in summer. They are of somewhat difficult culture, and require peaty and sandy, moist but well- drained soil and partly shaded situation, though C. hyp- noides grow best in full sun, creeping amongst grow- ing moss. l>rou;;ht, as well as dry and hot ajr, is fatal to them. Prop, readily by cuttings from mature wood in August under glass ; also by layers, and by seeds treated like those of Erica. Formerly included under Andromeda. C. fastigidta. Don. Ascending: lvs. imbricate, in 4 rows, with white fringed marKin : tls. axillars', white. Himal. H..\I.47t<6. — G. hiipiwtdes, I>on, Creeping: lvs. line sir, loosely imbricate: fls. terminal, deeply 5-cleft. Arctic region. . B.M 29;<6. I. HO. 20: 194(5.— C ilertengidna, Don. Erect or »» 'oiuling to 1 ft. liigh: lvs. imbricate, in 4 rows, carina e on the back : fls. axillarj-, white or slightly tinged rosy, bitka to Calif.— C. tetrdnona, Don. Similar to the formi r. but lower, and the lvs. with a deep furrow on the back. Arctic regions. B.M. 3lsi. Alfred Rehder. CASTANEA (ancient Latin name). Cupuiiffrip (or Faijdce(p). Chestnut. Deciduous trees or shrubs, with alternate serrate lvs.: fls. monoecious, the staminate ones with 6-parted calyx and 10-20 stamens, in long, erect, cylindrical catkins ; the pistillate ones on the lower part of the upper catkins, usu- ally 3 together in a prickly involucre: fr. a large brown nut, 1-7 together in a prickly involucre or bur. Five spe- cies in the temperate re- /I 380. Castanea Americana. (X>i.) 381. Castenea sativa. (X H.) CASTANEA CASUARINA 257 gions of N. E. Amer., Eu., N. Afr, and Asia. Hardy ornamental tre*s or shrubs with handsome foliage, whifh penerally is not injured by insects or fungi; very attractive when in bloom. C. Americana and C. sativa are lartje-sized trees, while C pumila and C. crenata usually remain shrubby. The coarse-grained wood is much used for furniture, railway ties and fence-posts, as it is very durable in the soil. The Chestnut is exten- sivelv cultivated in Europe and E. Asia for its edible fruit! It grows best in well-drained soil on sunny slopes, and even in rather dry and rocky situations, but dis- like.'^ limestone soil. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall where there is no danger of them being eaten by mice or squir- rels ; otherwise they should be stratified in boxes and buried 1 or 2 feet deep in a warm soil until early spring, when they are sown in rows about 3 inches deep. If growing well they can be transplanted the following fall or spring 2 or '.i feet apart from each other, and planted where they are to stand after three or four years. They are also increased by layers in moist soil. Varieties are usually worked on seedling stock or on sprouts by whip-grafting above the ground when the stock is just beginning to push into leaf. Crown-grafting, root-graft- ing and budding f»re also sometimes practiced, but no method gives wholly satisfactory results, and usually only one-half take well. See Chestnut. A. Lrs. glabrous or nearly so at maturity. Americ4iia,Raf. (C. d<'M^>^^B<)rkh.). Fig..380. Tree, occasionally 100 ft.* Ivs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,' coarsely serrate, nearly glabrous when young, (»-10 in. long and somewhat pendulous : ris, of heavy fragrance, in June or July : nuts Va-l in. wide. S.Maine to Mich., south to Ala. and Miss. S.S. 9:440-41. Em. 187. G.F. 10:37;?.— The tallest, most vigorous-grow- ing and hardiest species. The nuts, though smaller, have a better flavor thau the European varieties. sativa, Mill. ( C. v^'sca, GUrtn. ) . Fig. 381. Tree, 50-80 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, slightly pubescent or tomentose beneath when young, nearly glabrous at length, .5-9 in. long, erect : nut over 1 in. wide. June. From S. Eu. and N. Afr. to China. On. 50, p. S89. (tug. 3:209. —There are some garden forms witl* variegated Ivs., and others, of which var. asplenifolia, Lodd., with laciniately cut and divided Ivs., is the most remarkable. Of several varieties cultivated for their fruit. Paragon, a precocious Kind, and Numbo, a variety with very large fr., are the most ejctensively planted iu this country. See Chestnut. 382. Ja.)anese Chestnut— Castanea crenata. crenAta, Sieb. & Zucc. iC.JapAnicn, Blumei. Fig. 382. Shrub or tree, to ;{0 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oblung-lanceo- late, usup.lly rounded at the base, acuminate, crenately serrate, or the teeth reduced to a long, bristle like point, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous at length or only pubescent on the veins beneath. .'J-7 in. long, erect: nutover 1 in. wide. Japan, China. — Shrubby and very precocious ; it usually begins to fruit when about six years old. Hardy as far N. as Mass. AA. Lfs. whitish tomentose beneath. ptimila, Mill. Chinqiiapin. Shrub or small tree, rarely 50 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-oblong or oblong- obovate, acute, serrate, teeth often reduced to bristle- like points, 3-5 in. long : fr. usually solitary, ovate, small, about Vain, wide and %-\ in. long. May, June. From Pa. to N. Fla. and Texas. S.S. 9: 442-43. -Cseful for planting on dry and rocky slopes ; attractive when in flower, and again in fall, with its abundant light green burs among the dark foliage. The closely allied C. nhti- folia, Nutt., in the S. states, grows only a few feet high, and has larger Ivs. and fr. Alfred Rehder. CASTANEA of commerce. The nuts of lierthoUetia. CASTANOPSIS (Castanea and opsis, chestnut-like). Cupuliferw (or Fagdceo'). Evergreen trees or shrubs, closely allied to Castanea and in some degree also to Quercus, with sometimes entire Ivs. and spiny or tuber- culate involucre. About 25 species, chiefly in the trop. and subtrop. mountains of Asia, and 1 in W. N. Amer., which is the hardiest, and is sometimes cultivated. For propagation, see Castanea. chrysophyila, DC. {Castdnea chrysophylla, Hook.). Tree, to 150 ft., shrubby at high elevations : Ivs. ovate- oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, entire, da»'k green above, coated with minute golden yellow scales beneath. 2-«» in. long : nut about ^ain. wide, usually solitary in the spinv involucre. Summer. Ore. to Calif. S.S. 9:4.19. B.M. 49.13. G.C. III. 22:411. F.S. 12:1184. R.B.7:240.-A highly 'ornamental tree with beautiful foliage, hardy only in the warmer tem- perate regions, but the shrubby form is much hardier. Alfred Rehder. CASTANOSF^BMUM ( Chestnut seed, because of the taste of the seeds). Leguminf>s(f. One tall Australian tree, with odd-pinnate Ivs., the Ifts. broad, thick, entire; tts. large, orange-colored, in lateral racemes : petals 4 ; stamens free: ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled: seeds larger than Italian chestnuts, globular. C. austrile, Cunn. & Fraser, is the species known locally as "More- ton Bav Chestnut." The seeds are roasted and eaten. Int. in S. Calif. CASTILL£IA (a Spanish botanist, D. Cnstillejo). Scrophulari<)ceiF. Painted Cuf. Herbs, with small, solitary fls. in terminal, gaudy-bracted spikes, mostly N. Amer.: corolla tubular, sometimes flattened laterally, 2-Iipped ; lower lip smaller, more or less 3-toothed : stamens 4 : Ivs. alternate, entire or cut. C. rocrinea, Spreng., the common Painted Cup of the E. states, has been offered by collectors. It has showy laciniate bracts. Castilleias are little known in gardens. They are of simple culture. indivisa, Engelm. Annual, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. lance-linear and entire (or sometimes 2-3-lobed): bracts not lacini- ate, bright red and showy. Texas. — Blooms early in spring. afflnis, Hook. & Am. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. narrow- lanceolate, entire or the upper ones toothed at apex : fl. -bracts becoming short and broad, red : spike lax be- low. Calif., in moist soils. — Int. 1891 by Orcutt. folioldsa, Hook. & Arn. Woolly perennial, 1-2 ft., the base woody: Ivs. small (1 in. or less long), narrow- linear, crowded or fascicled : bracts 3-parted : spike dense. Calif., in dry soils.— Int. 1891 by Orcutt. L. H. B. CASTOR BEANS are discussed under Bicinus. CASUABiNA, said to be derived from Casuarius, the Cassowary, from resen lance of the branches to the feathers). Casuarindcece. Beefwood. She Oak. A 17 258 CASUAKIXA CATALPA score or more of trer i and shrubs in the Australian re- jfion and the Indies, beinjjthe only plants of the family. They are usually clasMiHe*! near the walnut and hickory tribes, although very unuke them — or other known plants — in botanical characters. They are jointed and leaHess plants, somewhat suggesting Equisetums in gross appearance of branches. The Hs. are unisexual. The starninat' are in cylin<lrical terminal spikes, each fl. consisting of a stamen inclosed in 4 scales, 2 of the scales being attached to the filament. The pistillate tls. are in dense heads borne in the axils, and this head ripens into a globular or oblong cone ; they are com- posed of 1-ovuled ovaries subtended by bracts. The fruit is a winged nutlet. The branches are long and slender. Beefwood is planted in the extreme south for its very odd habit, and also to hold sands of the sea coast. The wood burns quickly, and is very hard and durable. The redness of the wood has given the popu- lar name, Beefwood. Kemarkuble for rapid growth. They grow well in brackish and alkaline soils. Prop, by seeds and cuttings. equisetiiolia, Linn. Tree, becoming 150 ft. high in favorable climates, and a most rapid grower. Branches drooping, pale green, simple, G-8-angled or terete, the internodes very short (less than >iin.): sheath-teeth 7 ((»-8) lanceolate and appressed : staminate cone nearly terete : pistillate cone short-peduncled, ellipsoidal, about 12-sided. Widely distributed in Old World tropics, and the best known species in this country (S. Fla. and Calif.).— The wood is valuable for many purposes. early summer or by grafting on seedlings or on roots under glas-s in spring ; also incre.ised sometimes by layers and root cuttint;s. 383. Catalpa speciosa in fruit. stricta, Dryand. Becoming 20-30 ft. high : branches erect, simple, G-7-angled, scarcely green, internodes short, as in the latter : sheath-teeth usually 7, ovate- lanceolate and appressed: staminate cone slender; pis- tillate cone nearly sessile, oblong ( sometimes staminate above), about 14-sided. Austral. toruldsa, Dryand. {C tenuissima, Sieber). Reaches 70 or 80 ft. : branches erect, capillary, mostly terete, in- ternodes short : sheath-teeth 4. very short, triangular appressed : staminate cones filiform : pistillate cones ellipsoidal, 8-10-sided. Austral. l. H. B. CATALPA (the Indian name of C. hignoninides). Bignon ideeir. Deciduous trees with opposite or whorled, long-petioled, large an<l simple h's.: fls. in large, showy panicles; corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped, with 2 smaller upper and 3 larger lower lobes; calyx 2-lipped: fertile stamens 2 : fr. a very long, cylindrical capsule, separating into 2 valves, with numerous small, oblong, compressed seeds bearing a tuft of white hairs on each end. Eight species in N. Amer., W. India and E. Asia, of which 4 are hardy in the colder temperate regions. Highly ornamental trees with large, bright green fo- liage and beautiful white or yellowish fls. in large, showy panicles. The coarse-grained and soft «vood is very durable in the soil, and, therefore, much valued for fence-posts and railway ties. They grow in almost any somewhat moist t:oil, and are hardy as far north as New England. Prop, bj seeds sown in spring, in the north, best with slight bottom heat, or by cuttings from ripe wood, the varieties often by softwood cuttings in 384. Catalpa speciosa. Natural size., A. Fls. white, with two yellow stripes inside, and spotted purplish brown. bignonioideB, Walt. (C. syringifolia, Sims). Tree, »iO-50 ft,: Ivs. often whorled. cordate-ovate, abruptly acuminate, sometimes with 2 lateral lobes, pubescent beneath, 5-8 in. long, of unpleasant odor : panicles many-fld.; fls. about 2 in. in diam., thickly spotted in- side : pod 6-20 in. long, M-% in. thick. June, July. S. states, north to Tennessee, often naturalized else- where. B.M. 1094. L.B.C. 13:1285. S.S. G: 288-89. Ong. 6: 118-119. G. P. 3:537, 5;i9. J. H. III. .{2:121. G.C. III. 21:298.-Usually low tree, with very wide- spreading branches. There are some ganlen forms. Var. atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. nina, Hort. (C. Biingei, Hort., not C. A. Mey.). Forms a dense, round bush, often grafted higl . Gng. 3:195. Var. purpiiiea, Hort. Lvs. purple when youiig, green at length. specidsa, Warder. Fig. 383,384. Tree, to luu ft.: lvs. cordate-ovate, long-acuminate, pubescent beneath, 8-12 4ti. long: panicles usually few-fld.: fls. about 2^ in. in diam., inconspicuously spotted inside: pod y^-%m. thick. June. From 30Uthern Illinois and Indiana to Louisiana and Mississippi. S.S. 6:290-91. R.H. 1895:136.— A very desirable ornamental tree, closely al- lied to the former, but taller and hardier. 38S. Catalpa ovata in fruit h^bridft, Spath. (C. bignonioldesXovdta). Teas* Japan Hybrid. Large tree, intermediate between the parents: the lvs. resemble more those of C. ovata, &iid are purplish when unfolding, but much larger and liitfiiMiiliii^^ CATALPA CATTLEYA 259 fliuhtly pubescent beneath, while the fls. are more like a. biij'nonioides, with the inflorescence often twice as |)ng. Ori(?inated at J. C Teas' nursery, at Baysville, Ia«i..a»)Out 20 years a^o, G.F. 2::{05. Gt. 47:1454. -A very valuable tree, flowering profusely; of rapid growth ami hardy. Seedlin>rs usually resemble C. ovata. AA. Fla. yellow, Htriped inside orange and spotted dark violet, about I in. in diam. Ov4ta, Don (C. Ktempferi, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 385. Tree, to 20 ft. : Ivs. broadly cordate-ovate, abruptly acu- niinate, often 3-5-lobed. nearly glabrous at length, with fdiiish spots in the axils of the veins beneath, 5-8 in. long: panicles many-tld., 4-7 in. long, fragrant. June, (.hina, much cult, in Japan. B.M. 6611. I.H. 9:319.— Hardier than the American species. C.Bungei,i-\ X.yiey. Allied to ('. ovata. Lvs. tmncatr at tlie base, long ac-umiuate. ;{-5 in. long: Hs. large, nearly white, iiifew-fld. paniclen. China.— ('. Bviujri. Hort.=t'. biifnonoides, vir. nana — C Inngissiina, Sim.s. Tre«>, to nO ft.: lvs. oblong- ovate, coriaceous: fls. small, white. W. Ind., often planted as siade tree in Cuba. Alfked Rehdeb. CATASANCHE (Greek name, referring to ancient custom of using the plant in love-making). Comp^aitce. A half dozen annual or perennial herbs of the Medi- terranean region, with the lvs. crowded at the base of ttiestem, and linear or lanceolate. Head long-peduncled. Hue or yellow. Akene oblong, ribbed and generally vil- bae or setose. Pappus of J>-7 scales. Of easiest culture ia any garden soil, particularly if lighu Useful for cutting. caenUfja, Linn. Perennial, 2 ft.: lvs. tomentose, lanceo- late ann fow-toothed : H. -heads 2 in. across, with wide, t!at-tootued blue rays, on long, slender stems. Blooms in June. July and Aug. S. En. B.M.21)3. R.H. 1890, p. .•>23. Var. ilba, Hort., has white tis. Var. bicolor, Hort.. has white margin and blue center. Often used as Everlastings. Prop, by seeds and division, l^ jj_ b_ CATASfiTUM (Greek for downward or backward, Mxt\.hristle). OrchiiWceiP, tribe Vdndeff. Flowers globose or expanded; labellum fleshy; column erect; poUinia 2. Stems short fusiform ; lvs. plaited, membranaceous ; scapes basal, fls. in racemes; the column provided with sen'^itive appendages which, when touched, cause the pollen-masses to fly out. There are about 50 or 60 ?T)e- cies iii the Amer. tropics, either terrestrial or epiphytic. The fls. are in racemes or spikes, firm in texture, and white or in shades of green, yellow, brown or purple. Catasetums are not much cultivated, since most of the species are not showy, but they are interesting to the botanist and amateur because of the striking ejection of the pollen-masses. Gardeners often have trouble with Catasetums, but they are not difficult to grow if given good care. They need a high temperature, long period of rest, and free supply of water during the growing season. They are grown in both pots and baskets. Readily propagated by dividing the plants at the base; also from very ripe pseudobulbs cut in pieces and put in sand. The genus includes Monachanthus and Myanthus. A. Flowers tvhite. Bungerdthii, N. E. Brown. Stems 8-9 in. tall; sepals larger than the petals, nearly 2 in. long; labellum tend- ing toward concave, roundish ; appendages thickish. Equador. B.M. 6998. G.C. III. 1:142. I.H. .'17:117; 34:10. Gn.33:646. A.P. 6: 633. -A striking plant. AA. Fls. yellowish, more or less marked with brown or red. macrocirpum, Rich. ( C. Cldveringi, Lindl. C. triden- tatum. Hook.). Fls. large, nearly 3% in. across ; petals and sepals j-ellow, verging on green, spotted with red- dish brown; labellum yellow. Guiana. B.M. 2559, 3329. I.H. .33: 619. fimbriittim, Lindl. & Paxt. P.seudobulbs. 2-3 in. long: raceme pendulous, 8- or more-fld. : fls. 2H in. across ; sepals whitish or pale vellow, closely barred with red. Braz. B.M. 7158. A.F.''.:609. longifdlium, Lindl. " seudooulbs deflexed : lvs. nar- row and glaucous, reaching 3 ft. : fls. on drooping, com- pact spikes ; sepals and petals greenish yellow tipped with dull red; lip helmet-like, orange-yellow. Guiana. Epiphyte. AAA. Fls. essentially red or brownish. decipiens, Reichb. f. Fls. IHin. across ; sepals and petals lanceolate, red-brown and spotted ; lip saccate, yellowish outside and red-brown inside. Venezuela. A. F. 6:609. AAAA. Fls. many-colored, grotesque. OndmoB, Andr4. Pseudobulb. oblong-ovate and alter- nate, articulated: fls. in a long loose raceme on slender pedicels; sepals greenish and purple-barred; 2 lateral petals spreading, concave, purple ; lip bluntly conical, olive-green spotted outside, ivory white within, fringed above. S. Amer. I.H. 24:270. A. F. 12:293. C.barbatum, Lindl. Fls. green, blot<'he<i withi-.irple. Guiana — C. calloauiti, Limll. Odd: fls. with chocolate-brown, narrow- lanceolate sepals and petals ; lip greenish, 8i)eckled with red. Venezuela. B.M. 4Jiy, 6648.— C. CArt»<waniiJ»i, Reichb. £. Se- pals and petals usn.il!y chooolate : lip (n'eenish yellow, purple fringe-'. S. Amer.? G.C.III. 1H:B17.— C. df«co<or. Lindl. Fls. purple. An old sort, now rarely seen. Brnx.— C. Gamettianum, Rolfe. Allied to (.'. barbatum : fls. small ; sepals and petals veTT narrow, green, with large bars of red-brown : lip white, fringed. Amazon. B.M. 7(169.— C. imperiale, Lind. & Cogn. Sepals aad petals ovate-aoute, white, purple spotted ; lip orbic- ular-cordate, purple in center and white margined. (i.C III. 17: 329. S.H. 1. p. 369. J.H. III. ;«l:2.5.- C. Lindeni, Cogn. Fls. large (as of C. Bungerothii) : sepals and petals yellow, with purplish spots and bars: Hp yellow, 8p<»tted at ba.se. tJ.C. III. 17:329. S.H. 1, p. :««».— C. mirdlnle, Cogn. Fls. very large, the sepals and petals oblong-lan<*eolate, and yellowish, with purple spots and bars; lip kidney-shaped, bright yellow with 2 purple spots, tootheil. (i.e. III. 17:3J9. S.H. 1, p. ;«59.— C. ictJrra, Reichb. f. Compact : fls. fragrant, yellowish white, green- veined; lip 3-lo>>e<l. Guiana. <i.C. 11.7:304, :{0.j.— C. «/>/^/jden», Cogn. Intermediate between C. Bungerothii and C. macrocar- pura: sei- greenish white with purplish center; petals white with many imrple spots : lip cream-color, purple-marked. Runs into many forms : Var. album, Lind. & Cogn., white or nearly so. Var. Alicije. Lind. & Cogn. Fls. large ; .sepals and petals purplish ; lip white, toothed. Var. aureo-maculatum. Bossch. Yellow. I.H. 43: .'>4. Var. atropurpureum , Hort. Blackish purple.— C iraracewiczu, Lindl. & Paxt. From Pan- ama. Now rareb- seen. Oakes Ames. CATCHFLY. Consult Silene. CATECHU. See Acacia Catechu. CATEEPILLABS. The worm-like pods of Scorpiitnis vermicul(ita, Linn., iS. subvilldsa, Linn., and others {Leguminosfr}, are sometimes used as surprises in salads and soups ; and for that purpose they are cult, in parts of Europe, and seeds are sold in this country. They are sometimes catalogued as Worms. They are annuals of the easiest culture. The pods of Medicdgo scutelld.ta, Mill., and others are known as Snails. The pods are not edible. European plants. A.G. 13: 681. r TT R CATMINT or CATNIP. See Nepeta. CAT-TAIL. Typha. CATTLEYA (William Cattley, an early English nat- uralist). OrchiddceiP, tribe tJpidendrecf. Epiphytes of tropical America. Pseudobulbous : leaf '". ides 1-3, cori- aceous: fls. usually terminal, large, flesliyor membrana- ceous ; petals and sepals nearly equal, or the former much broader : labellum cucullate, usually trilobed, proximal part inclosing the fleshy, clavate column, except in G. Aclanduf and C. bicolor: pollen masses 4 {2 pairs), with short appendages. A genus generally cultivated for its large, showy flowers, which for inten- sity of ccior have few, if any, equals in the family of orchids. Most of the species do satisfactorily under ai^iflcial conditions, although there is an opinion preva- lent ♦hat they degenerate or " run out.'' Naturally, some kinds are difficult to grow, since the horticulturist is not well enough informed concerning their require- ments, but there is no reason why the majority of the species should degenerate if properly treated. The genus Cattleya was founded on C. labu;ta by -John Lindley in 1824. As a genus, it is very closely allied to Laella, being distinguished by having two pollinia (4 pollen masses), whereas that genus has four (or 8 pollen masses.) Oakes Ames. 260 CATTLEYA C.^TTLEYA The Cattleyas are indigenous to the western hemi- sphere only, Central and S. America being the regions where they abound, particularly in the latter, from the different countries of which large quantities are im- ported yearly. During the last few years the collecting and importing of Cattleyas into the U. S. has assumed large proportions, owing to a continually and steadily increased demand, not only by amateurs but also by the trade in genercl. There are two particular reasons for this increased demand : First, the exquisitely beautiful flowers, combined with size and marvelous colors, and adapted for ilscorations at all sorts of functions, they be- ing never out of place ; second, their easy culture. Flor- ists and amateurs alike are beginning to realize that, after all, orchids are only plants, an«l if only treated in a common-sense way they are by far easier to grow than a good many plants, and especially so the Cattleyas, provided some attention is paid to their requirements. Cattleyas in g^^neral dalight in a genial, moist atmos- phere and a temperature ranging all the way from 55° to 70°. They all require an abundant supply of water, accompanied by a 1 —l supply of air and light, dur- ing their respective ^ ■ 'ng seasons. A Cattleya house should, if possible. ^ bottom and top ventilators, which when open produce a current of fresh air impos- sible to obtain or imitate in any other way, and in which these plants delight. The glass should be shaded with a thin coat of naphtha and white lead, enough to pre- vent the sun from burning the plants, for, while they enjoy all the light possible, the full sun in our climate is too strong for them, and they are liable to dry and shrivel, and thus iv^st their natural luxuriance. The shading, however, may be removed entirely during the dullest winter months. Cattleyas will grow equally well in baskets, pots, or on boards ; the former are prefera- ble where limited quantities are grown, inasmuch as they are easily managed and may be hung up or taken down or moved from one place to another with the greatest ease. The large blocks or boards are to be rec- ommended where large quantities of plants are grown for cut-tlowers. being more economical in every sense of the word. Wlien boards are used, the width ought not to be less than 10 inches, as the plants would very soon grow over the sides of the boards ; the length may be adjusted to suit the house, but should not ^^ceed 5 feet— anything larger is liable to be too clumsy to han- dle conveniently. The best potting material is soft, fibrous peat, with a sprinkling of live sphagnum intermixed. Too much stress cannot be laid on soft peat, as frequently too coarse material is used, resembling amass of wire, with the result that the water benefits the plants but very little, and root-action is slow, if taking place at all. One thing is imperative in the cultivation of Cattleyas, in whatever receptacles they are grown : they must be firm, without going to the extreme of ramming in the stuff too hard. A plant lying loose in a basket or a poi will never grow well, but will gradually dwindle away to nothing. Where boards or large blocks are used, the plant"* are fastened on by means of galvanized staples, inserting a piece of peat between the staple and the rhizome, so as to keep the staple from burning while new. In this way freshly imported Cattleyas may be fastened on to clean boards or blocks, and by liberal overhead syringing the roots soon appear, when a mix- ture of chopped peat and sphagnum may be shaken in between the plants to cover the roots. In using baskets, it is advisable to use them shallow and less material, the compost thus keeping fresh and sweet for a consid- erable period of time. Cattleyas, as previously n.en- tioned. enjoy a copious supply of water during their respective growing seasons. In our climate the best method is to use the hose, and water overhead, which, if adhered to. will cause the plants to soon assume a natural green color and luxuriance coraujon to them in their native habitats. Besides, the overhead watering will keep down vermin, such as scales, etc. By the so- called resting season of Cattleyas is generally under- stood the time after the plants have finished the flow- ering bulb, and until they begin to send up the next growth. During this time, when they are, in a sense, dormant, the quantity of water should be diminished, which causes the new eyes to move slowly and break strong. As soon, however, as the new breaks are fairly under way they should be encouraged in the way of moisture, when the new roots will soon appear and the plants go ahead with renewed vigor. If the plants ire in baskets, suspended under the roof, they should he taken down at intervals an«l dipped thoroughly. Hand- in-hand with a copious watering must go a liberal sup- ply of light and air at all times. In order to obtain the best results, the plants should be placed as near to the light as possible— say, from 1-3 feet from the glass, according to kinds and to the space available in the house. Kinds such as C. TriaHcti, C. labiata, C. Men- delii, C. Mossice and C. Hurrinoniana will grow and flower well in any part or position of the house, pro- vided they have plenty of light and air, but 3 feet is the maximum distance from the glass at which any of the Cattleyas should be placed, to be successfully grown. A capital illustration of the above is, for instance, C. gigas, which does admirably suspended under the ridge of the house, where it receives the full benefit of air and light, in which position it flowers profusely, while if growr on a bench or stage it rarely flowers. The best twelve varieties of Cattleyas for commercial purposes, and, indeed, for amateurs also, are the fol- lowing: C. Triansei, flowers -Jan. -March; Schrcederiana, fls. March, April : Mossiae. fls. April, May; Men'elii, fls. Apri', May; VVarneri. fls. May, June; gigas, fls. June, July ; chrysotoxa, fls. June, -July ; Gaskelliana, fls. Aug., Sept.; Harrisoniana, fls. Sept., Oct.; labiata, fls. Oct., Nov.; Bowringeana, fls. Oct., Nov.; Percival- iana, fls. Dec. With a number of plants of each of the above kinds, it will be seen that it is possible to have a succession of flowers from one en*', of the year to the other. John E. Lagee. Index : Aclandiie, 18 ; amethystina, 21 ; amethysto- glossa, 25; aurea. 2; autumnalis, lf> ; bicolor. 19; Bluntei, 6 ; Bojotensis, 1 ; Bowringesna, 16 ; bullosa, 30; Candida, 2^ ; Carrierei, 1; Chocoensis, 9; chryso- toxa, 2 ; citrina, 17 ; Dawsonii, 5 ; d->losa. 91 ; Dowi- ana, 2 ; Eldorado, 3 ; Ernesti, 1 ; Foruesii, 22 ; Gas- kelliana, 4; gigas, 12; gloriosa, 1; granulosa, 26; guttata, 24 ; Harrisonice, 23 ; Harrisoniana, 23 ; Hol- fordi. ',iO; itnperialis, 1; intermedia, 21 ; Keteleerii, 25; labiata,!; Lawrenceana, 14; Leeann,!; Lemoniana,l; Leopoldii. 24; Loddigesii, 23; Luddemanniana, 5; luteola. 30: Masxangeana, 1; maxima, 13; Mendelli, 6; Morgance, 1; Mossiae, 7; Nalderiana, 1; nobilior, 31 ; pallida, 1 ; Parthenia, 21 ; Peetersii, 1 ; Perci- valiana, 8 ; Perrinii,\ ; Primii, 25; punctatissima, 21; quadricolor, 9 ; Reineckiana, 7 ; Raezlii, 1 ; Bollis- soni. 1 ; Sanderiana, 12 ; Schilleriana, 29 ; Schofieldi- ana, 27 ; Schroederiana. 9 ; Skinneri, 15 ; speciosis- sima, 5; splendens. 28; superba, 28; Triansei, 9; Victoria-Regina, 20; violacea, 28 ; virginali.t, 1 ; Wng- neri, 7 ; Walkeriana, 31 ; Wallisii, 3 ; Warneri, ID ; Warocqueana, 1 ; Warscewiczii. 11. The following Amer. trade names belong to Laelia : crispa, lohata, marginata. pumila. See, also, the list of hybrids at the close of Cattleya. For C. aiirantiaca, see Epidendrutn. Of several of the following species, there are named vars. in the Amer. trade, varying in stature, habit, and particularly in the color of tlie flowers. A. Blossoms from a leafy pseitdobulb. B. Fls. membranaceous, not fleshy. c. yumber of fls. not more than 5, or rarely G: pseudobulb 1-leaved. 1. labi^ita, Lind. Pseudobulbs 4-8 in. high, com- pressed, from stout creeping rhizomes : leaf-blades broadly ovate or oblong, about G in. in length: tls. 2-5, ransjina: in color from rosy mauve to white; petals 3V2in. long, 2H in- wide, ovate-oblong, several times broader than the sepals ; labellum 2%-3}i in. lon^'. ex- panded portion 2 in. across, blotched or veined with crimson or magenta-purple, the margin crispeit aud paler; the posterior part stained with yellow and veined with crimson-purple. Blooms in autumn. B.M. 3998. P.M. 4:121. an.51:1107. G.C III. 19: 13. R.B.22:25. A.G. 17:65: 19:811. F.R. 1:8; 2:.531. Ong.2:275. F.E. 9:327. A.F. 6:607. -Int. in 1818 from the Organ moun- CATTLEYA CATTLEYA 261 tains of South America. It was lost for many years and became exceedingly rare, but recently its rediscovery bus made it a common orchid, and many beautiful varie- ties are in cultivation. Some of the varieties have here- tofore been regarded as species, but as the points of distinction are too slight to be specific, it has seemed best to put such forms as C. Wameri, C. Triatupi and C. Mosskt in their proper place under the original species. C. labiata is probably the most useful species of orchid. Immensely variable : some of the leading varieties are described below. These forms are regarded variously as species, varieties or sub-varietie«, by dif- ferent authors. Besides the names given below, the following are to be referred to C. labiata^: C Bogotin- sis, Lind. ; C. Carrierei, HouU. ; C. Emesti, Hort. ; C.ijloriosa, C&rr.; C. iinperidlis, O'tirien ; C.Leedna, Hort. ; C. Lemon idna, Lindl. ; C. Massangedna, Reichb. f. ; C. M^rganif, Warner; C. Nalderictna, Reichb. f. ; C. pallida, Lindl. & Paxt. ; C. Peetersii, Andr^ ; C. Pe'rrinii, Endl. (not Lindl. ) ; C. Boeslii, Reichb. f.; C. Bollissonii, ^loore ; C. I'irgindlis, LimU. & Andr^ ; C. Warocquedna. More than 100 other specifically made names are referred to this species. There are white- fld. forms of nearly all the vars. 2. Var. Dowi&na, Veitch {C.Dowidna, Batem.). Fls. nankeen-yellow, except for the disproportionately large labellum ; petals about twice as wide as the sepals, about the same length as the labellum, wavy margined, obtuse ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; labellum amply ex- panded, margin crisped, surfpoe velvety, dark purple, beautifully and finely eined with golden yellow lines, which radiate from tli3 median line. Strong plants produce 3 or more lis. on each peduncle. B.M. 5618. R.H. 1869:30. — Di-scovered in Costa Rica by Warscewicz. Little was known about it until 18<)4, when Mr. Area found plants and sent them to England, where they flowered in the autumn of 1865. There are now several geographical varieties of this orchid, the one called aiirea or chrysotbxa i l.H. 30:493. J.H. III. 31 :253. R.H. lo'J? : 492. A . F. ti : 503 ; 12 : 10. F. R. 1 : 76 ) , being more eaay lO grow. This variety is recognized by having deeper yellow petals and sepals, and more copious vein- ing on the labellum. The fragrance of this orchid sug- gests vanilk, °nd renders it readily distinguishable fr&m other varieties. 3. Var. Eldorfldo, Veitch (C. EMorddo. Linden). Fls. pale rosy lilac, except for the more or less tubular la- bellum. which bears at its distal end a border of crimson- mairenta, which shades into an orange-yellow disc ; petals narro vly ovate ; sepals lanceolate. Int. in 1866 from Braz. F.S. 18:1826. — The frajrrance of this orchid is very characteristic, while its tls., which are much smaller than in the type, are r—duced in July and Aue. There are several recognizee, torms. Sub-var. crocata is paler in the sepals and petals. Sub-var. Wallisii is a white form (A. ir(//?i.sit, Linden). 4. Var. Gaskelli^na, Hort. Petals and sepals usually narrower than in the type, perhaps paler. Blooms from June to Aug. The usual forms are net distinct enough to be varietal. Venezuela. l.H. 33:613. A. F. 6:185. Gng.5:72. .5. Var. Luddemanni^na, Hort. (C. Luddemannidua, Reichb. f. (\ D'hvsmni, Warner. C speciosis.-iima, Hort. ). Petals and sei»als delicate rose color or pink-lilac, petals much broader than the sepals; labellum w ,» y or crisped at the margin, compressed dorsiventrally, apex deeply divided, front lobe deep crimson-purple, the color carried back into the throat in streaks, front part of the lateral lobes nearly white, margined with blush-rose ; throat yellowish. Venezuela. C. Var. M6ndellii, Backhouse ( C. MevdiUii, Hort.). Fig. 386. Petals and sepals pale rosy mauve to white ; labellum blotched with crimson-purple, throat yellowish. Blooms in May and June or earlier. Of this varietv tliere are many beautiful forms. Eastern Cordilleras", New Granada. S.H. 2:413.- (7. lihhiffi, Hort., is a pure white form with a beautifully fringed lip. 7. Var. M6ssiae. Hook, f C. M6ssi(f, Parker). Habit as in type, or very similar; petals broadly ovate; lanellum broad in expanded part, crisped at the usually whitish margin; throat yellow lined with purple, expanded por- tion mottled with crimson ; frequently much inter- mingled with orange-yellow. La Guavia. B.M. ;!669. R.H. 1857, p. 322. S.H. 1:149. A. (J. 14:' 70. A.F.6:563. — C. Wdgneri, Hort , is a white form of this Cattleya. C. Reineck^Ana, Reichb. f., is the most beautiful form. It has white sepals and petals and a richly colored labellum. 8. Var. Percivali&na, Reichb. f. (C. Percivalidna, O'Brien). Fls. rather small ; petals and sepals deeper colored than in the type species' ; labellum relatively ^i5v^^^ 386. Cattleya labiata, var. MendelUi. small, pale at margin; throat deep yellow streaked with crimson, expanded part crimson-purole. F.R. 1:298, J.H. III. 32: 179. 9. Var.Triinaei, Veitch (C Trinncpi. Lind. & Reichb. f. C. qnadricolor Lindl.). Fig. 388. Foliage more robust, perhaps, than in the type species, though, of course, cultivation has much to do with this ; petals broader than in the typts specie.s, ovate-rhomboid ; exceedingly variable in color; expanded portion ( not usually so wide or spreading as in C. labiata) crimson-magenta, the margin less wavv than iu the other varieties. New Grenada. B.M. 5504. R.H. 1860, p. 40&-7. A.G. 17:177. Gng. 3:151. A.F. 6:607; 13:715. F.E. 9:325. F.R. 1:672-3. S.H. 1:11,27; 2:403, 405. -The fls. are pro- duced .3-5 on the stout peduncles. Sub-var. Alba. White fls., yellow blotch in throat. Sub-var. Choco^n- sis, Hort. Verj' similar to the above, but the fls. have the appearance of not wholly expanding, (^olonibia. l.H. 20:120. A.F. 6:563. Sub-var. SchroederiAna, Hort. (C. St-hr'fderidun, Reichb. t.). Fragrant ; petals and sepals vary from white to pale rosy mauve ; labellum has more orange-yellow than usual. Blooms at about the same time with the above, and on account of its pale fls. is a valuable variety. G.C. III. 20:73. A.G. 15:211. F.E. 9:331.-C. Trinncei is probably the most popular single garden orchid. 10. Var. Wameri, O'Brien (C. TlVrn^r/, Moore). Very similar to C. bibiata itself, diflferinsr from it, perhaps, onlv in its blooming season. May. June and Julv. S. Brazil. A.F. 6:.")63. 11. Var. Warscewiczii, Reichb. f. Fls. large ; label- lum yellow in the throat, streaked with magenta-red, the infoldinir portion similar in color to the expanded por- tion, whieh is uniformly crimson-ptirple. New (iranada. G.C. III. 22: 163. -At the entrant" to the throat there are usually two yellow blotches, or ves." 262 CATTLEYA CATTLEYA 12. Var. Sanderiina, Hort. (C. glgas, Lind. & Andr^). Pig. 387. A noble-fld. form, which, besides being rich in color, is larger than the usual varieties of C. labiata. New Grenada. I.H. 21:178. Gn. 45, p. 445. G.F. 1:437. A.G. .July 23, 1898. Suppl. F.R. 1:77 and 674. F.E. 10: 892. — This is a form of var. Warscewiczii. 13. maxima, Lindl. Plants about 1 ft. high : sepals and petals pink-lilac ; labellura oval-oblong, obscurely 3-lobed, richly veined with crimson, expanded part crisped at the margin, a vellow median band on the disk. Equador. B.M. 4902.' F.S. 20:21.36. F.R. 1 :298. 14. Lawrence&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 12-15 in. high, frequently brownish, rarely green : sheath red- dish brown : tls. few, about 4 in. across ; petals oblong, blunt at the apices ; sepals pale mauve, narrow; label- luiii purple shaded with maroon. March. British Gui- ana. B.M. 7133. cc. Number of fls. usuaUy more than 6: pseudobulh 2-3-leaved. 15. SWnneri, Batem. Stems about 1 ft. high, attenu- ated at base, 2-lvd.: fls. (J-S. sometimes more, a'>out 4 in. across, rose-mauve ; disk of labellum whitish, bor- dered with deeper rose-mauve or deep purple. Guate- mala. B.M. 4270. P.M. 11:193. R.B. 22:201. G.C. III. 20:t">. G.F. 3:201. — Common, and a favorite. Runs into wh t -fld. forms. 16. !,^0WTinge§ina, Veitch (C. autumnAUs, Hort.). Pseudobulbs about 18 in. tall, Kin. in diam., subcylin- drical, jointed, nodes about 6, base swollen, 2-3-lvd.: fls. 5-30, on stout peduncles 1 ft. long. double-sheathed; petals 1}4 in. long, deep rose-mauve: labellum maffenta- purple at distal end. deeper colored toward sulfurous yellow throat. Blooms in autumn. Honduras. R.B. 21:37. R. H. 1890:300. -Undoubtedly a variety of the preceding. Fls. not membranaceous, fleshy, thick: usually S-leaved. c. Peduncles pendent. 17. citrina.Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, not erect, with membranaceous whitish sheaths: If.-blades glaucous, about 6 in. long : fls. Cattleya labiata, var. Sanderiana. neverj fully expanding; sepals and petals very thick, lemon yellow: labellum yellow, anterior margin crisped and white. Mex., at high elevations. B.M. 3742. .I.H. HI. .30:399. - Not an especially easy orchid ' grow. Fragrant. cc. Peduncles erect. D. Lateral lobes of labellum practically teanting. 18. AcUndisB, Lindl. Dwarf : sts. slender, 4 in. tall : Ivs. elliptical: peduncle 1-2-ttd. : fls. about 4 in. across; sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong, yellowish verg- ing on green, spotted and blotched with dark purple (much less distinct on dorsal surface): labellum with small lateral lobes that do not include the column, pale purple, with dark veins and a yellow line under the fleshy column. Brazil. B.M. 5039. 19. blcolor, Lindl. Sts. nearly 3 ft. high, 2-lyd. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 6 in. long : peduncle 2-5-fld., sometimes more : fls. 4 in. across ; petals and sepals greenish brown, sometimes spotted with brown ; label- lum tongue-shaped, crimson or deep rose-mauve, mar- gins recurved ; lateral lobes do not cover the column, Brazil. B.M. 4909. DD. Lateral lobes of labellum inclosing column. 20. Victdria-Eegina, O'Brien. Pseudobulbs slightly clavate : Ivs. elliptical-oblong : peduncle short, 2-3- or more fld. : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inferior ones tinged with yellow at the base, otherwise pink- lilac ; petals undulate, similar to the sepals in color ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes whitish, with purple- violet blotch near summit, midlobe rounded on distal margin, crimson ; disk yellow, striated with crimson Pernambuco, 1891.— A hybrid between C. labiata and C. Leopohli, var. Pernambucensis. One peculiarity that tends to show this origin is the variability in the number of leaves, sometimes 1, sometimes 2 being borne on a stem. 21. intermedia, Graham (C. amethystina, Morr. ). Pseudobulbs 18 in. high, jointed, rarely 3-lvd.: Ivs. narrowly ovate, serrulate on basal margins : fls. white, suffused with pale rose-lilac : labellum distinctly 3-lobed ; throat whitish streaked with crimson-magenta, midlobe rather narrow, crimson-magenta. Rio de Janeiro. B.M. 2851. P.M. 1:151. — Var. pimctatissima, Sander, is simi- lar to the type, but the petals and sepals are peppered unevenly with crimson spots of various sizes. Var. Parthenia, Reichb. f., is white throughout. Brazil. 1886. 22. Fdrbesii, Lindl. Fls. about 5 ; sepals oblong, ob- tuse, pale greenish yellow ; petals oblong-lanceolate, undulate, same color: labellum trilobed, lateral lobes pale yellow without, brighter yellow within ; the midlobe rather dentate, pale yellow ; the disk britrhter yellow, spotted with reddish purple toward " the base. Braz. B.M. 3265. "^- 23. Ldddigesii, Lindl. (C. cdndida, Wil- liams). Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high : If.-blades ovate, 5 in. long : fls. 2-4, pale pink-lilac; sepals elliptic- oblong: petals very similar: label- lum 3 lobed, throat and inner sur- face of lateral lobes whitish, colored on the outside like the petals, the midlobe colored like the petals, spreading, base yellowish : column closely pressed to the labellum. Brazil. — This Cattleya was form- erly called Epidendrnm riolaceum. and as an horticultural species is much older than C. labiata, -which is often considered the oldest species in the group. Var. Harrisoni^na, Hort. (C. Harri- soni(ina, Batem. C. Hdrri.sonice, Paxt.). Surface of the labellum more corrugated. ,'en to be a variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 4^:1040. 24. guttita, indl. Pseudobulbs fusiform, 2-3-lvd.; If.-bladefe elliptic-oblong : peduncle stout, bearing sev- eral large flls. : sepals oblong-lanceolute ; petal."- rather broader, all yellowish irreen (metallic), spottea with brown-purple : labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes pmk- lilac, midlobe large, cuneiform, deeper colored. Kio de .Taneiro. Var. Ldopoldi, Hort. (C. Leopoldii. ^ersch. & Lera.). has smaller and more aumerousfls. £.H.2:h9. ''» amethyBtoglbssa. Linden & Reichb. f. {C. guttata. '■■W-,";--"v.'5, ^s^i-jf^^*tlvA^^.^ Really too like the preceding ev< £^>ry±r-JrL~~ - " variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 48:104 var. Prima, Reichb. f. C. Prlmii, Hort. C. guttdta, # CATTLEYA CAULIFLOWER 263 var. Keteleerii, H« .'"»t.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate : ra- cemes many-tld. : \. .tala and sepals about equal, the former obovate, the latter narrower, all suffused with rose and spotted with deep crimson ; labellum 3-Iobed, lateral lobes white outside, the reflexed apices crimson, miillobe broad, deep crimson, disk corrugated and pap- illose. Bahia, Brazil. B.M, 568.3. R.H. 1869:210. 4<n 388. Cattleya abiata. var. Triansei. 2r>. gn^anulosa, Lir dl. Foliage verv- similar to that of the preceding speci s: peduncles stout, bearing several large tls.: sepals ol long, olive-green, spotted with red; fietals obovate-obl( ng, undulate, margined, otherwise ike sepals ; lahellu u ,"J-lobed. lateral lobes yellow inside, wiiiiish outside, i lidlobe attenuated toward the disk, expanded part sul reniform, white, covered with numer- ous purple papills'. Guatemala. 27. Schofieldiir a, Reichb. f. Lvs. 2. dark green, 6 in. lony: and 2 in. w.de : sepals and petals light greenish yellow, the petals very narrow at the base and very broad and blunt at the top ; lip niui-h like that of C. granulosa, the s.de lacinife whitish, the middle laciniro purple-amethysf. Brazil. G.O. IlL 22 :2.")2. — Fls. larger than in C. gran tlosa, and the lip is granulated. 28. 8up6rba, I^indl. {C.violdcea,l{ort.). Sts. clavate, about 1 ft. hich : lvs. ovate-oblong, very thick : fls. about (>, 5 in. i, cross ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceo- late, about equal, deep rose color, pale at the base ; labellum ;{ lobed, lateral lobes deep, rich crimson out- side ; midlobf broadly margined with same color, pass- ing abruply iito vellow. veined with crimson British Guiana. B.:^.. 408:5. P.M. 9:26.'). J.H. IIL :{1::*21. A.F. 11:1351.— This plant is reputed difficult to grow. There is a form called var. spldndens, Hort. It is pal?r in color thar the type. 29. SchilUriina, Reichb. f. Sts. 5 or 6 in. high, red- dish brown, 2-lvd.: lvs. elliptical, dark above, brownish purple beneath: peduncles usually 2-ti(l.: Hs. several in. across ; petals and sepals equal, oblong lanceolate. purple-brown, spotted with deeper brown : labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes infolding the column, whitish without, yellow veined with purple within ; midlobe reniform, deep rose-mauve wilh whiti.sh veins, throat yellow. Braz. B.M. 5150. F.S. 22:2286. A.F. 6:563. 30. lutdola, Lindl. (C. H6lforiU, Hort.). Lf. 1, short and broad (3 in. long), the pseudobulb compressed : peduncle short, 5-6- or more-tld. : ♦is. ver;'^ small, yel- low, the sepals pnd petals unif<»rm and i-2-in. long and obtuse ; lip about as long «.., he petals, 3-lobed, vel- vety T7ithin. Brazil. B.M. 5 i. F.S. 23:2479. >A. Blossoms from a leafliss pseudobtdb. 31. Walkeriiina, Garuner ( C. hulbdsa, Lindl. ) . Steins 2-5 in. tall, 1-2 Ivd. : lvs. oblojfc, 3-5 in. long; peduncles come from the rhl'.omenear th2 base of the folia-stems, anil are leafless; fls. large, 1 or 2; petals and sepals rosy mauve or pink-lilai ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes erect, partially infoldi-^g the column, midlobe spread- ing, anterior end deeper rose-mauve; posterior end yel- lowish, striated with rose-mauve. Braz. A. G. 11:159.— This Cattleya is distinct from all others in producing its fls. from a leafless shoot. Vpr. doldsa, Vei^ch (<?. doldsa, Reichb. f. ). Peduncles produced from between two lvs. This variety, together with several others, must be regarded as perpetuated anomalie of ('. IVdkeriana. Var. nobllior, Vei'ch (C, vobUior, Reichb. f. ). Large and handsome : front lobe of lip spotted with creamy white. I. H. 30:485. Some of the hybrid Cattleyas are the following : C. A Ihertii =int€rmvdia X siiperba : C. ^a/ZanhaHu—Trianwi X Warsce- wiczii : C. ^raJ)fi/i^V«'= LoddigesiiX Aclandiae ; C. Brpmeriana, Reichb. f.=supposed natural hybrid of superbaX Eldorado ; f^. (7as«dndr«=^^^LoddigesiiXLa"liaelegans; C. Chainberlainiana =LeopoIdiiXDowiana ; C. I>or»>janjdna= Laelia puniilaX Cattleya bicolor?; C. Exo7iien»is,Yeitch(hfp\i& Exoniensis) -^sxipposed natural hybrid of C MossiieXLa?liapurpurata; C. AjH-8^a=LoddigesiiX Exoniensis ; C. Hardyana, doubtful parentage, probably=DowianaXgiga8(F.R. 1:78); C.Hdrrisii= LeopoldiiXMendellii; O.Ayftrida ;>tr?a=guttataXintennedia; C. Kraineridna, Reichb. f., is a supposed natural hybrid of inter- mediaXForbesii ; C I/0?prj/dna=intermediaX Fori)esii ? ; C. lfdnff/cs«i==Lu<idemannianaXrjoddigesii; C. MdrdelU=hndde- manuiana Xrj<elia elegans; 0. Mdrstersonife^hoddigeanXlf^- biata : C. Jfertx?<r*'»M=Aclandiaj X Walkeriana ; C. vplfitina, Reichb. f.. is probnblv a hy>)rid with bicolor and some other species (Gt. 44:1 4-'0. G.C. III. 24::{:W) : <'. Wh)tei, Reichb. f., a supposed natural hvbrid of labiataXSehilleriana.' C. Zenbbia =LoddigesiiXLa'lia elegans. Oakes Ames. CAULIFLOWER (Brdssica olerdcea, Linn., var. hotrytis, DC. ). One of the cabbage tribe, of which the head is composed of the metamorphosed flowers and flower-cluster (Fig. 389). (See Cabbage.) The Cauli- flower is one of those crops in the culture of which the unskilled amateur is liable to stumble upon success, and the more experienced professional to meet with failure. One can undertake to grow ths crop intelli- gently and with some assurance of a fav .rable outcome only when he thoroughly understands the particular requirements of this fastidious vegetable. These requirements mean especially a high degree of soil fertility, perpetual moisture with proper drainage, and protection from an excess of direct sun heat. In the heat of raid-season. Cauliflowers seldom head well, ex- cept in more than ordinarily favorable locations or sea- sons. For this reason, the early crop is usually expected to head before midsummer, while the late crop is planted with the expectation to have it come to a hea I after the hottest summer weather is over. In all cases, try to select the richest land for Cauliflower, giv- ing a rich pasture or clover-field the preference. A strong loam, neither too clayey nor too sandy, is best. Plenty of good manure, horse manure being considered best, must be well incorporated with the soil, and the latter ite brought into the highest state of tilth. For the early crop, start the plants from best seed ob- tainable, under erlass, as early as the early cabbage plants are started. This can be done in a greenhouse or a hotbed. The possessor of the greenhouse, of course, has the advantage that he is sure to be in position to plant, and that no postponement will be necessary on account of the weather. The aim is to have the seed- 264 CAULIFLOWER CEANOTHUS lings pricked out into a coldframe and prrown to pood transplanting size, and also well hardened off by expo- sure, by the time that the soil can be brought into good working order in early spring. With properly hardened plants, late spring frosts are not much to be feared. Liberal applications of good commercial fertilizers, say up to a ton per acre, ancl made either before or after the 389. Cauliflower, trinuned for market. plants are set, are often of material help ; and an ounce or two of nitrate of soda scattered aro .nd each plant soon after setting seldom fails to show marked or even remarkable results. Salt, lime, kainit, or muri- ate of potash frequently tend to aid the plants in mak- ing increased growth. No application, however, can be more necessary or more useful than that of cultivator and hoe. The soil at all times should be kept loose and mellow. The best demand for Cauliflower is usually during the pickling season, in September and October. Plants can be started from seed and transplantetl to the field at the same time that we start and set late cabbage plants, or a little later. In a general way, the crop is handled similarly to the early crop. It is not always au easy task, however, to get the plantation started during the hot and dry weather of July. A favorite method of raising late Caulitlower is to sow a few seeds right in the hill where the plants are wanted to grow. Put the soil in perfect tilth previously, then mark out rows 3 feet apart, drop the little pinches of seed about 2 or 2}^^ feet apart in these shallow marks, and lightly cover with the foot, firming well by stepping on each hill. Later on the plants are thinned to one in the hill. The soil must be kept stirred frequently, unless — and this is a much better plan, and one which we always try to practice— the soil is kept well covered with a mulch of fresh manure, thick enough to keep down all weed growth. In dry weather, water may be poured upon this layer of manure, and will furnish both food and drink for the plants. Of the enemies of the crop, none is more formidable than the cabbage root-magirot. This seems to have a special liking for the Cauliflower. The protective measures which are used for early cabbages are all the more necessary for early Cauliflower. Among such measures, that of enveloping each plant with a tight- fitting collar of tarred felt, and the other of injecting aliout a teaspoonful of bisulfide of carbon into the soil under the roots of each plant, are probably the best and most surely effective. Plant lice are another serious pest of this crop. Effective reniedios are dusting with fine tobacco dnsr, or spraying with strong tobacco tea or kerosene emulsion. At times we have had fair success by dashing hot soap-suds upon the plants. Varieties.— There are no typical or very marked differences between any of our most popular variftics. Most of them are selected strains of the Early or Earli- est Dwarf Erfurt, Among these are Alabaster, Best Early, Gilt Edge, Ideal, Lackawanna. La ('rosse Fa- vorite, Long IslaBd Beauty, Sea Foam, Snowball, Snow- storm, ::nd others. AU these may be planted for early as well as the late crop. A large form of the Early Er- furt (and a little later) seems to be slightly better adapted to growing in warm weather. Early Paris and Half-early Paris are varieties well suited to summer conditions. Autumn Giant or Giant Naples is a rptber late sort, which gives good satisfaction in some of our coast states. The hot summers of the United States are not favor- able for the production of Cauliflower seed, so that, until quite recently, almost every pound of seed used here was imported from Europe. Now, however, a con- siderable portion of it is being grown on the Pacific coast (i^'uget sound), and seems superior to the im- ported in plumpness and vitality. We have always se- cured especially strong plants from this American- grown seed. For seed-trrowing purposes, sow seed dur- ing July, transplant, and winter the partially-developed heads over in coldframe or cellar, to be set in open ground again in early spring, and otherwise to be handled similarly to early cabbage when grown for seed. T. Greiner. CAVAN is .4 ca cm Cavenia. CEAKOTHUS (ancient Greek name). New Jersey Tea. J*hamndceif. Shrubs or rarely small trees, some- times spiny: Ivs. alternate, sometimes opposite, serrate or entire, and usunlly 3-nerved at the base : fls. perfect, 5-merou3, white, blue or purplish, small, but in showy, often paaicled clusters : f r. a3-celled drupe, dry at length and separating into 3 stones. Thirty-six species in N. America, chiefly Pacific coast region. Ornamental, free- flowering shrubs, some especially valuable for their late flowering period. Many of them are only hardy in the warmer temperate regions, but C . A mericanus ,C.ov(itus, and G. Fendleri are hardy north, while the numerous hy- brids of C. America )U(s are only half hardy, and even if protected they are killed to the ground in the north, but the young shoots will usually flower the same season. The safest way, however, to have good, free-flowering plants of these beautiful hybrids will be, in the north, to dig them up in fall, store them away in a frost-proof pit or cellar, and to plant them out again in spring. Pruning of the late flowering species will be of advantage; about one-half of last yearVi growth may be taken away. They grow in almost any so I , but best in a light and well drained one, and most of tho Californian species prefer a sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and by cuttings of mature wood in autumn, inserted in a coldframe or greenhouse ; softwood cuttings also grow readily if taken in early spring from forced plants. Sometimes increased by layers, and the varieties and hybrids by grafting on roots of C. A mericanns under glass in early spring ; the cions must be fresh and with leave:?, taken from plants kept in the greenhouse during the winter. A. Lvs. alternate. B. Margins of lvs. serrate or erenate. c. Fls. white. D. Foliage deciduous. Americ^nus, Linn. Fig..S90. Low.&rect shrub.to.'ift.; lvs. ovate, usually acute, finely and irregularly serrate, bright green and dull above, paler and pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, lJ^-3 in. long: fls. in terminal and axillary panicles on slender peduncles, forming large, corvnibose panicles. July-Sept. From Canada to S. Carolina and Texas. B.M. 1479. - Common in dry woods and making a profusion of bloom, which, how- ever, is short-lived. Many hybrids have been raised from this species in Eu. (see C hi/bridus). Var. inter- medins, Trel. ( C. intermedins, I*ursh ) . has smaller, ovate or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and the fls, in small, very slen- der, peduncled, short racemes or panicles. Tennessee to S. Carolina. ovitus, Desf. (C.ovdlis, Bigel.). Low shrub: lvs. ellip- tic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-ser- rate, nearlv glabrous, glossy above, 1-2 in. long: inflores- cence like the former, but usually smaller. New England to Colorado and Alabama. CEANOTHUS CEDRELA 265 languineas, Pursh (C. OregHnns, Nutt.). Tall shrub, with purple or reddish j^labrous branches: Ivs. orbicular to ovate or obovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous, 1-3 in. long: fls. in rather long, narrow panicles, on stout, leafless peduncles, axillary, from branches of the previous year. May, June. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 5177. i)U. Foliage persistent, shining above, canescent beneath. velutinus, Dougl. Tall shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic, mostly subcordate, obtuse, serrate, dark .?rreen and gla- brous above, 2-'i in. long : tls. in large, compound pani- cles at the ends of tlip branches. .June, July. Brit. Columbia to Colo, and ('alif. B.M. 51 65. cc. Fls. blue, purplish or pink • Ivs. half rvergreen. hirsfltns, Nutt. Shrub or small tree, with villous brauehes: Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, rounded or cor- date at the base, obtuse or acute, with glandular teeth, villous and usually green beneath, }4-2 in. long : fls. deep blue to purplish, in narrow panicles, 1-2 in. long. April, May. Calif.- Var. drcutti, Trel. ( C. Orcutti, Tor- rey). Fls'. blue, paler: fr. loosely villous, thyrsifldrus, Eschsch. Shrub or small tree : Ivs. ob- long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous, 1-lJ^in. Ions:: fls. blue, rarelv white, in narrow panicles, about 3 in. long. May-rJufy. Oregon to Calif. B.R. 30:38. S.S. 2: G4. G.C. Ill, 20: 363. -A very fine, free-flowering species of beautiful blue color. Probably natural hybrids of this species are : C. I'eifchidnus. Hook. (C. thyrsi- flornsxrigidus), wit* 'eep blue fls. in dense panicled clusters; B.M. .')127 .S. 13:1383, and C. Lobbidnus, Hook. {C.thf/rs 'itsxdentntus), with deep blue fls., in oval, pedunc! solitary clusters. B.M. 4810 (4811 by error). F.S. 10;. -16. 390. Ceanothus Americanus (X K)- hi^bridus, Ilort. Hybrids of garden origin, chiefly be- tween V. Americanus or C.ontfus and C. thyrsiflorus or Ca;ii»-eH.*(, mostly raised in French nurseries. Some of the most distinct are : Alhus-plenns, with «louble white ds. ; Atroc(rriileus pnrpurt'us. tis. blue, foliage purple when young: Arnoldi. Hs. sky-blue, in large panicles; Gloire <Je r*'rsa Hies, with bright blue, large panicles; Gloire de Planti^res, fls. dark blue, in larjje panicles ; Marie Simon, fls. flesh-colored ; Mdseus, fls. pink. R.H.1875:30. BB. Marfjins of Ivs. entire or nearly so: half evergreen. Fendleri, Gray. Low, prostrate and spiny shrub: Ivs. oval, roumied or nearly actite at both ends, entire, rarely finely serrulate, grayish green, minutely tomentose be- neath, J'^-l in. long: fls. white, in short racemes, termi- nal, on sho.-t, lateral branchlets. June, July. From S. Dakota to New Mexico and Arizona. — A very graceful and free-flowering shrub of almost creeping habit, well adapted for covering dry, sandy banks ; half evergreen and hanly north. int8g6rrimu8, Ilook. & Arn. Tall, erect shrub, with gia- brosceat branches : Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, spar- ingly hairy or glabrous, bright green beneath, 1-3 in. long : fls. blue, sometimes white, fragrant, in 3-6-in. long, narrow panicles. April-June. Washington to Calif . and S. E. Arizona. divaric&tus, Nutt. Tall, erect shrub, with usurilly glau- cous branches and often spiny : Ivs, ovate, obtuse or nearly acute, glaucous and glabrous or grayish tomen- tose, ^^-1 in. lonir: fls. pale blue, sometimes whitish, in 2-3-in. long, narrow panicles. April-June Calif. AA. Lrs. opposite, persistent. cuneitus, Nutt. Tall, much-branched shrub: Ivs. spatu- late or cuneate-obovate, mostly obtuse, entire, minutely tomentose beneath, M-l in. long : fls. white, in small clusters along the branches. March-May. Oregon to Calif. B.H. 8: 170. prostritns, Benth. Procumbent shrub : Ivs. cuneate, obovate or spatulate, coarsely and pungently toothed, sometimes only 3-pointed at the apex, often minutely silky when young, }4-\ in. long : fls. blue, in dusters, terminal on short branchlets. Spring. Washington to Calif. C. Africdntis. Linn.=Noltea Africana. — C. atrocaerfileus pur- pfireus, see C. hybridus.— C. azureus, Desf. Low shrub : Ivs. membrau»<'eous. oblong, serrate, putrescent : tls. blue, in large panicles. Summer. Mexico. L.B.C.2:110. B.K.4:2yl. P.M. 2:74. Under this name a hybrid of this species with C Ameri- canus is often ciiltivated.- C bicolor, HBK.= C. azureus.— C. cceriileus, Lag.==C. azureus.— C. dentdtus, Torr. & Gray. Low shrub : Ivs. oblong, penninerved. dentate, glandular-papillate aOove, loosely hairy : fls. blue, in i)ediuicled ('lu.ster= Calif. F.S. 6:567. 2. B.H. 3:101.— C. dentdtus, y&r. floribiin. us. Trel. (C. tloril)undus. Hook.). Fl. -clusters numerous, ne»riy sessile: Ivs. sm.-iller. B.M. 4S(»6. F.S. 10:977. I.H. 7:238. B.H. 5:129. C. foliosus. Parry. Tjow shrub : Ivs. small, broadly elliptic, glandular-toothed, slightly hairy, pale or glaucous beneath: lis, deep blue, in numerous small clusters. Calif.— C. intermedins, Pursh=C. AmericAnus, var. intermeilius.— C. Icevigdtus, Dougl. Tall shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic, serrate, glabrous, glaucous ^- neatb: tls. yellowish white, in large panicles. Calif.— C. Lobbi- dnus. Hook., see C. thyrsitlorus.- C microphyllus, Michx. Low shrub: Ivs. very small, obovate or elliptic, nearly glabrous: fls. white, in small, short-pedimcled clusters. Florida.— C. Ore- gdnus. Nutt.= C. sangiiineus.— C. Orcutti, Pan-y = C. hirsutus, var. Orcutti.— C. papillosus, Torr. & Graj'. Low shrub: Ivs. narrow-oblong, dentate, glinulular-papillate above, villous be- ne;tth : tls. deep blue, in pe<hincled, axillary oblong chisters. Calif. B.M.4.S1.-). F.S. 6:.Vj7, 1. P.F.G. 1. p. 74. R.H. 18,-H):;rJL— C. Fdrryi. Trel. Large shrub: Ivs. elliptic or ovate, denticulate, co])webby beneath : tls. deep tdue, in peduncled, narrow panicles. Calif.— (\ riijidns, Nutt. ilifid, mu<-h-l)ranchetl shrub : Ivs. opposite, cuneate-obovate, d*" iilate, usually glabrous, s lall: fls. blue, in small, nearly ses. ... . axillary clusters. C.ilif. B.M. 4660 (as V. verrucosus) and 4(i<54.— C. Veitchidnus, Hook., see C. thyrsiflorus.- (\ verrucosus. Nutt. Low shrub: Ivs. mostly alternate, roundish obovate, emarginate. denticul.-ite, nearly glabrous, small: fls. white, in small. axillaiT clusters along the branches. Calif.— C. verrvcdsus, Hook.= C. rigidus. Alfred Rehder. C£DB£LA (from Cedrus, the wood resembling that of Cedrus). Melidceiv. Tall trees, with alternate, usu- ally abruptly pinnate Ivs., without stipules; Ifts. petl- oled, entire or slightly serrate : fls, inconspicuous, whit- ish, usually perfect. 5-merous, in large, pendulous, termi- nal panicles; the 5 petals formintj a tube with spreading limb : fr. a capsule, dehiscent, with 5 teeth, with many flat, winded seeds. Eisrht species in trop. Amer. and 8, forming the subgenus Tooiia, in E. India and Australia. Tall, ornanjental trees, and well adapted for avenues ; only hardy in S. Calif, and in the Gulf states, except C Sinensis. The wood of some species is known as cedar wood, and much valued for making furniture and boxes. They thrive best in rich loam, and are prop, by seecls or by cuttings of mature wood, and, also, by root- cuttings, all with bottom heat. ;--, 1^5. ^ ■ 266 CEDRELA 391 Leaflets of Cedrela and Ailanthus. Cedrela in the right (X >^). A. Lfts. 10-25, quite glabtous. Sinensis, Ju8s. Fig. 391. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. long- petioled, 10-20 in. long ; lfts. 10-22, oblong or obioug- lanceolate, acuminate, slightly and remotely serrate, 4-8 in. long : fls. white, in very long, pendulous ra- cemes : fr. oblong or obo- vate, about 1 in. long. June, China. K.H. 18yi. p. 574-75, and 1875, p. 87. Gng. 4:l.— S5:--_.^^^|C^_ / \_----|^ \ Ornamental tree, with large, ^^^f / -,C^ \ feathery foliage; very valu- able for avenues; similar to Ailanthurf, and nearly of the same hardiness, but of more regular and dense growth, and without the disagreeable odor when flowering. Ailan- thus can be easily distiu- gui hed by the few coarse teeth near the base of the ifts., each bearing a large gland beneath (Fig. 391). Berrita, Royle. Tree, to 70 ft. : Ivs. usually odd-pin- nats, 15-20 in. long : lfts. 15-25, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-acuminate, irregularly serrate, glaucous beneath : panicles long, pendulous : lis. fragrant. Himalayas.— This is probably the hardi- est of the tropical species. Closel> killed to this species is C. Toona, Roxb., from E. India, but Ivs. abruptly pinnate, and lfts. usually entire. odorAta, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft. : Ivs. 10-20 in. long; lfts. 12-20, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire, 4-<5 in. long: panicles shorter than the Ivs.: fr. obloug, almost \% in. long. W.India. — The cedar wood comes mostly from this species. AA. Lfts. 6-10, finely ciliate. Dug^ai.Wats. Tree: Ivs. 10-15 in. long; lfts. cuneate, ovate- lanceolate, long and slender acuminate, nearly entire, shining above, 4-6 in. long: panicles rather com- pact, much shorter than the Ivs. Mexico. Alfred Rehdek. CEDRONfiLLA {a little Cedar, from the odor of C. triphijlht, a species from the Canary Islands, sometimes called "Balm of Gilead"). Labihtas. Eight species of nerbs or shrubs, allied to Dracocephalum. The two na- tive kinds described below are compact, free-flowering border perennials, with aromatic Ivs. and numerous showy, purplish pink fls. with blue stamens, and borne in dense whorls on long racemes or spikes. They are not quite hardy north, and should have a sheltered, sunny position, or some winter protection. cAna, Hook. Height 2K-3 ft.: stems hard, square, subshrubby : branches numerous, especially at the basr, opposite, hoary with a minute pubescence: upper Ivs. small, %-\% in. long, entire, hoary, numerous near the fls., ovate ; lower Ivs. larger, cordate-ovate, dents' e- serrate : spikes numerous : whorls dense, 15 or ni' .e fld,: corolla 1 in. long, limb 5-cleft, the lowest '< i»e largest, crenate, revolute. June-Oct.'* Mex. and N. Mex. Mexicana, Benth. (GanJdquia betonico)(1es, Lindl.), Height l-.{ ft.: root creeping: Ivs. lK-234 in. long, ovate-l?nceolate (the lower ones cordate), crenate-den- tate, becoming purplish below, petioled : fls. very like above, bright pink. Mex.. Mts. S. Ariz. B.M, 3800.— Rarer in cult, than above. Lvs. larger, longer and fewer. triph^lla, Mceneh (Dracoc^phahim Canarifn.^e, Linn.). Balm of Gilead. Shrubby: leaflets 3, oblong or lanceo- late : fls. purple or white, in loose spicate whorls. Aro- matic plant from Canary Is. Three to 4 ft. J. B. Keller and W. M. C£DBUS (Kedron, ancient Greek name). Coniferr. Cedar, Large evergreen trees, with quadrangular, stitf, fasciculate lvs.: fls. monoecious, forming cylindrical cat- kins: cones ovate, 3-5 in. long, with broad.'closelyimbri- CEDRUS cate bracts, attaining maturity in two or three years ; seeds winged. Three closely allied species in N. Africa, Asia Minor and Himalayas. Large ornamental Conifers, with wide-spreading branches, very distinct in hal>it from most other Conifers ; not hardy north, but the hardiest, €. Atlantica, may be grown as far north as New York in sheltered positions, while C. Deodaru can be only grown safely in Calif, and S. states. The very durable and fragrant wood of all species is highly valued. The Cedars prefer well-drained, loamy soil, and will also grow ?n sandy clay, if there is no stagnant moisture. Prop, by seeds, sown ju spring ; thtf vurietk-b by veneer grafting, in late summer or in fall, on ^fed- lings of C. Atlantica; or, in warmer regions, on C. Deodara ; they grow also from cuttings, if the small shoots are selected which spring occasioUtJly fron. the old wood. Plants of this genus tre the true Cedars; but trees of other genera are often called Cedar. See Ciiamcecypari/t,Junip€nts,&ud Thuya; also Cedrela. A. Branches stiff, not droopin<j : cones truncate, and often concave at t.ie apex. Atlantica, Manetti. Fig. 392. Large, pyramidal tree, to 120 ft., with upright leading shoots : lvs. mostly less than 1 in. long, usually thicker than broad, rigid, glau- cous-green : cones 2-3 in. long, light brown. N. Africa. Gng.2:163. G.F.9:417. R.H. 1890, p. .T2. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage glaucous, with silvery hue ; a very de- sirable and vigorous form. Var. fastigiata, Carr' Of upright columnar habit. R.H. 1890, p. 32. Lib^ni, Barr. Large tree, with wide spreading, hori- zontal branches, forming a broad head when older, lead- ing shoot nodding : lvs. 1 in. or longer, broader than thick, dark or bright green, sometimes bluish or silvery: cones 3-4 in. long, brown. Lebanon, Taurus, S. Ana- tolia and N. Africa. Gng. 5: 65. Mn. 1 : .{9. G.F. 8: :{:}5. Gn. 48, p. 237. Var. arg^ntea, Loud. With blue or sil- very hue. Var. n&na, Loud. Dwarf foim. 392. Ccdrus Atlantica. AA. Branches and leading shoot pendulous ; cones obtuse. Deodara, Loud. Tall tree, of pyramidal habit, to 150 ft.: lvs. 1-2 in. long, dark bluish green, rigid, as thick as broad : cones 3^-5 in. long, reddish brown. Hinial. CEDRUS CELERIAC 267 Gng. 2:8. Var. arg6ntea, Hort. Lvs. Antth silvery hue. Var. viridis, Hort. Lvs. bright green. Var. robHsta, Hort. Lvs. about 2 in. long, very rigid. Alfred Rehdek. CEIBA. See Eriodendron. CELANDINE. See CheUdonium. CELASTEUS (A'f/ajj/ro.t, ancient Greek name). Celas- trAceiF. Shrubs, usually climbing, with alternate, peti- oled, usually deciduous and serrate glabrous lvs.: fls. polygamous, .5-merous, inconspicuous, greenish white, in axillary or ♦erminal panicles or racemef : fr. a cap- sule, dehisceiit inio '.i values, eich containing 1 or 2 seeds, enclosed in -x fieshy crimson anl. A'»out 26 spe- cies in S. and E.Asia. Australia and America. Hardy ornamental shrubs, very effective by their bright-colored fruit remaining usually throughout the winter ; they are very valuable for covering trellis-work, trees or rocks and walls. They grow in almost any soil and situation, and as well in shaded as in sunny positions. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified, and by root- cuttings or layers ; suckers are freely produced, and become sometimes a nuisance in nurseries ; they can be also increased by cuttings of mature and of soft wood. The species with perfect fls. in axillary cymes and with evergreen lvs., being rigid and often spiny shrubs, are now included under Gymnosporia, which see. BCindens, Linn. False Bitter Sweet. Fig. 393. High, climbing to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 2-4 in. long : fls. in terminal, mauy-fld. panicles or racemes : fr. about J^in. in dium., orange-yellow, with crimson 3eeds. Canada to S. Dakota and N. Mexico. Em. 545. A. 0.11:29,31. G.F.5:569. Gng. 5:119. orbicul&tus, Thunbg. ( C. articuh'itus, Thunbg. ). High climbing shrub : lvs. cuneate, suborbicular to oblong or obovate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, 2-3 in. long : fr. globular, orange-vellow, with crimson seeds. Japan, China. B.M. 7.599. G.F. 3: ."S-iO. A.F. 9:.')34. G. cm, 23: 29. Gng. 5: 119. Var. puncUtus, Rehder (C. piit'ctdtus, Thunb.). A less vigorous grower, with smalle", e'liptic lvs. C orbiculatus is of more vigorous growth than ihe former species, and fruits very pro- fusely, but the fruits are hidden by the foliage, and are not very- conspicuous until the lvs. have fallen, while (^. scandens bears its fruits above the lvs. J'r». bruits ol Celastrus scandens. (X Vs.) paniculitus, Willd. (C. dependens,^^^]}.). Branches with white lenticels, pendulous: lvs. ovate-oblong or obovate : fls. in terminal pendulous panicles. Himalayas. Not hardy N. C.7tutan8, Hort. Reasoner, not Roxbg.=Quisqu.ilis Indica.— C. Orixa, Sieb. & Zucc.=Orixa .laponica. Alfred Rehder. CELEBIAC (Apiiim graveoJens, Linn., var. rapd- C€Mm, DC). Umbelllferce. Fig. 394. An offshoot of the celery species, producing an edible root instead of edible leaves. Just how long Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted Celery, has been in cultivation is unknown. Its history as a garden vegetable can be traced definitely as far back as the middle of the seventeenth century, although writers for a century or more previous to this time made references which would seem to relate to this vegetable, but the identity is ob.scure. Itn origin was probably the same as that of the common garden celery, of wh'ch it 394. Celeriac {X%). is doubtless a state wherein the root has become en- larged and edible. This form is supposed to be the one most remotely removed from the wild state. Celeriac is very little grown in this country, and to Americans is almost unknown, but it is much prized in Europe. It is cultivated chiefly where there is a Ger- man population. Fifteen or 20 varieties are mentioned in the seed catalogues, but there is very little difference in the various sorts, some seedsmen even making no distinction between varieties, but catalogue the plant simply as Celeriac. In general, the culture is the same as for celery, ex- cept that no blanchinjtr is required, since it is the enlarged root which constitutes the edible portion. Sow the seed during the sprintr in a w»'ll-prepared seod-bed. prefera- bly in a more or less shaded location. A coldframe or a spent hotbed is a good pltice. The seed is slow to ger- minate, and must be kept well watered. When the plants are 2 or 3 inches tall, they ought to be trans- planted ; about 3 indies apart each way is a good dis- tance to place them at this handling. Later, again transplant them to the open ground, in rows about 2 feet apart and (J or 8 inches distant in the row. The soil should be a rich, light loam well supplied with moisture. The seed may be sown where the plants are to remain, and thinned to the required distance, but stronger, more stocky plants are obtained by transplanting as above directed. Plants thus treated will be_ ready for fall and winter tise. If they are desired for earlier use, the seeds may be sown in a mild hotbed and transplanted to the open as soon as the ground is in good condition in the spring. Aside from frequent tillage, Celeriac requires but little attention during growth. It is a frequent practice among growers to remove a little of the earth from about the plants aftertheroot has become well enlarged, and to cut off the lateral roots. This tends to make the main root grow larger, smoother and more symmetrical in shape. For winter use, the plants may be protected with earth and straw sufficient to keep out frost, or packed in moist sand and placed in a cool cellar. The principal use of Celeriac is for the flavoring of soups and stews, but it is also served in several other 268 CELERIAC CELERY ways. It may be bulled and eaten with a white sauce, like cauliflower ; as a salad, either first beintr cooked as beets or turnips, or else cut up into small pieces and used raw ; when boiled, sliced und nerved with oil and vinegar, it forms the dish known as "celery salad." An extract may be obtained from it which is said to have certain medicinal properties. u. p. Gould. C£L£H7 (ApiutH (jraveoh'tiH, Lir.n.), rmhfUiferce. Annual or biennial plants: leaf-staiks G-15 in. long, bc"- Aig 3 pairs and a teiminal leaflet, ail of which are coarsely serrate and more or less ternately Iobe<l or'div'ded: tiower stalk 2-3 ft. higj, branched aud leafy, beari'^g nu- ■Tiejous "ither small compound umbels of ■ conspic lous white tlov ^^rs: fruit small, flattened on the sides, broader than long. An ounce contains between 60,000 and 70,000 seeds. Celery is known in America only as a garden vegetable, and is cultivated mainly for the leaf stalks, which are blanched and eaten raw with salt, made into salads, or boiled and served like asparagus. Celery roots, leaver aud seeds are also used in '. ^- voring soups, meats, etc. The garden 'orm resembles wild celery, which grows over a wide range in Europe and Asia, but the plants are less acrid and pungent and the leaf-stalks are much larger and more meaty aud solid. Ancient writers left litile definite information about this plant, and it is doubtful if its cultivation as a staple gar- den vegetable really began until after the Middle Ages. Previous to that time it does not appear to have been clearly distinguished from parsley, which was mainly used at funeral ceremonies, and not at all as a salad plant. It is supposed that the Selhwn mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey was wild celery, and it has also been stated that Dioscorides distinguished between the wild and the cultivated forms of this plant, but later writers were singularly silent about garden celery until the seventeenth century. In 1029 Parkinson wrote that "sellery"was a rarity in England. It seems to have been introduced there from Italy, where its cultivation as a garden vegetable probably began. In 1(599 John Evelyn wrote of "sellery"as Apiutn Italicnm, and de- scribed it as a hot and more generous form of Mace- donian parsley or smallage, which, he stated, fo»- its high and grateful taste was ever placed in the middle of the Grand Pallet at the great men's tables and Praetors' Feasts as the grace of the whole board. Dur- ing the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries celery was frequently called smalhuje in England and arhe in France, but now these names have fallen into disuse. Until about 18.")0 celery was grown in trenches; later level culture was gradually adopted. For 20 or 25 years following 18.50 celery was used almost entirely as a win- ter vegetable. The plants were only partially blanched The demand for earlier crl'>ry increased after 1875 or 1880. 1 he introduction of two new kinds of celery a few year?? later, namely the White Plume and the Paris Golden, both with distinct self-blaL 'hmg ti..;'Je^:'"ie9 gave a frosh impetus to the cultivation and the cjn' sumption of early celery. These new kinds were -.uore atti active aj vabl< decorations, and they were also more easily grown and blanche<i than any varieties previously cultivated. Soon after their introduction l>oards began to be used in the place of earth in blanching early ---'i?*>-v!t — C__ / 395. Celery planted thick, and the patch edged with boards. in the field, then lifted and placed in trenches or celery pits, where they remained until the blanching process was completed, being taken out from time to time dur- ing the winter. Celery is reported as naturalized on the coast of southern California, and as escaped from culti- vation in southeastern Virginia. 396. The laat earthine-up oi Celery. celery. This proved a decided advantage to growers because the rows could be from 2>a to 3 feet apart in- stead of 4 or 5 feet, as was necessary before, and also less labor was required in caring for the crop and pre- paring it for market. With the new varieties and im- proved methods of blanching, early celery began to be grown on a large scale after 1885, and now la'"ge markets are supplied with Celery throughout the entire year. Staktinmj! the Plants. — Celery seed is usually sown in frames where there is but little artificial heat. The seeds germinate slowly, and the seedlings require about three months after the seed is planted to mature suffi- ciently to be set in the field. Sowings for the early crop betrin in January, and those for the late crop about the mitldle of March in the northern states. The seed is sown broadcast, and when the plants are large enough to handle they are transplanted into other frames, being set 2 or 3 inches apart each way. The soil in these frames, aud also where the seed is sown, is made very fertile, to insure a strong growth of both roots and foliage. After being transplanted the plants are allowed to remain in the frames only long enough to send out u new set of roots and leaves. If for any reason the plants remain in the frames too long, they often go to seed pre- maturely when set in the field. This is much more likely to oc- cur with the early than with the late crops. Field CtTLTTRB. — Moi.st, peaty soil is preferred, but cel- ery is succes.sfully grown on clayey and even sandy soils, when these are highly fertilized and irrigated. Level culture is now generally practiced, the old method, in which plants were set in sinjrle or double rows in trenches (Fiir. ,'597) being nearly obsolete. The plants are set from «) inches to a foot apart in the rows, and the rows from 2% to 'M4 feet apart. Early and late varieties are often set in alternate rows. Boards are used to blanch the plants tltat mature first, and when these are out of the wav^ there is room to bank the remaining rows with earth (Fig.:i96). Celery plants are also set 7 or 8 inches apart each way in beds. This method requires intensive culture. The plants must be frequently fertilized and copiously watered during their growth. In this case the crowding of the leaves is sufficient to blanch the stalks of the 397. The old method of growing Celery in trenches. Plants are sometimes stored for winter *a t>uch trenches. CELERY CELERY 269 Paris Golden, which is the variety generally grown in this way, and boards are used only around the outside of the beds (Fig. 395). This method is known as the "New Celery Culture," or Niven's method. Blanching. — When the weather is warm in summer I" le'"v "I'ten blanches In two weeks after boards are set ' side the rows, but later in ♦he fall it takes three or f«' ,' eeks, and the winter varieties are often banked with *th considerably longer than this and 'hen placed in eele* ' pits, where the blanching process continues. Hemlock boards an inch thick, u foot wide and 12 feet long, a e largely used for bianching summer celery. These are placf 1 ou edge beside the rows and drawn nearly together at the top, where they are held by small wooden cleats. When thus placed the boards enclose the entire plants, with tl e exception of ends of scatter- ing leav es, which project above them. In market gar- dens these boards are mc ed from one field to another after the crops mature, ana '.•«'pt in constant use from the middle of June until late in .'ovember. When freez- ing weather is expected, the remaining plants of the early varieties are lifted and set in beds in the field, where they are enclosed on the sides and covered as closely as circumstances may require with the boards. Late celery is blanched mainly by banking with earth, the earth being thrown up against the plants at two or three different times; first, the base of the bank is thrown up about one foot high, the leaves being held together during the operation to prevent the soil from tilling in between the stalks. The top of this bank is left broad and dishing so that the plants can be watered Two or three weeks later the bank is raised 8 inches or a foot higher, and often it is again raised, the top of the highest banks being about 3 feet above the ditches be- tween the rows The plow is used in loosening the soil, but the banking is mainly done by band. The old method of growing celery in trenches ( Fig. 397 ) in order to bleach it is now entirely obsolete in this country. A well-hilled field is shown in Fig. 396. Celery is sometimes blanched by wrapping the plants in thick paper (Fig. 398), or by placing large pieces of drain tile over them. Pkeparation fok Market.— After pulling, the celery is trimmed, then taken to the packing room, where it is washed and tied in bunches, the bunches being from 3 to 4 inches in diameter and containing from 2 to 6 '•heads" or plants. The root is cut to a point, as shown in Fig. 399. After bunching, it is packed in cases of various patterns which hold from 2 to 5 dozen bunches each. A common style of celery crate, for the marketing of trimmed plants, is shown in Fig. 400. Sometimes celery, especially the early crop and for nearby markets, is not trimmed at the roots; but the roots are left intact, the plant washed and stripped of its dead and broken leaves and then shipped in a tray which holds water. Fig. 401 shows Niven's tray, used for this purpose. This tray or crate will hold 24-30 roots. The sides, A A, are 20x40 in. ; B B. 14Kx40 in. ; top pieces, C, IKin. wide by ■^sin. thick: posts, D, 1x1x12 in. The joints are mitered and painted before nailing. The inside of the tray is painted white. Va'ji eties. — Not less than 50 kinds of celery, which are more or less distinct, are catalogued by American seeds- men. The plants vary in size from the Paris Red Ribbed, which is scarcely a foot high, to the Giant Pascal, which is fully three times as tall: and in color of the foliage from the deep green of the Boston Market to the golden yellow of the Paris Golden and the almost pure white of the White Plume. Some kinds are turnip- rooted (see Celeriac), others have red leafstalks, and still others are very bitter and pungent: yet all of these variations seem to have resulted from high cultivation and. possibly, in some cases, from crossings of the differ- ent kinds. A half dozen leading types may be described. Paris Golden or Golden Self-blanching. — 1h\fi\Vir'w\y was raised by M. Chemin in his market-gardens near Paris. France, and it was introduced into the United States about 1885. It was entirely distinct from all other varieties, and it gained favor among growers rap- idly. Since 1892 or 1893 it has been the leading summer kind, and more generally planted in market-gardens than any other. The plants are stocky, they can be planted closely, conveniently blanched with boards, packed ^n small space when bunched, the bnnches keep remarkably well, are exceptionally attractive when ex- posed for sale in the market, ancl the stalks are never disagreeably bitter. Leaf-stalks below the lower pair of leafiets 6 to 8 inches long and from \% to \% iueheH in circumference, generally with 9 distinct ridges and 13 rather small flbn)vascular bundles, the latter not im- bedded in green cells, the ridges flattened and the furrows between them shallow; leaf-bearing part of the stalk 12 to 14 inches long, with a decided constriction where the lower pair of leaflets unite with it; leaflets thick, sharply serrate, usually wedge shaped at the base and with characteristic yellow specks, which increase in 398. Blanching Celery by wrapping it with paper. numbers as the plants mature until the entire foliage appears to be of a light golden hue. The Paris Red Ribbed celery is a very dwarf variety, having thick leaflets with yellow specks in them like the Paris Golden, but the plants are smaller, not so full in the centers and the leaf stalks are shaded with red. Another variety of recent introduction, known as the Broad Ribbed celery, is evidently nearly related to the preceding kinds. The foliage shows the yellow specks, the leaf stalks are large and rounded on the edges, at.d the plants mature early, but they are open in the center. Some strains of this variety have reddish leaf stalks. White P^um^. — Introduced by Peter Henderson in 1884. For several years this variety was more generally grown than any other kind. The plants are distinctively 270 CELERY CELERY self-blanchint^ aim beautiful, and it has been claimed that thin variety surpa-snes all others as a table decora- tion. Leafstalk below the lower pair of leaflets 8 to 10 inches long, 1 to 2 inches in circumference, ' :ht green, becoming pure white w^hen blanched, ridges 9, flbrovas- cular bundles I'A imbedded in green cells; leaflets large, borne on slender divisions of the main stalk, turning light colored and sometimes nearl.v pure white when the 399. Celery plant trimmed lor market. plants approach maturity. This variety often requires artificial ripening to reduce the strong flavor, in addition to what is necessary to whiten the stalks. The Pink Plume is a nearly related variety, having reddish stalks but is hardly equal to the preceding kind. Bosto)i M(tfkft. — Xn old variety, that has been grown in the vicinity of Boston since about \i<'y{). Plants low and spreading, very dark green and glossy, forming numer- ous secondary crowns, leaf -stalks short and stout, ridges 9 or 11 , with shallow furrows between them , ttl)rovascular bundles 13 or 15, imbedded in green cells; leaflets thick, rounded in outline, deeply cleft, serrations shallow, each terminating in a whitish point. There is a constriction where the lower pair of leaflets unite with the stalk, and the stalk is lighter colored here than elsewhere; above this point the central stalk ta])ers rapidly to the end. The Early Arlington celery is a sub-variety of the Boston Market. Golden ^Tear^ — A popular kind before the introduc- tion of the self-blanching varieties, but now placed in the background with the Golden Half Dwarf, White Solid, Schumacher, Perle le Grande, and Alpha. ^ose. — A tall, red variety, better known than any other kind of this class. It was introduced in 1880 by Peter Henderson, but it never has been extensively grown for market. Leaf-stalk red or purplish, 10 to 15 inches long, 13^ to 2 inches \\\ circumference, ridges 9, fibro- vascular bundles 13; leaflets dull green, thin, and the edges inclined to turn upward; the whole plant tall, slentler and rather hard to blanch. The young stalks retain the red color when blanched, and are exception- ally attractive in appearance, crisp, and have th« nutty flavor that is so highly prized in choice celery. It was formerly supposed that the red varieties of celery kept better than the others, but the supposition does not seem to be well founded. Other varieties of this class are the Crimson Boaquet Pink Ar'-matic. ami Convent Garden Rose. * (Jianl PnscuL — 'Vh'x^ variety is peculiarly a<lapted to the proiluction of a large amount of e«lible matter. The stalks are of the largest size, tender, and never pungent, even before they are blanched ; grown both in private gardens and f«ir market. Leaf-stalks very large, long and thick, generally with 12 flattened ri(li,'es arid 10 tibrovasfular bundles; leaflets dark green, thick, deeply cleft and coarsely serrate. Plants with full centers anil usually with«»ut secon<lary crowns. Although the variety is much, the value and appear- ance of the plant depend much upon the growing. There are clifferent ideals in different parts of the country. in the west, a plant of the type of Fig. 402 is wanted. About Boston, a broad-based and thick-set plant (ob- tained by much transplanting and less crowding) is demanded (Fig. 403). Fekti I. izeks.— Celery rarely makes satisfactory growth on land of ordinary fertility ; it is a crop that must have liberal treatment to yield good returns. Organic ferti- lizers rich in nitrogen are mainly used, although gener- ally in market-gardens these are supplemented with pot- ash and other salts. It is customary to apply the organic fertilizers in a decomposed condition and plow them in before the plants are set. Later, when the plants are about half grown, some commercial fertilizer is scattered along tb'^ rows before each hoeing. It is important that the fertilizers used should not njakethe land too porous. They should increase its capacity for holding moisture. and not hasten evaporati(m. When coarse, litrht manures must be used for this crop, it is better to pliice them on the surface as a mulch than to plow them in. Diseases. — Of diseases, there are two or three serious blights or rusts, but there are no widespread and serious insect depredators. (.See Duggar. Bull. 132, (.'oruell Exp. Sta., and reports from stations in Conn.. N. Y. (state), N. J., Dei>t. Agric, etc.) The best general treatment is to start with healthy seed on land which has not bred the disease, ami then spray early snid fre- quently with Bordeaux mixture, or other fungicide. The treatment should all be done early in the life of the crop. Storing.— If celery is to be kept for winter use, it must be cool and moist. It is usually set out again, so that the roots take sufficient hold upon the earth to pre- vent the plant from wilting. For home use, the plants may be set in an old shoe case, in which there are a few inches of earth in the bottom, the top of the box being left uncovered. If the box is as deep as the height of the Celery, holes should be made in the side of the box to admit of ventilation. The box may now be kept in a cool cellar. Taking similar precautions, Celery may be stored in barrels in ^ the cellar. For mar- ket. Celery may be set in trenches, as shown in Fig. .397. Two boards are then leaned over the plants, to forn a ga bie roof; and as cold weather approaches, straw is brown on top. In large cel^^ry areas, however, the crop is now stored in sheds or cellars made for the purpose. In these sheds, the cel- ery is planted out, and the temperature is kept above hard frost. Full discussion of this method will be found under Storing. For further information, see Greiner's "Celery for Profit"; Vaushan's "Celerv Manual': Van Bochove's "Kalamazoo Celery"; Hollister's "Livingston's Celery Book." L. F. Kinney. Commercial Celery Culture. -The increasing de- mand for this delicious vegetable has interested both the gardener and farmer in studying its needs. They have 400. Celery crate. CELERY CELKKY 271 iuc!Ct»eded so well that th« quality has be«n improved anii the leujrth of the market season increased to such an extent that instead of tlndinx it for sale only durint; the fall and winter mouths, we now have it the greater part of the year. The greater part of the crop is pre- pared for Hbippinn^ by trimmin}^ off the outer stalk:* 401. Water-holding Celery crate. and roots, \. shin*; and tying in bunches of one dozen roots, and packing in boxes contaiuinir from 4 to 8 dozen, accordinj; to the size of the roots. The California and some of the Michijran and New York growers ship with the roots on unwashed, and load in refrigerator cars, with two decks put in and the bunches placed on the decks. A car contains by this process from 1 ,2(10 to l.-lOO dozens, while a car loaded with the boxed product con- tains from L.IOO to 2,000 dozens. The seeds are very small and slow to germinate. The first leaves are small and digest foo(l slowly, which makes it necessary to have plant-food available at all times during the growth <»f the plant, so that nature msy be assisted in her work cf building it up and giving to it a constitution strong enough to resist disease, which sometimes comes in the shape of a fungus which attacks the leaves, and, with the plant in its weak condition, absorbs the sap and destroys the digesting surface of the leaf to such an extent that the outer stalks, and sometimes the inner ones as well dry up, and the crop is a total loss. Fortunately, the climatic conditions for the developni nt of the fungi do not remain more than 3 or 4 days at a time, and, with means for irrigation and with food containing the different materials that the plant desires, this ditKculty is successfully met. In Colorado and other parts of the west, they expect to demonstrate that the disease cannot exist, on account of irrigation keeping the plant well supplied with food, the large amount of lime the soil contains, the bright sunlight, and cool nights, as all these are to the advantage of the plant and against ;he development of fungi. The soils best adapted to the plant are cranberry bogs and low marshes, filled with a deposit of decayed" vege- table matter from 2 to 15 feet deep, which, when drained by open and tile drainage, cleared of trees and roots. the surface cut with dl^k-harrow, smoothed and pulver- ized wirh common harrow and roller, are then ready for a crop of corn or millet the tlrst season. The following season the surface is treat'^d with a ton of air-slaked lime to the acre, which is turned under to hasten the <lecay of the vegetable matter and correct the accumu- lated acidity which abounds from the decay of such large quantities of vegetables. The lime also destroys fungous growth and tends to strengthen the constitution of the plant. The siirface is then dressed with a ferti- lizer composed of 1 ton of tine raw t)one, 40 bushels of wood ashes, and 500 pounds of salt to the acre. Where barnyard manure can be had, the raw bone is reduced l.(H)0 pounds, and 20 loads of manure are applied. la Florida the amount of bone is increased to .'{,000 pounds, and 200 pouudsoi high-grade potash adde<l and the ashes omitted. In Colorado, where the soil contains 10 per cent of lime, it is not necessary to use lime. With ferti- lizers containing 10 per cent of potash, 4 per cent of nitrogen, and 10 percent phosphoric acid, applied at the rate of 1 ton to the acre, and with the physical conditions of the land improved by turning under green crops, such as corn or alfalfa, success is anticipated. Celery is also raised on samly loatn, but unless 50 loads of coarse manure is plowed under, and water plentifully supplied during growth, either by rains or irrigation, the crop is poor in quality and light in quantity. In the north and middle states, the early plants are started on hotbeds March 1, and transplanted in cold- frames March 10-12, then into the open tlehl after May 10. For the late or main crop, the see<l is sown ia the open ground .tvpril 1, and by June 1 the plants are large enough to cut back to the heart leaves. This makes them stocky and increases the root-growth, and by .June 10 they are large enough to be removed to the field, where they are cultivated frequently by both horse and hand cultivators. In Florida, plants are all started under a half shade in August, and transplanted under another half sha<le made by setting posts in the ground, 5 feet high and 12 feet apart, on the tops of which a board is nailed, forming a rest or frame, and 3-inch slats nailed on 3 inches apart, thus protecting the beds from the bright sun in day time and cold at night. The plai ts are removed to the open field after September, ani planting is continued until about February 1. In Colo- ra<lo the early plants cannot be grown successfnlly with glass close to the plants. The bright sun penetrates the soil and takes up the moisture so fast that germination is retarded and takes place very unevenly. By covering the glass with plant-cloth, tacked on the inside, the light is subdued and success attained. For the month of April, beds covered •with plant-cloth alone do very well. It is not practical to sow late plants in the open ,^ ground without the \, liikM 402. A good Celery plant of the middle and western states. 'V 403. The Boston ideal. 272 CELERY CELTIS pUul-cloth protection uRaiuAt the bright sunlight an'l frequent winds thmt prevail during April and Ma> in this latitude. Close watching and spraying twice each day will bring tho seed up, and, after the fourth leaf is well started, the cloth is removed for a few hours toward night each day until the plants are 2 inches high: th<Mi the cloth is removed during the night after May 10, and the plants aru hardened. From 20, (KH) to 30,0()<) plants are set on an acre. In sixty days plants are large enough to blanch for the early market. IMne boards 1 foot wide, 1 inch thick, !(> feet long, dressed on both sides, are placed against the celery on both sides of ♦*. plants, and are held in an upright position by a piecv, of wire bent at each end so as to form a double houk. The lumber exclutles the light, inducing the heart of the plant to grow rapidly and blanch at the same time, and in 15 to IM days after the lumber is put up, the celery is ready to market. Lumber induces a taller growth, but the tlavor is not quite as tine as that blanched with earth. The lumber is safer for early blanching for the r«Mison that the disease commonly called rust is liable to attack the stalks if earth is used before September 10. Earthing up becomes a necessity after September 20, as frost may appear any night after this date and damage the crop where th" lumber is used, while that with tlie earth up to it is protected. The process of earthing up with a spade i» seldom seen nowadays, as there are banking plows with attachments that push the leaves into an upright position and turn the earth up at the same time, one horse handling the plow very easily. In harvesting the crop, leadii.g growers have washing machinery to clean and cool toe stalks, which adds to its keeping qualities during transit and delivery from market to the consumer. Great pauis is taken to sort and grade the different sized roots, bind them into bunches, and pack them into neat new packages made for the purpose. Large quantities are marketed from September 20 to October 20, to save the expense of stor- ing in the winter houses, as the loss in those is liable to be great from evaporation, disease and consequent de- cay. California and Florida shipments come in Novem- ber, and all through the winter months the leading markets are supplied with this appetizing vegetable. The popular varieties are : First, the White Plume, which is early and makes a very fine appearance, quality medium; and next the Dwarf Golden Heart, which is a little later but much hardier than the former, also pos- sessing much better Havor. The best for winter use are the old reliable Boston Market and its half brother, the Giant Pascal. These two, when grown to perfection, are good keepers and of excellent quality. E. J. HOLLISTEB. CELOSIA (Greek, kelos, burned ; referring to the burned look of the lis. ^n some species). AmarantHceie. Cockscomb. The genus containing the common Cocks- comb of old-fashioned gardens has about 42 species, all tropical and mostly annual herbs, with alternate, entire Ivs. narrowed into a petiole, various in form, and with fls. borne in dense spikes. There are two main types of Celosias, the crested form and the feathered or plumy ones. The crested Cockscomb is very stiff, formal and curious, while the feathered sorts are less so, and are used to some extent in dried bouquets. The plumy sorts are grown abroad for winter decoration, especially under the name of C. pyramiddUs, but to a small extent in America. The crested Cockscomb is less used as a summer bedding plant than formerly, but it is still com- monly exhibited in pots at small fairs, the object being to produce the largest possible crest on the smallest plant. For garden use, the seeds are sown indoors in early spring, and the plants set out May 1-15. If the roots dry out the Ivs. are sure to drop off. The Cocks- comb is a moisture-loving plant, and may be syringed often, especially for the red spider, which is its greatest enemy. A light, rich soil is needed. A. Spikes crested, monstyous. cristata, Linn. Cockscomb. Heitrht 9 in. or more ; stem very glabrous : Ivs. petio ate, ovate or somewhat cordate-ovate, acute, glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. wide: spikes crested, subsessile, often as wide as the plant is high: seeds small, black, shining, lens-shaped. Tropics. Gn. 1.1, p. 231. R.H. 1894, p. 58. -There are 8 or 9 well marked colors in either tall or dwarf forms, the chief colors being red, purple, violet, crimson, amaranth and yellow. The forms with variegated Ivs. often have less dense crests. A. Japouira, .Mart., little known to IxAti- uists, is said to be a distinct garden plant with branch- ing, pyramidal habit, each branch bearing a ruflled comb. AA. Spikes plumy, feathery, or cylindrical. arg^ntea, Linn. Taller than the above: Ivs. shorter- stalked, narrower. 2-2^3 in. long, 4-4i lines wide, linear- lanceolate, acute: spikes 1-4 in. long, erect or droo|: ing, long-peduncled, pyramidal, or cylimlrical. India. — This species is considered by Voss (in Vilmorin's Blunien- gartnerei), to be the original one from which the crested forms are derived. He makes 9 botanical forms, to one of which he refers C. cristata. The range of color is even greater in the feathered type than in the crested type, as one form has whitish lis. The spikes are very various in form and habit. Va.*ious forms are sjiown in Gn. 0, p. 513 ; 9, p. 149 ; 17, p. 331. R.H. 1857, p. 7H and 18}M», p. 522. Hottoni, Mart. Height 1-2 ft.: habit bushy, pyra- midal : stem sulcate-striate : Ivs. reddish or crimson, lower ones lanceolate, subsessile : spikes red, cylindri- cal, oblong, obtuse, l}^ in. long: perianth segments ob- long (not lanceolate, us in C. argentea). ,Iava. G.C. I. .{2:214.- A foliage plant, and less common than the two species above. ^_ jj^ C£LSIA (Olaus Celsius, 1670-1756, a Swedish oriental- ist). ScrophHluriiiceir. Herbs, with yellow fls. in termi- nal racemes or spiKes, closely allied to Verbascum, but has only 4 stamens, and they are of two sorts. There are many species. Only C. Cretica, Linn.f., is known in Amer., and that very sparingly. It is a hardy or half- hardy biennial, wi*h alternate Ivs., of which the lower are pinnate and the upper toothed and clasping : tls. large and rotate (nearly 2 in. across), yellowish, with dark markings in the center and conspicuous deflexed stamens. Stout, hairy plant, 3-6 ft. high, from Crete. B.M.964. C£LTIS (ancient Latin name). Urticdcecp. Nettle Tree. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate, petiolate. stipu- late, deciduous or persistent, usually oblique at the base and 3-nerved : fls. polygamous-monoecious, inconspicu- ous, apetalous, 4-5-merou8, staminate in small clusters, pistillate axillary and solitary : fr. a 1 -seeded, small drupe, edible in some species. Sixty species in the tem- perate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere, of which few hardy ornamental species are cultivated; they are valuable as shade trees or as single specimens on the lawn, mostly with wide spreading head and light green foliage, which is rarely seriously injured by insects or fungi; they thrive in almost any soil and even in dry situations, they are of vigorous growth when young, and are easily transplanted. The straight-grained wood is light and elastic, easily divided, and n "h used for the manufacture of small articles and for furniture; that of C. australis is valued for carving. Prop, by seeds, sown after maturity; also by layers and cuttings of mature wood in fall ; rarer kinds are sometimes grafted on C. occidentalis. A. Lvs. entire, or rarely icith few teeth, thin, at length glabrous. Mississippi^nsis, Bosc {C.la>vigdta. 'WiUd. C. integri- fblia, Nutt. I. Tree, 60-80 ft.: Ivs. unequally rounded or cuneate at the base, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, acumi- nate, usually falcate, smooth above. 2-4 in. long : fr. orange-red, nearly globular, Kin. thick, on slender pedi- cel, longer than the petiole. From S. Illinois to Texas and Florida, west to Missouri. S.S. 7:318. G.F. 3:41, figs. 9-11. Mn. 7: 225. 227. — Var. reticulata, Sarg.^Lvs. smaller, ovate, usually cordate, rough above. S.S. 7:319. AA. Lvs. serrate. B. Foliage scabrous above, membranaceous, more or less pubescent. occident^ilis, Linn. Large tree, occasionally 120 ft.: lvs. oblique and rounded at the base, ovate, acuminate, pubescent when young, light green, 2-4 in. long : fr. CELTIS CENTAUREA 273 ortintre-red. Hin. lonf;, on slender pedicel, lon^rer than the petiole. S.S.7::il7. (i.F. .'J: 40, 43. Em. :{(>4. Mn. 7: i:;U, 2;j;{,-V'ery %'ttriabl** specifs. V'ar. crassifdlia, C. Ko<*h. h»H firm, very rouifh and Itirjfe Ivh., to i'» in. U*ng, iiHunUy cortlHtc at base. Mirlix. Hist. Arb. .1: 228. Var. ptunila, Orav, is a dwarf form with Hmaller Ivs, auftrilii, Linn. Tree, to (»0 ft. : Ivm. oblique, cordate or roiin<<(-d at the ba.se, o^'ate ul>lun^:, acuminate, pubes- cent lieueath, '2%-5 in. lon»f : fr. over }',in. lonjr, <l»rk purple, sweet : pedicels 2-'.i times longer than the peti- oles. Mediter. region to Persia.— Not hardy north. 83. Foliage umooth and g!onsy above, gfabrout, or nt-arly no, leathery. Sin^nsil. Pers. ( C. Japdn ica , Planch. » . Tree, to 30 ft. : lv8. usually rounde«l or cordate at the buse, broadly ovate to ohIonK ovau, acuminate, serrate-d iniate, puliescent when young, pale or glaucescent and p •ominently reticu- late beneath, 2-4 in. lonsr : fr. dull oraage-red ; pedicels rather stout, not much longer than the petioles. China, Japan. — Not hardy north ; often the following is culti- vated under this name. Bongreina, Blum^ {C. Davididna, Carr.). Tree: Ivs. narrow or rounded . t the base, ovate or narrow elliptic, ftciiiiiiiiate, crenate-serrate. nearly glabrous when young, green and shining on lM)th sides, 2-4 in.: fr. purplish black, small : pedicels 2-.'} times longer than the petioles. N. China. — Hardy, and a very distinct species, with dark green and glossy foliage. Krausaiina, Bernh. Tree : Ivs. oblong ovate, usually rounded ut the base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, pubes- cent on the veins beneath, seniipersist.'nt: ovary tomen- tose: fr. mostly pubescent, slender pedicelled. S.Africa to Abyssinia. -Hardy only south. ^^^^^^ Rehdek. CEIIETEBY. See Landscape Gardening. CfNCHRUS (ancient Greek name). Gramlnea. An- nual or perennial grasses, with spreading or erect culms bearing f.n intlorescence of globular, spiny burs. Spik- lets 1-tld., 1—4 together, with an ovoid or globular invo- lucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles, forming spiny burs, which fall oflf at maturity. Glumes as in Panicnni, awnless. Species about 12, in the tropical and warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres. tribuloides, Linn. Sand -bur. BrR- grass. Culms ascending, branching, 1-2 ft. long, with spikes composed of 10-15 coarse, spiny burs, which readily attach them- selves to passing objects. It is one of the worst of annual weeds wherever it becomes abundant. It is distributed more or less throughout the United States in sandy dis- tricts, and said to be perennial in the southern states. P. B. Kennedy. C£NIA (Greek for empty, in allusion to the hollow receptacle). Comp6sit(f. Low herbs from South Africa, with the aspect of Mayweed. Head small and rayed, the ray tis. pistillate, the disc tis. compressed and 4-toothed, the receptacle gradually enlarged from the top of the peduncle, and hollow. C. turbin&ta, Pers., is a common weed in Cape Colony, and it is occasionally seen in Amer. gardens. It is annual, diffusely branched, and a foot or les'- high, with finely dissected, soft, almost moss-like foliage, and loag-peduncled, small, yellow heads. Of easy culture. " l H. B. CENTAURfiA (a Centaur, famous for healing). C'lmpoKitce. Cr:KTACRY. Dusty Miller. Bachelor's BiTTON. Corn Flower. Knapweed. Annuals or half-hardy perennials ; fine for bedding, vases, baskets and pots, and for borders and edgings. Differs from Cnicus in having the achenes obliquely attached by one side of the base or more laterally. Species about 400, much confused, mostly in Eu., Asia and N. Afr., 1 in N. Amer., 3 or 4 in Chile. The involucre is ovoid or globose, stiff and hard, sometimes prickly. Receptacle bristly. The marginal Horets are usually sterile and elongated . making the head look as if rayed. Several Old World species have become weeds in this country. The following species of Centaurea are here described, the synonyms being in italics : Americana, 7 ; argen- tea, 2 ; atropurpurea, 13 ; Babylonica, 14 ; Benedictass 18 (Tarbenia benedicta; caloeephala, 13; randidinnima, 1; Cineraria, 1 ; Clementei, 3 ; Cyanus, 4 ; tiealbata. 12 ; declinata,\{i; t lore -pie no, \; g^'nuuM'urpa, 2; imperialin, r* ; leucophylla, 10; macrocephala. H ; Maryaritart'a,6; Atitrgarit(i>,7t; montana. II; moschata, .~>; nigra. 9; of/or- ata, 5 ; plHmona, 2 ; splendens, (> ; nuavrolena, 5; varie- gata, y ; Victoria, 4. A. Dusty MiiA.KH.— White-tomentoite low plant*, uned for bedding or for the sake of their foliage. I. Cineriiria, Linn. (C.r«in(/i(ii.^.s{M((i, Lam.). Fig. 404. Perennial : sts. erect, 3 ft., branched, the entire plant white-toraentose : Ivs. almost all bipinnate (except the earliest), the lower petioled, all the lobes linear-lanceo- late, obtuse : scales of the ovate involucre appressed, with a membranous black margin, long-ciliate, the api- cal bristle thicker than the others: Hs. purple. S. Italy, Sicily, etc. — Much used as a bedding plant, not being allowed to bloom. The first Ivs. of seedlings are nearly entire (as shown in Fig. 404), but the subse- quent ones become more and more cut. (Jrownboth from seeds and cuttings. Seedlings are very apt to damp off unless care is taken in waterincr. 404. Lower leaf from a young plant of Cen- taurea Cinera- ria (Xj^). 405. Radical leaf of Centaurea Kymnocarpa. 2. grymnocArpa, Moris & DeNot (C. arghxtea, Hort. C. plnnuisa. Hurt.). Fig. 40,'). Perennial: entire plant covered with velvety white pubescence : sts. lJ^-2 ft. high, erect: Ivs. bipinnatisett; segments linear, entire, acute : fl. -heads small, in a close panicle, mostly hidden by the Ivs.: lis. rose-violet or purple. Caprea. — Very ornamental on account of its velvety tinely cut Ivs. Much used, like the last, for low foliage bedding ; Ivs. more compound, and usually not so white. 3. Clementei, Boiss. Perennial, the entire plant d usely white-woolly : sts. erect, branching, with few 1 s. : root-lvs. petioled, pinnate, the lobes ovate-trian- gular, sharp-pointed : st.-lvs. sessile : fl. -heads termi- nal on the branches, globose : involucre scales with scarious, ciliate margins, scarcely spiny : fls. yellow. Spain. AA. Corn Flower, or Bachelor's Button. — Tall- growing annual, with very narrow Ivs., grown for the showy fls. 4. Cyanus, Linn. Blusbottle. Bluet. Bachelor's Button ( see also Gomphrena ] . Corn Flower. Ragged Sailor. Fig. 406. Annual, slender, branching, 1-2 ft. 274 CENTAUREA CENTAUREA h?e:h, woolly-white when young : Ivs. linear, entire, or the lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : tts. blue, pur- ple or white, the heads on long, naked stems : involu- cral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short, scarious teeth. S. E. Eu. Ut. 38, p. 641: :J9. p. 537.- One of the most popular of garden tts., running into many v'arieties. It is perfectly h.nrdy, bloominer until frost and coming up in the spring from self-sown seed. The following are '*') Centaurea Cyanus (X 3^. varieties of this: Pure White; Victoria, a dwarf, for pots and edgings; Emperor William, fine dark blue; flore plena, with the outer disc fls. converted into ray fls. ; nana compacta , dwarf. AAA. Sweet Svi.ta'ss. — Straight-grotving, smooth an- nuals or perennials, with dentate Ivs., grown for the large fragrant heads. 5. m08Ch4ta. Linn. {C. suai'eolens, Linn. C. odordta, Hort. C. Amberbdi, Mill. Amberboa moschdta, hess.). Sweet Sultan. Fig. 407. Annual : sts. 2 ft. high, branching below, erect : whole plant smooth, bright green : Ivs. pinnatifid, the lobes dentate : fl. -heads long- petioled ; invol. round or ovate, smooth ; only the in- nermost of the invol. scales with scarious margins : fls. white, yellow or purple, fragrant. Orient. Mn. 4: 149. Gn. .54: 1195. l.H. 42, p. 106. Gng. 4:147. Var. ^Iba, Hort. (C, Margarita, Hort.). Fls. white. Gn. 19, p. 337 ; 54 : 1195. A.G. 13 : 607. This form, known a pin,. as C. Margarita, is pure white and very fragrant. It was int. by an Italian firm in lb91. Var. rtibra, Hort. Fls. red. Gn. 54: 1195. A popular, old-time garden flower, with long-stalked heads; of easy culture. It does not bear transplanting well. V. imperitilis, Hort., is the offspring of C. moschata and C. Mnrgaritcf, int. into the American trade in 1899. Plants are said to inherit the vigorou.s, free growth of C. moschata, being of the same easy culture an<i forming clumps 3— 4 ft. high. The fls. resemble C. Margarit'F. but are twice as large and abuiidantly borne on long stems from July until frost. They range through white, rose, lilac and purple, are frairrant, and if cut when first open will keep 10 days. C. Mtiriif, Hort., int. 1899, resembles C. imperialis, but the fls. open s ilfur-yellow, become lighter, and are tipped with rose AAAA. Other CENTAtREAS of "jriotis kinds, occa- sionally grown in hatuy borders for their fls. or imposing stature. B. Foliage green on both sides, c. Lvs. pinnate or bipinrMte. 'pl^ndens, Linn. I/J. margaritdcea. Ten.). Peren- sts. erect, branched : lvs. smooth, the lowest bi- .e,the upper pinnate, all with very narrow, linear, entire, acute lobes : fl. -heads subglobose ; scales of the involucre with a rounded, almost entire, rather lax tip ; fls. purple. Spain, Italy. cc. LfVS. entire or dentate, not pinnatisect. 7. Americ&na, Nutt. {Plectocephalus Ameriednus, Don). Basket Flower. Fig. 408. Hardy annual, nearly smooth : sts. stout, simple, 2-5 ft., thickened under the naked head . lvs. mostly entire, oblong-lance-shaped : involucre }4-l% in. in diam., its bracts all with fringed, scarious appendages ; fls. rose or flesh-colored ; disc 1-3 in. diam. ; narrow lobes of the ray flowers often 1 in. long. Ark. to Ariz. F. S. 4: 327. S. H. 2: 223.- Very attractive. 8. macroc6phala, Puschk. Perennial : stems simple, erect, swollen below the flower-head, leafy, 2J^-3 ft. high : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, slightly decurrent, sca- brous, acute, somewhat serrate, gradually diminishing upwards to the base of the single terminal head : head subglobose, larger than a hen's egg, often 3-4 in. in diam.; involucre of 8-12 rows of ap- pressed, scarious-margined, rusty, fringed scales : fls. vellow, the marginal and disc alike. Armenia. B. M. 1248. J. H. Ill, 33: 331. — Often grown from seeds. 9. nigra, Linn. Knapweed. Hard Heads. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high : sts. branching, rough pubescent: lvs. lance- shaped and entire or lower sparingly toothed : invo- lucral bracts with pecti- nate-ciliate-frdnged black appendages: fls. all alike, the disc and marginal ones of the same size. Europe, — Var. varieg&ta, Hort. Lvs. edsred with creamy white, tufted. Avery strik- ing border plant. Foliage white or to- mentose, at least be- neath {often green above). , Stems low, weak, not strict. BB. 407. Centaurea moschata. (X H.^ 10. leucophJ^lla,Bieb.(<7. deolinUta, Bieb.). Peren- nial : stems short, decum- bent, with vei J *ew lvs. : root-lvs. petioled, tomen- tose-woolly on both sides, pinnate, the ovate lobes un- dulate, sparsely cut-lobed or sinuate-toothed : fl.-head with few bracts, solitary, terminal ; scales of the ovate involucre lanceolate, acuminate, brown, long-ciliate : fls. purple. Caucasus. CENTAUR E A CEPHALANTHUS 275 408. Centaurea Ameri cana(X J4). 11, mont&na, Linn. Mountain Bluet. Perennial : sts. low, stoloniferous, unbranched, 12-lG or rarely 20 in. liigh : Ivs. decurrent, the young ones silvery white, oval-lance-shaped : involucre of 4 or 5 rows of scales, black-ciliate along the margins; fls. blue, the marginal ones 1 in. long, disc-fls. very short, becoming purple. Europe. B. M. 77. Var. 41ba', Hort. Fls. white. Var. rdsea, Hort. Fls. rose-colored. Var. citrlna, DC. (var. sulphitrea, Hort.). Disc-fls. brown, rays yellow. Ar- menia. B.M. 1175. CC. Stems erect, simple or branched. 12. dealbita, Willd, Perennial : sts. sub-erect, 8-24 in. high : Ivs. white-villous beneath, glabrous above, the lower ones 1-1>4 ft. !ong, pet- ioled, pinnate, the obovate lobes coarsely cut-toothed or auricled at the base; stem-lvs. sessile, pinnate, with oolong-lance lobes : fl.-head solitary, just above the uppermost leaf : fls. red, those of the di.sc rosy or white : outer scales of the involucre ^ith lanceolate tips, the middle rounded, deeply fringed, ciliate. Asia Minor, Persia. 13. atropurptirea, Waldst. & Kit. {C. calocvphaJn, Willd.). Peren- nial sts. erect, branched, about 2-3 It. high, the branches white- woolly at the summit : Ivs. bipin- nate, lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate ; lowest Ivs. petioled, upper- most pinnatifid: fl. -heads without tracts ; invol. scales with fringed ciliate white lanceolate tips, the innermost ones rounded, scarious-margined : fls. black-purple. Hungary. 14. Babyldnica, Linn. Silvery white perennial : sts. simple, stout, erect, 6-10 or 12 ft. high : Ivs. long, coria- ceous, strongly decurrent on the stem, xhQ r".dical lyrate, the lower stem-lvs. oval or oblong-acute, entire or undu- late, the upper lance-acute : fls. yellow, the globular heads almost sessile in the axils of narrow bract-like Ivs.; ^s-J'a of the stem flower-bearing: involucre-scales with a short, recurved tip. Asia Minor, Syria. Gn.2,p.73; 8. p. 263. R. H. 1859, pp. 540-1. -Tall, stout and striking P**°*- Jared G. Smith and L. H. B. CENTAUElDIUM. See Xanthisma. CENTRAClSNIA (Greek for toothed gland, alluding to the anther glands). Melastomdcea?. Four species in Mexico and Central Amer., grown in warmhouses for their showy -colored Ivs. and pretty fls. They are herbs or shrubs, with angled or winged branches, petiolate, opposite lanceolate or ovate-entire, ribbed Ivs., and fls. with 4-lobed calyx, 4 petals, 8 stamens, and a 4-loculed ovary. The blossoms are pink or white, in axillary or terminal clusters. Prop, by cuttings. Very showy and desirable plants. Stems often colored. Centradenias like rich leaf-mold with sharp sand, and brisk heat. Give a light but shady position. Strong plants are much benefited by liquid manure, and such applications give better colors in both flowers and fruit. Monogr. by Cogniaux, DC, Monographi® Phanerogamarum, 7: 116. grandifdlia, En^l. Branches 4-winged : Ivs. ovate- lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved. brilliant red beneath, long-pointed and curving at the end: cymes many-fld., shorter than the Ivs., the fls, light rose, rotate, the petals very obtuse, the stamens unequal, B.M. 5228.— The plant grovra 2 ft. high, and blooms in winter. Very showy. The cut branches hold their color a long time, making the plant useful for decorations. florihdnda, Planch. Branches obscurely angled, pu- bescent, red: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering below. 3- nerved, red-nerved below : fls. pink, in terminal pani- cles. F.S. 5:453. — Smaller than C. grandifolia. inaequilaterilis, G. Don ( C. rdsea, Lindl. ), Lvs, ovate- lanceolate, unequal-sided, entire, ciliate. reddish be- neath: fls. pink, in terminal corjmb'^se racemes: dwarf. Mex. B.R. 29:20. l. h. B. and H. A. Siebrecht, CEHTRANTHUS (Greek, spurred flower). Valerian- dcf(T. A few annui'' and perennial herbs of the Medi- terranean region, with dense clusters of .small red or white fls. terminating the branches, and opposite entire or cut lvs.: calyx cut into 5-15 narrow divisions, en- larging after flowering; corolla slender-tubed, 5-parted, spurred at the base: stamen 1: fls. with a pappus-like crest. Of easiest culture. ruber, DC, Red Valerian. Jupiter's Beard. Per- ennial, 1-3 ft., smooth and glaucous, forming a compact and floriferous, bushy plant : lvs. ovate to lanceolate, some of them toothed at base: fls. very numerous, deep crimson. — A very handsome old garden plant, too much neglected. It blooms all summer. Excellent for cut- ting. Increased by division; also by seeds. There is a white-ttd. form (var. dlbus). macroslphon, Boiss. Annual, of easy culture in any good soil: 1-2 ft.: lvs. ovate, glaucous, toothed : fls. larger than in the last, red. Spain. — There are white- fld, (var. dlhus) and dwarf (var. ndnus) forms. Excel- lent for rockeries and borders; also good for lawn vases. L. H. B. CENTEOPOGON (Greek kenfron, spur, and pogon, beard, referring to the fringed stigma). Campanu- lAce(f. About 36 tropical Amer, sub-shrubs or shrubs, often scandent, with alternate, mostly dentate lvs., and long, tubular fls. whi(?h are violet, purple, red, or orange, and usually borne singly on long peduncles : bracteoles very small or wanting. Warmhouse perennial, prop, by cuttings. ^ LucyAntlS, HouUet. Height 1-2 ft. : stem somewhat woody: lvs. short-petioled, finely toothed: fls. rose, win- ter; hemispherical, with lanceolate segments recurved at the tips. R.H. 1868:290. -Said to be a hybrid of C. fastiiosHS and SiphocampyluK bet uhv form is, hut seem? to show little influence of the latter, which has longc-i petioles and peduncles, more coarsely t/>ctl.^x! 'v3 , longer calyx-segments, and a yellow-tipped corolla, fastudsus, Scheidw. Lvs, peach-like, oblong, acute, bordered with glandular teeth, very glabrous, short- petioled: fls. rose-colored, winter; calyx hemispherical, with 5 lanceolate, denticulate segments. Mex, R.H. 18.53:181. \v. M. CERTEOSllMA (Greek, spurred-standard). Legu- mindscB. Butterfly Pea. Twining herbs (at least those in cult.), with pinnate. .■J-7-foliolate lvs., and showy white or reddish fls in the axils, Fl, papiliona- ceous, the standard spurred on the back, the keel broad, and the style bearded at the apex. Species nearly 40 in tropical Amer, and 2 in U. S. Virgini^num, Benth. Roughish, climbing, 2-6 ft,: Ifts. ovate to linear, shining, sti^itate : fls. 1-4 in the axil, 1 in. long, violet and splashed, showy: pod straight and l'„r^ pointed, 4-5 in. long. Md. S., in sandy lands. A.G. 13:649 —Int. to cult, many years ago. but again in- troduced in 1892 (as C. grand if lorttm), and much adver- tised. It is a hardy and desirable perennial vine, bloom- ing the first season from seed. There is a white-fld. var. L. H. B. CENTITEY PLANT. Con.-iult Agave. CEPHALANTH£RA (Greek for head and anther). OrchiddceiT, tribe jS'tdttieo'. About 10 species of small, temperate-region terrestrial orchids, allied to Epipactis, Pogonia, etc. Some of them are western N, American, and others are European, Sepals 3: petals small, ovate: lip saccate : lvs. (sometimes wanting) lanceolate or oblong: fls, mostly small (sometimes showy), m an open spike. The species are scarcely known in cult,, but two Japanese species have been offered by importers. These are £. falc^ta, Blume, yellow, and E. er6cta, Blume, white. CEPHALANTHUS (Greek, head and flower : fls, in heads), Bttbiiicea?. Button Bush. Shrubs with oppo- site or whorled, entire, stipulate lvs.: fls. small, tubu- lar, white or yellowish, 4-merous, with incluf'.ed stami ns and long, exserted style, in globular heads : f •. dry, sepa- rating into 2 nutlets. Six species in Amer. Africa and Asia, of which only the one North AmericM species is 276 CEPHALANTHUS CERASTIUM cult. Hardy ornamental shrub, with handsome glossy foliage and very attractive with its tiower balls appear- ing late in summer. It thrives in any good garden soil, best in a sandy, somewhat moist one. Prop, by seeds or by cuttintrs of ripened wood in fall, and also by green- wood cuttings taken from forced plants early in spring, occident^lis, Linn. Shrub, .1-12 ft.: Ivs. long-petioled, oviite or oval, acimiinate, glossy above, glabrous or slightly pul)escent below. .'MJ in. long: heads about 1 in. in diain., long-pedunded, .'{ or more at the end of the branches. Julv-Sept. From New Brunswick south, west to Ontario and Calif . Em. 394. R.H. 1889, p. 280.- Var. angustildlia, Andr6. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, usu- ally in 3's. R.H. 1889. p. 281. Alfred Rehdee. CEFEALABIA (Greek for head, alluding to the capi- tate fower-clusters). Dipscicece. Coarse annual or per- ennial herbs of Europe, Africa and Asia, much like Dipsacus, but the heads less spiny. The heads are ter- minal and globular, bearing many 4-parted yellowish, whitish or bluish florets. Tatarica, Schrati. Perennial, G ft., rank, with striate stems, suited to the rear border, where strong effects are desired, with showy cream-white flat heads in July and Aug. : lvs. pinnate, the Ifts. broad-lanceolate and ser- rate. Grows readily, and is increased by seed or divid- ing the clumps. * L. H. B. GEFHALOTAXUS (Greek, /lead; raj'M.<»-like plant, with fls. in heads or clusters). Coniferiv, tribe Taxdcece. Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, pointed lvs. with 2 broad, glaucous* lines beneath, arranged in 2 rows: fls, dioecious, staminate in 1-8-fld., short-stalked clusters, pistillate consisting of a small cone with sev- eral bracts, each bearing 2 naked ovules. Seed enclosed in a fleshy envelope, drupe-like, about 1 in. long, reddish or greenish brown. From allied genera it may be easily distinguished by the resin-canal in the center of the pith, and by the glaucous lines beneath from Taxus, which has the lvs. yellowish green beneath, and from Torreya by the glaucous lines being broader than the 3 green lines, while in Torreya the glaucous lines are narrower than the green ones. Six closely allied spe- cies from Himal. to Jap. Ornamental evergreen shrubs, iu appearance very like a yew. but of more graceful habit. Not hardy north, or only in very sheltered posi- tions. They thrive best in a somewhat moist Imt well- drained, sandy loam, and in partly shaded situations. Prop, by seeds, stratified and sown in spring: imported seeds usually do not germinate until the second year ; increased also by cuttings in August, under glass, and fey veneer-grafting in summer, on one of the species or 409. Cepnalotus tollicularis (X ^6)- on Taxus baccata. For cions and cuttings, terminal shoots should be selected, which form regular plants with whorled branches like seedlings, while cuttings from lateral branches grow into irregular, low. spread- ing shrubs. A. ZfVS. SS in. long : branchlets yellowish green pendulous. F6rttinei, Hook. Lvs. tapering gradually into a sharp point, usually falcate, dark green and shining above : fr. greenish brown, obovate. N. China, Jap. B.M. 44!»9! F.S. 6:5.'w. R.H. 1878, p. 117. — This is the most grace- ful species, with Umg and slender branches, attaining in its native country 50 ft. in height, in culture usually re- maining a shrub. AA. Zrt'S. 1-3 in. long. peduncul&ta, Sieb. & Zucc. With spreading, often somewhat pendulous branches, dark green when young: lvs. to 2 in. long, narrowed into a sharp point, shining and dark green above : fr. ovoid, rounded at both ends, rarely giobulfifr. Jap., China. G.C. HI. 18: 71<j.-In Japan, tree t© 25 ft. high, usually shrub in culture. A remarkable form is var. fastigiata, Carr. (Podocdrpus Koraiclna, Sieb. & Zucc), of columnar habit, with up- right branches and spirallv arranged lvs. G.C. II. 21:112. S.H. 2:450. Gng. 2:.341. dmp&cea, Sieb. & Zucc. Branches spreading, stiflf, usually light green when young : lvs. about 1 in. long, abruptly pointed, narrow and straight, often upturned: fr. usually oi)ovate. narrowed at the base. Jap. O.C. III. 18:717. — This is the dwarfest species, usually form- ing a low bush with stiff, spreading branches, Alfred Rehdeb. CEFHALOTUS (Greek, in a head, referring to the crowded stamens). Saxifragdceie. One species in Australia. Lvs. all radical, of two kinds, the ordinary foliage lvs. being spatulate or elliptic, hairy, and entire, the others being pitchers with purple tints and a netted and veined lid. The fls. are borne in an interrujited spike, on an erect scape; they are apetalous, and have a white, 6-parted calyx, 12 stamens in two sets, and 6 1-seeded carpels. The species is C. follical&ris, Labill. (Fig. 409). It is cult, in coolhouses for its odd insec- tivorous pitchers, which are 1-3 in. long and beautifully lined and shaded with purple and green. The plant is grown in peat and moss, after the manner of Drosera and Dionapa. Delights in plenty of moisture, mounted on sphagnum moss. Give a cool and shady position. Prop, bj' seeds (allow only one seed vessel to mature) and also bv division. A most interesting plant. R.B. 23:233. I. H. 27:391. J.H. III. 35:260. L. H. B. and H. A. Siebrecht. CEBASTIUM (Greek for horn, alluding to the shape of the pod). Caryophylh\ceit>. Decumbent annuals or perennials, with weak, slender stems, small, opposite lvs. and small white fls.: differs from Aren aria in the shape and dehiscence of the capsule: sepals 5 or 4; petals as many, often 2-cleft: stamens 10 or less. Valu- able in rockeries or for bedding and borders. Species about 100, of world-wide distribution. A. Lvs. green, merely pubescent. arv^nse, Linn. (var. oblongifolium, HoU. & Britt. ). Starry Grasswort. Fig. 410. Perennial, low, much branched and matted; stems 8-12 in. long; lvs. oblong or lanceolate, pale green, pubescent, obtuse, ^i-lH in. long, 34 in. wide: fls. very numerous, appearing in April and May; petals 5, deeply bifid ; capsules twice as long as the calyx. On magnesian rocks, N. Y. to Va. and west- ward. Bui. 74. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., from which Fig. 410 is adapted. — Recommended as a bedding plant, for its mat-like habit, covered with white bloom. aa, ^Lvs. silvery or grayish. B. Capsule equaling the calyx. grandifldnim, Waldst. & Kit, Creeping perennial : lvs. linear, acute, the margins reflexed ; inflorescence dichotomous : fl. -stems (»-8 in. high : petals oval, 2- parted, transparent white, twice as long as calyx. E. Europe. BB. Capsule much longer than the calyx. Bidbersteinii, DC, Stems 6 in., creeping, diifuse, branched : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tomentose-wool'y ; pe- duncles erect, dichotomous ; capsule ovate-cyliiuirical. Tauria. B.M. 2782. -Like C. tomentosum, but with larger lvs. Fine for edgings. CERASTIUM Boissifirii, Gren. Low: Ivs. silvery, ovate-lanceolate, acutf". entire, sessile; peduncles 4-12 in, high : inflores- cence a dichotoraous cyme : fls. large, white. Spain. CERATOZAMIA 277 410. Cerastium arvense. tomentd8tt.ni, Linn. Low, creeprog, branched: Ivs. ob- long, spatulate, grayish woolly, upper Ivs. lanceolate ; peduncles G in. high, erect, dichotomous : capsule cylin- drical. Eu.- Much used for edgings. J ABED G. Smith. CfiEASUS. Consult Pninus. CEEATIOLA (Greek, a little horn, referring to the 4-branched, serrate stigma). £mpetrdce(S. A heath- Hke evergreen, much-branched shrub from the sand barrens of Ga. and S. C. ; rarely cult. N., but not hardy. Only 1 species. ericoldes, Michx. Height 2-8 ft. : branches subverti- cillate, marked with scars of numerous fallen Ivs., the younger and upper ones only retaining foliage : Ivs. crowded, almost whorled, }4-% in. long, linear, rigid, shining, pale, rounded above, grooved beneath: fls. in- conspicuous, dioecious, of peculiar structure : berries round, orange-yellow. B.M. 2758. CEBATOLOBUS (Greek for homed pod). Palmdceat. Spiny Javanese palms, with pinnate Ivs., sometimes seen in fine collections, but not in the Amer. trade. The species are C. c6ncolor, Blume ; C. glauc^seens, Blume; C. Micholitzidna, Hort. G.C. IH. 23:251; C. Findleydnus, Hort., A. G. 15:169. Treated the same as Calamus. A small genus of warmhouse palms, natives of Java ami Sumatra. The members of this genus are slender- growing, spiny palms, with pinnate leaves, one of the best being C. Micholitziana, which has rather short pinnffi irregularly grouped along the rachis. A shaded house, with a night temperature of 65° to 70°, a moist atmosphere, and plenty of water at the root, are the most essential points in their culture. L. H. B. and W. H. Tapun. CEBATONIiH (Greek for horn, in reference to the large pod ». Lfgnminds(f. A tree of the Mediterranean basin, belonging to the Cassia tribe. The petals are wanting; stamens 5 ; pod long, tilled with a pulpy sub- stance. C. Sillqua, Linn., the only species, is now widely distributt'd in warm countries, being grown both for shade and for the edible po<ls. It reaches a heierht of 40-.50 ft. It is evergreen. Lvs. pinnate, shining, the Ifts. oval and obtuse. It thrives well in S. t.'alif. and S. Fla. The pulp about the seeds is sweet and edible, but the fruit is used chiefly for feeding stock. In Europe these pods are much prized for the fattening of swine. The dr}- pods are occasionally seen in the fruit stands in northern markets. Var. longlssima diflFers only in having very long pods. The Ceratonia is known as Al- garoba, Carob, Karoub, Caroubier, and St. John's Bread. The last name records the notion that the seeds and sweet pulp are respectively the locusts and wild honey which St. John found in the wilderness. The dry valves or pods have been supposed to be the husks which became the subsistence of the prodigal son. See G.F. .S:318, 323. L. H. B. CEBATOFTEBIS (Greek, horn fern). Ceratopteri- ddceoe. A genus of aquatic tropical ferns, forming the type of a distinct family. The plants root in mud, and the sterile lvs. either float on the surface or are carried above the surface of the water. The sporophylls are bi- tripinnate, with pod-like ultimate segments, entirely unlike the sterile lvs. Only a single species is known. C. thalictroides, Brongn. Tropical waters of both hemi- spheres, rare in Florida. — Useful in ponds and aquaria. Must be taken indoors on approach of cold weather. Best grown when planted in loam and leaf -mold topped with spagnum, and tied in a pan or crib and set into a tub in medium temperature, with the crown on top of the water. To propagate, pull out several of the center leaves, and new crowns will form; these can be divided. L. M. Underwood and H. A. Siebrecht. CEBATOSTlGMA ( Greek, homed stigma). Plunibagi- ndcea. Different from Plumbago in having no glands on the calyx, stamens adnate to the corolla tube. fls. in dense clusters rather than spicute, and other technical characters. There are 3 or 4 species in warm regions of the Old World. Herbs or sub-shrubs, with alternate, obo- vate lvs. and blue or rose-red fls. plombaginoides, Bunge (Plumbago Ldt^entct, Lindl. Valorcidia plumbaginoides. Boiss.). Perennial herb, 6-12 in., the stem red and branchy: lvs. entire, strongly ciliate on the edges : fls. slender- tubed, with a wide- spreading, deep blue limb, the 5-lobes minutely toothed, collected in dense heads or umbels. China. B.M. 4487. F.S. 4 : 307. —A hardy bedding plant, producing profusely of its deep blue fls. late in fall. Very valuable. Need's covering in winter in the N. l^ jj^ 3^ CEBAT0TH£CA {Greek for homed capsule). Pedalid- cecf. Tropical African herbs of 3 or 4 kinds, with usually opposite lvs. which are ovate. 5-parted calyx, 2-lipped corolla, fls. solitary in the axils, and a 2-horned capsule. C. triloba, Meyer, is occasionally grown in S. Fla., and it may be adapted to glasshouses. It is a tall herb (5 ft.), with the habit of foxglove, probably biennial, hairy: lvs. stalked and crenate-dentate : fls. 3 in. long, blue, pubes- cent, deflexed, the lower lobe prolonged. Handsome. B.M. 6974. CEBATOZAMIA (Greek, homed Zamia ; referring to the homed scales of the cones, which distinguish this genus from Zamia). Cycadclce(t. Handsome Mexican foliage plants, with Cycas-like lvs., but less comraonly cultivated in American palm-houses than Cycas. Best raised from young imported plants, but rarely prop, by seeds, or by offsets from the slow-growing trunk. Bum out the center of the plant with a hot iron, and a num- ber of offsets will spring from the trunk and the crown; these may be used for propagation. Mezic&na, Brongn. Trunk thick, short, covered with the remains of fallen leaf-stalks : lvs. rich, dark green, pinnate, on prickly petioles 5-6 in. long, which are shaggy when young ; leaflets very numerous, 0-12 in. 278 CERATOZAMIA CERCOCARPUS long or more, lanceolate : cones produced annually on separate plants; female cones 9-12 in. long, 4-6 in. thick, the scales 2-horned ; male cones narrower, longer, on a hair>' stalk, the scales with two small teeth. Mex. Gn. 9, pp. .'WS, 309. — An excellent decorative plant, best grown in sandy loam. Give freely of water and heat in spring and summer, but keep cooler and dryer in winter. H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M. CERCIDIPHtLLUM (Cercis and phjjUon/le&t ; the Ivs. resemble those of Cercis). Trochodendrdcece. Tree, with deciduous, usually opposite, petioled and palmately nerved Ivs. : fls. dioecious, inconspicuous, apetalous, soli- tary, staminate nearly sessile, bearing numerous stamens ■with slender filaments, pistillate pedicelled, consisting of 3-5 carpels, ending in long, purplish styles and developing into about %in. long, dehiscent pods, with many seeds. One species in Japan. Hardy, ornamental, shrubby tree of pyramidal and, when young, almost fastigiate habit, with handsome, light green foliage, purplish when un- folding, turning bright yellow or partially scarlet in fall. It prefers rich and moist soil, and grows rapidly when young. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring, and by green- wood-cuttings, taken from forced plants in early spring, or by layers ; cuttings from half-ripened wood in sum- mer, under glass, grow also, but not verj' well. Jap6nicum, Sieb. & Zucc. Bushy tree, usually 20-.10 f t. , but sometimes rising to 100 ft., with slender, glabrous branches : Ivs. opposite, occasionally alternate, slender petioled, cordate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse, cre- nate-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 2-.1 in. long. Japan. G.F. 7:106, 107. and 0: 5.3. Mn. :}:74. Gng. 5:1.35. — A very desirable tree, one of the best of the newer iotroduetions from Japan. Alfred Rehder. C£RCIS ( KerkiH, ancient Greek name). Legtimindso'. Judas Tree. Red Bud. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu- ous, alternate, petioled, palmately nerved, entire : fls. papilionaceous, pedicelled, pink or red, appearing before or with the Ivs., in clusters or racemes from the old 411. Cercis Canadensis (X 34)- wood: calyx 5-toothed, red: petals nearly equal, the up- permost somewhat smaller : pod compressed, narrow- oblong, narrow-winged on the ventrical suture, many- seeded. Seven spec'.es in N. America, and from S. Europe to Japan. Very ornamental trees or shrubs, with hand* some, distinct foliage an<l abundant showy fls. in spring, very eflfective by their deep pink color. They are well adaped for shrubberies or as single specimens on the lawTi, and attain rarely more than 20 or 30 ft. in height, forming a broad, irregular head when older. Only C. Canadensis is hardy north, while none of the othc-s can be grown successfully farther north than New York. They grow best in rich, sandy and somewhat moist loam, and should be transplanted when young.as older plants can be hardly moved with success. Young plants, 4 or 5 years old, produce fls. freely and may be recom- mended for forcing, espe- cially C. Chinen sis, -^hich is the most beautiful of all. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring, best with gentle bottom heat ; sometimes increased by layers, or by greenwood cuttings from forced plants in early spring ■,C.Chinen sis grows also from greenwood cut- tings in summer under glass. A. Lvs. abruptly and short acuminate, usually slightly pubescent near the base beneath. Canadensis, Linn. Fig. 411. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. roundish or broadly ovate, usually cordate, 3-5 in. long : fls. rosy pink, Jain, long, 4-8 in clusters: pod 2J4-3J4Jn. long. From New Jersey south, west to Mis- souri and Texas. S. S. 3: 13.3-34. A. F. 13: 1370. Gng. 0:290. F.E.9:593.-. tree for the northern states, double fls. Chin^nsis, Bunge ( C. Japdnica, Sieb.). Fig. 412. Tree, to 50 ft., shrub in culture: lvs. deeply cordate, roundish, with a white, transparent line at the margin, sul)coria- ceous, shining above, 3-5 in. long: fls. 5-8, purplish pink, ^in. long : pod 3-5 in. long, narrow. China. Japan. F.S. 8:849. Mn. 2:139. G.F. 6: 476. -The most beautiful species, with the fls. nearly as large as those of C. Sili- quastrum and more abundant. AA. Lvs. rounded or emarginate at the apex, usually broader than long. occidentillis, Torr. {C. Calif6mica, Torr.). Shrub, to 15 ft. : lvs. cordate, roundish, glabrous, about 2 in. wide: As. rose-colored, Kin. long: pod 2-2>.iin. long. Calif.— A closely allied species is C.rc«j7«5rm/.s. Engelm. {C.Tex- ^nsis, Sarg. ). Small tree: lvs. subcoriaceous, .T-5 in. wide, sometimes pub^'scent beneath : pod 2-4 in. long. Texas, N. Mexico. S.S.3:135. Siliqn&stmm, Linn. Tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. roimdish, deeply cordate, glabrous, 3-5 in. wide : fls. ;{-<>, purplish rose, %\n. long : pod 3-4 in. long. S. Europe, W. Asia. B.M. 1138. Gn. 42: 879, and 52, p. 5. -There is a variety with white fls. Alfred Rehder. CERCOCARPUS (Greek, tail and fruit; the fruit with along, hairy tail). Rosd.ce.ce. Small trees or shrubs, with alt4?rnate, persistent, rather small lvs.: fls. inconspicu- ous, apetalous, whitish or reddish, in the axils of fas- cicled lvs.: fr. an akene, surmounted by the persistent, 412. Cercis Chinensis. Natural size. very desirable ornamental There is also a variety with \ CERCOCARPUS CEREUS 279 lonp and hairy style. Small genus of about 4 species, in the Rocky Mts. from Montana south to Mexico; without decorative value, but probably valuable for covering dry, rocky or gravelly slopes in arid temperate regions, as they thrive under very unfavorable condititms. The verV heavy and close-grained wood is manufactured into sm:ill articles, and valued as fuel and for making char- coal. They may be cultivated in a peaty and sandy, well drained soil in sunny positions, and prop, by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass. C. ledifdliOB, Nutt., is the hardiest, and stands frost to zero. It has narrow, entire Ivs., while the Mexican C. f other ^lloldes, HBK., has the Ivs. somewhat larger, sernit«* and tomen- tose beneath, and clustered fls. C. parvifolius, Nutt., has cuneate-obovate. coarsely serrate Ivs. D. M. Andrews, of Colorado, who handles this shrub, writes of it as follows : "Mountain Mahogany, (> feet. A nearly evergreen rosa- ceous shrub of peculiar and attractive liabit of growth. Fli>wers white, early, followed by the long, plumose akenes, which are h-'t in. long, strangely curled and twisted, arranged above and on each side of the slender branches, so that at a little distance they have an appear- ance suggestive of ostrich plumes. Easily transplanted, and thrives anj-where." Alfred Rehder. C£B£nS (from the Latin ; some think it comes from the word for candle, in allusion to the shape of the stem; others that it comes from the word for pliant). Cactd- Cf<r. A genus of varying habit, from stout -columnar to almost globular, deflesed or creeping or slender-climb- ing, generally ribbed. The fls. are borne singly on the side of the stem ; they have a long tube which, with the ovary below it, is beset with scales or bracts ; petals numi-rous and spreading. The sts. bear numerous tuber- cles or woolly tufts, which bear spines ; these spines are usually of two kinds or groups,— the interior ones, or "centrals," which stand at nearly right angles to the stem, 8'id the outer ones, or "radials," which are vari- ously spreading. The largest Cacti are Cereuses. A genus of about 100 sp icies, extending from the arid regions of southwestern U. S. southward through Mex. and Cent. Amer. into S. Amer. Formerly the genus was made to include the numerous species of Echinocereus, but these are now regarded as forming a distinct genus. Those who miss well known Cereus forms from the following list should look under Echinocereus. Not all of the specific names to be found in the trade cata- logues can be accounted for at present, but the following synopsis contains the most important in the Amer. trade : and the unidentified names will be found in the supplementary list. See Cactus. John M. Coulter. The Night-blooming Cereuses are the only species (except C. flagelliformis) which are generally culti- vated. The sts. of the Night-blooming Cereus are either cylindrical or angled, and are trailing or climbing in habit. Some species grow to a great height. They are excellent for growing against pillars or rafters in the greenhouse. They grow most luxuriantly where they receive abundant light and a good circulation of air. They are not particular about soil, but do well in any open, porous compost. Great care should be taken that the drainage is perfect, as stagnation at the roots of such fleshy succulent plants is sure to r - -« disastrous. During the summer months the •'em<- . be syringed twice a day ; but during thb wiu, , . ire no syr- inping and very little water. Goo vr oe grown in pots, using a compost of ont .lai ' ^v • . •■ js loam and the other half lime rubbish, broken biich und sand. The best species are C. grandifiorns, C. 3facDonald<p, C. nycticaliis, and C. triangularis. At the Harvard Botanic Garden is a very large plant of C. triangularis, which has often had as many as 65 to 70 flowers open in one night. The flowers of ail the species open but once. They collapse when the sun strikes them. RoBERi Cameron. The following Cereuses are here described : Alacri- portanus, 22; Alamosensis, 8; atropurpureus, 4."); azureus, .34 : Bauminni. 27 ; Belienli, 24 ; Bonplandii, 44; Baxaniensis, iW', Bridgesii, 33 ; csesius, 35; can- delabrum. 24 ; candicans, 4 ; Cavendishii, 29 ; cha- lybsBus, 25; ChUensis, 7; Chiotma, 10; coccineu8,'il ; Cochal,21; c»rulescens, 32; colHhrinu8,21', Donkelff>ri, 49; Dumortieri, 10; Dyckii, 11; ebumeus, 19; edulis, 19; Emoryi. 39; eriophorus, 30; enua, 41; euphorbi- oides, 12 ; extensus, .59 ; Ferna mbucetmis , 42 ; flagelli- formis, 47 ; formoKus, 42 ; gcmtnatus, }'> ; geometri- zans, 20 ; giganteus, 1 ; grandiflorus, .'lO ; grandis, 42 ; Greggii, 36 ; gummosus, 40 ; haniatus, m] ; Hankea- nus, 17 ; inermis, a't ; isogonus, 28 ; Jamat!uru, 23 ; lageniformis, 3^i ; lamprochlorus, 5 ; Landbecki, 32 ; leptophis, 47 ; MacDonaldiap. 61 ; macrogonxis, 18 ; Mallisoni, 48 ; marginatus, \'i ; Martianus, 53 ; Mar- tinii, 46; Maynardii, 51 ; Mexicanus, .38; monacanthus, 46 ; monoclonos, 22 ; Napoleonis, 58 ; nycticalus, 54 ; Olfersii, 12 ; Pasacana, 3 ; Pecten-aboriginxun, 18 ; Pernamhucennis, 42 ; Peruvianus, 22 ; Pitajaya, 42 ; platygonus, 31, 48 ; princeps, 43 ; Pringlei, 1 ; pruino- sus, 19 ; pngioniferus, 20 ; Queretarensis, 9; Regelii, 57; repandus, 30; Roeziii, 13; rostratus,'^{)\ Schrankii, 37; Seidelii,3i ; serpentinus, 26; Smithii, 48; Spachi- anus, 6; specinsxisimus, 37; speciosus, 37; spinulo- ' sus, 52 ; splendens, 29; stellatus, 11; tephracanthus, 14; Thurberi, 2; Tonelianus, 11; tortuosus, 45; tri- anerularis, 60 ; uranos, 50 ; validus, 23 ; variabiliSf 42, 43. A. Sts. erect, S in. or more in diameter. B. yew growth green, not pruinose (i. e., not covered with a bloom or glaucum). C. Hibs of stem 10 or more. 1. ^gant^UB, Engelm. Suwarro. Fig. 413. A stout form, 25-60 ft. high, simple or with a few erect branches shorter than the main st. : ribs 12-15 below, 18-21 above, often almost obliterated and spineless on older parts: spines straight, bulbous at base, white or straw-color, be- coming ashy or dark, the 6 centrals stout, the 11-17 outer ones setaceous : fls. yellowish or whitish : fr. oval or pear-shaped, 2-3 in. long and 1-2 in. in dirnn. In rocky valleys and on mountain sides from Ariz, into Sonora and L.Calif. B.M. 7222. A.G. 11:451, 528. -The best known of the tret* forms. The young plants are globu- lar for several years. Forms the cordon forests of the Sonoran region. Runs into crested or cristate forms. C Pringlei, Wats., is one of the cordon Cereuses of N. Mex. Not so tall as C. giganteus, ribs fewer, and fls. scattered. Not in cult. G.F. 2:65. 2. Thdrberi, Engelm. Several stems arising from the same root, becoming 10-15 ft. high, fasciculate-jointed: ribs 1.3-16, very slightly prominent: spines 7-16, slender and rigid or almost setaceous, very unequal in length : fls. greenish-white : fr. globose, 1-3 in. in diam., olive- color, with crimson pulp. Southwestern Ariz., through Sonora and L. Calif. 3. Fasactoa, Weber. A gigantic species, reaching a height of 20-.30 ft., and sometimes even 50 ft., and a diam. of 12-16 in.; sparingly brar-hing above ; in new growth dark green, becoming gr , or bluish : ribs 15- 20, or in young plants only 9-10: areolae %-% in. apart, large, brown, becoming yellowish and finally gray: ra- dial spines 10-13, about 1 in. long, the under one or lowest pair straight, subulate, the others curved ; cen- trals mostly 4, the under and upper ones the longest, reaching 2 in. in length, straight or curved; the young spines are cleai' brown, often with alternating rings of light and dark tissue, later gray, bulbose at the base : fls. from the lateral areolae, about 6 in. long, white. Argentine Republic — This is the giant Cereus of the Argentine desert, as C. giganteus is of the Mojave desert. 4. candicans, Gillies. Stems upright, low, cylindri- cal, bright green, 214-3 ft. high by r>-8 in. in diam.; freely branching from the base: ribs 10, obtuse angled: areolae %-%m. apart, large, depressed, white, becoming gray : radial spines 11-14, spreading, at first thin, needle form, later stronger, stiff, straight, about % in. long ; central solitary or later, 3-4 atlditional ones ap- pearing above, stronger, reaching a length of l^in., sometimes somewhat curved ; all the spines horn-col- ored, with tips and bases brown, later becoming gray: fls. long, funnel form, re><embling those of Echinopsis, 10 in. long by 6 in. in diam.: fr. spherical to ellipsoidal, about 3 in. in diam., red, somewhat spiny, flesh white. Argentine Republic. 280 CEREUS CEREUS 5. lamprochldros, Lera. Related to C. candicans : of a taller growth, cylintlrical, 3-4iV^ ft. high by about 3 in. in diani., at first simple, but later branching at the base; in new growth bright green, later dirty gr^en : ribs 10-11 or occasionally 15; conspicuously crenate, later blunt and but little crenate: areolae medium size, about 34in. apart, yellowish white, becoming gray; above each areola two radiating grooves form a letter \ : radial spines 11-14, spreading, straight, sharp-pointed, about %in. long, clear to dark amber color; some are strong and rigid, while others are bristle-form; centrals mostly 4, somewhat longer, stronger and deeper colored, with brown bases, becoming dark gray, about ^in. long : fls. from the previous year's growth, about 8-10 in. long by 6 in. in diam., white. Argentine Republic. 6. Spachi^nns, Lem. Stems upright, at first simple, later profusely branching at the base, branches ascend- ing parallel with the main stem, 2-3 ft. high by 2-2J^ in. in diam., columnar: ribs 10-15, obtuse, rounded : areolae about 34 in. apart, large, covered with curly yellow wool, becoming white : radial spines 8-10, ^-% in. long, spreading, stiff, sharp, amber-yellow to brown; central solitary, stronger and longer; all the spines later be- coming gray: fls. about 8 in. long by about 6 in. in diam., white. Argentine Republic. 7. Cliil6nsi8, Colla(C.C/ji7o«f«st.<?,DC.). Stems strong, upright, simple (so far as known), about 2% ft. high by 3 '-2-5 in. in diam., cylindrical to somewhat clavate, bright, clear green: ribs 10-12, obtuse: areola* about an inch apart, large: radial spines straight, sharp, rigid, at first 9, but later 4 others appear above these; centrals mostly 4, seldom but a single one, bulbose at the base; the young spines are brown honey-yellow, becoming white, with dark tips, and finally gray : fis. from the upper lateral areola», about 6 in. long, white, resembling those of Echinopsis. Chile. CC. Bibs of stem 7-9. 8. Alamos^nsis, Coult. Upright columnar, about 2 ft. high by about 2 in. in diam., several stems arising from a common root-crown: ribs 7-9, compressed and slightly crenate: areolae prominent, about 1-1 ?4 in. apart, hemi- spherical, densely covered with short, reddish brown wool: radial spines 15-18, slender but rigid, rather un- equal, spreading, straight or curved, %-\ in. long, ashy gray; centrals commonly 4, much stouter and longer, the three upper ones erect or divergent, the lowest (usu- ally the longest and somewhat flattened ). porrect or dettexed, all more or less angular, sometimes teretish, 134-2 in. long, when young yellowish, with dark brown base, finally becoming gray: fls. from the upper lateral areolae, funnel-form, about 134 in. long, red. Northern Mexico. 9. Queretar^nsis, Weber. Arborescent, with a trunk about 3 ft. high by about 14 in. in diam. ; the much- branched crown has a diameter of 12-16 ft., the total height of a plant being about 20 ft. ; branches dark green, in young growth frequently of a peculiar violet- brown: ribs 6-7, separated by sharp grooves, which later become much flattened, and the stem consequently more cylindrical : areolae depressed, dark brown : radial spines 6-9, the lower ones the longest, about 13i in. long : centrals 4 (often but 2), reaching 134 in.: fis. nu- merous from the upper part of the branches, about 4-5 in. long : fr. yellow to red, alxmt 2 in. long, covered with dark yellow to brown spines, about 1 in. long, and bul- bose at the base. Mexico. 10. Chiotllla, Weber. Arborescent, stem reaching a diameter of 16 in., freely branching from the base up- ward, the whole plant reaching a height of 16 ft., with a crown 12-14 ft. in diam., branches 8 in. in diam., dark green: ribs mostly 7 (seldom 8): areolae elliptical, pointed above and below, large, gray : radial spines 10-15, straight, very stiff, radiate, V^-Ys in. long ; cen- trals 1-2, rarely 3-4, the under one long and \> ry strong, about 2 in. long, curved downward, and eiti ■ to the right or to the left, the others about half as long ; all the spines are horn colored ; the narrow groove con- necting the areolae bears a few bristles : fls. from the lateral areolae, near the end of the branches, 134-134 in. long, sulphur-yellow: fr. spherical, little more than an inch in diameter, scaly, brown-red, with a violet flesh within. Mexico. 11. Stellitufl, Pfeiff. (C. Dyckii, Mart. C.TonelliAnus Lem.). Stems upright, c«)lumnar, 10-14 ft. high, light green : branches upright, 2-3 in. in diam.: ribs 7-10 rarely 15 : areolae 3^-1 in. apart, sunken between adja- cent swellings of the rib: radial spines 8-10, about %in. long; centrals 3-5, the upper ones upright or divergent' the under one porrect, alx)Ut 34-:'4 in. long ; all the spine" bulbose at the base, rigid, white, and sonntimes with dark tips, turning gray with age : fls. forming a crown at the end of the stem, about 2 in. long, li^jht pink : fr. spherical, 134 in. in diam., red outside and carmine-red within. Central Mexico. — Fruit edible and common in the Mexican markets. 12. euphorbioides, Haw.(6'. 6//fr.'*i/, Otto). Columnar, simple, 10-16 ft. high by about 434 in. in diam., in young growth pale green, changing with age to gray-green ; ribs 8-10, separated by sharp grooves, sharp-angled, be- coming flattened in older growth : areolae about %in. apart, small, white to gray: radial spines mostly 0, the under one the longest, reaching a length of over an inch, strong, yellowish brown to black, the upper ones shorter and bristle form ; central solitary, in young plants twice as long as the radials; all the spines finally become gray: fls. from near the crown. 334-4 in. long, beautiful flesh-red, remaining open for 24 hours. Brazil R.H. 1885,p.279. 13. Soezlii, Haage. Upright, columnar, about 3 in. in diam. : ribs 9, separated by sharp, somewhat serpen- tine grooves, obtuse; above the areolae, two radiating, slightly curved grooves form a letter V: areolte %-% in. apart, comparatively large, slightly sunken, yellow- ish, later gray: radial spines 9-12, ra<liate, nearly 3oin. long, straight, subulate, tolerably sharp, slightly thick- ened at the base, clear brown, with darker stripes : cen- tral solitary, reaching 134 in. in length, straight, porrect, later somewhat dettexed, clear brown ; later all the spines become gray. Andes of Peru or Equador. 14. tetrac^nthus, Lab. Upright, arborescent or bushy, freely branching, young branches leaf-green, later gray-green : ribs 8-9, low, arched : areol» me- dium sized, slightly sunken, about 34in. apart, white to gray: radials 5, later 7, radiate, ab<.ut %in. long, '^traij.' c, subulate, stout, white, with brown tips and basest !a;or ashy gray; centrals 1-3, under one largest and .onect, when young yellow and translucent, later gray . fls re- semble those of C. tortuosus. Bolivia. ccc. Bibs of stem S-€. 15. margin&tus, DC. (C. gemmdtus, Zucc). Simple or branching at apex, 2-3 in. in dian;.. with 5-6 obtuse ribs, which are woolly their whole length: spines short- conical, rigid, 7-9, all nearly alike: fls. brownish purple, about 134 in. long: fr. globular and spiny. Mexico.— Frecjuently used for hedges in S. Mexico. The stem is often covered with a woody crust. 16. Dumorti^ri, Salm-Dyck. Tall, strong, 6-angled, columnar stems, much resembling C marginatux, but with the confluent areolae armed with slender, needle- form, yellow spines: radials about 9-15, radiating, about '%-% in. long ; centrals 1-4, the under one longest, reaching 13^ in. in length : fls. numerous, funnel-fonn, about 2 in. long, opening to about 1 in. in diam.. white. Mexico. 17. Hanke&nns, Weber. Upright, robust, not branch- ing ( so far as known ) , young growth bright green, later dark green, about 2 in. in diameter: ribs 4-5, compressed, about \% in. high, conspicuously crenate, with an S-forra line passing from each areolte toward the center of the stem : areolae %-l in. apart, horizontally elliptical to heart-shaped, brown, becoming gray below and yellow above: radial spines 3, needle-like, stout, sharp-pointed, about %in. long, amber-colored when young, turning to brown ; central solitary, straight, porrect, -Kin. long, stronger than the radials, horn-colored ; later ail the spines become gray: fls. 4-5 in. long, white. S. Araer. BB. New growth blue, white- or gray-pruinose {i.e., covered with a bloom). C. Sibs of stem comparatively broad and low ; more or less triangular in transverse section. 18. macrdgonus, Otto. Arborescent, sparsely branch- ing, reaching a heigh of 20 ft. (in cultivation, 6 ft. high CEREUS CEREUS 281 by 3-5 in. in diam.), branches columnar : ribs mostly 7, stl- dora 8-9, thick, slightly umhi- late, obtuse and with convex faces, about 1 in. high, bluish preen, frequently having a de- pressed line near the areolse: areoI» about }4in. apart, large, gray: radial spines (>-9, radi- ate or spreading, strong, sub- ulate, :^4in. long, horn color, later black ; central spines 1-3, somewhat stronger and longer than the radials, more or less conspicuously porrect: fls. from the lateral areola?, near the end of the branches, 2^-3 in. long, tolerably fleshy, white : fr. depressed-globose, 2 in. in diam. by little more than 1 in. long. Brazil. C. Pic ten - (I horig in u m , Wats., is closely allied to the above. It is Sonoran, but not known to be in cult. G. F. 7:335. 19. ebfimeuB, Salm-Dyck (C. pridndnus. Otto. C. edit- lis, Hort.). Stem simple and glaucous, with 7-10 ribs : spines subulate, rigid, ivory- white, with black tip (purplish when young), radials 8-10, central usually solitary (some- times 3-4): fls. purplish. 'W. Ind., Mex. Cent Amer., S. Amer. 20. geom6tTizan8,Mart. (C. pusrionf^^rM.?, Lem.). Sim- ple. 4 in. in diam., with 5-9 obtuse ribs with broad in- tervals : spines 3-6, unequal, stout and blackish, the solitary central one (sometimes wanting) very long and stout : fls. pinkish white, about 1 in. long and 2 in. broad. Mexico. 21. C6chal, Orcutt. Stout at base, and repeatedly forking above, becoming 4-10 ft. high: ribs 4-8, obtuse, with wide, shallow intervals : spines few and stout, the solitary central one stoutest : fls. purplish green, 1-1 >2 in. long : fr. the size and shape of an olive, not spiny, red (frequently grayish or yellowish brown ) . L. Calif. — The short and stout woody trunk is often 1ft. in diam., the long branches 2-8 in. in diam. cc. Ifibs of stem strongly compressed laterally. 22. Peruviinus, Haw. (C. monoclonos, DC). Hedge Cactus. Tall, 30-50 ft., branching freely toward the base, columnar, 4-8 in. in diam. , new growiih dark green and glaucous, becoming a dull green with age, and, in old stems, becoming corky: ribs o-8, compressed : are- ola yi-l in. apart, in new growth covered with con- spicuous, curly brown wool, becoming gray: radial spines about iy-7, about %-% in. long ; central solitary, reach- ing a length of 2% in. ; the number of spines increases with age to as many as 20, all are rigid, brown : fls. abundant, from the lower part of the stem, white, noc- turnal, 6-7 in. long by 5 in. in diam. Fla., W. Ind., Mex. and S. Amer. G.C. Ill, 24: 175 ( var. monstrosus). Var. AlacriportAnus, K. Sch. (C. Alacriporthnus, Mart.). Of somewhat weaker growth, low, and less con- spicuously pruinose in the new growth, which is con- sequently nearly clear green. S. Brazil. 23. Jamac&ra, Salm-Dvck (C. vdlidns. Haw.). Stems upright, robust, rigid, 12-16 ft. high by as much as 6 in. in diam. ; young growth azure-blue, turning dark green with age, glaucous: ribs4-«, thin, compressed, crenate: radial spines 5-7, stiff, needle-like, clear vellow with brown points, or brown and finally black, about H-%'\n. long; centrals 2-4, somewhat stronger, porrect, =^4-3 in. lone: fls. large, 10 in. long by 8 in. in diam., white noc- turnal. Braz., Venezuela. 24. candel&brum, Weber {C. Belie fdi, Hort.). Tall, columnar, simple or branching only at the base, dark green with a faint trace of blue, 30 ft. high by 4 in. in diam.: ribs 9, blunt, strongly compressed, %iQ. high, slightly crenate : areolaB 1-2 in. apart, ovate, large, yW 413. Cereus giganteus forest in Arizona. white: radial spines mostly 9, the under ones longest and about an inch long, laterally compressed, the upper ones shorter, round, all bulbose and black at the base, ivory-white above ; central solitary, very large, .3-4 in. long, dagger-like, laterally compressed and faintly an- gled, porrect, ivory-white to gray, base black and strongly bulbose : fls. from the lateral areolae, 3-4 in. long, white: fr. the size of a small orange, covered with small scales, in the axils of which are wool and bristles Mexico. 25. chalybaas, Otto. Stems upright, branching above, arborescent, azure blue and pruinose, later dark green, l>^-4 in. in diam.: ribs 6, in young growth very much compressed, later depressed till the stem is nearly cy- lindrical : areolae about 5^^in. apart, dark gray -brown ; radial spines mostly 7, about }4 in. long: centrals 3-4, similar but somewhat stronger and a little longer ; all the spines are pointed, stiff, when young are black, later brown to gray with black tips, bulbose at the base: fls. very similar to those of Cccerulescens. Argentine Republic. AA. Stems erect, less than 2 in. in diam. B. liibs of stem 10 or more. 26. serpentlnus, DC. Stems columnar, tall, slender, flexuose, 5-8 ft. high by 1-1 V^ in. in diam., tapering at the point : ribs 10-13, low, obtuse : areolae about %in. apart: radial spines 10-12, slender,needle form, stiff,%in. long ; centrals 1-4, pink and white when young, later gray ; the number of spines increases by new ones ap- pearing later : fls. from the upper lateral areolae, slen- der, green, spiny tube with funnel-shaped corolla, about 6 in. long by 3 in. in diam., white, nocturnal: fr. ovoid, red, covered with deciduous spines. Cent. Mex. B.M. 3566. 27. Batimannii, Lem. (C. colttbrlnus. Otto). Stems dark green, slender, flexuose, columnar, reaching a height of 6 ft. and a diam. of 1-1 J4 in., the few branches ascend- 282 CEREUS CEREUS ing slender, parallel with the main stem : ribs 12-16, roundeu: areolae close together, brown; spines tine, slen- der, very sharp, 15-20, fascicled, white to yellow or dark brown, about ^ in. long; sometimes a single one from the center reaches a length of % in. : fls. numerous, tubular, zygomorphous, 25^-3 in. long by about J^in. in diame- ter throughout, red or stiraetiraes with orange-red petals and red tube. Cinguay, Paraguay and Argentine Re- public. 28. isdgonus, K.Sch. Stem upright, columnar, about 1-1/i in. indium., in young growth light green to \ fllow- green, later darker : ribs 15-16 : areolae approximate, white, turning gray: radial spines as many as 20, spreading, at lirst clear or dark yellow, becoming white, and tinaily gray, bristle form, flexible, about %in. long; centrals 6-8; two of these are somewhat stronger and stiffer, about % in. long, one directed upward and one downward, yellowish brown to dark honey-color ; later gray, as in the radials. S. Amer. 29. spldndens, Salm-Dyck. Columnar, slender, short, rigid, more or less branching from the base, reaching a height of about 2 ft. and about l-l^ain. in diara., light to yellowish green : ribs about 10-12, rounded : areolae prominent, about ^ in. apart, tawny, becoming white, tomentose : radial spines 8-12, radiating, yellow and light brown, becoming gray; centrals 1-3, scarcely larger than the radial, yellowish to white; all the spines slender, bristle form, about %-%\n. long.— This may be but a lower, stouter form of C. rfpandnn. C. Caven- dishii has been referred to this species, but with some question. BB. Bihs 3-10. 30. repdnduB, Haw. (C. eridphorns, Pfeiflf.). Stem simple. 20 ft. high, tapering at summit and jointed, with 8-10 obtuse ribs: spines 9-12, needle-shaped, white with black tips : large white, funnel form flowers, the calyx-tube covered with long wool. W. Indies. 31. platygonus, Otto. At first upright, later some- what reclining, branching, at the base about 1 in. in diam., tapering in the new growth: ribs 8, low, arched >' areolae about ^ in. apart, very small, yellow, becoming gray, subtruded by a small 3-angled bract ; radial spines 12-15, spreading, bristle form, little more than % in. long; central solitan.'. slightly longer and stronger; all the spines at first yellow-brown, changing to white or gray with age. 32. c8Brul68cen8, Salm-Dyck (C. Ldndbecki, Phil.). Arborescent or shrubby, 3-5 ft. high: stems 1-1 >^ in. in diam. : ribs usually 8, obtuse : areolje approximate, white bud soon becoming black : spinas rigid ; radials 9-12, M->2 in. long, black ; centrals 4, % in. long, stronger, black or white : fls. from the siSe of the stem, slightly curved, 6-8 in. long by 6 in. in diam., tube bronze-green, corolla white or occasionally rose-pink: frs. ellipsoidal, pointed at both ends, about 3 in. long and half that in diam., bright red, with blue glaucous covering. Argen- tine Republic. B.M. 3922. 33. Bridgeaii, Salm-Dyck. Upright, tall, columnar, simple or lat«r branching at the base, bright green when young, becoming blue to gray-green, 1^-2 in. in diam.: ribs 5-7, very broad and low : areolae %-%m. apart, yellowish to gray: spines .S-5, radiating, the under one, or seldom the upper one, the longest, 1^ in. long, stiff, sharp, straight, dark honey-yellow, with brown tips, be- coming gray with age. Bolivia. Var. lagenifbrmis, K. Sch. (C. lagenif&rmis , Forst.). Spines more numerous, somewhat longer. 34. azureus, Parm.(CSeid<'?ti, Lehm.). Stem upright, tall, slender, columnar, branching from the base, in the young, fresh bluish green, later dark green with gray, glaucous covering, about .'i-4 ft. high and about 1 in. in diam. ; ribs 5-7, rounded, enlarged at th areolae : areolae about ^-1 ft. apart, elevated, large, aoundantly woolly when young : spines 8-18, nearly alike, about ^-%in. long, stiff, slender, needle-form to bristle-like, black; the 2--4 central ones somewhat longer: fls. 8-12 in. long, obliquely attached to the stem, slightly curved, white. Braz. 35. caesios, Otto. Upright, columnar, branching at the base, somewhat tapering above; in new growth, beauti- ful light blue, pruinose ; later, light green to slightly bluish, about l^ain. in diam.: ribs 5-6, separated by sharp grooves, about % in. high, compressed, faintly crenate, becoming depressed in older gfrowth : areol® about % in. apart, small, yellow at first, later becoming white and finally gray : radial spines 8-10, sonietime^ more appear later; nwliate, light amber-color, brown at the base, the lower pair the longest, mostly about % in. long ; centrals 4-7. like the radials but usually some- what stronger, longer and darker ; all the spines thin, needle-form, flexible, sharp ; later, light horn-color! finally gray. S. Amer. ( ?). 3';. Ordggii, Engelm, Slender and branching, 2-3 tt. high and '%-\ in. in diam., from an extraordinarily large, tuberous root (often 6-10 in. long and 4-6 in, in diam. ) : ribs .'Mi, acute : spines subulate from bulbous base, very short and sharp, 7-11, 1 or 2 being central: fls. white or yellowish. 6-8 in. long: fr. ovate, alternate at base and apex, bright scarlet, fleshy and edible. 1-2 in. long. Southwestern Tex. to Ariz., and south into Chihuahua and Sonora. Generally in gravelly or hard, clayey soil. 37. specidsus, K. Sch. (C. coccineus, Salm-Dyck. C. Schrdnkii, Zucc. C. .<tpecioMlsnimus, DC). Slender, much branched from toward the base; stems about 2 ft. in length by about 1 in. in diam., sometimes having aerial roots near the young growth: ribs 3-5, serrated: areolae occupy the short upper side of the serrations, large, copiously white, woolly : spines fascicled, 5-8, more in age, spreading, slender, stiff, sharp-pointed, the under one bristle-form, about % in. long, yellow : fls. appearing from the older growth of the stems ; large, 6 in. in diam., remaining open several days, purple-red, with Irridescent, bluish center : fr. ovoid, with a few- scattering scales, lJ^-2 in. long. Mex. and Cent. Amer. B.M. 3822. I.H. .32:548. Gn. .53, p. 153.-This species is commonly hybridized with other species of Cereus and of Phyllocactus, giving rise to numerous horticultural varieties. 38. Mexic4nU8, Lem. Said by Lemaire to be a garden hybrid between C. speciosus and some other species not mentioned. AAA. Stems prostrate. 39. £mor3ri, Engelm. Prostrate, cylindrical, 2-4 ft. long, with ascending or erect branches 6-10 in. high and 1-2 in. in diam.: ribs 15. tuberculate : spines slender and rigid, interlocked, yellow ; radials 40-50, very slen- der; central usually solitary, stouter and much larger : fls. greenish yellow, 1-2 in. broad : fr. globose, very spiny, 1-lHin. in diam. Rocky hills, S. Calif, into L. Calif, and adjacent islands.— Grows in thick masses, covering patches 10-20 ft. square. 40. gumrndsos, Enge'm. (C. gummindstis, Hort.). Prostrate and assurgent, 1-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. in diam., dull purplish green: ribs (on young branch) 7-9, tuber- culate: spines stout and rigid, black, from a strong, bulbous base; radials about 12; centrals 3-6, stout and angled: fls. purple, 4-5 in. long: fl. subglobose, about 3 in. in diam., spiny, bright scarlet with purple pulp ("color of ripe watermelon"), acid and pleasant. L. California. 41. ernca, Brandegee. Prostrate and stout, single or slightly branched, 2-4 ft. long. .V7 in. in diam., rooting from the under surface, generally in patches of 20-30 : ribs Ki-21 : spines stout, ashy, interlocked ; centrals 5-8, stouter, the lowest flattened and strongly deflexed : fls. 4-5 in. long, reported to be yellow: fr. globular, 2 in. in diara., somewhat spiny, dull red, with purple pulp. Sandy plains, coasts of L. Calif, and adjacent islands. — A plant of curious and uncouth habit, often in large masses, and from a distance "looking like a lot of firewood thrown at random on the ground." AAAA. Stems weak, clambering over rocks or other plants for support; without aerial roots. 42. Pitaj^ya, DC. (C Pemambticensis [Femambu' censis], Lem. C. formdsus, Salm-Dyck. C. varidbilis, Pfeiff . ) . Stems at first simple, later branching, in young growth light green, turning grayish green with age, pointed, 54-1 >iin. in diam.: ribs 3-5, commonly 4 : areola about 1 in. apart, large, bearing a conspicuous amount of CEREU8 eurlyhair, about Hin. lonj?, in new arrowth: radial spines 5-7 and a solitary central one, uniform, about ^-^^in. long, amber color to brown and finally gray: ds. from the older growth, large, about 8 in. long, Hlightly curved, white, nocturnal. Uruguay, Brazil, Columbia. B.M.4084. -C. grandin, Haw., according to Dr. Weber, is but a larger form of this species. 4,3. princeps, Pfeiflf. {C. Barani^nsis, Karw. C. varid- biliit, Engelm.). Erect, .3-10 ft. high, 2 in. in diam., and 3- or 4-angled: spines 4-6, stout an i radiant, unequal, the larger 1-lHiu. long: fls. white, long-tubular, 7-8 in. long: fr. oval, spiny, 2-3 in. long, scarlet, and with luscious red pulp. Lower Rio Grande, on Mex. side. — The young shoots are said to have 8 ribs and more numerous slen- der spines, and in cultivated forms the spines are often much longer than given above. 44. Bdnplandii, Farm. Stems at first upright, later clambering over rocks and bushes, about 1-1 Vain, in diam., branching and spreading, in new growth com- monly of a bluish or purplish green, later gray-green : ribs 4-('>, sharp, cttmpressed, crenate, separated by broad, concave faces; later the ribs become much depressed, so that the stem is sometimes nearly cylindrical ; the ribs commonly run spirally around the axis of the stem : areolsB J^-lJ^in. apart, at first considerably depressed, later shallower, white, becoming gray : radial spines 4-*i (later 1-4 more appear), straight, spreading, the largest about %-l in., stout, subulate, pointed, the under one needle form and shorter ; central solitary, straight, stronger, 1 in. long, deflexed or porrect ; the stronger spines are white, with tips and bases brown, when young beautiful ruby-red, later all are gray, with black tips and bulbous bases: tls. from the lateral areolae, about 10 in. long, white, nocturnal : fr. nearly spherical, about 2 in. in diam., mammate, dark carmine-red. Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentine Republic. 45. tortuosue, Forbes (C atropurpureus, Haage). Stems slender, weak, at first upright, but later reflexed, reaching a length of 3-4 ft., and 1-1 j^in. in diam. : ribs commonly 7, sometimes but 5, rounded, low, separated by regular serpentine grooves : areolae about 1 in. apart, large: radial spines 5-8, about '%-\ in. long: centrals 1-4, about %-i'^in. long ; all the spines slender, rigid, red- brown when young, becoming ashy with age : tts. from the previous year's growth, about 6 in. in length, trum- pet-shaped, tube olive.- green and spiny, in the axils of 'the reddish green scales; outer petals pale green, tinted with brown ; inner petals clear white : fr. spherical, bril- liant red without and white within, mammate, bearing a few spines on the summits of the lower mammas. Argentine Republic. 46. Mtirtinii, Lab. {C. monacdn- thiis.lLoTt.). At first upright, later requiring a support; freely branch- ing from the base, branches long, reaching nearly 5ft., %-\ in. in diam., slightly tapering, dark green : ribs 5-6, separated by serpentine grooves, contracted between the areola? ; some- times the ribs are not evident, when the stem is cylindrical: areolae about \-\M in. apart, white: radial spines 5-7, reddish, short, bristle-fonn, with bulbous bases or short conical, usu- ally about % in. long ; central soli- tary, mostly deflexed, J^-1 in. long (in young growth, frequently not longer than the radial), subulate, robust, light brown or white, with bases and tips black : fls. from the older growth stems, 8-9 in, long, clear white, noc- turnal : fr. spherical (very similar to C. tortuosiis), pointed, dark carmine-red, about 2 in. in diam., mam- mate, a few spines on the mammas, toward the base of the fr. Argentine Republic. R. H. 1860, pp. 658-9. -This species is commonly sold under the name of C. platygonus. CEREU8 283 AAAAA. Stemft more or lens climbing, attaching them- Hflves to trees, tcalls, etc., by meana of aerial roots. B. Sibs of stem 5 or r\ore. 47. flagollifdrmis, Mill. Rat-t.*il Cactus. Creeping or pendent, slt-uder and very branching, cylindrical, %-\ in. in diam., branches 1 ft. long or more: ribs 10-12, tuberculate : spines short, rather rigid ; ra<lials 8-12, reddish brown ; centrals 3 or 4, brown, with golden tip: fls. funnel-form, crimson, 2-3 in. long : fr. globose, }^in. in diam., reddish and bristly, the pulp greenish yellow ("with the taste of a prune"). W. Ind., Mex., Cent. Amer., S. Amer. — This is commonly hybridized with other species. It is a ver>' common window plant. Var. l^ptophis, K. Sch. (C. leptophis, DC). Of more handsome appearance : new spines on the gTt)wing point carmine-red : ribs at the most 8: fls. somewhat smaller and lighter. 48. MAllisoni, Hort. (<7. Smithii, Lindl.). This is a gar<len hybrid of V. flagellifnrmia on C. speeiosus. Habit of C. fiagelliformis, but stouter : fls. more like those of C. speciosns. B.M. 3822. 49. Donkeldteri, 8alm-Dyck. A bushy epiphyte, richly branching, clinging to the bark of trees by aerial roots, commonly in company with orchids ; branches very long and thin, scarcely 5^(iin. in diameter, cylindrical or inconspicuously 6-angied, or rarely 7-8-angled : areolae ver>' close together, small, white : spines 10-15, very short, snow-white ; sometimes 2-3 short, stronger spines appear in the center of each cluster : fls. resem- bling those of C. grandiflorns. Brazil. 50. finrandifldros, Mill. Fragkaxt NiGHT-BLooMixa Cereus. Fig. 414. Diffusely creeping, with very long and flexuous climbing 5-7-angled branches, %-! in. in diam., with bunches of white bristles associated with the 5-12 short spines: fls. white and fragrant, 6-8 in. broad. W. Ind., Mex. B.M. 3.381. — Long cultivated in gardens as the "Night-blooming Cereus," and made to vary widely. C. Uranos, Hort., is but a form of this species. 51. H^ynardii, Lem. ( C. grandiflbnis,x&T. Mdynardii, Hort.). A garden hybrid of C. grandiflortis on C. spe- ciosns. Habit of C grandiflorus, but red colors of C. speciosus. 414. Cereus Brandiflorus. one of the niKht-blooming Cereuses (X %). 52. spinuldsus, DC. Stems slender, climbing, reach- ing a height of 8-10 ft., %-l in. in diam., branches more slender : ribs commonly 5, sometimes 6, sharp, becom- ing obliterated with age : areolae small, about J^in. apart : radial spines about 8, very short, bristle-form, brown, becoming gray ; central solitary, somewhat longer: fls. 5-6 in. long by 3-4 in. in diam., white, flushed 284 CEREUS CEROPEGIA with pink, nocturnal. W. Ind. and Mex.— The plant nuu'h n-seml*!*'!* f . tjrnntlifl(>rH», hut is easily distin- guishe*! by its siuuller and different colored tls. 5.'i. Marti^ntiB, Zucc. Of hushy fjrrowth. brancliini;, reachinir a liei^lit of W ft. and more ; branches sh-nder, provided here and there with uerial roots, cylindrical. alMtut •,'4in. in diuiu : ribs <-<tiiiiiii>nly ^, straight, sepa- rate«l by sharp trnMives, very low : areola* U-.'h in- apart, small, white : ra4lial spines t»-10, bristle-form. Hpr«'u«lin>r, clear honey-yellow, at base brownish. Inter whitish and becomintj irray. a)>out )4in. lc»n»f ; centrals 3-4, similar, only somewhat stouter and <larker : H». usually abundant, straiirht or slijrhtly S-shaped, +-5 in. lontr, scarlet-n-d : fr. spherical, red<iish K'"»'t-*n» covered with bristles. Southern Mex. B.M. MiM. BB. Ribs of stem 3-o. 54. nyctic^luB, Link. Ni<}HT-buk)min« Cerei's. Sub- erect, very lonK-j«»inted, li-l in. in diam. : joints vari- able, some cylindri<-al, others 4-43-anKle«l : ribs jwute at first, obtuse later : spines 1-4, and very small : tls. white and frairrant. about 7 in. lonif. Me.\. — The com- monest Nii:ht-blouming Ceretis, 55. in^rmis, Otto. Sts. branching, clirabinj?, branches 4-5-an>;led, sharp-wintfed. yellowish ^een, later darker, slightly crenate : areohe in the depressions, small, bearing a few bristles when young, but soon naked. Venezuela. 56. liam^tas, Scheidw. (C. rostrdtus, Lem.). Stems slender, weak, climbing, bright green, less than I in. in diam., reaching a length of 10 ft. : ribs remotely serrate, the serrations repand, and bearing on their anterior edge the small areola>: spines 5-<), l)ristle-fonn, whitish to brown, very short and partly deciduous : tls. large, 10-l(i in. long and nearly the same in diameter, white, nocturnal. Central Mexico. 415. Cerinthe retorta. (X><.) 57. B6gelii, Hort. This form is ver>' common in the trade; is a very excellent plant, with good, fixed char- acters ; is a slender climbing plant. Its origin is ob- scure, but, from its vegetative characters, as well as floral, it is apparently closely related to either C. hama- tus or C Mac Dona Id i(B, with one of which it may be a hybrid. 56. Hapolebnis, Graham. Suberect and long-jointed the joints :i-angled an«l with tlat sides, 12 in. or more long, %-\ in. in diam. : spines ;< or 4, subulate. un»'(jual, black; sometimes a few white l>ristles: Hs. snowy white M in. long and (i in. broad: fr. bluish and spinv, :i bv 4 in. W. In<l., Mex. B.M.:{458. 59. ext^nsus, Salm-I)y«k. Climbing : stems richly branching, alM)ut 'A ft. long by about •,'4in. in diam.. dark green, soon becoming covered with gray-yellow, rorkv Hakes: M-anuled, angles blunt, later beconiintr depressed, so that the older stems are cylin<lrii-al : aretdu' \i-2\i in. apart, white, becoming gray: spines 2— 1, ver>' short and stnmg, straight or very slightly cur\-ed, dark brown, V»ecoming gray with age : t\-i. from the sides of the branches, H-D in. long, rose-re<l. Trinidad. B.M. HH'Ai. 60. trianKulAris, Haw. Stems jointed, hm:; and si.-n- der, cliinl)ing : ribs 3, c»»mpressed. thin, and about 1 in. or more high, crenate, with a corneous maririn connei-t- ing the areola*: areola* alxiut 1-1.'^ in. apart: radial spines 2—4. bristle-form, sh«)rt, s(K*n deciduous ; cent rah l-'A, c«)nical from a bull>ous base, dark colored : tls. large, about 1 ft. long by about the same diameter when fully open, white, n«H'tunial, tube covered with large, leaf-like scales : fr. large. covere«l with the perxi<tttit large scales. Mexico and West Indies. B.M. l8^4 Mn. 6:5.— The fniit is edible and very refreshing, and is common in the Mexican markets. BBB. Ribs inconHpicuous or wholly absent. 61. MacD6naldiae, Hook. Climbing, and of rapid growth, richly br:in<"hing, branches very lontr. cylindri- cal or with here and there vt-ry obtuse an<l not continu- ous angles, dark green : are<ilae elevated c»n tubercles which are arranged spirally on the branches, snudl : spine solitary (or rarely 2), short, porre^-t, iimwn or black, inccmspicuous: tis, lateral, about 14 in. Iong,white, nocturnal. Honduras. B.M. 4707. The following horticultural names, in the Amer. trade, are not iwcounteti for in the foregoing synop- sis: C. Childsii, C. dirrrgispina, ('. ereetus, <'. furi- nonus, C. frdgilis, V. Uebaeri, C Guadalupdnus, C. Znticaedri. The following names, in the Amer. trade. Itelong to E<'hincM'ereus: ('. lierlandi^ri. C. ca-gpifi^sun. ('. chlordnthus, C curcinfiis, ('. conoidftis, C. cteiwidfi, C. das!i<icunthus. ('. dubius, C. Eugel- manni. C. enneacdnthiis, C. Fendleri, (,'. gonacdnthus, C lonpisetus C. ifnjn- vinsit, C. paucisplnua, C. pectindtiit, C. phirnieeus, V. procitmbena. V. Hert- teri, C. Scheeri (Schlini). C.straminfua, C tuberdsiia, C riridiflorua. C. eylindrieua is Opuntia. C. Sickeltii and C.aenilia are I*ilocereus. John M. Coilter and C. H. Thompson. CERlNTHE (Greek, A-*' ro.*, wax; anthos, tlower : the ancients be- lieved that the bees visit«'d the flowers for wax). Boragiu<)ce(P. About 6 species of annuai cr per- ennial herbs from Europe and Asia Minor, with alternate, glauc<ms Ivs. and showy pnrj>Ie bracts. The best species is C. retortn , which has a uni(iue appearance in the garden, and is strongly recommended for more general cultivaticm. It is a hardy annual of easy culture. For a garden review of the other Honey- worts, see Gn. 41, p. 212. retdrta, Sibth. & Sm. Hoxevwort. Fig. 415. Height l}4-2 ft.: Ivs. glaucous, often spotted white or red ; lower Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; upper Ivs. amplexicaul. with 2 round ears, on the flowering branches gradually becoming smaller and closer together until they pas.> into purple bracts, which form the chief attractive feature of the plant : fls. when full-blown protruded beyond the bracts : corolla tubular-club-shaped, yellow, tipped pur- ple, with 5 small, spreading teeth. Greece. B.M. 5204. Gn. 41:847. W. M. CES0F£6IA (Greek, wax and fountain, the tlo\yer9 having a waxy look). Asclepiaddcece. Greenhouse vines of Africa and Asia, not in the Amer. trade. A dozen spe- cies are known in Old World collecti<ms. Many of them have tuberous roots, and need a season of rest and dry- ness. Prop, by cuttings. Odd and handsome. CEROXYIiON tuAM.KHATIA 285 CEBdXYLON NIVEUM, Uort.= Diplothemium. CESTBUM (ol't <irpok namr). Sjm., TTahroihiimnnn. S,./.< »*.)<•♦<». (irffuhouse shnibs of many J«^K■^•i«'^*, in trop- ical Anier. S«»me of tJu-m hav«« a climbing habit. The tubular Hs. an- in axillary <»r terminal cym*'-*, re«l. yellow, ifreeniob or white, ofttii very frujjrant, Lvs. alternate and entire. UHiially rather narrow. Fniit a berry. (V««- tniniH are amonjf ♦he mont useful of bright riowerinj?. shrubby. jfreenhou«e pbujts. and they may be irrown either as iM>t plants, or planted out a>rain«>t the back wall or supports of a jfreenhous.', where, if jf'ven a liwrht jm)- sition, they will produce an abundance of flowers from .January to April. The Mexican species will do well In A w inter temperature of 4.")' to .'»0°, hiit the species from Central America re^piire stove temperature. They are propatrated bv euttinifs taken in Febniary or early in March, and insirted in sand in a wann temp«'rature. kc'iiimr them somewhat close until n»oted. when they ghoiild be potted in a litfht soil, after wht<-h they may be grown in pots, shiftintjon as often as required, or plantetl 416. Cestrum eleeans (X K)- out in the open ground towards the end of May in a stinny position, where, if kept pinched back to in«luce a bushy ^owth and attention is paid to watering;, tlu-y will make tine plants by the first of September. They should then \n' lifted and potted in a lii;ht. rich soil and kept close and sha<ie<l for a few days, and then transferred to tlieir winter (juart«Ts. After tiowerintr. the plants should be triven a rest for a month or six weeks, trra<lually reducing the supply of W!it«'r to induce the leaves and wmxl to ripen, after which they should be cut well biu'k.the ohl soil shaken off. and the roots trimmed l»ack, and then either potted again or plante«l out forthe summer. While in the greenhouse, C'estrunis are very subject to the attacks of insects, especially the mealy bug ( t'orrM.i a>h)>ii(Iiim). To keep these in check they should be given an occasional spraying of kerosene emulsion. The t'es- trunis are much grown in warm countries, and they hli)(»m continuously. Following are the only species known to be in the Amer. trade : A. Fls. red. ^legans, Schlecht. {Hafrrothdmnus Heganx, Brongn.), Fip. 41t>. Tall and slender, half-climbing, the branches pubescent: Ivs. ovate, lanceolate, long-acuminate, of medium size, puV)eHcent beneath : tis. red-purple, swollen near the top of the tul)e, in loose clusters, which nod at the ends of the branches, the lobes ciliate. Mex. F.S. 2:82.— One of the commonest and best of greenhouse shrubs, blooming almost continuously. There is a form with variegate<l Ivs. fasciculatum, Miers. Spring bloomer, with larger fts. than those of ('. elei/aus, an<l more compact, nearly globular fi. -clusters, the cluster subtended by small Ivs. as if an involucre : Ivs. ovate. Mex. B.M. 4183 (and probably the C. elegann, B.M. 5t>59. ) Newelli, Hort. {H. Newelli, Veitch). Fls. bright crimson, larger and more brilliant than those of C. ele- gam and C. fasciculatum. Gn. 34: 660. — A free-growing plant, originating from seed by Mr. Newell, I)t)wnham Market, Eng. Evidently an offshoot of one of the pre- ceding species. A A. Flu. (tritnqe. aarantiaeam, Lindl. Of half-<'limbing habit : Ivs. oval to ovatf. more or less undulate : fls. s«'ssile. in a panicle, orange-yellow. Ouat<-mala. H.H. 1858, p.2.'M. AAA. Fl». white, greeninh, or cream-ytlloie, P4rqui, L'Her. Shrub, half hardy : Ivs. lanceolate, petioled. short. a<'uminate: tis. long, tubular, with a wide- Hpreading liml*. in an t»pen panicle, greenish yellow, very fragrant at night. Chile. B. M. 1770. didmnm, Linn. Quick-gr<»wing evergreen shrub: Ivs. «>blong and short-a<'ute. thicki>h ami glabrous, shining above: fls. white, very sweet-scented by day, in axillary long p«'dtincled spikes: fr. white. W. Ind. nocttimam, Linn, .Shrub »»-() ft. : branches bn)wnish, very slender or flexuosc. glabrous or nearly so : Ivs. thinner, ovate or elliptic, prominently acuminate : tls. creamy yellow, very fragrant by night. Jamaica. E. J. Canning and L. H. B. CHANACTIS (Greek, gaping ray: the marginal corollas often ray-like). Comp6»ittp. West American herbs or under-shrubs, with alternate and mostly dis- sected Ivs.. an<l yellow, white or flesh -coloreil fls. «»n solitary' peduncles or in I' »se cymes. Florets of one kind, but the marginal ones with a more or less en- larged limb: involucre campanulate: n-ceptacle Hat and generally naked : pappus «»f scales (wanting in 1 spe- cies). Three species have been introduced as lM»nler plants, but they are little known to gardeners. Of easy culture. Pr<»p. by seeds or division. A. PappuH of entire or nearly entire persintent »calea. tenuifdlia, Nutt. Small, tufted annual, white pubes- cent wb«Mi young but becoming nearly or«|uite glabrous: 1 ft. : Ivs. oace or twice pinnately parted, the lobes linear or filiform: heads ^ain. high, lemon-yellow. S.Calif. Doilglasii, Hook. & Am. Biennial or perennial. '.\-\3 in. high, usually white-w«»olly when young: Ivs. broad, pinnatfly parted into short an<l crowded, obtuse lobes: heads %-%\n. high, white or whitish. Mont. S. and W. — Variable. AA. Papptia of fimbriate and deriduoun scales, or even wanting. arteoiiBisefdlia, Gray. Tufted annual, 1-2 ft., rusty- pubescent and somewhat sticky : Ivs. 2 or 3. pinnately parte«l into short-linear or obhmg lobes : heads % in. high, the jnv<»lucre viscid, the florets white or cream- color. S. Culif. L. H. B. CH.»N0M£LES. Cydonia. CH^NOSTOMA {gaping month, in allusion to the shape of the corolla). Srrophularitirftf, About .30 African herbs or sub-shrubs, with sim|de Ivs. mostly opposite, and axillary or teruiinal-rm'emose. showy fls.; stamens 4. in 'J's, attached to tin* throat of the corolla, more or less exserted: style tllifr>rni and club-shaped, and obtuse at the apex : corolla tubular, swollen in the throat, with a .'i-lobed spreading limb. hispidum, Benth. Small perennial, with opposite, oval or oblong-toothe<l Ivs.. and blush-white, star-iike fls. % in. across, in dense (-lusters. .S. Afr. .J.H. 111. 33:0.3»). —An old and deserving greenhouse or pot plant, but rarely seen at present. It blooms almost continuously, the fls. sometimes hiding the f<»liage. Prop, by seeds or cuttings, either in fall or spring. Begins to bloom when 4-<» in. high. To bo recommended for windows, and for summer vases. GHAM£BATIA (Greek, dwarf, and bramble, allud- ing to its bramble-like fls.). Jio.tdrefr. Low shnib, clothed with glandular pubescence: Ivs, alternate, stipu- late, tripinnatittd, persist<'nt : fls. in terminal corymbs, white, with .1 petals and numerous stamens: fr. a small akene. One species in Calif. Ornamental shrub of agreeable aromatic o<ior, with graceful foliage and showy white fls. in June and July; hardy only in warmer temperate regions. It thrives best in sandy, well- drained soil and sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and by greenwood cuttings under glass. 286 CHAMiEBATIA CHAMiECYPARlS lolioI^W, Benth. Two to 3 ft.: lv». nearly iiesnil©, oval or ovate -oblonjf. cloj<ely triplnnately disserted, lH-2Hin. lonjf : lis. white, ^ In. wide. In 4-8-fld, corymbs. B.M. 5171. GHAXJEBATIABIA. Alfred Rehder. See Sorbaria. ana, are readily inereaiKHl In this way, while the typical forms of C. yntkarn/n. , btuna Vkini ."phiPrnitUa ih> ny^ grow well from cutting!*; therefore for most varietiei veneer grafting on seedling stock during the winter la CHAX2C£SA8U8. See Lonicera. CHAMJ£CtPARI8 (chamai, dwarf, and kuparUion, 0>i>rf.H.s; ret'iTriiiK to its affinity), i'onifenr. Evergreen trees, with opposite, scale-like Ivs. in 4 rows, densely cloOiing the coniprenscd branchlets : fls. mona'cious, small ; pistillate inconspicuous, glotxise ; staminate yel- low or red, oblimj?, often conspicuous by their abun- dance : cones small, globular, with 6-8 bracts, each bearing 2- or rarely 5-winged seeds, ripening the first season. Closely allied to Cupressus, which diflF«-rs by its larger cones maturing the second year, th«; bracts containing 4 or more seeds, and by its quadrangular branches and minutely denticulate Ivs. Five species in N. Amer. and Japan, all very valuable timber trees in their native coun- tries. Highly ornamental evercreen trees oi pyramidal habit, of which only C sphit-roidea is fully hardy north, while the Japanese species are hardy in sheltered positions north to New England, and C Launoni- ana only from New York south. They grow best in somewhat moist but well-drained, sandy loam and in a partly shaded position, sheltered against dry winds. ('. Lau'Honinna and C. ohtu»a like more dr\-, the others more moist situations, and C sphofroidea grows well even in swamps. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring ; in- creased also by cuttings from mature wood in fall, in- serted in a sandy soil and kept in a coolframe or green house during the winter; if in early spring gentle bottom ^17. Cbatnstcyparis pisifera. heat can be given, it will hasten the development of roots considerably. All the so-called Retinosporas and the dwarfer forms, and most of the varieties of C. Laicsoni- 418. Chamscyparis pisifera, var. plumoaa. greenhouse is preferred, but dwarf forms always should be grown from cuttings, as they often lose their dwarf habit if grafted. The so-callt»d Retinosporas of the gar- dens, withlinear, spreading Ivs., are juvenile forms, which have retained the foliage of the seedling state. There are similar forms in Thuya. For their distinguishing characters, see Retinonpora. For the numerous garden forms, see Beissner, Handb. der Nadelholzk., pp. 64-99. A. Lvs. green on both sides or paler beneath. Bpheeroidea, Spach (CuprSssus thuyoldes, Linn.). White Ckdak. Tree, to 70 or 80 ft., with erect, spreading branches : branchlets irregularly arranged, spreading, not pendulous, very thin and slender, flattened : lvs. closely imbricate, glaucous or light green, with a con- spicuous gland on the back, fragrant: cones small, mn. in diam., bluish purple, with glaucous bloom. From Maine to Florida, west to Mississippi. S.S. 10: 529.- Var. ericoldes, Beissn. & Hochst. ( C. ericoldes, Carr. Jfetinds- pora ericolden, Hort.). Compact shrub, of erect, dense habit : lvs. linear-lanceolate, spreading, with two glau- cous lines beneath, coloring in winter usually reddish brown. Var. Andely6n8i8, Carr. (Hetindspora hptochlda, Hort. ) . Intermediate form between the former and the type; bluish green, and of erect growth, with loosely ap- pressed, lanceolate lvs.; often some branchlets with lvs. of the type and some with lvs. of the var. ericoldes. R.H. 1869, p. 32, and 1880, p. 36. Var. glatca, Endl. (var. Kewdnsis, Hort.). Of compacthaMt,very glaucous, with silvery hue. Var. varieg^ta, Hort. Branchlets partially colored golden yellow. Nutka^nsis, Spach {Ci4pr4ssus JYootkatinsis, Lamb. Timydpsis boredlis, Hort.}. Yellow Cedae. Tree, to 120 ft., with ascending branches, pendulous at the ex- tremities : branchlets distichously arranged, slightly flattened or nearly quadrangular, pendulous : lvs. densely imbricate, usually dark green, acute, mostly without glands : cones subglobose, nearly J-^in. in diam., dark red-brown, with glaucous bloom. From Sitka to Oreeron. S.S. 10:530. R.H. 1869,p.48.-Var. glatica, Hort. With very glaucous foliage. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Distinctly pendulous. There are some forms with variegated lvs. CHAMiEOYPARIS CHAM.«DAPHNE 287 Gn. 50, p. 88. C. NHtknen$i» is almtit an hardy an the Japanese apecies. AA. /^»'*. Ti/^ glaneoun or whitinh mnrica beneath: braneheM with horizontally gprtading ramifications. Lawtoni4xUi« Purl, {('upr^snun Ln\cnnnii\nn , yXwrr.). Trf«'. tw jot) ft., with horizontally spreadint; and usually p^nduioujii brancheH : hranchlets frond-like arranged, flattened : Iva. closely apprej*sed, obtuse or somewhat 419. Chamaecyparis pisifera, var. squarrosa. aeate, usually bright green, with a gland on the back : starainate catkins bright xed ( yellow in all other species ) : cone globose, about /^ain. across, red-brown and often glaucous. From Oregon to Calif. S. 8.10:531. Gng.2::{27. —This is one of the most beautiful Conifers and very variable, about 60 garden forms being cultivated in European nurseries and collertions. The following are some of the best : Var. 41bo-Bplca, Hort. Tips of branch- lets creamy white, of slender habit. Var. Altimi, Hort. Of columnar habit, foliage very glaucous, with a bluish metallic hue. The best blue columnar form. Var. ar- g6ntea, Hort. Of slender habit, with very glaucous, almost silvery foliage. Var. er6cta viridis, Hort. Dense, columnar habit and bright green foliage. One of the most beautiful varieties, but somewhat tender. Var. electa glatica, Hort. Similar in habit, but with glaucous foliage. Var. fili!6rmi8, Hort. Branches elongated, somewhat pendulous, with few lateral branchlets, of low, globular habit. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage of metallic glaucous tint. One of the hardier forms. Var. gracilis, Hort. (xdiT. gracilis pendula, Hort.). Elegant light green form, with graceful, pendulous branchlets. Var. intert6xta, Hort. Glaucous form, of vigorous growth, with remote, pendulous branches and distant, thickish branchlets. Var. Itltea, Hort. Of compact habit, young growth clear yellow. G.C.m. 20:721. Var. ntoa, Hort. Dwarf , glo- bose habit ; with some variegated and glaucous forms. There are also different variegated forms with the habit of the type. obttsa, Sieb. & Zucc {Ctipr^ssus ohfusa, Koch. Bet- indnpora obtiisa, Sieb. & Zucc). Hinoki Cypress. Tree, to 120 ft., with horizontal branches : branchlets frond-like arranged, flattened, pendulous : Ivs. bright green and shining above, with whitish lines beneath, thickish, obtuse, and very closely appressed, with a gland on the back: cones globose, nearly >^in. in diam., brown. Japan. S. Z. 121. G.C. 11. 5 : 236. R. H. 1869, p. 97. - Vnr. Albo-fplea. Hort. Tips of branchlnx \^hir1sh. Var. atur«a. Hurt. Golden yellow. Var. brevir^mea, Kehder (<7. brei'irdmea. Max. Vat. filicoldes, Hort.). Of slow growth, with short and densely fr«>inl-likf» arranged branchlets. O.C. II, 5: 2.'{.'). Var. griciiit atirea, Hort. Graceful form, foliage bright golden yellow whi-n young, changing later to grt-enish yt-llow. Var. lycoiXMiioldei, Carr. Low form, of somewhat irregular habit, with spreading, rigid branchi-s and thick, m-arly (jiiadrangu- lar, dark green brunchlt'ts. Var. n4na, Carr. Low form, of slow growth, with short, deep green branchlets. Var. p^ndola, Beissn. (C. p^-ndula, Maxim.). Branches elon- gated, thick an«l threa<l-like, p«'ndulous, with few distant branchlets. V^ar. pygmaea, ( 'arr. Ver>' dwarf form, with horizontal, almost creeping branches, <lensely frond-like branched. Exceetlingly interesting form for rockeries. pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc. {Ciipr^ssus pxntfern, Koch. Httindnpora pinifera, Sieb. & Zucc). Sawaka Cy- press. Fig. 417. Tree, to 100 ft., with horizontal branches : branchlets flattened, distichously arranged and somewhat pendulous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, pointed, shining aliove, with whitish lines beneath: cones gloim- lar, l4-% in. in diam., brown. S.Z. 122. G.C. II. 5:2.17. — This is, next to 6'. sphcnroidea, the hardiest species, and some varieties are nuK-h cultivated, while the type i.i less planted. Var. aurea, Hort. Yellow foliage. Var. filifera, Hort. {lietinospora filifera, Hort. C.obtusa fili- fern, Hort.). Branches elongated and slender, thread- like, grace 'uUy pendulous, with distant branchlets and Ivs. Very ecorutive forms. G.C. II. 5: 237. Var. plu- mdsa, Hort. Fig. 418. Of dense, conical habit : branches almost erect, with slender branchlets of feathery appearance: Ivs. subulate, pointed and slightly spreading, bright green. Intermediate between the type and v&r. squarrona. G.C. II. 5:2.36. Var. plumdsa arg6ntea, Hort. Tips of branchlets whitish. Var. plu- mdsa aurea, Hort. Young growth of golden yellow color. A very showy form. Var. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst. {Retinospora sqtiarrona, Sieb. & Zucc. H. lepfoclada, Zucc). Fig. 419. Densely branched, bushy tree or shrub, with spreading, feathery branchlets: Ivs. linear, spreading, glaucous above, silvery below. A very dis- tinct and beautiful variety. S.Z. 123. R.H. 1869, p. 95, and 1880, p. 37. Alfred Rehder. CHAMJBDAFHNE (chamai, dwarf, and daphne, the laurel in ancient Latin, alluding to its dwarf habit and evergreen Ivs.). Syn., Cassandra. Uricdcea^. Leather Leaf. Low shrub with evergreen, alternate small Ivs. : fls. nodding in terminal, leafy racemes : corolla urceolate-oblong, 5-lobed, with 5 included stamens: fr. a capsule. One species in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere. Low, hardy, ornamental shrub, valuable for the earliness of its pretty white fls. It thrives best in a peaty and sandy, moist soil. Prop, by seeds sown in sandy peat, only slightly or not covered, and kept moist and shady ; also by layers and suckers and by cuttings from mature wood in late summer under glass. calycul^tta, Moench (Cas- sandra calyculdta, Don). Fig. 420. Shrub with spread- ing or horizontal branches, 1-3 ft.: Ivs short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, slightly ser- rulate and revolute at the margins, dull green above and rusty-lepidote beneath: fls. short-peduncled, nod- ding; corolla white, oblong, about H in. long. B.M. 1286. L. B. C. 6: 530; 15: 1464; 16:1582. Em. 423. - Var. angustifdlia. Gray. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, undulate and crisped at the margin. Var. n4na, Lo<ld. One foot or less high, with horizontal branches. L.B.C. 9:862. Alfred Rekder. 42(X Chameedaphne calyculata (X j'a). * 288 cham.*:dorea CHARD CHAMSD0B£A (Greek, (Uvarf and fjift). Palmdee<f>, tribe Arec^. iSpineler.s. erert, procumbent or rarely climbing palms, the trunks solitary or cespitos<t>, slen- tler or reed-like. Lvs. simple, bitid at the apex or va- riously equally-pinnatisect : lobes broad or narrow, straight or oblique, acuminate, plicate-nerved, usually callous at the base, the basal margins folded back or recurved : petiole usually cylindrical ; sheath tubular, oblique at the throat; spmlices among or below the lvs., .simple or paniculately bram-hed; spathes 3 or many, alternate, sheathing, elongated, split at the ape\, mem- branous or coriaceous, usually t)er.«istent : pistillate i\s. very small : fr. small, of 1-3 fe.obose or oblong-obtuse carpels, coriaceous or fleshy. Species about GO. Mex. to Panama. Peat or leaf -mold, loam and sand in equal parts, with a little charcoal added, form the best soil. The species common in cultivat'on are quick-growing. They are well suited for planting out in greenhouse borders. The sexes are on different plants, therefore several should be planned in a group if the handsomely colored fruit is desired. All of the kinds require warm tempera- ture in winter. Increased from seeds. Of the many species, only the following appear in the Amer. trade: A. I/vs. simple. dlegans, Mart. Stem strict, 6 ft. . closely ringed : lvs. narrow'.v lanceolate, acuminate, straight : fr. globose. Mex. G.C. 1.33:508! Emeati-Augusti, Wendl. Stem 3-4 ft., reedy, erect, radicant at base; blade oi ovate, cuneate !at the base, deeply b^fld, coarsely serrate along the margins ; petiole shorter than blade; sheath amplexicaul: steri'e snadix 8-9 in., the simple branches 6-8 in., attenuate, slender : fertile spadix simple : fls. red. Venezuela. B.M. 4837. G.C. 1.33:508. AA. Lvs. pinnate. B. Plant becoming of climbing habit. desmoncoides, H. Wendl. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with drooping, narrow Ifts. a foot long, and glaucous petiole : plant tending to climb after ic becomes a few feet high. Mex. BB. Plant not climbing. c. Stem or trunk evident. bjirtorii, Liebm. Stem 8-14 ft., ringed, clothed above with leaf -sheaths : lvs. S-3% ft. long ; petiole terete, sulcate, dilated at the base ; sheath, petiole and rachis white on the back: Ifts. 12 in. long, m-2 in. wide, alter- nate, falcate, acuminate, narrowed at the base. Mex. Tepejildte, Liebm. Stem 4-C ft. high, closely ringed: lvs. 4 ft. ; Ifts. 1-nerved, close, alternate, falcate, acute, narrowly linceolate, 13-15 in. long, 1% in. wide : rachis convex on the back, canaliculate above. Mex. B.M. (}030. glaucifdlia, H. Wendl. Stem 20 ft. : lvs. long, pinnate; Ifts. narrowed, long and slender, dark green, glaucous. (Guatemala. G.F. 8:507. Arenbergi&na, H. Wendl. {C. latifblia, Hort.). Stem slender, .5-(» ft., green : lvs. erect-spr'^ading; Ifts. 10-15 ])airK. alternate and drooping, very loi:g-pointed, pLcate and many ribbed. Guatemala. B.M. 6838. cc. Stem or trunk none. Pringlel, Wats. Acaulescent or nearly so ; lvs. erect, pinnate. 3 ft.; Ifts. 12-15 on each side, linear-lanceo- late, acuminate, 6-8 in. long, "%-% in. wide ; rachis tri- anirular ; spadix simple, 8 in. long. San Louis Potos., ^^^^ Jared G. Smith and G. W ..iver. CHAM^SFEt^CE. Now referred to Cnicus. CHAMwKRANTHEMUM {dwarf and flower, from the Greek). Acanthdicem. Three or 4 Brazilian small herbs, allied to Eranthemum, but readily distinguished by the 4 ( instead of 2 ) stamens. Lvs. large and membranaceous, entire, variously marked. Fls. showy, white or yellow, in bracteate clusters. Grown chiefly for the beautiful foliage. Cigneum, Regel {Erdnthemum igneum, Lind.), is in the Amer. trade. It is a low, spreading, warmhouse plaut (culture of Eranthemum and Justicia), with dark green lvs. and veins, richlv banded with orange or vel- low. Fls. small. F.S. 17:1722. CHAM^BOFS (Greek for dwarf bush). Palmdrece, tribe C'lrffphen'. Low, fan-leaved palms, with cespitose caudices branched from the base and clothed with the bases of the leaf-sheaths. Lvs. terminal, rigid, semi orbicular or cuneate-flabillate, deeply laciniate, the lohes narrow, bifid, plicate ; n-* rachis ; ligule very short ; petiole slender, bi-convfx, the margins smooth or roufJTh; sheath split, reticulate, fibrous; spadices short, ere-t compressed : branches short, densely flowered : spathes 2-4, broa<l, thickly coriaceous, the lower ones split, theupr * entire; bracts ismall, subulate; bractlets none : fls. small, yellow : fr. globose or ovoid, 3-sided tosvard the base, brown or yellow. Species 2. Mediter- rai^ean region. The common C. humtlia is widely cult., and V ery variable. Many of the specific-made names of the ge'i'is are forms of this species. Of such cases are evidentl> the garden names C. arborescens, argentea, Canariens.'s, elata, elfgans, farinosa, gracilis, Utlo- ralis, nivex , Fibrous lo im two parts, leaf -mold and sand one part, with good I rainage. Prop, by suckers and by seeds! These ^29 r uong the hardiest of all palms, and are well suited to g -eenhouses where a high temperature is not kept up. htunilis, Linn. (Phlenix Hancedna, Hort.). Fig. 421. Stem 1-13^ ft. high : lvs. ragged, fibrous ; margins of the petioles armed with stout, straight or hooked spines; blade suborbicular, truncate or cuneate at the base, rigid, palmately mu 'id ; segments acuminate, bifid. Mediterranean. B.M. 21.72. R.H. 1892:84 (showing habit and a colored plate of the fruit). Reaches 20 ft. 421. Chamaerops humilis. C. Biroo, Sieb.=»Livistona rotundifolia.— C. B^rrho, Hort.= Livistona rotundifolia.— C excelsa, Thunb.=Trachyc;irpus ex- celsus.— (7. Fortunei, Hook.=Tr!ichyearpus. — C. hitmiUsX Uystrix, Hort. Said to be a "choice garden hybrid of Florida origin."— C Hijstrix, Fras.=Rhapidophyllum Hystrix.— C. stauracantha, Hort.=Acanthorhiza aculeata. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. CHAMOMILE. Consult Anthemis CHAFMAN, JONATHAN. See Appleseed, Johnny. CHAPXALIA (J. A. C. Chaptal, agricultural chemist). ComposiioE. American low perennial herbs, with white or purplish fls. on naked scapes, blooming in spring and summer. Heads radiate, the ray-fls. pistillate, and the disk-fls. perfect, but some or ail of them sterile: invo- lucre carapanulate or turbinate, of appressed and imbri- cated bracts: pappus of soft capillary bristles: akenes oblong or fusiform, narrowed above. 5-nerved. The only species in the Amer. trade is C. tomentdsa, Vent..of N. Car. and S. Of this the scape is 1 ft. or less high, and the heatis are purple-rayed: lvs. spatulate or lanceolate, entire or nearly so, rather thick, white tomentose be- neath. Introduced as a border plant. CH.<^jiD {ch pronounced as in charge). A form of the plant {Beta vulgaris) which has produced the common beet. Often known to horticulturists as Beta Cycla. CHARD C«EILANTHES 289 See Beet and Beta. The beet plant has given rise to two general typt o :* varieties : those varieties with thicken'.-d roots (the Leei of America, the beet-root of European literature) ; and those with large and pulpy or thickened leaves (but whose roots are small and woody). The lat- 422. Chard, or Sea-Kale beet. tertype is known under the general name of leaf-beets. These leaf -beets may be ranged into «^hree sub-groups: (1) common or normal leaf-beets, or spinach beets, in which the leaf-blade is large and pulpy, and is used as spinach is; (2) Chard, in which the petiole and midrib are very broad and thick (Fig. 422); (.3) ornamental beets, of which the foliage is variously colored. Chard is of the easiest culture. Seed is sown in spring, as for common beets. The broad petioles, or Chards, may be gathered from midsummer until frost. These broad white stalks or ribs are used as a pot-herb; and. if desired, the leaf -blades may be cooked with them. Tlie tlish is usually more attractive, however, if only the Chards are cooked. This vegetable is also known as Sea-kale Beet and Swiss Chard. l_ jj_ g^ CHARLOCK. Consult Brassica ; also Saphanus. CHASTE TREE. See Mtex. CHEAT, or CHESS. Bromus. CHECKERBERRY. Gaultheria. CHEESES. Vernacular for Malva rotundifolia. CHEILANTHES (Greek, lip-ilotver, alluding to the in- dusiiiin). Polypodihcetf. Semi-hardy or hothouse ferns of small size, often hairy or woolly, with the sori termi- nal on the veins and covered with a roundish indLsium. Some 00 or 70 species are known, nearly a third of which are natives of the west and southwest, one spe- cies as far east as Connecticut, They are of easy cul- ture, enjoying a position near the glass, and disliking strong, close heat and syringing or watering overhead. A. Lvs. pentagonal-deltoid, the indusiam confined to a single veinlet. Calif 6mica. Mett. (^lypdZt-pM Califdniica, Hook.). Lvs. densely cespitose from a short creeping rootstock 2-4 in. each way, on stems 4-8 in. long, quadripinnatifld; ultimate segments lanceolate, incised or serrate. Calif. meifdlia, D. C. Eaton. Lvs. cespitose, with slender brown stems 5-7 in. long, the lamina 2-3 in. each way, 3-4-pinnatifld, with finely cut segments 1-10 of an in. wide. Mex. AA. Lvs. temately divided, with dark polished stems. ped^ta, A. Br. Lvs. cespitose, on long (9-12 in. ) stems, about 6 in. either way, the .3 divisions bipinnatitld ; sori numerous, placed on both sides of the segments. Jamaica, Cuba. AAA. Ia's. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. B. Segments flat: indusia extending over the apices of sevtral veinlets, but not continuotis. r. Surfare of lvs. smooth. microphylla, Swz. Lvs, 4-10 in. long, on stems nearly as long, from a short, creeping rootstock, bi-tripinnate: stems gli . rusty-pubescent on the upper side. Fla. and Ne«v x. southward. cc. Surface of lvs. viscid-glandular. viscida, Davenp. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, oa stems of the same length, tripinnatifid ; segments toothed, every- where glandular. Calif. ccc. Surface of lvs. hairy, not troo,'''. hirta, Swz. Lvs. densely cespitose, with sht -t, caly stems which are brownish, like the rachides; piUL.te nu- merous, rather distant bipinnatifld, the segr.ients with much incurved margins. The Iv.. are iisually 6-15 in. long. Cape of Good Hope. — Var. Ellisi^tna is more com- monly cult, landsa, Wats, (C. jT«/)frt. Swz.). Fig, 423. Cespitose, with stems 2-4 in. long, slightly hairy, as are the seg- ments : lvs. tripinnatifid, 4-10 in. long. l-2J^'n. wide, the pinnsB lanceolate-deltoid : indusia formei of the ends of roundish or oblong lobes. Conn, to Kan. and Ala, — Hard 5'. Codperae.D, C.Eaton. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, bioinnate, the ^^^ 'A stems covered with nearly ,5,^---- white hairs, each tipped with ,Jy^}^ ^Sr^Ji^il-'kA-i a gland ; pinnules roundish ovate, crenate and incised. Calif, to Mex. BB. Segments bead-like, mi- nute : indnsium usu- ally continuous. D. Lvs. hai-y or woolly beneath, bu' not scaly. E. Upper surface of seg- ments smooth. ^acillima, D. C. Eaton. Lace Fern. Lvs. cespitose, 1-4 in. long, besides the nearly equal dark brown stems, bipinnate ; pinnae with about nine pinnules, finally smooth above. Idaho to Calif. — Hardy. Cl^velandii, D. C. Eaton. Lvs.4-i> in. long, tripinnaie. dark brown beneath, with closely imbricate, ciliate scales, which grow on both the segments an<l the rach- ides ; segments nearly round, the terminal larger. Calif. EE. Upper surface of segments pubescent. tomentdsa, Link. Lvs. 8-! 5 in. long, on stems 4-6 in. long, everywhere covered with brownish white hairs, tripinnate ; terminal segments twice as large as the lateral. Va. to Ariz. DO. Lvs. covered beneath with scales, but not woolly. F^ndleri, Hook. Lvs. 3-6 in. long besides the chaffy stems, risinar from tangled, creeping rootstocks, tripin- nate : rachides with broadly-ovate white-edged scales, which overlap the subglobose segments. Tex. and Colo, to Calif. 423. Cheilanthes lanosa. (X3^.) 19 290 CHEILANTHES CHENOPODIUM DDD. Lva. covered beneath with both scales and wool. myrioph^Ua, Desv. (C. 4legans, Desv,). Lvs. densely cespitose from short, erect, scaly rootstocks, 3-9 in. long, beside the chestnut-colored scaly stems ; tri- quadripinnatifid : ultimate segments minute, innumer- able. Tex., Ariz, and Trop. Amer. Another native species worthy of cultivation is C. leucopdda, Link, from Tex., with broadly deltoid -ovate leaves. L.. m. Undkewood. CHEIBANTHUS (derivation in dispute, but probably from (Treek for hand and flower). Cruciferce. A dozen or more Old World herbs, with large purple or yellow Cheiranthus Cheiri (X K). fls., entire lvs., and a strict or upright habit. Lateral sepals sac-like at the base : valves of the pod with a strong midnerve. Much confounded with Matthiola, and the genera are not sufficiently distinct. In Cheiranthus, the lvs. are acute, stigma deeper lobed, pod more flat- tened and seeds not thin-edged. Cheiri, Linn. Wallflower. Fig. 424. Perennial, slightly pubescent, 1-2^ ft.: lvs. lanceolate and entire, acute : fls. large, mostly in shades of yellow, in long, terminal racemes. S. Eu.— An old garden favorite, blooming in spring. Although a woody perennial, it is best to renew the plants from seed, for they begin to fail after having bloomed one or two years. Seedlings should bloom the second year. There are dwarf and double-fld. varieties, and innumerable forms in varions shades of yellow, brownish, and even purple. Not prized so much in Air..r. as in Eu. It thrivei in any good garden soil. C. dnnuus, Hort.== Matthiola, but early-blooming forms of C. Cheiri seem to pass under this name.— C. Mmziesii, Benth & Hook.=Parrya. L. H B CHELIDONIUM (Greek for the swallow: the fls. appear when the swallow comes). Papaverdcece. Cel- andine. One or two loose-growing herbs, with fl.-buds nodding, and small yellow fls. in small umbel-like clus- ters : sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 16-'' *■ : style verv short, the stigma 2-lobed; pod slender, L Ived, open- ing first at the bottom. C. m^jos, Linn.. a European plant, now run wild in waste places, an*, often seen in old gardens. It is biennial or perennial, with brittle, hairy stems and pinnately-parted lvs., the lobes rounded and toothed (or, in var. lacinidtum again dissected). The plant has yellow juice. Lvs. light-glaucous under- neath. CHELONE (Greek for tortoise or turtle: the corolla fancied to resemble a reptile's head). Scrophuhindce(e. Turtle Head. Several North American perennial herbs, some of which are now sold by dealers in native plants. Allied to Pentstemon. Corolla more or less 2-Iipped or gaping, white or red: anthers 4, woolly, and a rudiment of a fifth stamen : seeds winged: lvs, opposite, serrate: fls. large and showy. Half-shaded places are preferable for these easily cultivated plants. Very dr}- ground should be avoided, from the fact that they are best in swampy places. In the ordinary border they should have a very liberal mulch of old manure in their growing season : 4 to 5 in. thick is none too much ; the surface roots will feed in this compost, and the plants are not so liable to suffer from drought when thus protected. A. Fls. in terminal and axillary close spikes. B. Lvs. broad-orate, long -pet ioled. L^oni, Pursh, Plant, about 2 ft. high: lvs. often cor- date at base, thin, evenly serrate: fl. -bracts minutely cili- ate; fls. rose-purple. Mts., N. Car. and S. BB. IfVS. lanceolate or oblong, short-petioled. obliqoa, Linn. Two ft. or less : lvs. 2-5 in. long, broad- lanceolate or oblong, very veiny, sharp- or deep-serrate: fl. -bracts ciliate: fls. deep rose. Damp grounds, 111. and Va., S. glabra, Linn. (C. obllqua, var. dlba, Hort.). Vne-2 or more ft. high : lvs. narrower, acuminate, appressed- serrate, nearly sessile, not very veiny: fl. -bracts not ciliate : fls. white or rose-tinged. Wet grounds •• com- mon. AA. Fls. in a loose thyrse or panicle. nemordsa. Dough. Two ft. or less high, of unpleasant odor : lvs. ovate and acute, sharp-dentate, sessile or nearly so: fl. -bracts none; corolla 1 in. long, violet-pur- ple. Calif, and N. C. barbata of gardens is Pentsti-mon barbatus. J. B. Keller and L. H. B. CHENILLE PLANT. A proposed name torAcalypha hispida, better known as A. ISanderi. CHENOPODIUM {goose-foot, alluding to the shape of the lvs.). ChenopodiUcece. Widely dispersed weedy herbs, with very inconspicuous greenish fls. in glome- rules or spikes. Spinach, beet, and orach are allied plants. Fls. perfect; calyx 4-5-parted; petals wanting; stamens usually 5; styles 2 or 3. The caljrx sometimes enlarges and becomes succulent and colored, enclosing the fr., and the glomerules may then look like berries, as in the common Strawberry Elite ( C capitatumy^'&X^.. or Blittim eapitatum, Linn.). This plant has been in- troduced to the trade as a pot-herb. It is an annual of easiest culture, with hastate-ovate toothed lvs. and fleshy red glomerules. The common pigweetis are Chen'opodiums of several kinds, the commonest being C. album, Linn. This species and others are used as jot-herbs or greens in the country. The Good-King- Henry is C. Bonus- ffenricHs, Linn. It is a perennial, often cult, for its succulent spring shoots and lvs., which Plate V. Cherries. Showing several eonimen'ial varieties of sweet ami sour kinds. CHEXOPODIUM CHERRY 291 are used as greens. In American gardens it is usually known as Mercury (the name is sometimes corrupted to Markery). Lvs. triangular-ovate, with very long, wide- spreading basal lobes ; margins entire ; plant mealy. The plant is of the easiest culture; 1-2 ft. high. Other Chenopodiums of economic interest are the Quinoa (C. Quinoa, Willd. ), of S. Amer., of which the large seeds are used as footl (it is an annual, with aspect of the common pigweed, C. album ; seeds sold by European dealers. B.M.3641); C. ambrosioides, Linn., Mexican Tea, affords a medicinal extract; C. antJielmintictim, Linn., Worraseed, affords a vermifuge. The Feather Geranium or Jerusalem Oak of florists is C. Botrys, Linn. It is annual, glandular-pubescent and aromatic, 1-3 ft. high, with pinnatifld lvs. and long, feather-like, enduring spikes, for which it is used in vases and baskets. Pretty. L. H. B. 425. Cherimoya. CHEBIMOTA, CHERIMOTEB {Anona Cherimolia, Mill.). Fig. 42.'). The Cherimoya is considered by many to be the finest of the subtropical fruits, and that not only by the natives of the countries where it grows, but also by Europeans. It is somewhat like the Sweet Sop (A. squamosa); both are excellent when grown in cli- mates that suit them; but the Cherimoya has a decided acidity, which is most agreeable and grateful to the taste. See A nona . The fruit isTounded, but irregular in shape, weighing from 3 to 5 lbs., and even double that under cultivation. There is a thin, greenish rind, marked off by somewhat raised lines into pentagonal or hexagonal spaces. Beneath is a white pulp, embedded in which are the black seeds, radiating from an internal central stalk. The white pulp is the edible portion ; it is of the con- sistence of a corn-flour pudding. If picked when full- grown, thej' will ripen gradually, and can be kept 7 or 8 days before eating. The tree is from 15 to 30 feet in height, with a broad spreading head and pendent branches. The leaves are oblong, with velvety down on the under surface. The flowers have 3 outer petals, which are oblong-linear in shape, and keeled on- the inner side ; the 3 inner petals are minute, alternate with the outer. It is found growing spontaneously at certain elevations in Central America, and western South America, as far south as Chile, but it is quite uncertain where it is truly wild in all this region. De Candolle, in his " Origin of Cultivated Plants, "considers it most probable that it is indigenous in Efjuador, and perhaps in the neighboring part of Peni. It was introduced into Jamaica in 1786 by Mr. Hinton East, and is now of spontaneous growth in a limited area at a cert-ain elevation on the southern slopes of the Blue mountains, corresponding fairly well with the district in which the far-famed Bli'e Mountain coffee is cultivated. The altitude at which it is frund is be- tween 2.500 and 5,000 feet. In Madeira, the Cherimoya has taken the place of the grape vine ju many of the «states on the warm southern slopes oi the island. The cultivation is systematic. The 2-year-old seedlings are grafted. The trees are pruned and trained, and manure is regularly supplied. The result f^i careful selection is that there are varieties with scarcely any seeds, and weighing 12 to 16 lbs. Ordinary fruits, weighing 3 to 8 lbs., are sold in the London market at $1.50 ; large ones are sold at $2.50, and even $3. "W. Fawcett. CHEBBT. Cultivated tree Cherries have probably sprung from two European species, Prunua Avium, Linn., and Prunus Cerasiis, Linn. The domesticated forms of Prunus Avium are charac- terized by a tall, erect growth (Fig. 426) ; reddish brown, glossy bark, which separates in rings ; flowers generally in clusters on lateral spurs, appearing with the limp, gradually taper-pointed leaves ; fruit red, yel- low, or black, generally sweet, spher- ical, heart-shaped, or pointed ; flesh soft or firm. Sour Cherries are low- headed and spreading (Fig. 427); flowers in clusters from lateral buds, appearing before the hard,stiff,rather abruptly pointed, light or grayish green leaves. The following is the latest classification ( Bailey, Bull. 98, Cornell Exp. Sta. ) : Pnnius Avium has four represent- atives in the United States : I. The Mazzards, or inferior seed- lings; fruit of various shapes and colors; common along roadsides. In the middle Atlantic states, the wild Mazzard trees often attain great age and size, particularly in the Dela- ware - Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 428). II. The Hearts, or heart-shaped, .., _ ,,^ ^ .. soft, sweet Cherries, light or dark, «6- Tall, erect Rrowth represented by Black Tartarian and o* Sweet Cherry. Governor Wood. III. The Bigarreaus, or heart-shaped, firm-fleshed, sweet Cherries, like the Napoleon and Windsor. IV. The Dukes ; light-colored, somewhat acid flesh, such as May Duke and Reine Hortense. From Prunus Cerasua two classes have sprung: I. The Amarelles, or light - colored sour Cherries, with color- less juice, represented, by Early Richmond and Montmorency. II. The Morellos, or dark -colored sour Cher- ries, with dark-colored juice, like the English Morello and Louis Philippe. The following spe- cies also have horticul- tural value : Primus Mahaleb,&nO]' World type, bardie; and smaller, on which oth«^r Cherries are largely worked; Primus Pen n- si/Iranica, the native 427. Low-headed and spreading srrowth of Sour Cherry. wild red, pin, or bird Cherry, whose hardiness may adapt it as a stock for the Plains .states; Primus Pesseyi and Prunus pumila, the native sand or dwarf Cherries, the former represented by the Improved Dwarf Rocky Mountain Cherry. See Pruuus. The Cherry is not cultivated as a leading industry east of the Rocky mountains, except in western New York, where the sour varieties are grown for canning. The sweet Cherry is confined mostly to door-yard and fence- corner plantings. Sour kinds are found in orchard blocks in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas and Nebraska. Sweet Cherry culture, however, is adapted to the states between the 292 CHERRY CHERRY 39th and 44th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 86th degrees of longitude, and to contiguous areas having similar climatic conditions. Spontaneous forms of it attain great size on the Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 428). The sour Cherrv may be grown with profit between the 35th and 45th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 100th degrees of longitude. The Mazzard is the best stock for both sweet and sour Cherries in the east. The Mahaleb is more widely u^ed for the sour kinds, however, as it is easier to bud, and it is free from leaf blight in the nursery. The Mazzard forms a better root system, stronger union, a longer lived tree, and is sufficiently hardy. For the Plains states the hardier Mahaleb stocks should be used. The Cherry likes an elevated, naturally light, dry, loamy, retentive soil. The sour kinds need more mois- ture,'and will thrive in heavier land. A soil not natur- ally dry mav be corrected by under-draining, and on light, dry knolls, the moisturecapacity may be increased by green manures and surface tillage. The sweet Cherries should be set 28 feet to 30 feet apart each way; the sour kinds, from 16 feet to 18 feet. The trees are generally set at two years from the bud. The sweet kinds are started with 3 to 5 main arms, with no central leader, about 3% feet high, and the branches are i)runed to side buds for a few years to in- duce a spreading, rather than a spire-like form. The top of a sour Cherrv is made like that of a peach tree. Plow the Cherry orchard lightly in the early spring, and cultivate it everv ten days, or after every rain, till the middle of June of the fir^t of July. Seed at the last cultivation with a winter i over-crop. Stimulate the trees with leguminous cover-crops when needed, but the sweet Cherrv is a gross feeder and a rapid grower, and undue stimulation must be avoided. Keep the orchard in sod and pasture it with sheep, along the southern and western limits of profitable sweet Cherry culture, and withhold nitrogenous manures. Nitrogen, potash, an<l phosphoric acid are the three essential fertilizers. Nitrogen may be supplied in legu- minous crops; potash as muriate, at 150 lbs. to 300 lbs. ; and phosphoric acid in dissolved rock, at 300 lbs. to 500 lbs per acre. Cherries should be picked by the stems into small baskets a few davs before ripe. Sort out all stemless, small and imperfect fruits. Face the perfect Cherries in small, attractive boxes or baskets, and pack these in small cases or crates. The choicer the fruit, the more strikinglv it should be displayed. Guard against break- ing the fruit spurs in picking the sweet Cherries. Fruit for canning is less laboriously packed, but may be as carefullv picked. The profits depend on the varieties and markets, but 428. Old Sweet Cherry tree on the Chesapeake peninsula. largely on the personality of the grower, and on his skill as a salesrran. The range of profit for the sour Cherry is from $,30 to $100 per acre, and from $50 to $300 or more for the sweet. The varieties adapt themselves to a wide range of territory. An imperative need, however, is the develop- ment of varieties with striking features for local adapta- tion. In the prairie states and the extreme north, the hardier Amarelles and Morellos comprise the profitable kinds. Formally the dark-colored, more acid Monllos were most sought after; now the milder Amarelies are demanded by both canners and consumers. In the fol- lowing lists, the varieties are named more for the pur- pose of illustrating the different types than for recom- mending specific varieties. Amongst Amarelles, the Early Richmond and Mont- morency are the leading types. Early Richmond {Tig. 429).— Size medium; pit large: light red; poor quality; vigorous growth. Ripens June 20 iu New York. Montmorency.— huTge. broad, flattened ; pit medium; light red ; flesh nearly colorless ; juice moderately sour : vigorous growth : generally pro«luetive. Two weeks after Early Rich- mond. Most valuable Amarelle for the east. Among the Morellos, Ostheim, Louis Philippe and English Morello are important types. Ostheim (Fig. 430).— Dark red; roundish; flesh dark, tender; juice mild, dark; productive; hardy; growth slender. A week after Early Richmond, smaller. Too early for the east. Louis Philippe.— Size of Montmorency, and ripens with it ; round; acid; skin and flesh dark. Rather shy bearer in the east, but valuable in the west. English Morello.— Two weeks later than Montmorency; more open, drooping habit: fruit medium, roundish; re<l-blaek; very sour, slightly astringent ; flesh and juice dark, purplish crimson. Among the sweet Cherries, the firm-fleshed red or black Bigarreaus are the most profitable. The light Bigarreaus and Hearts are more susceptible to the fruit- rot, and sell less readily. Representative types of Heart and light Bigarreau Cherries are the following: Black Tartarian. — The most valuable Heart Cherry, Produc- tive ; vigorous, hardy, early ; large ; dark red or black ; flesh dark purplish; ver>- juicy, sweet. Napoleon (Fig. 431) . — One of the best light Bigarreaus. Emit large; flesh hard, brittle, colorless; light lemon yellow, with reddish cheek: heavy bearer; rots if not pif-ked before ripe: splits in wet weather. A week before Black Tartarian. From the dark Bigarreaus the following are among the best types : Robert's Red Heart.— Bright, dark red, with an under mot- tling; as large as Napoletm ; flesh pinkish; juice nejirly color- less, subacid ; heavy, regular bearer in Hudson river valley. Ripens with Napoleon. Mezel.—harge, heart-shaped obtuse, flattened at both sides; uneven skin, dark red to black ; firm, but heart-like ; juicy ; very sweet ; stem loag and tortuous ; heavj- bearer locally. Ripens with Napoleon. IFind^or.- Large ; roundish-oblong; firm; juicy: mottled dark red ; flesh pinki.sh white ; stem medium, set in slight, broad depression ; heavy bearer, vigorous, upright. Ripens two weeks after Napoleon. Very profitable. Zh'Jteman.— Large, heart-shaped, obtuse, flatteneti on one side: black, with extremely firm, reddish flesh': subacid, reddish juice : stem medium, in a slight, broad depression ; vigorous. Ripens three weeks or more after Windsor. A variety of great value. Diseases and insects. — The brown rot {MoniUa fructigena), which attacks the fruit at the ripening period, and particularly during sultry weather, can be largely avoided by picking the fruit a few days before ripe. It' may also fatally attack the flowers, leaves and twigs. In localities wehre the Cherry blooms, but does not fruit, the trees should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture be- fore the buds unfold, again when the fruit is set, and two or three times thereafter, with a colorless fungicide. Black knot (Plowrightia morbosa, Sacc). See under Plum. Leaf blight (Cylindrosporium Padi, Karst). See under Plum. Powdery mildew (Podosphcera oxycanthar CHERRY CHERRY 293 " . '-r^i-'-r^i '•i:- ; "S^i r^\ • -'i^'*>r*^ ■'^'/'•'''i f^ ■t '■^''' /A ^^ * 1_^ ■ ^1^-^ ^ i ^ :'V.'"'" :/ "" -^ •-m 3l. 429. Early Richmond Cherry (X >^). De Bray) is often severe in the sour Cherry, but can be checked by thorough applications of a fungicide. The aphis {Myzus cerasi, Linn.) appears in the early part of the season on the young shoots, the leaves, the stems, and less frequently on the body of the fruit of the Fweet Cherries. It excretes honey -dew abundantly. The leaves curl up- ward and inward. Spray with kerosene triuulsion, 1 part to 6 of water; or with fish-oil soap, 1 pound to 6 gallons of water, before the leaves curl. The curculio (Conotrnchelus nenuphar). See same on P/h»j. Climatic injuries. — Suh- srald and bursting of the bark. — The sweet Cherry is liable to a fatal injury from sun-scald in the south and prairie states. The trouble occurs in the spring, when the rays of the sun cause alternate freezing and thawing of the growing tissues on the south and west sides. In these localities, the bark of the tree frequently bursts open, and large quantities of gum exude. A rich garden loam, a summer drought followed by fall rain, excessive wood stimulation, violent changes of temperature in the winter, or other factors unfavorable to the maturing of the wood, aggravate the diflScuIty. The bursting of the bark is probably caused by the freezing and thawing of the tissues under these unfavorable conditions. Both troubles are more injuri- ous to trees with exposed trunks. A low-headed and spreading top, soils not too rich, and cultural methods which favor the early maturity of the wood, lessen the danger. The trunks may also be protected by a board, matting, or screen of some kind on the sunny side dur- ing the spring months. G. Harold Powell. The Cherry in California.— In commercial impor- tance, the Cherry is least of the fruits of the temperate zonegrowninCalifomiaonacommercial scale. This is not because the finest Cherries cannot be grown, but because the avenues for the disposition of the product are not as wide as for other leading fruits. Recently there are indications that these avenues will be widened, for last year (1898) about 300 car loads were profitably shipped in a fresh state to eastern markets, and a product of 150,000 cases of canned Cherries was disposed of to ad- vantage; but until it is demonstrated that such distant demands will increase, present plantations will not be largely extended. Cherries are costly in picking and p:u!king, and to incur the chances of a local market, over supplied when ever the trees do their full duty, the grower does not enjoy. Cherry drying has never seemed war- ranted on a large scale, because of the large amount of labor re- quired to the pound of product ; and the grower has had no re- course when the canner and local consumer would only pay the cost of picking and boxing. A good shipping de- mand seems, therefore, the measure of the ex- tension of California's Cherry interest, and the early ripening of the fruit, which permits its sale during the blooming season of eastern Cherry trees, is the leading surety of such demand. On several occasions early va- rieties have been shipped from the Vacaville district overland, on March 31, but the usual opening date is about two weeks later, and thence onward later varieties, and from later regions, may be shipped until July, if found profitable. 430. Ostheim Cherry (X3^). But, though there is plenty of good land upon which to multiply the present total of half a million trees, the Cherry regions of California are restricted. It is one of the most exacting of all trees, and is only profitable when its requirements are respected. About one-half of the present acreage lies in valleys opening upon the bay of San Francisco, where deep and moist, but well drained alluvial soil foste' •« strong and sound root-growth, and modified atmosph ic aridity favors leaf and fruiting. On similar deep ai moist soils, however, the tree enters the hot interior va^. ys to certain limits, chiefly along the river bottoms. It abhors dry plains. In dry air it usually refuses to fruit, although if the soil be moist, it may make stalwart tree growth. In foot-hill valleys it sometimes does admirably, both in growth and fruit- ing, and in mountain valleys, above an elevation of 2,000 feet, on good soil, and in the greater rainfall, and even with the snow flurries, which are experienced every year at proper elevations, the tree becomes very thrifty and profitable to the limits of local markets. The tree seems to have no geographical limitations in Calif ornia ; where- ever suitable soil and weather conditions occur, it accepts the situation— the Dukes and Morellos succeeding under conditions too trying for the Hearts and Bigarreaus, but the latter comprise all the varieties that are of commer- cial account. Cherry trees are grown by budding upon Mazzard and Mahaleb seedlings— the latter chiefly imported. It is cus- 431. Napoleon Cherry (X J^). tomary to plant out in orchards at the end of the first year's growth from the bud, though 2-year-old Cherry trees can be more successfully handled than other 2- year-olds. The trees are headed at 1 to 2 feet from the ground, cut back to promote low branching for two years, and then allowed to make long branches, and not usually shortened-in, so long as thrifty and healthy. The tree, in a good environment, is, however, a very hardy tree, and will endure pruning to almost any degree. We have many trees which have made a very broad but not usually high growth, bearing 1,000 lbs. of fruit to the tree, and a few others which have even doubled that figure, while others have been dwarfed ind trained en espalier. The commercial orchards are, how- ever, uniformly of low trees, approximately of vase form in exterior outline, and with branches curving outward without shortening. The Cherry is very readily grafted over by the usual top-grafting methods, and large orchards have been thus transformed into varieties more acceptable for canning or shipping. Comparatively few varieties are grown. Early Purple Guigne, Guigne Marbre,and Knight's Early Black are grown in early ripeniLg localities. Black Tartarian and Lewelling are the main stay for black Cherries. The Napoleon Bigarreau (locally known as Royal Ann) is the ideal for a white Cherry, and almost excludes all others, though the Rockport Bigarreau has some standing. Of all the varieties grown, the Black Tartarian and Napoleon Bigarreau, constitute 70 per cent of the crop, and probably 90 per cent of the amount marketed. California-grown Cherries attain large size; the can- ner's requirement for fancy fruit is a diameter not less than % of an inch, and for No. 1, not less than % of an inch. Wholesale prices usually ranee from $40 to $60 per ton for black and $80 to $120 for white, but this 294 CHERRY CHESTNUT year (1899) canners have paid as high as $160 per ton for white Cherries. The higher rates can only be ex- pected during years of short crops. Edward J. Wickson. CHERVIL. A term applied to two umbelliferous plants which produce edible parts, neither of which is well known in America. The name is sometimes applied, also, to the sweet cicely. Salad Chervil or Leaf Chervil is Scandix eerefoUum, Linn., a native of S. Eu. It is annual. The neat and aromatic Ivs. are used like parsley, which they much resemble. The ivs. are decompound, with oval cut leaf- lets; and there are varieties with much cut and curled foliage. The cultivation of Salad Chervil presents no diflSculties. Leaves are ready to use in 6 to 10 weeks from seed sowing, and any good garden soil is congenial. It thrives best in the cooler and nioister part of the year. Tuberous or Turnip-rooted Chervil is Ch(wrophyllnm bitlbosum, Linn., of S. Eu. It is biennial or plur-annual, like the radish and carrot. The roots are like small carrots in shape (4-5 in. long), but are gray or blackish, and the flesh is of different flavor. The roots are eaten as carrots are, either boiled or in stews. The one diffi- culty in the growing of Tuberous Cher^•il is the fact that the seeds gemiinate very tardily, or even not at all, if kept dry over, winter. It is customary, therefore, to sow them in the fall, although they do not germinate until spring. If they are to be reserved for spring growing, they should be stratitied (see Scrdage) or kept in sand. In four or five months after germination, the roots are fit to use, although they improve in quality by being left in the ground. L. H. H. CHESS, or CHEAT. Bromus. CHESTNUT. Three species of tree or true Chestnuts are cultivated in this country for fruit. — the European Castanea saliva, the American Castaiua Antericana, the J a,i*tkne»e Casta nea ere Hata. (See Castanea). The horticultural characters which distinguish these three types are as follows: European Chestnut!^.— Tme large, with a spreading but compact head, stocky, smooth-barked twigs and large glossy buds of a yellowish brown color; leaves oblong- lanceolate, abrubtly pointed, with coarse sometimes in- curved serrations, thick and leathery, generally pubes- cent beneath when young, but green on both sides when mature. Burs verj' large, with long, branching spines, and a thick, velvety lining. Nut larger than American Chestnut, sometimes very large, shell dark mahogany brown, pubescent at tip, thick, tough and leatnery ; ker- nel enclosed in u thin, tough and astringent skin : quality variable from insipid, astringent to moderately 432. Native wild Chestnuts. Nearly nattiral size. sweet. The leaves remain on the trees until late in autumn, but are more susceptible to the attacks of fungi than the American and Japanese species. At least one variegated and one cut-leaved variety are grown as orna- mentals. This species is variously known as European, French, Spanish and Italian Chestnut ( Castanea sativa ), and Sweet Chestnut of English writers. It is an inhabi- tant of mountain forests in the temperate regions of western Asia, Europe and north Africa. Esteemed for its nuts in Spain, France and Italy, where they have con- stituted an important article of food since an early day. Introduced to the United States by Ir^n^e Dupont, at Wil- mington, Del., in 180.1, though recorded by Jefferson, under the desijfnation ''French Chestnut, "as grafted by him on native Chestnut near Charlottesville (Monticello), Va., in 177.3. American Chestnut (C. Amerieana). — Tig. i?2. A tall, straight, columnar tree, in forests reaching a height of 100 ft. and a diameter of 3 to 4 ft. ; when grown in the 433. Japanese Cbestnuts (X ^2). open, forming a low, round-topped head of slightly pen- dulous branches. Leaves thinner than in Castanea sat- iva, oblong-lanceolate, acute, long pointed at the apex, coarsely serrate excei)t toward the wedge-shaped base, green and glabrous on both surfaces, changing to bright, clear yellow late in autumn. The staniinate flowers open in June or July, after leaves have attained full size, and exhale a sweet, heavy odor, disagreeable to many persons, and sometimes causing sj-mptoms of hay fever. The 2- or 3-flowered involucres of pistil- late flowers are on short, stout peiluncles at the bases of androg^tTiotis anients which bear toward their tips scattered clusters of staniinate flowers. Burs smaller and spines sharper than in C. sativa. The nuts, usually 2 or 3, rarely 5 to 7, are usually broader than long. and much compressed by crowding, though some- times nearly oblong and approaching cylindrical. They are of a bright brown color, covered at the apex with thick, pale tomentum, which sometimes extends nearly to the base of the nut. The nuts are sweet and agree- able in flavor, the best among Chestnuts, and are marketed in large quantities from the forests of the Appalachian region, eastern North America, Me. to Ga., westward to Michigan, Mississippi and Louisiana. Gradually receding from its southern areas from causes not yet understood. A few selected forms have been propagated by grafting. Japa neseiChestnut (C. C}'enata). — Fig. 433. A dwarf- ish, close- headed tree of slender growth, said to attain a height of 50 ft. in Japan, with small buds : leaves smaller than other Chestnuts, lanceolate-oblong, usually pointed, with a truncate or cordate base, finely serrated, with shallow, sharp-pointed indentations, whitish tonien- tose beneath, pale green above, less subject to injury by fungi than other species. Burs small, with a thin, pa- pery lining and short, widely V)ranching spines. Nuts large to very large, glossy, usually 3, sometimes 5 or 7 in a bur, usually inferior to the other Chestnuts in quality, though good when co(»ked, and in a few- varieties excellent in the fresh state. 3Iany cultural varieties are recognized. Introiluced to the United States in 1876 by S. B. Parsings, Flushing, N. Y. Aside from these three types, there are certain dwarf and small-fruited Castaneas known as Chinquapins. The two native Chinquapins may be contrasted as follows: CHESTNUT CHESTNUT 295 Common or Tree Chinquapin {Castanea pumila).— Tig. 434. A shrub 4 or 5 feet tall, rarely a tree, at- taininsr a height of 50 feet, with slender branchlets marked with numerous minute lenticels, and coated with a pale tomentum, whit-h disappears during the first winter. Leaves oblong, aoute and coarsely serrate at apt" X. bright yellowish green, changing to dull yellow before falling in autumn. Flowers strong-smelling, the catkins of staminate ones appearing with the unfolding leaves in May or June, the spicate, androgj'nous aments later, with pistillate flowers in spiny involucres, produc- ing solitary, cylindrical nuts % to 1 inch in length and % inch in diameter, with sweet seeds. This species oc- curs in dry lands from southern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas, and its nuts, which ripen earlier than the American Chestnut, are esteemed for food and marketed in considerable quantities. Apparent intermediates be- tween this species and the American Chestnut, probably of hybrid origin, are reported from several localities in Virginia and Tennessee. This species attains truly arlK>rescent proportions in southern Arkansas and east- em Texas. The shrub form is sparingly introduced to cultivation, and is being somewhat used in its native regions as a stm-k on which to graft improved Chestnuts. It promises to become useful for this purpose, but has the troublesome habit of throwing up numerous suckers or stolons. One named variety, the Fuller, has been published. Fig. 4.'U is adapted from the Nut Culture bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agric. Bush Chinquapin {Castanea aInifoUa). — A shrub, rarely more than 3 ft. in height, forming small thickets, by means of stolons, in sandy barrens. South Atlantic states, westward to Lousiana and Arkansas. Distin- guished from C. pumila by larger, oval-lanceolate, mostly obtuse leaves, which are but slightly tomentose beneath, and by its larger nuts, which ripen earlier. The cultural range of Castanea in America is not well defined, but extends from Florida and Texas to Massa- chusetts and Wisconsin, and on the Pacific slope. The 3 species cultivated in America thrive best on dry, rocky or gravelly ridges or silicious uplands, failing on heavy clays and on limestone soils unless deep, dry and rich. Propagation of species is by seeds. Certain types re- protluce their striking characteristics in their seedlings, but varieties are perpetuated by grafting: occasionally by budding. Seeds for planting should be free from in- sect larvae, and should not be allowed to dry out before planting. They may be planted in drills in fall on deep and well-drained loam, or, to avoid damage by rodents, may be stratified in damp sand until spring. Nuts held in cold storage at 1.5° F. from October to April have germinated well at Washington, D. C. Young trees des- tined for removal to orchard should be transplanted in nurser}- at one year old, to promote symmetrical develop- ment of root system. Grafting may be done on any of the species of Castanea, and on some of the oaks, notably the Chestnut Oak, Quercus Prinus, though the durablity of grafts on the oak is questionable. Where the Chestnut is indigenous, bearing orchards of im- proved varieties are quickly secured by cutting down and removing the timber and grafting the young sprouts which spring up in aVjundance about the Chestnut stumps (Fig. 43.1). Recently the Chinquapin has been similarly used with good success where Chestnut does not occur. Grafting may be by splice method on 1-year-old seedling roots ; by splice or cleft at crown on 2- or 3-year trees in place ; or by veneer, splice or cleft methods on 1- to 3-year-old sprouts or branches. Top-working of old trees is uncertain and only practiced in special cases. Cions should be dormant, and work may V>e done at any time after freezing ceases, but in trunk and branch pn\fting best results are obtained by most grafters if work is done alter leaves begin to unfold. Two- or 3-bud cions are preferred. The fitting of cion to cleft or splice and the waxing should be carefully done. If strips of waxed nuislin are wrapped about the stubs the danger of loss by summer cracking of wax is lessened. In deft-grafting young sprouts or seedlings, the stub should be cut 2 or 3 inches above the depar- turp of a branch. *o prevent too deep splitting of cleft. Two or three weeks after growth begins the wax- ing should be inspected and repaired if cracked. If grafts make rank and brittle growth they should be checked by pinching, and if in exposed situations, tied to stakes to prevent breaking out of cions. Budding is sometimes practiced, usually by use of dormant buds inserted in shoots of previous year, when the bark "slips " after growth has begun in spring. The Chestnut is admirably adapted to ornamental planting, either singly or ir. groups on suitable soils. The native species is successfully used as a roadside tree in many sections outside of its natural range. It re- quires a space of at least 40 feet for development when thus used ; the European species 30 feet and the Japanese 20 feet. If in orchard, the last mentione*! may be planted as close as 20 feet, and thinned when the trees begin to crowd, thus securing several crops of nuts from land otherwise unoccupied. Care of Orchards. — Planted orchards are yet few in America, most of the extensive commercial efforts hav- ing consisted in the grafting of sprouts on rough lands where the American Chestnut is indigenous. On such lands no cultivation is attempted, the brambles and un- desired sprouts being held in check by occasional cut- ting in summer, or by pasturing with sheep. Much care is necessary to protect against damage of the sprouts by fire on sucli land. Clean cultivation, at least during the Chinquapin. Nut and bur natural size. first few years, is probably best in planted orchards, though heavy mulching may be found a satisfactory substitute. The Japanese and some of the American varieties of the European species require thinning of the burs on young trees to avoid over-bearing, with its consequent injur>' to the vitality of the tree. Leaf diseases are apparently sxibject to control by Bordeaux mixture, but for the weevils, which dam- age the nuts previous to maturity, no satisfactory rem- edy has yet been discovered. 296 CHESTNUT CHESTNUT The varieties of the three species, though possessing many points in common, differ sufficiently in important characteristics to justify separate grouping for cultural discussion. As Chestnut culture is new in this country, it seems best to append descriptions of all the varieties CaK^ 435. Chestnut sprouts two years ^I'a^ted. The cion was insertiHl where bninching liegins. which are in the American trade. For fuller discussion of cultivated Chestnuts, see Nut Culture in the United States (Bull. Div. of Pomologj-, U. S. Dept. of Agric), from which Fig. 434 is adapted ; Nut Ctilturist, A. S. Fuller, 1896 ; European and Japanese Chestnuts in Eastern U. S.. G. Harold Powell (Bull. De'. Exp. Sta- tion), 1898; Nut Culture for Profit, Jno. R. Parrj-, 1897. Amebican Groitp.— Though the wild nuts exhibit wide varia- tions in size, form, quality, productiveness, aud season of rii)en- ing, but few varieties have l>een dignified by names and propa- gated. Solitary trees are frequently sterile, thoiigh producing both staminate and pistillate tlowers, apiKirently reqxiiring cross-fertilization to insure fruitfulness. This is especially true of planted trees of tliis species on the Pacific slope, where pro- ductive trees are reported to be rare. The susceptibility of the species to injury by leaf diseases, as iwinted out by Powell, and the injury to nuts by la^^•aB of we€\-ils, are drawbacks to its ex- tensive ciUtnre. The following varieties are propagated to some extent : i>»/a/j<'i/.— Bowling Green, Ky. Large, and of fine quality. Original tree productive, though isol:ite<l. (/riW/i.— Griffin, Ga. Alarge,very downynut. of good quality. Hathairay. —hittle Prairie Ronde. Mich. A large, light colored, sweet nut, annually productive, frequently having 5 to 7 nuts to the bur. AV^c/iam.— Mountain\-ille. N. Y. A1)ove nie<lium in size, ob- long, tomentose, sweet. Tree productive an»i \igorous in heavj- sod at 50 years of age. Jfurre/i.— Coleman's Falls, Va. A large, high flavored nut, bearing 3 nuts to the bur. <)tto.— Otto, Teun. Large, oblong, very downy at tip, very sweet, and rich. Watson.— Tay, Pa. Medium to large, slightly downy, com- pressed, very good. ErROPEAX GRorP.— It is a significant fact that, during the century that h,is elapsed since the introduction of this species, the imported nameil varieties of Europe have not found favor in eastern America. Seedling trees have been found produc- tive and profitable at many points in New .lersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland however, and these form the basis of the culture of tht» species east of the continental <li%ide. West of the Rocky moxmtains, several of the choice French " Mar- rons" are -eported to snccee<l in California and Oregon. Amon^ the more important varieties of the European group in .tVanrica, are tne foll«>wing : .4H(/<^''f»/t.— Flushing, N.J. Bur medium to small; nntn of meilium size, bright reiidish brown. pul»escent at the tip and over half of the nut. Tree a strong grower, with medium to small l?»athery leaves. Very pr<Kltictive. ^arfram.— Milltown. Pa. Bur meiiium to small; nutme<limn, thickly pubescent at tip, dark, reildi.>«h mahogany color; :< m a bur ; unusually free from Insect attack ; quality good. Tree \igorous, spreading, with large leaves: prtxluctive. Chalon (syn., Marron Chalon Early).— France. Sparingly grown in California. Nut of medium size, early, productive, precocious. CotuhaU (Marron Corobale).— France. A large and handsome, bright brf)wn striped nut, with but little tomentiun at tip; usa' ally 2, .sometimes btit 1, in a bur. .Somewhat grown in Cali- fornia, where it was introduce*! from France a^K>ut 1870. Cor«o«. — Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Bur large, with thin husk; nuts large, usually 3 in a bur; <lark bntwn. ridgeil, heavily pul>escent at tip; quality veo' good. Tree vigorous, spreading. very productive. Z^fltfcr.— Camden, Delaware. Bur medium; nut medium to large, dark brown, thickly tomentose, usxially 3 in a hur; quality good. Tree \igorous, spreading, productive; a seedling of Ridgoly. X>arii/tf7toii.— Wilmington, Del. Bur medium to small: nnt medium to large, usually 3 in a bur ; dark distinctly stripe<J. thickly tomentose at tip; sweet, good. Tree vigorous. One of the earliest to rii>en of this group. Ltjon ( Marron de Lj-on ).— France. A large, round nut of fair quality, grown in a small way in California, but less protluctive than Combale, which it resembles. Jfarrort.— This term is used by the French to designate the larger cultivated Chestnuts, most of whi'h have relatively few nuts, often only 1 in a bur. iloncur. — Dover, Del. A see«lling of Ridgely. Bur medium; nuts medium, of light color, heavily tomentose; tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. yoiizillard.—Friinee. A large, handsome variety from cen- tral France, and there considered very productive and valuable. Has been tested in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and California, without marked suc<'ess in an>- locality. JV(//h6o.— Morrisville, Pa. tFig, 11, PI. 14.) Bur medium, conical ; nut large, from 2 to 3 in a bur : bright brown, striped, thinly tomentose. of good quality. Tree compact and drooping; rsither uncertain in l»earing. Paragon (syn.. Great American).— Germantown, Philadel- phia, Pa. Bur very large; niit large, usually 3 in a bur, broad, plump, thickly tomentose at the tip, and thinly over two-thirds of surface, color dull brown, quality very goo«l. Tree hanly. spreading, vigorous, with narrow, coarsely serrate leaves hav- ing a narrow base; subje<'t to leaf blight, but very produftive. The most widely planted and most uniformly successful variety of Chestnut yet cultivated in the United .States. Possibly a hybrid with C dentata. Fig. (photo) 4-yr. grafted tree in fruit. Mich. Querey (syn., Marron Qxiercy).— France. A Iteantiful. me- dium sized nut, commended in i>ortionsof California for pre- cocity, earliness, productiveness and quality. Ridijely Uyn., Du Pont). — Wilmington, Del. Bur medium ; nut metlium to large, moderately tomentose, dark, of ver>' gfMvl quality; tree vigorous, with narrow leaves free from blight; spreading, veiy prtxluctive, hardy. (Fig. 12, PI. 14.) iS'coff.— Burlington, N. J. Burmeiiium: nut medium, slightly IMjinted, usually 3 in a bur ; glossy, dark brown, slightly tomentose at the tip. Tree open. sprea<ling, very -troductive; said to be comi)aratively free from attacks of weevil. Sfj/f r.— Concordville, Pa. Bur medium : nut med'um pointed, dark brown. strii)ed, tomentose at tip, I to '.'> in a bur. Tree -.eT vigorous, upright, with large, dark green leaves free from disease. Jap.\n"ESE Grovp.— Though most of the imported Japanese Chestnuts have been found of poor qtmlity for eating in the fresh state, the product of many imported seedling trees, and of a numl>er of American-grown seedlings of this tj-pe.is equal to the Europe,<in nut in flavor. The Japanese varieties in general have the advantage, also, of greater precocity and productive- ness, larger size and e.irlier mattirity of nut, greater freedom from injury by le.af diseases and nut-eating insect lanse. -^s productiveness and earliness are the most important point.s in Chestnut culture .it the present time, this lype is the most important to commercial nut growers. The most important named varieties are as follows: Alpftflt.- New .Jersey. Bur medium: nuts me<lium to large. generally 3 in a bur, dark, of f.iir quality, ripening very early. Tree upright, verj' \igorous and productive. Beta.—'Sevr .Jersey. Bur small; nut medium, light brown. smooth, sligluly tomentose at tip: good; ripening just after Alpha. Biddle.—'Se\y Jersey. First fruited in Maryland. Bur me- dium: nut large, bright brown, broad, rather thickly tomen- tose, 2 to 5 in a bur : of medium season and fair quality. Tree regular, round-headed, vigorous. Black (syn.. Dr. Black),— New .Jersey. First fniite<i in Maryland. Bur large ; nut me<lium to large ; 3 to 7 in a biu:, consequently irregular in shape ; dark brown, slightly CHESTNIT CHICORY 297 totn«»ntow». rery PiiTly ainl of good qualSty. Tree ronnd. <rlo«e-he»dwl. vigorDUs, prtMludive. t'o#.— i'alifornia. A Iiirice, very swe^t variety, but re- cently dlsiemlnated. Tree upright, somewh:.. opread- ing. Felton.—'Sew Jenwy. First fmlted in Delaware. Bur ■mall: not meilium, dark lirown, slightly tomentose, rather early and of excellent quality. Tree round- heaiied and fairly prmluotive. tfianf.— Japan. A trade name, under which a num- ber of varieties have )>eeu imported from Japan. See Parry. Hale (sjm.. Eighteen Months) . — California. A newly intnxliiced variety, having a large, dark brown nut of exfvllent quality. Very precocioJia. Kent Isyn., Extra Early).— New Jersey. First fruited in I)elaware. Bur small; uut nie<]ium to large, dark, usually 3 in a bur: very early, of good qiiality. Tree ronnd-headed, i)re<'o<'iou8, pr<Mluctive. AVrr.— New Jersey, First fruite«l in Mar>'land. Bur small; nut meilium to large, dark brown, broad, 3 in a bur, early, and of excellent quality. Tree vigorous, symmetrical, rouiid-hei«le«l, verj- pr»j<luctive. Killen.Sew Jersey. First fruite«l in Delaware. Bur ver>- large; nut very large, brojul, light brown, slightly ridgetl, of excellent quality, mid.Heason. Tree upright, open, spreatling. nnxlerattly vigorous, productive. The largest Chestnut yet brought to notice. Mammoth.— A tnwle name for the imported Japanese nnt« and trees, not restricte*! to any particxxlar variety. it'irtin (syn.. Col. Martin).— New Jersey. First fniitnl in Maryland. Bur large; nut large to verj" large, broad, iiright nMldish brown, slightly tomentose. '.i to 5 nuts in a bur. Midseason; of goo<l quality for cooKing. Tree vigorous, open, spreading, pro<lucti' e. J/ffar7n/»rf.— I'alifomia. Bur very large: nut large, and of fine quality; early. Tree spread- ing, very prmluctive. A newly disseminateii variety of great promise. Parrj/— Japan. Bur very large; nxit ver5' ' large. 1 to 3 in a bur. Inroad, witli apex some- ^ times depres8e<l; dark brown, ridged, of fair quality. Tree mwlerately vigorous, open.sprea«l- ing. with large leaves. One of tlie largest and most l»eautiful of this group. Selected for prop- agation as the best of 1.000 imported grafted Japanese Chestnuts. (Fig. Vi, PI. 14.) Prolific. — Japan. Bur small ; nut medium, rather long, striped, 'i in a bur ; early. Tree vigorous, compjict, with small narrow leaves. Reliance. Sew Jersey. Bur me<lium ; nut medium to large, rather long, light brown, ridge<l: midseason. and of fair quality. Tree dwarfish, spreading, drooping, very precocious and pnHluctive: incline<l to overbear, and needs thinning. Seetlling of Parry. Success. Sevf .Jersey. Bur very large; nut very large, usually 3 in a i»xir ; midseason ; of rather pf>or quality until cooked. Seedling of Parry. Tree upright, productive. Superb (sjTi., Parry's Superb).- New Jersey. Bur large; nut large, broa<i. brown, usually ',i in a btir, early, and of fair quality. Tree vigorous and very productive. -^V. A. Taylok. CHEVALlfiKA. CHEVALlfiKIA, CHEVALLI£RA. CHEVALLI£RIA. The species in the American trade are 2Ech- meas. CHICK-PEA. SeeCicer. f^i CHICKWEED. Sfellaria. See Cerastium and CHICORY, or SUCCORY ( Cichorium In- tyhus, Lmn.). Compdsita. Fig. 436. A native of Europe, naturalized in America and familiar to many as a weed, is a pot- herb, a salad, and theleading adulterant of coflFee. It has come prominently before the public since 1897 a.s an American farm crop. Prior to that year, its cultivation as an a«iulterant and substitute for coffee was largely prevented by the prejudice of the principal consumers, our foreign-bom population, who insisted that American was inferior to European root, and also by the low tariff, which allowed the root to enter duty free, or with a verv small im- post. During 1898 and 1899 advantage has been taken of a protective duty, and sev- 435. Flowers eral factories hare been erected, for which farm- ers have shown a willingnes.'* to grow the roots. It is probable that within the next few years our home market will bi' fully supplier! from Ameri- can fields, in which development reliance is placed in the substitution of horse-power for manual labor, improved plows and cultivating implements for crude ones, machine-digging of the roots for hand-digging, efficient slicing machines, and im- proved evaporating kilns. Chicory will probably succeed wherever the sugar beet is grown in this country*, the climatic requirements being similar. In general, it may be said to thrive upon all stone-free soils that will proiluce paying staple crops, except clays, lightest.sands and mucks. The first are too hard, the second too dry, the third too rich in nitrogen and too sour. The surface layer of soil should be deep, the subsoil o{>en and well drained. If the water supply be sufficient, high land is as g(XMl as low land of the some texture, though if too dry for profitable grain growing, the former may yet be made to produce paying crops of Chicor)-; but if too wet for cereals, the latter will generally be found unsuitable for this root. The fertilizing of the land shoulil be the same as for other root crops, nitrogen being used sparingly, potash and phosphoric acid rather freely— 1^4 to VA times as much of the former and 2>3 times the latter as has been removed by the pre- ceding crop. It is best to apply these fertilizers to preceding crops that do not make heavy demands upon them. In rota- ^N^^^j— ' tion, Chicory is classed with rf»ot crops, and should be preceded by a small grain, since this is har\-ested in time for fall plowing. Clover should not immediately precede, since it leaves t<»o much nitrogen in the soil. The ground being warm, fairly moist, thoroughly prepared by deep plowing, har- rowing and scarifying with a weeder. the seed, which must be fresh and clean, is sown rather thickly but covered thinly, in drills 18 inches apart. There are but few well-flefined varieties L«ii^ of this plant used for field culture, and even the garden sorts are not as stable as could be desired. Of the former group, Magdelmrg, Brunswick and Schlesische are the principal; of the latter, Witloof (so-called). Red Italian, Broad-leaved, Improved Variegated and Curled-leavt^d are best known. Witloof and Barbe de Capucin can be produced from any va- riety, the difference being brought about by the method of growing. Chicory has no specific enemies in this country, and is troubled by only a few of the general-feeding insects, such as cut- worms and wire -worms. FVom 6 to 10 tons is the general crop per acre, though with good management. 15 tons miy be produced. The cost of grow- ing and the returns are about as follows: Rent, wear of tools, etc., $5 ; preparation of land, $4.50; seed. 75 cents; cultivating and tending, $15: hairesting and deliver- ing, $12 ; total, $.37.25. Average price per ton, .$7. From a purely horticultural standpoint, C lioory is of interest as a root, a pot-herb, and a salad plant. The young, tender roots are occasionally boiled and served with butter, pep;)er and salt, like young car- rots, but they have never become widely popular in this form. As a pot-herb, the young leaves are equal to those of dande- . . iion. They are cut when 6 or 8 inches long, |w«f5 boiled in two waters to remove the bitter flavor, and served like spinach. As a salad. Chicory is famous in three forms: Common Blanched, Barbe de Capucin and Chicory (X }4). Witloof. Barbe de Capucin is comprised 298 CHICORY CHIOCOCCA of Amall. blanched le»Te». WItloof la a more solid hea<l. The pink, red and curie 1 varieties make a verv pretty appearanre, and if well grown and nervpd frenh are delicious, there being only a slightly bitter flavor. The method of growing In the same &» for endive. For Barbe and WItloof, well grown roots are dug in October, trimmed of unneee»s«ary rootn and of all but an Inch of top. For Barbe, the roots are laid horizontally in tiers in moist earth, the whole forming a sloping heap, the crowns of the r<M>t8 protruding an inch or so. Since darkness is essential, a warm veg«^(able cellar is the usual place selected to g-')w this vegetable, which re- quires 3 or 4 weeks to produce its tine white leaven. These are cut when about 6 inches long, eaten as a salad, boiled like kale or cut up like slaw. If undisturl)»'d, the roots will continue to pnnluce for some time. The most rapid way to produce Witloof is to plunge the roots (shortened to 5 inches) in spent tan bark, or such ma- terial, and cover with 2 feet or more of manure, the space under a greenhouse bench being used. In about 2 weeks, heads resembling cos lettuce may be dug up, boiled like Brussels sprouts, or served as salad. If the roots be left in place, protected from the light, but un- covered, a crop of leaves resembling Barbe may be gath- ered. Sowing and other cultural management is the same as for other garden roots, as beets and carrots. It is a pity that these vegetables are so little known in this coifntry. Chicory has run wild along roadsides and in dry fields in many parts of the country, and is considered to be a bad weed. However, the handsome sky-blue flowers (Fig. 4'M), which open only in sunshine, are very at- tractive. M. G. Kains. CHlLDSIA W£RCKL£I. See Hidalgoa. CHILIANTHUS {a thousand flowers). Loganidcece. Four or 5 South Aifrican trees or shrubs, very closely allied to Buddleia, from which it differs in having sta- mens exserted from the short tube: Ivs. opposite, entire or dentate: tls.very numerous, in dense, terminal cymes or panicles. Unknown to the Amer. trade. The plants known as Buddleia salicifolia, Jacq., and B. saligna, Willd., are ChilinnthuH arboreiis. Benth. (which is prob- ably identical with C. oleaceus, Burch.). CHILOPSIB (Cireek, lip-Uke). Bignonidcea>. One shrul) or low tree, C. 8aUgriia< Don (known also as C. lineHriii, DC), growing in dry districts from S. Texas to Calif., and in Mex. From its narrow-lanceolate or linear Ivs.. it is known as Desert Willow; also called Flowering Willow and Mimbres. It is a continuous-blooming plant, valuable for our extreme southern districts. It grows from 10 to 20 ft., bearing slender branches, opposite or verticillate lower Ivs., and handsome, Bignonia-like fls. in a short, terminal raceme. The corolla is 1-2 in. long, 5-lobed and crimped, the tube and throat lilac, and two yellow stripes inside. Anthers 4 ; rudiment of a fifth stamen. L. H. B. CHIMAFHILA (Greek, winter and friend; green in winter). EriciLce(v. Pipsissew^a. Half shrubby or her- baceous, with creeping stem: Ivs. evergreen, serrate, in irregular whorls: fis. nodding, forming a terminal, few- fid, umbel, on a long, naked peduncle: petals 5, spread- ing; stamens 10: fr. a dehiscent, r)-celled capsule. Four species in N. America, Europe, and N. Asia to Japan; formerly united with Pyrola. Low, evergreen plants, with pretty white or reddish fls. in summer. They grow best in a light, sandy soil, mixed with peat or leaf-mold, and prefer a half -shady position. Prop, by division of the creeping rootstock. Cseful in wild borders. ombell^ta, Nutt. (C corymhbm, Pursh). Five-H in.: Ivs. 3-<i in a whorl, short-petioled, cuneate-lanceolete, sharply serrate, dark green and shining above, 1-2 in. long: fls. 4-7, white or reddish, %-%\n. wi«le. N. Amer., from Canada to Mexico, Europe. Japan. B.M.778. L.B.C. 5:46:i. Mn. 7:161. maculata, Pursh. Fig. 4;{7. Lower and less branched than the foregoing : Ivs. usually in 3's, ovate or oblong- lauceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate, vax'iegated with white along the nerves, 1-2 in. long: fls. 2-5, white, ^jn. wide. From Canada to Ueorgia and Mississippi. B..M 897. Mn.9:l. a,„„.^ d Alfreo Rbhdbs. CHIXOHANTHUI is Catycantkua. CHIHE8E LAHTEBir PLAHT. See PhysaH$. CHIMESE SACBED LttY. Consult Narcissus. 437. Chimaphila maculata. Natural size. CHIOCOCCA. Rubidcea. Snowbebry (which the name means in (ireek). Shrubs, mostly climbing, of tropical Amer., and one in extreme S. Fla. Fls. in axil- lary panicles, the corolla funnel-form and 5-parted; sta- mens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments cohering at base; style filiform, the stigma club-shaped: ovary 2-.'Moculed, becoming a small, globular drupe. C. racemdsa. Linn., of ^he Florida Keys and S., is some- times cult, in hothouses for its panicles of yellowish f '■•Wl.f •1 CHIOCOCCA whtt« fl«. »Tid thp white fr». Lvs. OTAi« to lanceolate, thick and HhiniDg, t;Dtii«) : dnip«ii Hin. in diani. Twin- iBJC ; (flabroui. L. H. B. CHI60ENE8 (Greek, nnnw, offgpring : referring to tbennow-white berrifH}. Kric^etot. Trailing evergreen, with Hniall alternate lv8. and inconHpicuuuH axillary Hm.; con>nft 4-cleft ; stamenii 8, included : berry white, hir- sute. Two species in the colder regions of N. Amer. and Japan. Slender trailing f vergreenH, in appearance much like the cranberry, rarely cultivated. Thriving be»t in moist and peaty soil, in a shaded position, creeping amongst growing moss. Prop, by seed.M, by division or bv cuttintrs in Auirust under glass. The America»^ spe- cies, C. hiipidttlft.Torr. & liray { C. serpyllifdlia , Salisb. ) , has hirsute branches and ovate, ^->ain.-long ciliate lv8. and greenish white fls. Alfred Rehdcr. CHIONANTHUB (Greek for »«om and flower: allud- ing to the abundance of snow-white fls.). Oledcecf. Fkinoe Tkee. Shrubs or low trees, with deciduous, op- posite and entire lvs.: fls. in loose panicles from lateral buds at the end of last year's branches, white ; corolla divide<l nearly to the base in 4 narrow petals ; stamens 2. short : fr. a l-seeded oval drupe. Two species in E. N. Araer. and China. Ornamental shrubs, with large, dark green foliage, and very showy white fls. in early Slimmer. The American species is almost hardy north, but requiring a somewhat sheltered position ; the Chinese may be more tender, but it thrives in W. New York. They thrive best in a somewhat moist and sandy loam, and in a sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown in fall or stratified; increased also by layers and by grafting under glass or budding in the open air on ash seedlings (in Europe Frarinus Ornus is preferred); sometimes by cuttings from forced plants in early spring. Virginica, Linn. Fig. 438. Large shrub or slender tree, to ."W ft. : lvs. oval or oblong, acuminate, pubes- cent beneath when young, mostly glabrous at length, 4-8 in. long : panicles 4-6 in. long, pendulous ; petals 1 in. l<mg : fr. dark blue, oval, 1 in. long. May, June. From Penn. to Fia. and Tex. L.B.C. 1.3: 1264. Gt. 16:564. Mn.2:l.i4. (i.F. 7: irj.'». — Variable in shape and pubes- cence of the lvs., and several varieties have been dis- tinguished, but none of them sufficiently distinct for horticultural uses. Handsome shrubs. C. rftusa, Lindl.(€. Chinen- 8i8, MaxJ. Lvs. obovate, ob- tuse or acute, sometimes emarffinate : petals shorter ami hroatler, oblong; panicles more compact, shorter and erect. China. P.F.G. 3,p.85. G.C. n. 23:821. Ut. 35, p. 667. A.G.1.3::J74. Mn. 2:157. G.F. 7:327? A.G. 2():107. Alfred Rehder. CHIONODOXA (Greek, snow&uikglory). Liliclcecf. A small genus of hardy bulbous plants. Natives of Crete and Asia Minor (Mt. Tauru.**). Very closely allied to Scilla, but differs, among other characters, in having r. short tube to the corolla. Fls. small and blue (ninning into white and red forms), with recurved- spreading acute segments, dilated filaments, and small or capitate stigma. These are among the best of early- flowering plants, blooming in February, March and April, according to the locality, with the early Snowdrops an(i Scillas. Since their introduction to cultivation by Mr.Maw in 1877, they have been widely cultivated under the popular name of "Glorj- of the Snow/' in allusion to their early blooming habit. C Lucilim is the most widely cultivated species. This varies much in color, the type having tls. whose petals are more or less deeply tipped with blue, shading to white at their bases. CLucilice also occurs with pure white fls., and in re<ldish and pink forms. C, Sari'^nsis has smaller fls. of a deeper CHIONODOXA 299 tone of blue and without the white markings of the petals. There are two varieties of this, one with white and the other with black stamens. Chionodoxaa hybridize 438. Chionanthus Vireinica. (XH.) 439. Chionodoxa Luciliae (X >^). with Scilla, and the hybrids are sometimes known as Chionoscillas. Chionodoxas thrive in any fertile soil, well drained and not too heavy, and in any exposure, the main requi- site for growth being that they have light and an ade- quate supply of moisture while growing and till the foliage is ripened. The bulbs should be planted about 3 inches deep, and closely, say an inch or two apart. Lift and replant about third year. They need no winter covering. They flower well in pots in winter in a cool- house temperature. Must be forced only genth% and given abun<lance of air, light and moisture. They are increased by offsets and seeds, which they produce freely. Under favorable conditions, they increase rapidly by self-sown seeds. Preferably, seeds should be sown in a frame, and may be expected to germinate the follow- ing winter. C. Tmoltisi, Uort., is a lat :-blooming form, bright blue and white. Luciliae, Boiss. Glory of the Snow. Fig. 439. Bulb ovoid, brown-coated : lvs. long and narrow two or three with each stem : scape 3-6 in. high, bearing a dozen or less bright blue, more or less hanging, white-centered fls. Asia Minor and Crete. B.M. 6433. Gn. 28, p. 179.- Runs into several forms, one of which has white fls. C. gigantht, Hort., is evidently a larger form of it, distinct in habit. C. grandiflbra, Hort., is the same. Sard6n8is, Hort. Fls. smaller, much darker blue, with no white in the eye. Sardis. Gn. 28 : 50.5, — Probablv a form of the preceding. 300 CHIONODOXA CHLOROGALU>I Critica, Boiss. & Held, ^'ender : fls. smaller and fewer (1-2 on a scape) than Lucilice, white or ver>' pale blue. Crete.— Of little horticultural value. ^Alleni, Hort. (Chionoscllla Alleni, Hort.). Perianth seg- ments cut to the base : habit of C Lucilm, but the white eye is indistinct. Supposed natu- ral hybrid of Sell la bi folia and Chionodoxa Lucilice. G.C. HI. 21:191. J. N. Gerard and L. H. B. these usually several together, and digitate at the apex of the culm. Species about 40, widely distributed through the warmer countries of the world. Several are culti- vated for ornament. Regans, HRK. (C. cf?6a, Presl). Fig. 440. An erect perennial 2-3 ft. high, with slightly inflated sheaths, CHIONOSCtLLA. Chionodoxa. Consult CHINA ASTEK. See Aster. CHINA MtUa. TBEE. Consult -T- CHINKAPIN, CHINQUAPIN. See Chest- nut and Castanva. CHIBlTA (Hindostani name). Gesnerhcece. Plants much like Gloxinias and Streptocar- puses ; none of them in the Amer. trade. They are natives of eastern Asia. Fls. in shades of purple and blue, tubular, in clusters on the tops of short scapes. CHIVES. See Cive. CHLIDANTHUS {delicate flower, from the Greek), AmaryllidAcece. Two or three S. Amer. bulbs, flowering in advance of the Ivs. Allied to Zephyranthes. Fls. yellow, in a small umbel, terminat- ing a solid scape, long-tubed, with wide-spreading segments : Ivs. lonsr and strap-shaped. C. fr^- grans. Herb,, is the species in cult. It bears fragrant fls. 3-4 in. l\l^l .^ ^^'^ { E' ^^^f^' ^^ summer, on scapes 15-18 ^ 3 1 «i MR'M'", fe' in. high. It is increased by off- sets or by seeds. The bulbs should be kept drj- and cool dur- ing winter and in spring started in a moderately warm house. After flowering, care must be taken to have the bulbs make their annual growth. They may either be grown in pots plunged in ashes, or planted out where they can be watered occasionally during dry weather. Like other similar plants, they will benefit by a mulching of spent hops or rotted ma- nure. G, w. Oliver and L. H. B, CHLORANTHUS {green flower). Chlo- ranthdceie. The type genus of a small family (25 species) of tropical herbs, shrubs or trees. Chloranthus has about 8 species. They are perennial herbs or evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems, opposite, simple Ivs.. and small, incon- spicuous fls,, in slender, terminal spikes. Perianth represented by a single scale, in the axil of which is the 1-loculed ovary, and 3 united stamens {the side stamens sonietiuies obsolete), C, brach^- stachys, Blume. from Ind. and China, is in the Amer, trade. It is a shrub used for pot-growing, reaching a height of 1-2 ft., bearing glossy foliage and small, yellow berries There is a variegated- leaved form. L_ g_ B^ 440. Chloris elesans. CHLORIS (Greek for green). Gra minrp. FiNGER Grass. Usually peren- nial gresses, with flat Ivs. and attractive inflorescence: spikelets 1-fld., awned, sessile in two rows along one side of a continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes, flat blades and 8-12 silky-learded spikes, clustered or um'be late at the apex of the culms. — In cult, as an ornamental grass. Annual in the northern states. trtmcita, R. Br. {C. barbata vera, Hort.). Fig. 441, A peren- nial with jointed, creeping culms: sheaths compressed and hairy at the ape:* : inflorescence consist- ing of digitate spikes, widely spreading ; the spikelets 2-fl(>\v- ered and long-awn^l. Austral.— In cult, as an ornamental grass, verticill&ta. Nutt. Windmill Finger Grass, A low. spread- ing perennial with upright culms 6-20 in, high. The dark bnnvn, awned spikelets are arranged on slender spikes, which are in whorls near the summit of the culm. Both fl. -glumes and empty glumes awned. — It is a good turf -former, and is sjioken of by some as a good grazing grass', and one not easily trampled out. The arrangement of the spikes gives it an odd and pleasing appearance making it useful as an ornamental species for gardens. The cult, form is an improvement on the type. G. polyddctyla, Sw.-irtz. A W. Indian species wlii-h has been found in southern Fla.. is sittra<*tive, aii«l has long and graceful spikes.— C. gracilis, Dur., a native of Cent. Amer. and Sles., is another spe<»ies wcasionally cult, for ornament.- V. petriwa, Swartz, found along the coast from Fla. to N. Car., is as at- tractive as many of the grasses grown in g;irdens as ornanifn- tals.— C. ijtaiica, Vasey. is a handsome sp«»cie8, well deserving the attention of the tiorist, and is found growing in brackish marshes and along the borders of cypress swamps. P. B, Kennedy, CHLOBOCODON (Greek for green and bell, alluding to the flowers), Asclepiaddce(f. One species from S, Afr., C. Whiteii, Hook, f, B,M. 589H. G.C. III. lfc:243. It is now cult, in S, Fla, and S. Calif, It is a strong, woody twiner, with large opposite, cordate-ovate, thick Ivs, and axillary clusters of odd fls. :?4-l iu- in diani,; corolla rotate-b'ell-shaped, thick, green ; the segments ovate and acute, purple at the base inside, and bearing long-notched lobes ; anthers connivent over the eapitate stigma. The roots are used medicinally in Natal, under the name of Mundi. The plant is an interesting green- house climber, but not handsome. l, jj. r. CHLOHOGALUM {green and milk, from the Greek, referring to the juice of the plant). Lilitlvfir. Three species of California, allied to Camassia ( C. LeichtliiiH, Baker = Camnssia Leichtlinii). Bulbous: fls. white or pink, in a panicle terminating a leafy stem ; segments of perianth 3-nervca, at length twisting over the ovary; style long and deciduous : Ivs. with wavy margins, Phmts of eafsy culture, to be treated like Camassias or Orni- thogalums. Monogr. by Baker, .Tourn. Linn. Soc. 13: 291 ; Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 242, CHLOROGALUM CHRYSALIDOCARPUS 301 A. Pedicels nearly as long as the fls.: segments spreading from near the base. pomeridiilnam, Kunth. Soap -plant. Amole. Stem reaching ;{ ft., many-branched, from a very large bulb: Hs. small (lin. or less long) and star-like, numerous, white, with purple veins, on spreading pedicels, opening in the afternoon. — Bulb used by Indians and Mexicans for soap-making. AA. Pedicels very short : segments spreading from above the base. parvifldrum, Wats. Bulb snuiU (1 in. in diam.) : stem 1-3 ft., slender -branched: Ivs. narrow and grass-like: fls. pinkish, ^in. long: ovary broad and acute. angrustifdlium, Low, about 1 ft. the last, but fls. green-lined and larger, the above. Kellogg. Resembles white and somewhat ovary acute L. H. B. 442 Chorizema ilicifolium. (X %.) CHLOROPHtTUM (name means, iu Greek, green plant). Lilidceie. Very closely allied to Antheri- cum, but ditfering in the thickened filaments of the stamens and the 3-angled or 3-winped capsule ; inflorescence often denser ; Ivs. broailer. often oblanceolate and petiolate: seed disk- like. About 40 species, in Asia, Africa, and S. Amer. Consult Anthericum and Paradisea. datum, R. Br. (Anthericum rariegdtum,vittiitum,pic- tHratum, Williamsii, Hort.). Root fleshy and white: Ivs. freely produced from the crown, often 1 in. wide, flattish and bright green, or in the garden varieties with white lines along the margins, and yften (var. picturatinn ) also with a yellow band down the center : scape terete and glabrous. 2-3 ft. high, branched : fls. white, Hin. long, with revulute, oblanceolate segments, which are ob- scurely 3-nerved on the back. S.Africa. F.S. 21: 2240-1. -A vahiable and common plant for vases and pots, and sometimes used in summer borders. Anthericum Cali- fornicum. Hort., is perhaps a form of it. l_ jj^ g^ CHLOBdPSIS BLANCHABDIANA. See Trichloris. CHOCOLATE. See Theobroma. CHOISYA (J. D. Choisy, Swiss botanist, 1799-1859). Rutdcece. One Mexican shrub, C. tem&ta, HBK., grown in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and sometimes under glass. It grows 4-8 ft. high, making a compact, free-bloommg bush, with opposite, temate Ivs., the Ifts. lance-obovate or oblong, thick and entire, with pellucid dots: fls. in a terminal, forking cluster, white, fragrant, orange-like (whence the vernacular name Mexican Orange), 1 in. across. R.H. 1869: .330. Gn. 50, p. 203. J.H. III. 34: 253. -A handsome shrub, worthy of greater popularity. It will endure several degrees of frost, and should succeed in the open in many of the southern states. Blossoms in summer. L_ H. B. CHOKE CHERRY is Pmmis demissa and P. Vir- giiiiinui. CHONDRORtNCHA {cartilage and beak). OrchidA- fe(F, tribe Vnndece. Three species of S. Amer. epiphytal orchids, Cu\t. &s for Odontoglossumcrispum. They are practically unknown in the Amer. trade. They are short- stemmed herbs without pseudobulbs, and oblong, plicate, petioled Ivs., the simple scape bearing a single large, odd. yellowish flower. C\ Chistertoni, Reic.hb. f., C. fimbridta, Reichb.f., and C. rdsea, Lindl., are the spe- cies. Keep cool and moist. CHORlSIA (Greek, separate or distinct). MalvdicecR, A very few spiny trees, of tropical America. Lvs. al- ternate, digitate, of 5-7 leaflets : fls. large, with linear or oblong petals, the peduncles axillary or racemose: ovary 5-loculed and many-ovuled. C. specidsa, St. Hil., of Bra- zil, the "Floss Silk Tree," is cult, in S. Calif., and is adapted to warm glasshouses. It is a medium-sized tree, allied to Eriodendron and Bombax. Lfts. lanceolate, acuminate, dentate : calyx irregular, shining outside, but silky inside: petals obtuse, yellowish and brown-striped at the base, pubescent on the back. £,^ jj^ g_ CH0RIZ£MA (fanciful Greek name). Sometimes spelled Chorozema. Legumind.'!(P. Fifteen to 20 Aus- tralian shrubs, of a diffuse or half-climbing habit, with thick and shining simple evergreen lvs. and pea-like red or yellow fls. : ovary villous. Handsome plants for the cool greenhouse, less popular in this country than abroad. When not grown too soft, they will stand slight frost at times. Grown in the open in S. Calif, and S. Fla. They are grown in a rather peaty soil, after the manner of Azaleas. Usually rested in the open in sum- mer. They are excellent for training on pillars and raf- ters. Prop, easily by cuttings; also by seeds. v^rium, Benth. Tjvs. roundish or round-ovate, some- what cordate, spiny-toothed : fls. orange and red, in erect racemes. — The commonest species. Runs into many forms, of which C. Chdndleri and C. grandi- fldrum, Hort., are examples. ilicifdlium, Labill. Fig. 442. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate, deeply repand-spiny-toothed : fls. yellow and red. macrophyilum, Hort. Dwarf : fls. red. L. H. B. CHOROGI. See Stachys. CHRIST-AND-THE-APOSTLES. Fanciful name of Crinum sca6r»»j. which sometimes has 13 flowers. CHRYSALIDOCARPUS (Greek for golden fruit). Palmdcta-, tribe Arece(e. Spineless, stoloniferous palms, with medium, fasciculate, ringed stems; lvs. pin- natisect; long-acuminate segments about 100, bifid at the apex, the lateral nerves remote from the midrib. Species 2, one of them being a popular florist's plant. Mada- gascar. lut^scens, H. Wendl. (H yophorbe Indica, Gaertn. H. Commerson- idna, 'Mart. Areca lutes- cens, Bory). Figs. 443, 444. Stem .30 ft. high, 4-6 in. in diam., cylin- drical, smooth, thickened at the base ; lvs. very long ; segments almost opposite, lanceolate, 2 ft. long, 2^2 in. wide, acute, with 3 prominent pri- mary' nerves, which are convex below and acutely 2-faced above. Bourbon. A.G. 13:141. A.F. 4:.566. — Fig. 443 is from Mar- tins' Natural History of Palms. Iu growing (,'/«rv- salidocarpus (or A reca ) lutescens in quantity, it will be found a good plan to sow the seeds either on a bench, in boxes or seed-pans, so prepared that the seedlings will remain in the soil in which they germinate until they have made two or more leaves. The flrst leaf made above 443. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. the soil is small, and if plants are potted off at this stage they must be very 302 CHRYSALIDOCARPUS CHRYSANTHEMUM carefully watered in order not to sour the soil. In the preparation of the receptacles for the seed, a little gravel in the bottom will be found good, as the roots work very freely *hrough it, and when the time comes to separate the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter to Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. disentangle the roots without bruising them. Probably the plan which works best is to wash the soil and gravel entirely from among the roots. Pot in soil not too dry, and for the next few days keep the house "xtra warm and humid, and the plants shaded from t! .n without any moisture applied to the soil for the li i few^ days. Jared G. S^hth and Q. W. Oliver. CHRYSANTHEMUM ,. Idea flower). Includ- ing PifretJirum. Compos i v large genus of herba- ceous and sub-shrubby plani. mostly hardy, and typi- cally with white or yellow single fls.. but the more im- portant kinds greatly modified in form and color. Ben- tham and Hooker make 22 subgenera (of which about C include the garden forms), bas^^'l chiefly on the man- ner in which the seeds are ribbed, cornered, or winged, and the form of the pappus. The garden Pyretlirutns cannot be kept distinct from Chrysan- themums by garden characters. The garden conception of Pyrethrum is a group of hardy herbaceous plants, with mostly single flowers, as op- posed to the florists' or autumn Chry- santhemums, which reach perfection only under glass, and the familiar annual kinds, which are commonly called Summer Chrysanthemums. When the gardener speaks of "I*yre- thrums,"he usually means P. rosetim. Many of the species described below have been called Pyrethnims at va- rious times, but they all have the same specific name under the genus Chrysanthemum, except the most important of all garden Pyrethnims. viz., P. roseum, which is C. coccin- eum. The Feverfew and Golden Feather are still sold as Pyrethrums, and the only other species of impor- tance Is P, uliginosum. The insect powder known as "Pyrethrum," is produced from the dried flowers of C. cineraruefolium and C. coccineum. The former species groTS wild in Dalniatia" a long, narrow, mountainous tract of the Austrian em- pire. "Dalmatian Insect Powder "is one of the com- monest insecticides, especially for household pests. C. cineraricefoUum is largely cultivated in France. (7. ooc- eineum is cult, in Calif., and the product is known as Buhach. See Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants and Rep. U. S. Com. Agr. 1881-2, p. 76. There are over one hundred books about the Chrjsan- themum, and its magazine literature is probably ex- ceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the flower of the east, as the rose is the flower of the west. Aside from oriental literature, there were 8.3 books mentioned by C. Harnian Payne, in the Catalogue of the National Chrysanthemum Society for 1896. 3Iost of these are cheap cultural guides, circulated by the dealers. The botany of the two common species has been monographed by W. B. Hemsley in the Gardeners' Chronicle, series III., vol. 6, pp. 521. 555, 585, 052, and in the Jounial of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 12, part I. The great repositories of information regarding the histor\' of the Chrysanthemum, from the garden point of view^ are the scattered writings of C. Harman Payne, his Short His- tory of the Chrysanthemum. London, 1885, and the older books of F. W. Burbidge and Juhn Salter. For informa- tion about varieties, see the Catalogues of the National Chrysanthemum Society (England) and the Li^te De- scriptive, and supplements thereto, by O. Meulenaere, Ghent, Belgium. The best book written by an American is Chrysanthemum Culture for America, by James Mor- ton, N. Y., 1891 . There are a number of rather expensive art works, among which one of the most delightful is the Gcldon Flower : Chrv'santhemum, edited by F. Schuvler Mathews, pub. by Prang, Boston, 1890, Types of the Common Chrysanthemum. -The com- mon Chrysanthemums of the florists are also called " large-flowering," and "autumn Chrysanthemums," though neither of these popular names is entirely accu- rate or distinctive. They are the blended product of C. Indicum and C. morifolium (or C. Sinense), two species of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. From 10 to 15 dominant types are recognized by the National Chrysanthemum Society of England. The words "types," "races," and "sections," have always been used by horticulturists to express much the same thing, but types can always be clearly defined, while sections cannot, and the w-ord race should be restricted to cultivated varieties that reproduce their character by seed, which is not the case with the large- flowering Chrysanthemums. The following explanation and scheme, it is hoped, will clearly set forth the main types, and explain some of the many terms that confuse the beginner. The horticultural sections are wholly arbitrary, being chiefly for the convenience of competi- tors at exhibitions, and therefore changing with the fashions. The present classification is based wholly on the form of the flower, as each tj-pe i^^vn- can be had in anv color found in single Chrysanthemum. N CHRYSANTHEMl'M CHRYSANTHEMUM 303 single forma, they are less popular than the double kinds, and the varieties are, therefore, less numerous and more subject to the caprices of fashion. BB. Fh. large, fewer, regular. 4. TTie Larg^ J»*'mone Ty)>e. — Fig. 44i. Fls. 4 in. or more across and fewer. On. 9, p. 33. BBB. Fls. large, ttu-, 446-449. The anemone flowered typeti cI Chrysanthemums. 446. The sniall and regular type. For examples of each type, see N. C. the whole genus. fc. catalogues. A. Single forms : rays in 1 series, or few series : disk- low and flat. 1. TJie Small Single Type. -Fig. 445. Fls. about 2 in. across, star-like, i.e., with the rays arranged in one se- ries around the yellow disk. "Single," however, is a relative term, and in Fig. 445 there are really several series of rays, but they do not destroy the "singleness" of effect. All fls. are either single, semi-double, or double, but all the intermediate forms between the two extremes of singleness and doubleness tend to disap- pear, as people usually do not like them. 2. The Large Single Type.— Like Fig. 445, but the fls. 4 in. or more across, and fewer. The difference between the large and small single types is ad- mirably shown in Gn. 37 These types are practically never grown outdoors and are best suited for pot cul- ture, each specimen bear- ing 20-80 fls. AA. Anemone -fid. forms: rays as above: disk high and rounded. B. Fts. small, numerous, regular. 3. The Small Anemone Type.— Commonly called "Pompon Anemone." Fig. 44G. Fls. 2 or 3 inches across, and usually more numerous than in the large anemone type. All the anemone fonus are essentially single, but the raised disk, with its elon- gated, tubular fls., usually yel- low but often of other colors, gives them a distinct artistic effect, and they are, therefore, treated as intermediates in character between the single and double forms. Like the irregular. 5. The ,?apanese Anemont. Tyve. — Vign. 448, 449. Fls. 4 in. or more across, and irreg- ular in outline. H. Rider Haggard is an excellent example. Gn. 47, p. 161; 31:601. AAA. Double- fid , forms: rays in many se- ries: disk absent or nearly so. B. Fls. small: rays short. 6. The Pompon Type. -Fig. '350. Fls. 1-2 in. across. The outdoor kinds are likely to be small, flat and button- like, while those cult, indoors are I'sually larger and nearly globular. Fig. 450 shows the former condition. It is from one of the old hardy kinds long cultivated in the gar- dens as " Chinese" or " small-flowered" Chrj'santhemums, and generally supposed to be the product of C. In- dieum, as opposed to the "Japanese" or "large-flow- ered" kinds introduced in 1802, which marked a new era by being less formal and more fanciful than any of the preceding kinds. Pompons are little cult, under glass in Amer. The Pompon section of the N.C. S. Cat. 1890 refers to indoor types, and a separate section was made for the outdoor types under the name of "Earlies," with two subgroups, "Pompons" and "Japanese," refer- ring to the old small -flowered, hardy race, and the new large-flowered Japanese kinds, which are grown to per- fection only under glass, but are sometimes grown out- doors, though they are usually less hardy. 448. The large and irregular type. An early stage. 449. The large and irregular type. At a later stage of development. 304 CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM BB. Fls. large. c. Blossoms hairy. 7. The Hairy Type.— Also called "Ostrich Plume" and "Japanese Hair>'." The famous prototype is the variety Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, pictured in Gn. 35, p. 307. which was sold for $1,500 in 1888, and started the American craze. White fls. with long hairs are very deli- cate and pretty, but the hairs are often minute, and on many of the colored fls. they are considered more cu- rious and interesting than beautiful. So far, nearly all hairy Chrysanthemums are of the Japanese Incurved type. CC. Blossoms not hairy, D. Bays reflexed. 8. The Be flexed Type. -Also called "Recurved." Fig. iol. The reflexed forms can be easily broken up into three types, (a) the small and regular, (6) the large and regular, and (c) the large and irregular types. Lately the irregular kinds have been removed by the N. C. S. from a section called "Japanese Reflexed '" into the "Japanese" section, which section, as explained under No. 11, means little more than "miscellaneous." DD. Bays incurred. E. Form absolutely regular. 9. The Incurved Type. — Fig.452 shows the general idea, but such a flower would hardly win a prize at an Eng- lish show, where anything short of absolute regularity is relegated to the "Japanese Incurved" section (No. 10). This type is by far the most clear-cut ideal of any of these types, and for many years this ideal of the florists has so completely dominated the English Chry- santhemum shows that the incurved section has come to be known there as the "exhibition" or "show type." In Amer. the Japanese types, which are less formal and fanciful, prevail, but in England this is the most im- portant section of all. The N.C.S. Cat. for 1896 says: " The distinguishing characteristics of the incurved va- rieties are the globular form and regular outline of the round at the tip, and of sufficient length to form a graceful curve. They ought to be regularly arranged, and the color clear and decisive. A hollow center or a 450. Type of Pcmpon Chrysanthemum. (hewn outiloors, with no special care. blooms. The incurved bloom should be as nearly a globe as possible, as ' depth " is an important point in es- timating its value; the florets should be broad, smooth, 451. The reflexed types o of Chrysainthemum. ^ Small and regular; large and regular; large irregular. prominent eye is a serious defect, as also are a rough- ness in the blooms or unevenness in outline, and a want of freshness in the outer florets." A perfect pic- ture of this ideal of the florists may be seen in Gn. U. p. 269, or A.F. 5:5. Such blooms are "dressed" with tweezers so that the rays all overlap one another in perfect order. Each flower is shown separately without foliage, while the prevailing American idea in exhibition is a mass effect, with a vase of 12 or more long-stemmed fls., usu- ally of the same variety. EE. Form more or less irregular. 10. The Japanese Incurved Type. — Fig. 452 would be referred to this type by the English florists, together with all of the many other fonus that are not globular and entirely regiilar. This section and the next are the most important in America. There are many variations of this type. It often happens that the outer 4 or 5 se- ries of rays gradually become reflexed, but if most of the rays are incurved, the variety may be exhibited in this section. DDD. Bays of various shapes: forms various. 11. The Japanese Types. — Plate VI. The word" Japa- nese" was originally used to designate the large-fld. fantastic kinds, introduced by Robert Fortune from Japan in 1862. It has never been restricted to varieties imported directly from Japan, but has always included seedlings raised in the western world. Before 1862, all florists' fls. in England were relatively formal and small. The informal, loose, fantastic, Japanese Chry- santhemums, introduced by F'ortune in 1862, broke up the formal era, and the craze for large specimen blooms which resulted in flower-shows all over the world reacheti America in 1889. The "Japanese 'section" of the National Chrysanthemum Society now means little ■more than miscellaneous. The 10 types previously menti(med can be rather accurately definetf, but the Japanese section is purposely left untleflned to include everything else. All the tulmlar and quilled sorts are now included in it, though formerly kept distinct. CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM 305 Marked forms are Laciniatum, Lillian B. Bird, Mill- brook, Mrs. W. H. Rand, A. H. Wood, Shavings, North- em Lights. Relative Importance avd Uses of the Types.— In general, the large-fld. forms are more popular than the small-rtd. forms, especially at exhibitions, where great size is often the greatest factor in prize-winning. Types 9, 10 and 11 are the most important in America, fspecially the Japanese section. The fls. of types 9 and 10 are likely to be more compact and globular, and hence better for long shipments than the looser and more fan- ciful types. Types 9, 10 an<l 11 are the ones to which most care is given, especially in disbudding and train- ing.'. They are the ones most commonly grown by the florists for cut-tts. and whenever one large fl. on a long stem is desired. The anemone-flowered forms are all usually considered as curiosities, especially the Japa- nese Anemones, which are often exliibite<l as freaks ar.a oddities. The single and anemone -flowered forms f re used chiefly for specimens in pots with many small Is., but all the o>her types are used for the same pur- pose. For outdoor culture, the hardy Pompons, with their numerous small fls., are usually better than the large-flowering or Japanese kinds. In America, the Chrysanthemum ranks fourth in economic importance, although its season is practically only six weeks, while the season of the florists' roses, carnations and violets is from six to nine months. If one were to put a guess in the form of figures, it might be said that possibly 60 per cent of all American Chrysanthemums are raised for cut-fls., 30 per cent for potted plants, while 10 per cent are hardy old-fashioned Pompons cultivated out- doors. W. M. SECTION I.- CULTURE OF THE LAUGE-FLOWERED CHRYSANTHEMUMS GROWN UNDER GLASS (C. Indicum x morifolium). fntroductioH and General Principles. — The first step towards success is good, healthy cut- tings, and as they become established plants they should receive generous cul ture throughout their entire growing season. This requires close attention to watering, airing, repotting, and a liberal supply of nutriment. Chrysanthemums are propagated in four ways, — by cuttings, division, seeds, and grafting. By far the most important is the first, because it is the most rapid. It is the method of the florists. In locali- ties where the plants can remain out- doors over winter without injury, they may bo increased by division. This sys- tem is practiced more by amateurs than florists, being the easiest method for the home garden but not rapid enough for the florist. Propagation by seeds is re- sorted to only to produce new varieties, and is discussed at length under subsec- tion IV. Grafting is verj* rare. Skilful gardeners sometimes graft a dozen or more varieties on a large plant, and the sight of many different colored fls. on the same plant is always interestiuj; at exhibitions. Subsection I. — Culture of Chrysan- themums for cut-flou'ers. This is the method chiefly employed by florists, the plants being grown in benches. 1. Propagation by Cuttings. — Flants of the preceding year afford stock from which to propagate the following season. They produce quantities of stools or suckers, which form excellent material for the cuttings. These are genera'lv taken from 1-2 ,H in. in length, the lower Ivs. removed, also the tips of the broad Ivs., then placed in propagating beds close together, where they are kept continually wet until rooted. To in- sure a large percentage, the condition of the cuttings 20 should be moderately soft. If the stock plants are al- lowed to become excessively dry, the cuttings are likely to harden, and thus be very slow in producing roots. Single-eye cuttings may be used of new and scarce va- rieties when necessary. These are fastened to a tooth- pick with fine stemming-wire, allowing half of the tooth- pick to extend below the end of the cutting, and when inserted in the cutting-bed the end of the cutting should rest upon the sand. It requires more time to produce good plants by this system than where fair-sized cut- tings can be taken, but it is often of service where stocU is limited. The propagating house should be well aired, and it is advisable to change the sand after the second or third batch of cuttings has been removed, to avoid what ia termed cutting-bench fungus. The cuttings should never be allowed to wilt, and this is avoided by giving abundance of air, and when the temperature reaches over 70° from sun heat, by shading with some material, either cloth or paper. 2. P/rtHY/>jgr. — Cuttings should uot be allowed to re- main in the cutting-bench after the roots are % in. in length, or they will become hardened, which will check the growth. As soon as rooted, they should be potted into 2-in. or 2V.2-in. pots, using good, mellow soil with a slight admixture of decomposed manure. Most of the large fls. are produce<l under glass, and the bench sys- tem is generally employed, which consists of 4 or 5 in. of soil placed upon benches. In these benches the small plants are planted 8-12 in. apart each way, from the latter part of May to the middle of July. Those planted at the first date generally give the best results. The soil should be pounded rather firm either before planting or after the plants have become established. 3. SotV. — There are many ideas as to what soil is best suited for the Chrysanthenuim, but good blooms may be grown on clay or light, sandy loam, provided the culti- vator is a close observer and considers the condition of the soil in which they are growing. Clay soil, being more retentive of moisture, will require less water and 452. Type of Japanese incurved Chrysanthemum. feeding than soil of a more porous nature. The Chry- santhemum is a gross feeder, and, therefore, the fertility of the soil is very important in the production of fine 306 CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM blooms. Each expert has a way of his own in preparing the soil, but as equally good results have been obtained under varied conditions, it is safe to conclude that the method of preparing the soil has little to do with the results, provided there is sufficient food within their reach. All concede that fresh cut sod, piled late the preceding fall or in early spring, with % to ^a its bulk of half- decomposed manure, forms an excellent compost. Many use 1 or 2 in. of manure as a mulch after the plants have become established. Others place an inch of half-decomposed manure in the bottt>m of the bench. This the roots find as soon as they require it. Good blooms have been grown by planting on decomposed sod and relying on liquid applications of chemicals. 4. Feedinff. — 'So definite rule can be given for this work, as so much de- pends on the amount of food incorporated in the soil. If the soil be very rich, the liquid applications should be only occa- sional and verj' dilute. There is more danger of overfeeding by the use of cuttins. liquids than by using excessively rich soil. Each grower must depend on his own judgment as to the requirements, being guided by the appearance of the plants. When the Ivs. become dark colored and very brittle, it is safe to consider that the limit in feeding has been reached. Some varieties refuse to bud when overfed, making a mass of Ivs. instead. Others show very con- torted petals, giving a rough, unfinished bloom. Still others, particularly the red varieties, are likely to be ruined by decomposition of the petals, called burning, especially if the atmosphere is allowed to l)ecome hot and stuffy. The same result will follow in dark weather, or when the nights become cool, if the moisture of the house is allowed to fall upon the blooms. Under such conditions, the ventilation should remain on every night, or heat be txxmed in according to the outside temperature. ger of overwatering as long as the foliage is bright green. A little shading at planting time is not objec- tionable, but it should be removed as soon as the plants are established. It is often necessary to shade the pink 453, One kind of Chrysanthemum 454. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at an early staee. Showing the shoots to be removed if the crown bud is to be saved. 5. Watering. — het the foliage be the index to water- ing. If it appears yellow and sickly, use less water, and see that the drainage is perfect. There is but little dan- 455. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at a later stage. Showing how its strength is sapped by the shoots lieneath, which are just showing clusters of terminal buds. and red flowers if the weather continues bright for some time, to prevent their fading. 0. Tra en /«(/. — When the plants are 8 in. high, they should be tied either to stakes or to jute twine. lu the former system, use one horizontal wire over each row, tying the stake to this after the bottom has been in- serted into the ground. Two wires will be necessary where twine is used, one above the plants and the other a few inches above the soil. From the first of August until the flowers are in color all lateral growths should be removed as soon as they appear, allowing only the shoots intended for flowers to remain. The above re- marks refer to the training of benched Chrysanthemums as grown by florists for cut-flowers. Other kinds of training are described under Subsection 11. 7. Disbudding. — yio special date can be given for this work, as much depends on the season and the earliness or lateness of the variety to be treated. Buds usually begin to form on the early sorts about Aug. 15, or soon after, and some of the late varieties are not in condition before Oct. 10. The o})ject of removing the weak and small buds and retaining the best is to concentrate the whole energy of the plant and thereby increase the size of the flower. There are two forms of buds, crowns and terminals. A crown bud is fonned first, never comes with other flower-buds, and is provided with lateral growths which, if allowed to remain, will continue their growth and produce terminal bu<ls later. Terminal buds come later, always in clusters, are never associated with lateral growths, and tenninate the plant's growth for that season. If the crown bud is to be saved, remove the lateral growths as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 454, and the operation is complete. If the terminal bud is desired, remove the crown and allow 1,2 or 3 (accord- ing to the vigor of the plant) of the growths to remain. In a few weeks these will show a cluster of buds, and, when well advanced, it will be noticed that the largest is at the apex of the growth (the one saved, if perfect, as it usually is), and one at each of the leaf axils (see Fig. 4>(>). The rejected buds are easiest and safest re- moved with the thumb and forefinger. Should the bud appear to be one-sided or otherwise imperfect, remove it and retain the next best. In removing the buds, bepin at the top and work down. By so doing there are buds in reserve, in case the best one should accidentally be broken, while if the reverse course were taken, and the best bud broken at the completion of the work, all the labor would be lost. A few hours' disbudding will teach the operator how far the buds should be advanced to disbud easily. Early and late in the day, when the '*, CHRYSANTHEMUM jjrowths are brittle, are the best times for the work. Some growers speak of first, second and third buds. The first is a crown, and generally appears on early propagated plants from July 15 to August 15. If re- CHRYSANTHEMUM 307 ... -^^ / 4S6. Terminal buds of Chrysanthemum at an early stage. None too early for disbudding. moved, the lateral growths push forward, forming an- other bud. In many ca.ses where the crowns are removed early, the next bud is not a terminal, but a second crown, which is termed the second bud. Remove this, and the third bud will be the terminal. Plants propagated in May and June generally give the second and third bud, not forming the typical crown. Those struck in July and planted late give the terminal only. Most of the best blooms are from second crown and terminal. Pink, bronze and red flowers from first crowns are much lighter in color than those from later buds. They are large, but very often abnormal to such an extent as to be decidedly inferior. This is doubtless due to the large amount of food utilized in their construction, owing to the long time consumed in development. The hot weather of September and October must have a detri- mental effect upon the color. Consult Figs. 454-457. 8. i-'wcMuVs. — Green and black aphis are the most destructive insects. Through the summer months to- bacco dust broadcasted over the plants is an eflfective remedy. At the approach of cool weather it is best to resort to light fumigations of tobacco. Grasshoppers are sometimes very destructive. Handpicking is conceded to be the best method, although if there are quantities of small ones a wetik solution of Paris green may be re- sorted to. Subsection II. — Culture of Chrysanthemums in pots. The same principles are employed in pot culture as when planted upon the bench, with the exception that the plants are generally allowed to produce more blooms. The most popular type of pot plant for home growing, or for sale by florists and intended for home use, is a compact, bushy plant, l}i-2 ft. high, branched at the base, and bearing from 4-20 fls. averaging 3-4 in. across. They are here called "market plants." "Single-stem plants" are also popular. Great quantities of large fls. (say 2()-100) are rarely grown on a potted plant, except for exhibitions. Such plants are commonly called "speci- mens," and the three leading forms are the bush, the standard and the pyramid. 1. Market Plants. — Dvra.rt plants of symmetrical form, with foliage down to the pots, are the most salable, and, when thu^ grown, require constant attention as to watering and stopping, allowing each plant plenty of room to keep the lower leaves in a healthy condition. Cuttings taken June 1 and grown in pots," planted on old carnation benches or in spent hotbeds (light soil preferable), and lifted by August 15, will make very nice plants 1-1 ><• ft. hiu'h.' The reason for lifting early is to have them well established in their flowering pots before the bu«ls are formed. 2. Hingle-sfem Pltnits. — i>nn\v culture as market plants, except that they are restricted to one stem and flower. Those from 1-2 ft. in height are more effective and useful than tall ones. For this reason many j»refer plunging the i)ots out of doors where they have'the full benefit of the sun and air, making them more dwarf than when grown under glass. 3. Pot Plants for Ciit-fl<nnrs. — Culture same as for specimen plants, except that the nipping should be dis- continued July 1 to give sufficient length to the stems. If large flowers are desired, restrict the plants to H or 10 growths. Such plants can be accommodated in less si)ace than specimens, where the chief object is symmetry. 4. fii(.sh Plants. — For largre bush plants, the cuttings should be struck early in Fel)ruar\', and grown along in a cool, airy house, giving attention to repottintr as often as necessary. The final potting into 10- or 12-iuch pots generally takes place in June. They are potted moder- ately firm, and watered sparingly until well rooted. As soon as the plants are 5 or (» in. high the tips should be pinched out, to induce several growths to start. As the season advances and the plants make rapid growth, pinching must be attended to every day up to the latter part of July, to give as many breaks as possible and keep them in symmetrical forni. By the middle of Au- gust (if not previously attended to), staking and getting the plants in shape will be a verj- important detail. If stakes are used, they must be continually tied-out, as the stems soon begin to harden, and this work can be best accomplished by looking them over daily. Light 457. Terminal buds at a later stage. The top one is usually the strongest, and being re- tained, is called "the terminal bud." The others should have l)een removed long before they were as large as here shown. stakes of any material may be used. Many other meth- ods are in use, such as wire hoops and wire frame-work, to which the growths are securely tied. 308 CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM 5. Standards differ from bush plants in having one stout, self-supporting stem, insteail of many stems. They require the same culture as bush plants, with the exception that they are not stopped, but allowed to make one continuous growth until 3, 4 or 5 ft. high, and are then treated the same as bush plants. They will require the same attention as to stopping and tying to secure sjinmetrical heads. 6. Pyramids are only another form of bush plants, and it is optional with the grower which fonn he prefers. Subseetion I //. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for the production of new varieties. The object of seed-saving is the improvement of exist- ing varieties. It is not conclusive, however, that all seed- lings will be improvements ; in fact, it is far from this, as the greater portion are inferior to their antecedents. Only those who give the most careful consideration to cross-fertilization are certain of marked success. Hand- hybridized seeds possess value over those haphazardly fertilized by wind and insects only according to the de- gree of intelliffence employed in the selection of parents. What the result will be when a white tiower is fertilized with a yellow one, the operator cannot determine at the outset. It may be either white, yellow, intermediate, or partake of some antecedent, and thus be distinct from either. Improvements in color can l)e obtained only by the union of colors, bearing in mind the laws of nature in uniting two to make the third. Red upon yellow, or vice-versa, may intensify the red or yellow — give orange or bronze, as nature may see fit. The operator is more certain of improving along other lines, such as sturdi- ness or dwarfness of growth, earliness or lateness of bloom, or doublencss of flowers. The selection of those most perfect in these particulars is very sure to give similar or improved results. Always keep a record of this work showing the parents of a seedling. The satis- faction of knowing how a meritorious variety was pro- duced more than pays for the trouble, and may lead to further improvements in certain lines. The operation begins when the flower is half open, cutting the petals off close to their base with a pair of scissors, until the style is exposed. Should the flower show signs of having disk or staminate florets, remove these with the points of the scissors and thus avoid self-fertilization. When the styles are fully grown and developed, the upper sur- face or stigma is in condition to receive the pollen. By pushing aside (with the thumb) the ray florets of the flower desir d for pollen, the disk florets which produce the pollen \ 'ill become visible. The pollen may be col- lected on a camel's-hair pencil or toothpick and applied to the stigma of the flower previously prepared. If a toothpick be used, never use it for more than one kind of pollen. By allowing the camel's-hair pencil to stand in an open-mouthed vial of alcohol a few moments after using, it may be again used, when dr>', upon another va- riety without fear of the pollen of the former operation affecting the present. Cuttings struck in June and July and grown to single bloom in 4-inch pots are the most convenient for seeding. Such flowers, if not given too much feed, are more natural and furnish abundance of pollen, as well as being easier to trim than the massive blooms produced for the exhibition table. Thepollenizing should be done on brifrht, sunny days, and as early in the day as possible. As soon as the seed plants are trimmed, they should be placed by themselves to avoid fertiliza- tion by insects, and should there remain until the seeds are ripe. Keep the plants rather on the dry side, and give abundance of air. Seeds, which ripen in r» to 6 weeks, should be saved without delay, and carefully la- belled. In sowins: seeds, they should be covered very lightly and kept in a temperature of 60"^. When the seed- lings are large enough to handle easily, remove to small pots, or transplant further apart in shallow boxes. Chry- santhemums flower the first season from seed. Subsection IV.— Varieties. Of the long list of new varieties sent out each year, but few are retained after the second year's trial. This is probably due to the fact that most American growers are more interested in the commercial value of the flower than the curious forms or striking colors they present. Exhibitions have not reached the hearts of the people here as in England and France. There are a few varie- ties that have stood the test for several years ; such as Ivory, 18«9 ; W, H. Lincoln and Minnie Wanamakt-r •90; Mrs. J. O. Whilldin, '91; Mrs. Jerome Jones, C,,!. W. B. Smith, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Margaret Jeffords, Jos H. White, Geo. W. Childs, Merry Monarch, '92 ; Niveus, Maud Dean, The Queen, (Jolden Wedding, H. L. Sunder- bruch, G(K)d Gracious. Pres, W, R. Smith. '93. Tliere are many other varieties that have stood the test fur 4 or 5 years. It is not the purpose of this article to recommend varie- ties of Chrysanthenmnis, but the following list inchules the best varieties now known. The list will be valuable as showing a serviceable classification: Selection of varieties based upon the main types.— (1) Incurved: Belle Poitevine, Congo, Irma, Lorelei, Mrs. T. D. Hatfield. Mongolian Prince, Mrs. Robt.C'raip, Mrs. L.C.Madeira, Major Bonnaffon, Mrs. R.C. Kin>fston. (2) Japane.se: Chito, Geo. W. (.'hilds, Gohlen Gate, (iol- den Wedding, Mayflower, Modesto, Thomden, Mutual Friend, Black Hawk, Niveus, Viviand Morel, Yanonia. (3) Japanese Incurred: Nyanza, Mrs. W. C. Egan, Eu- gene Dailledouze, (ieorgiana Pitcher, Good Gracious, Jennie Falconer, Mrs. Geo. West, Philadelphia, The Queen, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Western King. (4) Hairy: Golden Hair, Louis Boehmer, Mrs. A. Hardy, R. M. (irey. White Swan, Queen of Plumes. {')) He flexed : Culling- fordii, Dorothy Toler, Gold Standard, Miss Elma O'Far- rell. Tuxedo, Parthenia. (6) Large Anemone: Ada Strickland, Descartes, Falcon, Junon, Marcia Jones, Thorpe, .Jr. ^ 7) Japanese A nemone: Condor, Enterprise, Mrs. F. Gordon Dexter, San Joaquin, Surprise, Satisfac- tion. (8) Pompon: Black Douglass, Golden Mile. Mar- the, Mile. Marthe, Mrs. Bateman, Snowdrop, Wm. Ken- nedy. (9) Pompon Anemone: Antonius, Emily Rowhot- tom, Marie Stuart, Mme. Chalonge, Mme. Sentir, Queen of Anemones. (10) Early Hardy Pompons: Bronze Bride, Flora, Frederick Marronet, Mme. Jolivart, Mr. Selley, Miss Davis, Mrs. Cullingford, Mile. Elise Dor- dan, Illustration, St. Mary. (11) Single : Mizpah, Fraci- field Beauty. Selection of varieties based upon color.— White — Ivory, Mrs. M. A. Ryerson, Mrs. H. Weeks, Mrs, Henry Robinson, Mutual Friend, Niveus. P/hA*— Merula, Mme. F. Perrin, Helen Bloodgood, Harry Balsley, lora. Autumn Glory. Amaranth, Purpli.sh Crimson, Magenta, ami the like — Casco, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Mrs. Geo. West, Elma O'Farrell. Crimson - Shilowa, Black Hawk, Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton, Fisher's Torch, Defender. Ited and Yellow, /ironze. Buff— Chito, Nyanza, Chas. Davis, Edwin A. Kimball, Buff Globe, Rustique, Hicks Arnold. l^e/Zow — Modesto, Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Wedding, Thornden, Major Bonnaffon, Liberty. Selection of varieties based upon special uses. — /iush Plants: White - Mutual Friend, Jos. H.White: Yel- low— W. H. Lincoln, (\ Chalfant ; Pink — Viviand Morel, lora ; Bronze— Col. W. B. Smith, Hicks Arnold ; Crim- son — Geo. W. Childs, J. Shrim^>ton. Single Stem Pot Plants: White — Mrs. H. Robinson, Merza ; Yellow- Major Bonnaffon, H. L. Sunderbruch ; Pink — Mme. F. P- .rin, Merula ; Bronze — Boule d'Or, Rinaldo ; Crim- son — Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton. A'xhibition Blooms: White— Frank Hardy, Fee du Champsaur. Mme. Carnot, Western King ; Pink— Viviand Morel, lora. Good Gracious ; Yellow — Modesto, Golden Wedding, Eugene Dailledouze, G. J.Warren; Bronze — ('has. Davis, Hus- tique, Nyanza; Crimson— Geo. W. Childs, Shilowa, Bla<'k Hawk ; Miscellaneous — Chito, yellowish bronze ; Lady Hanham. golden cerise ; Mrs. Geo. West, rosy purple. Commercial Blooms (based upon quality, and ease of cul- ture : White— Ivory, Mrs. Henry Robinson, Mrs. Jerome Jones; Pink — Mrs.'S. T. Murdock, Mme. F. Perrin, Glory of Pacific; Yellow — Marion Henderson, Major Bonnaffon, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones ; Crimson — Geo. W. Cliilds, Shilowa. Black Hawk. Odd Varieties : Lillian B. Bird, Mrs.W. H. Rand, Heron's Plume, Pitcher & Manda. Best Karly: White — Mme. F. Bergmann, Ivory, Midge. Geo. S. Kalb; Pink — Glor\- of Pacific, Pink Ivory, Merula. Lady Playfair ; Yellow— Harry Hurrell, H. L. Sunderbruch, Marion Henderson, Golden Trophy. Best Late : White- Mrs. Jerome Jones, Yanonia, Wm. H. (^hadwick. Merry Christmas: Pink — Francis B. Haves, Harry Balsley. Mrs. S. T. Murdock, Maud Dean. Yellow- W. H. Lincoln, H. W. Rieman, Liberty, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones. t -■'■ — :• A, lyf 'E-'y, % ,^ "^ jr ^-^ :t. ^, |%?^':>t .-***3!l^-#*4» Plate VI. Chrysanthemums, mainly Japanese types. The twfj Imtl-shitped rtowers heloiiK to the <'hinese or IiK'urveii type. Spei'imens of thf SSinjjle nml Anemone types are also seen. I CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM 309 Many of the midseason varieties are good for Thanks- giving and after if planted late. Elmer D. Smith. Subsection V^. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for Exhibit ion. Tliis branch of cultivation naturally requires more care than any other, and the cultural sJde counts for vt-ry little corapared with the personal qualities of the ♦fxhil)itor after the Hs. are delivered at the exiiihition hall. Prize-winnint; is more like business than floricul- ture, and is, therefore, lar>?ely a matter of experit-nce. It !•* hard to extricate any fundamental prinriples. but some suifffestions are ma<le under tJjrhibitinnx. Many towns have never seen any kind of a flower show but a Chrysanthemum show. The prizes are often larger and more specialized than with any other flower. As soon as the sche<lule of prizes is published the competitor should l>ick out the classes he intends to tr>- for. The importance of strong stock can hardly be overstated. Novelties or highly forced plants are more likely to give poor results than selected stock carefully grown by tiie competitor himself. Next to a general comprehen- sion of Chrysanthemum culture, perhaps the two most important factors in success are the quality of st«>rk and the choice of variety. In the biggest exhibitions, novel- ties are classed by themselves. One of the contmonest nii"*takes that beginners make is to depend too nuich upon novelties for genera' prizes. It is desirable to ex- chan<;e visits with other growers, to take the horticul- tural periodicals, to master the art <»f shipping, and to study the analysis of successful varieties. To m*et a de- sired date, crown buds can be used to hasten late varieties. As the century closes the varieties that win the most prizes are: irAiV*"— Mrs. Henr>- Robinson. .M;»yflovver. Niveus. The Q\ieen. Mrs. .Terome .Tones. Onr Mutnal Friend; l>//o«'— Major BonnaflFon, Modesto. \V. H. Lin<'oln. «Jol(lt»n Wedding. Mi.ss (teorgiana Pit<'her : P/«A-— Viviand-Morel, Mrs. Perrin, Maud Dean; .fied— Geo. W. Childs. W_ lyj^ » SECTION II.-CULTURE OF MAROUERITES INDOORS. There are two types of Marguerites, the common one, or Paris Daisy, with coarser green foliage, and the glaucous Marguerites, with finer cut. glaucous foliage. The former. C. fnt^esci-Hs. is better for cut-flowers. The latter, C. anethifolium, is probably better for large specimens. Marguerites are standard plants with flo- rists and in the conservatories of aniateurs, being of easy culture and remarkably free from enemies. They r.-e cultivated for two distinct purposes, — for cut-flow- ers and for specimen plants, young plants being used for the former purpose, and older ones for the lat- ter. For cut-flowers, the cuttings are rooted in spring, and the florists usually keep the plants in pots all sum- mer outdoors, though this is not necessarj- for amateurs, and tls. are protluced during the following winter. It is sometimes said that Marguerites do not lift well in the fall after being planted out all summer in the garden, and that unrestricted root-room makes the plants too larife for the best production of cut-flowers. The prin- ciples underlying the matter are as follows : plants out of pots into the open ground in spring, a plant that has filled its pot well with roots tends to make a much more co^npact root-system in the garden than the plant that had but a few roots in its pot, and the former plant is easily lifted in the fall and with less damage to the roots. As a matter of fact, Marguerites do not belong to the class of plants that are diflicult to lift in the fall, and it is only a matter of start- ing the cuttings early enough in spring to get the plant moderately pot-bound before it is planted out into the open ground. Specimen plants are most attractive in the second winter following the spring in which cuttings were struck. After that they are likely to become too large and straggling. While in the garden the fls. should not be allowed to form, if the main object is high- grade cut-flowers in quantity for the winter. Old plants that are unfit for further use in the conservatory may be turned out in sum- mer and will furnish scattering bloom all summer, though the fls. are likely to be in turning rather small. If there were sufTicient demand it could be easily managed to have fls, in every month of the year. It is a great pity to cr.t Marguerites without any foliage. The rule is that all fls. look best with some fo- liage, especially their own. With a little forethought, just as many fls, can be secured, and they will look much prettier and last longer. There are very few con- servatories without s(»me Marguerites. An excellent plan is to have a number of plants in O-inch pots from cuttings struck the previous spring. A plant looks bad at first when the fls. have been removed on sprays a foot long, but in a short time they are remly for cut- ting again. With a little management a succession of fls. can be maintained without making all the plants thin or unsightly. Such sprays will last a week or two in water. an«l the openinsr of the larger buds is an addi- tional feature of beauty which is lost if fls. are cut with short stems and without foliage. Robert Shore. SECTION III.-CULTURE OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS OUT OF DOORS. The oldest of the outdoor types are the Pompons (Fig. 4.'K)), which produce from 4<3-100 buttons an inch or two across, with short and regular rays. Such plants can be left outdoors all winter. A selection of these old- fashioned kinds is given on page 308, un<ler hea<l of "(8) Pompon." Since the large-flowering or Japanese types have come in, inuuberless attempts have been made to grow them outdoors, but with poor results. The green- house varieties are not so hardy. In the north they are likely to be killed by the winter. Their fls. usually lack in size, depth and symmetrj', largely because there are more of them on a plant than a florist allows for his best blooms, but chiefly because they do not get as much care in general as is given to plants under glass, where space is precious. For the very best results, Chrysan- themums must be flowered uncler glass, and they need the greatest care and forethought practically all the year round. Half-way measures are unsatisfactory. Thus it happens that the Japanese varieties are usually unsatisfactory out of doors, and the Pompons are chosen by those who can give very little care to plants and would rather have many small fls. than a few large ones. This also partly explains why no two dealers recommend anjrthing like the same list of Japanese varieties for outdoor culture. Nevertheless, it is possible to grow ex- cellent fls. 4 and 5 or even 6 in. across outdoors, but it requires staking, disbudding, and some kind of tem- porary protection, as of a tent or glass, during frosty weather. Fig. 4.'>8 shows a cheap and simple structure of coldf rame sashes resting on a temporary framework. In severe weather a canvas curtain can be dropped in front, and the window of a warm cellar in the rear opened to temper the air. Fig. 458 is taken from Gar- den and Forest 1:."»23, where J. N. Gerard has left a de- tailed and delightful account of his success, which is sure to rouse the enthusiasm of expert amateurs. For general outdoor culture, however, where no special care 458. Sueeestton tor protectioti Chrysantnemums that are to bloom outdoors 310 CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM is giv<>n to the plants, the Japanese kinds are usually lesH Nutisfacton,' than tlje l*onijM>ns. These Pompous are a nnu-li ne>{Ieet«'«l class sinee the rise of the lar^fe How- ere«l .lupaitese kinds, hut they are unlike anything else in our ^unleti tiora. Their vivid and sometimes tiK) artiHeial eidors harnioni/.e with nothini; else at Thanks- Kivint; time, and they are so strontr and commanding that they should have a jdaei' by themsi-lves. It is not uncommon for the tis. to he in muni contiition even after several litrht falls of snow. an<l they may be considered the most resistant to frost «»f any ^rarden herbs. In fact, their peculiar merit is bhMtmiii^; after the landscape in completely des<dated by successive frosts. The tls. are not ruined until their petals are wet and then frozen stiff. They are essentially for mass effects of color, and great size is not to he ex|H'cted. Masses of brown and masses of yellow, side by side, make rich combinations. The whole tril>e of crimsons, amaranths, pinks, and the like, should be kept by themselves, be- cause their coh)rs are variable and bei-anse they make a violent contrast with yellow, which few persons can ren der agreeable. The preceding remarks have applied wholly" to varie- ties of C. Jndititm and ('. morifolium. The culture of all the other outdi»or species ist<M> easy to need any fur- ther remarks, except in the case <»f C. rorrineum, better known as Pyrefhrum roseum. In the cultivation of or- namental plants in general, and (»f hardy, herbaceous plants in particular, few cases are so striking as the great i>opularity of Pyrcthrmti rosttnn in the Old World, and the feeble and uncertain hold that it has in America. W. M. SECTION IV.-CULTURE OF PYRETHRUM ROSEUM. This beautiful late spring and early summer flower, so popular and extensiv»-l> cultivated in irardens abroad, has not yet found nmch favor here. This fact must be attributed to the general neglect of hanly flowers that prevails in most gardens, as it is an easily grown flower, hardy enough to withstan<l our winters. As repre- sente<l to-day in the hundreds of varieties extant, it should command attention. These varieties have every- thing to recommend them. First and foremost, they are easy to grow. Any good garilen soil will suffice for them, but they are rich feeders, and therefore the ground should be deeply dug and liberally enriched with manure. A cool, moist root-run is most conducive to their flowering, and as they are surface-rooting plants (and by consecjuence liable to suffer st)on from hot sun), they are materially assisted by a mulch of manure, or anything tliat tends to conser\-e moisture. Projtagaticm is best performed by division in sj)ring. The plants may be lifted, divided into small pieces and potted tip separat^-ly or i>lanted in a bed of prepare<l soil in a cold- frame, and in a few weeks they will make nice pieces. They can also be rapidly raised in (juantity from seed, which, sown in spring, will give plants that will flower the following year. Unless the seed, however, is from very fine varieties, seedlings may result in disappoint- ment; and, in any case, they will not give that richness and variety of form and color as representetl in the best named varieties of to-day. which are the result of many years of patient lalx)r and painstaking selecti«»n on the ]>art of those who have made Pj-rethrums a specialty. Pyrethru.:is are now obtaina])le with either single or double flowers, embracing most varied shades of color, from purest white to the richest of crimsons, and even yellow, though for a long time non-existent in Pyre- thrums, seems to be an assured possibility. This hue is now possessed by several of the newer acquisitions. To select the best varieties and recommend them is not easy, when the list of one specialist alone contains 400 named varieties, about equally divided between single- and double-flowered kinds, and the best selection of to- da is certain to be superseded less than a decade hence. A few, however, of the very best are : Lord Roseberry, carmine-red ; Primrose, pale yellow ; Aphrodite, pure white ; Alfred Henderson, deep purple ; Leonard Kel- way, clear rose ; Pericles, bright yellow, with guard petals of pale pink ; Ne Plus Ultra, white, and very large: Melton, deep crimson; Solfaterre, cream; Prin- cess Beatrice, bright pink ; King Oscar, crimson, and Captain Nares, red. These are all double. In singles, a 459. Leaf of Feverfew (C. I'artheniuin.) doien of the V»est would l>e : Ascot, peach-pink ; Apol- lyon, bright pink: dames Kelway. brilliant red : Oliver Twist, cream ; Mary Anderson, flesh -pink : Princess Marie, pure white; Huth.rose, tipped with white; Stan- ley, deep cannine-rose; Merry Hampton, da/.zling crim- son ; lanthe, rose; Oi-hroleuca, sulphur, an«l Devon- shire (.'ream, cream color. a. HF.KKiNtJTov. Pynthnim roKrinn in its numertms varieties possjliiy may never iH'come as p«»pular in America as in Enirlarui, owing to the fact that it is not hardy under all soil and exposure conditions in the climate of northern United States. With the proper soil conditi<ms and such atten- tion as may be necessary, it is possible to raise Pyre- thrums to the best advant- age and with splendid flow- ering results. The i<leal soil for Pyrethnims is a rich, sandy loam that is sufficiently porous to pre- vent stagnant moisture accumulating about the crowns of the plants. This is the first and principal essential in the culture of Pyrethrums. While they have l)een grown to com- paratively good advantage in soils of a clayey nature, yet unless extreme care is taken to prevent this ac- cumulation of moisture about the crowns, sad havoc is frequently made during severe winters, and especially during un- usually abun<iant rains in the fall. While it is pos- sible to grow Pyrethrums even under the adverse conditions of a retentive clayey soil, yet in such instances, coldframe culture is preferal)le to depending upon the plant to take care of itself under ordinary conditions. Aside from the danger of winter-killing, there is the danger of crown rot during extremely wet periods in hot weather. In many instances, valuable collections have been quite lost owing to this trouble and the lack of ap- preciation of the fact that this tr«»uble could be easily remedied by cutting away the rottinir foliage nearly to the ground, so as to admit light and air to the center ef the crowns to induce fresh and healthy growth. In 'ate autumn, however, this would not be a successful treat- ment, except in a mtKlifietl degree. From a «'omniercial point of view. Pj-rethnims arr^ among the most difficult of plants to handle through the dani;er of crown rot, which is the most frequent cause of loss in shipping plants. They are among the most difficult plants to import, and can only successfully stand importation by the utT lost «'are in packing and by shipment of the plants in late fall or very early spring; it is also essential that they should be strong,' well -developed clumps in order to withstand the dangers of transportation. A stock of Pyrethrums once established in this country- is easily shipped by means of our quick express transportation, if a little care is given to ventilation as well as to pack- ing the plants as drj' as possible. The confusion in the names of the varieties offered by American nurserj'nien is due to th ^ inordinate desire on the part of the Euro- pean dealers +0 produce a long list of varieties, many of which are very similar in all outward characteristics. Some of the leatling dealers publish a list of from 50 to 100 varieties, and others in still greater number. At the present time, over 400 varieties of Pyrethruras are catalogued, which, while it illustrates the great inter- est taken in this particular plant in Europe, is evidence that many varieties must be very similar where the range of color extends only from pure white through shades (if scarlet to purple, and with only a few varieties that are in any way a satisfactory yellow shade. The yellow- flowered forms et best are' hardly deeper than a rich buff or light lemon, and while these shades are distinctly yellow in their effect, still there is no clear golden yellow yet offered in the trade. j, Woodwabd MAyMNO. V]' ChRYSAXTHEMrM Alphabetical list of species of Chr>santhomnm« <ie- ecriJHMJ Iwlow iniany of these names »re more fiinnliar AM PvrethriuuM) : ('. ai'hilleft'fulium, 1; nii«'thifolium, it ; atroHnngHinfum, 10; anrtum, 4; HaNamita, 12; Bur- ridifriiHum, 7i \ carinatum, 5 ; cineraria'foliiiin. U ; coc- eiueuiu. 10; coronarium, 7; corymlK>Hum, J; Duunrtti.h; f(rnicnlit<'ennt,\)\ fnitesoen."*, b; hi^hridiim, U); Indicuni, 19; Jitponicum, 11*; Im'ustre. ITi ; lutifolinm, 15; Leu- canthemum, 18; maximum. 10; morifulium, 20; multi- caule. 14; f(trthenifolhnn,i : I'urthenium. ;t ; priealtum, 4; P. rosettm, 10; C. sejfetuni. l.'l ; Situii.^*', 20; tri- color, 5 ; Tt'hihntchewii, 0; ulijjinosum, 17; feHUgtum, 5. A. LfS. cut to the midrib or nearly »o. B. Fh.horne incorymbs, i.e., flat-topped, denae clusters. C. Jfayn ifelloic. 1. achilleaefdliom, DC. {.irhillfn auren. Lam.). Per- ennial, 1 ft. high : stem usually uiihraiu-lud. except alouK the creeping and rooting ba.se : stems ami Ivs. covered with flue, soft, grayish white hairs, oblong in outline, ali'.ut 1 in. long, J<jin. wide, finely cut: rays 7-H, short, a little longer than the involucre. Siberia, C'aucusus.— Rare in cult. Less popular than the Achilleas with larger flower clusters. CC. HatjH white. V. Stems grooved, striate, or angled. 2. corymbdsum, Linn. Robust perennial. 1-4 ft. high: stem branched at the apex : Ivs. sometimes G in. long, 3 in. wide, widest at middle and taperin;; both ways, cut to the very midrib, the segments alternutinjr along the midrib. Eu., N. Africa, Caucasus, ii. C. II. 20: 201.- Rare in cult. Segments may be coarsely or finely cut, and Ivs. jrlabrous or villous beneath. 3. Parthdnium, Bemh. Feverfew, (ilabrons per- ennial, l-:{ ft. high : stem usually branched, especially toward the top: tiower cluster sometimes very open ami loose, especially in cultivation: fls. ?4in. acros.s, whitish: niys twice as long as the involucre : i>appus a minute cn»wn. Naturalized from Eu. and escaped from old gar- dens in Atlantic states.— The single form cult, in old physic gardens, and the full dotible white form com- monly cult, for ornament. Foliage has a strong, bitter o<lor. The foliage j)lants commonly advertised under this specific name belong to No. 4. PI). Stems not grooved or striated. 4. praealttm, Vent. (P. parfheui folium, Wilhl.). Per- ennial, 6 in. aigh or more : pubescent, or becoming CFRYSANTHEML^M 311 nearly smooth: ray« thrice a.< long aathe involucre. Asia Minor, Persia. Var. fttireiun, Hort. {P.aureum, Hort.l.is the (ioLUEN Keathek comnumly u.sed f«ir carpet bedding. It has yellow f(diage, which becomes green later in the season, ^rnKma J/T t^ especially if flowers are ullowed to form. ^BUfwj^ 460. Chrysanthemum Burridgeanum (X H). A popular strain of the summer-flowering annual, C. carinatum. 461. The Marguerite or Paris Daisy. (Chri/ganthemum frutescetm.) It is used tor edgings. Fig. 459. Var. ailireiim crisptim, Hort., is dwarf, compact, with foliage curled like parsley. Var. selaginoides and var. laciniitum, Hort., are distinct horticultural forms. Var. glaucum, Hort., has dusty white foliage, ami does not flower until the second year, int. by Damman & Co., 1895. All these varieties are prop, by seeds.— This species is considered not distinct from No. li by Voss in Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei. BB. Pl.^. borne niughi, on the branches or stems, c. Pi.sk dark purple. 5. carinattim, Schtiusb. (C. tricolour. And.). Fig. 460. Glabrous annual. 2 ft. high : stem much branche«l : Ivs. rather fleshy: fls. al)out 2 in. across, with typically white rays and a yellow ring at the base. Summer. These two colors together with the dark purple disk gave rise to the name "tricolor." The typical form introduced into Etigland from Morocco in 1798 was pictured in B.M.,508 (1799). By 185G signs of doubling appeared (F. S. 11:1099). In 18,58 shades of red in the rays appeared in a strain introduced by F. K. Burridge, of Colchester, Eug., and known as C. Burriilgeilnum, Hort. (see B.M. 5095, which shows the ring of red on the rays, adding a fourth color to this remarkably brilliant and varied flower, and F.S. 13: 1.31.*{, which also shows C. venitstum, Hort., in which the rays are entirely red, except the original yellow circle at the base). C. annulatum, Hort., is another name for the kinds with circular bands of red, maroon, or purple (R.H. 1869: 450). C. Dunnefti, Hort., is the name of another seed-grower's strain. There are full double forms in yellow, margined red. and white, margined red, the fls.' 3 in. across (see R.H. 1874:410). See, also, Gn. 26. p. 440; 10, p. 213, and 21: 319. R.H. 1874, p. 412. S.H. 2: 477. — The commonest and gaudiest of annual Chrj'santhemums, easily distinguished by the keeled or ridged scales of involucre and the dark purple disk. " Carinatum" means " keeled." CO. Disk yellow. D. Height less than 1 ft. 6. Tchihitchewii, Hort. Turfing Daisy. Densely tufted plant for carpeting dry, "te places. Height 2-9 312 CHRYSANTHEMUM CHR YS ANT HEMUM in.: stems numerous, rooting at the base: foliage d. ck green, finely cut: fls. borne profusely for several weeks in midsummer : ravs white. Siberia or Asia Minor f R.H. 1809. p. :iSO and 1897. p. 470. On. 26, p. 443. -Prop, by division of roots or simply by cutting the rooted st€ms. but chiefly by seeds. This has never been fully described, and it' is possible tht ^ the Ivs. may not be cut to the midrib or near it. DD. Height more than 1 i. E. Plants annual. 7. coron^rium, Linn. (Anthemitt coronhria, Hort. ), Heigh*^ 3-4 ft.: Ivs. bipinnately parted, somewhat clasp- ing or eared at the base, glabrous, the segments closer together than in C. corinatum: involucral scales broad, scarious : rays lemon colored or nearly' white. July- Sept. Mediterranean, (in. 26: 4<i7. G.C. II. 19: .">41.— The full double forms, with rays reflexed and imbricate*!, are more popular than the single forms. This an«l C carinatum are the common "sunmier Chrysanthemums." ^his is common in old gardens, and is also slightly used for bedding and for pot culture. EE. Plants perennial. F. Greenhouse plants, shrubby at the base: stems branched at the top: rays white or lemon. G. Foliage not glaucous. 8. frut^Bcens, Linn. 3Iak<uekite. Paris Daisy. Fig. 4G1. Usually glabrous, 3 ft. high : Ivs. fleshy, gtven: fls. numerous, always single: rays typically white, with a lemon-colored (never pure yellow or golden) form. Canaries. G.C. II. 13:561. On. 12, p. 255; 17, p. 5, and 26, p. 44.5. -Int. into Eng. 1699. This is the popular florists' Marguerite, which can be had in flower the year round, but is especially grown for winter bloom. Var. grandiildrum, Hort., is the large-fld. prevailing form. The len)on-coloreu form seems to have originated about 1880. Under this name an entirely dis- tinct species has al^o been passing for about a century, yet it has never been advertised separately in the Amer. trade. See No. 9. GG. Foliage glaucous. 9. anethifolium, Bi'ouss. (C Uvnicul^ceum, Steud. P. fa!nicuJd.('eutn ,\ikr. bipinnatifidutn.DC). GLArcous MARorERiTE. Fig. 462. Rarer in cult, than No. 8 (which see), but distinguished by its glaucous hue and by the way in which the Ivs. are , at. The segments of No. 9 are narrower, more deeply cut, and more distant. The Ivs. are shorter petioled. Canaries. — The dried speci- men in the Garden Herbarium of Cornell University 462. Leaves of common and glaucous Marjruerites (Chry- saiitht'iituia frutenceii.s jitkI anethifiiHtiiu). Showing tlie tliflference. Glaucous kind on the right. Experiment Station from a plant long cultivated in Sage conservatories was identified by L. H. B. with the picture in Andrews' Botanical Reerister 272, puljlished early in the century, since wh 3n the plant has almost never been mentioned in garden literature. This spe- cies is doubtless cult, in Amer. greenhouses as C. fru- tescens. A lemon-fld. form is shown in R. H. 1H45:61 but erroneously called C. frutescens. FF. Hardy herbs: stents usually unbranched : rays white or red, never yellow. O. Foliage not glaucous: fls. sometimes double. 10. coccfneum, Willd. (Pyrethrum rdseuni. Bieb. 463. Chrysanthemum coc- cineum. The familiar Pttrcthrum roseum of the gardens. 464. Costmary or Mint Geranium— Chrysanthe* mum Balsamita. var. tanacctoides. P. hybrid urn, Hort.). Fig. i^"- stem usually unbranched, ra: .-J Ivs. thin, dark green, or iv. drieu ; - involucral scales with a brown red in such shades as pink, Cu' . crimson, and sometimes tipped y it »t' yellow. Caucasus, Persia. F.S. V7:9ki «-*ous 1-2 ft. high: ' i?hef at the top : -.■e >-rk brown: , .» • -.^ys white or .' -V , lilac, aud It never wliollv Gn. 26. pp. 440, 443. Gng. 2:7 and 5:309. R.H. 1897, p. .521. Not B.M. 1080, which is C. coronopifulium. The first picture of a full double form is R.H. 1864:71. — This ppecies is the most important and variable of all the hardy herba- ceous kinds. There have been perhaps 600 named horti- cultural varieties, 'i .?re is an anemone-fld. form with a high disk. The species is also cult, in Calif, and France for insect powder. ('. atrosanguintum, Hort., is said to be a good horticultural variety with dark crim- son fls. OG. Foliage glaucous : fls. never double. 11. ciD^rariaefoIium, Vis. Glaucous, slender, 12-15 in. high : Sums unbranched, with a few short, scattered hairs below the ft. : Ivs. long-petioled, silky beneath, with distant segments : involucral scales scarious and whitish at the apex. Dalmatia. B.M. 6781. -The chief source of Dalmatian insect powder. Rarely cult, as a border plant. Ccmmon in botanic gardens. CHRYSANTHEMUM AA. Lvs- *^ot cut to the midrib : the primary incisions shallow. B. Fls. home in flat-topped clusters. 12. BalsAmita, Willd, [Tanacetum Balsamita, hinn.). Tall and stout : Ivs. sweet-scented, oval or oblsng, ob- CHRYSAXTHEMUM 313 Chrysanthemum lacustre tnse, margined with blunt or sharp teeth, lower ones petioled, upper ones almost sessile, the largest Ivs, 5-11 in. loner, VA-2 in. wide. W, Asia. — Typically with short white rays, but when they are absent the plant is v^r. tanacetoides, Boiss, Costmaky, Mint Geranium. Fig. 4o4. Also erroneously known as lavender. This has es- caped in a few places from old gardens. BB. Fls. borne ithtijltj on the branches or stems. c. Plants annual : foliage glaucous : raxjs golden yellow. 1.'?. seg^tum, Linn. Corn Marigold. Annual, 1-1 K> ft. high : Ivs. sparse, clasping, very variable, incisions coarse or tine, deep or shallow, but usually only coarsely serrate, with few and distant teeth, Juut^Aug, Eu,, N. Afr„ W. Asia, (fU. 18, p. 19."). R,H. 1895, pp. 448, 449. -Var. grandifldrum, Hort., is a larger-fid. form of this weed, whieh is (Mmmon in the English grain fields. The var. Cloth of Gold, J.H. III. 12:445, is probably the best. This species is much less popular than P. ca'n'na- tum and coronarium. It is also forced to a slight extent for winter bloom. "Segetum" means "of the corn fields." 14. mnlticailile, Desf. Ghibrous and glaucous annual, ^V2 in. liigh : stems numerous, simple or branched, stout, terete : Ivs. fleshy, variable, usuallv linear- spatulate, 1-3 in. long and' S-^i in. broad, very co; .sely toothed or lobed, sometimes shorter, with few narrow- liniar, acute, entire segments about 1 line broad : ravs much shorter and rounder than in No, 13. Algeria. B.M. 09.30. -Rarer in cult, than No. 13. Said to be use- less as a cut-fiower. CC. Plants perennial : foliage not glaucous (except in tcild forms of JYo. 20). D. Rays always white: fls. never double : practically never cult, under glass. 15. lacustre, Brot. (C. latifdlium, DC), Fig, 465. This is endlessly confused with C. marimum in gar- dens, and the two species are verj- varia4)le and dilTieult to distinguish. The fis. eannot be told apart. C. lacustre i» a taller and much more vigorous plant, and some- times it is branched at the top. bearing 3 fls., while C. maximum is always 1-fld. Height :M» ft. : stem sparsely branched : Ivs. partly clpspinsr, ovate-lanceolate, with coarse, hard teeth: fls. not distinguishable from No. IG: rays about 1 in. long ; pappus of the ray 2-.3-eared. Portugal, along rivers, swamps and lakes. R.H. 1857, p. 456. -According to R. Irwin Lynch, in Gn. 26. p. 441, C, lacustre has coriaceous, oval Ivs. about 3 times as long as broad, tvhile in C. maximum the Ivs. are les as long as broad. H. Cannell, Swanley, Eng., s. that C. lacustre is 2 ft. high and blooms 3 weeks bet ire C. maximum. With Woolson, Pa^'saic, N. J., it grows -4-5 ft, high. The rays in Fig. 465 are rather shorter than usual, 16. m4zimain, Ramond. Fig. 466. This species has narrower Ivs. than No. 15. and they are narrowed at the base. Height 1 ft,: stem more angled than the above, simple or branched at the very base, always 1-fld, anu leafless for 3—4 in. below the fl,: lower Ivs, jietioled, wedtre-shaped ut the ijas» , lanf'oolate. dentate from t*i«j middle to the apex; stem-lvs, sessile, wide- or narrow- lanceolate, typically serrate througlxmt their whole length, but variable, as in Fig. 466 : pappus none : in- V()lu('ral scales narrower and longer, whitish-transpa- rent at the maririn, while those of C. htcustre are broader, more rounded at the apex, and with a light browu, scarious margin, Pyrenees, — For other pictures of these two species, .see J.H. III. 5:25, and Gn. 2r>, p, 437. Var. fili!6nni8,'Hort., "with long, narrow, thread-like petals.' In;. 1899. Var. Triumph has "fls. 4 in. across, with broad, overlapping petals." 17. uligindsum, Pers.(P. ?<?(V/}»o,s«»j,Waldst.). Giant Daisy. Stout, erect bush, 4-5 ft. high, with light green foliage: stem nearly glabrous, striate, branching above, rather deeply serrate, roughish : fls. 2-3 in. across, Humrarv. B.M. 2706. A.F. 4 : ,523 and 8 : 813. Gntr. 2 : 375 and 5: 183. A.G. 19:403. R.H. 1894. p. 82. Gt. 46, p. 103. G. C. II. 10: 493. Gn. 20, p. 442 and 38, p. .523. -Next to C. coccineum, this is the most popular of the hardy herba- ceous kinds. In A.F. 4:465 Wm. Falconer shows a 2- year-old plant 6 ft. high, 17 ft. in circumfeience at a point 4 ft. from the ground, and carrying thtmsands of flowers. It blooms the first year from seed or division, and has been forced for Easter somewhat as Hydrangea pan iculata can be treate«l. Excellent for cut-fls. The 466, Chrysanthemum maximum, l>lo3soms shouhl be cut soon after opening, as the disks darken with age. The plant needs a rich, moist soil, and deserves a greater popularity, " L'liginosum " means "inhabiting swampy places." 314 CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSOGONTM 18. LeactLnthemtuu, Linn. Ox-eye Daisy. White- weed. Fiir. 4t)7 Glabrous weed. 1-2 ft. high : root-lvs. long-petloled, with a large, oval blade and course, roun(le<l notches; stem- Ivs. lanceolate, becom- ing narrower toward the top. serrate, with few distant and sharp- er teeth. June, July. Eu., N. Asia. — One of the commonest weeds in the eastern states, being the characteristic plant of Nt'W England's wornout meadows. The daisies are never cultivated, but they are often gathered for decoT-ation. and make excellent cut-fiowers. See, also, Daisy. DD. Ifays many-col- ored : fl.f. often double: the tom- mnn ^^ Chrysanthe- m ti ms " of the flo- rists. 19. tndicnm, Linn. ( C J a p 6 n i c u »» , Thunb.). The wild plants native to China and Japan are dwarfer than C . m ori fo I i u m , with Ivs. thinner. more sharply cut, and green on both sides, not ■glau- cous: involucral scales with wider and more scarious margins : no chati*- tls. smaller, nu- merous, and with rays always yellow and short, not much longer than the involucre. F<jr pictures of wild plants, see G. C. HI. 8:r)«M and G. M. .3:5:7:29.- Neither this species nor the next grows wilu in India, and the name given by Linnaeus was inappropriate. This species has varied" greatly in cultivation, and its progeny has been hybridized with that of C. niorifolium. Neither species in its pure form is in cultivation. Un- fortunately, it 's not possible to definitely trace the origin of any of the main horticultural types, races or sections. See historical sketch above. C. Indiriim is often used in Germany in a wide sense, including C. Sinense. 20. morifdlium, Raniatuelle ( C. Sinhtse, Sabine). The wild plants in Japan and China are more robust than C. Indiciim, 2-4 ft. high, more or less tomentose, with very variable Ivs.. which are usually ovate in outline, sinuately cut and lobed. thick, tirm, leathery, long-peti- oled. and gl.-uicous beneath: Hs. larger and fewer, with rays never i '. ) yellow: involucral scales with narrower scarious margins: chaff present on the disk. — This spe- cies was founded upon a cultivjvted and double form, and tliere have been different opinions as to the original wihl progenit'T. The above detiniti<m is an enlargement of Hemsley's, in G.C. lU. 6: .")22. B.M. ;}27 (erroneously named C. Indicntn). Fig. 468 is the original double purple-flowered, partly quilled variety, on which Rama- tuelle, in 1792, founded the sp-^'cies C. morifolinm. C. inodbrum. Linn.^M.-itricaria inod'ra. W. M. CHEYSOBACTRON (golden wnnd, from the Greek). LilihceiP. Two New Zealand bulbs, bearing many small yellow fls. in a long raceme on the top of an elongated scape. Plant often diipcious. Very closely allied to Anthericum, with which Baker unites it. whereas Bentham & Hooker refer it to liulbinella. C. Hodkeri, Colenso, is in cult, in this countrv. It is a hardy plant 2-:J ft. high, with sword-like foliag". B.M. 4002. -Cult. in the ordinary border, and treatecl like the Asphodel, they do well, but are vastly improved in rich, deep and 467. Ox-eye Daisy, or 'Whiteweed { Chrysanthem it m Leucantheinuin . ) rather moist soil. Strong clumps, 4-<> years old. are then at their best and are very excellent plants. After that they should be divided. Prop, by division or seed. Blooms in June and July, j, b. Kellek and L. H. B. CHBYSOBALANUS {golden acorn, from the Greek, referring to the fruit). Sosilcecp. Two species in the warm parts of Amer. and Afr. The Cocoa Plum, C. Icaco, Linn., grows on coasts ami along streams in S. Fla., in south to S. Amer., and also in Afr. It is some- times planted in the extreme south (and in the tropics) as an ornamental shrub and for its sweetish but insijiid and dry plum-shaped fruits. The Cocoa Plum is a mere bush on the northern limits of its distribution, but in extreme S. Fla. it reaches a height of 2.5-30 ft. It has glossy, thick obovate (sometimes obcordate) Ivs.: Hs. small and white, in axillary, erect racemes or cymes ; calj'x 5-cleft, pubescent ; petals 5 ; stamens about 20 : fr. 1-seeded, often 1 in. in diam., varying from nearly white to almost black. It is best propagated by seeds, but may also be had from cuttings of half-ripened wood. liiH. B. CHBYSOGOM A. See Linosyris, for the only species in the American trade. 468. The famous "old purple " Chrysanthemum. One of the epoi'h-making large- tlowering forms of (\ morifoliuin. From the original picture in The Botanical Magazine for Feb. 1, 1796. plate 327. CHBYSODIUH. See Acrostichnm. CHBYSOQONUM /Greek-made name, ^o/rf^w l(nee or joint). Vomp6sitiT. C. Virginianum, Linn., is a peren- nial yellow-rtd. plant of S. Penn. and south, which is sometimes cult, as a border plant. It blooms in spring or early summer on stems which become 1 ft. high, the igdrt^- fT-r.lr -"'■--■ttrf^ ■- - iflrr 'ft'if'r^-^^'riif-^-^^'"'-""'***"" CHRYSOGONUM CHYSIS 315 heads being solitary and peduncled in the axils. Lvs. ovate and mostly obtuse, creuate. Prop, bj- creeping rootstocks and runners. Of little merit horticulturally. CHRYSOPHtLLUM {Greek, (fohlen leaf, in reference to the color of the under surface of the handsome leaves ) . Sapotacece. Many species of trees, with milky juice, widely distributed in the tropics. Fls. small, solitary at the nodes or in fascicles; calyx mostly .5-p;'»'ied; corolla tuliular-campanulate, usually 5-lobed' or -pavted : sta- mens 5, standing on the corolla tube: fr. usually fleshy, sometimes edible. C. Cainlto, Linn., is the Star Apple, Fig. 4()9. The fruit is the size of an apple, symmetrically 469. Chrysophyllum Cainito (X%). globular and smooth. A cross-section shows the star- shaped core, whence the common name. It varies from white to purple in color of skin and also of flesh. The pulp is delicious (used uncooked) if the fruit is allowed to remain on the tree until ripe. It has large, pumpkin- like seeds. The tree reaches a height of 25 to 30 ft. It is very impatient of frost. It is native to the W. Indies. I.H. 32: 5G7. A.G. 11 : 40.5. C. oliviforme, Lam., is also in the Amer. trade, but as an ornamental plant. It is a smaller West Indian tree, native also in extreme S. Fla. Lvs. like those of the last: stiffma 5-crenate (in C. Cai- nito 8-10-crenate) : fr. ovoid-oblong and small, 1-seeded, blackish, insipid. These plants are allied to the Sapo<lillo. The various species of C'hrysopnylluni have beautiful broad srreen leaves, with under surfaces of a silky texture, varying in color from a silvery white, through golden, to a russet brown, and are well worth a place in the con- servatory as ornamental ti . es. By giving them sufficient room, they will bear fruit in the course of a few years, under glass, which in the case of C. Cainito, the Star Apple of the West Indies, is edible, and well liked even by people of a temperate clime. All species are strictly tropical, and cannot be grown where frosts occur unless l»roperly protected. Propauration is ordinarily effected by st'cd-;. which readily g"rniinate if planted when fresh, ami it is stated that all species may be grown from cut- tings of well-ripened shoots placed in strone:. moist heat. Tlu' soil most suited for their growth is of a sandy char- acter, and if not of a good quality should be well manured, using a considerable proportion of potash in the fertilizer for fruiting specimens. They seem to do well on a great variety of soils, however, that are sufficiently well drained, wet land not agreeing with them. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B. CHBYSOP060N (golden, heard). Gramineif. Very like Andropogon. with which some authors unite it : diflfers in having spikelets in pairs (or sometimes in Ws), the lateral ones stalked and sterile or often reduced to mere pedicels, only the middle or terminal one fertile. C. nfltang, Benth. [Andropogon avendcens, Michx.). is in the trade. It is native on dry soils in the eastern U. S., growing 2-5 ft. high : perennial : culm unbranched, terete: lvs. glaucous and narrow, short: panicle narrow, with nodding, shining yellowish spikelets. Useful for the wild border. L. h B. CHBYSOFSIS {golden a p pea ranee, 'from, the heads). Composite^. Allied to Solidago and Erigeron; N, Ameri- can. Heads of medium size and many-tld., usually with numerous yellow rays ; involucre bell-shaped or hemi- spherical, of imbricated bracts : akenes compressed, bearing a pappus of numerous hair-like bristles. C. vil- Idsa, Nutt., is the only species in the trade. It is widely distributed from 111. W., X. and S. : 1-2 ft., grayish pubescent : lvs. oblong to lanceolate, entire or few- toothed : heads usually at the ends of leafy branches, aster-like in shape. Extremely variable, and'has several named forms. Mn. 7:101. Var. Eiitteri, Rothr., is larger and later. Of value as a border plant. Cult, the same as Aster. Perennials, but bloom the first year from seed, if sown early. ^ H. B. CHRYS0SFL£NIUM AMEBIGANUM, Schw. (name from golden and spleen, referring to some old medicinal tradition). Saxifragaceff. A native plant creeping in mud, which is sold for bog-planting. Stems fork- ing, bearing roundish or cordate small mostly opposite lvs., with very small, nearly sessile, greenish, incon- spicuous fls. Scarcely known in cult. CHEYStRUS CYNOSUROlDES. See Lamarckia. CHUFA. The ediblo subterranean tubers of Ci/penis esculentus, Linn., much prized in the S. They are eaten raw or baked, or used for the nuiking of cofl'ee. The plant is sometimes cult, in the N., but it will not withstand the winter. The tubers are oblonj?, ^<2-% in. long, cylindri- cal, hard. The plant is grass-like, and in the N. does not flower. Nuts are planted in the spring, and the new crop is ready for digging in the fall. CH't'SIS (Greek for melting, alluding to the pollen masses). Orehidareif, tribe Vdndei^. A genus of or- chids found in Trop. Amer., pendulous from trees. Pseudobulbs usually spindle-shaped, attenuate toward the base, leafy upwards : lvs. broadly-lanceolate, plicate, conspicuously nerved, bases sheathing: fls. fleshy, few to many, in lateral racemes from the young growths ; lateral sepals adnate to base of column ; labellum 3- lobed, with 5 whitish callosities near the base. The species bloom in spring and early summer. Handsome orchids, requiring tropical treatment ; not largely grown in American collections. Remove to a lower or intermediate temperature when resting. Grown in pots or baskets, in peat and moss. aurea, Lindl. About 1 ft. high: lvs. about 5, 10-15 in. long: fls. 2 in. in diam. ; petals and sepals oval -oblong, reddish \ >>llo\v. [>ale yellow at the base: lateral lol»es of labellum incurved, midlobe roundish, spotted with red and yellow. S. Amer. B.M. 3017. — There is a var. maculslta. bractescens, Lindl. Sepals and petals cuneate-oblong, concave; labellum white outside, yellow, streaked and stained wuh red inside: fls. 3 in. in diam. From Mex., found at an altitude of 1.500 ft. B.M. 51^<(). R.H. 1859, pp. 294. 295. I.H. 27:398. J.H. III. 28:203.-One of the most showy orchids. Isevis, Lindl. More robust than the preceding: lvs. shorter than the pseudobulbs : racemes 9-10-fld., from among sheathing scales of new growth ; fls. 2)4 in. in diam.; sepals bright yellow, upper one linear-oblong, lateral ones acuminate, about 1 in. long; petals yellow, falcate ; labellum yellow with streaks and dots of oransre. Mex., 1840. Limminghei, Lind. & Reichb. f. Stems short : ra- cemes about 5-fld.; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, blush-white tipped with rosy mauve ; lateral lobes of labellum obtuse, vellow streaked with crimson, raid- lobe larj^e, pink-lilac striped with rose-mauve. From Mex., near the sea-coast. B.M. 52G5. Chelaoui, Hort. (C. bractescens x C. laevis). Pseudo- bulbs narrow : r.iceme 6 in. long and curved, with 5-6 yellow and purple-blotched fls. 86deni, Hort. {C. Limminghei x C bractescens). Fls. much like those of C bractescens but smaller, white, petals with mauve streaks ; lip more ^^^^ *^** *^^ ^' Limminghei, yellow or whitish. Oakes Ames. 316 CIBOTIUM CINCHONA CIBOTIUM (Greek, a liftU Aeed-vessel). Cynthehceft. A small ^enus of tree-ferns from Mexico an<l Polynesia, with copious, bivalved, coriac^Mms indusia, differing: from Dicksonia in having the outer valve entirely distinct from the leaf. For culture, see Dicksnuia. C. linrometz is the plant that gave rise to the wonder- ful stories of the Barometz or Scythian Lamb (Fig. 470), which, according to Bauhin, 1650, had wool, flesh and 470. The Scythian Lamb. See Vibotiutu Barometz. blood, and a root attached to tlxe navel. The plant was said to resemble a lamb in every respect, but grew on a stalk about a yard high. an«l turning about and bending to the herbage, consumed the foliage within reach, and tlien pined away with tbe failure of the food until it died. Wolves sought it and ate it as if it were a true lamb. In 1725 Breyne, of Dautzig, declared that the Barometz was only the root of a large fern, covered with its natural yellow down and accompanied by stems, which had been placed in museums in an inverted posi- tion, the better to represent the appearance of the legs and horns of a quadruped. A.G. 12 : 258. A. Outer valve of the indusitnn larger, or the vali'es subequaJ. glatcum, Hook. & Am. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tripin- nate; piniuiles about (} in. long, taper-pointed; segments close: outer valve of indusium larger, broader than the inner: veins ouce- or twice-forked. Hawaiian Islands. Bdrometz, .1. Sm. Scvtrias Lamb. Trunkless : lvs. scented, tripinnate. the lower pinnje ovate-lanceolate ; pinnules short-stalked. 4-(i in. lonjr. with falcate seg- ments : valves of the indu>iuni nearly eijual : veins prominent, rarely forked. China. AA. Outer valve of f s iHilmtium smaller than t' < inHtr. SchlMei, H<M»k. ('Hu.le» lO-l.' ft. hi^h : lvs. oblong- deltoid, tripinnate, with pinna' 1-2 ft. lonjr : segments falcate, sharp-i>oint»Hl: >Miri sparse: veins forked, on the lowest pinnate. Mexico. reg&le. Linden. Candex 10-12 ft. high : lvs. oldong- deltoid, tripinnate. with pinn»» lh-24 in. I<)ng ; pinnules sessile, with close, fulcate. «leeply incised segments : veins pinnate in the hibes. Mex. 'l. M. Underwood. CIBOULE. Consult Onion. ClCCA. Now combined with Phylhinthus. CtCER (old Latin name for the Vetcli). Legumhtoscp. Pea-like idants. witli .")-parted calyx, oblong turgid 2-seeded pod. mostly 1-tld. i>eduncle>i. odd-i)innate lvs, and toothed leaflets. Small genus, with a Mediterranean- Asian range. C. arietinum, Linn..theCHirK-PEA, is some- times cult, in vegetable ganlens for the edible ripe seeds. It is an animal and is cult, the same as bush beans. Withstands dry we-ither well. It grows 2 ft. high, making a busliy, hairy plant. Lvs. with small, roundish leatlets: fls. white or reddish, stnali. axillary. S«'ed roiindish, but flattened on the sides, with a projection on one side. Little knowninAmer., but much cult. inS. Eu. and Asia. L. H. B. CICHORIUM (Arabic name). Comp68it(w. A very few C^Xd World herbs, with ligulate corollas, double-rowed scales to the involucre, angled akenes, bnstly or chaffy pappus, and blue Hs. Two species are of interest to the horticulturist, C. Intyhns, Linn, (Fig, 4.%), the Chicory, and C Etulh'ta, Linn,, the Endive. See those entries for fuller information. CIENKOWSKIA. See Kifmpferia. CIMIClFUGA, Linn, {rimer, a bug ; fwjere, to drive away), Ifiinnnculticere. Bicban'E, Allied to A'ttca. Tall, hardy, herbaceous perennials, ornamental, liut bad- smelling, suited for the back of borders or for partially shaded pl:u'es in the wild garden. About 10 species, na- tives of the north temperate zone. Lvs, large, decom- pound: ds. white, in racemes ; sej)als 2-">, petaloid, de- ciduous; petals 1-8, snudi, clawed, 2-lobed or none: fol- licles 1-8, many-seeded, sessile or stalked ; stignia broad or minute. Half sha<ly or open places ; any good ganlen soil. Prop, by seeds and division of roots in fall or early spring. Americana, Michx. (-cIc^pat prodocd rpn , DC. ) . Slender, 2-4 ft. high: lvs. pale beneath: fls. in elongated raceme; petals 2-homed : pedicels nearly as l<»ng as the tl.: fol- licles "A or 5, stalked : seeds in 1 row, chalfy : stamens and pistils usually in same fl. Aug.-Sept. Moist woods of Alleghanies. foetida, Linn. Lvs. bipinnate, terminal 1ft. 3-lobed : petals of the white tis. often tipped with anthers ; no staminodia : follicles JJ-.") ; seeds verj* chaffy. Suinmer. Siberia. —Following var. only is cult. Var. simplex, Reg. (C. s'unplcx, Wormsk.). Tall and handsome : tis, short-pedicelled, forming a tine, dense raceme, and at first pubescent : follicles short-stalked. Kamtschatka, racemdsa, Nutt, (C. serpentilria, Pursh), Fig. 471. Stem 3-8 ft, high : lvs. 2-3 times 3-4-parted ; Ifts. mostly ovate, firm texture: ra»'emes few, rigidly erect, often becoming 2 ft, long* follicles rather shorter than the pedicel, nearly % in, long, short style abruptly re- curved, Ver\' pretty in fr.,with its two rows of oval fol- licles always exteinling upward from the lateral branches, Julv-Aug, Georgia to Canada and westward. Int. IS'.U. Gt."l3: 443. Gn. 46, p. 2G9. G,C. II. 10:557. D. 79. — The conmionest in gardens. Var. diss6cta, Gray (C. spicdfa, Hort,), Lvs. more compound than the type: small white fls. closely packed on lateral and terminal branches. Lasting until Sept. Del, and S. Penn. J. H. 111. 33:381. C.cnrdifolia, Pursh. Lvs. ver>" broadly ovate or orl'icular. B. M. 2()6U.— C. eldta, Nutt. (C. foetida, Pursh. Actaea C'lTiiicif- nga. Linn.). Used in me<licine. Reg. Vej;. Med. 1::{7.— (\ Ja- 7*'Wi(Vrt, Spreng. Three ft. high: lvs. ver>' large. F.S. '-"ii'JIWSias Pithymspernia 'acerinura).— C paltndtu, Michx. = Trautvet- teria Carolinensis, Vail. jj. C. Davis. CINCHONA (from Countess Chinchon). Jfuhloceai. This genus of plants contains, according to Index Kewensis, (57 species, some of which yield bark con- taining (luinine. The species grow isolated in various districts of the Andes, at elevations ranging from 2.:fU0 to 9,000 ft., and between 22° S. and 10° N. latitude. Some of the species are lofty trees, others are mere shrubs. The lvs, are opposite, with deciduous stip- ules. The ris. are fragrant, much fr«*qtiented by hum- ming birds, white and i)ink in color, growing in ter- minal panicles. The calyx is small. 5-toothed. and persistent. The corrdia has a long tube with .') short, sprea<ling, valvate lobes, hairy at the margins. The sta- mens are 5, included in the corcdla. The ovary is 2- celled. with very numerous ovules inserted on linear axile placentae. The capsule oj>ens s«'i)ticidally from the base upwards. The see<ls are small, numerous, flat and surnmnded with a wing. Commercial Cinchona bark is known tmder the fol- lowing names : "Crown," " Loxa." or" Pale bark," yielded by Cinchona officimilis and its varieties Coiuhtniinea, I'ritusivga, crixpa: "Red bark." fnmi C. sum'ruhm ; "Hybrid bark." from hvbrids of C. officitvlis and (7. siu'cirubra; "Royal," or "Yellow bark," from C. Calisaya CINCHONA CINCHONA 317 and its varieties Ledgeriana and verde ; "Cartha^ena bark," from C. lancifoUa ; "Columbian bark," from C cordifolia and C. lancifolia ; "G -ay bark," from C. micrantha, C. nitida and C. Peruviana. Certain alkaloids, namely, quinine, quinidine, cincho- nine and cinchonidine, occur in these barks in varjing quant-ties in different species. These alkaloids possess poweriul antiperiodic, tonic and antiseptic properties. In the harks there are also quinovic and other acids, and other substauces possessing astringent properties which render them useful in certain cases, where the alkaloids have failed to give relief. The bark was introduced into Europe in 1640, by the Countess of Chinchon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru ; hence it was called Countess' powder and Peruvian bark, and also Jesuits' bark, fron> the knowledge of it spread by that religious order. The word quinine is de- rived from the name l)y which it was known in Peru, qni}taquinn, or "bark ot" barks." Dr. Ainslie, at the end of the eighteenth century, and Dr. Forbes Royle, in his work on Himalayan botany in 18;{S>. advocatetl the introduction of the trees into India. At length, in 1859, Clements Markham was entrusted by the government of India with the task of collecting plants and seeds on the Andes, and establishing them in India. In his book "Peruvian Bark : a popular ac- count of the introduction of Cinchona cultivation into British India," Markham recounts the difficulties in S. 471. Cimicifuga racetnosa. Anier. and his final success. The object of the govern- ment was to put it within the power of the poorest na- tive to purchase a dose, and this aim has been accom- plished. At any post office in India, a o-grain <lose may be bought for 'three pice i\% farthings). The eox- emraent not only uses bark from its own plantations, but buys bark from Cinchona planters at a good price, and is now extending its own cultivation with seed procured from Jamaica. In Ceylon the cultivation was altogether in private hands, and has been abant'. jned for tea. In Java: the Dutch have been most successful, as the variety Ledgeriana, which is very rich in (juinine, is particularly well suited to the climate. In Jamaica, the government plantations had realized by sales from 1880 to 1887, £17,000 (about $85,000), and then the price of bi'.rk fell considerably and no more has since been exported. C. officinaUs has become thoroughly natur- alized, and is reproducing itself, as if it were in its na- tive home. Culture. — The seedlings maybe raised either in boxes or in beds. The boxes should not be more than .'J or 4 in. deep. Three-quarter-inch drainage h()les should bo made in the bottom, about G in. apart. Whitewash the boxes or dust them inside with lime. Put ])ieces of broken flower-pots over the drainage holes, and cover the bottom with gravel to a depth of 1 in. The soil should be made up of one-third leaf-mold, one-third good soil and one-third fine river gravel. These should be thoroughly mixed anu passed through a quarter- inch sieve. Fill the boxes to within one-quarter of an inch of the top, and slightly water. Sow the seed evenly, and sprinkle over it some of the sifted soil, only just covering it. The boxes should be under shade, sheltered from rain, and watered every day with a very fine spray from a watering can. The seedlings will ap- pear above the ground in 3 or 4 weeks. If the seeds are sown in bed.s, they require the protection of a roof slop- ing south, and supported by posts 4 ft. 6 in. high on the north, and 3 ft. 3 in. on the south side. The sides may also have to be covered in. The breadth of the beds is 3 ft., and these should be made up of soil as for the boxes. The roof projects beyond the south posts suffi- ciently to keep off direct sunlight, and in the sununer time, at any rate, a narrow north roof must be added at right angles. If the sheds are built under the shade of tall trees that keep off direct sunlight, the roof is only needed for shelter from rain, and can be constructed solely for that purpose. The shed may run as far as convenient east and west, and others may be added 2^2-3 ft. on either side. When the seedlings are l}2-2 in. high, they should be ' -ansplanted into nursery beds, made up in the same way as for seeds. In transplanting, use a wooden peg 4 or 5 in. long, ^4 in. thick at one end and tapering to a dull point. A seedling is picked up with the left hand from a bundle brought from the seed-beds, a hole is made with the peg in the right hand, big enough to re- ceive the roots without bending or crushing them. The soil is then pressed closely over the rootlets with the ' peg. Two inches between each plant is enough room. At first the plants should be shaded, but when they are twice or thrice as high as when transplanted, the shading may be gradually removed to harden them for putting out in their permanent positions. The soil and subsoil should be free and open to insure good drainage; newly cleared forest land on a hillside is the best for Cinchona trees. In Jamaica, Cinchona officinalis flourishes best at an elevati<m of about 5,500 ft., with a mean annual temperature of about 60° F.. ranging from a mininmm of 46° to a maximum of 75^, and with a total annual rainfall of 120 to 150 inches. The distance when planted out in their permanent positions is 3 ft. by 3, and as soon as they Ix'giji to in- terfere with each other's growth, they should l)e thinned out just sufficiently at first to prevent this. The bark of those cut down may be worth stripping if the price of bark is high. In taking the bark from the trees, there are several methods that have been used. In 8. Anier. the tree is uprooted, and the whol<< of the bark may be taken from both root and stem. A second plan is used if shoots spring from the root ; the trunk is cut through above thv? ground, the bark stripped, and the stump left to coppice, one or two of thy shoots being allowed to grow. The third method is to make the same tree yield bark in successive seasons ; for this purpose longitudinal layers of the bark are removed from the tnmk, and the exposed surface is sometimes covere«l with moss; the bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich or 318 CINCHONA CINERARIA rifber in ulkuloids tluin the orijjinal. In this way, by taking suecfssiv*- ,sTn|).s of bark in <liflFerent years, the tree yields a continuous supply of bark. Wm. P'awcett. Cinchonas are sometimes seen in collections of eco- nomic phints. but only one of them seems to be regu- larly in the tra«le at this time. This is C. offiriiuilifi, var. Condamlnea, which Franceschi says is "probably the least delicate and more easily growTi of all Cinchonas." L. H. B. CINERAEIA (dsh-ioJored, from the Latin, referring to the gray foliage ) . Cotttpositif. Herbs or under-shrubs, closely allied to Senecio, from which they are separated chiefly by technical characters of the akene. The genus is variously understood by different authors. As limited by Benthani <fc Hooker, it comprises about 25 South African species, and tlie common garden Cineraria be- comes a Senecio. The Cineraria of the florists \ Fig. 472) is now much modilied by cultivation. There are two views of its origin, one holding that it is a direct development of C. cruenta, Mass., the other that it is a hybrid, into which C. criuntn, C. Jleritieri, C. pnpuli- foUa, and perhaps others, have probably blended. These are all natives ot the Canary Islands. The writer is in- clined to believe that it is a direct evolution from C cr»eutii. This species is tigurod in B. M. 106, For the more important literature of the recent discussion re- specting the origin of the garden Cineraria, see Nature, ol :461. 605 ; 52:3, 29, 5^, 78, lO.'}, 128 ; 55: 341. G.C. III. 3:054 and G57; 17:588,655,742; 18:89, IS"'. See Senecio for CinerarUt acanthi folia, C. candidis- sima. and C. maritima. To the garden or florist's Cine- raria (C. cnienta) belong the horticultural names (\ hybrida, C.grnudiflora, C. Kcirensis, C nana, and the like. There are full-double forms (see R.H. 1874, p. 47; 1886, p. 41. F.S. 22: 2347-8. I.H.32:556). L. H. B. The single hybrid Cinerarias are among the most use- ful and bcautifu?. of all greenhouse flowering plants. The ease with which they can be raised, the little heat required, together with their free-blooming qualities, ijrilliant and various-colored flospers, which last for a considerable time in blossom, make them poptllar with most people possessing even only a small greenhouse. Though they are herbaceous in character and may be propagated by cuttings or divisiim of the roots, the single varieties are best treated as annuals, raising them from seed each year and throwing away the plants after flow- ering. Though anyone may save one's o\ATi seed, the Cineraria, like most hybrids, will deteriorate both in size and (quality of the flower after one or two generations un- less they are hybridized ; therefore, unless one cares to hybridize his own plants, it is best to purchase fresh seed from some re- liable firm who oT?tain their stock from hy- bridists. For florists' use, or where a suc- cession of these flowers is required, two sowings of seed should be made ; the first about the middle of August, and the second a month later. The seed should be sown in pans or shallow boxes one foot square : these sliould be well drained, and the soil should consist of one part fine loam, one part leaf- nifdd, and one part clean, sharp silver sand. The sur- face should be made very fine and pressed down evenly. The seed should then be sown evenly and rather thinly, and covered with sand about the eighth part of an inch. This will in a great measure prevent the seedlings from what gardeners term "daniping-off," which they are very apt to do if the atmospheric conditions become at all stagnant. The seed-pans or boxes should be care- fully watered with a fine rose and then placed in some cool, shaded place, such as a frame placed on sifted coal ashes on the north side of a wall <-r building, where they will germinate in about a week or ten days. As soon as large enough to conveniently handle, the seedlings should be potted into thumb-pots and grown on as rapidly as possible, shifting on int^o larger size pots as often as required, never allowing them to become the least pot -bound, or suffer in any way during the isea-^on of growth. The soil should consist of half leaf mold and half fine fibrous loam, with a good sprinkling of sil- ver sand, untU the final shift into their floweriuir pots. when the soil should be three parts fibrous losiu! ami one part well-decayed cow-manure or pulverized she^-p- manure. About tlie first of October the plants slunild all be removed to the greenhouse, where the atmos{)here should be kept cool and moist, but not stagnant. If a rainy spell should set in, a little artificial heat should be given to cause a circidation of the atmosjihere. and as the fall advances the temperature should be kept about 45° at night, with a rise of ten degrees by dav, Li<{uid stimulants should not be given until the flower buds bejrin to apjtear, when they are greatly benefited hy an occasiimal watering of clear, liquid cow- or sheep- manure water. Cinerarias arv-* verj* subject to the attacks of green-fly. To keep these in check, the house in which they are grown should be fumigated with to- bacco about once iu ten days, or tobacco stems placed among the plants if fumigating is objectionable. Double-flowered varieties of Cineraria are not com- monly grown, neither are they as beautiful as the single varieties. They may be propagated ])y seed or by cut- tings, the latter being the best method, as a large per- centage of seedlings are sure to turn out single, which will be inferior in size of flower as compared with the best single varieties. Double-flowering varieties must be propagated each year to obtain the best results. As soon as the jdants have finished blossoming, the flowt-r stalks should be cut away to induce the plants to make .If f»<*/<5 472. The florists' Cineraria— C. cruenta. fresh growth, which, as soon as large enough for cut- tings, should be taken off and inserted in an ordinary propagating bed, where they will soon root, after which they should be potted and shifted on as often as re- quired, growing them during the hottest months in as -■rSt. CINERARIA CISSAMPELOS 319 cool ami shadeil a position as can be nrovided. Of the different species of Cineraria from 8. Europe, C. mari- tima is perhtips the best. It is ol" <l\varf liribit. with tonientose. silvery, pinnatifld leaves, and is a most use- ful sultjeet for edtrinf? tlower beds, it is n«»t hardy in this cliiuate, consequently must be treated as an annual, sowini; the seeds early in March w\ the ^rtM-nhouse, afterwards treating them as ordinary summer bedding phmts. The other species from south and eastern Europe do not i)rove liardy here, and if grown should be treated as tender annuals, idanting them in the her- baceous l>..rders f(»r the summer. The species from the Cape of (tood Ho{>e require greeidiouse treatment, the culture being the same as f«jr the common Cineraria, tliDiiirh, from an ornamental point of view, they would hardly pay for the room they would occupy. Edward J. Caxnixg. CtNNA ' i»ld Greek substantive). Gramineip. Peren- nial woods grasses allied to Agrostis and Calamagrostis, with 1 -rid., much-tiattene<l spikelets, I-nerved palet, 1 stamen, and a loose open panicle. The two northern species are offered by collectors: C. arundinacea, Linn., with the branches of the panicle ascending or erect ; C. p^ndula, Trin.. with the branches very slender and drooping. These grasses (growing 3-7 ft.) are useful in wild borders. CINNAMOMUM (the ancient Greek name), L(tHr(\- ctif. Fifty or more trees and shrubs of Asia, mostly tropical, of which 2 or ;{ are cult, in the extreme south- ern CS. The Ivs. are thick and riblied, mostly opposite: fls. usually perfect, with 9 ]>erfect stamens in .'{ rows and a row of imperfect ones : fr. a small, 1-seeded berry, in a cup-like calyx : buds not scaly. The Cinnamon of commerce is mostly the bark of C. Zeylanicum, Nees ; and this is sparingly cult, in S. Fla. and S.Calif. It is cult, in Ceylon ami other oriental countries. It is a small tree, with ovate-oblong, shining, :}-.l-ner%'ed Ivs., and small, yellow-white fls., in terminal, loose clusters. It is native to E. Ind. and Malaya. C. Camphdra, T. Nees and Eberra., is the Camphor tree. By some it is retained in the genus Camphora, and it will be found there in this book. C. Cassia, Blum. , of Burma and China, furnishes Cassia hark or "Cassia lignea" of com- merce. It is hardier than the C. Zeylanicmn. It is a handsome tree, with stiff, long-oKdong, acutish, .'?-ribbed shining Ivs., and small ,tls. in toraentose terminal or axillary panicles. The bark is thicker and coarser than that of C. Zeylanicum, and is used to adulterate Cin- namon. The unexpanded, clove-like flower-buds are often sold as Cassia buds. C. Lour6irii, Nees. A mid- dle-sized tree of Cochin China, is rarely sold as a glass- house plant. It has an aromatic odor. Lvs. opposite or alternate, rigid, elliptic or oblong. Petiole %-%. in. long. There is a form with variegated lvs. C. pedunculatum, Presl, from Japan, is also sold as a glasshouse subject. It is a glabrous tree, with thick, petioled, oblong-lanceo- late, 3-nerved lvs., which are shining above. Petiole yi-% in. long. The genus embraces tropical and semi-tropical shrubs and trees, which are mostly of economic value, and in one or more cases are valuable shade trees for lawn and street planting. The lvs. »re evergreen, usually of a rich, shining green, and in C. Camphora have a silvery blue color on the under surfa<^es. C. Camphora, the Camphor tree, is hardy in the lower Gulf states, and is now being extensively planted, both for shade and extraction of gum (see Camphora). C Cassia is not quite so hardy, but withstands a temperature of 20° Fahr. without injury, and has been planted in Florid; for manufacture of its various products, — oil. gum, buds and cinnamon bark. The true Cinnamon of commerce is prepared from the bark of C. Zeiflanicam, a tropical species, likely to be extensively grown in Mexico and the West Indies. The various species are usually propa- srated by seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe in a shaded bed, the seedlings being transplanted when very small into pots and kept thus growing until permanent plant- ing out. The species, without exception, are very diffi- cult to transplant from the open ground, and hence pot- ^own plants are almost a necessity. Cuttings of half- ripened wood of some species may be rooted in the sprmg in moderate heat, following the usual method of preparation, and planting in coarse sand. The soil best suited to Cinnamomums in general, and C. Camphora in particular, is sandy loam, although a heavy loam, where well prepared, answers fairly well. The sandy soil of Floriila. when moderately manured, suits all spe- cies so far tri»'d admirably. E. X. Reasoxer and L. H. B. CINNAMON VINE. A name for species of Dioscorea. ClNQUEFOIL. A species of Potentilla. CIECJE A (Circe, the enchantress). Onafir('ice(P. A few sp^'cies ol low woods herbs in N. Amer. and Eu., two of which are in the trade for growing in shady places and about garden bogs. They are interesting little plants, but not showy. Of easy culture in shady, damp spots. Lvs. opposite and stalked: tis. perfect, small, and white, in terminal and lateral racemes ; calyx tube hairy : fr. a small, bristly l)ur. Lutetiina, Linn. Erect and branching, 1-2 ft., the stem swollen at the nodes: lvs. ovate-acuminate, more or less rounded at the base: pedicels slender, retlexed in fruit: fr. 2-celled. Woods, E. Facifica, Asch. & Mag. From (\-\2 in.: smaller than the above, lvs. less acuminj<te, Hs. smaller, fr. 1 -celled and less bristly. Col., N. and W. l^ jj. B. CIBRH0F£TALUM (fi^nih'il petal, alluding to the nar- row lateral sepals). (Jrrhiddceip, tribe Epidendreif. Nearly 50 Old World tropical orchids, none of which are in the American trade. The tail-like lateral sepals give the lis. an odd appearance. Allied to Bulbophyllum. They are epiphytes, and are grown in baskets or <m blocks in a warmhouse. Leading species are : C. Camincjii, Lindl. ( B.M. 4990) : C. Medustp. Lindl. (B.M. 4977. I'.H. :{9:ir)4. G.C. Ill, 21:2.")); C. picfnrafiim, Lodd. (B.M. 6802); C. pnlrhriim, N. E. Brown (I, H. 'MiidOH. A. F. G:G09); C. Thoaarsii, Lindl. (B.M. 42:57). C. Sinense is evidently a trade name. Being of rambling habit, with creeping rhizomes, Cir- rhopetalums should be grown in baskets, sul!i<'iently large to afford plenty of growing surface, and suspended from the roof, where they will get plenty of light and free access of air to the roots, which is equally essential. Liberal allowance must be made for drainage, which should consist of either broken potsherds or charcoal, the latter being preferable, as it is light, durable and con- tains nothing 'etrimental. Two-thirds osmunda, or other clean fiber, and one-third chopped live sphagnum moss, well mixed together, afford a good compost ; and after this has been carefully tucked in about the roots and interstices, the plant should be held firm with brass or copper wire until reestablished. The compost should be used rather sparingly to prevent over-watering. Many of the smaller-growing species do very well on orchid blocks, firmly attached, with a small quantity of compost beneath them. During the winter monihs, little or no shade is required. The temperature may range from 58° to 65° F. by night, with about 10"^ rise through the day, or even a little more, with sun-heat, will do no injury. No artificial heat is necessary in siimmer, except in ex- treme cold or wet weather, but a shaded, moist location should be selected, such as is afforded in the cattleya or palm department. When the plants are dormant, light syringing overhead will keep the compost moist and the plants in he»lthy condition, Vmt as the growing season advances, a liberal quantity of water an<l copious syringing in bright weather will be necessary. The stock is increased by division, the most judicious method being to cut nearly through the rhizome with a sharp knife, about three pseudobulbs l)ehiiid the lead, just be- fore growth action, allowing the part to remain until the dormant eyes start to grow, when it may be removed and treated as an established plant. A little extra heat and moisture at this period will prove beneficial with the weak plants. All are of moderately easy culture. RoBT. M. Grey. ClESIUM. Refer to Cnicus. CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper- mctceof. Vines : fls. in axillary racemes or cluster . the plant dioecious ; sterile fls. with 4 or 2 sepals and as many 320 CISSAMPELOS CISTUS petals united, the anthers 2-4, on a st- minal cohimn ; fertile tls. with 2 united Heshy sepals, subtended by a sepal-like bra<'t, and solitary ovary, wi h 3 styles : fr. a subglobose drupe, with a flattened and t iberculate stone. Many species or distinct forms in troj; eal rejcions, but many of tlu-nj are evidently forms of the widely dis- tributed C. Parelra, Linn. Tins plant, as 7. heferopht/lla, DC, and under other names is cult, in ,>. Fla. and the tropics. It is known as Velvet-leap nd Pareira Brava. It is an exceedin>rly variable vine, with downy, round-conia<^e or peltate Ivs., the sterils tls. in stalked corymbs and the fertile in lar^e-bracted racemes, and a hairy, nearly globular, red fruit. It occurs in all tropical countries. L^ jj_ g^ CtSSHS (Greek name of ivy). Vitilceee. Very like Vitis,but differinfT in havimtr the parts of the flower in 4's, the corolla not fulling otf as a cap, and the disk about the ovary ring-like or cup-like. Ampelopsis is distingnished by 5-merous fls. and the absence of a disk. Cissus discolor.. ^\ However, certain 5-merous, disk-bear- inff species are referred in this book to Ampelopsis [C. A)nprh>psis=A. cor- data, C. sfajts=A. arboreal. Cissus has a wide range and many species in warm countries. The latest mono- grapher (Planchon, DC. Monogr. Phaner. 5) recognizes 212 species. P\>li- age often fleshy, but in most of the cult, species usually thin and handsomely colored or variegated. The species of Cissus are handsome, tall-climbing, tendril-bearing vines, of easy cultiva- tion. A. Lvs. fleshy, S-Iobed or S-folioIate. ^cida, Linn. Low climber, with slender and striate somewhat fleshy glaVjrous branches : Ifts. or leaf-divi- sions rather small, broml-cuneate and sharply toothed near the apex : fls. small, in cctrymb-like or umbel-like clusters: fr. an ovoid and nuicronate dark purple berry, with 1 or 2 large seeds, the pedicel being recurved at maturity. Key West and S.; also, in Ariz, and S.— Sometimes planted. incisa, Desm. {C. Eochedna, Planchon). Climbing 20-:W ft., the stems ver^' fleshy and the tendrils root- like : lvs. pale green, very fleshy ; Ifts. or divisions wedge-ovate, notched on both sides and top, the mittdle one sometimes again lobed : inflorescence umbel-like: fr. an obovoid blackish berry, with 1 or 2 seeds, the pedicel being strongly recurved. Fla., to Ark. and Tex R.H. 1884, pp. 272-:k- Often planted in the extremes. Sometimes called "Marine Ivy." AA. Lvs. not fleshy, not lobed. discolor, Blume. Fig. 47IJ. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acumi- nate, cordate at base, bristly serrate, re<ldish beneath, velvety green and mottled with silvery white above: both Ivs. and stems glabrous, the latter red and more or less angled: fls. .-small an<l yellowish, in deusi* and very short, axillary clusters. Java. B. M. 47{>.'{. L. l.'i. F. iS. 8: 804-.^. — One of the best of all wannhouse foliage plants. Easily grown. Prop, by cuttings. Must have a season of rest, usually in spring or early summer. If wanted for winter growth, temperature must be about 7o°. Known to some as "Trailing Begonia." Antdrctica, Vent. ( C. Ba udin idna, Brouss. ) . Kanga- roo Vine. Lvs. rather thick, glossy, ovate to obionff, very short-acuminate, rounded at base, mostly strongly toothed or notched, green : fls. green, in few-fld., axillary clusters: fr. a globular berry. Austral. B.M.24>?8.- Valuable for cool greenhouses, but <loes not withstand frost. Grows well on walls in darkish and neglected places. Amazdnica, Linden. Lvs, glabrous and glaucous, oval- acuminate and narrower, reddish beneath and silvery veined above. Brazil. — Warmhouse climber. ilbo-nitens, Hort. Lvs. oblong-acuminate, more or less cordate at base, silvery white and shining over the upper surface. Brazil.— Warmhouse climber. sicyoides, Linn. Branches terete or compressed, tu- berculate or smooth, striate: Ivs. ovate or oblong, often cordate at base, margin more or less serrate or even cut, thickish, green: inflorescence corjonb-like, opposite the lvs.. the fls. small, and varying from greenish to white and purplish : fr. an obovoid, 1 -seeded berry. Very widely distributed in trop. Araer., and exceedingly variable. One form ( var. Floridiiua, Planch. ), occurs in S. Fla., but is not in the trade. The C. argentea of hor- ticulturists is var. ov^ta. Planch., which has glabrous ovate or ovate-oblong remotely serrate and somewhat glaucous lvs. Called " Season Vine" in tropics. C. Davidiana.Curr., is a Vitis (which see).— C. Ltndeni, Andre (I.H. 17:2), is perhaps an offshoot of C. sicyoides. It has large ovate-cordate silver-blotcheil lvs.— C Japonica, Willd. Her- baceous, glabrous: lvs. r)-foliolate, with serrate-oblong Ifts.: fls. greenish : cymes many-fid. Jap., Java, Austr. The only species hardy north.— C porphurophylla, Limll.. is a Piper (which see).— C. striata. Ruiz. & Pav. (Ampelopsis sempervi- rens, Hort.). Low, shrubby evergreen vine: lvs. small. .'>-t'olio- late, with cuneate-oblong Ifts.. serrate above the middle: fls. yellowish, in many-fid. cymes. Chile. S. Braz. (iraceful small climber for the cool greenhouse.— C. Veitchii, Hort.=Ampe- lopsis tricuspidata. L_ g_ g. ClSTUS (ancient Greek name). Cfstdce(g. Rock Rose. Shrubs, usually with villous and glandular tomentuni, aromatic : lvs, opposite, mostly persistent, entire, the op- posite petioles connate at the base: fls. large, in terminal and axillary cymes at the end of the branches, rarely solitary, white to purple; petals .5; stamens numerous; capsule many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. About 30 species in the Mediterranean region. Ornamental, free- flowering shrubs, ustially only a few feet high, with very showy purple or white fls., similar to a small single rose, appearing in early summer. They are only hardy in warmer temperate regions, but many of them will stand 10° of frost without injurj-, and C. lanrifolius even more. They thrive best in a well drained, light soil, mostly preferring limestone soil, and in a sunny position ; the dwarf er species are well a<iapted for rockeries with south- ern aspect. The Cistuses do not bear transplanting well, and should be grown in pots until planted out. Some species yield ladanum, a resin, used in perfumery. Prop. by seeds sown in spring in pans or boxes and the young seedlings shaded; increased also by layers and cuttings in spring or late summer, inserted in sandy peat under glass. Illustrated monograph: R. Sweet. Cistinea* (S.C of the following pages). In the Old World, the Cistuses CISTUS CITRON 321 are important garden plants, but they are little known in America. A. Fls. purple or red. B. FU. iyi-2 in. wide; petals imbricate. villdsuf, Linn. (C. inrclnus, Linn.). Erect shnib. ."J—t ft., villous or tonientose : Ivs, penninerved, rountiisli- ovate or oblong, narrowed into a very short petiolf, rui^ose above and grayish preen, tonientose or villous beneath, 1-2 in, long : fls. l-;{, long-peduncled, reddish purple, 2 in. wide; petals light pink or yellowish at the base. May, June. Medirerr. regit»n. B.M.4;i. S.C 35. —A very variable species, Var. Cr^ticos, Boiss. Lvs. smaller, more spatuiate at the base : \\>, purple. Fl. Gr«eca5:495. S.C 112. Var. canescens, Nichols. Lvs, elliptic-oblong or iiarruw-oblong, obtuse: fls, dark purple. S.C. 4'>. Var. rotundifdIiuB, Loud, Dwarfer, with more roundish lvs. S.(\7r). Var. undul&tus.Willk. Lvs, linear- oblong, acute, undulate: fls. solitary, S.C. 03. crispus, Linn. Compact shrub, to 2 ft,, villous : lvs, sessile, 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, un- dulate, rugose above, villous beneath : fls. 3—4, nearly ses'^ile, lVa-2 in. wide, deep rose-colored. June-August, s!w, Europe. S.C. 22. heterophyllus, Desf . Erect, to 2 ft. : lvs, short -peti- ok<l, elliptic- or oval-lanceolate, green on both sides and slisrhtly hairy, %-l in. long : fls. 1-3, 2 in. wide ; petals red, yellow at the base. N. Africa. S.C. C — More tender, BB, Fls. 1 in. wide, petals not imbricate. parviflorua, Lam. Much l»ranched shrub, 1-2 ft.: to- meutose: lvs. ;i-nerved, ellif»tic-ovate. un«iulate rugose above, reticulat*' beneath, twisted, 1 in. long : fls. 3-.") ; petals pale rose, yellow at the base. June. Greece, Crete, S.C. 14, AA, Fls. white: lvs. S-ncrcvd. C^prius, Lam. Erect shrub, to G ft., glutinous : lvs, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, villous-tonientose be- neath: fls, 5-7. nearly 3 in, wide; petals blo'ched purple at the base. June. Cyprus, S,C, 39. ladanlferus, Linn, Shrub, to 4 ft,, glutinous: lvs. short- petioli-d, lanceolate, glabrous and viscid above, whitish tomentose beneath, 1.^2—4 in, long : fls. usually solitary, long-pedunded, ',Wi%\n. wide; petals \xdlow at the base. June. S, W, Europe, S, C. 84, — Var. maculitus. Sweet. Petals with a dark brownish crimson spot above the base. B.M, 112. Gu. 30:552. S.C.I, Probably the most beauti- ful of all Cistus. laurifdlius, Linn, Shrub, to ft, : lvs. petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous al)ove. whitish or brownish tomentose beneath, 1-2 ^'2in. long : fls. 3-8, 2-3 in, wide; petals with yellow blotch, June-Aufrust. S, W. Europe, On. 53, p. 131. S.C, 52. — The hardiest species. C. dlbidus, Linn. To 4 ft. : lvs. sessile, whitish tomentose: fls. 3-8. lilac or rosy, 2/^ in. S,W. Europe. S.C. 31.— C. Aluarvensig, Sims = Heliauthemum ocyimoides. — C.candidissiinus, Dun.; S.C. 3 = Cvaginatus.var.— i'.Corbariensis, Pourr. (C populifo- liusXsalvifolius). To .5 ft.: lvs. slij^btly conlate. glutinous: fls. 1-,'), white, iHin. S.L\S.— C\ Cnpanianv.s, Prosl. To 3 ft.: lvs. oordate-ovate: fl.s 2-:i, white. Si<'ily. S.C. 70.— C Florenttnus, Lam. (0. MonsjjeliensisXsalvifolius). Dwarf: lvs. lanceolate: fls. white, 2 in. (in. 27:497, and ">;{, p. i:$4. S.C. .t9.— C. formbsvs, Curt.= HeHanthemum formosum. — C. {ilanctts. Pourr. =» C Le- don.— ('.fitrsiitus. Lam. Oneto3ft.,clothetl with spreading and glandular hairs: lvs. sessile, lanceolate: fls. 1-5, white. S.W. Eu- rope. S.C. 19.— C. latifolius, iSweet; S.C. 15= C. r»opulifolius.var. — C. Idxits. .\it.= C longifolitis.— C. Ledon, Lam. One to 2 ft. : lvs. lanceolate, glossy alH>ve: fls. 5-10, white, l)(>in. S. France.— C. longifdlius, Liim. Two to 4 ft., glandular: lvs. oblong-lanceo- late, glossy above : fls. white, 1,4 in. S.W.Europe. S.C. 12. Variable.— (7. ilonspetiensig, Linn. To 5 ft. : lvs. sessile, lanceo- late: rts. white, cymose, 1 in. S. Europe. S.C. 27.— ('. oblniigi- fblius. Sweet; S.C.67=C. longifolius, var. — r.o6fM«iYo?n/«. Sweet; S.C. 42 = C. longifolius, var.— ('. |>rtp»/«7(VjMS, Linn. To 6 ft., glutinous : lvs. petiole<l. cordate, a<'uminate. rugose abo%e : fls. white, cymose, 2 in. S.W, Eiiroi)e. S.C 23.- C.purpitrevs.LiaTa. Three to 4 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rugose above: fls. 1^. red- dish purple ; petals yellow at the ba.se and with maroon blotch above. Orient. Gn. 81:591; 45, p. in. B R. 5:408. S.C. 17.— T. galvifoUus, Linn. To2ft.: lvs. oval, obtuse, tomentose, small: fls. 1-2, white. l}/^in. S. Eu., Orient. S.C. 54.-6'. va^jinatus, Linn. (Rhodocistus Berthelotianus, Spach). To 2 ft.: lvs. petioled, ovate, acuminate : fls. cymose, deep rose-colored, yel- low ineenter, Canary Islands. S.C. 9. B.R. 3:225. F.S. 15:1501. Alfred Rehder. CITEON. A form of Watermelon. 21 CITEON (Cltnts 3fedica,\'&r. gemdna). See Citrtm. Fig. 474, —A large, thick-rinded, lemon-like fr,, some- what cult, in Flor. and Calif. The rind is used in the making of preserves and confections. The Citron is propagated by cuttings, layers, budding, and errafting. The usual method of propagating is by budding on a vigorous stock, in Florida preferably the 474. Citrus Medica. the Citron (X J^) rouffh lemon ("F>ench lemon" or "oranged loomie''), but also on the sour orange. Grafting is so uncertain, owing to the prevailing high temperature, that it is sel- dom attempted. Cuttings of rii)e wood root readily, both in the open ground and the propagating house. For open ground, select wood thoroughly ripe in De- cember, and cut in lengths about 6 to 10 inches ; clip off all but the top leaf, and insert in rows in well-drained soil, leaving the top bud exposed to the air. Watering must be thoroughly kept up until the succeeding rainy season, A shade of lath or brush should be provided the rows of cuttings. By Noveni>»er of the following year, the young plants Jwill be sufliciently well rooted to transplant. By making short cuttings, 2 or 3 inches long, of ripe wood, atid inserting: in the moist sand of the propagating house, less wood is necessary and a higher percentage of rooted plants will restilt in a shorter period. These cuttings may be inserted at any time of year, but winter and early sprin}? are preferable. The youni; rooted plants nuiy be grown into large size in the nursery, until wanted for orchard setting. Layers are easily rooted by pegging down low branches of tlie Citron during: the rainy season. They do not make suih symmetrical trees as those grown from cuttings, or by buddinj;. The site for the Citron orchard should be on well- drained land, either naturally, or otherwise, of the best quality, similar to that selected for the lemon In or- chard planting, the trees should be set about 15x24 feet apart (although this is not arbitrary), as suflicient room should be allowed for cultivation, haulinj? ferti- lizer and fruit, and plenty of sunlight and air. An abundance of sunshine and breezes are the greatest aids in keepins?down insect pests and fungous troubles. The Citron is rather low-growing and inclined to make long lateral branches, which, if not cut back occasionally, touch the ground and form roots, rendering cultivation and fruit-gathering difficult. Cultivation is essentiallj- the same as for the orange and lemon : shallow plowing in December at the time of applying fertilizer, followed by thorough harrowing every two or three weeks until the latter part of June. This keeps the top soil loose, conserving the moisture, and keeping down weeds and grass during the dry sea.son. After the rains set in 322 CITROX riTRUS during the summer all cultivation i« stopped, and grvkss, bejj:>jrar-wet'd. or tlfld-peas allowed to cover the ^ound, preventing »unburuiu>; and providing a source of humus so necessary in keepins? up proper fertility and texture of the sandy soil of Florida. E. N. Reasoner. CITBt^LLUS (from Citrus). Cuntrbitih-eip. The ge- nus which includes the Watenuelon. Cogniaux. the latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3). recog- nizes three species, all of the Old World, with the larg- est uispersion in Africa. Plant monuecious, the two kinds of tls. solitary in the axils of the Ivs. : tls. with a short, bell-like calyx tube aiul a deeply .5-cleft. yel- low corolla. C. vulgdiris, Schra«l.. is the Watermelon (which see), native to tropical and south Africa. C. ColOC^this. Schrad., is the Colo<'yiith, extract from the fruit of which furnishes a well-known purgative drug. It is native to the Mediterranean region and tropical Africa. The fruit is small and globular, gourd-like, smooth and partly colored, the tlesh very bitter : Ivs. deeply divided. ' L. H. B. ClTBUS (ancient name for Citron). Rut<ice(v. Orange. Lemon, Citron, etc. Aromatic, glandular shrubs or small trees, mostly thorny: Ivs. alternate, with more or less winged petioles, compound, mainly unifoliolate (appearing as a simple leaf but really com(>ound, as shown by the joint betv.-een the petiole and lamina, Fig. 47.1). in one species trifoli<»Iate: fls. hermaphrodite; calyx cupulate, 3-.5-toothed ; petals 4-8, linear-oblong, thick, glandular, imbricated in the bud ; stamens nu- merous, 20-00. occasionally only 't ; filaments more or less united ; disk cushion-shaped ; ovary compound, composed of 5 to m.any united carpel*, with a single style and stigma, and central axial placenta; ovules 4-8 in each carpel, arranged in two rows : fr. a round, ob- long or pear-shaped berry with leathery rind, containing numerous oil glands and juicy, aromatic pulp : se»ids white, exalbuminous, with leathery coats, frequently containing 2 or more embryos. Native of tropical and subtropical Asia. Several species are extensively culti- vated and have given rise to numerous cultivated forms. The so-called navel oranges have a second series of cells developing in the center of the fr.. this being an incidental variation (Of. Fig. 476). See Citron, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Pomelo. A. PsEri>o-.5:oLE. — Zj'^. trifoliolate, deciduous, with elliptical, dentate or crenate Ifts.: fls. white, 1-^in the axil of each leaf, opening before the Ivs. appear in spring; petals spatulate: ovary and disk hairy. trifoliiLta, Linn. {C. tripfera, Desf. JEgle sepiiria, DC). Trifoliate Orange. Figs. 477, 478, 479. A small tree armed with very strong, stiff thorns, l-lj^ in. long: fr. golden y('lU>w. about the size of a walnut, cov- ered with short hairs; pulp rather dry, sour and bitter. Jap., and cult, widely in the United States. R.H. 1869, p. 15 ; 1877. p. 7'^ ; 1885: .516 ; 1886, p. 533. Gn. 46:980 and p. 273. Mn. 3 : 101. - The f r. of the Trifoliate Orange 475. Leaf of Orange. is worthless as a whole, but is sometimes used for pre- serves. The plant is largely used for hedges, for which it is well adapted, forming a close, compact growth that nothing can penetrate. It is also used as a hardy stock on which to bud certain oranges and lemons, particu- larly the Satsuma an<i Kumquat. It is said to have the effect of somewhat dwarfing the more robust orange va- rieties buddefl on it, and of making them more har<ly by rendering them dormant earlier in the fall, and retard- ing them from starting early in the spring. The Tri- foliate Orange is hardy as far north as Phila<lelphia and New York. It is propagate<l by s('<'ds, which are very numerous. Hybrids have been made between this and the common orange. The Trifoliate Orange is frequently listed in trade catalogues under the names Limonia tri- folinta and Triphasia aurantiola. These are tender. 476. Normal or.mee on the rieht ; abnormal or navel orange on the left, showing the adventitious cells in the center. tropical shrubs, and should not be confu?ed with the hardy C. trifoliata. AA. EuciTRCS. — Z/J'.s. un ifoliolate, evergreen : petals oblong: ovary and disk glabrous. Aur4ntiam, Linn. {C. vulgaris, Risso). Orange. Figs. 476, 480. A small tree or shrub: young shoots light green, glabrous : Ivs. elliptical or ovate, acute, obtuse, or acuminate; petiole narrowly or broadly winged : flrf. hermaphrodite, pure white: fr. oblat€-spherical or ellip- tical, not mamillate. V'ar. am^ra, Linn. (C. Bigarddia, Duham.). SorR, Bitter, or Seville Orange. Lvs. deep green, ovate, pointed, v'ery aromatic ; petiole broadly wing-mar- gined: fls. white, sweet-scented: fr. round, dark orange, frequently with tinge of red, very aromatic; rind some- what rougli; pulp sour and bitter. Southeastern Asia, and cult, in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. — There are very few cultivated sorts ol this variety or subspecies grown in the United States, and of these only the two following are well krown : Scur C sour orange") : Fr. deep orange or orange-red ; pulp very sour. This is grown very extensively as a stock on which to bud varieties of the sweet orange, h^nion, pomelo, etc. Very valuable as a stock because resistant to the serious disease mal-di-gomma or foot-rot. — Bitter Sweet : Fr. of same external appearance as the Sour Orange but mildly acid and pleasant to the taste. Culti- vated mainly for home use. The Sour Orange was evi- dently introduced into Florida verj' early by the Span- iards, and escaped fnmi cultivation, becoming estab- lished as a wild species here and there throughout the peninsular portion of the state. In this wild state it was limited to moist lands near streams and lakes, in the so- called hammocks ; and in some instances grew abun- dantly among the larger forest trees, fjver areas of KXi acres or more. The tls. of this var. Awara are slightly bitter, and are the officinal Folia aurantii or Folia citri vulgaris. An ethereal oil is manufactured from the tis., young sprouts and unripe fr. The i)leasant-snielling. bitter Bigaradiaoil is taken from the rind of the ripe fr. Large quantities of oil for perfume are manufactureil from the fls. in southern France. The fr. is used for marmalade, and makes a very refreshing drink kno\vn in Florida as "orangeade." Var. Berg^mia, Wight. & Am. Bergamot Oraxoe. A bush or small tree : lvs. oblong ; petiole wing-mar- CITRUS CITRUS 323 gined,of modium width : fls. small, white, sweet-smell- ing: fr. me«lium size, pear-shaped, smooth, lijfht yellow, pulp subacid. j;r»'»*nish yellow. Cult, in Eu. since the seventeenth century. Only rarely cult, in the United States. B.M. 7194. — Beriramot oil is manufactured from the rind of this subspecies. Var. Sinensis, Engler. (C. Aurdntiunt, var. dulcis, Linn. C. Tahithtsis, Hort.). Common Sweet Orange, infiuding the Malta or FoKTroAL Okan<je. Tree, 20-35 ft.: younf? branches pale green, aTitjular. glabrous: Ivs. ohltiiig-ovate, pointed ; petiole narrowly winged : fls. larire, white: fr. mainly round, occasionally elliptical or ovate, orange or yellowish ; pulp when ripe sweet or slightly acid. India. Cultivated extensively in all tropi- cal and subtropical regions of the world. — The Sweet Orange is valued mainly for its sweet, delicious fruit, which is eaten raw or i lade into marmalades, wine, etc. The rind is sweet and a'omatic, and is used for culinary puri>os<?s. The extensi\e cultivation of the orange has led to the development of numerous variations, some 70 varieties being cultivated in the I'nited States. Some of these forms are propagated fairly true to seed, but th(^ majority are not, and must be propagate*! by budding or grafting. The following is a list of some of the most highly prized of the cultural forms : Bahia (also known as Washingt(m Navel and Riverside Navel ) : Fig. 47(». Fr. large, solid and heavy, seedless, with prominent navel mark at apex; pulp juicy and of tine texture. Intro<luced from Brazil. The most popular variety cultivated in California, where it bears heavily. lu Florida it is a shy bearer. — Boone (Boone Early): Fr. round, medium size, fair quality ; verj' early. Florida. — Centennial : Fr, round, medium size, early medium, quality excellent. Florida. — I)u Roi : Fr. round, small or medium size, late medium; seeds ribbed: thorns few. An excellent fruit in Florida, but has not given satis- faction in Cal. Foreign.— Hart Late (Tardive, Excel- pulp reddish or streaked with red. Foreign. — St. Michael : Fr. round, medium size, quality fair, midsea- son. Foreign.- St. Michael Blood: Fr. round, medium r^^ sior): Fr. oval, medium size, solid, pule yellow. One of the best late sorts, hohling on tree in Florida umil May. J'oreigii. — Ho- mosassa : Fr. round, of good qualitv, midseason. Florida. - Jaffa: Fr. round, hea^•y. juicy and of verj- best quality, mid- season ; skin thin : tree 1?'^^ nearly thornless. Foreign. — Jaffa Blood: Fr. oval, small, of excellent quality. Florida. — Lamb Summer: Fr. oval, medium size, of good quality, very late; one of the best late sorts, ranking with the Hart Late. Florida. — Majorca: Fr. round, medium size, heavy and very juicy; skin smooth and thin; (juality excellent. Foreign. One of the very best late midseason sorts. — Maltese Blood : Fr. oval, small, orange red, juicy and sweet, of ver\- best quality; pulp reddish or streaked with red; midseason. Foreign. Mediterranean Sweet: Fr. large, oval, of good quality, late. Foreign. — Parson ( Parson Brown): Fr. round, medium size, of fair quality : very early. Florida. Very extensively planted as an early variety in Flori<la. -Ruby: Fr. medium size, round, of excellent quality; l^y ^^-^ 478. Citrus trifoliata. size, quality the very best ; pulp reddish or streaked with red. Foreign. This Orange seems to the writer superior in tiavor to any he has ever tested, though there is but little noticeable difference between any of the best sorts, much, doubtless, depen<iing on the con- ditions under which the fruit is grown. — Valencia (Valencia Late) : Fr. large, oval, light orange, of good quality, verj' late. Foreign. One of the most highly prized varieties in California. The so-called Otaheite Orange (C .4Hra«^'»»», var. Otaitettse, Risso & Poit. ) is j>rol)ably to be considered a variety of C. Aurantixim, var. Sinensis. Reasoner thinks it is Gallesio's "C. ^li<r(rH^tMm Sinense putnilum fructn <li(lci." The foliatre resembles that of a lemon, and the flowers are i>inkish. The fruit is small, slightly flattened, rough, and reddish orange in color : pulp mainly sweetish, sometimes sour. It may be a hybri»l of orange and lemon. It is used extensively as a dwarf pot plant, for which it is well suited. n6bilis, Lour, Mandarin, or Kid-glove Orange. Shrubs or very small trees, with dense foliage : Ivs. small, lanceolate.weaklycrcnate; petioles short, scarcely winged : fls. small, white, fascicled ; filaments only slightly united: fr. compressed, spherical, or somewhat pyriform, 5-0 cm. in diameter ; rind orange-yell<)W or reddish, loose, bagg>-,and easily removed ; segm«'nts 9-10, loosely adherent ; pulp sweet ; see«ls ovate or oblong, green when cut: odor of leaves, twigs, fruit, etc., very characteristic in all varieties and easily recognizable. Cochin China or China. Cultivated extensively in tropical and suT)tropical regions free from hot winds, to which it is said to be very sensitive. — The principal horticultural varieties grown in the United States are the following : China ("Mandarin," "Willow-leaved Mandarin," etc. ) : Fr. small, light orange, early medium, excellent quality : Ivs. small, myrtle-like. Foreign.— Dancy Tangerine : Lvs. larger, mmrly the size of those of the comm<m orange: fr. dark orange or reddish, early medium, qnality excellent. Florida. The most prized of any of the Mandarin Oranges cultivated in the United States. — King : Fr. large and roujfh, dark orange, late: young twigs ]»lackish. A good late sort. Foreign.— Satsuma (Oonshiu): Fr. m-dium size, flattened at the ends, orange, early, quality fair. Foreign. A much valued early ripening sort, which is somewhat more hardy than the common sweet orange, particularly when 324 CITRUS CITRUS budded on the hardy trifoliata orani^e stock. — Tan- Kerine : Fr. very early, light orange, medium size. ForeiffTi. Decumjina, Linn. (C. Ptfmeldnun, Hoit.). Pomelo, Pi'MEiX), Shaddock. Grapepruit. Pompelmos, etc. Tree 479. Citrus trifoliata. Natural size. small, 25-30 feet hijrh: young shoots slightly pubescent, finally becoming smooth: Ivs. large, ovate or ovate- oblong, obtuse, frequently emarginate : petiole broadly winged: fls. large, white; stamens 16-24: fr. pale lemon- yellow, or in some cases reddish or flesh colored, globose or pyrifona, very large, in hort. vars. reaching 6-7 in. in diameter and weighing 8-12 lbs.; rind smooth, thick, very bitter; pulp pale yellow, in some reddish, sweet or acid. Malayan and Polynesian Islands. Extensively cultivated in India, Florida and California, and in most tropical and subtropical countries. A. G. 11:717. Mn.9:47. — The Pomelo is an excellent dessert fruit, and is being very extensively planted, particularly in Florida. The majority of the horticultural varieties cultivated in America have originated in Florida, though some valu- able sorts have been introduced. The round-fruited sorts, commonly called Pomelos or Grape-fruits, are the most valuable commercially. The pear-shaped sorts, or Shaddocks, are cultivated more as curiosities, and art seldom found in the markets. Mound varieties— Pomelos : Auraiitium : Fr. late n.edium, size mo«lium. Florida.— JoMHel} i: Fr. large, late medium, quality good; pn)lifle. Florida. — Hart : Fr. late medium, large, of very gcwKi quality. Florida. — Marsh ( Marsh's Seedletts I : Fr. with very few seeds, saitl to br >>t good quality and prolific, of recent origin. Fl«»rida. — Pemambuco : Prolific: fr. late, large: thorns short. South America. — K<»yal: Fr, Hmall, early me«liunj. only slightly bitter : prollHe. Florida. — Tresca : I'ulp r(»se-colore(l, said to be of t-x- cellent quality. Bahama Islands.— Triumph: Fr. small, late raediuiii, quality ver>' gtMJd. Florida. — Walter: Fr. late medium, large, of recent origin. Florida. Pear- shaped varirtifit — Shaddorkn : Bl(M>d : Fr. large; pulp reddish <»r flesh-colored, of fair quality, — Mammoth: Fr. very large, but pra<*tically worthless. — "Forbidden Fruit": Fr. small. orange-co;ored, of fair quality. The so-called "Bell Grape-fruit" is probablv identical with this. Jap6nica, Thunb. KrM<^rAT, Kin-Kan, Kin-Kits, etc. Fig. 481. A low bush, with 8mo<»th, angular branches: Iv8. small, linear-lanceolate, slightly serrate, pointed or blunt, wedge-shaped at the base ; petioles narrowly wing-margined: fis. small, solitary or in clusters, in the axils of the Ivs.; petals 5; sta- mens about 20, filaments united: fr, small, often only 54 of an in. in diani., ovate, oblong or spherical, orauire- colored, .>-«5-celled ; pulp sour; rind sweet. Cochin China or China. Cul- tivate<i extensively in Japan. Florida and California. R. H. \i<~'^, p. 2tii>. The following are the two cultivated varieties commonly grown in the United States: Marunii (Round Kura- quat): Fr. round. sn\&\\, %-\% in. in diam.: tree slightly thorny. — N'a- gami (oval «>r oblong KunKjuat ) : Fr. ovate or oblong, %-\ in. in diani. and IV4-2 in, long : tree thornle>s. — The fruit of the Kuniquat, as it is most commonly called in America, is com- in>; to be much prized for pr servini?, and is also used fresh to considerable extent, the sweet rin<l, as well as the pulp, being eaten. Both the round and the oval .sorts have beautiful dense, dark green foliage, and form excellent orange trees of dwarf habit for pot culture. They are commonly budded or grafted on trifoliata or sweet orange stocks, Mddica, Linn, (named for the country Media). Fig, 474. Citron, in the broadest sense, including citron, lemon and lime. Bush or small tree : young shoots glabrous, mostly reddii-h or purplish, in some yellowish green : Ivs. smooth, oblong, acute : fls. hermaphrodite or frequently unisexual, mostly reddish or tinged with red without : fr. spherical, ovate or oblong, often mamillate at apex. India. — A very variable species, much modified by cultivation and apparently mixed by hybridization, so that it is almost impossi- ble to determine the rela- tionship of the different forms. Var. grenulna, Engler. Citron proper. Lvs. ob- long, serrate or crenate ; petiole short, wingless : fr. large, frequently 3-4 in. in diam. and 6-7 in. long, mostly ovate-oblong, mam- illate ; rind very thick, tender, aromatic, more or less rough and warted (rugose); pulp but slightly developed, dry (lacking in juice), acid or sub-acid.— The Citron is cultivated to some extent in Florida and California, but not so extensively as in Italy and the Mediterranean region. All varieties are very tender. 480. Orange flowers. (XH.) ciTRra CIVE 325 probably beinjf th»' most ea.sily injured by cold of any of the citrouH fruits. It Is* prop, by «eedM, cuttings. I^y- ering, etc. The cultivate«i varit-ties do not propaKate true to seed, and muHt \te budded «»r >frafte<l. The fr. Is* prized for the thick. ten«ler, aromatic rind, which is pre- served or candied, Bn<l UMe«l extensively for culinary and confectionary purposes. Mufiy forms and horticul- tural varieties are ^rown in Florida an<l California, but uone have thus far prove<l of noteworthy commerrial value. The Corsican. a variety recently intro<luced by the r. H. Department of Ajfriculture from Corsica, has given evidence of \»'iutt a tlesirable commercial sort for cultivation in this countrv. Var. Limon, Linn. Lemon. Small, spreading trees or shrubs: younjf branches smooth, yellowish jjreen: iv9. ovate-oblonjf, crenate or serrate; petiole short, mar- ginless or slijs'htly win>;ed : fr. medium sized, yellow, round, ovate or elliptic-ul. niosth nmniillute ; rind thin, aromatic ; pulp abundant, very juicy an<l acid. India. Cultivated extensively in all tropical and sulitrojdcal retrions of the world. — The Lem«»n is «me of our most inip«>rtant commercial fruits, and is >;rr)\vn extensively iu California and Floritla. Lar«e quantities of the fruit are also importe<l. mainly from Italy. The Lemon is not so easily injured by cold as the citron, but is more tender than the oranjre or pomelo. The entire fruit, rind and pulp, is used extensively for culinary- and con- fectionary purj><)se8, for the manufacture of citric acid and for lemonade, etc. It is commonly prop, by seeds, but may also be readily (frown from cuttings. The cul- tivated varieties must be prop, by budding or grafting, or by cuttings, as they do not come true to seed. The following are the most important horticultural varie- ties : Belair : Fr. lemon-shaped, blunt. Foreign. — Eu- reka: Fr. early, few-seeded : tree thornless. Foreign.— Genoa: Fr. medium size, early, oval, nearly seedless: tree everbearing, thornless. Foreign. — Lisbon: Fr. me- dium size, fine graine<l, strongly acid; few seeds: tree thorny. Foreign.— Villa F'ranca: F^r. medium size, qual- are separated above, is an interesting and striking mon- strosity. (See Fi»f. 4H2. which is taken from a .Japanese fruit kn«>wn lo«*ally as the Hushiukan.) The Flori«ia Rough Lemon, or simply "Rough Lemon," a.s it is called.. 481. Kumquat — Citrus Japonica (X H). ity excellent ; rind smooth, thin : seeds few or none. One of the finest Lemons j^rown. — The so-called Fingered Citron or Lemon, var. digrit&ta, Risso (or var. chiro- eirpa), in which the individual carpels of the fruit 482. Fingered Citron is a fruit of doubtful relationship. Its appearance sug- gests that it may be a hybri«l between the Citron and Lemon. It is a strong, vigorous grower, and forms an excellent stock, in warm lo<'alities, for the various orange varieties, it is the best stock for the Bahia navel orange, usually increasing its fniitfulness. Var. dcida, Hook. (('. Medica, var. LinUtta of trade catalogues, etc.). Lime. A bush or small tree, 10-20 ft. high : Ivs. oval or elliptical, small, crenate or serrate; petiole wing-margined, but not as broadly so as in the sour orange and pomelo : fls, small, white or with a slight pinkish tinge without ; petals normally ,'), but «»ften 4 : fr. small, spherical, ovate or elliptical ; rind thin, light lemon-yellow, bitter ; pulp very sour and somewhat bitter, juicy. India. Extensively cultivated in the West Indies and Florida, where it "has escaped from cultivation and grows abundantly wild, frequently forming dense thickets. B. M. 6745. The horticultural varieties commonly cultivated in the United States are: Mexican (West Indian): Fr. small, obhmg. Escaped from cultivation in South F'lorida and the West Indies. Supposed tt) have been intro<luced from Mex.— Persian: Fr. larger than in the preceding; said to be of excellent quality. Intro<luce<l from Persia. — Raugpur (Mandarin Lime): Fr. resembling a mandarin orange in having easily removable rind and separable segments or carpels; said to be of excellent quality. Introduced from India. — Tahiti: Fr. large, early, nearly seedless, of fine (quality: tree nearly thornless ; prolific. Intro- duced from Tahiti. This is probably the most highly prized variety of Lime grown. Until recently, the Lime had been use«l mainly for the manufacture of lime juice, which had become a standard article of commerce, and citric acid. Recently, limeade has became very popular at the soda fountains throughout the country, and this use is so rapidly exten<linfr that in a few years it will doubtless make Lime-growing an important industry. H. J. Webbee. CIVE (written also Chive). Allium Schoendprasum, Linn., a perennial plant native to Europe and the north- em borders of the U. S. and northward. Se^ Alliuni. The leaves of Cive are used green as seasoning in soups, salads and stews ; but, like other vegetables of this class, it is little known in America. Give grows 6 to 8 inches high, making dense mats of narrow, hollow leaves, and 326 GIVE CLARKIA blooming freely in v. let-colored heads, which e^arcely overtop the foliage. The plunt makes an excellent per- manent edging, and is worth growing for this purpose alone. It is easily propagated by dividing the clumps; but. like other tufted plants, it profits by having the stools broken up and replanted every few years. It rarely secOs. It thrivt-s in any garden soil. The leaves may be cut freely, for they quickly grow again. l H. B. CLADANTHUS (Greek, kladrnt, branch, and anthos, flower : alluding to the branching, which distinguishes this monotypic genus from Anthemis). Comp-Jsita-. An annual, yellow-rayed herb, branched from the base in a forking manner. A flower terminates each branch, where- upon two new branches start from directly beneath the flower. Each of these is temporarilv stopped by a flower, and so on. A free-flowering, hardy annual, requiring no special care. proliferus, DC. {Anthemis Ardh'ca, Linn.). Annual: glabrous, 2-'M4 ft. high: Ivs. alternate, {(innately parted; lobes linear, trifld: tls. solitary, bracted. N. Africu, not Arabia. ' w\ ^j. CLADOTHAMNUS {klados, branch, and thamnos, bush, from the Greek). Jb'ricdceie. Erect shrubs, with many virgate branches : Ivs. deciduous, alternate, entire: fls. pink, terminal, 1-3, nodding ; corolla divided to the base or nearly so into 5 oblong petals; stamens 10: cap- sule .T-6-celled. Two species in Pacitic N. America, from Alasn . to ^\■ashington. Hardy deciduous shrubs, with handsome, rather large, pink fls. in summer; rarely cul- tivated. They will probably grow best in peaty and sandy soil, in a half -shady position : i)rop. by seeds or by cuttings of soft wood under glass, aiid by layers. C. piirolivflbrus. Bong. Shnib. 4-10 ft. : Ivs. nearly sessile, obo- vate-laneeolate, mucronulate, glabrous. i»;vle green, iV^-'i/^in. long : rts. solilfirj-. with 5 separate petals. 1 in. across, Alaska. <T.F. 10: 21.'>.— ('. campanvlatvs. Greene. I.,vs. smaller : lis. 1-3, with the petals united into a short tube. Wtishington. Alfred Rehder. CLADEASTIS (Greek, hrittJe branch). Virgilia of gardens. Leyumind.<nv. Deciduous trees . Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, with few. rather larjre. entire, short-stalked leaflets: fls. in long, often panicled racemes, white, papil- ionaceous ; calyx campanulate, 5-to«)thed; stamens 10, free or connate only at the base: pod linear, compressed, with .'M3 seeds. '_'wo species in N.Anier. and E.Asia. Hardy ornamental trees of medium size, with showy fls. and hamlsome fuliatre, turniu}; bright yellow in ft'.]'. They thrive in almost any soil, i'rop. l»y seeds. • o n ii pring, or by root cnttinjrs, <lug up in fall and k . t iu . d or moss, moderately moist and cool, until ■ lag. tinctdria, Raf. {C. Ihtea, Koch. Virjili lit f e a. Uichx.). Tree. with yellow wood and smooth bark .^onjf times 50 ft. : leaflets 7-U. oval or ovate, glabrous, bright green, 3-4 in. long: panicles loose, drooping. 10-UO ii^. long: fls. white, fraj^rant, ov»>r 1 in. long. June. Kentuckv, Tennessee and N. Carolina. S.S. 3: lll>-20. Mich. Hist. Arb. III. 2H6. Gng. 2: 401 : 5: 98. F.E. 8: 427. G.F. 1 : 1(2. -(/ne of the most beautiful flowering native trees, with wide, graceful head and a short trunk, well adapt»^d a . single tree on the lawn, riardy north to New Eng, and Ont. The wood yields a clear yellow dye. Known as Yellow-wood. Amnr6nsis , Koch ( ^fa fid- in A m h ren s i.n , Rupr. ) . Tree, to 40 ft. : leaflets 7-11. elliptic- or oblong-ovate, rounded at the 1>ase, glabrous, 2-.3 in. lonu;: racemes erect, dense- rtd.. often pa-.'icled at the base, 4-8 in. long: fls. whitish, about ':,in. long. July, Aupr. Manchuria. B.M.Gool.— Vai\ Eu^rgeri, Maxim., from Japan, has the Ivs. pubes- cent beneath. Alfred Rehder. GLABEIA (Captain Wm. Clark, companion of Lewis, ex^-'jrer of the Koeky Mt. region). Onagrdceir. Herbs of Western N. Amer., with alternate, mostly entire Ivs. and showy fl . in the upper axils or in terminal racemes. Fls. regular, the calyx tubular, the petals 4, narrow at the base and entire or lobed. wide-spreading ; stamens 8, the alternate ones shorter: stijjnja.s 4, large : pod <»b- long or linear, 4-sided. Clark ias are hardy a'inuals of easy cult. They thrive in a warm, light soil, either fully exposed to the sun or in partial shade. Useful for low masses or for edgings ; also for vases and baskets. They have been much iraoroved bv domestication. A. Petals entire, or at least not lohed. 6leg&llB, Doug]. {C. neriifdlia, Hort.}. Fig. 483. From 1-3 ft. high in cult., glabrous or nearly so, the stems reddish and glaucous, simple or sparingly branched : Ivs. broad-ovate to linear, remote-dentate: fls. purple or rose-colored, runninfj into white vars.; double forms in cult. : claw of the petal aboTit as long as its rhom- boidallimb: capsule ses.^ile. B.M. 3.")!)2. R.H. 1845:385. Mn. 1:22. — One of the commonest annual fls. rhomboidea, Dougl. Not so tall and more slender : Ivs. thin, lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, entire : claw often toothed, shorter than the rhomboidal limb: capsule stalked. R.H. 364:151? — Perha^^s not in cult. AA. Petals deephj 3-Iobed. pulch611a, Pursh. Fig. 484. One ft. to 18 in. high, branchy, often ttifted and dwarf, the stems mostly pu- berulent: Ivs. narrowly lance-oblong to linear, narrowed 483. ClEU-kia elegans. Showing doublj tlowers and the capsules (X %). into a petiole, entire: fls. lilac, running into white vars. : capsule stalked. B. M. 2918. R. H. 1845:385 ; 188(3, p. 557.— Common in cult. There are semi-double forms. L. H. B. CLARY CLEMATIS 327 CItABY. The dried.lvs. of Salvia Sriarea, vrhich are ttseil for seasoning. Other species of Salvia have been used fo" the same purpose. See Salvia. 484. Clarkia pulchella CLAYTdNIA (after John Clayton, of Virqrinia. one ot the earliest American botanists. From his collections Gronovius edited the Flora Virginica). Portnlaccictw. Spring Beauty. Small, hardy, glabrous, succulent, perennial herbs, Vith slender, 2-leaved stems from a deep, globular conn, and loose nicemes of white or rose- colored rts. with deeper veins, appearing among the first wild rts. and lasting only a few days. The genus has about 25 species, mostly N. Amer., and is characterized by its oval, persistent sepals and 5 stamens. Plants can be obtaiiUMl from dealers in native plants. Tliey can be naturalize<l in moist places, and do well in half-shady epots at the bottom of a rockery. For C.parvifolia, jmrri flora and perfoliata, see Motitia. Virginica, Linn. Plant 4-8 in. long, often forcing an irrejTular way through the leaf-mold of damp, rich woods: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or linear, 2-<> ft. long, in- cluding the gradually tapering base : tis. larger and more numerous than in C Caroliniana. Colo, to At- limtic and S. to Gulf. B.M. 941. L B.C. 7:043. D. 33. Caroliuiana, Michs. Lower and fewer-fld.: Ivs. 1-2 in. long, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or somewhat spatulate, with a blade 1-2 i»'. long, abruptly contracted into a marginal petiole. Minn, to Atlantic and S. to Mts. of North Carolina. lanceolita, Pursh. About 4 in. hlgb : Ivs. oblong or linceolitc. H-l^ein. long, sessile, the base broad or narrow: raceme short-peduncle<l : petals emarginate or almost obcordate. Utah and Calif. \^ ^i CLEISOSTOMA ((ireek, ch.sei1 mo n, refer ing to the structure of the spur). OrchiiliiceiV, tribe Vdndeiv. Epiphytes : stems leafy : Ivs. coriaceous, flat or nearly teret< : sepals and petals adnate to the column, spread- intr lab<'llum with a large saccate spur; column short, thick ; pt 'li'Ma 2. From eastern Asia and Austral. A geniiH com^/iising in this neighborl: d 40 species, which suggest Saccolabiimi. Th«> i)lants are little kno.vii in .Vmer. The leading species are C. rrassifn- iium, Liudl., and t'. rinnens, Reiehb. f. V. Vaunonia- num, Reiehb. f. , is a Trichoglottis ; C. muUiflorumf Hort., is probably brides multiflortim. Oakes Ames. CL£MATIS (Greek name of a climbing plant). Ba- nunculiiceic. Climbing vines, or erect or ascending per- ennial herbs, more or less woody : Ivs. opposite, slen- der petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some species entire: sepals usually 4 or '», sometimes more, valvate in the bud, petaloid ; petals none (or small in Atragene section) ; stamens many; pistils many; akenes in a head, 1-seeded ; style persistent, long, plumose, silky or naked. Fig. 492. About 150 species of very wide geographical distribution, most abundant in tem- perate regions. Abimt 20 species found native in North America. — Les Clematites, Ali)honse Lavall^e, Paris, 1884; referred to below by "Lav. "-The Clema- tis as a Garden J"'lower, Thomas ^loore and George Jackman, London, 1872 ; referred to below by "M. & J."* — Clematises, Dr. Jules le Bele, in Bull, de la Societe d'Hort. de la Sarthe ; republished in The Garden (vol. 53). June-Oct. 1898. —O. Kuntze, Monogr. der Gattung^ Clematis in Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885). — A. Gray, Fl.N. Am. 1:4-9, 1895. A rich soil of a light, loamy character is the best for Clematises, and a little mixture of lime will make it better. The soil must be well drained, and must be kept rich by at least annual applications of horse- or cow-ma- nure. On dry, hot soils cow-manure is best, while on heavy soils a thorough dressing of rich leaf -mold would best serve the purpose. Mulching with half-rot- ted manure on the approach of winter tends to increase the strength of the plants ami the size of the flowers. In dry seasons, spraying is always helpful during the gn>wing season. Clematises belonging to the Montana, Ca^rulea, Florida, and Lanuginosa types shouhl be pruned in February or March, by cutting away all weak, straggling and over- crowded branches. The first three mentioned flower from the ripened wood ; it is essential, therefore, that in or<ier*to secure blossoms, enough of the strong one- year-old wood slumld be retained. Viticella. -Tack- mani and Lanuginosa should be vigorously cut back, say in November ; they blossom from the new shoots. Those of the Ca^rulea type should be pruned very little, soon after the flowers have <lisappeared. by simpiy trim- ming off useless branches and see<l-beariiig peduncles. CK'uiatises of the vigorous climbing varieties are used in many i)laces to cover walls, root fences, mounds, arbors, balconies, trellises, snuill buildings, and, in fact, many other places the ingenious gardener will think of. For pot culture in the greetdiouse, and for conservatory walls, the less vigorous species are best suited. All the many varieties and hybrids of the Ca^nilea and Lanu- ginosa types, including Henryi and the fonns of Jaek- mani, are well adapted to this use, as well as for out- doi>r puri)oses. The dwarfer and more bushy species are used in greenhouses to some extent, but are found principally in borders or on large rockeries. Of the latter J. B. Keller says : "Their flowers are not so large as we see them in most of the climbers, yet they are indispensable in the flower garden, being i>rolific bloomers and free growers in ordinarily rich, deep gar- den soil. There is room for improvement in this class, however, and specialists who hitherto have done so nnich for the climbers, «mgb.t to direct their efforts now to the long-neglected bush Clematises. A noble begin- ning has been made, resulting in the large-flowering C. intrgrifolia, var. Diirandi, but we expect more of then) in the future." See special notes on culture and hybrid-forming qualities after the descriptions of some of the species and varieties. The most conmion method of ])ropagation is by graft- ing. Roots of C. FUntnmthi or C. I'ifleelhi are used : the cions are taken from plants that have been grown under glass, and are used before the wood is entirely ripe. Cions taken from plants grown in the garden in summer are rarely succ<'ssful. The grafts, in pots or trays, are grown in a moist coolhouse, over gentle bot- tom heat. Another method of propagation, involving less labor but usually successful, is to take cuttings of nearly ripe wood, grown under glass, and treat them as the cions tirst above mentioned, without the roots. The lafer method is practiced preferably in summer in 328 CLEMATIS CLEMATIS gentle hotbeds; shading, spraying, and later on airing, must be strictly attended to. Layering is practiced where large old stools are at hand. The knife is not used in the operation, but a twist of the stem will split the inner bark lengthwise. Every other joint is thus treated, pegged di)vvn, and covered with soil. It is best to leave the layers undisturbed until the following spring. Many of the species are often propagated by seed, and many new varieties have thus been formed' The number of hybrids is almost countless ; in tliis account are care- fully recorded all those in the American trade which are traceable to their origin. The Clematis is sul>ject to a very serious disease, due to rhe depredations of a nemat»)de worm in the roots. This trouble is most serious under {jl.-iss and along'^ide buildings where the ground does not freeze deep. The parasite is probably distributed in the soil adhering to pot-grown plants. It is probable that hard freezing kills the parasite. There is no remedy, so far as kncwn. for atfected plants. Using only soil which has been frozen is to be recommended to the propagator. k. C. Davis. The hybrid varieties of Clematis, commonly known as the large-flowering sorts, are, when successfully grown, among the most beautiful of hardy climbing plants. The commercial propagat' ,n and growing of must of the large-flowcriiig varieties, however, is attended with so many difficulties and disappointments that it has never been very generally attempted by nurser\^nen or florists in this country. At the present time there are scarcely half a dozen houses on this continent who attemf)t the propagation of Clematis to any considerable extent, and it is only within the past fifteen years that Clematises have been commercially grown even by this limited number. Prior to that, practically all of the lartre-flower- ing Clematis i)lanted in this countrj- were imported from Europe, the major part being supplied by Holland, whose moist atmosphere and black soil pro«luces large, vigorous plants, but whose climatic conditions are so entirely different from those usually found in this country that the jilants often failed to'adapt themselves to their new surroundings, and did not thrive to the ex- tent that their good size and vigorous condition seemed to srive promise. The propagation of Clematis throughout Europe is usually effected by grafting pieces of well-ripened, year- old wood upon roots of almost any of the more vigorous growing i^pech'H, Cletnafis Ilam'mula lieing most com- monly used. In this country, on the contrary, the method commonly piirsued is by means of cuttings from young wood, stmck in sand, with gentle bottom heat, usually during May or .Tune. So far as concerns the comparative vigor and desirability of plants produced by these two methods, there is small choice between them. It has been our experience that propatra- tion by cuttings is, in this country, the more rapid and ec(mt>nucal way, and, further, it removes the possibility, som»'times realized in grafted ]ilants, of sprouts being thrown up from the roots, aTid. if in the hands of an un- iiiforiiifd amateur, enlircly "running out" the variety grafted in. Clematises hybridize so readily that the number of varieties resultant from va- rious crosses forms a long list. But while so mr. ,- have been dignifle<l with names and places in the catalo^ies of nurserymen, yet the varieties of large-flowering Clematis that have proved so valuable as to secure pennanent phwes for themselves in popular demand can almost be counted upon one's flnsrers. There are many varieties possessing most beautiful shades and variations of coloring that fail to attain popularity, chiefly on account of deticieucy iu two es- sential characteristics,— vigorous habit of growth and abundance of bloom. Clematis Jackmani, pur|»le originated in 18(52, by Mr. George Jackman, was one of the first hybrid Clematises introduced, and still stands as the most popular, and, of its color, the most valuable variety yet known. The ne«v variety, Madame Edouard Andr6, a deep, rich crimson, is distinct and novel, bcirjg at this time the only largre-flowering sort of a truly crimson shade. It is of fully as vigorous habit as the •Jackmani, and its flowers are similarly massed, though not produced incjuitesuch i)rofusion. Clematis Madame Baron Veillard is another new and distinct variety that promises to prove a valuable acquisition. It is of «x- ceedin<rly vigorous habit, and the flowers are (luite freely produced, thouirh, be ing more dispersed over the plant, they do nc^t make so much of a show as do varie- ties whose flowers are closely massed. The flowers are of very large size and of a li:j:ht rose color, shaded with lilac. Of white varieties. Henryi, Mrs. Oeorire -lack- man and Lanuginosa Candida, all of them intro<lui'ed Ions: ago, still remain about the most desirable ones known. RaJuona, deep sky-blue, is a variety which originated vn our grounds some ten years ago. It is of extra lartre size, often 9 to 10 inches across, of very vigorous hal)it and free-flowering. Of double-flowered varieties. Duchess of Edinburgh, white, is the best known in this country, an<l about the most desirable, though a new double white variety, called "Snowdrift," originated by the famous Luther Burhaiik, and now being propagate<l by us. promises to excel it in both floriferousness and vigor of gro^\'th. John (iould Veitch is a double sort with flowers of lavender-blue, but, with us at least, has seemed a shy bloomer and of weak habit. 3Ime. Grange (purplish violet), Star of India (purple), Velutine Purpurea (purple), and Viti- cella Venosa (reddish purple), are all desirable varieties. Although they are in reality slightly less hardy than the Flori<ia and Patf^ns t\*i:)es,we would recommend for northern localities varieties of the Lanuginosa, Viticella and Jackmani tyi)es. which produce their flowers from young growing wood. Plants of '"hese ty])cs, even if frozen back to the ground, will still produce a good show of flowers, since, as stated, they bloom fnmi the young growing wood. Indeed, they need to be pnined back considerably anyway to induce a free growth of young wood. With plants of the Patens and Florida types, which blossom from year-old wood, a severe freezing back of the plants would destroy the crop of flowers for the year. Of the small-flowering varieties, Clematis vauintlata { white ) , introduced from Japan, has proved a wonderfully 485. Spray of Clematis panicuiata. valuable accjuisition iu this country, and has already become exceedingly popular. It is of remarkably vigorous habit, often making a growth of 20 to 25 feet in a season. It seems thus far to be entirely free from CLEMATIS CLEMATIS 329 disease, is delightfully fragrant, and so floriferous thac the lilossonis form a dense sheet of bloom, remaining in full Iteauty f«»r several weeks. The foliage is very thick and heavy, thus making it ver>' desirable for covering porches and arbors. Crispa (blut-l and Coccinoa (red) are varieties with very pretty, bell-shaped flowers. They are easily grown and do well in alniu ,t all situations. The perennial, non-climbintr varieties of Clematis are most plctising border ])lants, suceeoding well in all ordi- nary soils and making a rieh show of bloom at their dowering sf-ason. Davidiana (blue) and Recta (white) are about tiie best known and mo.st desiraole varieties of this class. To grow Clematis most successfully, they should be given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of well rotted numure spade«l in and thoroughly distrib- ufed through the soil. In hoi, dry weather, the pi .its sliould be regularly watere<l in order to obtain tht greatest number of lis, possible, for the jdants are very susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great im- portance, especially iu caring for newly set plants, is to provide a firm sui>poft for them to ^-» climb upon. A solid wooden or metal trellis is preferable, for the reason that it prevents tha plants from being whipped about by the winds, whic.'i often results either in breaking the stalks just above the ground or eNe in crackinjr the outer b irk of the stalks and rendering them more liable to tae attacks of in- set'ts and fungous diseases. Training the vines upon Strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be a<lvised for this reason. l*ropagation of the hybrid varieties is elTected both by cuttings and by grafts. All of the type varieties grow readily froju seed. Jackson & Pekkins Co. Index: alpiiia, .32; arisfnfft,9; aromatica, 29; azurea, U. bico\pr. 2t» ; brevicaudata, fi ; caerulea, 14 ^ Califor- nica, 8 ; canipanitiora. I'J ; Candida, 12 : ( atesbyana, 7 ; cirrhosa, 1"); cocciiiea, 21; Columbiana, .'U : enissifolia, 9,- crispa, 22; Davidiana, 2."); Douglasi,2G; Drummondi, 3, erecf'i, 1 ; eriostemon, 18 ; excelsior, 12 ; F'lammula, 2 ; floribunda, 19 ; florida, 20 ; Fortune!, 20 ; Fremonti, 27; fulgens, IS; grandiJlora, U. 15; graceolena, 11; Henderson!, 18; Henryi, 12; heracleasfolia, 25; Hookeri, 25; indivisa, 17; integrifolia, 28 : Jackmani, 12 ; Ker- mesinus. 18 , lanuginosa, 12 ; ligusiicifolia, 8 ; lilicina- floribunda, 18; marmorata, 18: Meyeriana, 10; modesta, 18; niontana, 15; nivea, 12; oecidentalis, ,32; ochroleuca, ;{0; o'lorata, 15 ; orientalis, 11 ; paniculata, 5 ; patens, n ; Pieroti, 16 ; Pitcheri, 24 : p'lrpurea-hvbrida, 18 ; rectri, 1 ; reticulata 2.3 ; rubella. 2 ! Sargenti, 24 ; Si- birkn,'.\2; Sieboldi, 20 : Standisl^ii. 14 ; Stanleyi. 1.3; st:ms, 25; fuhnlosa, -lo: Tunbridgensis, 12; verticillaris, 31; Viorna, 21; V^irginiana, 7; Vitalba, 4; Viticella, 18. A. True petal f none; sepalx petaloid. Clematis proper. B. Stifles of fruit very long and plumose {Fig. 492). C. Fls. on the new growth, numerous, small, appear- ing in the last half of the season, often in pani- cles. Flammula section. D. Herbaceous, nearlj erect. I. r6cta, Linn. (6'. ericta, Linn.). Herbaceous, some- what tufted, 2-;{ ft. long : Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. stalked, ovate, acuminate, entire: fls. .uimerous,on a large. branch- ing, terminal corymb; white, sweet-scented, 1 in. across. June-Aug. S. En. G.i. .52, p. 510; 53, p. .547. -Var. pl^na, Lemoine, Fully dou- bled, buttt>n-like blossoms. DD. Woody or half-u'oody, climbing. E, Fls. usually perfect, nearly white. Fldmmula, Linn. [C. 486. Flower of Clematis paniculata. Natural size. linear : fls. small, numerous in axillary and terminal panicles; sepals 4, linear -oblong white; stamens white; fr. bearing white plumes. Aug.-Oct. Mediterranean region. Gu. 52, p. 499. — Must have a sunny exposure ; very beautiful. Var. rubella, Bele (C. riihnia, Pers., not Hort.). Differs from the 487. ( 4 \ '4'/, .<'/ \\ ♦^ype in having the T £ r r'l *• »>^ \''^'^i''>f/i'.//,\''\ ^s. red outside. Leaf of Clematis "^ ' ■>.ii...'ir\ . \ Vireiniana. PMlasi, ,J. F. Gniel.). A slender but vigorous climber, reaching 10-15 ft.; dark groen Ivs., remaining fresh till midwinter; Ivts. vari- able but usually bipiunate, small, ovate, oblong or .3. Drummondi, Ton*. & Gray. Allied to C. Flom- muLi : stem and Ivs. a>hy pubescent ; Ivs. finely pin- nate : rts. white, much less abundant ; styles becoming 2-3 in. long. Sept. Dry ground, Tex. to Ariz. 4. Vit&lba, Linn. In Europe called Tr*' .eller's Joy. The most vigorous ciimlier of the genus, ascending 20- 30 ft.: Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. ovate-lu ceolate, acuminate, cordate at the base, partly cut: fls. numerous, in axillary panicles, dull white, /4 in. across, with a faint odor of almonds: styles of fr. long and feathery, from which ifc is given the name Old Man's Beard, July-Sept. Eu., X. Afr., Caucasus region. Gn. 53, p. 540. S.H. 2:540. 5. paniculata, Thunl). Figs. 485 486. A vigorous climber: Ifts. 3-5, often lobed, acuminate, 1—4 in. long, g'.ibrous : fls. fragrant, 1-1 J^ in. across, in axillary and terminal pan:cles ; sepals 4, dull white. Sept. .lapan. G.F.3:621; 5:91; 9:75and 185. F.R.2:.581. Mn.7.113; Gng. 1:101 and 1(15; 6:291; 4:229. A.F. 13: 13.4.— Prop, by seed. By f.it the most common of the fall- blooming species iu American gardens. Thrives best in sunny si^uiitious.— Will stand severe pruning in winter. 6. brevicaudata, DC. {€. brevicordata, Hort,), Climb- ing vigorously : Ivs. pinnate to bipinnate ; segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, nearly gla- lirous: fls. in axillarv jianicle-^ white. Aug.-Oct. China. G. F. 5: 139. -Very little use. EE. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, white, or wh'tish. 7. Virginiana, Linn. Fig. 487. Climbing 12 to 15 ft.: Ivs.ternate: Ifts. glabrous, cut-toothe<l, bases often cor- date : fl^. white, ill leafy panicles, often moiiu-cious or di(Pcious. about 1 in. aeross when expande<l : jdumose stvles 1 in. or more in length. Julv-Sept. X(.va Scotia to"Ga., westward to Kans. G.W.F. A. 12. D. 103. Var. Catesby^na, Britton IC. f'atesbyiina, Pursh). Lvs. somewhat pubesct-nt, often biternate. S. E. states. F1.7:>'' ("jU). Int. 1883. 8. ligusiicifdlia, Xun. Allied to C. Virginimin. but hi viiig ,5-7 Ifts., of firmer '.exture, rather more pubes- cent, variable in form an<l margin. l»ut usually 3-lobed or coarsely tootlied : fls. white, ^^in. across, in terminal and axillary panicles ; styles densely silky-pubescent, with long, straight hairs. Aug. Missouri to N. Mexico and Brit. Columbia. Int. 1881. Var. Califdrnica, Wats., has no marked difl'<'rence : lvs. usually smaller and perhaps more tometitose. 330 CLEMATIS CLEMATIS 9. crassiidlia, Benth. Climbing : Ivs. coriaceous, 3-parted; segments nearly entire, ovate-acuminate, with bases cuneate: fls. in small, axillary panicles; sepals 4, spreading, dull or white ; anthers shorter than the fila- ments. Late summer. China. — Suitable for greenhouse use, but not yet well introduced. C. aristata, of B. R. 3:238, is a fair representation of this plant. 488. Clematis Henryi. One-fourth sbx. 10. Meyeniana; Wa.lp. climbing rapidly, more hardy tha'i C. crufssifoiia : Ivs. much the same, but with the segments obtuse or cordate at the base : fls. much as in that species, but with the anthers longer than the fila- ments. Late summer. China. EEE. Ji^ls. perfect, yellow, and more spreading than the precedinfj. 11. orientalis, Linn. (C. grnveolens, Lindl.). A rapid climber, reaching 12-1.') ft. : Ivs. thin, glaucous and shiny, twice or thrice teruate ; Ifts. :{-parte<l or -lobed, with small, ovate, entire or cut-toothed divisions: tts. solitary, becominjr erect or nearly so, \% in. across; sepals 4, yel- low, tintf'd with trreen. somewhat reflexed ; styles ](lu- mosH. Aug.- Sept. Himalaya region. Lav. 21. Fiirured IS (\ (frit rt'olens in the following : B.M. H'J~). Gn. 45 :y54, p. 240. F.S.4:374b; (5:. 548. CG. Fls. on the Ufic ;;rotvth,appef -ing successively throughout the summer. D. Climbing plants. 12. lanugindsa, Lindl. (including var. pallida, Hort. ). Climbing only 5 or «i ft. : Ivs. simple or of 3 Ifts., cortlate- acuminate, woolly beneath: fls. erect, woolly in the bud, the largest of the Wild species, being 6 in. across; sepals 5 or 6. broadly ovate, leathery, rather flat, overlapping, lavender or bluish gray: center of stamens pale red<lish brown; styles plumose. Summer. Native near Ningpo, China. F.S. 8:8U. I. H. 1:14. Lav. 1. M.&J.4.-Iti8 to this species, more than to any other, that the beauty and popularity of the garden varieties and hybrids are due. The finest hybrids, including C../«*<A;»jrtHi and its section, and C. Henryi, contain more or less of the blood of C lanuginosa. Var. Candida, Lemoine (C. Candida, Hort.). Like the type, except that the simple Ivs. and Ifts. of the compound Ivs. are much larger, and the fls. are larger, being 7-8 in. across. — Perhaps a hybrid of C.c<erulea. Var. nivea, Lemoine (C. nivea, Hort.). Sepals 6-8. narrowish. pure white: anthers pale brown. — Thought to be of the same origin as the above var. Othei forms of C. lanuginosa are : Ladt/ Caroline yevill (C. Lady Caroline ^evill, Hort.). Fls. often 7 in. afross ; sepalsl6, nearly white, with mauve-colored stripe down center of eaeh. (in. 4^ p. 33.— One of the finest light-colored varieties. Marie Lefebrre (C. Marie Lefebvre, Hort.). Resembles the last, Wj has 8 sepals, more pointed, and darker in shade. Sensation 'C. Sensation. Hort.). Fls. like the tyjje, but with 6-7 grayish blue sepals ; lis. in. across. i[adam^]Van Houtte (C. Madame Van Houtte, Hort.). Late- blooming ; sepals pale ..blue, becoming white. Madame Thibaut (C. Madame Thib.mt. Hort.). Fls. very abundant.— Thought to be a hybrid with C Viticella. The President (C. The President, Hort.). A rich violet-blue flower. Excelsior (C. Excelsior. Hort.). Fls. double ; sepals grajish puride, with a reddish bar down the center of each. F.S. 20.1995. Of the more certain hybrids of this group, some of which are so closely allie<l to C lanu!iiu<isa as to l»econsi<lered varieties of it, the following are the best in the American trade : E. Fls. U'hite or whitish. Qloire de St. Julien, Carre. (X C. cserulea, var. plena). Plant, much like C. lanugino.sa, but with larger tls.; sepals tt-8, white or pale gr."vy at first ; stamens yellow. llenrui. Anderson-Henry (XC. florida.var. Fortune!.. Fig. 488. Robust plant: free bloomer; tls. creamy white. l»e<'f)jning fully e.xpamled whe i grown in the ojten sun or under glass. Aug.-Xov. — It resembles more the lanuginosa parent. Otto Fnfhi'f. Lemoine (X (\ ••aTuleaV Lrs. leathery. Muipk or 3-parted: tis. of tleshy texture, grayish white. sonietinie» li«»- coming bluish: sepals 8, >ilunt. broad: anthers brownish. Iinperntrici' Eugenie, Carre. (C. 1. var. palltdfiX C ca«rttle».l. Lvs. simple or 3-parted ; Ifts. broad and w<Md!y : rts..)*-i» iu. across, with 8 broad, white sepals. Jeanne d'A re. Dauvesse. S;ime cros* .-is last and mn*- '^•p it, but the sepals are grayish white, with 3 bluo bars down tli« center of each. EE. Fls. some shade of blue, la render, purple, etc., except in some vars. of C Jackmani. Lawsonidna, Anderson-Henry (X C. tlorida. var. Fortunei). Fls. very' large ; sepals 6-8, broad, rose-purple, marked with darker veins. Aug.- Nov. rubrn-riolacea, Jackman (X C. Viticella, v.-ir. atromliens). Lvs. pinnate, with ovate-a'-uniiniite or sometimes ovat<' -lanceo- late Ifts.: sepiils 4-6. maroon-purple : stamens gTeeni>h. F.S. It): lt)30. F.M. 1876:217. Var. /', .nee of Wales, Hort., has fls. of lighter tint. Lfi France, Hort. (XC. .Jackmani). Lvs. smooth: buds woolly: sepals deep col)alt-blue, pointed, with wa\-5' edges. lifhte dfs lih'ucs. Boisselot ( same cross as the last) . Fls. large, blue, with broad, recurved sepals. Deroniensis.ViorX, (same cross). Fls. 8-9 in. across ; sepalsS, delicate lavender-blue. Un. 9, p. 563 (note). Symesidnn, Anderson-Henr>- (X C. tloiida. var. Fortunei). Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 0-8, pale mauve: a profuse bloomer. 6>m. Baker (XC. Standishi). Lvs. 3-parted or simple: fls. like C. lanuginosa in form; grjiyish blue. Jackmani, Jackman (XC. Hendersoid, 18,")8-60). Habit and lvs. of C. lanuginosa : tis. flat. 5-6 in. brojid : sepals 4-6, ver>- broad, velvety purple, with a ribbed bar down the center: broad, central tuft of pale green stamens. M. & .1. 5, 6, 9, 10. 11, VI, U. I.H. 11:414. F.S. 16:bi-29. On. 22::U9: .53. p. .'62. A.ti. 19:2tl!t. .\.F. 10:1329. R.H.1H68::K)0. Var. fl//>rt. Hort. Fls. nearly pure white. Gn. 2'>: 427. Var. superba, Hort. Fls. \iolet-purple, resembUng C. Madame Grange. See Fig. 489. Other hybrids or varieties of C. Jackmani are : Var. Gipsy Queen, Cripps (C Gipsy Queen, Hort.), deep violet. Var. .!/«:• dnf/rff . .I.'ickman (V. Alexandra, Hort.), re«ldish \iolet. Var. Star of Irdia. Cripps ((\ Star of India, Hort.), 5 in. across, purple, barred with red. Var. Tunbridgensis, Vripm (C.Tunbridgensis, Hort.). reddish purple, barred with light blue. Var. magnifica. I CLEMATIS CLEMATIS 331 .lackman (C. magiiifif'.'i, Hort.), rich purple, shaded with crim- son. ;{ bars of retl in each sepal. Var. Madame Grange, Hort. (C. Madame Grange, Hort.), sepals ver>' concave, purple crim- son. Var. Mrs. James Bateman, Noble tC. Mrs. James hateman, Hort.). pale lavender ; a probable cross of C. J. with C. lamigi- nosa : M, & J. 2, f. 1; F.S. 20:1779. Var. Mrs. Moore, Jackman (C. .^!rs. Moore, Hort.), 8-9 in. across, sepals rather narrow, white. Var Thomas Moore, Jackman (C. Thomas Moore, Hort.). as large as the last, rich violet, with white stamens. Var. Madame Baron Veillard, Baron Veil. (C. Madame Baron Veillard, Hort.), ri>se-lilac. Var. Madame Andre, Baron Veil. (C Madame Andre, Hon.).cHrinin?-violet. R.H. 1H<);!:18(). Var. relittina-tiurpurea, J.iekman ('. velutina-purpurea. Hort.). tls. 4-6 in. actross, usu- alG' -1. sometimes .'> or 6 sepals, blackish purple. DD. Ilerbaef'ous, erect. 1.1. St&nleyi, Hook. iC Sta»le!/dna, Hort.). Erect, robust herbs, ;} ft, high : Iv.s. biternate : Ifts. sessile or petioled, variable in .'iize. cuneate, silky : fls. l-'.i in. across, white to pink-purple: sepal.s becoming widely ex- panded; stamens vell()w: stvles becoming verv plumose, white. July-Oct. 'Transvaal. Int. 189:{. B.M.'TU;*). Gn. 39:789. O. F. :^: .")i:{. G.C. III. 8: :{27.- Suitable for greenhouse culture ; in the northern states it is apt to winter-kill if left unprotected. CCC. Fls. on the year-old ripened irond. appeari»{/ in late winter, spring, or earlij .•iiitnmer. D. Sepals more than 4, usually 6-9. 14. caerulea, Limll. {C.p(iten'\ Morr. «fc Decne. C. azu- red. Hort.. e.\. Turcz.l. Taller an<l more slender, and Ifts. smaller and narrower than C. lanutjino.''a : fls. spreading; sepals about 8, ratht-r narrow, delicate lilac; stani^ns purple. Spring. Isle <»f Nippon, .Tapan. M.&J. 3. Lav. -J and :{. B.R. 2.'}: 1 !).");-.. P.M.-t:lU:{. B. 3:120.- Shouhl be grown on a northern exposure to preserve the color of the flowers. It is almost as prolific as C latuKji- no.vi u. producing garden varieties and hybrids, and it is the most likely of all to produce double- flowered forms. Var. grandifldra, Hook. (C. azurea, var. grand I flora, Hort.). Fls. larger than the type. B.:JL3983. Var. StAndishi, Moore (C. Sfdndishi, Hort.). Fls. about 5 in. across ; sepals light purple, of metallic luster. — A tine variety from Japanese gardens. The following ether garden varieties : Mm. James Baker (C. Mrs. .Tames Baker, Kort.). Sepals nearly white, ribbed with dark carmine. Miss Bnteman, Noble (C. Miss Bateman, Hort.). Fls. more ct-nipact than the t>-pe.6 in. across; sepals ovate, shortly' acumi- nate, jinre white, with <Team-coh)re(l bars ; anthers brown. Probably of hybrid origin ; allietl to var. Standishi. Utella. .Tackman (C. Stella, Hort.). Fls. not so large as the la.^t ; sep;ds deep mauve, with a red bar down the center of each. F.S. 22: 2341. i»ifl?j*a,Siebold (C. Amalia. Hort.). Sepals 6 or more, oblong- lanceolate, light lilac. From Japanese gardens.^ F S. 10:1051. Lord Lanesboroucjh, Noble (C. I./>rd Lanesborough, Hort.). Sepals Ithiish lihw.each with a metallic purple bar.— A good va- riety to gradually force to blossom in the greenhouse by March. Lfid\i Lanesborough. NoVile (C. Lady LaneslM) rough, Hort.). Sepals silver-gray, the bar Iteing lighter colored.— It will blos- som in March in the greenhouse. Marie, Simon-Louis (C. Marie, Hort.). Fls. darker than the typ<-. The Queen, Jackman (C. The Queen, Hort.). Fls. rather com- pa<.-t. the sepals being broader than the type. John JfHrrrti/, Jackman (C. John Murray, Hort.). Habit and foliage bolder than the type: lis. somewhat later. Gn. 4G: 970. Fair Rosamond, Jackman (C. Fair Rosamond, Hort.). Sepals apiculate, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S. 22: 2:U2. Countess of Lovelace, Jackman (V. Countess of Lovelace, Hort). Fls. double, blue-violet : sepals much imbricated. In the second crop of Idooms the tls. are single, as is often the case in other double varieties. Albert Victor. Noble H'. Albert Victor. Hort.). Fls. much like the type, hut large and more compact.— Suita))le for forcing under glass. Durhtss of Edinburgh, Jackaian fC. Duchess of Edinburgh, Hort. ) . Fls. double, white, strouyly imbricate<i. Lfyfiis van Uovtte, Hort. (C. Louis van Houtte, Hort). Semi- double, rosy white. Vesta, Endlicher ((\ Vesta, Hort.). Sepals gray: anthers re<l. Gt. 39:1333. Gn.9:lH. £r»>7^nfl,Siebold (C.Helena, Hort.). Fls. pure white, with yel- low stamcus. F.S. 11:1117. I.H.1:2L m-onstrosa. Van Houtte (C. monstrosa, Hort.). Fls. semi- double, pure white. F.S. 9: 960. Sophia, Sieljold (0. Sophia, Hort.). Sepals deep lilac-purple on the edges, with light green bars. F.S. 8:852. l.H.l:21. B.H.::97. DD. Sepals 4. \r). mont&na. Buch.-Ham. {C. odordta, Hort., not Wall.). A vigorous cliniber, often reaching a height of 1.5-20 ft. : Ivs. ternate.with oblong-acuminate cut -toothed Ifts.: fls. several in each axil, following each other in succession of time, rasembling white anemone blossoms, sweet-scented ; sepals 4, elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long, spreading, becoming pink ; stamens con.spicuous, yel- low. Mav. Himalava regicm. B.R. 26:53. M. & J. 8. Gn.49, p'39; .")l,p."349. A. G. 19:391. R. H. 18.50:161. - The species prefers a mild climate. The .section of Clematises to which it belongs includes the evergreen forms, such as C. cirrhosa, Linn., of the Mediierrauean region. Var. grandifldra, Hort. Fls. 3-i in. across. B.M. 4061. 16. Pierdti, Miq. Closely allied to the last: Ivs. and Ifts. shaggy -hairj', much toothed, veins prominent : fls. small. Early summer. Japan. 489. Clematis Jackmani, var. alba. 17. indivisa.Willd. Much like C. r«onfan« .- flg.white; requires cool greenhouse culture, and is then verv beau- tiful : Ivs. evergreen. G.F. 0:167. A. F. 13:879. Gn. 53. p. 'Ai}. — Tndiv)sa, var, lolnMa, Hook., differs very little from the tvpe. B.M. 4.398. R.H. 1853:241. Gn. 53 p. 547. F.S. 4:402. - ^KJ»^..: 332 CLEMATIS CLEMATIS BB. Styles of fr. uaually rather short, often becoming plumose, but not no much as in B.— Viticella tSeciion. c. Climbinfj plants. I). Fls. large, txpanded when mature. 18. Viticella, Linn. Climbing 8-12 ft.: lv^ sorae- times tutire, but usually divided into [i neari, entire Ifts. : fls. l>^-2 in. in diam., growing singly on pedun- cles; sepals 4, blue, purple or rosy purple. ()bovate, pointed, retlexed; stamens yellow: fr. with rather short tails, devoid of plumes. June-Aue. 8. Eu. to Persia. R.H. 18tiO, p. 183; 1876:110; 1879:350 (vars. t. B.M. .^(i5. Lav. 7. — This is the type of one of the leading groups of garden Clematises, and is one of the parents of the Jackmani type of hybrids. The four following are garden varieties : Kfrmfn\nns. Hort. (C. Kermesinus. Hort.V Fls. of bright wiue red color, purple being absent. Gn. 3l):T87. LiUcina-florihunda, Hort. (C. lilifina-floribxitida, Hort. C. flurihunda, Hort.). Fls. pale gray-lilat*. conspicuously veined. On. IM. p. :{89 (note). — An abundant bloomer. Produced in an English garden in 1880. Lady liorill, Jackinan (C. L.ady Bovill, Hort.). Fls. cup- fornied. sepals beini^ concave an<l little or not at all recurved at the ends, fls. 4 in. across; sepals 4-(i, gra>isb blue; stamens light brown. M. & J. \'k Marmorata, .bu-kman (C. mamiorata, Hort.). Fls. rather small, with 4 broad sepals, grayisb ()lue, :J lougitndiual bars. M. & J. 1, f. 2; same plate in Y. S. 20:2008 vopp. p. IT ) Hybrids of C. Viticella wliich are closely allied to that tj-pe: Uendersoni, Henderson (C. eri6stemon. Dene. =C.V.XC. integrifolia). Stem and habit of (".Viticella: Ifts. and fls. much like 0. integrifolia: climbing 8-10 ft.: 4 bine sepals, spreading, rertexed at the tips. R.H. 1852:341. F.S. 13:1364 (as var.venosa) . 0?ft«?/?o, Cripps. (=('. V.,var. rubra X C. FlammulaK Fls. of ,'" / mediuni size, of a deep velvety ,' ,. ' y purple; continues blooming un- til October. Purpiirea-hybrida, Modeste- Guerin(=C'.V.XC. 'acknianij. Fls. 4-6 in. acro.s-. acop purple violet, witii red veins, but not barred. C.V.XC.in- fls. blue, lav- 491. Clematis Viorna. 491. Clematis florida. var. bicolor. Modes'a, Modeste-Guerin (=C. V.X C. lanuginosa). Fls. well expanded, large, bright blue, bars deeper colored. Fulgens, Simon-Louis (== C. V.. \ -ir grandiflora'X V. lanugi- nosa). Sepals 5-6, rather narrow, dark purple to blackish crim- son, velvety, edges somewhat serrate. Boskoop, Hort. (C. Boskoop See<lling, Hort. t?grifolia). A new race in 181*2: growing 3-5 ft euder, ruse or reddish rose. 19. campanifldra, Brot. Climbing 10-15 ft.: tis. re- flexed and bell-shaped as in the above type or more so; purple or whitish. June. July. Native of Pt>rtuu'al. L.B.C. 10:987. Lav. 8. -This has been called C. Viti- cella because of its close resemblance in flower, fruit and leaf; but the Ivs. are often twice ternate, and the plant is much more slender in habit. 20. fI6rida,Thunb. A slen- der plant, climbing 9-12 ft.: Ivs. variable, more or lei-s ternate or biternate; Ifts. small, ovate-lanceolate* fls. 2-4 in. across, flat when ex- panded ; the 5-6 broad, ovate sepals creamy white, barn-d with purple beneath ; stamens purplish. May, June. Japan. B. M. 834. K.H. 1856:41. Var. bicolor, Steud. (C. Si^h'jldi, D. Don). Fig. 490. Like the type, but with the I)urple stamens somewhat petal-like, and forming a dense, purple head in the center. F. S. 5:487. Lav. 5. M. &J. 16. B. R.24:25. P.M. 4:147. Gn. 22:349. K. H. 1856:401. Var. Fdrtunei, Moore (C. Forliniei, Hort.). Flu. large, ver>' much d<mbled: se- pals creamv white, becoming pink. F. S. 15: 15.')3. G. C. 1863: 676. I. H. 10, p. 86. M. A: J. 13. Belle of Woking (C. Belle of Woking, Hort.) , A hybrid form: fls. verj- full and double; sepals purple. John Gould Teitrh f C.John Gould Veitch, Hort. C. Vciti-b" Hort.). Fls. velvet, double, resembling var. I'ortunei. ev ... ^ the color of the sepals. From Japanese gardens. F.S. 18: 1875-6. DD, Fls. smaller, pitcher-shaped or tubular. 21. Vi6rna, Linn. Fig. 491. Climbing 8-10 ft.: Ivs. not glaucous nor coriaceous ; Ifts. subcordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly reticulated : fls. solitary, on long peduncles, pitcher-shai)ed ; sepals 4, 1 in. lung, variable in color, often dull purple, thick and leathery, tips often recurved ; styles jdumose when mature. Juue-Aug. Penn. to Alabama and westward. Lav. 17. Var. cocdnea, A. Gray (C coo-inta. En^elm.). Lvs. glaucous, .subcoriaceous; Ifts. broader timn the type, often obtuse or refuse : sepals carmine or scarlet. Texas. Lav. 19 ( as ('. Tt-jrensi.'i ) . B.M. 6594. (in. lit :275. Gt,.SJ:86. R.H, 1878:10; 1888: 348. -Much superior to the type, because of its beautiful flowers. Some of the garden forms of this variety, which have probably been produced l>y crossing it with iiardier Clematises, are found tinder the names: C<>inife.^s of Onslou-, deeji xar- let, (i.C;. III. 16:9; Couiifiss of i'ork, white, tinted with pink ; Duchess of Albany, clear pink, Gn. .52:1140. 22. crlspa, Linn. A slender climber, reaching 3-4 ft.: Ivs. very thin; Ifts. 3-5 or more, variable in outline and sometimes undivided, often :^5-lobed: fls. purple, vary- ing to whitish, cylindrical or bell-shaped, 1-2 in. lung; points of sepals recurved: styles of fr. hairy but noc plumose. Junt^Sept. Virginia to Texas. B.R..32:60. Lav, 14. — This and the allied species are fragrant. 23. reticulata, Walt. A slender climber, allied to the last : lvs. much reticulated and very coriaceous : fls. solitary in the axils of the lvs., nodding, bell-;dia} r.l; sepals recurved, crispy at die margin: mature tr. w'th plumose tails. June, Julv. S. Car. to Ala. an(i F'a. B.M. 6574; 1892 (as C.crispa); 1816 (as C. cordotc). Lav. 16. 24. Pitcheri, Torr. & Cray. L-.-s. of .3-4 pairs of \fu. and a terminal 1ft. reduced almost to a midrib; Ifts. coarsely reticulated : fls. i in. long and iUin. in diara., with swollen base ; sepal < dull purple, recurved at the tips; akenes pubescent, .styles not plumose. June-Aug. S. Ind. to Mo., southward to Mex. Lav. 15. CLEMATIS CLERODEXDRON 333 V'ar. S4rgenti, Lavall^e (C. Sdrgenti, Hort.). Fls. smalli-r. Lav. 18. cc. Herbaceous, erect, or somewhat climhing in case of C. aromaticn. D. Sepals some shade of Hue. 25. heracleaefdlia, DC {C. tubulbsa, Hook.). Stout, erect, woody only at the base: Ivs. temate. larpre, bright green ; Ifts. mucronately toothe<i : Hs. numerous in corymbs, either axilli».-y or terminal, tubular in form, witii 4 li«ht blue sepals, becoming reflexed ; peduncles and j)edicels downy ; recurved stigmas club-shaped. Ausj.-Sept. China. M. & J. 17. B. M. 42G9 ; 0801 (a? \AT.Ho6keri). P.M. 14:;il. F.S. 3:195. -Prop, by root division. Var. Davidiina, Bean (C Varididna. Decne. ). About 4 ft. high, hardly strung enough to stand without sup- port: Ivs. larger than any other cultivated Clematis : tls. in clustered heads, (y^l't together, and also singly or clustered in the leaf axils. R.H. 1867, p. 9(). Gn. 49, p. 99. Var. stans, Look. (C sfdns, Sifb, & Zucc). Herba- ceous, non-climbing. 4-5 ft. long : Ivs. pubescent : fls. less dense than the above variety, in terminal panicles and in close clusters in the leaf-axils, tubular in form; the blue sepals revolute from near the middle. Sept.- Oct. Jap. B.M. G810. — Used chiefly because of the striking foliage and its late-blooming qualities, 2tj. Doilglasi, Hook. Has habit of C. intefjrifotia, about 2ft. high: stem and petioles angled and ribbed: Ivs. twice i)innately or ternately compoun<l : Ifts. narrow- linear or lanceolate: fls. tubular or bell-shape<l, 1 in. Ion;:: sepals recurved, deep purple within, paler with- out, .lane. In Mts., Montana to N. Mex. — Int. 1881. 27. Fremonti, Watson. Closely allied to 6'. ocftro/<'»c«, but with Ivs. :i-4 in. long, nearly sessile, either entire or with a few coarse teeth : fls. often drooping ; sepals thick, purple, nearly glabrous, except the tomentose edges; stvles when young downy rather than feathery. JuTy-Aug'. Mo. to Colo. G. F. 3: '81. 2(5. integrifolia, I^inn. Herbac as, erect, becoming 2 ft. high: Ivs. raiher broad, entire, ovate-lanceolate: flij. solitary, nodding; sepals 4, rather narrow, blue, cori- aceous. 1-2 in. long. June-Aug. Eu. and Asia. B.M.65. Var. diveraifolia, Hort. Lvs. sometimes divided. Var. DnrAndi, Hort. ( C. iutegrifoUa x lanuginosa). Taller and rts. larger than in the type ; sepals recurved. Gn.49 : 1052. Gng. 5 •270. — Very beautiful. 21'. aromatioa, Lenne & C. Koch (C ccfriilea, var. odoriita. Hort.). Slender, herbaceous or somewhat climbing, reaching G ft. high if supported : lvs. of 'A-l ovate, nearly entire Ifts.: fls. solitary, terminal, very fragrant, l>2-2 in. across; se- pals 4, spreading, reflexed, reddish violet : stamens white. July-Sept. Nativity, perhaps, S. France. It is thought by some to be an old garden hy- brid of the Viticei.a type, or C. integrifolia x C. recta, or C. Flammula x integrifolia. R. H. 1877, p. 15. DD. Sepals yelloiv. 30. ochroletica, Ait. Herba- ceous, 1-2 ft. high, silky-pu- bescent, becoming glabrate : ivs. ovate, entire : fls. erect, solitary, terminal ; sepals yel- low outside, cream -colored within : styles becoming stmie- what plumose. July- Aug. Drv grounds, N. Y. to Ga. L.B.C. 7:061. -Int. 1883. AA. True petals small, spatulate ; sepals petaloid ; involucre none. Atragene section. 31. verticilliriB, DC. Fig. 492. Trailing or sometimes climbing. &-10 ft.: usually 4 trifoliate lvs. from each n<«le ; Ifts. thin, ovate, a'-ute, toc+hed or entire, .some- what cordate : fls. solitary, blue or purple, nodding at 492. Akene of Clematis verticillaris \ first, 2-4 in. broad when expanded ; 4 thin sepals, silky along the margins and veins ; petals %-% in. long. May-June. Woodlands, Va. to Hudson Bay, west to Minn. B.M. 887 (as Atragene Americana). — Int. 1881. Var. Columbi&na, Gray. Sepals narrower and more pointed than in the type. Rocky Mts. 32. alplna, Mill. (Atragene alpina, Linn.). Stems 3-5 ft., slender, with prominent joints becoming swollen with age : lvs. once «)r twice temate, with ovate or ovate- lanceolate Ifts., .serrate or incised : many petal-like sta- mens, which are devoid of anthers : sepals 4, bright blue, fepring. Northw- tern N. Amer., Siberia to south and central Eu. B.M. .530 (as var. Austriaca). Gn. 46:982.- A very hardy climber, preferring a northern exposure. Var. &lba, Hort. (Atragme Sibirica, Linn.). Fls. white or nearly so. B.M. 1951. Var. occident^lis, Gray. Petal-like stamens very few, and often bearing rudimentary anthers. Rocky Mts. The following are well worthy of cultivation, hut are not at present found in the American trade: ('. .4rf(i(«on/, Britton. More bushy and less spreading than C. Viorna. G. F. 9:."{2.5.— C (ettiuiicefdlia,Tnrcz. Bushy: fls. tubular, white, (rn. 4.t:241. R.H.1H69. p. 10. B.M.6.^42(var. latisecta, Hook.).— <^'.a/>ji^iia, DC. Allietl to C.Virginiana: Ifts. smaller and narrower, coarsely incisely-serrate, often 31obed or serrate, pubescent beneath. Japan. Gracefid si)ecies. hardy. — C'.fcar6*'//rtfff. Edgew. Differs from C. montana mainly in wanting the involacre. Himalaya region R.H. 1858. p. 407. B.M. 4794. F.S. 9: 9o6.— T. r/rrW«a, Linn. Allied to C. montana. Fls. greenish white, yellow, or red. bell-shiined. Gn. 4.>, p.'JtO, L. B.C.19:18(l6 : 8:720 (as C. calycina). B.M. 1070:959 (as C calycina). II. C. Davis. CLEMATIS, MOCK. Agdestis clematidea, which Is cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. CLFOME (meaning unknown). Cappariddcecp. A large and mostly tropical genus of sub-shrubs or annual herbs, simple or branched, glabrous or glandular, with simple lvs. or '.i-~ Ifts.. and white, yellow or purplish fls. borne singly or in racemes. The genus is dis- tinguished from Gynandropsis i»y its short torus, which often bears an appendage, and by the 4-0, rarely 10, stamens. The ganlen Cleonies are chiefly interesting for their long, purple, spidery stamens and showy rose- colored petals. They succeed in samly soils and sunny situations, and can be used like castor-oil plants to fill up large gaps in a border. C. spinosa is the best, and has lately been planted considerably in public parks amongst shrubbery. Prop, by seeds, which are produced freely in long, slen<l.^r pods borne on long stalks. Fcr C. speciosa, see Gynandropsis. ppinoaa, Jacq. (C. ;>M«f/fH.-<, Willd.). Giant Spider Plant. Clanmiy, strong-scented. .'1—4 ft. high : Ifts. usually 5. sometimes 7, oblong-lanceolate, with a pair of short, stipular spines under the petioles of most of the lvs.. and in the tropics some little prickles on the petioles also: fls. rose-purple, varying to white ; petals 4, obo- vate, clawed, /<j in. long; stamens 2-3 in. long, blue or purple. N. C. to La. (nat. from Trop. Amer. ) and es- caped from gardens. B.M. 1040.— A tender biennial north, but annual in the tropics. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Rocky Mountain Bee- plant. Glabrous. 2-3 or even 0-ft high: Ifts. 3. lanceo- late to obovate-oblong. entire, or rarely with a few mi- nute teeth : bracts much narrower than in C spinosa; petals rose, rarely white, 3-toothed: receptacle with a flat, conspicuous appendage. Along streams in saline soils of prairies. — In cult, about 20 years as a bee plant. specioslssima, Deppe. Annual or half-shrubby, some- times 5 ft. high: stems strongly hairy: Ifts. 5-7, lam eo- late. dentate, narrowed at the base, conspicuously hairy on both sides: fls. light purple or purplish rose. July to fall. — Said to be the showiest of Cleomes. Under this name a very different plant is passing, the Ifts. of which have only minute hairs but rather numerous spines. ^ t\i, CLER00£NDB0N {QTi:ek,chaHce2kX\dtree: of no sig- nificance), includes Siphonantha and Volkamt'ria. I'erbendcece. Many species in the tropics, and also in China and Jap. Some of them are greenhouse climbers; others are hardy shrubs; others are almost herbaceous. ! 334 CLKRODENDRON CLERODEXDRON Calyx campanulate or rarely tuVmlar, 5-toothed or 5- lobed: corolla tube usually slender and cylindrical, the limb o-parted and spreading : stamens 4, affixed on the corolla-tube, long-exserted and curved : style exserted, 2-cleft rt the end: ovary 4-loculed: fr. a drupe enclosed in the calyx. Lvs. opposite or in 3's, usually entire, never compound. A. Climbing xhrubs. ThbmpsonaB, Bulfour (C. Bdlfouri. Hort.). Fier. 493. Tall, twiiiiiiLC. glabrous evergreen: lvs. opposite, oblong- j ovate and a<Minnuate, strongly several- nerved: tls. in axillary and terminal fork- ing paiiides : calyx strongly angled, nar- ro»ved at the apex, white : corolla-limb red and spreading. W. Afr. B.M. r>;{13. H. H. 1807:310. — A wamihouse plant of great merit, and the most popular of the tender species. BI«)oms profusely on the young wood. Var. delictum, Hort, (C. delictum and C. deJicdtum, Hort,). Pani- cles very large : calyx pure white or green- tinged : corolla large, rose magenta. AA. Erect shrubs or sitb-shrubs. B. Corolla-tube little if amj Intif/er than the large calyx: fls, white or light blush. fri^rans, Vent. {C. coronHria, Hort. I). Pubescent, half shrubby, with angled branches, 3-o ft. : lvs. broadly ovate, with truncate or cordate base, acuminate, coarsely toothed: fls. whit« or blush, in terminal, compact, hy- drangea-like corymbs, usually double. China, Japan. B.M, 1834. — Very <lesirable and fragrant plant for the coolhouse. Hardy in Fla. Lvs. ill-scented. viscdsum.Vent. Height 5-7 ft., pubescent, with square brancht's : lvs. opposite and stalked, cordate-ovate, toothed: tls. in a loose terminal panicle, white, with a flesh-colored center, flaring, the tube projecting beyond the loose, hairy, large, 5-angled calyx. E. Ind. B, M. ISO."), — Fls. sweet-scented. Greenhouse. C. infortu- n&tum, Gsprtn., is said to be the same species (and the name is older), bnt it has scarlet fls. — perhaps a result of domestication. Even if the same species, it is better to keep the forms separate for horticultural purposes. tricll6tomum, Tlumb. (C serdtinum, Cnrr. Volka- merid Jitponica, Hort,, not Thunb.). Fig. 494. Slender but erect, graceful, pubescent sub-shrub, '-10 ft. high or even higher : lvs, mostlv oj)posite, soft and flaccid, ovate-acuminate, narrowptl at the base, very closely ser- rate or entire, hairy: fls. viuite. with a reddish brown calyx, on forking, slender, reddish peduncles, the corolla- tube sometimes twice as l<mg as the calvx. Japan. B.M. 65()1. On. 43:914; 51. p. 320. Ji. H. 18o7, p. 3r)l.-A very handsome, hardy shrub, tn tke ^»'. it kills to the ground, but sprouts up if the crown is protected. BB. Corolla-tube fhriee or more longer than tne small califx. c. Fls. white. tomentdsum, R. Br. Shrubby and erect, pubescent, 3-5 ft. and more, often purplish: lvs. opposite and peti- oled, ovate-oblong, entire cr sparingly toothed, pubes- oent on both sides, Imt thicklv so on the under side: fls. in few-fld. opposite, forking cymes, the calyx not en- larged, the slim corolla-tube long-exserted ('A-A times 493. Clerodendron Thomsonse (X J^a) 494. Clerodendron trichotomum (X V^). length of calyx), and the clear white corolla-lobes re- flexed-curled : anthers vellow. Austral. B.M. MIS. - Cult, in S. Calif. macrosiplion, Hook, f , Elegant erect shrub, finely pubescent : lvs. opposite. obl!>nceolate-oblong. acumi- nate, notched: fls. in a nearly sessile terminal cyme, pure white ; calyx green, very small ; corolla-tube very narrow, 4-5 in. hnxiz, hairy, the limb l-si<jed. Zanzil)ar, B.M, (5(39.'), — Warmbouse plant of merit. Siphonanthus, R.Br, i Siphonduthus /Hrf«Va,Linn.). Turk's Tukban. Shrub, 2-0 ft. high : fls. long- tubed and white, in very large terminal raceme?, but small and not showy: fr. a very showy, red and purple berrA', which persists a long time, and for which the plant is chieflv grown. E. Ind. — Hardy in Fla. cc. Fls. red or distinctly lilac. squamfttum, Vahl. {O. Kampferi, Sieb.l, Grows r>-10 ft. high, pubescent: lvs, opposite, round -ooniate, entire, abruptly pointed : intlores- "ence and fls. brilliant scarlet; fls. with small red calyx and rertexed, spreading, unequal corolla - lobes. CLERODENDHON CLIDEMIA 335 China. R.B. 22:253. Gn. 42: 889.- Very showy. Cult, in warm greenhouse? or in the open in S. Calif, and S. Fla. fcBtidam, Bunge [C. ItAtujei, iSteud.). (Tr«)ws :m> ft., makiin; a bush; pubescent, spiny: Ivs. ojiposite. broad- ovatf and acuminate. stalite<l, coarsely tttothed : fls. lilac-purple, tube '.^-A times as lon^r as calyx, in a dense capitate corymb 4-8 in. across. China. B.M.4HH). <tn. 5:2.'). — Cool greenhouse. Hardy in middle an<l soutliern states. Killed to the ground in the latitude of I'hiladel- phia. but sprout.s up and blooms. Blooms in August. Fls.not f<etid, but name given because of the odor of the bniised Ivs. Spreads by the root. Tolkameria odor«tn, offered in the Amer. trade, is a climb- ing Clerodendroi). V. oilorata of the iKJtanists is a bushy Car>-- opteris iC. \Valli<"hi!iiiH). V. otluratn of Siehrwht & Wadley is not a vine, as descriJ^-d. Imf ''a slinib. which crows from 2-4 ft high, with soft, hairy stems. l)ro:id. oval. opiKisite Ivs. with acute point and glaufotis-hairy or almost wfK)lly. compact dus- ters of white rts., shading to pink on the outside of the i)etals, the dusters l^-^-^t in. across. Indigenotis to several of the West Indian islands, particularly to Dominica, Martinique and Gnadaloupe." It is not now in the American trade. Li. H. B. CL£THBA (ancient Greek name of the Aider, trans- ferred to this genus on account of the resemblance of ♦helvs.l. A'riciife<e. White Aloek. Shrub or small irees: Ivs. alternate, usually serrate, deci<luous or per- sistent: ris. white, in terminal, often panided racemes; petals .">, erect ; stamens 10 ; capsule split tin;^ into 3 valves. many-see<le«l. About 2o species in America, E. Asia, Madeira. Only a few har<ly, deciduous species are generally cultivated; valuable for their showy sj.ikes of white, fragrant tis., appearing late in summer. They grow best in a moist, peaty or sandy soil. Prop, by seeds, >^own in spring in pans in sandy and peaty soil, :ind by erreenwood cuttinsrs under glass, trrowing best if taken from forced plants in early sprinir and placeil in slight bottom heat ; also, increased by layers and by division of large plants. Handsome when forced under glass. A. Lr.'<. ihridnous : sfamena exi<erfe{1. alnifolia, Linn. Sweet Pepperbush. Shrul>. ."i-lO ft.: Ivs. short-p«'tioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, sharply serrate, mostly glabrous or nearly so, 2-4 in. long: tis. fratrrant. in erect, usuallv panided racemes. Julv-Se]>t. Maine-KIorida. M.D.G. 1 HI).") : <i."). .T.H. III. :n : .'{7."). O.W.F.A.22. Em. 42r..-Very variable. The following forms are often described as species : Var. pdniculata, Arb.Kew.l C p<t>tintl()f<t,A\t. ). Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, lc>> toothed, green and >;labrous on both sides: racemes panided. Var. scabra, Arb. Kew. ( C. scAbra, Ait. ). Lvs. <cabrous above, puli(>ce?it beneath: panicles with fewer iicemes. Var. tomentdsa, Michx. {('. tometttfisn. Lam.). Lvs. canescent bejieath : racemes solitary or few, larger, and appearing later than the foregoing. B. M. 3743. O.F.4:G5. acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree, to I.t ft.: lvs. petioletl. oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, ahnust jrlabrous, .'t-7 in. long: racemes tisnally solitary, nodding. Julv-Sept. AlleghanvMts.Virginia to Georgia. L.B.C. 15: 1427. can^scens, Reinw. {C. bnrbinervia, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrub or tree, to .30 ft. : lvs. petioled, cuneate, obovate or elliptic, acuminate, sharply dentate-serrate, pubescent beiieith, .'{-«) in. long : racemes panicled ; tis. fratrrant ; pedicels about as long as the fls. July-Sept. E. Asia, Philippine Isl., .Tava. Gt. 19: G54. AA. Jjvs. evergreen : stamens included. arbdrea. Ait. Sltrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate, nnrrow-elliptic, acuminate, serrate, almost irla- b.ous. shining above, .3-4 in. long: racemes panicled: tis. fragrant. Aug.-Oct. Madeira. B.M. 1057. — It stands only a few degrees of frost. C. uuercifdlia, Schlecht. Shrub: lvs. obovate-oblong. tonien- tosebfne th: racemes panided. Mc>xico. Vi.R.'IH-.'.Ki.—C. thii- fblia. Swartz. Shrub: lvs. oblong, entire, .'omentose beneath: racemes panicled. Jamaica. These two only hardy in subtropi- <=*' ""^eious. Alfred Rekder. CLET&BA (after Andrew Cleyer. Dutch physician of the seventeenth century). Ternstrowi'\eeip. (\ nrhnacea is a tender shrub rarely cult, in northern greenhouses. In the south it is cult, outdoors. It has glossy foliage, numerous creamy white, fragrant fls., borne in June, and red berries, which last all winter. The genus has about nine species, and is distinguished by its petals free or scarcely coalesced, its pilose anthers, numerous ovules, and scarcely braeted tlowers. Sepals 5, with 2 bractlets: petals 5: stigmas 2-3: berries 2-3-celled. ochn&cea, DC. (C. Japouim, Sieb. & Zucc). Height about ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, acute at b«ith ends, veined above, entire. Himalayas.— C. Japdnica was distin- guished by DeCandoUe by its oblong-lanceolate lvs., which are veinless, an«l minutely serrate at the apex. Var. tricolor, Hort., has dark green lvs.. with greyish mark- ings, and a margin of white and rose, the variegation being more brilliant in younger lvs. -^^ t^j_ CLIANTHUS I Greek, (jlory-floner). Glorv Pea. Glory Vine. Parrot's Bill. LtijumivoMf. About five species of tender, half-trailing shrubs, with large, showy flowers of uni((ue appearance. See Fig. 495. Swainsona is an allied genus, but its general appearance is very different. Interesting plants, with piniuite lvs. of many lfts.,and fls. in racemes. Fls. scarcely papilionaceous. Po<i stalked, many-see<led. Prop, by see<ls and cuttings. ClinnthuH Dmnpieri is anything but easy to grow in the latitude of Washington. Red spider is its greatest enemy, but too nun-h moisture in the soil, followed l>y hot sun, proves equally fatal to it. In a sandy soil, when the seeds are sown early in spring, the plants, during ordinary summers, make a very fine display. The plants will not bear transplanting. Even when they are grown in pots, it is a risky piece of work to shift from small pots into larger ones. Cpuniceus is an (dd- fashioned greenhouse plant, grown sometimes to cover rafters or trellis work, but more freijuenlly trained around sticks placed around the edge of the pot. The flowers, not very uidike those of the common Erythrina, are freely prodticed in hanging clusters. Cuttings rooted in early spring may be grown into good-sized plants during the summer. Water should be given spar- ingly during the dull months. Pruning, repotting and tying the shoots should be done just before the growth begins. A sharp lookout should be kept for the re«i spider, frequent syringings being the only remedy for this pest. Dampieri, A. Cunn. Cilorv Pea. Fig. 495. Height 2-4 ft. : plant glaucous and hoary, with long, whitish, silky hairs: .stems slightly tinged with red : peti- oles longer than in C. puniceus : Ifts. about 15. nearly opposite, sessile, usually acute : stipules larger than in C. puniceiiK: fls. 4-<» in a raceme, large, drooping, about 3 in. lotig. rich crimson or scarlet, with a handsome velvety, purple-black area on the raised center. Austral. B.M. 5051. R.H. 1808:'-'.i0. Gt. 48, p. 272. Gn. 20:294. — Var. Oerm&nicus, Hort.. is also sold, and is proba- bly var. marginitus.Hort., which has one petal white, margined scarlet. See (in. 37:74(> and p. 299 for an ac- count of grafting this spe- cies on stocks of C. pu- nice US. puniceus, Banks & Soland. Parrot^ Bill. Height about 3 ft. : plant glabrous: Ifts. 19-21, each with a very short petiole, alternate (tit least towards the end of the leaf), blunt or slightly notched: fls. 8 or more in a ra- ceme, crims(m. failing with age. New Zealand. B.M. 3584. — Cult, in eastern greenhouses, and a favorite Cali- fornian outdoor shrub. Blooms all winter in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, o. W' . Oliver and W. M. CLID£MIA (old Greek nam^^). Melastoniciceo'. An unimportant group in a family famous for its foliage plants. C. vittita, Linden and Andre, once offered by 495. Clianthus Dampieri. 336 CLIDEMIA John Saul, has large, oval, pointed Ivs. with 5 strong nerves, and a narrow band of white down each side of the midrib. I.H. 22:219. R.H. 1876, p. 233. CLIFF BEAKE. See Pellim. CLIMBERS are distinguished from twiners by having some means of attachment, as tendrils or other special devices, while twiners rise by twisting their stems round their support. In a wider sense the word is often used synonymously with "vines." By "trailers," nurserymen commonly mean low-growine: vines, and by "climbers," talier-jrrowing vines. See V^ines. CLIMBINO FERN. S^ee Lff(fn,Jlinn. Climbing Fumi- tory is Aflhnni't d rrhosn. Climbing Hemp weed, .l/<Aa- nia scandens. Climbing Lily, Gloriosa suptrba. CLINOSTlOMA ((xreek. inclined stigma). Palmdcetf, tribe Arecei^. Spineless, with low or tall, prominently or obscurely ringed trunks: Ivs. terminal, equally pin- natisect ; segments somewhat falcate-lanceolate, broad at the base, plicate, acuminate, the apex bitid or obliquely truncate and dentate, the tliick margins scarcely re- curved at the base ; rachis scaly, convex on the back, obtusely keeled above : spadix long : fertile branches long, thick, the floral areas distant: spathes 2-3: fr. globose or subglobose, small, red at maturity. Species 3. Australasia and Samoa. Tliis graceful and recent palm resembles IToivea Fnr- sferiana somewhat in habit of growth, but its archinj? Ivs. spread wider, and its stt-ms are dark purplish, and its pinnft toujrh and leathery. The palm is free and clean in irrowth. Mooreannm, F. Muell. (Keniia Mooredna, F. Muell.). Dwarf i»aliu. 3-4 ft. hisrh : Ivs. 3-4 ft. lonj; : segments about 1 ft. long, longitudinally plicate when young. New South Wales. Jared G. Smith and H. A. Siebrecht. CLINTONIA (after DeWitt Clinton, the famous Gov- ernor of New Y^)rk and jtromoter of the Erie canal). LilihcecB. A small genus of low-jrrowing, hardy, herba- ceous plants with a few. tufted, dark green, broad, shin- ing Ivs., and usually umbels of tls. They grow in cool, moist woods, and fanciers can obtain them from some dealers in native plants. It is dithcult to tell the species apart by the Ivs. S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:271 (1879). For C. pnlcJieUa and other species of the aban. doned genus Clintouia of Douglass, see Downingia A. Scape bearing an umbel of fls. B. Fls. greenish yellow. bore^is, Raf. Height 1-2 ft. : tls. .'J-fi, nodding, green, margined vellow. Labrador to Winnipeg and south to N. 0. D. 123. B.M. 1403 as Smilactna borealis. -This is one of the choicer plants of cool, moist woods, known to plant lovers chiefly l>y its handsome umbels of blue berries found in autumn, which are borne above the large, dark green, shining Ivs. The commonest species. BB. Fls. white, with green spot,s. umbell&ta, Torr. Fls. l()-20 or more, smaller than in C. bin-ealiit, erect or nearly so, white with a green or purplish spot at the tip of each segment. Allegheny Mts. from N. Y. to Ga. B.M. 115.5. — This species has the smallest fls. of the group, and is the only (me that has but. a single pair of ovules in each cell of the ovary. BBB. FU. deep rose. Andrewsi^na, Torr. Fls. 20 or more, nearly erect. California, in deep, cool woods, in clavev soil rich in mold. B.M. 7092. -The showiest of the group. Cult, by C. Purdy, Ukiah, Calif. AA. Scape bearing 1 white flower. uaifldra, Kunth. The only species in which the scape is shorter than the Ivs.: fl. nearly erect. Rarely there are 2 fls. Calif, to Brit. Columb. \^ -y^ CLITOHIA (derivation recondite). Legum-ndsce. BuTTEKFi.Y Pea. a wide-spread and variable genus al- lied to Centrosema. and characterized by the calyx tube being cylindrical and longer than the lobes : standard CLlVlA narrowed at the base, not appendaged on the back: style often bearded. The most imponant garden plant is C Tematea, a warmhouse annual twiner, reaoliing 15 ft., and ret^uiring no special culture. It has very showy blue fls., and lately interest in it has revived. A. Leaflets 5. Tematda, Linn. (C. oprhlen, Hort. ). Annual warm- house climber : Ifts. 5, <»blong, obtuse, short-petioled : fls. 1 in. or more long, rich blue, with beautiful and va- riable markings, especially on the standard. B.M. l.")42. Gn. 38 : 7G5. P. M . 7 : 147 and 13 : 79. - Name from Teraate, one of the Molucca Islands, and not from temaite, mean- ing 3-leafleted. Prop, by seeds. C. ttllta, Kort., is a white form. More or less double forms have been known for over a century. AA. Leaflets 3. Mariina, Linn. Hardy, perennial, smooth, erect, or slightly twining. 1-3 ft. high: Ifts. 3, obovate or ovate- lanceolate: fls. light blue, 2 in. long, on short peduncles: pod straight. few-seede<l. Summer. Dry banks, N. y. to Fla. and west to Mo. Also India and Burma. — Rarely sold by dealers in native plants. \y jj CLiVIA < after a Duchess of Northumberland and member of the Clive family). Syn., Iniiintophifllum. Amarjfllid(\veiP. A genus of 3 species of tender, bulbous plants from South Africa, with handsome ever- green foliage and showy, bright red fls. in large umbels. C. niininta is the best species, and perhaps a dozen varieties and hybrids of it have been offered at various times. The genus is distinguished by its fruit beinsr a berry, its several ovules, and imperfect bulb. J. G. Baker, Amaryllidea*, p. (»1. Clivias make excellent house plants, but, like Amaryllis, they are too costly to be very popular. They have the advaataire over Amaryllis of having attractive foliage all the year round, and are more certain to bloom well. They liave thick, fleshy roots, like an Aerapanthus. 495. Clivia miniata. All of the species are well worth growing, because of their handsome umbels of flowers, produced during the spring and early summer months. They are evergreen plants of the Amaryllis family, with thick, leathery, strap-shaped leaves. Cliiia tniniata is the species most commonly grown. There are several distinct forms of "1- CLIVIA CLOVES 337 this, with larger and deeper colored flowers. Established plants may be larrown in the same pots for several years, if the plants are fed during the growing perio<l with weak liquid manure. In ]K)tting. the soil given should be of a lasting nature, not easily soured, nor apt to become sodden. In arranging the drainage, place one large piece, concave side down, over the hole, and aroun<l this arrange several smaller pieces. Over these place one or two handfuls of pieces small enough to go thniugh a No. 2 sieve. The best time to pot is after the flowt-rs have been produced. The plants should then be kept for some time in a humid atmosphere to encourage growth, receiving an abundance of water after they are well started. Aftergrowth has been completed, they will winter safely in an ordinary greenhouse tempera- ture (not under 40°), if kept rather dry at the root. For propagation, select old plants which have become crowded in their pots, so that the entire plant can be pulled to pieces. After trimming the roots, put the groM\'ths in small jxits an<l keep in beat, to encourage root a<'tion. Oliv- ias are well suited for planting per- manently in the front part of green- house bor<b*rs. The soil fortius pur- pose should l>e rich and well firmed about the roots. Withhold water as much as possible during the resting period, or the plants will produce leaves at the expense of the flowers. A. Fls. erect; perianth broadly funnel-shaped. mini&ta, Kegel (hnantojphyUutn minihtnm, Hook.). Fig. 4!«). Lvs, 10-20, in a" tuft, sword-shaped, tapering to a point, l>^ft. long, ly^-l in. broad : fls. 12-20, in an umbel ; perianth erect, bright scarlet, with a yellow throat ; tube bromily funnel- shaped, longer than C. unhiUs ; segments about 2 in. long, the inner ones broader than the outer ; stamens shorter than the segments; stvle not exserted : berrif'S ov<)i<l. bright red, 1 in. long. "Natal. B.M. 4783. R.H. 1859. pp. 12«, 127. F.S. 9:949: 2:}:2373. I. H. 26:. 343; 36:80; 37:102: 40:177. R.H. 18«9:250.and 1894, p..o72.- /. cjirtanthiflbrum, V^an Houttf (F.S. 18:1877), is a hybrid between this species and the next. AA. Flf. pendulous ; perianth narrowly funnel-shaped. n6bilis, Lindl. (Imantophyllum Aitoni. Hook.). Lvs. about 12, strap-shaped, very obtuse, with a rough ish edge: fls. 40-60, in an umbel; perianth curved and droop- in/ : tube narrowly funnel-shaped, shorter than in C. miiiiafa ; segments tipped with green, about 1 in. long; stamens as long as the segments; stvle exserted. Cape Colony. B.M. 2856. L.B.<\ 20:190<;.' Int. to cult. 1828. I.cijrtanfhiflfirum,Van Houtte (F.S. 18:1877), said to be a hybrid between this and the above, shows little if any influence of C miniata. It has the narrow tubed, pendulous fls. and the greenish tinge of C. nobilis. R.H. 1894, p. 573. m rx- r^ , tit ^r ' ^ ' G. W. Oliver and W. M. CLOUDBEKEY. See Bubus. 497. Triiolium pratense. Root-system. CLOVE PINK. phylhis. The Carnation, Dianthus Caryo- CLOVER. Species of Trifdlium (Leguminosae), par- ticularly those which are useful in agriculture. The word is also applied to species of related genera, as Medicago. The Sweet Clover is Melilotus. Bush and Japan Clover are Lespedezas. Prairie Clover is a Petalostemon. Of Trifolium there have been described about 300 species. These are widely dispersed in temperate cli- mates. The fls. are papilionaceous but small, and are disjiosed in dense heads or spikes. Lvs. are digitately or palmately 3-foliolate. The common Red Clover is T. pratenne, Linn., now thoroughly naturalized in N. America, but supposed not to be native here. It is Eu- ropean. It is valuable both f«»r stock feed (as pastur- age and hay), and also as a green manure. As a manure cn»p, it is particularly valuable because of its deep root- system and its power (in common with other leguminous plants) of fixing the nitrogen of the air by mean!* of its subterranean parts. Fig. 497 illustrates the root- system. Fig. 498 shows the root of a l.^-montbs' old plant which grew in 'lard clay soil. It is 22 inches long, and some of the root was left in the ground. The Mam- moth Red Clover ( T. tvhUum, Linn. ). is probably sn off- shoot of T. pratense. It is usually a larger plant, with zigzag stem, entire and spotted Ifts. and longer-stalked head. White Clover, or Shamrock, is T. repens, Linn., intr. from Europe, and supposed to be native to N. America as well. Alsike Clover, T. hf/bridum, Linn., is of European nativity. The Crimson or Scarlet Clover (Fig. 499), an annual from S. Eu., is now much grown as a catch- or cover-crop in or- chards. See Cover-crops. It is also highly ornamental, and is worthy the attention of the florist, L. H. B. ^J w / < 498. The penetrating root of the Red Clover. 499. Crimson Clover — Trifolium incamatum (X K). CLOVES are the dried flower-buds ( Fig. 500) of a hand- some tree of the myrtle family, Eugenia caryophyllata, better known as CaryophyUus aromaticus, a native of the Spice Islands, but now cultivated in the West Indies and elsewhere. CaryophyUus, the ancient name of the Clove, means nut-leaf. The carnation, or "clove pink," was named Dianthus CaryophyUus because of its clove- 2*2 338 CLOVES COBBETT like odor, and it has become the type of the ^eat order Caryonhyllacese, which, however, is far removed botani- cally from the Myrtacea?. The word " ^llitlower " is a corruption of caryophyllus, and, until Shakespeare's time 500. Clove. Spray of leaves and flowers (1) : an unoi)ened bud or clove (3) ; the expanded flower (2) . and after, was applied to the carnation, but now-a-days it usually refers to several cruciferous r>lants of the genus Cheiranthus and Matthiola. CLUB MOSS. See Lycopodium, CNtCUS (Greek, knizein, to injure). Compdsitce. Thistle. A genus of perhaps 200 species, containing many much-hated weeds, especially the common Thistle, C. hinceolatus, and the Canada Thistle, C. arvetisis. Fig. 501. About a dozen species have been slightly culti- vated in rockeries and wild gardens. The genus Chamae- peuce, now referred to Cnicus, contains .S plants slightly used abroad in subtropical and carpel bedding: CAfer, C CasobotKf, and C. Diavantha, which are cult, for their rosettes of prickly Ivs. Thf fls. appear the second year. C. beneOictua is an old name of the Blessed This- tle, for which see Carbenia. COBBETT, WILLIAM (17()2-18;i5). The once famous fZnglisb author had two periods of en- forced residence in America, and wrote "The American Gardener '' which is one of the spiciest books •■•• the whole history of American horti- culture, Pi:.le II. He was of thorough Saxon ancestry, and \shile a gardener's lad and during eight years of military service, made strenuous efjforts at self -education. ' r92 his personal liberty was endan- gered by the p j'k ion of "The Soldier's Friend" (an appeal for an i. ;•«; 'e of pay), and he came to Phila- delphia in the iumion of that year. His first success was a pamphlet entited," Observations on Dr. Priestlv's Emigration," a bitter attack on the French Revolution. He took the loyalist side in American politics, and is re- garded as the founder of the American party press. His attack on Benjamin Rush, the leading physician of Philadelphia, for his advocacy of unlimited' bleeding for yellow-fever, resulted in a libel suit, and daniatres of $."5,000, which nearly ruined Cobbett, and sent hini to England in June, 1800. In 1802 he began ^Cohbett's Weekly Political Register," which he edited for 33 years, and until his death, except during an interval of im- prisonment and a second withdrawal to America. His real work was domestic reform, and the circulation and influence of his journal were immense. In 1801-2 he reprinted his American writings in 12 volumes, entitled, "Porcupine's Works." After 1804 he usually lived on his farm at Botley, in Hampshire, where he conducted many experiments. In 1817 he was again compelled to leave England, and for the next two years he lived in America. His life was one incessant conflict. He lived to see the reform of 1832, and his work was fittingly re- warded by a place in Parliament, but he was then too old to do much damage, and he died within three years thereafter. Cobbett's faults are all obvious, his v?g:otism towering above the rest, and barely falling short of sub- limity. He was not a genius, but his talents were extra- ordinary, and his versatility amazing. His "English Grammar'' (London, 1818), written from Long Island in the form of letters to his 15-year-old son, was said by Bulwer Lytton to be the only amusing grammar in the world. Hazlitt declared that it is as interestinsr -is a story-book, and Alfred Ayers, in his admirable edition (New York, 1883), declares that it is probably the most readable grammar ever written, and that for purposes of self-education it is unrivalled. (For a list of Cobbett's writings, see Edward bmith's excellent sketch in the Dictionary of National Biography.) After Cobbett's death, his sons published in G volumes (beginning 1857) "Selections from Cobbett's Political Works ; beintr a com- plete abridgment of the 100 volumes which comprise the writings of 'Porctipine,'and 'The Weekly Political Regis- ter.'" These 100 volumes, of course, do not take into account his non-political writings, nor his editorial work in the 30 volumes of "Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England from the Norman Conquest, in lOOrt, to the year 1803 " (continued as Hansard's Parliamentary De- bates), nor Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials (afterwards known as Howell's), nor many other works which he either edited, translated, or published. The anti-Cobbett literature is exceedingly voluminous, and almost every charge has been made against the man, except that of being uninteresting. According to Henry Cabot Lo<i>re (whose masterly appreciation in "Studies in History" [Boston, 1885], should be consulted by the student immediately after direct contact with Cobbett's writings), Cobbett's true value is understood by his thoroughly representative character as a type of his time and people. As historical documents, his works are indispensable. Cobbett's horticultural writings of chief interest to us are "Cottage Economy," "A Year's Residence in the United States of America, am', most of all "The Ameri- can Gardener" (1821), which w^>s reproduced with con- siderable modifications as "The English Gardener," in 50i. Leaf of Car.ada Thistle (X %). London, 1827. The American edition of Wm. Forsyth's excellent "Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees," was published at New York and Phila- delphia in 1802. and in Albany in 1803, and was one of the most influential books on fruit growing iu f'-i COBBETT COCCOLOBA 339 period before orcharding over large areas gave rise to essentially American horticultural writings. Unfortu- tunately for horticulturists of the present day, Cobbett's thunder seems forever silenced. He has the fatal faults of being old and amusing. Yet, to the dis'-rimi- nating mind, Cobbett's horticultural writings, especially "The American Gardener" (which is still not uncommon in second-hand book stores), are full of suggestiveness and refreshment, W. M. COB^A (after Father Cobo, Spanish Jesuit of the seventeenth century, naturalist, and resident of America for many years ) . Polemonidcece. A genus of 6 tropical American climbers, of which C. sc(indens, a tender per- ennial plant, is amongst the dozen most popular vines commonly treated as annuals. This is the onh* genus of climbers in the order. Prop, by seeds, which should be placed in moist earth, edge down. It is a rapid grower. Coboea scandens (A ^n). 8c4ndenB, Cav. Figs. 502, 503, 504. Height 10-20 ft. : Ifts. in 2 or .3 pairs, the lowest close to the stem, and more or less eared : fls. bell-shaped, 1-13^ in. across, light violet or greenish purple, with protruding style and stamens: tendrils branched. Mex. B.M.Bol. There is a white-fld. form {C. alba, Hort, ), and one with varie- gated Ivs., var. varieg^ta, Hort. — The terminal 1ft. is represented by a tendril (Fig. 502). Sometimes there are indications of tendrils on other Ifts. (Fig. .504), mak- ing the plant an interesting one for students of mor- phology. macro8t6mma, Pav. Talk-r. later-flowering, the stems and foliage not purple-tinged : fls. yellow-green, with W. il. exserted stamens. Guatemala. COBNUT. Consult Cortjlus. COBtJRGIA. See Stenomesson. COCA. The Ivs. of Eriffhrorylon Coca, used in medicine. Sold chiefly as a fluid extract. Cocaine is the famous local anaBsthetic. COCCtNEA (Latin, scarlet; referring to the orna- mental gourds). Cucttrbitdcece. Thirteen species of tender perennial vines, from the tropics of Asia and Africa, usually with tuberous roots. Lvs. angled or 503. Normal l«af of Cobcsa scandens. lobed, sometimes glandular : fls. white or yellowish, large : fr. a small, scarlet gourd, sometimes marbled, with an insipid ilp. A. Coigneaux in DC, Mon. Phan. 3:528. C.cor in is treated as a tender annual, re- quiring an ear art and no special culture. A. Tendrils simple : male fls. solitary : lvs. small. cordilolia, Cogn. [C. I'ndica, Wight & Am.). Height about 10 ft. : lvs. small, 1-2 in. long, glossy, ivy-like, short-petioled, obtusely 5-angled: fls. white, bell-shaped: fr. roundish at both ends, about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick. India. AA. Tendrils bifid: mal" fls. in racemes: lvs. large. palm^ta, Cogn. (Cephaldndra palmdta, Lond.). At- taining 30 ft. : lvs. large, .3-4 in. long and wide, long- petioled, palmately 5-lobed : fls. vellowish : fr. ovate, acute. Natal. Int. by P. Henderson & Co.. 1890. -A rare greenhouse plant. -^ jj C0CC6L0BA (Greek, lobed berry; referring to the ends of the pear-shaped fr.). Polygondcece This genus, which contains the 2 interesting fruits described below, consists of about 80 tropical trees and shrubs, some- times tall climbers, with alternate, tisually leathery, en- tire lvs., which are sometimes very large, sometimes very small: sheath or ocrea various: fls. in racemes, on short pedicels between small, ocrea-like bracts. For C. platyclada, see Mttehlenbeckia. 504. Monstrous ot abnormal leaf of Cobcca. Coccoloba is a genus of tropical evergreen shrubs and trees, mostly of an omaiaental character. C uvifera, the Sea-grape or Shore-gtape of the West Indies, bears an edible fruit, and has pprticulary beautiful foliage. This species is the most important of the genus, anl is 340 COCCOLOBA COCHLEARIA worthy of a place among ornamental plants under glass. As it will withstand but slight frost, its cultivation out- doors in the United State" is limited to warmer parts of Florida and California, but it may be bedded outdoors during the summer, in temperate latitudes forming a stipules at the base : racemes 6 in. long, erect, in fl. nodding in fr. : fls. 1J4 in. across, white, fragrant ; pet- als .'>; stamens 8; styles 3: berries 9 or more in a ra- ceme, small, about )^in. long, pear-shaped, reddish pur- ple, dotted green, sweetish acid: nut roundish, with a short, sharp point on top, and vertical wrinkles. Sandy seashores of Trop. Amer., especially S Fla. and West Indies. B.M. .1130. -The vnM is used in cabinet work, and, when boiled, gives a red color.. Florid&na, Meissn. Pigeon Ploi Tree, 2r>-:{0 ft.: Ivs. VA-3 in. long! i-2 in. wide, ovate or elliptical, nar- rowed at both en»is, obtuse, niarfrin slightly recurved : berries small, 'gin. long, pear-shaped, edible, but not marketable. S. Fla. — This has lately been considered a synon>Tu of ('. laurifoUa, but the two ?pecies are well distinguished in DC. Prod. 14:165. W.M. 505. Coccoloba uvifera (X '3). fine addition to the list of plants more commonly em- ployed. All species are easily propagated by seeds, whif I germinate freely when not too old. Some species may be quickly increased by cuttings of ripe wood, which root readily in sand under usual conditions, in a frame or propagating house. Layering may also be em- ployed to increase a stock. The various species grow naturally in both clayey and sandy soils, revelling in moist, rich earth and a high temperature. C. uvifera frequents the seashore, and is found growing in sand and broken shells, apparently lacking altogether in plant-food. Rich, sandy soil .)f a light character seems to be the best for all species so far known. Plants are readily transplanted from open ground, but pot-grown plants' are to be preferred. Cult. by E. N. Reasoner. uvifera, Linn. Sea-grape. Shore-grape. Fig. 50;'). Tree, reaching 20 ft. or more, with many flexuous branches : Ivs. large, often 5 in. long by 7 in. wide, broadly heart-shaped, wavy margined, glossy, leathery, midrib red at the base; petioles short, with sheathing COCCXTLTS ( diminutive of kokkox, berry; the fr. being berry -like). {Cebaiha.) Menispermticeip'. Twin- ing or erect shrubs: Ivs. airemate, petioled, entire or lobed, with entire margin, deciduous or persistent, palminerved : fls. inconspicuous, dioe- cious, in axillary panicles or racemes, sometimes terminal ; sepals, jietals and stamens 6: carpels M-O, distinct, develoi)infr into berry-like, 1-seeded drupes ; seed renifomi. About 25 species in America, Asia, Africa and Australia, chiefly in trop. and subtrop. regions. Ouly a few spe- cies are cultivated, thriving in almost any somewhat moist soil ; the evergreen kinds are sometimes jrrown in pots, in a sandy compost of peat and loam. Prop. by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer, under glass, with bottom heat. "Cocculus Indicu8"is the trade name of the berries used by the Chinese in catching flsh. The berries con- tain an acrid poison, which intoxicates or stuns the tish until they can be caught. The berries are imported from the East Indies to atlulterate porter, and"Ci>('culus Indictis " is a trade name with druggists, not a botanical one, just as "Cassia lignea"is a trade name of a kind of Cinnamon bark, derived, not from a Cassia. I)ut from a species of Cinnamomum. The name"Cocculus Indicus" was given by Bauhin, but binomial nomenclature beiran later, with Linnaeus, in 17.").3. The plant which produces the berries is Anamirta Cocculus. CaroUnus, DC. A ri*pid-growing, twining shrub, at- taining 12 ft., with pubescent branches: Ivs. long-peti- oled, usually ovate, sometimes cordate, obtuse, entire or 3-, rarely 5-'lobed, rabescent, glabrous above at length, 1)^-3 in. long: fr. red, >4in. in diam. Along streams, from Va. and 111. to Fla. and Tex. — Decorative in fall, with its bright red fr. No*; hartiy N of New York. C. Jap6nictts, DC.=Stephama hemandifolia.— C laitrifolhig, DC. Ere<"t slinib, to I.t ft., glabrous: Ivs. everijreen, oblong. Kcnte at l^otli ends. Himal. Decorative, with its bright green, shining foliage. Only hardy in subtropical regions.— f. Thiin- bergi. Dr. Similar to C. CaroUnus, but fr. bluish black. Har- dier. Japan. Alfred Rehdeb. COCHLEABIA (Latin, cochlear, a spoon; referring to the Ivs.), Crucifercf. This genus, which includes the Horse Radish and Scurvy Grass, is composed of glabrous herbs, mostly perennial, of various habit, with Ivs. alter- nate or in rosettes : fls. mostly white, racemose, bractless: pods various, but never winged. The word cochlear is a technical term used in describing alstivation, pvA refers to one piece which is larger than the others, hollow like a bowl or helmet, and including the rest, as in Aconitura. Armor^cia, Linn. (Xasturtium Armnrdcia, Fries). HoRrSE Radish. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. high : roots large and fleshy, furnishing the familiar condiment: n)ot-lvs. very large, more or less cordate or oblong ; stem-lvs. lanceolate, uppermost linear, entire : fls. white. May. Naturalized from Eu. and escaped. — It flowers fre- quently, and very rartly perfects any seeds. For cul- ture, see Horse Jiadish. COCHLEARIA COCOS 341 officiniLlis, Linn. Scurvy Grass. Hardy biennial, 2-12 in. high, but cult, as an annual : root-lvs. petioled, cordate; 9tem-lv8. sessile, oblong, more or less toothed: fls. early spring; calyx lobes eiect. Arctic regions. Vil- morin, Veg. Gard. 515.— Prop, by seed, which is small, oval, slightly angular, rough -j^kinned, reddish brown. The germinating power lasts 4 years. The green parts of the plant are strongly acrid, ami have a tarry flavor. The seed is sown in a cool, shady position, where the plants are to stand. The Ivs. are rarely eaten as salad, but the plant is mostly grown for its anti-scorbutic properties. W. Mv COCHLIODA (Greek for spiral, in reference to the structure of the lip). Orchiddceir, tribe I'dndeiP. A small genus of orchids found at high elevations in South America. Pseudobulbous. Flowers bright rose-color or scarlet. Some of the species are retained by various authors in Odontoglossura and 3Iesopinidium. Culture of Odontoglossums. Noetzli^na, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, com- pressed, about 2 in. long, nionodiphyllous : Ivs. linear, peduncles arcuate : fls. nunierou:^, in graceful racemes, orange-scarlet, about 1 in. across; sepals oblong; petals rather ovate ; labellum 3-lobed, disk yellow, otherwise similar in color to the petals. Andes. B.M. 7474. Gt. 43:1403. G.C. III. 16:71. rdsea, Hort. Plants similar to C. Xoetzliana : fls. rose color. Peru. B.M. 0084. I.H. 18:(»6. yulc4nica, Benth. & Hook. Peduncles more or less eret't: tls. larger than in the preceding, bright rose-color; labellum 3-lobed, provided with 4 ri'lges. Peru. B.M. 6001. Oakes Ames. COCHLIOSTfiMA (Greek,67)mjJ stamens). Commeli- ndcecr. A genus of 2 species, which are among the most curious and gorgeous plants c iltivated under glass. They are epiphytes, with the hal it of Billbergia and great axillary panicles of large flow ers of peculiar struc- ture and beauty. They are stemless herbs from Equa- dor. with large, oblong-lanceolate Irs., sheathing at the base, and fls. which individually last only a short time, although a succession is kept up for several weeks; sepals 3, oblong, obtuse, concave; petals 3, nearly equal, wider than the sepals, margined with l<»ug hairs*: stami- nodes 3, villous^, 2 erect, linear, the third short, plumose; staminal column hooded, with incurA-ed margins, enclos- ing 3 spirally twisted anthers ; stvle slender, curved. For an interesting theorv of the p.iculiar staminodes, seeG.C, 1868: 323,? . Cochliostemas art handsome stove- flowering perennial plants, closely relat»-d to the Commelinas, and are of comparatively easy culture, thriving well in ordinary stove temperature in a mixture of 2 parts loam and 1 part fibrous peat, with a little well-decayed cow- or sheep- manure added when potting mature plants. They like a copious supply of water at the roots during the summer months, and at no season must they be allowed to become dry. Propagation is effected by division of the plants in early spring, or by seeds, to obtain which the flowers must be artificially fertilized. The seeds should be sown as soon as ripe in shallow pans of light, peaty soil, and placed in a warm, close atmosphere until germinated. As soon as the see«llings are large enoi:gh, they should be potted singly int<? thumb-pots, and shifted on as often as they require it, when they will flower in about 12 months. The chief reason why Cochliostemas are grown in America so little is, probably, that we have to keep a much more humid atmosphere in stove-houses here than in England, and that is very much against all stove- floweriug plants, causing the season of blossoming to be very short. A. Lvs.red beneath : panicle hairy: fls. very fragrant. odoratissimum, Lenmire. Lvs. lighter green above than in V.Jdcohiatnun, and deep purplish red beneath, nar- rower, and with a similar margin : fls. very numerous; sepals more leaf-like, hairy, green, with a reddish tip. I.H. 6: 217. R.H. 186!), p. 170. -Not advertised at present, but fully as interesting as the next. AA. Lvs. green beneath: panicle not hairy : fls. less fragrant. Jacobiinum, C. Koch and Linden. Height 1-3 ft.: Ivs. in a rosette, spreading or recurved, dilated and sheath- ing at the base, margined brown or purplish, .3—4 ft. long, 6 in. broad at the base, 4 in. broad at the middle : pe- duncles stout, white, tinged purple, 1 ft. long : bracts large, opposite and whorled, 3-4 in. long, acuminate, concave: panicle branches 4-^ in. long: fls. 2-23-9 in. across ; sepals purplish ; petals violet-blue. Autumn. B.M. 5705. R.H. 1868:71. Edward J. Canning and W. M. Cochliostema odorati.'isinium is much like C Jacobi- anum. Is a very interesting plant of rapid growth and easy culture. It is raised from seed. It seeds freely when fertilized at the proper time. Only a few of the stronger or larger flowers sh<»uld be allowed to bear seed. Sometimes a simple shaking of the flower stalk will ac- complish the necessary work of fertilizing, but it is safer to employ the regular method to insure thorough impregnation. The seeds ripen within 6 weeks time, and they can be sown soon thereafter. In 5 or 6 months from seed the plants will bloom. The flowers, while not very showy, are fragrant and. interesting. The plant itself is ornamental by reason of its curiously marked, striped and veined leaves. The plant thrives best in rich, light, loamy soil. First sow in boxes or seed pans in light, sandy soil ; then transplant into small pots ; keep the young plants in a warm, moist place and repot before the pot is fllleu >v''th roots, never allowing the plant to get "hard," as it is calle<l. but keep it growing continu- ously, and when in 6- or 7-inch pots, allow the plant to get somewhat pot-bound and give more air, and it will soon set flower bu«ls. Then place a mulch of old cow- or sheep-manure on the top of the pot, or use liquid manure once or twice a week, keeping the plant in a cool posi- tion. The above treatment will secure numerous flowers over a long period. Fall and winter, jj^ ^\_ Siebrecht. COCKSCOMB. See Celosia. COCKSFOOT GBASS. Same as Barnyard Grass, Pant- cum Crus-0'alli. COCOA. Seeds of Theobroma Cacao. COCOA PLUM. Chrysobalanns Icaco. COCOS (Portuguese, monkey, from the nut, which sug- gests a monkey's face). Pahndcece, tribe Cocoinea;. This genus includes the Cocoanut tree, C. nucifera, and a few palms that are cultivated for ornament in the north under glass, and in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as ave- nue and ornamental trees. Of the species cult, for or- nament, C. Weddelliana is by far the most important. It is sold in great qtiantities from 3- and 4-inch pots when the plants are 12-1.^ in. high. They are favorite house-plants, as their culture is easy, and they grow slowly and retain their beauty a long while. They are much used in fern dishes. As a house-plant, C. Wed- delliana is probably the most popular species of all the smaller palms. It is especially suitable for table deco- ration. The genus is allied to Maximiliana and Attalea, and distinguished by its male fls. having lanceolate petals, 6 included stamens, and a 1 -seeded fruit. Low or tall spineless palms, with slender or robust ringed trunks, often clothed with the bases of the lvs. Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect ; segments ensiform or lanceo- late, equidistant or in groups, 1- to many -nerved, entire at the apex, or with 1 lateral tooth, or more or less deeply lobed,— the margins smooth, recurved at the base: rachis 3-sided, acute above, convex on the back: petiole concave above, smooth or spiny on the margins: sheath short, open, fibrous ; spadices erect, at length drooping, the branches erect or drooping; spathes 2, the lower one the shorter, split at the apex, the upper one fusiform or clavate, woody, furrowed on the back ; bracts variable ; ^,- white or yellow : fr. large or me- dium, ovoifl or e.'-^soidal. terete or obtusely 3-a»igled. Species about .30. Tropical and sab-tropicai S. Amer., 1 in the tropics around the world. J. G. Smith and W. M. The Cocoanut Palm naturally grcvs on the seashore, or in its immediate vicinity, and does not bear well when at a great distance from salt water, aKhough its growth may be strong. In cultivation, this fact is keot 342 cocos cocos in mind and plantations are laid out on sandy or shelly tracts of land bordering the sea, where it is almost im- possiuie to raise anything else of value. This soil con- sists of coarse sand, broken shells and litter of the sea, and is apparently very poor in quality, yet the Cocoanut thrives on it and bears abundantly. Propagation is by seeds only. These are selected from the most desired strains, as the nuts vary greatly in size, shape, and quantity and quality of the meat. They must be per- fectly ripe before planting, which is usually done with- out removing the outer husk. A shallow trench is scooped out of the sand, the nuts are laid in thickly on their sides and then the sand is thrown back over them to a depth of from 4-10 in., according to 'he moisture of the soil. After some months, when they have germi- nated and the seed leaf is well developed, they are usu- ally dug and planted out permanently about 20 ft. apart. The young palms are kept free from weeds and en- croaching beach creepers for 3 or 4 years, until ^they reach a considerable size, after which they seldom pet any cultivation. A mulching of seaweed and other veg- etable matter proves of much benefit, but as the profit is so small in Cocoanut culture, thorough manuring is not attempted. Cocoanut Palms are of tropical growth, yet may be grown outside the tropics to a slight extent, as in southern Florida, where occasional light frosts occur. E. N. Reasoneb. As a decorative subject under glass, Cocos nucifera is but little grown, owing to its large size, but when given an abundance of water, a rich, loamy soil, and a night temperature of 70°, it is not especially difficult to manage, and while the young plants do not give a proper idea of the mature Cocoanut Palm, their development is interesting to watch. The most valuable Cocos to the florist is the Dwarf Cocoanut. C. Weddelliana, the seeds of which are sent from Brazil to the large American and European palm growers bj' the million each season. These seeds are about half an inch thick. They usually arrive in the spring, and should be sown at once in a warm green- house and kept continually moist, and if they are in good condition and kept at a temperature of about 75°, they frequently begin to germinate in 6 to 8 weeks. A light and rather open soil is preferable for Cocos seeds, some growers using pure peat for this purpose with good results. When the seedlings are making their second leaf they may be potted off, and this is one of the critical periods in the culture of C. Weddelliana, the young roots being so stiff and brittle that much care is needed to get them into a 2- or 2 >^ -inch pot. and if the main root is broken the seedling seldom recovers. Deep pots are, therefore, best for this purpose. The seedlings should be kept rather close during the day for the first few weeks after potting, and then may be aired quite liberully, and also syringed freely. A night tem- perature of 6.>-70° will answer very well for the young plants, and they should never be allowed to become very dry, or a yellow and unhealthy condition is liable to follow. Through the summer the plants may be re- potted as they may need it. but it is not wise to'distarb the roots after the middle of October, the root action of these plants being rather sluggish during the winter months. Soil should be well-drained, rather sandy in texture, and may be enriched with some dry cow-dung, or a moderate quantity of bone dust. Cult, by W. H. Taplin. The Cocoanut is the example most commonly cited of dispersal of seeds by water. Its buoyant, impervious, boat-shaped husk enables it to cross an ocean without losing its germinating power. Its structure is interest- ing and at first puzzling. Although it is a dry, indehis- cent. 1-seeded fruit, it seems very unlike an akene, as for instance, ii. the Compositse. Structurally, it is more like a drupe, for the fibrous husk is formed from the outer part of the pericarp, and the hard shell enclosing the meat from the inner. In other words the husk is exocarp and the shell endocarp The milk of the Cocoa- nut is unsolidified endosperm. In the cereal grains it is the endosperm which affords most of the material used for human food. Only a part of the liquid matter of the Cocoanut sclidifies, and the milk is left in the center. The eyes of the Cocoanut (Fig. 506) mark the positions of the micropyles, and germination takes place only through the larger one. Palm pistils are 3-carpelle(l a;.i each carpel in Cocos has 1 ovule. The marks of the 3 carpels are seen in Fig. 50(;, but only 1 ovule develops 506. End of a mature cocoanut. The nut sprouts usually from the largest eye. into a seed. Fig. 507 tells the story of the growth of a Cocoanut. In «, the young nut is enveloped by 3 petals and 3 sepals. At 6, the pericarp has far outgrown the sepals and petals. The floral envelopes remain upou the tree when the nut is picked. Cocoanuts, like many other fruits, often grow to a^considerable size without pollina- tion, and then perish. In distinguishing tropical from subtropical regions. the Cocoanut is an excellent giiide. It flourishes best where frost is never known. The oil extracted from the nuts is an important article of commerce. The fiber re- fuse is much used by florists and gardeners. Being open, spongy, very retentive of moisture, clean and easily handled, it is a favorite material in which to root bedding plants and to start very small seeds ; but it is not used for permanent potting. l_ g_ g^ A. Filaments present on the rachis. eriosp&tha. Mart. Stem 9-15 ft. high, 10-14 in. thick, capitately thickened with the persistent bases of the petioles; Ivs. ample, glaucous, finely pectinate: margins of the rachis with excurrent filaments; segments about 1 in. apart, the lower elongated, linear, 20-24 in. long, very long-acuminate, the upper narrowly linear, short, attenuate, 1 ft. long, 2 lines wide, all rigid, faintly ner- vose-striate, S. Braz.— "The hardiest of the genus and one of the hardiest palms in southern Calif. Fronds bluish: fr. pulp tastes like- r pricots."— /'. iVffwcf.se^i, Santa Barbara. Rather coarse for cultivation under glass. AA. Flaments absent. B. Bachis abnipthj contracted above the insertion of the lowest Ifta. flexudsa, Mart. Stem 9-12 ft. high, 2-3^2 in. in diam., arcuate-ascending, naked just above the base, thence densely clothed with dead petiole bases; Ivs. lax, 3-(i ft. long: petiole flat above, arcuate, at first tomentose, later smooth : rach s abruptly narrowed above the insertion of the lowest 1 ?af-segment, thence linear-filiform at the apex, excurrert ; segments 70-90 on each side, rigid in opposite grou )s, the middle 10-14 in. long, ^•^ in. Tide, the upper 4 in. long, l-12in. wide. Braz.— Cult, in north- em greenhouses. An avenue tree in S. Fla, and S. Calif. "Similar in habit to S.plnmosa, but with more finely cut Ivs., and in S. Eu. considered to stand more troit.^'—Franceschi. cocos cocos 343 BB. Bachis not abruptly contracted. c. Leaflets flaccid. D. Form oflfts. linear. E. Arrangement of Ifts. equidistant. Weddelliina, H. Wendl. Fig. 508. Stem 4-7 ft. high, IX in. in diam., densely covered with persistent sheaths : lv8. equally pectinate-pinnatisect, W-'^Va ft. long: petiole 8-20 in. : sheath coriaceous-fibrous, glabrous or tomen- tose, with slender brown hairs, at length evanescent : blade 2-3 ft. : segments about .50 on each side, widely spreading, the middle 5 in. long, 2 lines wide, subequi- distant. glaucous beneath : rachis filiform at the apex, brown-scaly. Trop. Braz. R. H. 1879, p. 434. I.H. 22:220. A. G. 16:345. — The most important of small or- namental palms for the north. EE. Arrangement of Ifts. in groups of 2-4. plumdsa, Hook. Stem .30-36 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick, ringed at intervals of a ftwjt, clothed near the apex with remnants of the dead petioles; Ivs. erect-spreading, 12- 15 ft. long, recurving : petiole >a->^ as long as the blade : segments linear acuminate, sparse, solitary or mostly in groups of 2-4, IV^ft. long, deflexed near the apex. Cent. Braz. B.M. 5180. -The chief avenue pulra of the genus. A quick-grower, ultimately 50 ft. high in S. Fla. and Calif. cc. Leaflets rigid. butyricea, Linn. Stems very tall, naked : Ivs. pin- nate ; Ifts. simple ; spathe cylindrical-oblong, 4-6 ft. Venezuela.— Rare and perhaps confused with Scheelea butyracea. Little known. D. Form of Ifts. sword -shaped. Bomanzoffiina, Cham. Stems 30-40 ft. high, some- what fusifonu above: Ivs. about half as long as the cau- dex, the withered ones deflexed, pendent, the upper spreading, incurved, segments conduplicate at the base, ensiform. S. Braz., near the sea. DD. Form oflfts. linear: apex obtuse: petiole glaucous. austrilis, Mart. Pixdo Palm. Height 8 ft.: stim erect, columnar, equal, strongly annular above ; petiole naked ; segments linear, glaucous, rather rigid : fr. as large as a pigeon's etm. outer pulp sweet, edible, seed oily. Paraguay. G.C. III. 18:739. A.F. 5, 515, and 7:805. R.H. 1876. p. 155.— A slow grower. Cult, under glass and outdoors in Fla. and Calif. nncifera, Linn. Ceoo Palm. Cocoanut Tree. Figs. 507, 508. Caudex 40-100 ft. high, flexuous, thickened at the base: Ivs. 12-18 ft. long ; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, 2-3 ft., coriaceous, flaccid: petiole 3-5 ft., stout. Seashores within the tropics. Indigenous to Cocos or Keeling Islands of the Indian ocean. R. H. 1895, p. 457. Mn. 2: 171. G.F. 7:15. — Produces the coooanuts of com- merce. Rarely cult, in northern green- houses. the mouth ; petiole 1% tt. long, spino8e-serr*ttt* : seg- ments ,50-60 on a side, crov ded below, then equidistant, linear-lanceolate, the uppermost long-setaceous filiform, (Xat. size at this st.ago.) (Xat. size.) 507. Stages in the growth of a cocoanut. DDD. Form of Ifts. narrowly lanceolate. E, Lvs. long, 6-15 ft. in mature specimens. F Petiole spinose-serrate: segments of leaf less numerous. YatAy, Mart. Stem 12-15 ft. high, over 1 ft. in diam., naked below, co^ ered with dead sheaths above: lvs. .e- curved, spreading 6-9 ft. ; sheath 1 ft. long, fibrous at SOS. Cocos ^Veddelliana. the middle ones 2% ft. long. 2-5 in. wide, the upper 20 in. long, 34in. wide, all rigid, glaucous beneath. Brazil, Argentina. FP. Petiole not spinose-serrate : segments of leaf very numerous. Ditil, Drude & Griseb. Stem .30 ft. high, 8-12 in. diam. : lvs. 12-15 ft. long; sheath about 16 in. long; petiole 1% ft. long, 1% in. wide, r^ain. thick; segments linear-acumi- nate, glaucous, densely crowded in groups of 3 or 4, 150-160 on each side, the lowest 2 ft., middle 2>a ft. and apical 1 ft., the uppermost fllifonn, all narrow, stiff and rigid, the dried lvs. glaucous green or whitish. Argen- tina; islands aud river banks. The fruits are edible, resembling those of the date palm. Hardier in S. Calif, than C. plumosa,flexuosa, and Bomamoffiana. coronilta, Mart. Trunk at length 18-30 ft. high, 8 in. in diam., erect, deeply ringed: lvs. erect-spreading, 6-9 ft. long, short-petioled, arranged in a close, 5-ranked spiral, the long-persistent bases of the petioles forming a spiral -twisted column below the crown; leaf-segments in groups of 2 or 3, folded together from the base (con- duplicate), linear lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, densely crowded, about 100 on each side; midrib 4-sided below, 3-sided above. Brazil. EE. Lvs. shorter, S-4% ft. in mature specimens. F. Apex of Ifts. obtuse. camp^stris, Mart. Stem 8-10 ft. high, thickened, scaly: lvs. spread ing-recurved, rigid. 3-4 Vg ft. long: rachis ele- vated, triangular above, convex below : segments nar- rowly lanceolate, .30-40 on ea<'h side, obtuse at the a[>ex and shortly cordate-acuminate. Brazil.— Hardier than C.nucifera, FF. Apex OT Ifts. acuminate. iniigma.'^lart. (Glazidva insignis, Hort.). Stem.3-6ft. high, 1% in. in diam. : lvs. 4>^-6 ft. long; sheath densely ml i « ■ f: I- 344 cocos brown - lanate ; petiole shorter than or equaling the sheath, a fourth or fifth as long as the rachis; segments equidistant, 50 on eatrh side, narrowly lanreolate, obliquely acuminate and caudate, silvery glaucous beneath. Braz. The following are obscure trade names of rare plants not sufficiently descril)«d : C. Alphonsei, C. Bdnneti, O. OcUrtneri, C. Maximilidna and C. Turumdgruu. Jared G. Smith and W. M. CODI^UM (Malayan name). Euphorbidcece. Croton of florists. Four or 5 Malayan species of shrubs or trees. Plants momecious : racemes axillary, long and slender: pistillate lis. with small 5-lobed calyx and no petals, the ovary 3-loculed : stamens 15-30, surrounded by calyx and 5-0 small petals: Ivs, alternate and petio- late, normally entire, thick, more or less Aucuba-like. Differs from Croton in the absence of petals from the pistillate fls., and in technical characters of stamens. The Codiaeums of gardens are of many widely differ- ent kinds, and many of these forms have Latin-made names. They are all derived, however, from one poly- morphous natural group, which J. Milller, the latest monographer ( DC. Prodr. 15: pt. 2, 111!)), considers to be one species {C.varie<jati(m). This plant is widely dis- tributed in the Malayan rejrion, and is commonly planted in the Moluccas and other parts. The Crotons or Codiaeums of horticulturists fall into three groups.— those with ovate, short-stalked Ivs., those with narrower and spatulate Ivs., and those with ver>' narrow and often twisted Ivs. These correspond with Miiller's three nat- ural divisions : varieg&tum, Linn., var. pictum, Miiller (C. plctum, Hook.). Fig. 509. Lvs. short-petioled, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, more or less cordate at the base, 1^2-3 times longer than wide, beautifullv and variously marked with red, yellow and green. L.B'.C. 9:870. B.M. 3051. Var. Molucc^num, Miiller. Fig, 510. Lvs. long- or short-petioled. widely or narrowly spatulate, acute at base, and short-acuminate. 509. Codiaeutn Baronne de Rothschild (var. pictum). Var. grenuinum, Miiller (Crbton variegdtus, Linn.). Figs. 511, 512. Lvs. broad- or narrow-lanceolate, equally narrowed at both ends, acutish or obtuse, never cordate at base. The Codiaeiims of gardens are prised chiefly for the varied and brilliant markings of the lvs. The colons are in shades of red, yellow, orange and purple, and the markings often run into white. The plants have been CODI^UM modified almost endlessly by domestio , the modification is the result of crossing. Tl. are prized both as indoor foliage plants and for massing in the open. In the open air i most brilliant colors in our bright, hot sur plants will not stand frost. Specimens wl coming too large for the greenhouse may the center of the bed for siuumer and throw frost. With Crotons it is especially desir: the ball of roots well developed. The sn plants, which naturally form the outer ring mer bed, may be plunged in their pots into are easily removed in the fall to the greenl plants, when taken up in the fall and brou, should be cut back at the time of potting, make the best subjects for winter decoratf good results may be got from them by the care. Codiaeums (or Crotons, as they are popu in America) are beautiful plants, with ma handsome and o<ld foliage of the most brillis The colors range from almost pure white deep yellow, orange, pink, red and crimson, charming combinations. In some cases on dominates, as in Carrierei (yellow), Cza III. (crimson), Hawkerii (light yellow). ' ties of distinct coloring make beautiful spe( for jardinieres; and their beauty is enhance in jardinieres of appropriate color. As exhi: they are ver>' effective, and may be grown 1 5 or 6 feet high, or even larger. In si Codiaeums are much used as table plant purpose well colored tops are rooted and gr they are from 12 to 15 inches high. The n; varieties are most used for this purpose, are also very attractive in vases and wi and for mantel and table decorations. T. very valuable as bedding plants. Planted masses, the efl'ect of the combination of r. charming. They should be planted in onl not too heavy soil, and regularly syringed 1 red spider. They color best when fully ex; sun, and should not be planted out until al of .June in the neighborhood of New Yorl delphia. If something is needed to make t attractive early in the season, it is a good ] pansies in April, to remain until it is time Codiaeums. Some of the tender varieties, sui Albicans, and a few others, are inclined t<j extremely hot weather, but nearly all the t bedded out. Among the very best for this Queen Victoria, Dayspring, Baron Rotl dreanum. Lady Zetland, Carrierei, Barry Fasciatum, Auietumense. The house culture of Codiaeums is very e necessary that a night temperature be main to 75°, and that the air be kept moist syringings. Cuttings of half-ripened w< easily rooted at any time from October i; bottom heat of 80° being just what they r very fine specimens are desired, root strong tops by making an incision in the steii moss around the wounded part ; it will be to pot in about three weeks. By this methot age may be retained, and a perfect plant I The more light the plant gets, the better color; but with some kinds of glass it is shade lightly to prevent burning of the h may be grown finely in a house glazed glass, which admits the light and does shading, it is well to syringe two or three ' with tobacco water, to kill mealy bug and Little's Antipest, or any emulsion of coal-< insecticide for Codianims. New varieties fr result of crossing existing sorts) are conti raised. Seed ripens freely under gla? America, and there is no doubt that the 1 eighty choice varieties now in cultivation w: extended in the near future. The following horticultural varieties are in trade : Aigberth Gem. Albo-lineatum,. .Jk Mjs.. 1...^.: CODI^UM CODLEL'M 345 AlMean*. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, 18 in. or less long, shining green, variejfated ivory-white, tinted crimson beneatli : dense grower. Andrfanum. Lvs. broafl-oblong, deep green, with yellow and crimson vein-markings. R.H. 1876. p. 2:U. I.H.22.201. 510. Codisum Di&raeli (var. Moluccanum) . Angustigsimum (angustivolium). Lvs. 1-1/^ ft, long, linear, drooping, yellow-margined t nd -ribbed. Anietum^nse. AiicubiKfolium. Lvs. short and broad, green, blotched with yellow and crimson. Aureo-maculatum. Lvs. long and narrow, yellow-spotted. Aureum. Lvs. beautifully and symmetrically marked with rich yellow. Baron Adolph SeillQre. Strong' and robust growth. Large, brilliant green lvs., with pale yellov nerves, which soon become ivory-white, the contrast of color pi"o<".ucing a striking effect. Baronne de Rothgchild (Fig. 509). Lvs. broad, olive-green and yellow, changing to crimson. Barryi. Beauty. Lvs. lanceolate, profusely and strikingly varieg^.tel with golden yellow on a rich green grou.id : as they »<• lin o'^ the green ground color gradually becomti' a deep ^ioi./j, i as* the yellow variegation develops into a rich, rosy crimson Bergmani. Lvs. short, broad-oblong, cream-yellow, f green blotches. LH.27:389. Brilliantissimum. Burtonii. Lvs. lanceolate, 16 in. or less, shining green, mar- bled with golden yellow. Carrierei. Challenger (Imperator). Long lvs.: midribs at i\rst creamy white, suffused with red, deepening to bright carmine. One of the best. Chelsonii. Lvs. narrow and drooping, more or less twisted, salmon-tinted and -blotched. Chrysophyllum. Lvs. small, yellow-tinted. Compte de Germiny. Cooperii. Lvs. yellow- veined and -blotched, changing to red. Comutuin. Lvs. oblong and obtuse, lobed, rounded at the base, wa\'y-margined, dark, shining green and mottled with yel- low, the midrib projecting at the tip. Cronstadtii. Lvs. lanceolate, twisted and crisped, tapering to a sharp point, glossy green, variegated with light golden yellow. Crown Prince. Lvs. lanceolate atid acuminate, 18 in. or less long, shining green, with golden veins. Czar Alexander III. Dayspring. Orange-yellow, e<lged green and tinged red. Delight. Lvs. oblong acute, bright yellow, margined with green, the veins cream-color, the bright central variegation changing to clear ivor>'-white, with here and there a few dots of the same color scattered through the margin of the leaf. Disraeli ( Fig. 510). Lvs. rather narrow, variously lobed, dark green, with yellow veins, changing to crimson. Dodgsonce. Lvs. lance-linear, 1 ft. or less long, sometimes twisted, green, with golden rib and margins. Earltcourt. Elegana. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, but short (about 6in.). green above, with yellow or crira.son rib and margins, dull green and mottled purple t>eneath. Elegantiaaimum. Lvs.narrow.of considerable length: variega- tion of a rich, bright golden color, which contrasts strongly with the bright red tint of the petioles, producing a very pretty effect. Etansinnuin. -s. 3-lobe<1, veined with yellow and mottled with yellow, bror and orange. Excelsior. Fasciatum. Deey green, with yellow veins. Flambeau. Flamingo. Gloriositm (Prince of Wales). Lvs. long, narrow and droop- ing, variously spotted with creamy yellow. Oolden Ring. Ooldiei. Lvs. spatulate, 3-lobed, 12 in. or less long, olive-green, with golden veins. Grande. Dark green, with yellow si)ots. Hanburyanitm. Lvs. oblong, 18 in. or less, olive-green, with golden and rose markings. Hanvoodianum (Triumphans Harwoodianum). Lvs. oblong, ribbed with gold and crimson. Hawkerii. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, Kft. long, light yellow, with green margins. Henryanum. Lvs. ovate-oblong and pointed. 10 in., mottled or overspread with golden yellow. Hilleanum. Lvs. broad-oblong or spatulate, 9 in. or less, wav-y- margined, purplish green, marked with crimson. Hookeriamim. Lvs. lance-ovate, dark, shining green, with golden blotches. niustris. Lvs. with 3 narrow-oblong lobes, golden barred and variegated. Imperator. See Challenger. Interniptum (Fig. 511). Lvs. very narrow, with notched places, twisted, with crimson rib. Irregulare. Lvs. oblong and tapering at base, contracted be- low the middle, acute at apex, shining green, with yellow spots and ribs. Jamesii. Lvs. ovate, 10 in, or less, dark green, irregularly blotched with whitish and yellow. Johannis. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, chan- nelled above, ribbed and margined yellow. A.F. 13:1070. Sll. Codijeum interruptum {.Wat. genuinum). Eatoni. Lvs. lanceolate, bright green, with circular yeliow spots. Lady Zetland. Graceful habit. Lord Derby. Mac^a rlanei. Lvs. linear-lan'"eola' e, drooping, 1 ft. long, green and yellow blotched, but becoming jright crimson. MagnolifoHum. 346 CODIiEUM CCELOGYNE Maje4ticum. Lvs. narrow and long, niotilod green and yellow, and shaded with crimson. Marquis de Cattellatu. Mortfortiease. Mortii. Mr$. Cheu. Heine. Mrs. Dortnan. Lvs. linear-laneeolate, 1 ft., with scarlet rib and irreen mnrfirins. Mrs. U. F. Watson. Largelvd. : green, but as they mature the green deepens and changes to a bright, bronzy crimson, stripe*!, spotted and blotched with rich golden yellow and edged with salmon, the midribs and veins bright red. Mrs. Swan. Lvs. broad-lanceolate and acuminate, golden yel- low in the center and on the margins and i)etiole. Multicolor. Lvs. like Irregulare, but blotched and veined with yellow, changing to orange and crimson. Musaicum. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acuminate, green, crimson and cream-color. R.H. 1882: 240. 512. Codisum spirale (var. genuinum). Nestor. Lvs. large, lanceolate, with a broad crimson midrib, spotted margin, and bright yellow central variegation. Nevillioe. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, barred and marked yellow, changing to orange and metallic crimson. Nobile. Ori'illa. Ovalifolium. Pictum, Lvs. broad-oblong and acuminate, less than 10 in. long, crimson, with irregular blotches of green and blackish. Old but good. B.M.3051. Picturattim. Lvs. similar to Intemiptum, highlj- colored. Pilgrimii. Lvs. ovate and pointed, 10 in., green, overspread with pink, golden-blotched. Prince of Wales. See Gloriosum. Princeps. Lvs. broad-linear, with yellow rib and margins, the green becoming bronze and the yellow becoming crimson. Princess Matilda. Punctatum. Queen Victoria. "L's. oblong-lanceolate, 12 in. or less, golden yellow blotched and n^igenta ribs. Hecurvi folium. Lvs. broad an<! heavy, recurved,*veined with crimson and yellow, ana Handsomely blotched. Reedii. Roseo-pictum. Ruberrimum. Lvs. crimson, narrow , drooping, marked' with creamy white. Rubro-lineatum. Bubro-striatum. Senitzianum. SolUrii. Spirale (Fig. 512). Lvs. long, narrow-oblong, twisted, stripe<I and marked with yellow, changing to crimson. , Stetcartii. Lvs. obovate. blunt at base, olive green, with red- dish rib and petiole and orange bands and margin. Sunbeam. Dark, bronzy lvs., from 9 to 10 in. long and aboat 2 in. wide, in the young state freely blotched with yellow, gradu- ally changing into rosy crimson, which in turn, as the leaf ar- rives at maturity, becomes of a rich blood-red. Sunshine. Superbissimum. Thompsonii. Tricolor. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, very acute, gradually tapering from the upper thinl to the base ; margin sinuous ; upper sur- face dark, shining green, central part and midrib gulden yellow, lo^^er surface dull, reddish green. Triumphans. Lvs. oblong, deep green and crimson, changing to greenish bronze and rosy crimson. Undulatum. Lvs. broad and long, undulated or crimped, with claret, crimson and purplish veins. Victory. Lvs. of deep orangey -How, blotched with crim- son, changing with age to deep oli\e-green, with crimson veins and costa, and a blotching of red. Veitchii. Lvs. lance-oblong. rounde<l at base, bright green, mottled yellow and crimson. R.H. 1867, p. \90. Volutum. Lvs. broad, rolletl at tip, golden veined. Warrenii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-3 ft. long, twisted, droop, ing, overspread and mottled with orange and crimson, changing to crimson. Weismanii. hvs. lance-linear, 12 in. or less long, very acute at tip, more or less undulate-margined, shining green and golden- blotched. Williamsii. Lvs. ovate-oblong, ll4 ft. or less long and 4 in. or less broad, undulated, magenta, crimson and yellow. Wilsonii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-2 ft., drooping, bright green, overspread with yellow. Toungii. Lvs. long, nearly 1 in. wide, dark green, irregularly blotched with yellow and rose-red. Robert Cr\ig CODLIN, or CODLING. Used in England to mean a small, green, half-wild, inferior apple. It is used in dis- tinction from grafted or de.ssert fr. It is about equiva- lent to our use of the word "crab." CCELIA (Greek, koilos, hollow: referring to the pol- len masses). Orchiddceie. tribe VdndecB. Six species of central and South American epiphytic orchids, divided into 2 strongly marked groups with widely different kinds of inflorescence. (J. macrostachya is a type of the first section, with long racemes of numerous' small, horizontal fls., which are much exceeded by the long spreading bracts, and the base of the column short. C. belle is typical of the second section, with the lis. few, larger, erect, in groups of about 3, longer than their bracts, and the base of the column produced to twice its own length, which gives the tis. a tubular appearance. Coelias are of minor importance. They grow be.st in pots of peat and sphagnum, with a little charcoal. A. Fls. rosy red, numerous, small, in a long ractnu. macrost^chya, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 2)4 in. long, almost round, with brown scales at the base: lvs. about 3, from the top of the pseudobulb. 1 ft. or n: re long, lanceolate, arching, broa<ler than in C. bella, and not channeled: sepals red; petals white. Mexico. R.H. 1878: 210. B.M. 4712 shows a dense raceme 8 in. long, with more than 75 fls. AA. Fls. white, tipped purple, few, large. b61Ia, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs smaller and more con- stricted at the top : lvs. 6-10 in. long, narrower, chan- neled above, arching : fls. 2 in. long, erect, 3 or 4 in number, with the midlobe of the lip orange-colored. Guatemala. B.M. 6628. C(EL0GYNE (hoik vc pistil). Orvhidi\cece, tribe Epi- d^.tdrece. A genus of useful plants, all pseudobulbous, found in tropical Asia growing on trees and on rocks. Sepals and petals membranaceous, labellum large, cucul- late with 2, 3 or more longitudinal ridges; column erect, winged, membranaceously margined at and toward the apex; pollinia 4. The botanical details of Coelogyne spe- ciosa are shown in Fig. 513. At the top is a general CCELOGYNE CCELOGYNE 347 view of the flower. Below, on the left, is the column, front and side view. In the center is the lip, with the column lying along its top. B^low the lip, on the left, is the stigma. To the right, on the bottom row, are the poUinia, front and ba<'k view; and at the right center are separate pollen masses. Coelogj'nes may be grown In pots, pans or baskets, but it is hardly advisable to undertai^e growing them on 513. Details of CcEloeyne speciosa. blocks, as they are a thirsty class of plants when grow- ing, and, in fact, when at rest should not be allowed to become very dry. Ccelogynes, as a rule, do not care to be disturbed; therefore, it is a good plan not to repot until the plants have outgrown the pots or baskets, or the old compost has become exhausted. They should be potted then in a compost consisting of equal parts fresh spbaffnum moss and fibrous peat, to which may be added a little broken charcoal. The pots or baskets to be used should have a good supply of crocks, so that the water may pass away freely, otherwise the compost would soon become sour. A good time to repot or top-dress is just after the flowering season. When repotted, the plants should be kept in a rather moist, shady place until the new roots commence to take hold of the fresh compost. They may then be put in their growing quarters and given a good supply of water all through the growing season; but after the growth is completed they will re- quire only enough water to keep the bulbs in a plump condition. Manure water applied once a week vhen growing will be found beneficial, but should be given in a weak form to hrgin with. There are about 50 kinds of Ccelogynes, a number of which are well worth a place in the most select collec- tions. One of the most beautiful species is C. cristata, with its varieties hololeuca, Chataxcorthii, Lemoniana and maxima. To insure a good crop of fls., the above should all have a good supply of light and air when growing, only a very light shading being necessary. They also may be syringed overhead once or twice a day in bright weather to keep down red spider and other in- sect pests. In the winter they may be rested in any cool greenhouse in which the temperature does not fall be- low 40°. C. corrttgata, C. flaccida, C. oceUata and C. Mnasangeana will all do nicely in an intermediate house, while O. Daynna and C. Sanderiana should be grown in a warmhouse where the night temperature in winter is not below 60°. Coelogynes may be propagated by divid- ing the plants, always being careftil to get one or more leading growths with each piece. Cult, by Albert J. Newell. A. Sacemes pendulous or drooping. B. I^Is. green or yellow. pandoiitta, Lindl. Fls. large: sepals and petals green ; labellija fiddle-shaped, with black veins and stains on a yellowish green ground; central disk 3-ribbed; pseudo- bulbs oval oblong, 4 'n. long ; Ivs. rather oblong, 15 or more in. in length: racemes manv-fld. Borneo. B.M. 5084. F.S. 20:2159. J.H. III. 30:377. A.P. 6:633. Day&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, cylindric, about in. long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolute: fls. numerous; sepals and petals pale yellow, margins reflexed ; petals much narrower than sepals ; labellum with 6 erect ridges fringed with brown : racemes 2 ft. or more long. Borneo. G.C. III. 15:695. Massange&na, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs pyriform, about 3)4—1 in. long, Ivs. elliptical, large, tapering toward the base ; the long racemes many-fld. ; sepals and petals equal, pale yellow, lateral lobes of labellum brownish within, lined or streaked with yellow ; mid-lobe with a verrucose brown and yellow disk : raceme sometimes 2 ft long. Assam. B.M. 6979. BB. yis. white or cream-colored. cristita, Lindl. A free - flowering species, with large white flowers : sepals and petals lanceolate-ob- long, undulate ; lateral lobes of labellum slightly in- curved ; mid-lobe provided at the center with 5 bright yellow fringes and 3 ridges. Nepal. J.H. III. 31::{49. P. G. 1:55. A. G. 14:331; 15:513. A.F. 4:497; 6:87; 9:1111; 13:1133. F.E. 9:331. Gng.2:.393; 4:225.-Var. hololetica, Hort. (var. alba), has white fls., labellum. without yellow. V; r. Lemoni&na, Hort., has citron-yel- low fringes. Var. Ch^tsworthi, Hort., has large pseinlo- bulbs and large fls. of good substance. Var. m&xima, Hort., has very large fls. Oflogyne cristata is one of the best and most popular of orchids. It is one of the easiest to grow. Can be grown with Cattleyas. fl&ccida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovat«, angulate, 2-3 in. long Ivs. lanceolate, about 8 in. long: raceme 7-10- fld., often more: fls. l^ain. across: sepals and petals whitish: labe.loTX with 3 ridges, bright yellow blotch on the disk NtprJ. B.M- 3318. Oar^^ieriina, Lindl. Pseudobulbs long and tapering, flask-shaped : Ivs. 2, thin, 18 in, or less long : raceme many-fld. : f . large, long-petaled, pure white except the lemon-yellov lip, not opening wide. Ind. P.M. 6:73. asperiita, Lindl. (C. Lou-ii, Paxt.). Large species (18-24 in. high): pseudobulbs large and oblong, ejich bearing a pair of broad, dull green Ivs.: raceme 1 tt. loner, many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, cream -colored, but the li^ vrith an orange crest and radiating brown and yellow streaks. Borneo. P.M. 16:227. Sanderiana, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs ovate and wrinkled or costate, 2 in. long, each bearing a pair of Ivs. a foot long : fls. about 6 in a raceme, 3 in. across, snow-white; sepals narrow and pointed, keeled; petals broader; lip 3-lobed, the side lobes strip od '.dth brown and the middle lobe blotched with yello^-. E. Ind.— Distinct and handsome. C. Sanderse, Kranzlin (G.C. III. 13:361. J.H. III. 35:451), is probably the same. It is described as having the "disk of the lip deep orange in front, much paler behind, and with three parallel keels, covered with long dark hairs" (G.C. III. 13, p. 392). AA. Hacemes erect. barbiLta, Griflftth. Pseudobulbs about 2 in. long, ovate: Ivs. broadly lanceolate, about 1 ft. long: fls. large, petals linear, whitish; sepals ovate-oblong, white; mid-lobe o< labellum brownish inside, curiously fringed with brown ; crests 3. Khasia hills. ocell&ta, Lindl. Pstudobulbs pjrriform or nearly so: Ivs. about 1 ft. long, narrowly lanceolate; racemes"6 in. long : fls. large, white, with two bright orange-yellow spots on each of the lateral lobes of the labellum, and two smaller spots at the base of the midlobe ; also l>ro\^-n lateral streaks ; column bordered with yellow. E. Ind. Found at an elevation of 7,000 feet. B,M. 3767. specidsa, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, distinctly angled, 2 or 3 in. long, monophyllous; racemes short: fls. 1, 2 or 3, on short peduncles, which emerge from imbricated scales directly below the fls.; sepals oblongr-ovate, translucent, dull salmon-pink; petals linear reflexed ; lateral lobes of labellum erect, slightly incurved, reticu- lated, with dull copper-brow on a blush-salmon ground, midlobe roundish, partly broad -margined with white ; ?48 CCELOGTNE COFFEA disk with two fringed ridges and umber-brown marlc- ings. Inner surface of column brownish. Java. B.M. 48«9. Gn. 49, p. 62. corrag^Ui, Wight. Pseudobulbs ovate-pointed, in tufts, with lv8.3 in. long: racemes IM>-fld.: fls. white ; sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong and acute; lip 3- lobed, the lateral lobes smaller and blunter than the central one. E. Ind. B.M. 5601. F&rishii, Hook. f. Like C. pandurata, but racemes not drooping, the pseudobulb 4-angled and narrow, bearing a pair of stout broad Ivs., the fls. about 6, and smaller. A small species. Burma. B.M. 5323. F<iBntennax>Tii, Reicbb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindrical or fusiform, priKlucing 1- or 2-8heathed peduncles from the side: fls. large, snow-white; sepals and petals lanceo- late, the former keeled outside; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe rounded and minute-pointed, the side lobes rounded, the disk marked with yellowish brown : Ivs 3—4 in. wide and 18 in. long, very short-stalked. E. Ind. OaKES AMBi.. C0FF£A (from the Arabian name for the drink, itself conjecturally derived from C'aflfa, a district in southern Abyssinia). Bnbidceif. A genus of about 20 Old World species, mostly natives of tropical Africa. Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous, with slender branches : Ivs. elliptical, pointed, glossy, coriaceous, mostly oppo- site, rarely in whorls of 3: fls. creamy white, tuberose- like, delicatelj' fragrant, subsessile, clustered in the axils of the Ivs. The genus is technically distinguished by the short calyx limb : corolla throat villous or gla- brous: st'^'e branches 2, linear. The fr. is a berry con- taining 2 b »ruy seeds, which afford the CoflFee of com- merce. For Coffee production, two species, C. Arabira and C Liberica, are now extensively cultivated through- out the tropics, and are occasionally to be found in con- servatories; also in gardens in Florida and California. The Coffee of commerce consists of the seeds of these two species of Coffea, C Arabica and C. Liberica, the cultivation of which is one of the most important agri- cultural industries of the tropics, the annual production reaching 1.500,000.000 pounds, valued at $150,000,000. Of this amount, Brazil lurnishes over 70 per cent. A new Coffee from the Congo is receiviup much attention in Europe,— (7. Maragogipc It is very vigorous grow- ing, and is said to be entirely resistant to the Coffee rust. Climate and so j7.—Aiinough C. Arabica will endure alow temperature, and has, with slight protection, sur- vived the winter in Germany, successful commercial culture requires a rainfall of from 100-150 in. and an equable temperature, having an average minimum of not less than 60°. The liberian species is at home un- der thoroughh' tropical conditions, and endures expo- sure to the sun at low elevations, where for C. Arabica shade trees are commonly supplied. Coffee thrives in a great variety of soils, but those containing a large amouni of humus are preferable and volcanic deposits are also excellent. The use of fertilizers is increasing, but the requirements of particular localities must be carefully considered. Cultivation.— The seed germinates in from 4 to 6 weeks after ripening, and will endure only partial dry- \n^. Seedlings are raised in shaded seed-beds or flower- pots, whence they are transplanted at the beginning of the rainy season, preferably when 2 years old, to their permanent places. The distance between trees is deter- mined by the soil and climatic conditions, varying from 6 ft. for C. Arabica, under circumstances unfavorable to the growth of wood, to 15 ft. or more for C. Lilerica in fertile ground. For the reception of the seedlings, large holes are dug in order to insure loose soil and avoid injuring or bending the long tap-root. Subsequent cul- ture consists largely in the frequent removal of all weeds, by means of hoes or other implements, which also stir the surface soil. Trees are headed or pruned to a height of from 3-6 ft. in order to keep the berries within easy reach, and after each harvest the old twigs are removed, also the epiphytes and parasites. Spray- ing with fungicides and insecticides is also practiced when necessary. iJart•€S^ — Production begins, under favorable circum- stances, the second or third year from transplanting, but a paying crop can scarcely be expected before the fifth or sixth year. The berries ripen unevenly, requir- ing two or more visits to each tree. The yield is esti- mated in general at 1 pound of dry Coffee per tree, but careful methods increase this to 3 or 4 pounds, while in exceptional cases from 6 to 1? and even 25 pounds have been reported. The life of the Coffee tree has been stated at 20 or 30 years, but with good care production may be maintained for 50 years or more. The berries may be drie«i as picked and the seeds aftenn-ard ex- tracted by machines called ''huller8;''or, by means of a "pulper," the outer fleshy material is removed before drying. For the latter process, running water, cisterns, buildings and machinery are necessary. After being "pulped," the Coffee is fermented in order to further dis- integrate the saccharine mutter of the external coat ; it is then dried in the sun or by artificial heat, after which the tough inner integument, the so-called "parch- ment," is removed by other machines and the "beans" are polished, graded and sent to the market. In all of the recently acquired tropical territories of the United States, Coffee culture may become an im- portant industry, the excellence of the Porto Hican prod- uct being already well known. From the agricultural standpoint, little has been attempted in the selection of superior seed or the application of ^ientiflc methods of propagation. Grafting has recently been accomplished in Java. Book^i. — Coffee, Its Culture and Commerce, edited by C. G. Warnford Loch, 264 pages, 1888, contains a compilation of nearly all the literature then existing, but the article in German in Semler's Tropische Apri- kultur contains more recent and original matter. A French work. Culture du Caf^ier, by C. Raoul. Paris, 1897, is the latest important contribution to the subject. O. F. Cook. A. Corolla 5-parted, sometimes 4-parted. B. Segmertts of corolla narrow: Ivs. oblong, 4-5 in. long, l}4 in. wide. Ar&bica, Linn. Common or Arabian Coffee. Fig. 514. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, rather thin, oblong, nearly three times as long as broad, more or less abruptly contracted near the apex to a point about % in. long: fls. in axillary clusters of 3-5; segments of v orolla four times as long as wide : f r. a 2-seeded , d'^ep crimsoi. berry, but the " ber- ries "or beans of commerce are the seeds. The commer- cial varieties of Coffee are based largely on the size, shape, color and flavor of the se^ds, nnd hence the fr. is very variable, but the typical fr. may be "onsidered to be oval and half an inch long. Indigenouf in Abyssinia, Mozambique and An&ola; supposetl to have been introduced in early Mohammedan times from Abys- sinia to Arabia, whencfi it became 514. Coffea Arabica. (XJ4.) known to Europeans in the sixteenth century. This species furnished until recently the entire commercial product. B.M. 1303. Gng. 6:55.-As it grows wild in Afr. it is a small tree 10-15 ft. high, with the trunk 9-12 in. thick at the base, and with horizontal or even nod- ding branches, which in old age become one-sided. Often cult, under glass in the north for its economic interest, and in S. Calif, it is a good outdoor orna- mental shrub, esteemed for its shining lvs., fragrant white fls., and red berries. COFFEA COLAX 349 BB. Segments of corolla wide : Ivs. ovate. Beii?alAn>ii, Roxb. Bengal Coffee. Lv8. ovate, barely twice as long as broad, acute, but not having a long, abrupt point : Am. in 2'» or 3*8 ; segments of co- rolla barely twice as long as wide. E. Ind., Malaya. B.M. 4917. — This has much showier fls. than C. Arahint. A small shrub with glabrous, dichotomous branches. A native of the mountains of northeastern India, whence it was brought to Calcutta and much cult, there for a time. It is now neglected, the berries being of inferior quality and the plants not productive enough. AA. Corolla 6-, 7-, or Sparted. B. Fls. in dense clusters or glomes : Ivs. short -pointtd, 6-12 in. long. Libdrica. Hiem. Liberian Coffee. Lvs. longer than in ('. Arabica, and wider above the middle, with a pro- portionately shorter and less abruptly contracted point: fls. la or more in a dense cluster; corolla segments usu- ally 7. Trop. Afr. Trans. Linn. Soc. II. 1:171 (1876). G.C. II. 6:105. R.H. 1890, pp. 104, 10.'). -Said to be more robust and productive than C. Arabica, with berries larger and of finer flavor. It is a more tropical plant than the common Coffee, and can be grown at much lower levels. "It is a small tree, similar in general to C. Arabica, but of n^pre vigorous and upright habit, and larger in all its parts. Lvs. 0-12 in. long: corolla 6-8- parted: berries dull crimson, larger, more numerous, ami more nearly spherical than those of most forms of C. Arabica. In its native forests in W. Afr. it attains a height of 30 ft. or more, and flourishes near sea level. Owing to its greater size, vigor and productiveness, it is now being extensively planted in coffee-growing re- gions, particularly in the E. Ind., where it has been found resistant to a rust fungus, Hemileia vnntatrix, which had destroyed the plantations of C. Arabica. In cultivation, both species are pruned low to facilitate the picking of the berries."— O. I\ Cook. BB. Fls. solitary or in 3' s : lvs. long-pointed, 2%~5 in. long. stenoph^lla, G. Don. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, 1-1)^2 in. broad, narrower than in C. Arabica, -with a relatively longer and more tapering point : corolla segments usually 9. W. Afr. B.M. 7475. — This is said to yield berries of even finer flavor than the Liberian Coffee, and quite as freely, but the bush is longer in coming into bearing. This is a promising rival to the C. Arabica of com- merce. Seeds have been distributed by British botani- cal gardens, but are not known to be for sale at present in America. W. M. COFFEE. See Coffea. COFFEE BEERY. A name ot Glycine hispida, which should be abandoned in favor of Soy Bean. COFFEE ?EA. A western name for the Chick Pea, Cicer arietinum, which is used as a substitute for coffee. COHOSH. See Aetata. The Blue Cohosh is a Caulo- phyllum. COiX (old Greek name). Gramlnecr. A genus some- what closely related to Indian Com, and similar to it in leaf structure. A hardy annual, 2-3 ft. high, with broad lvs. and a curious nodding inflorescence. The female fls. are inclosed in a nearly globular, capsule-like cover- ing, which is very hard. This capsule (or involucre) is at first green, then a jet black, becoming nearly white with age. Southern Asia. Li.cryma*Jdbi, Linn. Job's Tears. Tear-grass. Corn-beads. Fig. 515. So called from the resemblance of the inflorescence to a tear-drop. In cult, as an ornament or as a curiosity. In India itis cultivated for food by some of the hill tribes of that country. Var. atirea zebrlna, Hort., has yellow-striped lvs. p. g. Kennedy. COLA (native name). Sterculictcece. Cola. Also called Xola, Korra, Gorra. This genus of perhaps 14 species of tropical African trees is chiefly interesting^ for the Cola nuts, which are said to sustain the natives' in great feats of endurance. The tret ^ows on the east coaat of Africa, but Is very abundant on the west coast, and is now cultivated in the West Indies. Within the tropics the trade in this nut is said to be immense. It has lately become famous in the U. S. through many preparations for medicinal purposes and summer drinks. The seeds are about the size and appearance of a horse chestnut, and have a bitter taste. Although repeate lly introduced to Kaw, England, the plant never flowered there until 1868. Consult Stewart's Monograph on KoIh. Colas are tropical African tret s, requiring a rich, well- drained soil. Those introduced into West Indies an^l other parts of America, especially C acuminata, thrive best on a sandy loam. The trees are grown from seeds, which are large and fleshy, keeping well for some weeks after ripening. As the tree is difficult to transplant, the seeds may be planted singly in small pots, and the young 515. Coix Lacryma-Jobi. trees kept growing thus until wanted for permanent planting. Propagation may also be effected by cuttings of ripe wood, which should be placed in bottom heat, and treated in the usual way. acuminata, Schott and Endl. Abont 40 ft. high in Africa, resembling an apple tree: lvs. alternate; petiole 14-6 in. long; blade 4-6 in. long, leathery, with promi- nent ribs below ; older lvs. entire, obovate, acute ; younger lvs. often once or twice cut near the base about half way to the midrib: fls. yellow, 15 or more in a clus- ter, about 1 in. across, with a slender green tube and a showy yellow, 6- or 5-cut limb, which is a p;trt of the calyx, as the petals are absent in the tiibe Sterculiae. B.M. 5699. E. N. Reasoner and W. M. COLAX. Now referred to Lycaste. 'im^ 350 COLCHICUM CdLCHICUM ( from Colchis, a country in Asia Minor) . JAlidcece. Meadow Saffron. Autumn Crocus. A tribe of fall- (rarely spring-) blooming bulboui plants. Perianth crocus-like but much larger, long and tubular, varying from rosy purple to white, with one yellow- flowered species: Ivs. long and broad, appearing in early spring and dying down in June : stamens six ; sty las three and very long ; ovary a round, 3-celled pod : corm long, solid, with a brittle skin. "Colchicum root "and seed are employed in gout and rheumatism. They are narcotic poisons. Colchicums are natives of Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are most charming and interesting plants of easy culture. The bloom conies in August and September, at a season when the herbaceous beds begin to lose their freshness, and. although individual flowers are fugacious, others follow in quick succession, thus prolonging the time of flowering. Opening, as they do, without foliage, some help is required from the greenery of other plants; for this purpose any low-growing, not too dense kind, can be used, such as the dwarf Artemesias, Sedums, Phlox siihttlata, etc. Colchicums are most effective in masses, which can be < stablished by thick planting, or as the re- sult of many years' growth. They can be grown in rock- work, in beds, or in grass which is not too thick nor too often mown- ''ey will thrive in partial shade, but suc- ceed best ii »pen, sunny border. They should be planted in An or early September, in deep, well-en- riched soil, a light, sandy loam, with the tip of the long bulbs 2 to 3 inches below the surface ; some protection should be given in winter. They remain in good condition for many years, a^ul should not be disturbed unless they show signs of deterioration, fewer flowers and poor foliage. Then they should be lifted and separated, just after the leaves die, end of June or early July. This is the usuu' nethod of propagation, but they can also be increased from seeds, sown just after ripening, June-July ; the seediings may not appear until the following spring. Seedlmgs bloom when 3 to 5 years old. The bulbs are obtaiiable from the Dutch growers at moderate prices, and they must be imported early; otherwise they are apt to bioora in the cases. C. autum- nale, with rosy purple flowers, is a well-known and the most commonly cultivated species. There are numerous varieties, of which the best are the white, the double white and the double puiple. Belonging to this same group and not differing much except in size and shad- ing of the flower, are C. Byzantinum, C moutannm, and C. umhrosum. C speciosum, a native of the Cau- casus, is the finest in every way of the genus. The flowers are much larger and of better shape, and the color, a rosy pink, is much more delicate; the iiabit of growth is robust, and the plant is most easily handled. C. Parkinsoni (a form of C. variegatum) is distinct from the above varieties inasmuch as the flowe»*s are tessellated, purple and white, giving a curious checker- board appearance which is unique; the leaves are much smaller and are wavy. C. Aggripimim, C. Bivoncf, C. CUicicum and C. Sibthorpi, are other species having checkered flowers more or less similar to Parkinsoni. C. Bnlbncodium=^Bxilhocodh(m venium. Monograph by J. G. Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc, vol. 17 (1880). B. M. Watson. Alphabetical list of species described below: Aggripi- num, 5 ; alpinum, 13 ; autumnale, 10 ; Bertolonii, 1 ; Bivonse. 6 ; Byzantinum, 9 ; CiUcicum, 9 ; luteum, 3 ; montanum, 1 ; Parkinsoni A', Sibthorpi, 7; speciosum, 8; Steveni, 2; Troodi, II; umbrosum, 12; variegatum, 4. A. Blooming in spring : Ivs. appearing with the fls. B. Color rosy lilac : size of anthers small. , c. Anthers oblong, purple. 1. mont&num, Linn. (C. Bertoldnii, Stev.). An im- portant and variable species, with many synonyms and variations. Baker makes 7 forms. Corm ovoid, 1-K in. thick, the tunics brown, membranaceous, the inner ones produced to a point 2-4 in. above the neck : Ivs. 2-3, rarely 4-6, linear or lanceolate, about 2-3 in. long at the time of flowering, finally 6-9 in, long: fls. 1-4, in spring and autumn. Oct.-June. Mediterranean region, from Spain to Persia, B.M. 6443. — It appears in early spring with the snowdrops and crocuses. COLCHICUM cc. Anthers linear, yellow. 2. Stdveni, Kunth. Corm narrower than in No. 1 about %-y^m. thick : Ivs. at length 4-5 in. long : fls! Oct. -J an. Syria, Arabia, Persia. — Lass popular than No. 1. BB, Color yelloiP : size of anthers large. 3. Ittteom, Baker. This is the only yellow-flowered form in the genus, all the others ranging from purple to white. Although it belongs to the Mediterranean group, with Ivs. and fls. produced at the same time and in spring, it is a native of western India at an elevation of 7,000-8,000 *t. Corm tunics dark brown, sometimes almost black: Ivs. 3 or 4, wider and less tapering than in No. 1, at the time of flowering ."3-4 in. long, finally (w in. long. B. M. 6153.— Not advertised in American trade, but very desirable. AA. Blooming in autumn : Ivs. appearing after the fls. B. Perianth tessellated or checkered C. Tessellation distinct. D. I/vs. spreading or prostrate. 4. variegatum, Linn. Lvs. 2-3, lanceolate, about 6 in. long, 12-15 lines wide, lying flat on the ground; margins wavy : fls. 2-3 from each spathe, 4 in. across, with a white tube. Islands of the Levant and Asia Minor B, M. 1028. C. P&Tkinsoni, Hook, f. (B. M. 6090), is the best of all the tessellated forms, the tessellation being more sharply defined and more delicate than the type. It is a smaller plant, and has shorter and more strongly undulated lvs., which lie closer to the ground. Of this plant Pc»rkinson said in his Paradisus Terrestris, 1629: "This most beautiful saffron flower riseth up with his flowers in the Autumn, as the others before specified do, although not of so large a size, yet far more pleasant and delight- ful in the thick, deep blew or purple-'iolored beautiful spots therein, which make it excel all others whatsoever. The leaves rise up in the Spring, being smaller than the former, for the most part 3 in number, and of a paler or fresher green colour, lying ?lose uron the ground, broad at the bottom, a little polntca at the end, and twining and folding themselves in and out at the edges as if they were indented. I have not seen any seed it hath borne. The root is like unto the others of this kinde, but small and long, and not so great ; it flowreth later for the most part than any of the other, even not until November, and is very hard to be preserved with us, in that for the most part the root waxeth lesse and lesse every year, our cold country being so contrary unto his natural that it will scarce shew his flower; yet when it flowereth anything earlie, that it may have any comfort of a warm Sun, it is the glory of all these kindes." DD. Lvs. ascending. E. Margin of lvs. wavy. 5. Aggripintim, Baker (C.<esseZM^«w,Hort.). Conns a trifle thicker than in No, 4: lvs, 3-4, 6-9 in. long, 12-15 lines wide, margin wavy: fls. 2-4 from each spathe, F,S. 11:1153.— This is a marked form of C. variegatum, of garden origin, which has similar fls., but a more ro- bust habit and more nearly erect lvs. EE. Margin of lvs. flat, not tcavy. 6. Bivdnse, Guss. Lvs. 6-9, nearly 1 ft. long, 9-15 lines wide, rather hooded at the apex, margin flat, not wavy: fls. 1-6 from each spathe. Sicily. cc. Tessellation less disfint't. 7. Sibthorpi, Baker. Easily distinguished from Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by the much broader segments of the peri- anth, and by the lvs., which are nearly erect, obtuse, and not at all wavy: lvs. 5-6, dull green finally 1 ft. or more long, lJ^-2>^ wide, narrowed gradually to the base: spathe striped with green, and tinged with lilac at the tip : fls, 1-5 from each spathe ; perianth tube often 6 in. long. Mts. of Greece. B. M. 7181.— A large, cup- shaped flower, showing no open spaces between the broad, overlapping segments. Very handsome. COLCHICUM COLEUS 351 BB. Perianth not tessellated. C. Size of fls. large, S in. or more across. D. Lvs. broad, 3-4 in. wide. E. Xo.of fls. 1-4. 8. specidsum, Steven. Corm 2 in. thick, the largest of the genus: stem 1 ft. high: lvs. 4-5, 12-15 in. long, 3-4 in. wide, narrowed from the middle to the base, shining green: fls. 1-4 from each spathe, violet, with a white eye, but varving almost to pure pink, often 6 in. across. Caucasus. B. M. ()078. F. S. 22 : 2:{85. F. M. 1876 : 235. Gn. 11:80. — Generally considered the finest species of the genus. EE. Xo. of fls. 12-20. 9. Byzantinum, Ker-Gawl. Closely allied to the above, but with wider lvs,, smaller and paler fls., and broad, short anthers : stem C in. high : lvs. 5-6, oblong, dark green, striate, 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide: fls. smaller than in No. 8, usually ^i-4 in. across, lilac-purple, and often 12-20 from each spathe. Transylvania and Con- stantinople. B. M. 1122. C. Cillcicttm, Hort., has rosy fls., somewhat tessellated. G.C. III. 23: 35. DD. Lvs. narrow, 1-2 in. wide. 10. autumn^le, Linn. Fig. 516. Stem 3-4 in. high: lvs. .3-4, rarely 5-6, 9-12 in. long, l>^-2 in. wide: fls. 1-4, rarely 5-6. from each spathe, purple with a white va- 516. Colchicu.n uutumnale (X /-a). riety, about 4 in. across: perianth veined. Europe and N. Africa. B.M. 2073, as C. crociflorum. — Voss'ihly the commonest in the American trade. It has beautiful double forms in purple and pure white. F.S. 19: 1936. cc. Size of fls. small, about 2 in. across. D. yo. of fls. from ea a spathe more than 1 or 2. E. Perianth segments acute. 11. Troddi, Kotschy. Corm medium-sized: lvs. 3-4, 6-12 in. long, 9-12 lines wide, dark gree?* above: fls. 4-5 or even 12, lilac-purple, about 2 in. across; perianth segments lanceolate-acute. Cyprus. B.M. 6901 shows a pure white variety. EE. Perianth segments obtuse. 12. umbrdsum, Steven. Corm small : lvs. 4-5, 6-9 in. long, 9-12 lines wide: fls. 1-5 from each spathe, lilac, about 2 in. across; peranth segments oblanceolate, ob- tuse, with 8-12 veins. Caucasus. DD. yo. of fls. from each spathe 1 or 2. 13. alpinum, DC. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, nearly erect or preading, 4-8 in. long, 3-6 lines wide, obtuse, chan- p.fri 517. Coleus cutting. neled, shining green, narrowed from the middle to the base: fls. 1 or 2 from each spathe, about 2 in. across, lilac ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 lines wide, with 10-15 veins. Mts. of France and Switzerland, w, m. COLEUS (Greek for «A^o/*, referring to the mona- delphous stamens). Labidt<e. Nearly 50 species in Trop. Afr. and Asia, some of whicn are cult, for the very showy colored foli- age. The cultivated kinds are herbs, but some of the wild species are shrubs. Lvs. oppo- site, dentate or serrate : stem 4-angled : fls. in a terminal spike-like ra- ceme, small and usually bluish, the 5 -toothed calyx deflexed in fr. ; co- rolla bilabiate, the lower lobes longer and con- cave, and inclosing the essential organs. Coleuses are of most easy culture. They root readily from short cuttings, cut either to a joint or in the middle of an internode (Fig. 517). No plant is more easy to root than this. They may be rooted at any time of the year when new wood is to be obtained. Formerly Coleuses were much used for bedding, but the introduc- tion of better plants for this purpose has lessened their popularity. They require a long season; they are apt to bum in the hot summers of the interior countrj'; tbey have a weedy habit. However, they withstand shearing and are, therefore, useful for carpet-bedding. The leading vuriety for this purpose is still the old Golden Be^fder. whose golden yellow foliage is used as filling for fancy designs. Coleus plants make excellent speci- mens for the sviudow-garden and conservatory. Best results are obtained whfn new plants are started from cuttings erch spring. The old plants become leggy, lose their lvs., and lack brightness of color. They are very subject to mealy - bug. They are also liable to root- gall (the work of a nematode worm), as shown in Fig. 518. When plants are thus affecied, take cuttings and burn the old plants, and either bake or freeze the soil in which they grew. The garden varieties of Co- leus are legion. These are the issue of C. ^f2 fililmei, Benth., of Java ^" (B.M. 4754. I. H. 27:377; 35: 46; 39: 164. F. S. 22: 2287-8). This is a soft perennial herb ^rowng 2-3 ft. high, little branched; lvs. ovate, narrowed or broad at base and long- acuminate, sharply and nearly regularly toothed, variously colored with yellow, dull red and purplish. An extreme form of this is var. Verscbaff^ltii, Lem. (C. VerschaffeUii, Lcm.), Fig. 519, which is more robust ami branchy, the lvs. more brilliantly colored, acute but not acuminate, truncate or even cordate at base, and irregi.larly cut-dentate, with rounded teeth, giving the margin a crispv ef- fect (I. H. 8f293). In some forms, the lvs. are laciniate. 518. A Coleus attacked by root-ealls. C. thyrsoideus. Hook., is a P'cent novelty, but is not yet in the Amer. trade Unlike the other well known species, its foliage is not brilliantb' colored and its flowers are conspicuous. Tender • 'Mf?» 352 COLEUS shmb, 2-3 ft. high: stems pubescent: Ivs. cordate, coarsely cre- nate, lower ones 7 in. long: fls. blue, in racemes which contain as many as 18 forking cymes with about 10 fls. in each. B.M.7672. Li. H. B. 519. Coleus Blumei, var. Verschaffeltii. COLIC-EOOT. Aletris farinosa. COLLABDS. A kind of kale. In the .south, a form of ti.' plant known as Georjria Collards is much grown for domestic u.se and the southern market. The plant grows to 2-3 ft. high and forms no head, but the central Ivs. often form a kind of loose rosette. These tender Ivs. are eaten as a pot-herb, as all other kales are. Fig. 295, page 199, shows a Georgia Collard, although the rosette is not well marked. The seeds may be started in a frame under glass, or in a seed-bed in the open. As far south as the orange-belt, they are usually started in February and March, in order that the plants may ma- ture before the dry, hot weather. Farther north they are started in July or August, and the plants are ready for use before cold weather. Transplant to rows 3>4-4 ft. apart, and 3 ft. apart in the row. Till as for cabbage. Young cabbage plants are sometimes eaten as " greens " under the name of Collards ; and cabbage seeds are sown for this specific purpose. In the north, where headir-' cabbages can be raised, Collards of whatever kind are not greatly prized. L_ g^ g^ COLLtNSIA (after Zaccheus Collins, American phi- lanthropist and promoter of science, Philadelphia, 1704- 1831). JScrophularidcecp. About 18 species of hardy an- nuals from California and western North America, not far removed botanically from Pentstemon and Chelone. They are free-flowering and of the easiest culture. They may be sown outdoors in the fall in well-drained soil, and will bloom earlier than if sown in spring. Their fls., borne in midsummer, range in color from white through lilac and rose to violet, with clear, bright blue also, at least on one lip of the fl. There is no yel- low. All those described below have fls. in whorls. Lvs. opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, entire, or toothed, the lower lvs. rarely 3-cut. A. Fl. -stalks very short, giving the clusters a dense appearance. B. Corolla strongly declined: throat as wide as long. bicolor, Benth. Fig. 520. Height 1 ft., hairy, glabrous, or sticky : stems weak and bending : lvs. more or less toothed, and oblong or lanceolate, sessile, opposite or in 3's : fls. typically purple and white, with 5 or 6 well marked color varieties. Var. dlba, Hort. (Fig. 521), has pure white fls., or the lower lip greenish or yellowish. Var. multicolor, Voss. (C.muiticolor, Lindl. & Past.), has variegated fls., the same fl. being white, lilac, rose or violet on either lip or both. Var. multicolor marmo* r&ta, Hort., has the lower lip white, suffused lilac, and upper lip light lilac, spotted and striped carmine. Calif. B.M. 3488. P.M. 3:195.-This is the most widely distributed and variable species, and the one on which the genus was founded. California, mostly in moist ground. COLLOMIA BB. Corolla less strongly declined; throat mitth longer than broad. bartsisBfdlia, Benth. Height 1^ ft. : sticky and some- what glandular, rarely hairy: lvs. from ovate-oblong to linear : fls. purplish or whitish : seeds not wrinkled Calif. AA. Fl. -stalks }4 in. long or more, giving the clusters a looser look. v6ma, Nutt. Height about 6 in. : lvs. ovate or oblong, or the lowest rounded and slender-stalked, and the uj)- per ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping: whorls about 6-fld.: fl. -stalks longer than the fls.: throat of thp co- rolla as long as the calyx lobes ; lower lip bright blue; upper lip white or purplish: seeds thick, not flattened, oblong, arched. Moist woods, western New York and Penna. to Wis. and Ky. B.M. 4927. grandifldra, Dougl. Height 4-12 in. : lvs. thickish. the lowest roundish and stalked; whorls 3-9-fld.: fl. -.stalks about as long as the fls. : lower lip deep blue or violet; upper lip white or purple : throat of the corolla sac-like, as broad as long, or as long as the upper lip : seeds roundish, smooth. Shady hills of Calif. ^^^ ^j COLLINSONIA (after Peter CoUinson, the friend of Linnaeus and John Bartram, a mos,*., interesting man). LabidtcB. Horse-balm. Horse-weed. Stone-root, A genus of 4 species confined to Atlantic N. Amer. Hardy perennial herbs with large, odorous, ovate, ser- rate, mo.stly long-stalked lvs., thick roots, and simple or panicled, naked, terminal racemes of yellow or whitish fls. The following is ot the easiest culture and may be obtained from dealers in native plants : Canadensis, Linn. Height 2-4 ft. : lvs. 4-9 in. long, broadly ovate to oblong : racemes pani- cled : calyx in fl. 1 line. in fr. 4 or 5 lines long: corolla lemon - yellow, ^s=..y^--y^p ^m lemon - scented. K in. /i-?^ JA/I^^ ^m long. Rich woods, Can- ada to Wis., and south to Florida. 52U. ColUnsia bicolor. 521. CoIIinsia bicolor, var. alba (X J^). COLLOHIA. This genus is included by Gray in Gilia, which see. Collomia is derived from kolla, glue, from the large quantity of mucus in the outer covering of the seed. When these seeds are placed in water, the mucous matter dissolves and forms a cloud about them. This cloud, according to Lindley, "depends upon the presence of an infinite multitude of exceedingly delicate and minute spiral vessels lying coiled up, spire within spire, on the outside of the "testa, and the instant water -.-i-;' COLLOMIA COLOR 353 is applied they dart forward at right angles with the testa, each carrying with it a sheath of mucus, in which it for a long time re -^nius enveloped in a membranous case." COLOCASIA ( old Greek substantive name ) . Ardidece. Perennial herbs with cordate -peltate Ivs., which are often handsomely colored in cultivation. Differs from Alocasia and Caladium in floral characters : spadix ter- minating in a club-shaped or subulate appendage desti- tute of stamens. Species 5. Tropics. Monogr. by Engler, DC. Phaner. Monogr. 2: 490. Oolocasia includes the plants known as Caladium es- euIentHtn, vnich are much grown for subtropical bed- ding. C. odorata (which is an Alocasia) has very large, thick stems, which may be wintered over safely without Its., or at most with 1 or 2, the stems, to save space, b^'^ng placed close together in boxes, C. escnlenta rests d ingthe winter and is kept under a greenhouse bench or anywhere out of the reach of frost or damp. Rich, damp ground suits both kinds. Of easy culture. Con- sult Caladium for treatment. Colocasias furnish the much-cultivated Taro of the Pacific tropics, this edible product being the large, starchy roots. From it is made the Poi ot Hawaii. In Japan "and other countries tiie tubers of Colocasias are much cultivated, and are handled and eaten n'uch as we use potatoes (see Oeorgeson, A.G. 1892:81). The young Ivs. of some kinds are boiled and eaten. antiqudrum, Schott. Lvs. peltate-ovate : basal lobes half as long as the apical one, connate 73-% their lenjrth, separateu by a broad, triangular, obtusish sinus. India. B.M.7364. Var. euchldra, Schott (C. euchJdra, C. Koch). Petioles violet ; blade black-green, with violet margins. Var. Fdntanesii, Schott (Alocdsia violUcea, Hort. Caladium violaceum, Hort. C. albo-i'ioldceum, Hort. f ). Petioles violet ; blade dull green, with violet margins. Var. illustris, Engl. {C. iUiistris, Hort. ). Petioles vio- let ; blade more oblong-ovate, with black-green spots between the primary veins. Vt.r. escul^nta, Schott {CalMitim escultntum, Vent. Colocdsia esculenta, Schott). Elephant'.. Ear. Fig. 522. Spadix with an appendage half as lci::g as the staminate inflorescence ; lvs. bright green, often 3 ft. or more long, nearly as wide. Hawaii and Fiji. afflnis, Schott. Blade thin, membranaceous, rounded- ovate or ovate, the apical lobe scarcely % or % longer than wide ; basal lobes connate nearly their entire length, bright green above, glaucous beneath ; blade only 4-6 in. long. Himalaya. Var. J6nning8ii, Engl. (Alocdsia Jenningsii, Veitch). Petiole purplish, with transverse purple lines ; blade cordate, eraarginate, with large, oblong or triangular black-green or black-violet spots between the primary lateral veins. I. H. 16:585. F.S. 17:1818-19. N60"Guin6nsis, Lind. Remarkable for its tufted habit, the shortness of the leaf-stalks, its short-stalked inflorescence, and the beautiful green tone of its smooth and shinv lvs., spotted with creamy white. New Guinea. I. H. 27:380. red, crimson, magenta, purple, violet, and ultramarine blue. The variation of these hues is, however, mani- fold. Diluted with white, or mixed with on-^ another, colors assume an Infinite number of phases not easily described ( Fig. 523 ) . But the ger:eric character of flower colors is certainly comprehended in the few names given above. Color-names are of little consequence so long as the colrr is identified. Unfortunately, scien- tists and artists have not yet established a standard no- menclature of color, so that the name of a particular hue is largely determined by popular orinion, and that, of course, is not always unaniniouf. It is, therefore, necpspary im -'cept both popular and scientific estimates of color if - i ^-t: are to be considered in relation to flowers. The sciontiflc definition of a color like scarlet, magenta, or violc. amounts to its identifica- tion with certain lines ir the >*|»ectrura. Such definitions are properly giv^n iu the Ceutiry Dictionary. They are satisfactory so far rs they go, but the relation of colors in tbe spectrum to flower petal.-i or artists' pigments is not so satisfactorily determined. Apparently the stan- dard of the spectrum mu. c be supplemented by another of a more tr.ngible nature— tliat is, a standard of pigment cnlor. But it is jus-t as well to substitute a flower petal for a pigment, and if this is done, the result would be about this : Yellow. — Evening primrose. Gold-yellow. — Pure gold calendula or deep yellow calendula. Orfnge.— Deep-hu'^d eschscholtzia and orange nas- turtium. Scarlet.— Mme. Cr>zy canna. Red. — Portia carnation. Crimson. — Deep-hued sweet-william and pjeony. MagentH. — Deep purplish red cineraria. Purple. — Deep-toned larkspur, aster, and cineraria. Violet. — Deep-t< ned English violets. Ultramarine blue. — New compact blue delphinium. Pure green is best represented by the artists' pigment called emerald-green ; it is rarely present in foliage, ex- cept perhaps in spring. If the simple colors, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, and green, are arranged in a circle (Fig. 524), the colors opposite each other harmonize by reason of absolute contrast. > If these simple colors are subdivided into intermediate hues (Fig. 525), so that about M4rchalli, Engler (^Zocdsta Mdrchalli, Hort. J^-^ A. hybrida. Bull). Hybrid, probably of C. af finis X find C. ant iquorum. Larger in all parts than (7. affiiiis, the petioles pale green, very slightly emarginate, with large, confluent spots. C. Batariensis — Alocasia Bataviensis ? — C. Cava- easdna, Engler == Xanthosoma.— C Jardnica, Hort. = ? — (). Mafdffa, Hort.=Xanthosoma.— C marginata, Hort.=Ca!aditim bicolor.— C. odora. Brongn.= Alocasia odora, Koch. Tree-like, the stem or caudex 'A-Q ft. and C in. in diam.: lvs. green, cordate, stalked, bearing pe- duncles in pairs in their axils. E. Asia. B.M. 3935. — C. odorata, Hort. = Alocasia macrorrhiza. Jaeed G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. COLOCYNTH. See Cit.'^iUus. COLOB. The range of simple colors common among flowers is not a very extensive one. It comprises yellow, gold-yellow, orange, scarlet, Colocasia antiquorum, ^\ \^ var. esculenta. ^~^']s-<k {Caladium esculeiitum.) M!^^' 23 .S54 COLOR COLORADO three of the latter lie between the six original colors, the result will he a circle of twenty-four divisions, having the eflfect of a rainbow. This will perfectly illustrate the principle of color harmony and color discord. Besides WiTHBL/SCK WITH WHITE CLEAR COLOR OLD GOLD SULPHUR YELLOW OCHRE 5TRAWY. COLD Y. BURNT OR/^NGE SALMON OR/ ;';e. TCRRA COTTA SHRIMP P. SCARLET CARDINAL PINK R^D MAROON C.PINK CRIMSON PLUM ?.LILAC MACENT/V DARK B. PLL/M li'lac PUF^PLE LOG woe VIOLET B.LI LAC VIOLET INDIGO V. BLUE. ULTRAMf 523. Color phases in flowers. the opposing colors which harmonize by contrast, there are neighboring colors which I-*"r>\gny.e by analogy or harmony. For ins<"i*nce, any four or iive colors lying side by side in the circle are bound together harmoni- ously by reason of their near relationship, 'therefore, all these four or five colors may be combineu — and na- ture does combine them— with aesthetic results. But skip over four of the colors and attempt a combination of the first and sixth, and the result will prove a discord, the bond of relationship is broken, and the eye is dis- turbed by the aggressiveness of two colors between which there is evidently no bond of sympathy. It would be safe to say, therefore, that the circle demonstrates the fact that its colors situated at right angles with each other are discordant, and those lying nearly parallel with each other are harmonious. This is the theoretical side of color harmony. The practical side is scarcely different; it simply modifies the theory. Brilliant blue and orange, which are theoretically harmonious, are scarcely as agreeable in each other's company as the rule would imply. The trouble, however, lies with the brilliancy. The golden calendula and the deep blue-purple aster in association are rather violent analogy; hyacinths, sweet peas, and nasturtiums repre- sent families witL most extraordinarily near-related colors. There is a pretlominating force of crimson in the sweet pea, and a predominating force of orange in the nasturtium. It is rather a nice bit of color adjustment ineither family to choose flowers which excel in hamonv of color the careless grouping together of flowers picked at random. But the theory that analogous colors harmonize is cor- rect only if it is not vjarried to excess. Attempts to force deep-hued flowers into harmony often lead to contrary results. A range of color from crimson to ultramarine depends for its harmony upon the simplicity or the deli- cacy of the hues. Such colors, in full force, would do violence to each other. It is tempting the hardness of a diamond to pound it with a sledge hammer. It is taxini: crimson too heavily to expect it to show its strength iii the presence of strong violet ! If the effort is to merge the personality of the crimson flower into the purple one, and effect a play of color between the two, the combina- tion of strong hues thus is justifiable. The theory that colors at right angles on the wheel are discordant is also subject to some modification. Rela- tively the right-angled colors must be crude and strong to objectionably affect the eye. Yellow and red in the rose is an agreeable color combination. Yellow and red dahlias crowded together are abominably harsh under a sensitive eye. A country bouquet of asters, marigolds, fuchsias and dahlias is bad, because the country garden is not a part of it. - few feet of air and space and a stretch of green foliage make a world of difference. it is wisest to try the effect of one color upon another before allowing two or three strong hues to wage war 524. Harmony by contrast. and aggressive. Remove the one or the other and sub- stitute a pale-tinted flower of either hue, and the result will be a harmonious one. Flower families are very apt to sustain harmonies of 525. The intermediate hues. with each other. It will be quickly found that white is a peacemaker, and green is an invaluable mediator. With these colors at command, the chances of color discord are reduced to a minimum. Everything also depends upon simplicity in color combinations. It is questionable whether a combination of more than two colors can ever be aesthetically a success. The adjustment of many colors needs the hand of an expert, p. Schuylek Mathews. COLORADO, HORTICULTURE IN. The state of Colorado includes the territory lying between the par- allels 37'^ and 41° north latitude, and between the me- ridians lOf?^'' and 109^ west longitude. Its surface is di- versified by mountains, high table lands, plains and val- leys, with a range above tide-water of from 3,400 feet on the eastern border to over 14,000 feet in many snow-clad peaks. It is traversed from north to south by the great Rocky mountain range, and thus divided into two well marked though unequal divisions. The main '^conti- nental divide" is supplemented by several well-defined ranges, and by numerous mountain spurs, between which, and at altitudes ranging from 7.000 to 10,000 feet, lie the four large and several smaller parks or valleys, COLORADO COLORADO 355 _-r^?- !-- ' — k-^ — '\ i^«-^ which are in great part utilized as hay ranches and for stock ranges. The foliowinsr rtgures regarding acreage are from the report of the state engineer for the year 1890. The total is given as approximately 66,500,000 acres. East of the continental divide lie 40,800,000 acres, and on the west 25,760,000 acres. Of the area east of the divide, one-third, or 10.200,000 aTes, lies within me mountains and the remainder, 30,600,000 acres, con- sists of plain and valley lands. On the western slope the proportion of mountain and plain is reversed, there being 16,360,000 acre ^ within the mountains and about 9,400,000 acres of plain and valley lands. For the western slope the rainfall is given as 33 luches for the mountains and 10.7 for the plains and valleys, and for the eastern slope as 30 inches for the mountains and 15 inches for the plains. The tillable lands of the state are in the main out- side the mountains, and the average annual rainfall on these lands is near 13 inches for the whole state. This rainfall comes mainly in the months of April, May and June, the precipitation for the other mont? being usually very smnl" It fol- lows, from the ^ i i a inf all , that crops cai .ly be suc- cessfully gro .1 by irriga- tion, and it is this idea that Las dominated the agricul- ture and horticulture of the state ever since the begin- ning, nearly forty years ago. Irrigation being a necessity, the lands useful for ag- ricultural purposes would be those reasonably level tracts bordering the streams, and extending back only as far as the water can be carried. The first ditches were constructed cheaply, and for the irrigation of first bottom lands only. A little later the idea of utilizing the higher mesas gave rise to canal systems of great magnitude, that have made productive vast tracts of fertile soil. The period of canal construction east of the continental divide has about ended, there being now as many ditches as the streams can supply, or possibly more. On the western slope, where the water supply is greater, additional systems may yet be constructed. The present most pressing problem on the eastern slope is the conservation of the available water. Attention is being given to the construction of reservoirs, and this, coupled with that economy in the use of water which experience is gradually teaching, will go far toward solving the problem, and it may yet be possible to con- siderably extend ihe area now irrigated. Owing to dif- ferences in latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions, the irrigable regions of the state are naturally separable into three divisions, and in considering the horticultural features, it is best to recognize these divisions because they differ in the range of horticultural productions. The divisions are : 1. The Northern, which embraces the drainage basin of the South Platte and its tributaries, Clear creek, Boulder creek, St. Vrain, Little Thompson, and Cache la Poudre. 2. The Southern, embracing the valley of the Arkan- sas and its tributaries. 3. The Western, embracing all the cultivated valleys of the western s.ope lying along the Uncompahgre, Gunnison, and Grand rivers and their branches, and being mainly in the counties of Montrose, Delta and Mesa. The Northern District. — From such statistical in- formation as is at hand, it appears that the comraence- ment of fruit planting in Colorado dates from 1863. In that year William Lee., who owned a ranch on the bot- tom lands along Clear creek, between Denver and Golden, planted a number of apple trees which he hauled in a wagon from Iowa City, la. In the fall of the same year, Messrs. Perrin and WolflF, of Denver, hauled a load of trees from Des Moines, la., and such as sur- vived the journey were planted on ranches about Den- ver. In 1866, a representative of a Kansas nursery sold trees and plants to many of the farmers along the St. "W'" 'T^^ % ^S^ r>-- OKCTCn MAD COLORADO 526> To show horticultural regions of Colorado. ♦I* ♦O' <sr i>9' •»7* Vrain, and about the same time a few trees were planted on the ranches along the Thompson. These early attempts to start fruit culture in the northern district were practically failures, for very few of the trees lived. The long journey from the nursery to the farm, improper preparation of the ground, lack of care in the application of water, and in protecting from stock, and the sentiment commonly expressed by the majority of the inhabitants, that fruit could not be grown in Colorado, were obstacles hard to overcome. A few of the early settlers, however, having hope of ulti- mate success, made a second attempt in 1 -7 '. and from the plantings of that year have grown the many fine orchards that dot the northern valleys. In the most northern valley, that of the Cache la Poudre, planting did not commence until about 1873, and except with small fruits, very little was done in the 10 or 12 years following, or until the su-- ss of the pioneers in r :ant- ing demonstrated that th ^rdier fruits could be grown. During the past 5 years the area in fruit has increased rapidly, until now the farm without its orchard is the exception. The apple is here, as in the other fruit dis- tricts, the principal fruit, covering the greatest number of acres and receiving more attention than all other fruits. All standard varieties are grown, and the pro- duct meets a ready sale. Plums are successfully grown, and prove profitable, but the range of varieties is re- stricted to those derived from Prunns Americana and a few of the hardier varieties of Prunus domestica. Cherries of the 3Iorello class are very productive, and the demand for the fruit is encouraging: growers to plant freely. Throughout the district much attention is given to the growing of small fruits and vegetables. AH kinds of berries find a ready market in the cities and mountain towns, and the staple vegetables, such as onions, cabbages and celery, are shipped in large quan- tities to southern points. The Southern District.— Here the counties most prominent in fruit culture are Fremont, Pueblo and Otero. The first planting was done in Fremont county, and the following concerning the circumstances I quote 356 COLORADO COLQUHOUNIA from an address by Jud^e W. B. Felton before the State Horticultural Society, as published in the report for 1887-8 : "The first fruit trees were set out in Fre- mont county in 1867. W. C. Catlin went to Pueblo for an invoice of trees which had been ordered by him- self and by Governor Anson Rudd, W. A. Helm and Jesse Frazier. They had been brought across the plains in a wagon to Pueblo, and Mr. Catlin brought them to Canon, something over $500 worth of trees oc- cupying a small space in his wagon, A few of these tr^es, and only a few, are still li\ ing. After his first at- tempt, which was almost a total failure, Jesse Frazier procured ser^ral thousand root grafts and set taem out in nursery rorz. "When they became large enough he transplanted them into his orchard." By the year lo79, Mr. Frazier had an orchard of 15 acres, the older portion of which produced 3,000 bushels of apples. Since 1S80, the yearly additions to the orchard area of this county have steadily increased, and fruit-growing is now recog- nized as one of the leading indrstries of the county. As in the other districts, the apple receives the most at- tention, but pears, plums, and the small fruits are grown in quantity. Peaches have been raised, but are not a sure crop, owing to the liability to late spring frosts. Farther down the Arkansas valley, in Otero county. the first fruit trees were planted about 1882, but general interest in orchard planting did not develop until some years later. During the past 5 years the area planted has rapidly increased, and the county now stands about fourth in orchard acreage. The growing of melons has within a few years brought this county into prominence. Started in a small way by farmers near the town of Rocky Ford, the business has spread into a great industry, and Rocky Ford melons and can- taloupes have found their way into all the large markets of the country. The Western District.— The valleys constituting this were included in the Ute Reservation, which was first opened for white settlement in the fall of 1881. The first fruit trees were pinuted the next spring by Messrs. Hotchkiss and Wade, on their ranches lying aiong the North Fork ot the Uunnison in Delta county. In the spring of 1883 W. S. Coburn began planting what is now one of the finest orchards in tLe state ; others followed, and soon the fame of the "North Fork" as a fruit re,<ioQ went abroad and served as a stimulus to ^jlanting in other sections. It was not, howevtr, until 18H(j that planting became general. In that y v ar orchard planting about Grand Junction, in Mesa cjunty, began in earnest, and at the same time the farmers of Montrose turned their attention in the same direction. The development of the industry from 1886 down to the present time has been phenomenal. There appears to be no limit to the successful culture of all temperate region fruits. On the low bottom lands along the streams, the earlier blooming varieties have occasionally been subjected to injury from late frosts, but on the mesas this trouble is never experienced, and here the tender varieties of Eu- ropean grapes are successfully grown without winter protection. The "peach belt" of the state lies within this western district in the three counties — Montrose, Delta and Mesa. The experimental stages of culture have been passed, success is assured, and the business of growing this fruit is in a fair way to become a large one. The number of acres planted with orchard and small fruits that received water from the ditches during the year 1896 is given in the report of the state engineer as follows : Northern district, 15,025 acres; Southern dis- trict, 8.456 acres ; Western district, 22,162 acres. The State Horticultural Society, which was organized in September, 1880, has done much by its meetings and exhibits to advance the horticultural interests of the 8t£te, and its work has been supplemented by several active county societies. From the present state of advancement, which has been reached within a comparatively short time, it seems certain that the fruit industry of the state has before it a promising future. c. S. Craxdall. COLTSFOOT. See Tussilago Farfara. Sweet Colts- foot is Petasites, formerly called Nardosma. COLUMBINE. ^QQ Aquilegia. COLQUHOtNIA (after Sir Robert Colquhoun). Labi(\t(r. Tender plants with dense whorls of gaping As. an inch long or more, colored scarlet and yellow. The genus has 5 species, all from the Himalayas and Burma. Erect or twining shrubs, woolly in all parts when young : Ivs. large, crenate : whorls few-fld.. axillary or crowded into a terminal spike. coccinea, Wall. Tall climber, with very long branches : Ivs. stalked, Ovate, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, crenate, dark green above, roughish, typically with scarcely any woolliness except when young: corolla twice as long as the calyx. B. M. 4514. C. tomentdsa, Houll., is probably identical. The dense woolliness is probably temporary. R.H. 1873:1.'?0 shows a handsome terminal spike in addition to axillary clusters, containing about 20 fls. — Not advertised, but probably as worthy as the next. vestita, Wall. Very similar to C. coecinea, except that it is a low-growing, erect plant, and more densely and permanently^ woolly on the stem, calyx and under side of Ivs. Cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara, Calif., but net promising. w". M. COLUMN COMMELINA 357 COLUIfN. A solid central body formed of stamens and styles grown together, as in orchids. COLtJimiA (after ColumnaorColonna, Italian r.riter on plants, sixteenth century). GesnerAcece. Tropical American shrubs and climbers, with widely gaping, showy tls. often 2 in. long: Ivs. opposite, nearly equal or widely unlike: fls. solitary or numerous, axillary, stalked or not, without bracts or with bracts in an involucre ; coruUas scarlet, carmine or yellowish. Half a dozen species, mostly *ed or orange-ttd., are cult, abroad ; nd may be known to a few fanciers at Lome, but none are advertised by the dealers. COLtflEA (Kolo*'tea, ancient Greek name). Papili- onhctiP. Bladder Senna. De<''duou.s shrubs, with al- ternate, odd-pinnate lv« ; Ifts. many, rath ^r sm .11: fls. papilionaceous, in axillary, few-fld,, long-peduncled ra- cemes, yellow to brownish red : pod inflated, bladder- like, many-seeded. About 8 species in the Mediterra- nean region to Hinial. Ornamental free-flowering shrubs of rapid growth, with pale green or glaucous foliage and vellow or brownish red fls. during summer, followed by large, usually reddish-coloring and decorative pods. They grow in almost any soil, but prefer a tolerably dry and' sunny position; not quite hardy north. Prop, by seeds sown in spring or by cuttings of mature wood in- serted in fall in sandy soil; rarer species and varieties are sometimes grafted on C. arborescens in spring un- der glass. A. Fls. yellow : pod closed at the apex. arborescens, Linn. Fig. 527. Shrub, to 15 ft. : Ifts. 9- 13, elliptic, dull green, mucronulate, usually slightly pubescent beneath, 34-1 in. long : fls. 3-8, about 5k in. long; wings nearly as long as the keel, flat. June-Sept. S. Eu., N. Afr., N. B.M. 81.— Var. crispa, Hort. Dwarf, with crisped Ivs. AA. Fls. orange-yellow or brownish red; wings shorter than the keel. m^dia, Willd. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ifts. 7-13, obovate, grayish green or glaucous, %-% in. long, nearly gla- brous: fls. 3-6, orange or reddish yellow: pod closed at the apex. June-Sept. Probably hybrid of garden ori- gin betvreen the former and the following, often cult. under the rvnies or the following species: orient^lis, Mill. (C. cruinta, Ait.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, obovate, glaucous, thickish, ,^3-Min. long, nearly glabious : fls. 3-5, reddish yellow or brownish red: pod open at the apex. June-Sept. S. E. Eu., Orient. — Often cult, under the name of C. Halepica or C. Isiria. C. HaUpica.lt&m. (C. Istria, Mill.). To 4 ft.: Ifts. glaucous, small and nuraerous: fls. yellow, nearly 1 in. long: wing longer than the keel.— C. longialdta, Koehne (C. melanocalyx, Hort., notBoiss.). Similar to C. arborescens: wings longer than the keel. G.C. III. 16:15.5 as C. melanocalyx.— C. Nepalensig, Hook. Pimilar to 0. arborescens: racemes drooping. B.M. 2622. B.R. 20:1727. Tender. ALFRED RehDER. COLVtLLEA (after Sir Charles Colville, governor of Mauritius). Leguminofuv. The gorgeous fls. of this Tropical tree are a worthy rival of i.ie Royal Poinciana, which is closely allied, but easily distinguished. It has drooping racemes l^oft. long, densely crowded with perhaps 200 fls. of curious shape and of a splendid scarlet. The fls. open at the stem -end of the pendent dense raceme, and display masses of long, showy, yellow stamens. The unopened fls. are about the size and shape of a filbert, and these are gradually smaller towards tlie end of the raceme. The genus has only this one spe- cies, and is characterized by its large, oblique, colored calyx, having 4 segments, the standard being the small- est instead of the largest part; the wings very long, narrow, erect, obovate, the pod 2-valved. Supposed to be a native of E. Afr., but di-scovered in 1824 by Bojer on the west coast of Madagascar, where a single tree was cult, by the natives. It flowered there in April or May. Its culture is similar to that of Caesalpinia. Prop. in the south only by seeds. racemdsa, Boj. Tree, 40-50 ft. high, with the general aspect of Poinciana regia but with a thicker trunk and ampler foliaere: branches very long and spreading : Ivs. about 3 ft. long, alternate, remote, twice pinnate, with 20-30 pairs of pinnae which are opposite, 4 in. long, and have 20-28 pairs of Ifts., each >^ in. long : keel very small, almost covered by the wings: free stamens 10, 3 inserted below the standard, 2 under the wings, 1 under the keel, and 4 under the cvary. B.M. 3325-6. W. M. C0MAE08TAPHYLI8 is included with Arcto- staph ylo&. OOMABTTM (an old Greek name). Bosdcece. One species allied to Potentilla, and often referred to that genus C. paluBtre, Linn., the Marsh Cinquefoil, is a decumbent herb growing in swales in the N. states (also in the Old World), with pinnate, 3-7-foliolate Ivs. (Ifts. dentate), and solitary or cymose purple fls. 1 in. across: petals shorter than the calyjc lobes, acute ; stamens nu- merous. An odd and interesting but not showy plant, sometimes planted in bogs. Mn. 3:97. — The fr. some- what resembles a strawberry, but is spongy instead of juicy. In some parts of Scotland, it is said, they are called Cowberries, and are rubbed on the inside of milk pails to thicken the milk. COMBRfiTJM (old Latin name). Comhretdeece. Many tropical shrubs and trees in Asia. Africa and America, particularly in S. Africa. Many of them are climbers, by means of the persistent leaf-stalks. Lvs. mostly opposite, entire : fls. in spikes, polygamous : calyx bell-shaped ; petals usually 4; stamens usually 8: fr. winged ai.d in- dehiscent, 1-seeded. The Corabretums are warmhouse plants, little known in this country.. Prop, by cuttings of firm wood. One climbing species is in the Amer. trade : C. coccineum, Lam. (C. purpureum, Vahl. Poivrea coC' cinea, DC), from Mada- j gascar. Lvs. oblong-Ian- ^'v ceolate, acuminate, ever- green: fls. small, brilliant red, with long-exserted stamens, the handsome loose spikes often in pan- icles ; parts of the fl. in o's. B.M. 2102. L.B.C. 6: 563.— Handsome. COMFEEY phytiim. 528. Commslina coelestis. ixv^.) COMMELlNA (to the early Dutch botanists, J. and K. Commelin. A third brother published nothing, Lin- naeus is said to have meant to designate the two authors by the fully developed petals, and the third by the small petal). Also written Commelyna. Commelindceo'. About 100 widely dispersed perennial herbs, of which a very 358 COMMELINA CONIFERS few are cult, fortheir interesting flowers. Fls. irregular the calyx often colored, with unequal sepals ; petals 3, the 2 lateral ones rounded or reniform and long-clawed; stamens 6, 3 shorter; capsule 3-loculed. There are sev- eral native tradescantia-lilce species, some erect and others creeping. These are not in the trade. The cult, spocier are erect warmhoiise plants. Some are tuberous- rooted. In the Amer. trade, only C. coeWstiB, Willd., is offered. Fig. 528. It grows 10-18 in, high, branching, with clasping, long, broad-lanceolate pointed Ivs. and blue fls. (2-10 together) on elongafcg axillary pedun- cles. Var. 41ba, Hort.. has white fls. Ver. vaneg&ta, hurt., has fls. blue and white. Mex. Prop, by seed, cuttings and tubers. The native C. nudifldra, Linn, (as C. 5<'7oi<?i(i««,Schlecht. ),isincult. It ranges all a'-ound the world. It is a creeping plant, '•ooting at the joints, with lai. eolate Ivs., and small irregular blue fls. in the ,;xils. Cammelina is monographed by C. B. Clarlte in DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3. Commelin&s are mostly of easy culture, thriving well in any light, rich soil. The evergreen stove and greenhouse sp^ecies are readily propagated in March or April by cuttiugs inserted in an ordinary propagating imm 529. A compost heap. bed and kept close for a few days ; while the tuberous- rooted half-hardy herbaceous species may be propagated either by division of the tubers or by seeds sown in a frame early in April and afterwards transplanting the seedlings in the herbaceous border. In the fall, they should be lifted and the tubers stored away in the same manner as Dahlias. Of the tuberous-rooted species. C. ccelestis is perhaps the best, its bright blue flowers being very effective, especially when planted in masses. Edwakd J. Canning and L. H. B. C0MPAB£TTIA (Andreas Comparetti, 1746-1811, Italian botanist). Orchidiice(t, tribe I'dndecp. A small genus of graceful epiphytes, found in equatorial Amer- ica. Pseudobulbs monophyllous, racemes simple or branched: fls. small, lateral sepals united in a single piece, lengthened at the base into a conspicuous born ; lateral petals converging; labellum large, produced into a double spur, which is hidden in the horn made by the sepals ; column free, semi-terete, erect ; pollinia 2. Grown on blocks or in baskets in a light intermediate or warmhouse. coccinea, Lindl. Pseudobulbs small, bearing lanceo- late, coriaceous Ivs., purple beneath : racemes several- fld., fls. 2 in. across; petals and sepals yellowish, label- lum large, broader than long, crimson. Braz. falc^ta, Poep.et Endl. (C rdsea, Lindl.). Similar in habit to C. coccinea: fls. deep crimson; labellum broad ; racemes pendent. Peru. B.M. 4980. A.F. C:609. macTopIdctron, Reichb, f . Fls. 10 or more, dorsal se- pal whitish, often spotted with purple ; midlobe of la- bellum cleft, suborbicular, magenta-rose, dotted at the angled base; spurs conspicuous. Kew Grenada. B.M. ^79. L. H. B. COMPASS PLANT. Celebrated by Longfellow. It tends to turn the edges of its root-lvs. north and south Rosin Weed is the prairie name for it. See SilpMum. ' COMPOST. Mixed and rotted ve;:etrtble n:'»tt-p, par- ticularly manure and litter. The mixture of bulimy /er- tilizing materials, known as compost, while of litse im- pcrtance t«< the p-neral farmer, plays an important part in garden practices. Many of the garden crops must be made in a very short time, or are of delicate feeding habitd. Their food, therefore, must be easily assimilable. It is good practice to pile all coarse manures, sodsi weeds, or any rubbish available for the purpose, in big flat heaps (Fig. 529), to ferment and rot before bting applied to the garden soil. If desired, chemical manures, especially superphosphate (dissolved bone or South Carolina rock) and potash (muriate or kainit), may be added to make the compost the richer. By spading or forking the heaps over a few times at reasonable inter- vals, a homogeneous mass is easily obtained, which can be applied in greatest liberality without fear, or more sparingly, in accordance with the needs of the particu- lar crop. Of equal, if not still greater importance, i.s the compost heap which gives soil for greenhouse benches, flats, hotbeds and coldfranies. This compost is principally made of sods shaved off a rich pasture or meadow and piled in alternate layers with stable ma- nure, more of the latter being used for forcing succu- lent crops, and less in growing plants which should be short and stocky, like cabbage or tomato plants. Garden litter may be added to the pile, as leaves and trimmings. All compost heaps, during dry weather, need frequent and thorough moistening with water, or, better, with liquid manure. Turn several times during the year, to ensure thorough rotting of the materials. T. Greineb. COMPTONIA (after Henry Compton, Bishop of Lon- don, patron of horticulture, d. 1713). Myricace(e. One species, by some authors united with Myrica, from which it differs in the pinnatifid, stipulate Ivs. and 8 linear, persistent bractlets subtending the ovary. C. aspleni* fdlia, Gtertn. (C peregrXna, Coulter. Myr\ca axphni- folia, Linn.), the Sweet Fern, grows in dry, sterile soil in the eastern U. S., and is also in the trade. It is an attractive undershrub (1-3 ft.) with fern-like, scented foliage and brownish, axillary heads of imperfect fl?. Lvs. linear, pinnatifid: roots long and cord-liko. Useful for foliage masses on rocky or barren places. • L. H. B. CONE-FLOWER. The genus i?Md6ec;tta. The Purple Cone-flower, however, belongs to the allied genus Echinacea. GONANDBON {cone-shaped anther). Gesnerdceee, C. ramcudioides, Sieb. & Zucc, of Japanese mountains, is the only species. It is an interesting little tuberous- rooted herb, with oblong, rugose, serrate root-lvs. and scapes bearing 6-12 white or purple, nodding Dodo- catheon-like fls. It is one of several groups of rare and widely scattered herbs, of which Ramondia, Haberlea, Wulfenia, Didymocarpus, Shortia and Schizocodon are examples. Conandron is adapted to growing in shady rockeries. Scapes less than 1 ft. high. Little known in cult., but is in the trade. B.M. 6484. CONIFERS. The cone-bearing trees {Conifercf) are decidedly the most important order of forest trees in the economy of civilized man. They have furnished the bulk of the material of which our civilization is built. The remarkable combination of strength and stiifness with the smallest weight compatible, and the abundance and gregariousness of their occurrence, gives them t'-'a important position. From the standpoint of the horti- culturist, they also take a prominent place among the materials for landscape gardening effects, and, in the more practical use, as windbreaks. Their evergreen habit— for all except the larch and ginkgo tribes are ever- green—and their conical form, especially in earlier periods of life, with a branch system persisting to the base for a long time, are the elements which make them desirable. To these graces maybe added the peculiar form and striking coloring of their foliage, which, in CONIFERS CONIFERS 359 combination with deciduous trees or in clumps, by them- selves or in aingle specimens, offer striking effects. There are two types of natural or native beauty in the Corifers—the symmetrical and verdurous beauty of the young specimen (FMgs. 5:^0, S-'U ; Fij<. 1, p. 1), and the piciuresque and rugjfed beauty of the old and tirae- woi t^ " (Figs. 532. 5,'};{). Aside from these, there are aN -"'J, grotesque and formal cultivated varieties, »s i.j, 'cd in the weeping spruce (Fig. 534), the colura- uar j ...II ers (Fig. 535), and the various dwarf jines and gpruees \ 'ig. 53(J). The raaj -.ity of the species belonging to this group, as well es their greatest numerical development, is found in .he temperate zones, only a few belonging to subtropical or tropical countries, among which are the Araucarias, from South America; the Dammara, Dacryd- ium, and Phyllocladus, fron Australia, etc. The order Coniferte comprises jiearly 40 genera, and about 300 species. Our own lative fl'^ra. with 15 genera and not less than 100 spcie.. ?nd subspecies, is among the richest, the bulk of these *t<'ing found on the Pacific coast. The Atlantic side offei • '28 species, repre- senting the genus Pinus with 12 species out of 39; 1 Larix out of 3; 3 Piceas out of 7; 2 Tsugas out of 5; 2 Abies out of 12; 1 Taxodium; 1 Thuja out of 2; 1 Charaflpcyparis out of 3; 3 Juniperus out of 11 ; 1 Tumion (Torreya) out of 2; 1 arborescent Taxus nut of 2 : being without representatives of the genus Pseudotsuga, Se- quoia, Libocedrus, and Cupressus, There are to be added a large number (not less than 400) of nursery- men's varieties, which have been enumerated in Bull. 17 of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricul- ture. There are also a number of exotic Conifers which promise satisfactory results if used in suitable locali- ties, climate and soil. The Norway Spruce (Picea ex- edsii) recommends itself by its elegant gothic form, often with pendulous branchlets, its very rapid growth, and its wide adaptation to soils and climates, together with its ease of propagation and cheapness. It excels in form and rapidity of growth most of the American spruces. Like all Conifers, after the 2r)th to 40th year it must pass through a period of change in form, during which it loses, for a time, its shapeliness. The Scotch Pine {Pinus sylvestris) has nothing to recommend it which may not be found in native species, except, per- haps, adaptation to the dry climate of the west, and cheapness. The Austrian Pine, on the other hand, is an 530. The beauty of younjj everirrcens lies in their symmetry and the preservation of the lower limbs. acquisition by its stout growth in its youth, although the Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) would probably do as well; so far, its small cones and seed have made the latter ex- pensive. The European Larch outgrows the native nor- thern one easily, but Larix occidentalis ,tTomthe interior 531. A good spruce tree. basin, will probably do as well or better. There is no particular commendation for the Europe Fir, but the Nordmann Fir, from the Caucasus, is a most decided aquisition, by its beauty and adaptation; so is the most graceful of all spruces, Picea orien- talis, while the Span- i^'h Abies Pinsapo will always attract at- tention by its pecu- liar shape and foliage. Of other ornamen- tal forms which are without representa- tives in the U. S., and hence fill vacancies, may be mentioned, as capable of adapta- tion, and, more or less in use, from South America, the Araucarias ; from Africa and Eastern Asia, Cedrus Deo- dara, Lihani, Allan - iica, Abies Appoli- nis&ndCilicica; from Korea, the promis- ing, more densely fo- liaged White Pine, P. Ko ra iensis ; from China, Cunning- hamia. Biota, Glyp- tostrobus, Cephalo- taxus, Podocarpus, Pseudolarix, and, above all, that inter- esting remnant of former ages, the Maidenhair- tree, Gingko bil oh. :,v;hic\i will maintain itself anywhere along the Atlantic coast if propagated from seed of the proper localities. Japan has furnished a number of additions, especiallj' Reti- nosporas, Torreyas, Taxus, various Pinus, Piceas and Tsugas, with the peculiar Scindopitys verticillaia, the Umbrella Pine, and, the most acceptable of all, the graceful Cryptomeria Japonica. As with all introductions from one country to another, nay, from one climatic region to another, caution is ad- vised, so it may be laid down as a rule, that exotics should be used with great discretion, and, until their adaptation is amply demonstrated, only iu a subordinate manner. If it is in general true that perennial plants can only be transplanted with permanent success into similar climatic conditions, it must be especially true with the conifers, which do not lose their foliage, and hence must be able to bear summer as well as winter con- ditions. The Long-leaf Pine of the south, most striking of our pines, may, therefore, not be transplanted far be- yond its northern limit, and, if we desire to utilize any of the Pacific coast species W the east, we will have to secure them at least from the highest and driest alti- tudes and exposures or. if. as in the case of some spe- cies, like the Douglas Fir and Engelmann Spruce, their field of distribution covers the dry slopes of the Rocky mountains as well as the moist slopes of the coast ranges, we may be successful if we choose our plant material from these drier slopes. Of the many native species, we may discard a num- ber chat are not of any particular value, although the distinction could be more readily accomplished from the economic point of view than from the standpoint of the horticulturist and landscape gardener, for almost every one has a distinctive feature of either form or adaptation to soil or other interest. For each climatic region the choice must be different; hence it would be impossible to give, in the brief space of an article, in- telligent advice as to best selections. In general, be- sides climatic limitations, the following considerations may serve in the choice of native species. The pines, as a rule, are not to be placed on compact, clay soil, and, on account of their taproot, not on shallow soils, on 360 CONIFERS CONIFERS which they soon become spindly; they thrive best on loose, sandy soils, and can endure dry soils, the White Pine adapting itself perhaps best to the clay soils with- out detrinifnt to its development. On wet soils pines are, as a rule, decidediy out of place, although the Re«l Pine (P. rexinoHa), of the north, and the Loblolly (/*. Tceda ) , and some other southern species are capable of supporting su'h conditions. For such situations hero, however, the cedar trioe furnishes better material, — the Chamiecyparis, Thuyas and Taxodiura. Th«se trees of the bog and swamp are, however— it should not be over- looked— capable of thriving even better on drier soils. They are merely indiflferent to moisture conditions at the foot. The shallow-rooted spruces are trees of the higher mountain ranges, and are, therefore, more adapted to 532. A lone field pine, remnant of a forest. moist and cool situations, although some of them, the Norway Spruce, the Blue Spruce of Colorado and the northern White Spruce will— the former, at least, during its juvenile period— endure more droughty situations. The firs, too, are rather more species of northern climates and high altitudes, the Red Fir, so-called (Psiiidotstiga taxi folia), which is not a fir proper, be- ing, perhaps, best capable of 'supporting drier and hot- ter situations. The most ornamental, and, in many re- spects, most serviceable of the firs, Abies Nordmanni- ana, from the Caucasus, develops its magnificent dense and darli green foliage in the warm but moist climate of Washington, while our most ornamental Ahies concolor from Colorado will thrive even in our drier atmos- pheres of the Mi<ldle states. The fine firs of the Pacific coast will probably not thrive anywhere in our drier and hotter eastern climates for any length of time, unless placed in cool and shady situations. The Douglas Fir (PiteudotsHija taxifoUa) is. perhaps, most readily acclimated if seed is secured from the dry slopes of Colorado. The Lawson Cypress (Chauutrfip- oris Lawsoniana), with its graceful pendulous branches and foliage, and the pyramidal Libocednis decurreng are uncjuestionably desirable a<lditions to our ornamental stock, while the Sequoias, especially WaithingtanKiua, the Big Tree, has shown itself capable of thriving in the latitude of Rochester. One important feature which enters into consideration when grouping Conifers, is the relative endurance of shade or tolerance which the species exhibit, thereby indicating their use in various positions. The yews and firs are tiie most tolerant of shade, together with'the hem- locks; next may be placed the spruces, Arborvitap (Thuya), and Juniperus, while the pines are mostly intolerant of shade, excepting the White Pine, which is the most shade- enduring of the pines ; the larch and the bald cypress are the most light-needing of all, and will perish soon if placed under the sluwle of any other trees. All species, to be sure, are capable of more shade-en<lurance when young and on deep, moist soil. Their relative shade-en- durance under the same conditions remains, however, the same, and may be studied in the forest by observing the density of the individual crowns, the capacity of main- taining a thrifty foliage under the shade of different species, and especially of young plants to persist in such shade. Propagation. — "Most Conifers ripen their fruit in the fall, Septemlier to Noveml)er, and are best gathered soon after or before ripening. The pines take two years to ma- ture their cones. White Pines ripen fruit in the first two weeks of Septemljer. and the cones opening, shed the seeds at once, the empty cones remaining on the branches. The cones of the firs fall apart upon ripening, hence must be gathered before being quite ripe. Spruces and hemlocks shed seeds from time to time, opening and closing into next spring. Some pines, like Pi>iu.s pun- gens and .serotina, keep their cones closed for years, and artificial heat must be employed to make them open and give up their seed. In gathering seeds for the trade, such artificial heat is frequently applied with pines in spi^cially constructed seed roasters; such seed should be carefully inspected, as it sometimes suffers from improper use of the heat. The proportion of germinating seeds, and the vitality, 1. e., the ability of retaining germinative power, varies greatly not only with the seasons in the same species, but from species to species. The lowest germination percentage and vitality is found in firs and larch, which show rarely more than 50 per cent of good seed, and soon lose their vitality, while spruce and pine, when entirely fresh, may show as much as 95 to 100 per cent germination, an 1 retain vitality for 2 to 5 years, losing each year a proportion. Norway Spruce 5 years old still having 10 per cent germination. In trade, a germination percentage for spruce of 75 to 80; pine. 70 to 75; fir, 30 to 50; larch, 20 to 40, should be acceptable. Seeds are best kept in a dry, cool garret in tight bags or boxes, excluding the air as much as possible. All seeds require a short rest or after-ripening of two to four weeks before they are ready to germinate, and some, like the Taxus and,Juniper, Iieover,evenin nature, for a year or more before they germinate. The latter should be prepared for sowing "by macerating them, and removing the pulp in hot water, then mixing with sharp sand in bags, and by friction freeing the seed from the pulp. In the seed-bed somewhat more care is required than with most other species of trees. A thoroughly mellow, well pulverized seed-bed of light, loamy sand, possibly enriched with well decomposed manure (cow-dung better than horse-dung), is required, the covering of the seed varying, according to size, from a mere sprinkling for larch to one-quarter inch for the heavy-seeded pines. They may be sown as soon as the weather is settled, in northern'latitudes the second or third week in May. best CONIFERS CONIFERS 361 In rows not more than 6 inches apart, and preferably In dry weather, when the soil does not clog, which some- times prevent seeds from germinating, and can he rolled over them. Mulch between the rows with pine needles or sphagnum moss, or other fine mulch, to reduce ne- cessity of watering and weeding. Conifer seeds need very little water for germi- nation. The seee«l lings, on 533. Picturesque old hemlock spruces. the other hand, for the first three months, until they have made their crown bud, need to be either kept well watered or else protected against the drying effects of sun and wind by shading, for which purpose lath screens are best. These latter must be lifted for airing after the sun is gone, especially in muggy weather, to avoid "damp- ing-o£F." For wintering, a covering with conifer branches or very clean meadow hay is advisable (the latter is apt to bring in weeds). For growing small quantities, the use of boxes, as described by Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arbore- tum, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, is highly commendable. In well drained boxes, sow the seed soon after gathering, pile four or five deep in a pit or sheltered place, cover with boards, and when cold weather comes, cover up with leaves or hay. About the middle of April, move them into a place where they get the early morning sun. Keep the seedlings well watered and free from weeds, and shaded as described. Winter the seedlings in same manner as the seed-boxes, well covered up. They are ready for transplanting next spring, when they are making their first or second set of rough leaves. Since pine and spruce seedlings take about 7 to 10 pounds of phosphoric acid, 10 to 20 pounds of potash and 15 to 30 pounds of lime, besides 20 pounds of ni- trogen, per acre from the soil, for continuously used nurseries the addition of mineral materials in the shape of bone-meal and wood-ashes may become desirable. A large number of seedlings may be grown in a small space; thus 30,000 Norway spruce may be grown on a square rod, requiring about 2 pounds of seed. The quantity of seed sown depends, in part, upon the length of time it is expected to leave seedlings in the seed-bed, besides size and quality of seed ; the quantities vary from ^ to >^ pound per 100 square feet if sown in drills, and the yield of seedlings will vary from 200 to 15,000 seed- lings, according to species and seasons. Conifers, like any other trees, may be transplanted at any time of the year, provided the necessary care is taken in moving the plant. This care is least re<|uired. as with other trees, in the fall and early spring, when activities of root and foliage are, if not at rest, at least reduced. Which of these seasons is preferable depends on the locality, and the dependent character of the sea son. On the whole, spring planting will probably be preferable in most parts of the United States which do not suffer from dry spring winds. In localities of the southwest, which have commonly a dry spring followed by a rainy season in July, this latter time should be chosen. There is a belief that planting in August is specially favorable. We see no reason for this belief, unless favorable weather {a rainy season) follows. Conifers may be transplanted latrr than deciduous trees, even after the buds have started, excepting the larch, which buds out very early; with this species, fall planting may be recommended. Cloudy weather, rather than rainy or wry dry, should be chosen, especially when transplanting into nursery rows. Young trees are naturally more readily and success- fully transplanted than older ones, with which there is more difficulty in securing the whole root-system when taking them up. Since, however, the seedlings develop slowly for the first one or two to three years, they should be left in the seed-bed for that length of time, root-pruned, and then transplanted into nursery rows. Although those with a shallow root-system, like spruces and firs, may be moved even when 30-40 feet in height, it is best, even for ornamental purposes, not to take them more than 3-4 feet in height. In forestry, 1- to 4-year-old ,'lants. according to species, from 2-12 or 15 inches in height, are preferred for reasons of economy. 534. A seeping Norway spruce. Much greater care than with deciduous trees is nec- essary, when transplanting without an earth-ball, in keeping the root fibers from drying out; a large amount 362 CONIFEKS CONIFERS of loss In traniiplanting is explained from nejflect In this respect. As soon as taken up, the roots should be immersed Int^ a loam-puddle and kept protected by wet spha^um moss or canvas until set into their new pla«'e. The question of trimming when transplanting must be eonsidered with more care than is necessary with broad- leaved trees, which possess much greater recuperative power. It should be confined to the smallest amount, amoothing bruised roots, and if f'>r proper proportion- ing pruning at the top becomes absolutely necessary, shortening the leader rather than branches. Larch will stand more severe pruning than most other Conifers. From the anlstic as well as physio' ical point of view, it is barbarism to remove the lowe^ .^ranches, which the tree needs to shade its trunk and standing rooni, anU of- ten, when deprived of the same, will repJace first before starting again in its height growth. Attention should, however, be especially paid to preventingdouble leaders, which are detrimental to future form-development; cut them out as early as possible, preferably in the bud. Laterals may be somewhat sbortened-in while standing in the nursery, to lengthen the time during which the lower branches are to persist. Breaking out buds is, as with all trees, the best metho<l. provided thepruuer has an eye for his business. Even in after-life, when prun- ing is done to keey» the tree shapely, the minimum use of the pruning-knife should be the rule. There are three marked periods in the development o' Conifers — the juvenile period, when the entire tree is a crown, branched symmetrically to the base, the perfec- tion of symmetry ; then follows the adolescent stage, when the lower branches die out, a period of unshape- liness; followed by the virile stage, when the £.traight, cylin- drical shaft bears the crown at one-third or one-half of the up- per lengtn of the bole. The trimming during the adolescent stage requires most considera- in most cases. lnserte<!, wh«n the calluslng will be more rapid and satisfactory in shape. If at this stage or at any time the trees show trouble at the top by drying (becoming "stag-headed"), it is « sign that they suffer at the root from lack of moisture. 535. Pyramidal evergreens. Junipers. Trimming off a few tiers of lower branches, loosening the soil as far as the ambitus of the crown, and mulch- ing will largely correct this. When used for hedges, the treatment is, of course, different. For such a purpose the shade-enduring species, spruces and hemlocks, are best, since they are capable of preserving a dense inte- rior foliage, while the pines are bound to thin out. There are a number of dangers and damage from In- sects to which Conifers are exposed. Drought and frost are most dangerous to seedlings in the seed-bed. These are obviated by proper location of the seed-bed ( protec- tion against sun and wind), by covering with a mulch of moss, straw, pine-straw or the like (which also prevents the heaving out by frost and the washing out by rain, to which he young seeds are liab'e). By shading and watering tne dangt of drought is overcome, althoutrh at the same time that of " damping-off "' is invited. The cause of this disease, consisting in the reddening of the needles and their falling off, is as yet undiscovered, a fungus being held responsible by some. Birds may be kept away from the seeds by mixing them with red oxide of lead, by lath screens, and the usual methods. Various fungi and insects, too many to mention, some polyphagous, more or less specific, are at work dur- ing the various stages of development. A host of leaf- miners, saw-tlies and caterpillars destroy the foliage. •ii!'V'';-''**s^^ho:;.u.--- -TTr,**.,.-.. «i; 2';^;''^^iJ^ " ;•/ 536. Dwarf conifers, of horticultural origin. Pines and spruces. CONIFERS CONNECTICUT 363 and weevils sap the youoj; nhoots. Bontrichl, or bark- beetles, mine under the bark, mostly of trees which are sickly from othi'r causes; borers enter the wood of the boles. Tortrices i>ore Into the base of leaders and cause them to break off. The bei^t remedies against most of these are preventives, namely: provi<linjcthe trees with guch chances of vijforous growth, or satisfactory soil conditions, that tliey are able to ward off or overcome the enemies. Otherwise, watchinj? and destroyinjf the enemies in time, and the usual remedies to kill them, oiay be employed. Literature: Veitch, Manual of Coni- fers ; Carri»''re, Traite des Conif^res ; Beissner, Hand- buch der Nadelholzkuude. g ^ Fernow. CONlUM macnlitTun, Linn. Umbelliferof. The Poison He.mi,o< k, "by which," as Gray writer, "crimi- nals and philosophers were put to death at Athens." It is a rank, much-branched European herb which has run wild in eastern N. America, and which in offered in the trade as a border plant. It is biennial, lank-sniell- ing, and poisonous, and is scarcely worth c\»ltivatin>r, although the finely cut dark folia>?e is hi>fhly ornamen- tal. It grows from 2-4 ft. hijfh, and has large umbels of small white rts. An extract is sold in drug stores for a sedative. For this purpo '^ the fruit is gathered while green. CONNECTICUT, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. u.}?. While one of the smallest states and covering but one degree of latitude (41 to 42), owing to the great diversity of soil an<i varying elevations from the sea level, along the whole southern border, to 900 and 1,200 feet in sections of Tolland county, and 1,200 and l..'>00 in portions of Lltchdeld, Connecticut is adapted to as wide 537. The horticultural regions of Connecticut. a range of horticultural productions as any state out- side of the semi-tropic fruit belt. The " season " of many of the quick-maturing species and varieties of fruits, flowers and vegetables is often entirely over on the light soil in the Connecticut valley and along the Souv\d shore when like species and varieties are but just be- ginning to ripen on the cooler, moist soils of the hills of Tolland and Litchfield counties. Strawberries and green peas from East Hertford and Glastonbury supply the Hartford market, wiille on the Bolton hills, only 12 miles away, the blooming vines give promise of the crop that is to come after the valley season is entirely over; so that "home-grown" strawberries are usually to be had in the Hartford market for a period of six or seven weeks. The Sound shore, Housatonic valley and Litch- field hills supply New Haven, Bridgeport and other cities of the state through equally long seasons. From the earliest settlement of the state, fruit-grow- ing for the family home-supply has been a prominent feature of Connecticut agriculture, the apple being a main reliance. The old seedling trees scattered over all our farms to-day are plain evidence that our ancestors took their apple juice through the spigot of the cider barrel rather than fresh from the pulp of the ripe fruit of some finer variety. A hundred years ago every farm-house cellar wintered from .30 to 50 barrels of cider, while to-day it is hardly respectable to have any, and probably not one family in ten now has evea one singl«< barrel on tap as a beverage. Yet in quantity and variety the family fruit supply has wonderfully in- creased and a daily supply of f reMh home-grown fniit is the rule rather than the exception in most farm homes, — small fruits in variety, apoles, pears, peaches, plums (both European and .lapant, cherries and quit;ces, in all the best standard varieties, coming to their highest perfection in every section of the stite where rational methods of culture are followed. The topography of the state is such, and soils are so varied within »h<*ft dis- tances, that it is diflifult to ilistrict the state, except in the most general way. Aside from the alluvial, most of the light sandy and sandy loam lands are along the river val- leys an<l the Sound shore; while in "the hill towns" and along the ridges the soils are heavier, with more or less mixtures of clay, and many of the hilltops are moist and springy. Hocks are very abundant nearly all over the state except in the valleys, while the natural timber and semi-abandoned fanu and pasture lands, growing up to brush and timi>er, cover fully one-half the acreage of the state. Acting at present as win<l-breaks and cli- matic equalizers, they will in the future furnish the "new lan«ls" for extensive horticultural enterprises. Lying mid,vay between New York and Boston, — the greatest horticultural markets of America— Connecticut is better situated than any other state in the Union to realize quick cash returns from her horticulture. Every farm is within driving distance of some one or more of her own busy manufacturing towns and villages, whose people are appreciative of choice fruits and are able to pay for them. District No. 7. — This comprises the Connecticut river valley and adjacent hills, along the Northampton branch and the main line of railroad from Hartford to New Haven, and all of the shore towns. This district con- tains most of the sandy plain lands of the state, and the loams and clay most free from rocks and stones. On the hills back from the river, on the ridges either side of the railroads, and a few miles back from the Sound shore, there are many places where .soil and topograph- ical conditions are much the same as in districts Nos. 2 and 3; but, having much larger tracts of easily culti- vated lands and being better located as to market con- ditions, this district is more highly developed horticul- turally than either of the others. Here are the great market-gardens and small-fruit farms, peach orchards, vineyards and melon fields. District No, i. — This district comprises Tolland and Windham counties and all of Middlesex an<l New London counties except Cromwell and the shore towns, and is particularly well suited to apple and peach culture, ow- ing to the rolling condition of the country and natural fertility of many of the hills. Every few miles are lit- tle valleN's and pockets suited to the production of small fruits and vegetables in variety. A few townships in the northeast grow apples quite extensively, while in the west and southwest commercial peach orchards are found to considerable extent. District No. ^. — This district comprises western Hart- ford, northwestern New Haven, northern Fairfield, and all of Litchfield counties, and is somewhat similar to district No. 2, except th.it the soil is generally heavier, with rather more mixture of clay and the hills are more abrupt and rocky. Some sections of Litchfield county are too cold and bleak for any but the most hardy fruits. Apples grow freely everywhere, and, while always of good quality, the brightest colors, firmest texture and highest quality of fruit is produced on the rocky hills, at an elevation of fnm 400 to 1,000 feet. Baldwin.'Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet and Spy are the lead- ing varieties, although all the varieties that thrive well in the northeastern U. S. grow to perfection here when properly cared for. Old commercial orchards have al- ways been profitable, and just at this time large plant- ings are being made, the largest orchard in the state containing about 4,000 trees. Peach culture on an extended scale is a recent devel- opment. Eighteen years ago the »mly commercial orchard in the state contained about 2,000 trees, and probably 364 CONNECTICUT CONOCLINIUM 5,000 trees would be a liberal estimate for the state; now upwards of 2,000,000 peach trees are in tht state- mi ny orchards of 5,000 and 6,000 trees, quite a number with 10,000 to 15,000 trees, and at least one with nearly 50,000. While many varieties are grown to some extent, the main plantings are of Mountain Rose, Oldmixon, Crawford Early, Crawford Late and Stump. More re- cently, however, Waddell, Carman, Champion and El- berta have been heavily planted. High culture, close pruning and a thinning of the fruit are generally prac- ticed, and fruit of brightest color, largest size and high quality is thus secured. In the markets of this and neighboring states, "Connecticut peaches" usually sell at a much higher price than those from any other sec- tion. The only serious drawback is the winter-killing of the fruit-buds in the valleys, this happening proba- bly three years out of tive, while on many hillsides and hilltops at least two crops out of three are assured; but there are many favorable localities where annual crops are almost a certainty. Japanese plums were early planted in this state, and 80 quickly proved their adaptability to soil and climate that they are now planted in a small way in every sec- tion of the state, fruiting almost as freely as the apple, for family supply, while in a commercial way they are being quite largely planted in district No. 1. Several orchards have from 2,000 to 4,000 trees each. Of varie- ties longest tested, Burbank, Abundance and Chabot are most satisfactory and profital)Ie. Red June and Satsuma are rapidly growing in favor, the latter com- manding extremely fancy prices for canning purposes. Raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries grow and produce freely all over the state, and all local markets are abundantly supplied in season. Grapes can be grown successfully all over the state, except on the highest and coldest hills ; and on the sandy plains and warm, rocky hillsides all the best standard varieties can be produced in perfection. There are a number of small vineyards in district No. 1, and home-grown grapes sell for double the price of those coming from the outside ; yet, on the whole, the grape industry is but lightly thought of. Pears thrive and fruit well except on the lighter lands, and nearly every home garden has from one to half a dozen trees. There are a few small commercial orchards in district No. 1, Bartlett and Clapp being most largely grown at Hartford and the adjoining towns. On the west side of the river the Bosc is pro- duced in its highest perfection. Cherries have been steadily failing in the state for twenty five years past. Not enough "or home supply are grown. Newly planted trees soon die out, and there is a general discouragement. They seem to do best in the vicinity of Middletown and Meriden, and the few commercial orchards there are quite profitable. Quinces are grown all over the state for home supply, but thrive best along the Sound shore, where there are a large number of small commercial orchards. Strttwborries are very largely grown, both for home and outside markets, mostly in medium matted rows, with an average yield of 80 to 90 bushels per acre. Some cultivators, who follow the hill system or grow in narrow, thinly matted rows, secure 150 or more bushels pe,:- acre. A nu . r of the berry farmers have systems of irrigation which add greatly to the surety of the crop, besides increasing the size and appearance of the fruit. The rolling character of the country and vast number of small streams abundantly supplied with water raaKe it possible, at moderate expense, to irrigate many thousands of acres in this state, and the time is not far distant when the streams of Connecticut will be more valuable to her horticulturists than they ever were to her manufacturers in the old days of many small factories and water-wheels. Almost from the earliest settlement, small local nur- series have aV)ounded in the state, and are here to-day to the number of 5.'}. An extensive general nursery a*^ New Canaan, in Fairfield county, is much the largest of cny in New Eufrland. while the small fruit and specialty nursery at South Glastonbury, Hartford county, dis- tributes plants by the million all over the world. At Cromwell, Middlesex county, is a floricultnral estab- lishment which, with one exception, has the largest area under glass of any such establishment in America, and surpasses all others in the annual production of superb roses. The late Judge A. J. Coe, of Meriden, wa? one of the first men in America to take up the new chestnut cul- ture by the importation of the best foreign varieties and the selection of the best natives and their crosses. He commenced the grafting on native sprouts and seed- lings, and stimulated quite a general chestnut grafting, so that a goodly number of chestnut orchards are being established on land too rough for cultivation, yet strong in its ability to grow the chestnut tree and nut to perfection. At Wethersfield, in Hartford county. Orange and Mil- ford, in New Haven county, and Southport, in Fairfield county, are many farms devoted to seed -growing. Onion seed and sweet corn are the •- ;at specialties, but a great variety of other seeds are r ^o grown, especially at Wethersfield and Orange. Market-gardening is carried on quite extensively by specialists near all large towns and cities, while, with so many good markets always close at hand, vegetables and fruits are sold in moderate quantities from nearly ' "^ry farm. The largest general market-garden farm is I / Haven, whore over 400 acres are under annual cull. on with vegetables and small fruits. At South- port, i'airfield and Westport there are many farms, both large and small, devott ' -"ntirely to the production of onions. "Southport oniou^ are famous for fine ap- pearance and quality, and nowhere in America is the annual yield so great or price received so high as in this district. Marketing is done in sailing vessels direct from the farms to the dock markets in New York, where the onions are sold direct to retail dealers, boat captains acting as sales.nen without commission for the sake of carrying the freight. Trolley car lines are widely extended through many farming;' sections of the state, and, running express cars at certain hours of the day with freight movements at night, they are proving quite a factor in the distribution of horticultural products. The Hale peach farms, at South Glastonbury, were the first in America to use this new electric power in the marketing of their products. Fruit is loaded at the farnt side-track as gathered during the day, and transported to market at night, after passenger service has closed for the day. It is unloaded in the city from the main-line tracks directly in front of the stores in the early morning hours before the tracks are again required for passenger service, and the eniiity cars are returned to the farm side-track before a new day's work in the orchard has begun. The Connecticut Pomological Society, organized some ten years ago, is a prominent feature in the lively fruit interests of the state. It has a large, active member- ship, and, aside from its annual winter meeting, it holds each summer three or more "field meetintrs." on fruit farms in different sections of the state, and there, around tree, plant and vine, the members meet and discuss the live topics of the hour, gathering inspira- tion which, carried to their homes, is pushing Con- necticut into the very front rank of horticultural states. J. II. H.ILE. CONOCfiPHALUS (Greek, cone head). One of the liverworts (Marchantiaceae), with broad, fiat, forking evergreen thallus, growing on moist banks, like a moss. C. ednicHs, Dumort., is offered by c jUectors as a plant for rockeries. CONOCLtNIUM (Greek, cone and bed). CompoaitcK. Differs from Eupatorium in having a conical receptacle and the somewhat imbricated involucral scales nearly equal. Most authors now unite the species with Eupa- torium (which see). coelestlnam, DC. {Eupafdrium cceUstinum, Linn.). Mist Flower. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, somewhat pubes- cent : Ivs, opposite, stalked, triangular-ovate and some- what corv'..,tc, "-^ftrse-toothed : heads in compact cymes, many-fid., blue or violet. Mich, and 111., to N. J.andS.— Late-blooming heliotrope-fid, plant, very useful for low borders. L^sse&uzii, Dur. (Ageriitnm Lassedurii, Carr.). Spreading pubescent perennial, wi*h habit of Agera- CONOCLINIUM CONVALLAKIA 365 .'Mm conyzoides : Ivs. lance-elliptic, obtuse-toothed, long-attenuate, short-stalked or somewhat decurrent : heads numerous, handsome rose-color. Uru{?uay. R.H. 1870:90. — Handsome plant for bedding. Grows 1-2 ft. high. Not hardy. L H B CONOFHALLUS Kdnjak, Schott, is Amorphophal- Ins Jiivuri, var Konjar, Engler. The great tuber is much grown in Japan for the making of dour ( see George- son, A.G. 13:79). Amorphophallntt B'' fieri is figured on p. 59; also in R.H. 1871, p. 573 ; and in B.M. 6195 {bls Proteinophallus Revieri). Konjak is offered by im- porters of Japanese plants. CONSERVATORY. Literally, a place in which things are kept or preserved. Used to designate a glass house in which plants are kept for display, rather than for propagating or growing. Every well-ordered private establishment should have a conservatory w^herein to display to the best advantage the plants which have been brought to their attractive state in the greenhouses and hothouses thereon, and the nearer it is located to the residence, all other things being equal, the better. It would be best if it were a part of it. Many architects, in preparing plans and ar- ranging for the erection of conservatories, look more to the architectural beauty of the structure rather than to the well-being of the plants to be grown therein. One of the worst faults hitherf > as been inadequate ventila- tion. A practical grower of plants should always be consulted upon this essential point before definite ar- rangements for building are made. In addition to a generous opening in the roof, which should, in all cases, be operated by one of the most approved lifters to be had, the sides also should have door openings that nmy be easily manipulated. The foundations may be made of any substantial material, either of stone, brick or concrete, and the wall should extend 2 ft. G in. or 3 ft. high above the ground-line and up to where the glass begins. Hollow brick walls are considered the most satisfactory, if the house to which the conserva- tory :s to be attached be bu;It of stone or brick, being less amenable to the winter extremes in temperature, when outside the thermometer may register zero, and in- side 55° or 60°. The glass from the wall to the eaves should be of good quality, and as transparent as possi- ble, but that on the roof should be the translucent, "frosted" or ground glass. Contrary to the general be- lief, rose blooms of as tine quality have been produced under ground glass in the climate of the United States as have been grown under glass of the clearest trans- parency, and that fact is here stated so that the glass recommended may, without hesitation, be used ; besides, it is better for nearly all plants grown for their foliage; servato y, should be high enough to give a pleasing general effect and yet such that each individual plant may be examined at pleasure; and at the same time the table should be low enough that the pots in which the plants ire growing may not be seen through the glass from the out--"de. Some large plants may find a permanent home in the conservatory, such as vines, to be trained on the rafters and girders, if the size and stylo of the building will allow of their training and proper care. Other large plants, as palms of the various species and varieties, can also be used to advantage. The great trouble with many of the vines and other plants growing permanently herein, is their pruneness to insects in such structures, and the metho<ls generally in use for their extermina- tion, put into operation in a conservatory attached to a residence, are out of the question in most cases. We re- fer principally to the old style method of fumigation by burning tobacco for the destruction of aphis. Experi- ments are being made in the uses of different gases, and by vaporizing insecticides, which may allow of this part of the cultivation of tiowers and plants under glass to be made less disagreeable for the operators and for the owners of conservatories in the future than it has been in the past. For the destruction of the various scale insects and mealy bug, sponging by hand is gener- ally resorted to, but it is a slow and tedious process. Syringing with a weak solutioiiof tobacco water once or twice a week will kill the scale, and aid in keeping down mealy bug, especially if a strong pressure of water, when syringing, can be brought into requisition. The aphis, before referred to, or what is generally called "green-fly," aflfects only what are termed soft-wooded plants, and as they are only brought in when at their best, should be entirely free from that pest before they leave the greenhouse, in which they have been brought to their most interesting and showy stage. Sometimes, however, no matter how much care has been exercised, some of these pests will be found on the plants, and ».a they increase very rapidly, some means will have vv, ' ' resorted to for their extermination. Fumigation, by burning tobacco stems, is out of the question, but to- bacco dust, — the sweepings of a cigar factory, — when burning is not at all disagreeable, leaving little more smell than the burning of a good cigar. Liquid tobacco extract is often used with good eflfect by evaporation, using hot irons in the liquid. This has its objections, being somewhat clumsy to operate. Evaporating pans attached to the heating pipes, in which the liquid, some- what diluted, is placed, are effective, and are not at all disagreeable. Cleanliness and neatness are the great es- sentials in a conservatory with interesting plants well grown, to make it a source of pleasure to the owners, and must at all times be kept in view. For further infor- mation, see Glasshouses. Edwin Lonsdale. 538. Spray of Lily-of-the-valley (XJ^). and the beauty of t iwering plants in bloom may be con- served much longer than it is reasonable to expect they would be under the more or less glaring unobstructed snnlight. The interior arrangement of a conservatory is a ques- tion to be decided largely by the owner and gardener in charge, and is largely a matter of taste, although convenience in operating must never be lost sight of. The former depends upon the individuality of those most interested, and the i; ter »nnst, in all cases, be provided for, if the best success in plant-growing is to be achieved. The table or stage along what might be terme«l the front, or nearest to ilia < uteide of the con- CONVALLARIA (old Latin name, derived ultimately from (OMra/Zis, a valley). Lilidcece. Lily-op-the-Val- LEV. Fig. 538. One dainty herb in temperate Europe and Asia, and native also in the high mountains from Va. to S. Car. Lvs. radical, from an upright rootstock or pip (Fig. 5.39): fls. white (sometimes pink-tinged), small and tuLilar, nodding, in a short, radical raceme (Fig. 540), the stamens 6 and style 1 (Fig. 541). Much prized for its delicate, sweet-scented fls. The rhizome and roots are sold in drug stores. They are poisonous in large doses ; in small doses used as a heart tonic. The plant is popularly supposed to be the one referred to in the Sermon on the Mount, but this is not to be 366 CONVALLARIA CONVALLARIA determined. It is essentially a shade-loving plant. The species is C. majilis, Linn. R.H. 1886:84. Gn. 47, p. 179; 52:1134 and p. 319 (the latter in fruit). A.F. 13:402. Gng 5:56-7. F.R. 2:4. G.C. III. 23:149 (var. grandiflnni )■ Lowe, Al ( var. variegata). Lily-of-the-Valley is hardy, and is easily grown in partially shaded places and moderately rich ground. Old beds are liable to run out. The roots and runners become crowded, and few good flower-stems are pro- duced. It is best to replant the beds every few years with vigorous, fresh clumps, 539. Lily-of-the- valley pip. 540. Raceme of Lily-of-the -valley. Natural size. which have been grown for the purpose in some out-of-the-way place. Five or strong pips, with their side growths, planted close together, will form a good clump in two years if not al- lowed to spread too much. The mats of clean foliage make attractive carpets under trees and in other shady places. If the bed is made rich and top-dressed every fall, it may give good re- sults for 4 or 5 years ; and plants in such beds thrive in full sunshine. One form has prettily striped foliage, very ornamental in the early part of the season. Lilies- of-the-valley bloom early in spring. They run wild in many old yards, in cemeteries, and along shady road- sides. There are double-fld. forms; also one (var. pro- Hficans) with racemes 2 ft. long. J. B. Keller and L. H. B. Few cultivated plants give so much satisfaction at so little cost as the Lily-of-the-Valley. It is one of our earliest spring tlowers. Its time of blooming is always a subject of note to the household. It succeeds best "in partial shade, and may be planted in the wild garden with good eflFect. It is especially appropriate for plant- ini? in irregtilar patches along the borders of wooded drives. The Lily of-tbe-Valley is one of the few flowers we seldom tire of. In and out of season, there is always a demand for its flowers. Hundreds of thousands of crowns are specially grown and matured in France, Germany and Holland for early forcing. They are de- tached from the clumps, grown separately for two years, sorted before shipment, and known as "pips." Berlin pips are considered best for early forcing. They usually come in bundles of 25, and to have them force evenly it is considered essential to freeze them for a week or two. This may be effected by leaving them in the packing case, moss and all, in some open shed, taking them out r^s required. They are often placed in ice-houses, and frequently kept in cold stor- age for summer use. In forcing, no new roots are made. An ordinary propagating bed, with bottom heat answers the purpose, and sand or sphagnum moss is the plunging medium in most general use. The bundles of crowns are given time to thaw out, the pips separa- ted, and the crowns set in as thickly as possible. The frame is covered to exclude light until growth com- mences. The crowns are often put at once into a strong bottom heat of 8.^° F. or thereabouts, but a better wav is to start with SO'' and gradually increase the tempera- ture. Batches intended for Christmas and New Year's Day often fail because there has not been sufficient preparation for the final high temperature. It is seldom that any leaves appear, even if the flowers come. In such cases, it is customary to put in a few leaf-eyes from the clumps. Later and more carefully prepared batches usually come well and with abundance of leaves, without which the flowers lose half their charm. Bun- dles of 25 pips are often potted in 6- or 7-inch pots, for Easter sales. As the natural season approaches. less preparation is required. The pots are usually set under greenhouse benches, with a sprinkling of moss over them, away from heating pipes, until some growth is made, and afterwards finished in better lieht, but not bright sunlight. Clumps are potted and treated in the same way. As there is a largv? percentage of non- blooming buds in the clumps, they lose in effectiveness. There are rose-colored varieties, double varieties, and varieties with foliage striped with white. T. D. Hatfield. Millions of the single crowns, commercially called ''pips," are grown on tlie European continent and ex- ported for forcing. One English firm alone forces dur- ing the year upwards of seven millions. We usually receive the pips during the early part of November. They should be unpacked at once, the best pips selected for the earliest forcing, and the smallest kept for the latest forcing. The pips are tied in bundles of 25. If one forces a limited number, say 500 to 1,000 per week, then put the bundles in 8- or lO-inch deep boxes, in any quantity he may choose, place a little soil between the bundles, and give them a good soaking. Then place the boxes in a cold frame or some place where the rains can be kept off— this is important— cover the tops of pips with a few inches of hay or straw. Frost does not hurt the pips in the least, but it is not essential. Never try to force the newly imported pips before New Year's. The cold storage pips are much best for the December crop. In keeping them in cold storage they should be removed from the frames and put into cold storage be- fore there is the slightest movement of growth in the spring. The boxes should be covered with slats, so that one box can be put on another, or charge for stor- aare will be exces- sive. The tem- perature should be from 28° to 30° Fahr. The principal thing in forcing Lily of-the-Valley is to obtain a strong b ,*<-om heat with t. cool atmosphere. So, to obtain this, the bed for forcing should hnve a slate bottom with 6 inches of sand on it and be over somo hot water or steam pipes. The temperature of the sand should be 80^ to 90° and the atmosphere 50°. As spring ap- proaches less bottom heat will be needed. A copious watering should be given the sand daily, but when the bells are showing color thay should not be wet. Keep a covering of boards or cloth over the pips for the first 10 541. Section of flower of Lily-of- the- valley (X4). j^ CONVALLARIA CONVOLVULUS 367 days : after that admit the light gradually, and when in full flower give them the full light, but never much sunlight, and avoid draughts. A dozen or 20 pips can be forced the same wtiy in a 5- or 6-inch pot. The flowers should be cut about 24 hours before using, an<l placed in jars of cold water. This prevents wilting when used. William Scott. CONVOLVULUS (Latin, convolvo, to entwine) . Convol- f«Wce(C. Includes Calystegia. Bindweed. A genus of about 175 species, widely distributed intemperate and tropical regions. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes suflfrutes- cent, twining, trailing, erect or ascend- ing, with filiform, creeping rootstocks : Ivs. petiolate, entire, toothed or lobed, generally cordate or sagittate : tis. axil- lary, solitary or loosely cymose, mostly opening only in early morning ; corolla canipanulate or funnel-form, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. The botanic.ll distinction between Convolvulus and Calystegia is not sufficiently well marked to warrant retaining the latter as a separate genus. When the tls. of C . oc- cklentalis are borne singly, the calyx bracts are broad and Calystegia - like ; when borne in clusters the bracts are greatly reduced. g. "w. Fletcher. The species thrive in a variety of soils without especial care. The greenhouse species do best in a soil with considerable fiber. The hardy perennials are usually prop, by dividing the roots, otherwise by cuttings or seeds, the tender species pre- ferably by cuttings. C. tricolor is the most important of the hardy annuals. It may also be started in the greenhouse, and makes an excellent plant for the hanging basket. All are vigorous growers, and may become troublesome weeds in some places if not kept within bounds. C. Japoniitis and C. Sepium should be used with caution. This is the chief reason why the hardy perennials are not often found in well- kept gardens, except along wire fences or lattice screens, where the turf is laid up close so as to allow only a narrow border for the roots. The double-flowered form of C. Japonicus is seen to best advantage in half- wild places, or on rocky banks, where shrubs make but a stunted growth. Here it will grow luxuriantly, form- ing graceful festoons from branch to branch, and cover- ing the ground with a pretty mantle of green. Cult, by J. B. Keller. A. Calyx with 2 menihranaceotis bracts at the base: peduncles usually 1- fid. (Calystegia.) B. Stem prostrate, 8 in. to 2 ft. high : peduncle usually shorter than the Ivs. villdsus. Gray (Calystegia villdsa, Knllogg). Plant densely white-villose throughout : stem prostrate, scarcely twining : Ivs. slender-petioled, reniform-has- tate to sagittate, the upper acuminate, 1 in. or less long, the basal lobes often coarsely toothed : bracts oval or ovate, completely enclosing the calyx: fls. cream -yel- low, 1 in. long. Calif. Perennial. BB. Stem tu-ining or trailing, 5-10 ft. high : peduncle exceeding the Ivs. Jap6mcU8, Thunb. (Cxlystegia pubiscens, Lindl.). Califuknia Rose. Fig. .542. Hardy perennial, herba- ceous twiner: growth very vigorous, often 20 ft. : whole plant more or less densely and minutely pubescent: ivs. hastate, lanceolate, obtuse or broadly acute, with angular or rounded lobes at the base ; variable, oc- casionally without lobes, rarely sharp lanceolate : fls. bright pink, 1-2 in. broad, produced freely during the summer months and remaiuintr expanded for several days. Japan and E. Asia. The double form is now naturalized from southeastern N. Y. to D. C. and Mo. P. M. 1.3: 243. F. S. 2 : 172. B. R. 32 : 42.- The double form is completely sterile, with narrow, wavy petals, irregularly arranged, the outer somewhat lacerate. A valuable decorative plant for covering stumps and walls. In rich soil the roots spread rapidly, and will smother out all other plants unless confined in tubs. The Calystegia pubescens of Lindley has been wrongly referred to Ipomcpa hederacea, but the two plants are very diflPerent. the former being perennial and the latter annual. See Journ. Ilort. Soc. 1 :70 ( 1846). The plant is commonly confounded with C Septum. occidentillis, liray. Hardy perennial, herbaceous or with suflfrutescent base: stem twining, several ft. high, glabrous or rainutelv pubescent : Ivs. from angulate* Convolvulus Japonicus. (X^.) cordate, with a deep and narrow sinus, to lanceolate - hastate, the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed: peduncle 1-fld. or proliferously 2-3-fld. : bracts ovate or lanceolate, usually completely enclosing the calyx, variable : corolla white or pinkish. 1-2 in. long ; stig- mas linear. Dry hills, Calif.-lnt. 1881, by Gillett. An admirable plant for rockeries. Septum, Linn. {Calystegia Sepium, R.Bt.). Rutland Beauty. Fig. 543. Perennial trailer, 3-10 ft. long, gla- brous or minutely pubescent: Ivs. round-cordate to del- toid-hastate, the basal lobes divaricate, entire or arigu- late: fls. white, rose or pink, with white stripes. F.S. 8:826. B.M. 732. A.G. 12:638. Gn. 50: 1098. -A very variable species. Cosmopolitan in temperate regions. An insidious weed in moist soil. AA. Calyx without bracts : peduncle l-€-fld. (Eucon- volvulus.) * B. Stem prostrate, trailing, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Manrit&nicas, Boiss. Strong perennial roots : stem her- baceous, slender, prostrate, rarely branched, minutely villose: Ivs. alternate, round-ovate, obtuse, short-peti- oled: fls. blue to violet-purple, with a lighter throat, 1-2 in. across, verv handsome. Africa. B.M. .5243. F.S. 21: 218,3. Gn. .39: 788. -A free bloomer through the sum- mer. On dry banks each plant forms a dense tuft which throws up many graceful shoots. Not hardy north of Phila. [ 368 CONVOLVULUS COOPERIA Bcammdnia, Linn. Hardy perennial trailer, decidu- ous : stem angular, glabrous : Ivs. cordate-sagittate, grey-green, the lobes entire or dentate: sepals glabrous, ovate, obtuse; corolla white, creamy or light pink, Asia Minor, — The large tap-roots supply the resinous cathar- tic drug scammony. BB. Stem erect or ascending, silky. Cnedrom, Linn. Stem shrubby, half-hardy, 1-4 ft. high : Ivs. persistent, lanceolate or spatulate, silky grey : inidorescenee a loose panicle, 1-6-fld. : flsi, white or tinged with pink, borne freely during the summer. S. Eu. — Valuable as a pot-plant for greenhouse or window decoration, or trained to a warm wall. Confused with C. oleitfoUns. olesefdlius, Desr, Tender perennial: Ivs, linear-lanceo- late, acute, slightly villose: lis. bright pink, borne freely in loose, umbellate panicles in the summer. Greece. B,M. 289 (as C. linearis). — 'Msluj plants now passing as C. ohiffolius are C Cntonim. The latter may be dis- tinguished by its broader, blunter, silvery-villose Ivs, and lighter colored blossoms, tricolor, Linn. {C. m\nor, Hort.). Fig. 544. Hardy annual : stem trailing, ascending 6-12 in., angulate, densely covered with long brownish hairs: Ivs. linear- oblong or subspatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, usually pubescent but sometimes glabrous, the margin ciliate towards the base: peduncle 3-fld.. exceeding the Ivs. : sepals ovate, lanceolate, villose, acute: limb of the corolla azure-blue, throat yellow, margined with white. S. Eu. B.M.27. — One of the best annuals for the home border. Each plant covers a ground space of 2 ft., and blooms continuously throughout the summer. Flowers remain open all day during pleasant weather. There are many variously striped and spotted forms of this popular annual, none of which surpasses the type in beauty. A variety with pure white fls. is attractive. Other well marked horticultural forms are : Var. vit- tita, prettily striped with blue and white. F.S.3:298. from seed : stem trailing or twining, 4-5 ft. long : flg, golden. V'aluable as a greenhouse climber and for hanging baskets.— Not sufficiently described for identi- fication. C. althceoldes, Linn. (C. Italicus, Roem. & Schult.). Stem prostrate, scarcely twining : upi)er Ivs. pedatifld ; lower ovate- 543. Convolvulus Sepium {X}4). R.H. 1848:121. Var. comp^ctus. Dwarf, and valuable for pot culture. Gt. 47, p. G35. A 5-petaled form is also recorded. F.S.8:116. ailreas sup^rbos, Hort. A tender perennial, but may be treated as an annual, since it flowers the first season 544. Convolvulus tricolor. Natural size. cordate, crenate, silvery: lis. pink. May-Ang. Mediterranean region. B.M.3o9. F.S.10:1021(as var.argyreus). R.H. 1864:111.— C. arvensis, Linn. Slender i)erennial trailer, 1-3 ft. long, gla- brous or nearly so: Ivs. ovate-sagittate or hastate, variable: fls. white or pink. Eu. and E. Asia. Naturalized in old fields through the Atlantic states and Calif. A troublesome weed.— C. Dafiilricus. Herb. (Calystegia Dahuricus, Fisch.). Hardy de- ciduous twiner, 3-6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-cordate, shortly acute: fls. pink or rose-violet. June. July. N. Eu. B. M.2ti(»9. F. S. 10:1075.— C. Canariensis. Linn. Greenhouse evergreen: Ivs. oblong-cordate, acute, villose : tls. violet-piirple : peduncle 1-6- fld. Canary Islands. B. M. 12*^.- C. ervbescens, Sims (C. acaulis. Choisy). Tender biennial : Ivs. oblong, hastate, the basal lobes toothed: fls. small, 5-lobed, rose-pink. Austrolia, B.M. 1067.— C maerost^gius, Greene. The plants in the trade under this name ma.v be referred to C. occidentalis.— C major. Hort., not (Jilib.= Ipomcea purpurea.— C. ocellatus. Hook. Stove evergreen : limb of t' corolla white, 5-angled : throat reddish purple : Ivs. sessile, .near, acute. 1-veined, \illose. S. Afr. B.M.4065. g. W. Fletcheb. COONTIE of S. Fla. is Zamia integri folia. COOPfiRIA (after Joseph Cooper, English gardener). Amaryllidi\cece. A genus of only two or three species of tender, bulbous plants from Texas, with the habit of Zephyranthes but night-blooming (which is anomalous in the order), and with erect anthers, while those of the latter are versatile. The fls. are fragrant, solitary, 2 in. or more acro>s, waxy-white, tinged red outside, and more or less green within. The Ivs. appear with the fls. in summer. They are long, narrow, flat and twisted. The bulbs should' be taken up in autumn and stored during the winter in dry soil. Culture easy and like Zephyranthes. Lately a new and little-known plant has been offered by the trade, C. Obencetteri, with " bright green " fls. A. iVeofc of bulb sJiort: perianth tube long. Drummondii, Herb. Evening Star. Bulb roumlis^h, 1 in. thick, with a short neck : Ivs. narrowly linear, erect, 1 ft. long : peduncle slender, fragile, hollow Ja-l ft. long: spathe lJ'2-2 in, long, 2-valved at the tip: perianth tube :^-5 in. long ; limb %-l in. long, white, tinged with red outside : segments oblong, cuspidate. Var. cUorosdlen, Baker, has a perianth tube stouter and tinged with green : limb longer and less wheel-shaped : Ivs. a little broader. B.M. 3482. COOPERIA CORDYLINE 369 AA. Neck of bulb long: perianth tube short. pednncolJita, Herb. Giant Faiky Lily. More robust than C. Brummondii : bulb with a longer neck, 2-3 in. lonjr: ^^^' about 0, 1 ft. long, ^i in. broad : peduncle about 1 ft. long : spathe 1-2-valved at the tip: perianth tube shorter, l)^in. long : limb nearlv as long as the tube, tinged red outside. B.M. 3727. R.H. 18.53: 401.— The best species. Fls. larger, of purer color, and remain- ing open a daj- or two longer. W. M. COFBOSMA (Greek name referring to the fetid odor 01 the plants). Bnbi(i('eie. Shrubs or small trees, often trailing, of New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii. Cult, for their pretty fr. or variegated Ivs. Lvs. opposite, mostly small. Fls. small, solitary or fascicled, white or greenish, polygamous dioecious; corolla-limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes revolute ; stamens -MJ: fr. an ovoid or Klobt>se drupe. Coprosmas are greenhouse plants in the north, but thev are rarely cult. In S. Calif. 2 species are cult, in the open. Prop, by hardened cuttings. The soil which is found among Kulmia roots, mixed with good loam and sand, if necessary, will suit these plants. Cuttings should be rooted in moderate heat in spring, before growth commences. If placed imder a handlight or propagating frame, care must be taken to prevent damping, to which the cuttings are liable. Batieri, Endl. (C. Baueridna, Hook. f. C. St6ckii,iioTt.). Trailing plant, with oval-obtuse or rounded entire Iva., which are oddly blotched with yellow and whit- ish or even almost wholly yellow. New Zealand.— With age it forms a compact shrub. Vars. pictnr^ta, Hort., and varie- g&ta, Hort., are the common forms. acerdsa, A. Cunn. Low and spreading, with minute lvs., small white lis., and pretty sky-blue drupes or berries. New Zealand. g. W. Oliver and L. H. B. COPTIS (Greek, to cut, from the cut leaves). Ranunculcicem. Eight species of hardy perennial herbs of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. Low, stem- less plants, with slender rootstocks : lvs. radical, compound or divided, lasting over winter : tls. white or yellow, sea- pose ; sepals 5-7, petal-like ; petals bS, small, linear, hood-like; stamens numer- ous: carpels stalked, few, becoming an umbel of follicles. The bitter roots yield the tonic medicine known as "gold thread;" also a yellow dye. The plants should have peaty soil, with a little sand, and prefer shade in damp situations. They require some protection in winter, as in a cold pit. Prop, by root division and seed. trifdiia, Salisb. No stem : rootstock yellow : lvs. compound, long-petioled ; Ifts. broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, the teeth mucronate : fl. -stem slender ; sepals white, with yellow base ; petals small, club-shaped : ' follicles .3-7. spreading, equaled by their stalk; seeds black. May- July. Adirondacks and westward. L.B.C. 2:1T3.-Nt \ pretty, witu b- !_> .ns. CO iAL BLKd. Sym- phori"arpus vnlgnri^. COBAL DBOFS. sera elegans. Bes- ses. Corallorhiza multiflora. COBALLOBHlZA(Greek for coral-root). Orchidd.- ce(f, tribe Epidendrece. Coral Root. Low native orcLids, growing in woods and parasitic on roots, des- titute of green foliage, the plant usually brownish or yellowish and inconspicuous. Fl. small, somewhat 2- lipped, usually obscurely spurred at the base ; sepals and petals nearly alike; lip small, slightly adherent to the base of the column ; pollinia 4. Species few. in N. Amer., Eu.and Asia. The Coral-roots have litth- merit as garden plants, although very interesting to the stu- dent. They may be grown in rich, shatly borders. Two species have bt>en offered by dealers in native plants : C. miUtifldra, Nutt. (Fig. 545), is purplish, IJ^ft.or less high. 10-30-tld., lip deeply 3-lobed: grows in dry womls in northern states; C. Mertensi^na, Bong., scape many- fld., 8-15 in. high, the lip entire and broadly oblong: occurs in Brit. Col. and N. to Alaska. l_ jj. B. COBAL-BOOT. Corallorhiza. COBAL-TBEE. Erythrina, COBCHOBUS Jap6nicui. See Kerria. The genus coiuaius tlie two plants that furnish Jute, C. capanlaris (which yields most) and C clitoritis. They are annual plants, natives of Asia but cultivated throughout the tropics, growing 10 or 12 ft. high, with a straight stem as thick as the little finger and branched only at the top. The young shoots of both are used as pot herbs. C. oli- torius is much grown for this purpose in Egypt, and is known as Jews' Mallow, They belong to the TiliAceie. COBDIA (an early German botanist, Valerius Cordus). BorraginHctoe. Warm-climate trees or shrubs, mostly American. Calyx tubular or campanulate. toothed or lobed : corolla tubular, lobed, the parts and the stamens 4 or more: style 2-lobed: fr. a drupe which is 4-loculed and usually 4-seeded : lvs. entire or toothed. The Cordias are greenhouse plants with showy fls,. of easy cult. Grown in the open in the extreme S. Prop, by cuttings of firm wood and by seeds. Sebest^na, Linn. (C. s/)fc<d.srt,Willd.). Geiger Tree. Tall shrub or small tree, hairy, with rough, broad-ovate, large-stalked lvs.: fls. 1-2 in, long, scarlet, stalked, in large, open, terminal clusters, the crumpled corolla- lobes and stamens 5-12 : drupe enclosed in the hazel- like husk formed by the persistent calvx. Keys of Fla. and S. B.M, 794. Frdnciai, Tenore. Tall: lvs. dark green: fls. white. S. Amer. Other Cordias. of which there are many, are likely to come into cult, in the southern country. C. Oreygii, Torr., var. Pal- men, Wilts. (U.F. 2:'SOK of Mexico, "in the size and beauty of its tls. equals the C Sebestena." — C. Mpia, Linn., from trop. Asia and Austral., is one of the best woods for kindling fire by friction, and is useful in many other ways. l_ jj^ g^ COBDTLlNE (club-like: referring to the fleshy roots). HHdce(v. Dracsna. A genus of greenhouse plants closely related to Dracaena, but the ovary contains sev- eral ovules in each cell, and the solitary pedicels are provided with a 3-bracted involucre : stem tall, often woody, bearing large, crowded lvs. , t he striking varie- gation of which the group owes its \uiue: fls. panicled; stamens 6 : pedicels articulated : perianth 6-parted : ovary 3-celled : fr. a berry. Cultivated for the orna- mental foliage. The horticultural forms and names have become very numerous. The various species are in the trade under Dnvcapna, which see for a key to the species of both genera combined. In the following paragraphs, the initial D indicates that the plant in question is known in the trade as a Dracapua.and C that it is known as aCordyline [see Draccrna). For a monograph, see Baker, Joum. Linn. Soc. 14:538 (1875). k, M. Wiegand. Of Cordylines or Dracaena, propagation is generally effected by cutting the ripened stems or trunks, from which all lvs. have been removed, into pieces from 2-4 in. long. These are laid either in very light soil or in sand in the propagating bed, where they receive a bot- tom heat of about 80° , being barely covered with sand or moss (Fig. 546). The eyes soon start into growth, and, as soon as they have attained a height of 3-4 in., are cut off with a small heel and again placed in the propagating bed until rooted, after which they are potted off into small pots in light soil, kept close until they become established. They are then shifted on into larger pots as soon as well rooted. They delight in a mixture of 3 parts good, turfy loam and 1 part well- 24 370 CORDYLINE CORDYLINE decayed cow-manure, with a liberal sprinklinf? of sharp sand. A wamu moist atmosphere suits them best while growing, but towards fall the tinished plants must be gradually exposed to full sunshine and a dry atmos- phere, which develops their high colors. The kinds enunierRte*! below are such as are mainly grown in large quantities for decorative purposes, and 546. Stetn-cuttinK of Cordyiine. are sold principally during the winter months, especially during the holiday season, when plants with bright colored foliage are always in strong demand: Cordyiine <imabilis.—A strong-growing species with broad green foliage, which is prettily variegated with white and deep rose. One of the hardiest varieties, either for decorations in winter or for outdoor work, vases, etc., in summer. C imperial is.— Another strong-growing species, with deep olive-green foliage, which changes to deep rose with white edge. D. fraijrans. — An African species with broad, massive, deep green foliage which makes noble decorative plants, being frequently grown into speci- mens from G-8 ft. high. Its foliage is of heavy texture, making it a useful plant for the dry atmosi)here of a living-room. Two handsomely variegated forms of the above are D. Lindeni and D. ^fassatujeano, both very desirable varieties. C. terminal is. — This is the most popular variety, and is grown in immense quantities. The foliage on well- nuitured plants is of an intense rich crimson marked with lighter shadings. C. australis (commonly called C. indivisa). — Vsed principally as an outdoor decorative plant in summer, but extensively used for furnishing vases, window-boxes, etc. It succeeds best when planted out in the open border during summer, potted in the fall and stored during winter in a cool greenhouse. It is propagated almost exclusively from seed, which germinates freely if sown during the early spring months in sandy soil, in a temperature of 00 to 65°, growing them on during the tirst season in small pot3. These, if planted in the open border the second season, make tine plants for (»- or 7-inch pots. There are a number of varieties of Indivisa. among them sev- eral handi'omely variegated forms, which, however, are but little distributed yet. Among the principal varieties and species besides the above which are grown to some extent in a commercial way are : Baptistii. Cooperi, Porphyrophylla, Shep- herd!, Stricta grandis, Youngi. Goldieana, Congesta, Bruanti, Marginata and Lord Wolseley, the latter a most beautiful, graceful, high-colored variety, undoubtedly the most distinct and useful commercial sort yet intro- duced and which, as soon as it becomes more plentiful, is certain to be very popular. j_ £> Eisele. Cordffline australis and its allied forms easily raised from seed, which is readily obtainable i, a fresh state. The seed should be sown rather thinly in a light, sandy soil, and, as there is little danger of the seedlings damping off, they may be allowed to grow in the recep- tacles in which they are sown until large enough to go into 3-in. pots. If sown early in spring, the plants will be large enough for 6-in. pots by the end of the follow- ing September. Draccena Kuerckii, C. canmrfoUa, D. Lindenii and D. Massangeana are among the best decorative ])lant9 for the dwelling house. D. Kuerckii and the two varie- gated ft)rms of J), fraqrans are r«M)ted from cuttiiigg taken from headed-back plants. In propagating C. ru*!- nir folia, when seed cannot be obtained, old plants should be mossed so as to produce roots before the top is taken oflF, as it is a shy-rooting species fromcuttinps. D. Goldieana should be toppe<l and rot)ted in a giMxl bottom heat, and the stems cut into pieces small enoujih to be put in pots when the shoot is of sufficient leiiiLtli, instead of cutting oflP the shoots and rooting afresh. /). Godseffiaua and J), miiciddta evidently belong to the same section ; every little branch of these will root in sharp sand. L«)ng stems of />. ensifolia and />. litrr- havii, when cut in sections of fnmi 4 to G in., with the leaves kept on, will r(»ot quickly and may be use*! as stock plants. C. lira.'dlien.sis, an elegant species with broad green Ivs., is best propagated by adopting the method practiced on the colore«l-lv(l. kinds, of which ('. terminal is is perhaps the best known. This method consists of cutting up the stems into small pieces and placing them in sand, with a brisk l)ottom heat. Small shoots are developed in a short time, which will fre- quently be f«mnd to have small rmits at their bases, but they are of little use for the sul)sequent nutriment of the plantlet. The shoot, when large enough, should bo separated from the piece of stem and inserted in the sand-bed, where it will develop thick feeding roots. Afterwards they are potted and k»'pt in a wanu. moist atmosphere. Cuttings may be put in at any time when bottom heat is at command. The soil used should be light and enriched with rotted cow-manure. G. W. Oliver. A. Foliage of sessile, thick, stcord -shaped Ivs. B. Li's. glaucous beneath, broad. indivisa, Kunth. Arborescent, 10-20 ft. high : Ivs. dark green, densely crowded, 2—4 ft. long, 4-5 in. broad at the middle, 1^2-2 in. at the base, rigid, coriaceous; midrib stout, colored red and white, veins on each side of it 40-50 : panicle nodding : pedicels .5-1 line long ; bracteoles lanceolate, li— 4 lines long, membranous : peri- anth 3-4 lines long, white ; tube very short, caiupnn'e 547. Cordyiine australis— C. indivisa of the trade. late ; segments equal, spreading : ovules .'>-<! iu each cell. New Zealand. ( -n. 49.p.8G. Lowe, .")2.-Cot»lh<>use ; valuable for vases. Rare in cult. BB, Lrs. green on both sides, narrower. strfcta, Endl. (/>. congesta, Hart.). Slender. 0-12 ft. high : Ivs. less crowded than in the next, acuminate, 1-2 ft. CORDYLINE CORDYLINE 371 grand is. I}. ft. caloedtna, biph : Ivs. lon<r,9-lS lines wide, base 3-fi lines wide, scarcely coatate ; veins scarcely oblique, margins obscurely dentate: pani- cle terminal and lateral, erect or cemuous : pedicels ..V-l line lonj? ; lower bract«oles lanceolate ; periHntb lilac. 3-4 lines lonjr. caiiipanulate, interior segments longer tban the outer : ovules r>-l«) in each cell. Aus- tralia. B.M. 2575. (i.e. III. 17:207 ( />. conf/eMfa ).-Coo\- house : vases, etc. Var. grr&ndis, Hort. Large, highly colored. Var. discolor, Hort. Like var with foliage dark bronzy purple. auBtrilis, Hook. (D. indivlsa, Hort. Wend.). Fig. 547. Arborescent, 20-:{0 <lensely rosulate, 3-4 ft. long, 12-18 lines wide; base 6-9 lines wide, acuminate, green ; midrib Arm, prominent, nerves on each side of it 12-20, .scarcely obliijue: panicle erect, terminal, ample: pedicels very short : bracteoles deltoid, .5 line long ; perianth white, :{-4 lines long ; tube short, campanulate, segments nearly equal, spread- ing: mature seeds often solitary. New Zealand. B.M. 5636. O.r. III. 23: l.-).'}. (tn. 47, p. 312;' 48. p. 197. I. H. 35:40 (var. Douc<'ti<)Ha); :{7:114 (var. Dalhriiina) ; 40:190 {U»e(it(i, var. purpiiriLHct ns). S.M, 1, p. 487, f. 1S9. — Co<dhouse ; vases, etc. Var. atirea Striata, Hurt. V'ariegated with a number of l()j)t:itndinal yellow stripes. Var. atropurptirea, Hurt, hnxv of leaf and under side uf niidrili purple. Var. line&ta, Hort. Lvs. broader, the sheatliing base stained with purple. Var. Vditchii, Hort. (/>. VHtchii, Hort.). Base of leaf and under side of midrib bright crimson. C. Hodkeri, Hort., is a garden form. AA. Folintje of pe*ioled lvs. B. Lvs. oblanceolatt ; petioles broad. rtlbra, Hugel. Slender, 10-15 ft. high : lvs. contigu- ous, ascending, 12-15 in. long, 18-21 lines wide above the middle, thick, dull green both sides, distinctly cos- tate : veins oblique ; petiole broad, deeply grooved, 4-6 in. long: panicle lateral, nodding: pedicels very short; bracteoles small, deltoid ; perianth lilac, 4.5-5 lines long, inner segments longer than the outer : ovules 6-8. Country unknown. G.C. III. 22:285. — Coolhouse; vases, etc, D'. BruAnti, Hort., is a garden form. R.H. 1897, pp. 514, 515. G.C. III. 22:285. BB. Lvs. lanceolate ; petioles narrow, nearly terete. Haageilna, Koch (C. Murchisonice, F. Muell. ). Slen- der and small : lvs. contiguous, ascending, oblong-fal- cate, 4-8 in. long, 2-2^ in. wide at the middle, acute, base rounded or deltoid, thick, dull green throughout, distinctly costate ; veins .slender, oblique ; petiole 3—4 in. long, deeply channelled : -panicle lateral : pedicels 1.5-2 lines long ; perianth 4-4.5 lines long, tinged with lilac ; segments spreading : ovules 6-8 in each cell : berry with a dry pericarp. Australia. terminilis, Kunth {C. canno' folia, F. Muell.). Low and slfiider, stem IMJ lines thick : lvs. contiguous, ascend- ing, green or rarely colored, 12-18 in. long, 2-3 >^ in. wide, acute, thickish, distinctly costate ; veins frequently unequal, strongly oblique ; petiole 4-6 in. long, deeply channelled : pedicels very short or none ; bracteoles deltoid, membranous ; perianth 5-6 lines long, white, lilac or reddish, segments short : ovules 6-10 : berry large, red. East Indies. A.0, 1G:;{61. B.R. 21: 1749. -The varieties in cultivation are almost innumerable. Those in the American trade are the following (all stove plants), usually considered as horticultural species : amibilis. Lvs. broad, shining deep green, in age be- coiuiii^' spotted and suffused with rose and white. Am- boy^nsis. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved, deep bronze- green edged with rose-carmine below ; petioles tinged with purple. Anerlidnsis. Lvs. very broad, deep bronze- red, with some white. Bdptistii. Fig. 548. Lvs. broad, recurved, deep green, with s<mie pink and yellow stripes ; stem al.so variegated. I. H. 26:334. Batlbei. Lvs. broad, dark green, with some white. b^Ua. Lvs. small, pur- plish marked with red. Brasili^nsis, Schult. Lvs. broad. Cintrelli. Lvs. dark metallic crimson, young ones bright carmine. Codperi. Lvs. deep wine-red, gracefully recurved : common in cult. f6rrea, Baker. Lvs. narrow and somewhat oblanceolate. 5-7, bright or dark crimson ; petiole short. Lowe 'A (var. versicolor); 29. B.M. 2053. L.B.C. 13:1224. Fr^eri. Lvs. somewhat erect, broad, oblong, abruptly acute, blackish purple with blo<mi. margin below with a «leep rosy lake stripe extendifig down the petiole. GUdstonei. Lvs. broad, brilliant crimson. Ooilfoylei. Lvs. long and narrow, tapering both ways, recurved, striped with red, pink or white, white on lower part of leaf and margin of peti- Cordyline terminalis, var. Baptistii. ole. I.E. 19, p 249. h^brida. Lvs. broad, variegated, deep green margined with ro>e, in age deep rose, creamy white in young lvs. imperi&lis. Lvs. arching or erect, oblong, thick, deep metallic green, rayed all over with bright crimson or pink, handsome. Jardiniere {ter- minalis alba X Guilfoylei). Lvs. very small and com- pact, narrow, green broadly margined with white, me- t£LlIica. Lvs. erect-arching, oblong, when young uni- form rich coppery purple, in age dark purple-bronze ; petioles same. F.M. 1872:24. nlgro-rdbra. Lvs. narrow, linear-lanceolate, dark brown with rosy crini.^on cen- ters, young often entirely rose. Norwoodidnsis. Lvs. striped with yellow, green and crimson, last color prin- cipally conf ned to the margin ; petioK's l)rilliant. Re- ^na.' A broad-lvd. form. Robinsoni&na. Lvs. long, lanceolate-acuminate, arched, light green, striped with bronze-green and brownish crims«m. I.H. 26:342. Schtildii. Lvs. broad, variegated. F.E. 7:961. Scdttii. Lvs. broad, arching, deep green, crim.son edged ; said to be a hybrid. Yoiingii. Lvs. broad, spreading, when j-oung bright green streaked with deep re<l and tinged with rose, in age bright bronze. Toun^i, var. rdsea, H<»rt. Green, tinged with ydnk. white or carmine. Youngii, var. 61ba, Hort. Variegate<l with white instead of red. Crosses with Scottii are known as Stricta, Albo-lineata, Mrs. George Pullman, Mrs. Terry; with Norwoodiensis, as Little Gem. List of synonj'ms. unidentified trade names and others : C. anqiista, Hort. (C. terminalis var.). Lvs. narrow, areh- ing, dull dark green above, purplisli beneath. A slender form.— O. anijrtstifolia, Kunth = ('. stricta.— C aurant)aca, Hort. — ? — (\ Balinoreana, Hort. Lvs. bronzy, with white and pinkish stripes.- V. lldnksii. Hook. Fas. very long, linear- lanceolate, 3-5 ft. long, 2-:{ in. wide, i>etio]ed. green, glaueous iieneath ; veins conspieuons. U.C. III. 1X:61:{.— C Berheleyi, Hort. = ?— C (7o««a/i6(YP. Hort. = f— r. ChHsoni, Hort. (form of C terminalis). Lvs. large, glossy dark green, almost black, becoming sufiFuse^l and e«lge<l with crimson. I.H. li), p. 90.— (7. compdctn, Hort. (0. terminalis form). Lvs. reciirved, broad, dull green, with bronze and rose stripes in age.— C Dhmisoni, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Dwarf : lvs, broad, bronzy purple. 372 CORDYLINE COREOPSIS —C. Elizahethice. Hort.= ? — r. EtehgehnltziAna, Mart.=»C. terminalis.— C. exeiUa, Hort. (C. tennin»H8 form). Lvs. broad, arching, bronzy, marginal with crimson.— ('. FrederXea = ]— <\ frutesce:ia= ? — ('. glorioga, Hort. (0. terminalis form). Lvs. verj- largp and broad <{rt*<'". with ape<'tUiar bronze orange hue.— <\ helui'hiohteg, F. Mnell.— C terminalis.— C. hfliconitr- fdlia, Ott. et I)iet.=C. terminalis.— ('. Jlendrrsoni, riort. = *— C. magnifica, Hort. (C terminalis form). Lvs. large and broad, bronzy pink, becoming darker.— f. Manners-Suttonur, F. .Muell.= C. terminalis.— (\ porphyrophjiUa. Hort. (('. termi- nalis form). Lvs. deep bronzy purple, gl.iucous l)eneath.= t'. Ji^x, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. metlium width, bnmzy green, flushed purple and stre;ike<l with carmine.— ('. nmaeea, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. n»<'ur\e<l, broad, dark bronzy green margined with pink.— T. Snlin<inea^=1—C. sepidn'o Seem=C. terminalis.— f. .S'iVft«»r». Kunth =C terminalis — ( '. splendena, Hort. (C. terminalis form). Lvs. densr, short, ovate- acute, bronzy green, shaded with rose-carmine.— C. Zeeldn- diea, Hort.= C. rubra. k. M. Wieoasd. COREOPSIS (Greek, sij?nifying bug-Hke, from the fruit). Compdsitif. Tickseed. AnnMal or i)erennial herbs, flowering in suiunier and autumn. Nearly all na- tives of eastern N. Amer. Lvs. either opposite or alter- nate : hea^ls pedunculate and radiate ; the broad in- volucre with bracts of two kinds, the outernarrower and greener, receptacle chaffy ; rays very showy, yellow particolored or rarely rose, neutral : disk fls. yellow, brown or dark. The genus differs from Bidens only in the broad, tlat anil winged akenes, with short or obso- lete pappus. Many of the species are in the tratie under the name Calliopsis. All the kinds are of easiest cul- ture. The perennials are hardy border plants. The an- nuals are raised in any gar«len soil, and bloom freely with little care. They are all showy plants. 549. Coreopsis tinctoria — Calliopsis elegans of gardens {X}4)- Index: angustif olia, 2 ; aristosa, 16; aurea, 17; auricu- lata, 6; bicolor, 4; cardaminefolia, 3; coronata, 8; del- phinifolia, 13; Drummondii, 5; elegans, 4; grandiflora, 9; lanceolate, 7; major, 10; marmorata, 4; palmata, 12; pubescens, 6; rosea, 1; tinctoria, 4; trichosperma, 15; tripteris, 11; verticillata, 14. A. Pisk yelloic: rays rose-purple. 1. rdsea, Nutt. Perennial : diffusely branched from slender, creeping rootstocks 1-2 ft. high, smooth : lvs. op- posite and small (1-1.') In. long), all narrowly linear-en- tire or rarely toothed or lobed: heads small, '% in. broad or less, short-peduncled ; rays wedge-shaped, lobed at the apex : akene oblong, wingless ; pappus an obscure border. Southeastern V. S. AA. Disk and -involucre dark purple : rays yellow or part-i-colorvd, wedge -shaped and lobed. B. Outer involucral bracts very short, triangular. 2. angustifoUa, Ait. Perennial : strict and tall, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous, sparsely branched at the summit : lvs. alternate, entire, thickish, basal few or wanting lower cauline elliptical i»n long petioles, upper narrowly spatulate, sessile or reduced to bracts : heads 1-1.5 in. broa<l; rays entirely yellow: akene with lacerate wings and setiform awns. Southern U. S. 3. Ctirdaminefdlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual : low and diffusely much branched from the base, 6-18 in. high, glabrous : basal lvs. numerous-petioled, pinnatifid, di- visions narrowly elliptical, becoming linear in the upper lvs. : heads as in the next, but smaller, and often en- tirelv dark : akenes winged, smooth ; pappus none. Southern U. S. 4. tlnctdris, Nutt. (C. bicolor, Reich. C. ilegnns, Hort. C\tUi6psis martnorrita, 'Wort.). Fig. 549. Annual: stem strict. 1-3 ft. high, branche«l only at the summit, glabrous: basal lvs. wanting, cauline opposite, sessile, pinnatifid, divisions all long and narrowly linear: heads %-V%m. broad, small : rays with dark purple base : akenes oblong, wingrless, smooth. Cent. U. S. B.M. 2512. B.R. 10:846. Mn. 1:85. — A common garden annual; showy and good. Var. niina, Hort. Dwarf, low and com- pact. Tom Thumb varieties. Var. atropurpiirea, Hook. (C. n\gra, Hort.). Ray.s al- most entirely dark. B.M. 3511. BB. Outer involucral bracts narrowly linear, equalling tht inner. 5. Drdmmondii, Torr. & Gray {€. diversifdlia, Hook. C. plcta, Hort.). Golden Wave. Annual: stem strict, branched above, 10-18 in. high, sparsely hirsute below: basal lvs. wanting, ca. ine petioled, pinnatifid, divisions short, broadly elliptical those of the upper lvs. linear: heads 1-2 in. broad, large ; rays usually durk at the base: akene oval, thick, wingless, smooth; pappus uojie. Tex. B.M. 3474. S.B.F.G. II. 4: 315. AAA. Disk yellow or broivn: rays entirely yellow {except rarely No. 8). B. C. 6. Says wedge-shaped, lobed at the apex: peduncles 6-16 in. long, naked. Lvs. all entire or with a few basal lobes : large. pubescens, Ell. (C. auHculcita, Schk. and Hort.). Perennial: tall, 1-4 ft. high, branched above, pubescent or nearly glabrous, more leafy than the following species: lvs. thickish, basal wanting, obovate-oval to oblong- lanceolate, very acute, petioled or nearly sessile, entire or with small, acute, lateral lobes; outer involucral bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the inner : akenes similar to those of the next species. Southern U. S. 7. lanceol^ta, Linn. Fig. 550. Perennial : low, 1-2 ft. high, sparingly branched, glabrous or nearly so: lvs. few, opposite, mostly near the base, oblong-spatulate to linear, petioled, mostly obtuse, entire (rarely with a few lateral lobes): heads i.5-2.5 in. broad ; peduncles very ^ong, outer involucre equaling the inner: akenes orbic- ular, papillose, broadly winged; pappus minute or obso- lete. Eastern U. S. — Used extensively for cut fls. Var. angustifdiia, Torr. & Gray. Low : stems scapi- form: lvs. narrow and crowded, 2-4 lines wide. Var. villdsa, Michs. Lvs. spatulate -obovate to ob- long, villous, as is also the stem, with jointed hairs. cc. Lvs. mostly pinnatifid, small. 8. coroniita, Hook. Annual: low and often weak, 12- 18 in. high, much branched from the base, sparsely hir- sute: lvs. opposite, basal numerous petioled, pinnatilid, divisions ovate, lateral much smaller ; cauline few, re- COREOPSIS CORIARIA 373 dnced, spatulate, often entire : heads 1.5-2 in. broad; ravs often with a few «lark sp<»ts ainive the oran»?e base; outer involucre % ^«horter tlian the inner : akene orbic- ular. broa«lly winged; pappus very minute. Tex. B.M. 3460. S.H. 1:270. 550. Coreopsis lanceolata. Single flower natural size. 9. grandifldra, Nutt. ( C. Ungipen, Hook. ) . Perennial : simple or few-fld., glabrous, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. opposite, basal wanting, lower cauline spatulate or lanceolate, en- tire, upper divided into several linear entire divisions : heads 1-2.5 in. broad : akene orbicular, papillose, broadly winged ; pappus paleaceous. Southern U. S. Sweet, B.F.G. 175. B.M. .{.586. On. 47:995. Mn. 5:201. BB. Jiays elliptical, etitire or nearly so. c. Leaf divisions entire. D. Divisions lanceolate, large. 10. m4jor, Walt. (C. senifdlia, Michx.). Perennial: tall and stout, 2-3 ft. high, pubescent, much branched above : Ivs. opposite, basal wanting, lower cauline small, upper sessile, 2-'J in. long, palmately .3-divided, divisions equal, broadly lanceolate, acute : heads lM-2 in. broad : akenes obovate-elliptical, winged, summit 2- toothed. Southeastern U. S. Var. (Emleri, Britton. Smooth, leaf -divisions more attenuate at the base. B.M. 3484 as C. senifolia. Var. linearis. Small. Smooth : leaf -divisions narrow, 2-4 lines wide. 11. tripterifl, Linn. Perennial : very large and stout, 4-8 ft. high, branched above, glabrous : Ivs. opposite, petioled, 4-6 in. long, pinnatifid, divisions broadly or narrowly lanceolate : heads medium, pale : akene ob- long, narrowly winged; pappus wanting. Cent. U. S. DD. Divisions broadly linear to filiform. 12. palm&ta, Nutt. (C. prlrcox, Fres.). Perennial: tall and stout, lS-3 ft. high, sparingly branched at the aummit : Ivs. opposite, thick, cuneate, 2.5 in. long, 3- cleft to the middle, divisions broadly linear, midrib 3- nerved below: he-uls lJ4-2J'ain. broad : akenes oblong, narrowly winge<l ; pappus minute or obsolete. Cent, r. S. R.H. 1845:265. 13. delphinifdlia, Lam. Perennial: glabrous, branched above, l-.'J ft. high : Ivs. opposite, sessile, 2-3 in. long, the basal wanting, pinnatifld, divisions 3-7, broadly linear ; disk dark brown : akene obovate, narrowly winged; pappus teeth short. Southeastern U. S. 14. verticill^ta, Linn. (C. tenuifdlia, Ehrh.). Peren- nial: sparirijrly branched. 1-3 ft. high: '»Rx«l !vs. want- ing, cauline opposite, sessile. 1-2-temately divided, di- visions linear-Hlifomi : hea<ls l-lj-^ in. broa«l : akenes obovate-we<lgp-shaped, narrowly winged; pappus nearly obsolete. Eastern U. S. cc. Leaf-divisions coarsely serrate or incised. 15. tricho8p6rma, Michx. Annual : tall, 2-5 ft. high, branched near the summit, glabrous: Ivs. 2-4 in. h»ng, the lower wanting, pinnatifid, on very short petioles,' divisions narrowly lanceolate, acute, serrate -ir incised; rays pale : akene 4 lines long, cuneate, tlat, wingless, ciliate and hairy; awns 2, very short. Eastern U. S. Var. tenalloba, Gray. Leaf-segments linear. 16. aristdsa, Michx. Annual : like the last, but Ivs. slightly pubescent beneath : akenes broader, with slen- der awns as long as the body. Cent. U. S. B.M. 6462. R.H. 1869:72. 17. atirea, Ait. Annual: glabrous, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. pinnatifid, the upper sometimes simple; divisions from lanceolate to linear, sparingly incised; outer involucral bracts narrowly linear, inner black-punctate : akenes broadly cuneate, very small (1-2 lines long), nearly glabrous; pappus of two blunt, chafiFy, very short teeth. Southeastern U. S. — Verj- variable. C aristbsa, Michx., C. inrolurrata, Nutt., and C. tricho' gperma, Michx., are now usually placed under Bidens.— V. At- kinsonidna, Dougl., differs from V. tinctoria in its larger size and winged akenes. Annual. Western U. S.— C auricttlata, Linn. Perennial : low, stoloniferous, hirsute : Ivs. petioled, short, oval, mostly entire: heads large, verj' long, i)eduneled: probably not in the trade. Southern U. S.— C. irivolucrata, Nutt. Annual : like C. aristosa. but heads larger, involucral bracts more numerous, awns shorter. Cent. U. S.— C. Leaven- icorthii, Torr. & (rray. Annual: leaf-divisions linear-spatulate: rays cuneate, lobetl. yellow: awns 2, slender: akene winge<l. Southern V.S.— (\ nuddtu, Nutt. Perennial: rush-like, Ivs. mostly basal, long, filiform ; rays rose-colored: wing of akene pectinate. Southern U. S. C. argilta, Pur8h=C. aurea, Ait.— C. atropurpurea, Hort.= Thelesi)erma, sp.— C. Boykinidna, Nutt.=C'. granditlora. — C. dicMtoma, Michx.=C. angustifolia.— C. diversifolia, DC.=C. anriculata. — C. linifdlia, Nutt.=C angustifolia. — C. marmo- rata, Hort.=C. tinctoria.— C. oblongitviia, Nutt.— C. lanceolata. K. M. WiEGAND. COBIANDEB is the soed-like fruit of Coriandrum sativum, Linn., an umbelliferous annual of S. Europe. The plant grows 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, strong-smelling, with Ivs. divided into almost thread-like divisions, and small-white fls. The plant is easily grown in garden soil. It occasionally becomes spontaneous about old yards. The seeds (or fruits) are used as seasoning and flavoring in pastries, confections and liquors, although they are less known in this country than caraway. The plant is occasionally cultivated inAmer. gardens along with sweet herbs. CORIANDBUM. See Coriander. COBIARIA {eorium, skin, leather ; as frtiter coria- rius, a shrub used for tanning leather, was described by Pliny). Voriaridcetp. Shrubs or perennial herbs : Ivs. deciduous, entire. 3-y-uerved, opposite and disti- chous : fls. polygamous-moncBcious in slender racemes, small; petals and sepals 5; stamens 10: fr. berry-like, consisting of 5 1 -seeded nutlets enclosed by the en- larged and colored petals. About 8 species in Himal. and E. Asia, Mediterranean region, N. Zealand » id S. Amer. OmLaiental shrubs or herbs, with slender, arch- 374 CORIABIA CORN ing branches imitatinf^ pinnate Ivg., and with very showy yellow, red or black fr. The Ivs. of some species are used for tanning leather ; the frs. are poisonous. C. Japdnica has proved hardy with slight protection in Massachusetts, and C. tcrminalin seems to be of the same hardiness ; the other species are more tender. They grow in almost any goo<i garden soil, and prefer sunny position. Prop, readily by seeds and greenwoo<l cuttings in summer under glass ; also by suckers and layers. Japdnica, Gray. Shrub, 2-3, sometimes to 10 ft.: branches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 'A nerved, smooth, 2— t in. long : tls. in axillary racemes from the branches of last year: fr. be- coming bright red in'summer, changing to violet-black when ripe. Jap. B.M. 7509. O.F. 10:34:{. terminUia, Hemsl. Herbaceous or suflFruticose, 2-3 ft.: brunches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, broad- ovate to ovate-lanceolate, r)-9-ner\'ed. scabrous on the veins beneath. l-.'J in. : fls. in terminal racemes on shoots of the current year : fr. bright yellow. Sikkim, China. — A very ornamental plant, keeping its yellow fr. from July until late in fall : being herbaceous, it i^ easier to protect from frost than the former. Recently introduced into cult, as C. Nepalensis. C. tnyrtifblia, Linn. Shrub, 4-10 ft.: Ivs. 3nerved, glabrous: fls. jfreenish, from the old wood: fr. black, poisonous. Medi- terranean region. Yields a black dye.— C. Nepalengia, Wall. Shrub, H-10 ft.: Ivs. 3-'>-ner\'ed. glabrous : fls. brownish : fr. black. Hinial.— C. sann^itoga, Forst. Suffniticose, procum- bent : racemes axillary, on young branches. B.M. 2470. The Wineberry shrub of the natives. The berries yield a pleasant drink, but the seeds are poisonous. ALFRED Rehder. 551. Kernels of Com on the cob— Sweet Com behind. Pop Com in front (X J-^). COBK is the name applied to the outer impervious part of the bark in plants. In Euonymus llmnbergi- anus, the English maple, the corky barked elm, and other trees and shrubs, it forms wings on the branches. The cork of commerce comes from the bark of Quercus Ilex (better known as Q. ii'uber), plantations of which grow in southwestern Eu. The cork tree of the cata- logues, Phellodendron Amurense, is a curious tree, cult, solely for ornament. ^, "VV. Rowlee. COEN, MAIZE (SWEET and POP). A tender annual, cultivated in America from prehistoric times. The word Maize, Spanish Maiz, is derived from the name Mahiz, which Columbus a<lopted for this cereal from the Haytians. Maize has not yet been found truly wild. Its close relation to Teosinthe, Euchlc^na Mexico na, Schrad., is indicated by the known fertile hybrids, or cross-breeds between Teosinthe and Maize. Teosinthe and the only other species which show close botanical relationship to Maize are indigenous to Mexico. Bota- nists now almost unanimously concede that Maize origi- nated in America, and it is probable that it is indige- nous to Mexico. See Zea. The white settlers early learned from the American Indians the use of Maize as an article of food. Sevi-ral Indian names for certain preparati(ms xh'wh they a<lopted or adapted, have passed into the language of the American people, as, for examftle, samp, honiinv, succotash. They cultivated Maize both as a staple Held crop and in the garden under the name of Indian Corn, which name, or the simple name of Com, remains to the present time its almost exclusive designation through- out the English-speaking portions of the continent. It now holds tirst rank among the agricultural products of the Cnited States in the area <ievoted to its cultivation, and in the value of the annual crop. The kinds now commonly found in garden culture are sweet Corns and pop Corns. The other kinds, which are more .-itrictlv agricultural, are called field Corns, but in s<»nie locali- ties sweet Com and pop Com are also found under field culture, the former either as a truck crop or for can- neries, the latter to supply the comparatively limited demand in domestic markets. Sweet Com and Pop Corn only will receive special attention in this article. Botanical Classification. — Zea almost uniformly has been called by botanists a monotypie genus, its one species being Maize. But Maize is an extremely vari- able species, including groups which are separated by definite characteristics. As a working classification, that proposed by Sturtevant is the best which ha.s yet appeare<l. He describes 7 "agricultural specie's." These are Zea tnnicata, the pod Corns ; Z. everta, the Pop Corns (Fig. 551); Z.indnrata, \ the Flint Corns; Z. indentata, the Dent Corns; Z. amylacea, the soft Corns; Z. saccha rata , the sweet or sugar Corns (Figs. 551, 552) ; Z. amylea- saccharata, the starchy Sweet Corns. Zea Mays, Linn., belongs to the natural order of grasses or Gramineae. Culms 1 or more, solid, erect, 1)^-15 ft. tall, or more, terminated by a panicle of staminate lis. ( the tassel ) ; internodes grooved on one side: branches ear-bearing or obsolete: Ivs. long, broad, channeled, tapering to the pen- dulous tips, with short, hyaline ligules ar.l open, embracing sheaths: fls. monoeciou.s, awn- less, usually proterandrous ; staminate fls. in clusters of 2 to 4, often overlapping ; one fl. usually pediceled, the other sessile or all ses- sile: glumes herbaceous; palea membranaceous: anthers 3, linear. The ear contains the pistillate fls. on a hard, thickened, cylindrical spike or spadix (cob), which is enclosed in many .spatha- ceous bracts (husks); spikelets closely sessile, in longitudinal rows, paired in alveoli with hard, corneous margin; 2 fls. on a spikelet.the lower abortive ; glumes membranaceous ; style single, filiform, very long (silk) ; ovary usually sessile. Ear variable in length and size, often distichous; grain variable in shape, size and color. See Plate VII. Sweet Corn {Zea saccharata, Sturt, Figs. 551,552. ). —A well-detined species-group, charac- terized by homy, more or less crinkled, wrinkled or shriveled kernel, having a semi-transparent or trans- lucent appearance. Sturtevant in 1899 lists 61 distinct varieties. He gives the first variety of Sweet Com re- corded in American cultivation as being introduced into the region about Plymouth, Mass., from the In- dians of the Susquehanna in 1779. Schenck, in 18.'>4, knew two varieties. It appears, therefore, that the dis- tribution of Sweet Corn into cultivation made little pro- gress prior to the last half of the nineteenth century, green field Com having largely occupied its place prior to that period. Sweet Com is preeminently a garden vegetable, al- though the large kinds are sometimes grown for silage or stover. As a garden vegetable, it is used when it has reached the "roasting ear" stage, the kernel then being well filled and plump but soft, and "in the milk." The kernel is the only part used for human food. When a* as 5 »■:.-■ ^ "* iw* ■^ - X i2 tJ s " ■ --C o N5 - a 3 „ S' £■ 2 5 3 - ?• o . - 3 = s' O : 2 •» ?2. 1 S » 'I -I s: 5 2 is s a > s 3 «■ ■^(^J CORN Sweet Com is used as a fresh vef^etahle it is often cooked and served on the cob. In preparinjr it f«»r cannini? or (IryiDg. it is always cut from the cob. Dried Sweet C«»m, though never an article of commerce, was formerly much UHe«l, e'^pecially by the rural p(»pulation. It iH gr'a«lually being abandoned forcanuo«l Corn, for other cereal prep- arations, or f*>r other vegetablen. It is practically un- known as human foo<l outnide North America. Canned Sweet Com has come to be an important article of domestic commerce in the United States and Canada. A considerable amount goes to Alaska, but at the present time very little is exp«»rtJ'd. The American Grocer states that the annual ("orn pack f»»r the United States and Cana<la for the year IHJW v,as 4,.'<98,r)G3 cas«'s, ea<'h containing 2 <lozen 2-poun<l tins. New York lea<ls with the pro«luction of l,410,5<i9 cases. Maine, Illinois and Iowa follow in rank in the order named. These four states now pack 80 per cent of the Com whii'h is canned in the United States and Canada. While these figures are not stri«?tly a<'curate, they are the best obtainal>le, and give a general idea of the ex- tent and distriijutionof this industry. No better canned Com is put on the market than that produce*! in Maine, where it is largely grown in localities having a season too short to mature the seed. As a rule, Sweet Com is grown for the canneries un- der contract. The canning company supplies the seed, truiiranteeing it to be go4Ml and tnie to name. The fanner agrees to grow a certain number of acres and deliver the whole crop to the cannery at a stipulated price. The price now paid in western New York is ai)out $10 per ton of g«M»d ears, after deducting the as- certained average i>erc«'ntage of husks and rejected ears. Three tons per acre of good ears is considered a good yit-Id. The ears are snapped from the stalks with the husks on and hauled in deep wagon boxes to the can- neries. The stalks, w^hen preserved either as ensilage or as stover, make excellent fodder. The overripe and inferior ears, being unmarketable, are left on the stalks and materially increase their value as a food for stock. The stover keeps best in loose shocks. It is liable to heat or mold when closely packed in large stacks or bays. As a field crop. Com is grown most extensively on medium heavy loams. It luxuriates in rich, warm soils. The crop rotation should be planned so as to use the coarse manures with the Com, which is a gross feeder. On the more fertile lands of the central plain, nitroge- nous manures may not always be used to advantage with Com, but in the eastern and southern states, where the soil has lost more of its original fertility, stable manure may often be used profitably with this crop at the rate of from 8 to 10 cords per acre, or possibly more. Plowing. — In the northern part of the Com belt in the central and western states, that is to say north of the Ohio and Missouri rivers, deep fall plowing of Cora land is generally favored, but in experiments at the Illinois and Indiana experiment stations, the depth of plowing has had little influence on the crop. In sections of the eastern states, shallow plowing late in spring is favored, especially if the land be in sod. In warmer, drier regions, as in parts of Nebraska and Kansas, list- ing has been much practiced on stubble ground. The listing plow, having a double mold-board, throws the soil into alternate furrows and ridges, the furrows being 8 or 9 inches deeper than the tops of the ridges. The Corn is planted in the bottom of the furrow, either by means of a 1 -horse Corn-drill or by a Com -drill attach- ment to the lister plow, consisting of a subsoil plow, through the hollow leg of which the Com is dropped. Great care should be used to secure see<l-com having high vitality as a precaution {.gainst the rotting of the seed in the soil should the season be cold and wet after planting. Select ears for seed as soon as the Com is well ripened. Dry them at once by artificial heat so that the seed may better withstand unfavorable c<.nditions of temperature or moisture. In many localities so-called kiln-dried seed is much in favor. In selecting seed for a field crop, seek systematically for stalks having little or no growth of stools and bearing single large ears. For garden use, seed from more productive stalks is de- sirable, even though the ears be smaller. In the north, Sweet Com should be planted as early as CORN 375 can be done without involving great risk of loss from frosts or from rotting of seed in the soil. In New York, tieid-planting is generally done from May 10 to May 20; in central Minnesota from May 10 to May 30. The ground having been plowed and prepareil so a»t to make a seed-bed of fine, loose soil ii Inches deep, the seed siiould be planted to a depth of frtmi 1 to .'< inches. The drier and UM>ser the soil the greater should be the depth of planting. In planting small fields, the ground may be marked in check rt»ws so that the bills planted at the intersection of the rows will Htand about '.^\ feet apart each way, and the Com planted by a hand-planter, ■^ff/tigW*^ 552. Early Marblehead Sweet Corn, which drops the desired number of kernels each time it is thrust into the grov id. For large fields, the check- row type of planter may be used. These planters drop and cover the seed in hills at uniform distances apart, planting two rows at one trip across the field. Field Corn is often planted in drills by machines adapted to this purpose, but Sweet Com should be grown under in- tensive culture, and should be in hills, so that the sur- face of the ground may be kept loose and entirely free from weeds. Till for the purpose of retaining soil moisture as well as to kill weeds. This requires frequent shallow tillage, pulverizing the surface of the soil so that it will act as a mulch aud retard the evaporation of soil moisture. Begin tillage as soon as the planting is done, using the slanting-tooth harrow and Breed's weeder types of im- plements till the Corn is 6 inches high, after which use spring-tooth cultivators or 2-horse cultivators of the type having several shovels on each side. These are preferable to the double-shovel type, formerly much used. The type having revolving disks, which throw the earth towards the Com, is objectionable because the center of the furrow is left bare of loose soil, which should cover all the ground as a mulch. Till at intervals of from 7 to 10 days. At first the cul- tivator may run from 2 inches deep near the plant to 4 inches deep midway between the rows. Each successive cultivation should gradually increase in depth between the rows ; throw a half inch or more of earth towards the Com and cover the weods. At the last cultivation the cultivator may be kept a little farther from the Com. It should leave the soil pulverized to a depth of from 2 to .'{ inches over the entire field. The earlier cultiva- tion may be deepened, if necessary, to kill weeds, even though some Com roots are severed, but cutting the roots by deep cultivation late in the season is to be es- pecially avoided. Till the soil until the Com gets so large as to prevent the use of a 2-horse cultivator. Oc- casionally a later cultivation, with a 1-horse cultivator, may be necessary if heavy rains leave the surface soil hard and start the weeds. Often catch crops for late pasturage, cover-crops or crops of winter wheat or rye are sown in the cornfield and cultivated in with the last cultivation. The seed is covered deeply by culti- vating it in because the weather is apt to be dry it this period. The lower part of the furrow-slice is thus left compact, furnishing a compact seed-bed, in which small grains delight. The cultivation of Sweet Com in the garden should follow the general lines advocated for field culture, but stable manure and commercial fertilizers may be used more liberally. It is well to put a small amount of a com- 376 CORN CORNUS plete commercial fertilizer in each hill, and mix it well with the soil before planting the Com. A fertilizer which has a large amount of nitrogen in quickly available form should be cho ;en for this purpose. Dwarf early maturing varieties may be planted, for early use, as soon as the ground is sufficiently dr>' and warm. A little later, wh'>n the ground is warmer, the second early main crop and late varieties may be planted. Later successional plant- ings insure a supply of green Corn till frosi kills the plants. Com is not grown commercially as a forcing crop. Attempts to force it in winter have not given encourag- ing results, but it may be successfully forced in spring, following any of the crops of vegetables which are gro^-n under glass, providing the houses are piped so as to maintain the night temperature at bi>° F. Provide good drainage. Give a liberal application of stable manure, and thoroughly mix it with the soil. In the latitude of New York the planting may be made as early as the 1st of March. As soon us the first loaf has unfolded the temperatxire may be allowed to run high in the sun, if the air is kept moist by wetting the floors and v/alls. The glass need not be shaded. Keep night temperature close to 65° F., not lower and not much higher. After the silk appears, jar the stalks every two or three d.iys, when the atmosphere is dry, abd thus insure abundant pollination. Early maturing varieties, like Cory, give edible Corn in about 60 days when thus treated, '''orn may be forced In the same house with tomatoes, eg^T-plant, and other vegetables which require similar range of temperature. VARIETIES.— Some of the desirable varieties for the garden, the market and for canning art listed below. These varieties are named for the purpose of showing the range of variation and ot indicating the leading groups or tj'pes, not to reccmimend these particular kinds. New varieties are continually supplanting the old. For the home garden. —Extra-early : Early Marblehead (Fig. 552 ) , Burbank Early. Secomi Early : Crosby Early. Main Crop: Large Eight -Rowed, Hickox Improved, Stowell Evergreen. Late : Black Mexican, Country Gentleman. For »mr^•<'^ — Extra-earl}-: Early Cory, Perry Hybrid; Extra-early Adams, though not a sweet Corn, is largely grown for early use. Second Early : Sliaker Early, Crosby Early; Early Adams is grown extensively for market, though not a sweet Com. Main Crop and Late: Mammoth, Stowell Evergreen, Egyptian, Country Gtntleraan. For canning .—'R\c]s.ox Improved. Crosby Early, Potter Excelsior. Country Gentleman, Egyptian, Old Colony, Stowell Evergreen. Diseases and Pests.— The most widespread and de- structive disease of Com in the United States is the smut produced by the parasitic smut-fungus, L'stilago Zecf. The sorghum -head smut, Cstilngo Beiliana, also attacks ]VIaize. Smut causes most injury when it attacks the ears. The grains are transformed into a mass of darl: -colored smut spores, and become ex- ceedingly swollen and distorted out of ell semblance to their normal outlines. Infection may take place at any growing point of the plant from early till late in the season, hence treatment of seed Com by fungicides is of no value as a remedy for Corn smut. The destruction of smutted parts of the plants, and taking especial care that the smut does not become mixed wita manure which is used for the Corn crop, are measures which may be expected to lessen the prevalence of the disease. No remedy is known. The only other disease of Sweet Com which is known to be of economic importance in the United States is the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas Sfewarti. It has been found in New York, New .Jersey and Michiiran, but thus far has been seriously destructive only Long Island on early dwarf varieties of Sweet Corn, i - char- acterized by wilting and complete drying of tlu- whole plant, as if aflFected by drought, except that the leaves do not roll up. The fibro-vascular bundles become distinctly yellow, and are very noticeable when the stalk is cut open. The disease attacks the plant at any period of growth, but is most destructive about the time the silk appears. No renjedy is known. Over 200 species of insects are known to be injurious to Corn, either to some part of the growing plant or to the stored product. The Com worm is also known south as the cotton-boll worm. It is destructive to Sweet Corn especially, for it burrows into the ear and feeds on the tender greea Com, rendering the ear unacceptable either at canneries or in market. It is known to do serious dam- age as far nonh as western New York. The best known meaod of fi';htingthis insect is the breaking of the pupae cells in the earth by shallow fcill plowing, which, at best, is but a partial remedy. Wire-worms, northern corn-root worms, white grubs, and oertain other grass insects attack Com plants. One of the best preventive measures is to plan the rotation so that Com does not immediately follow any cereal jr grass crop. Pop Corn (Zea everta, Sturt.). — Characterized by the excessive proportion of the corneous endosperm,' and the small size of the kernels and ear. The kernel split laterally shows th • chit and corneous matter enveloping, and in some cases ^ fine, starchy line. The small size of the ke nel and the property of popping makes identifica- tion ctnaia. This speoies-group extends throughout North aud South America, and has claims for prehis- toric cuhui". The preparation of soil, planting, and tillage recom- mended for Sweet Com apply equally well to Pop Com. Varieties. — S vrtevant, ir 1899, describes 25 varieties. The following ki ids are popular: Dwarf Golden - Ear 1 to ,'} inches long. An early-ma- turing sor* wit' l>road, golden yellow kemds. Rice, ^Vhite ^ .ice. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. This vigor- ous late variety is widely cultivated. This and other Rice Corns are characterized by deep, tapering, beaked kernels. Pearl. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. Matures somewhat earlier than Rice and later than Dwarf Golden. Kernels rounded and silvery whit?. g^ j^^ Beach. CORN, BEOOli. See So. -Jtum. COBN COCEIij. Lycunis Githago. CORNEL, C0R2JELIAN CHERRY. See ComtiS Idas. CORN FLAG. Gladiolus. CORNFLOWER. Centaurea Cyanus. CORN, INDIAN. The common name for Zta Mays. CORN, KAFFIR. See Sorg Unn vulgare, var. Dvrra. CORN POPPY of Europe is the weed of the grain fields from which some of the garden poppies have been raised, Pa paver Jih<jeas. COBiR SALAJi {Valerianella ol itoria, PaU.). I'aleri- ancteeo'. Known also as Lamb's Lettuce, Fetticus. and Vetticost. It is a native of Europe. Sow the seed in early spring, at the time of the first sowing of lettuce, and make successional plantings as often as desired. For very early salads the seeds are planted in Septeniber, and the young plants are covered with a light niuk-h and wintered' exactly as spinach is often managed. Sow in drills a foot or iS inches apart and cover lightly. Work the ground thoroughly, and give an abundance of water. The leaves may be blanched, but are usually eaten green. It matures in 60-65 days during good spring weather. Only one variety is offered by most American seedsmen, but several sorts are known to European gardeners. It is sometimes used for a pot-herb, being served like spinach, but is chiefly valuable for salads. It is rather tasteless, and is not so popular as cress o^* lettuce on that account, but persons who prefer a veiy mild salad, or who would rather taste the salad dressing, will doubtless fancy (N)rn Salad. It is l>est served in mixture with other herbs, as lettuce, water cress or whiti:> mustard. It is easv to grow. There are no spe-ial enemies. F. A. Wauoh. CORNUS ( ancient Latin name of Cornus Mas). Conid- ce(F. Doc,\v(K)V. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs: Ivs. op- posite, rarely alternate or whorled, deciduous, entire : fls. small, 4-merous. usually white, in terminal cymes ( Fig. 55:i ) or heads : f r. a drupe, with 2-celled stone. Over .'{0 species in the tenii»erate regions of the northern hemisptx le and one iu Peru. Hardy ornamental shrubs CORN us CORN US 377 with handsome foliage, often assuming a brilliant fall coloring, and with attractive lis. and frs. Nearly all a»'e very desirable for planting in shrubberies. They grow nearly as well in shady places under large trees as in sunny exposed situations, and thrive in almost any soil. One of the mo <t beautiful in bloom is C. florida , I' 553. Comus winter shoots. Showing the opposite bud and teiininal flower-clusters. Cor- nus Baileyi. 554. Cuttine of Comus. with extremely showy fls, in spring. C. candidissima is one of the best for shrubberies, blooming profusely in June. The red-branched species, as C. alba, CAmomum, C. Baileyi, C. sanguinea, are very attractive in winter. Prop, by seeds, which usually do not germinate until the second year. The species with willow-like soft wood, as C. a/6(i*and its allies, grow readily from cuttings of ma- ture wood, while the others are sometimes increased by layers. Horticultural varieties are mostly budded in sum- mer on seedlings of the type, or grafted in early spring in the propagating house. They are often grown in this country from nearly ripened cuttings (Fig. 554), handled in frames in summer. Various species of Comus have many interesting uses. Our native C. florida, which in flower is the showiest member of the genus, furnishes a useful substitute for quinine. The bark of all parts contains tlie same sub- stances foimd in Cinchona, but in different proportions. It is inferior in effectiveness and more difficult to obtain in large quantities. It is sometimes possible to ward off fevers by merely chewing the twigs. The powdered Dark makes a good tooth-powder, and the fresh twigs can be used for the same purpose. The bark mixed with sul- fate of iron makes a good black ink. The bark of the roots yields a scarlet dye. The wood, being hard, heavy, and close-grained, is good for tool handles. The Cornelian Cherry has pulpy fruits resembling cornelian in color and about the size and shape of olives, for which they can be substituted. The ripe fruits are soft and rather sweet. The name Dogwood comes from the fact that a decoction of the bark of C saufjttinea was used in Eng- land to wash mangj' dogs. The small red berries of C. Snecica (not in the tracie) are eaten by the Esquimaux. Index: alba. 3 and 4 ; altemifolia, 1; Amomum, 7; Baileyi, 5; brachypoda, 2 and suppl.; Canadensis, 17; candidissima, 9 ; capitata. 16 : circinatn. 6 ; ccerulea, 7; faxtitjiata, 10; femina, 10; ilorida, 13: Japonica, 15; Kousa, 15 ; macrophylla, 2 : Mas, 11; mascula, 11; Nut- talli, 14; oblongata, 9 ; officinalis, 12 ; paninilata,9; sanguinea, 8; sericea, 7; Sibirica, 4; stolonffera, 3; stricta, 10; TaUtrica, 4. A. Shrubs or trees. B. Fls. in cymes or panicles without involucre. C. Folia je alternate : fls. in umbel-like cymes, cream-cohred. 1. altemildlia, Linn. Fig. 555. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft. : Ivs. slender-petioled, elliptic or ovate, usually euneate, acimiiaate. nearly glabrous above, pale or whit- '-^hbeneatl dappressed pubescent, 3-5 in. long: cymes i.%-2% in. ide: fr. dark blue, globular, %va.. across, on red peduncles. May, June. N. Brunswick to Georgia and Alabama, west to Minnesota. 8.S. 5: 216 Em. 463. — Of very distinct bibit, the branches being arranged in irregular whorls, forming flat, h )rizontally spreading tiers, as in the picture. A variety which "hows this habit more distinctly than the common for., is var. tunbracnlifera, Dieck. Var. arg^ntea, Hort., is a i >mi with Tvhite-marked foliage. 2. macrophylla. Wall. ( C. brachypoda, Auth., not C. A. Mey.). Tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs. sleuder-petioled, broadly ovate or elliptic ovate, usually rounded at the base, abruptly acuminate, whitish and slightly hairy beneath, 3-5 in. long: cjnnes 3-4 in. wide: fr. bluish black, /une. Himalayas to Japan.— With the habit of the former, but of more vigorous growth; not hardy north. Var varie- gilta, Hort. Lvs. edited white. Ong. 3:67. cc. Foliage opposite. D. Fls. in umbel-like, flat cymes. E. Lvs. whitish and with straight appressed hairs beneath : fr. white or light bluish. 3. stolonifera, Michx. (<7. dlba, Wangh). Red-Osier Dogwood. Fig, 556. Shrub, to 8 ft., ".sually with dark blood-red branches and prostrate stem, stoioniferous : lvs. obtuse at the base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, 2-5 in. long: cymes dense, 1-2 in. wide; disk usually red : fr. white, with the stone broader than high. May, June. From Br?t. N. Amer. to Illinois and California. B.B. 2:545. G.C. II, 8:679,-Var, Haviriimea, Spath. Branches yelloT. There are also varieties with varie- gated lvs. Hal it Imsh-like, as in the picture. ^^Mh*^ •V»vv.>/ 555. Comus altemifoliju 378 CORNUS CORNUS 4. 41ba, Linn. (C. Tatdrica, Mill,). Shrub, to 10 ft., with usually erect stem and bright blood-red branches, mostly with glaucous bloom when young: Ivs. obtuse at the base, ovate or elliptic, somewhat buUate or rugose above, acute, l>^-33^ in. long: cymes dense, small; disk .-iJJ^*^ 556. Comus stolonifera. yellow: fr. light bluish, sometimes whitish; stone usually higher than broad, flat. Siberia, N. China. — Var. arg6n< teo-margin^ta, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. Spaethi, Hort. Lvs. broadly edged yellow. Var. Sibirica, Lodd. Branches briL''it coral-red. There ture also some other varieties with iriegated lvs. EE. Lvs. with woolly pubescence beneath, rarely nearly glabrous. P. Fruit tchite. 5. BMleyi, Coult. & Evans. Fig. 553. Erect shrub, with reddish branches: lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, white beneath, with woolly and with appressed hairs, 2-5 in. long : fls. in small rather compact woolly cymes: stone of the fruit much broader than high, com- pressed and flat-topped. Pa. to Minn, and Wyoming. G. F. 3 : 465. — A very handsome specie^ of upright growth , with dark red branches, blooming nearly all summer, and of a distinct grayish hue, due to the slightly upward curled lvs. The fail color of foliage and winter color of twigs are unequaled. Not as yet in the trade. Well adapted for sandy soil. FF. Fr. black, blue or bluish or greenish white. 6. circinata.L'Herit. Shrub,.'J-10 ft.: the young branches green, blotched purple, older ones purplish : lvs. or- bicular or broadly ovate, acute or short- acuminate, slightly pubescent above, pale and densely pubescent beneath, 2-6 in. long: cymes rather dense: fr. light blue or greenish white. May, June. Em. 464. 7. Amduium,Mill.( (7. sericert, Linn. C.ccerulea, Lam.). Shrub, 3-10 ft., with purple branches : lvs. rounded or narrowed at the base, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale or whitish beneath, usually with brownish hairs on the veins, 2-4 in. long : cyme compact : fr. blue or bluish white. June, July. N. Brunswick to Florida, west to Texas and Da- kota. Em. 466. R.H. 1888:444 (as r..s/o7o«i7erfl). -Var. varieg^ta, Hort. Lvs. variegated with yellowish white. 8. sangmlnea, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with purple or dark blood-red branches : lvs. broad-elliptic or ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, usually pubescent on both sides, pale green beneath, lJ^-3^ in. long: fls. green- ish white, in dense cymes: fr. black. May, June. Eu., Orient, — Var. variegita, Hort. Lvs. variegated with yellowish white. Var. viridissima, Dieck. With green branches and green fruit. DD. Fls. in short panicles : fr. white or pale blue. 9. candidiBsima, Marsh. (C. paniculdta, L'Herit. C. oblongdta, Hort.). Shrub, 6-15 ft., with gray branches: lvs. cuneate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate' appressed-pubescent or nearly smooth, whitish beneath lH-4 in. long: petals white, lanceolate: fr. white. Mav' June. Maine to N. Carolina, west to Minnesota and Ne! braska. B.B. 2: 545. — Free-flowering : very handsome when in bloom, and with its white fruits on red pedun- cles in fall. 10. BtnctA,L,'H^Tit. {C.fastigidta,Michx. C. fcemina. Mill.). Shrub, to 15 ft., with purplish branches: Irs! ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and minutely ap- pressed-pubescent, green on both sides, lJ^-3 in. long: petals white, ovate-lanceolate: fr. pale blue. April, May. Virginia to Georgia and Florida. B.B. 2: .'^6. — Tender north. Closely allied to the former, and pv 'aps only variety. BB. Fls. in dense heads or umbels, with en involucre. C. Fls. yellow ; involucre yellowish, not exceeding the fls. 11. M&8, ^inn. (C. nidscula, Hort.). Corneliah Cherry. Fig. 557. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. ovate or elliptic, acute, appressed-pubescent, and green on both sides, VA-2M in. long : fls. in sessile opposite umbels, before the lvs. ; pedicels not exceeding the invo- lucre: fr. oblong, scarlet. ?4in- long, edible. March, April. S. Eu., Orient. Mn. 5:192. — Handsome shrub of dense growth with glossy foliage, verj' attractive in early spring with its yellow fls., and again in fall with its shining scarlet frs. There are varieties with variegated lvs. and with yellow fr. 12. officinalis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft.: lvs. elliptic, acuminate, pale green beneath and with large tufts of dark brown hairs in the axils of the veins: fls. like those of the former; pedicels longer than the involucre : f r. scarlet, oblong. Japan, China. S.Z. 50. — Very similar to the last. CC. Fls. greenish yellow, sessile, with a showy white in- volucre, much exceeding the fls. D. Frs. in dense clusters, but individually distinct. (Benthamidia.) 13. fl^rida, Linn. Flowering Dogwood. Fig. 5.58. Shrub or small tree with spreading branches, 10-15 ft.. 557. Comus Mas (sprays X)^). rarely to 40 ft. : lvs. oval or ovate, acute, dark green and glabrous above, glaucous or whitish beneath, usually only pubescent on the veins, 3-6 in. long : involucre white CORNUS CORREA 379 or pinkish, 3-4 in. wide ; bracts 4, obovate, emarginate: fr. %in. long, scarlet. May. Massachusetts to Florida, west to Ontario and Texas, also E. and S. Mexico. S.S. 5:112-13. Em. 468. G.F.3:431. B.M. 526. Gn. 52, p. 177; 53, p. 222. J.H. III.28:453.-One of the most beautiful American flowering trees ; hardy north. Var. p^ndula, Hort. With pendulous branches. V'ar. rtlbra, Hort. With pink in- volucre, but less free-flowering than the type. R. H. 1894:500. A.O. 18:441. F.E. 9:572. Neither variety as hardy as the type. 14. Nuttalli, Aud. Tree, to 80 ft.: Ivs. ovate or obovate, usu- ally pubescent beneath, 4-5 in. long: involucre white or tinged with pink, 4-6 in. across; bracts 4-6, ob- long or obovate, some- times roundish, mostly acute : fr. bright red ororange, crowned with the broad, persistent calyx. Brit. Columbia to S. Calif S.S.5:214-15. Gng. 6: 274.-This species surpasses the former in beauty. but is more tender and has not yet been successfully cultivated outside of its native country, though introduced at several times into different American and European gardens. DD. Frs. connate into a globular fleshy head. [Benthamia.) 15. EotlBa, Buerg. (BenthUmia Japdnica, Sieh.& Zucc. C. Japdn ica , Koehne, not Thunbg. ) . Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, glaucous and appressed-pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long : involucre creamy white, 2>^-3 in. wide ; bracts ovate, acute: frs. forming a globular head. June. Japan, China. S.Z. 16. Gn. 43: 898 G.C. III. 19:783. A. G. 13:674. Gng. 3:149. J.H HI. 35:9. M.D.G. 1899:328-9. — Fls. very showy, appei.ring after the Ivs. in June and contrasting well with the bright green foliage; hardy as far north as Mass. Sometimes variegated. 16. capit^ta. Wall. {Benthdmia frayifera, Lindl.). Tree : Ivs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both ends, appressed-pubescent above and more densely and whitish beneath, 2-4 in.: involucre about '214-3 in. wide, creamy white; bracts ovate, acute: fruit-head over 1 in. across, scarlet. June. Himalayas. B.R. 19:1579. Gn. 54, p.310. G.C. III. 16:501. J.H. III. 30: 213.- Evergreen tree, with showy fls. and frs.; hardy only south. AA. Low herbs: fls. in dense heads, tvith a white {or pinkish) involucre. 17. Canadensis, Linn. Herb, >g-% ft. high, with creep- ing -ootstock : Ivs. whorled, sessile, elliptic or obovate, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long: head greenish, long- peduncled ; involucre white, 1-1 K in. wide : fr. bright red, globose. May-July. N. Amer., south to Indiana, Colorado and Calif. B. M. 880. — Handsome plant for half-shady places. C. asperifblia, Michx. Shnib, 8-15 ft.; branches reddish brown: Ivs. rough above, wooUy-pxibescent beneath: fr. white. Ontario to Florida, west to Texas. G.F. 10:105.— C. brachypoda, 0. A. Mey. Shrub: Ivs. opixjsite, glaucous and appressed-pubes- cent beneath: panicles large, loose. See C. raaiTophylla in the main list. Japan, China.— C.glabrata, Benth. Shmb, to 10 ft. ; branches gray: Ivs. small, nearly glabrous, green and shining on both sides : fr. white. Oregon to Calif.— C. Hessei, Koehne. Allied to C. alba. Dwarf, dense shrub: Ivs. crowded, small: fr. bluish white. Probably from E. Asia.— C. obl<tnga,'W&ll. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. narrow-oblong, nearly glabrous, glaucous beneath, coriaceous : fls. white, fragrant, in cymose panicles. Himalayas.— C. pubescens, Nutt. Shrub, to 15 ft., with pnrple branches : Ivs. nearly glabrous above, glaucous and woolly-pu- bescent beneath : fr. white. Brit. Columbia to Calif.— C. -S'teMca, Linn. Allied to C. Canadensis: Ivs. all opposite: tl. -head purple, the white involucre 1 in. or less wide. Arctic Amer., N. Eu., pinnate Irs., and pnrple or yellow fls. in peduncled heads or umbels ; pod jointed. Separated from Omi- thopus by floral and fruit characters. Species 25-30, Mediterranean region. The shrubby C. Umerus and C. glauea are useful in southern California and the south- em states. The species are occasionally grown in bor- ders. C.glaiica is sometimes grown under glass for spring bloom, after the manner of Cytisus. All are of easy culture. N.Asia. B.B.2:543. CORONA. Same as crown. Alfred Ri hder. COBONILLA (Latin, a little crown: from the ar- rangement of the fls.). Legumindstt', tribe Hedys^reff. Crown Vetch. Perennial shrubs or herbs, with odd- 558. ComuB florida. (X%.) A. Flowers yellow. B. Herbs. Cappaddcica, Willd. (C. Iberica,Bieb.). Low peren- nial herb, about 1 ft. high: Ifts. 9-11, obcordate, ciliate: umbels 7-8-fld. : fls. yellow, large, July-Aug. : stipules membranaceous, rounded, ciliate-toothed. Asia Minor. L.B.C. 8:789. B.M. 2646.-A good trailer for rockeries and the margins of borders. BB. Shrubs. Emdms, Linn. Scorpion Senna. Dense, symmetrical shrub, 4-6 ft. high: Ivs. deep, glossy green; Ifts. 5-7, obovate : stipules small : peduncles 3-fld. : fls. large, yellow, tipped with red. Blooms freely, Mav and June. Showy, half-hardy. S. Eu. B.M. 445. Gng. 5:36.- Evergreen in S. states. glai!lca, Linn. Glabrous shrub 2-4 ft. high : stipules small, lanceolate : Ifts. 5-7, obovate, very blunt, glau- cous : fls. 7-8 in each umbel, yellow, fragrant by day but not at night. S. Eu. B.M. 13. — One of the common garden shrabs of S. Calif., flowering all the year. AA. Flowers white and pink. viminlilis, Salisb. Trailing shrub : stipules soon de- ciduous, ovate, membranaceous : Ifts, 13-21, obovate, notched, glaucous : umbels 6-10-fld. : fls. pale red or white with a red stripe on the banner. Algeria. — Prom- ising as a florists' plant for cut fls. Fls. all the year in S. Calif. yjtria, Linn. Crown-Vetch. Fig. 559. Straggling or ascending, smooth herb, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. sessile ; Ifts. 11-25, oblong or obovate, blunt and mucronate, 14-% in. long: peduncles longer than Ivs.: fls. in dense umbels, % in. long, pinkish white. June to Oct. Eu. B.M. 258. Gnu. 5: 337.— Trailing plant for hardy, herbaceous border. Jared G. Smith. C0RR£A (after Jose Francesco Correa de Serra, Portuguese author, 1750-1823). Butdcece. Seven spe- cies of tender Australian shrubs, rarely cultivated un- der glass for their pendulous, tubular fls. an inch or two 380 CORREA CORYDALIS long, usually brifjht scarlet, but also white or yellow. Shrubs, usually with dense, miuute. stellate hairs: Ivs. opposite, stalke<l. entire, and with transparent dots. C. speeiosa is probably the bt'st and most variable species. It is a native of barrt-n, sandy plains, and belonpfs to the large and much-neglected class of Australian shrubs. Coronilla varia. (See p. 379.) specidsa, Alt. {C. cardindUs, P. Muell.). Tender shrub, 2-3 ft. high: branches slender, brown, opposite, covered with minute rusty hairs: Ivs. opposite, about 1 in. long, elliptic, about a fourth as wide as long, wrinkled, dark green above, whitish below, margin entire, re- curved : peduncles opposite, axillary, longer than the Ivs., 1-fld., with a pair of leafy bracts: fls. iVgin. long, pendent, tubular, bright scarlet, with a very short limb of 4 spreading, greenish yellow segments; calyx small, cup-shaped, with 4 almost obsolete teeth ; stamens 8, exserted, about ^4 in. B.M. 4912.— There are several varieties. W. M. C0BTAD£:BIA. see Oynerium. CORTtrSA (named by the herbalist Matthiolus after his t'rieiid C'ortusus. professor of botany at Padua). PrimuldcecB. A genus of possibly 4 species of which C. MntthioU, Linn., from the Swiss Alps, has long been a choice and delicate but not very popular plant, suited for shady parts of the rockery. It was long consiclered the only species of the genus. It is an herbaceous perennial, about C in. high, pubescent, rhlzoniatous, with a few long-stalked, cordate, 7-9-lol>«'d, <lentate Ivs.' an<l a slender scape bearing an umbel of about 7 snmll' rosy purple, drooping lis., which appear in suninur. It has some resemblance to Primula eortusioiden. The penus has possibly 4 species, and is distinguished from Primula and Androsace by its stamens attache<l to the base of the corolla, and its long-ucuminate anthers. According to ,1. B. Keller, its culture is similar to that of the hardy Primulas, but it needs winter protection in the northeru states. CORYANTHES (Greek, knrys, helmet, and anthos, flower, referring to the shape of the lip). Orchidticea, tribe \'dnde(r. This complex genus, which is closely re- lated to Stanhopea, is represented by several interesting species inhabiting tropical America. Sepals sprea<ling dilated, tlexuose, conduplicate, lateral ones largest, dis- tinct at the base : petals small, erect : labelluni larsre, tridentate, basal portion forming a hood, continued into the column; distal portion bucket or pouch-like: column pointing downwards, elongate<l, terete, bicornute at the base, apex recurved : pollinia 2, compressed, caudiole linear, arcuate. Pseudobulbous : Ivs. plicate, !an«'eo- late, alxiut 1 ft. long. The bucket part of the hihellum is provided with a spout-like structure, by means of which the bucket overflows whc" about half full of a secretion which drops from a pair of glands near the base of the column. The fls. of the species known are not lasting, the sepals being of such delicate texture that, though at flrst they fully expand, they soon colli.pse and become unsightly. Although much interest attaches to the species of Coryanthes, the genus is not generally cultivated, since the fls. last too short a time and are not particularly brilliant. For culture, see Stanhopea. macrdntha, Hook, (tround color rich yellow dotted with red. Hood and part of bucket brownish red : tls. few. in drooping racemes. Caracas. P.M. 5:.'U. maculiita. Hook. Sepals and petals dull, pale yellow, bu<'ket blotched on the inside with dull red. H.M.:no"2. — Var. punctata has the petals and sepals bright yellow, speckled with red. the hood yellow, blotched with red- dish orange, the pouch pale, speckled and spotted with red. Demerara. Oakes Ames. CORYDALIS (Greek, lark, the spur of the flower re- sembling a lark's spur). Fitmaridceif. A large genus of hardy plants allied to the Dutchman's Breeches, and with finely cut foliage of a similar character, but weedier and less delicate than the Dicentras. They are all of easy culture. They prefer full sunlight but will grow in half-shade. Prop, by division or seed. A. Fls. chiefly purple or rose, sometime.s tipped yellov. B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stcm-li-.f. ffiv. bulbdsa, DC. {C. sSlida, Sw.). Erect, 6 in. high : Ivs. .S-4, stalked, biternately cut. segments wedge-shaped or oblong: ro<it solid: fls. large, purplish. Spring. BB. Plant annual: root fibrous: stem-lvs. many. glailca, Pursh. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, very glaucous : lobes of the Ivs. mostly spatulate : racemes short, pani- cled at tiie naked summit of the branches : fls. l)arely >s in. long, rose or purple with yellow tips ; spur short and round : capsule slender, linear: seeds with minute, transverse wrinkles. Summer. Rocky or sterile ground. Nova Scotia to Rocky Mts.. and even Arctic coa<t, south to Texas. B.M. 179. — Not advertised for sale, but probably worth cult. AA. FU. chiefly yellotc. B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stem-lvs. few. ndbllis, Pers. Perennial, erect : Ivs. bipinnately cut ; segnu'uts wedge-shaped and lobed at the apex : fls. white, tipped with yellow, and a dark purple spot: spur 1 in. long. Spring. Siberia. B.M. 195;{, as Funiaria nobilis. G.C. II. 19:?25. BB. Plant annual or biennial : root fibrous : stem- lvs. numerous. atirea, Wilhl. Annual, G in. high, commonly low and si>readitur : fls. golden yellow, about % in. lone, on rather slender pedicels in a short raceme ; spur barely CORYDALIS CORYLUS 381 half the lenjrth of the body, somewhat decurved : cap- sulfs spreading or pendulous, about 1 in. long ; seeds 10-12, turgid, obtuse at margin, the shining surface ob- scurely netted. Rocky banks of Lower Canada and N. New England, northwest to latitude 64°, west to Brit. Col. and Ore., south to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. ; not Jap.— The western forms have the spur almost as long as the bo<ly of the corolla and pass into Var. occidentilis, Engelm. More erect and tufted, from a stouter and sometimes more enduring root : fls. larger ; spur commonly ascending : capsules thicker; seeds less turgid, acutish at margins. Colo.. New Mex., W. Tex., Ariz. Cult, by D.M. Andrews, Boulder, Colo., who considers it biennial. curvisiliqua, Engelm. Probably a biennial. Com- monly more robust than C ann-a, ascending or erect, 1 ft. iiigh or less: fls. golden yellow, over K in. long, in a spike-like raceme ; spur as long a.s the body, com- monly ascending : capsules quadrangular, W^ in. long ; sep<ls turgid to lens-shaped, with acute margins densely and minutely netted. Woods in Tex. Cult, by D. M. Andrews, Boulder, Colo. liltea, DC. Erect or spreading, 6-8 in. high, anniial. or forming a tufte<l stock of several years* duration : Ivs. delicate, pale green, much divided ; segments ovate or wedge-shaped, and 2-;Mobed : Hs. pale yellow, about J^ in. long, in short racemes; spur short : pod a fourth or third of an inch long. Stony places of S. Eu., and runs wild in Eu. C.cAva, Scliwcigg. & Kort. (probaoly a form of C. tuberosa, DC.) is somewhat l.-irger than C. bulhosa, with pretty fls. vary- ing into purplish and white. Eu. — C *Vow/«t». Hook., grows 3 ft., and is cult, in some European gardens. W. Amer. W. M. CORYLOPSIS (Corylus and o;jsi.s, likeness; in foliage resembling the Hazel), nnmamelidiiceir. Deciduous shnihs, rarely trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, dentate : fls. in nodding racemes, appearing before the Ivs., yel- low ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a 2-ceIled, dehiscent capsule, with 2 shining black seeds. Si.x species in E. Asia and Himal. Low ornamental shrubs, with slender branches and pale bluish green, distinct foliage ; very attractive in early spring, when covered with yellow, fragrant fls. Not hardy north of New York. They grow best in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, by seeds sown in spring, beit with slight bottom heat, and by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer under glass; also by lay- ers, rooting readily in moderately moist, peaty soil, paucifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. Low, much-branched shrub, 2-H it.: Ivs. obliquely cordate, ovate, sinuate-dentate, ciliate, pubescent and glaucous beneath, 1-2 in. long : racemes 2-3-fld., %-% in. long : Hs. light yellow. Jap. S.Z. 20. G.F. 5:342. Gt. 48:1467. spic&ta, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. oblique and rounded or cordate at the base, roundish ovate or obo- vate. sinuate-dentate, glaucous beneath and pubescent, 2-3}^ in. long: racemes 7-10-fld., 1-2 in. long: Hs. bright vellow. Jap. S.Z. 19. B.M. 5458. F.S. 20:2l:{5. R.H. 1861). p. 230; 1878, p. 198. -This species has larger and handsomer foliage and t!s. of a deeper yellow, in longer racemes, but C. pauciflora flowers more profusely and is somewhat hardier. C. HiinatayanG, Grifif. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. poniate-ovate. 4-7 in.: racemes 1-2}'^ in. long. Himal. B.M. 6779. Tender. ALFRED RehdER. CORYLUS (ancient Greek name). CupuUferc^, tribe Betithlceie. Hazel. Filbert. Cobnut. Shrubs, rarely trees : Iva. alternate, deciduous, stipulate, petioled. ser- rate and more or less pubescent : fls. mimtpcious, ap- pearing before the Ivs., staminate, in long, pendulous catkins, formed the previous year, and remaining naked during the winter (Fig. 560), each bnwt bearing 4 di- vided stamens; pistillate included in a small, scaly bud with only the red styles protniding ( Fig. .')61) : fr. a nut, ii luded or surrounded by a leafy involucre, usually in <' -ters at the end of short branches. Eleven species in X. Amer., Eu. and Asia are described. Numeroiis va- rieties are cult, in Eu. for their edible nuts. They are also valuable for planting shrubberies, and thrive in al- most any soil. Prop, by seeds sown in fall, or stratified and sown in sprinjf ; the varieties usually by suckers, or by layers, put down in fall or spring ; they will be rooted the following fall. Budding in summer is some- times practiced for growing standard trees, and grafting in spring in the greenhouse for scarce varieties. They may also be increase«l by cuttings of mature wood taken oflf in fall, kept during the winter in sand or moss in a cellar and planted in spring in a warm and sandy soil. Illustrated monograph of the cultivated varieties by Franz Goeschke, Die Haselnnss (1887). See, also, bulletin on Nut- culture by the U. S. Dept. of Agr. 560. Winter catkins of Filbert. 561. Pistillate flo\vers of Corylus rostrata. Natural size. A. Husk or involucre consisting of tiro distinct bractg {sometimes partly connatt). B. Involucre deeply divided into many linear, nearly entire segments, densely beset with glandular hairs. Tree. Coliima, Linn. Tree, to 70 ft.: Ivs. deeply cordate, roundish ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly lobed and doubly crenate-serrate. at length nearly glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 3-7 int long: nut roundish ovate, 4-5 in. long. From S. Eu.. to Himal. — Ornamental tree, with regular pyramidal, head, not (juite hardy north. Rarely cult, for the fr. under the name of Filbert of Constantinople or Constantinople nut. B. Involucre sparingly glandular, with lanceolate or triangular-dentate lobes: nut slightly compressed. Shrttbs. Americana, Walt. Fig. 562. Shrub, 3-8 ft.: Ivs. slightly cordate or rounded at the base, broadly ovate •)roval, irregularlv serrate, sparingly pubescent' above, finely tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long : involucre com- pressed, exceeding the nut, the 2 bracts sometimes more or less connate, with rather short., irregular, toothed lobes : nut roundish ovate. al>out % in. high. From Canada to F!a. west to Ontario and Dak. B.B. 1:5"7.— Two forms of involucre are shown in Fig. 562. ''Mis figure is adapted from the bulletin of the Dept. of Agr. on Nut-culture. AvellAnu, Linn. Figs. 560, .562. Shrub, to 15 ft.: Ivs. slightly cordate. HMindish oval or broadly obovate, doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, at length nearly glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath : in- volucre shorter than the nut, deeply and irregularly in- cised: nut roundish o"ate, }4-% in. high. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. — Var. atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. lacini&ta, Hort. (var. heterophylta. Loud.). Lvs. laciniately in- cised or lobed. Var. p^ndula, Hort. With pendulous branches. There are also many varieties cultivated for their fruit. 382 CORYLUS COBTLUS Husk tubular, of connate bracts. B. Involucre campannlate, witJt large, dentate, spreading lobes. P6ntica, Koch, Shrub: Ivs. cor- date, roundish ovate or broad-oval, doubly serrate : involucre finely pubescent, with few glandular hairs at the base: nut large, broad -ovate. W. Asia. F.S. 21:2223-4 as C. Colurna. — From this species the Cob Nuts seem to have originated; also the Spanish Nuts are probably mostly cross-breeds between this species and C. Avellana or C maxima, or between the two latter species. BB. Involucre narroived above the nut into a beak. maxima, Mill. {C. tubulbsa, Willd.). Shrub, sometimes small tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate, round- ish-ovate, slightly lobed and doubly serrate, 3-6 in. long : involucre finely pubescent outside: nut ob- long, large; kernel with thin red or white skin. S. Eu. — Var. pur- ptlrea, Hort. (C. Avellana pur- purea, Hort.). Lvs. deep pur- plish red. Many varieties, with large nuts, known as Filberts or Lambert's Filberts. rostrita, Ait. Figs. 561, 562. Shrub, 2-6 ft. : lvs. rounded or slightly cordate at the base, oval or obovate, densely serrate and sometimes slightly lobed, nearly glabrous at length, except spar- ingly pubescent on the veins be- neath, 2>^-4 in. long : involucre densely beset with bristly hairs, beak long and narrow : nut ovoid, K in. long. East- em N. Amer., west to Minn, and Colo. G.F. 8:345. B.B. 1 : 508. Cali!6mica, Rose. Fig. 562. Allied to C. rostrata. Shrub, to 20 ft.: lvs. more villous beneath : involucre with a short beak, which is often flaring and sometimes torn. C. heterophylla, Fisch. Allied to C. Avellana. Lvs. more lobed: involucre large, spreading, longer than the fr.. with large, triangnlar, nearly entire teeth. N. China, .lap. (Offered by import- ers.)— (7.1fa?u/«AMrica, Maxim. Allied toO. rostrata. Lvs. large and broad: involucre thickly beset with strong brown bristles ; tul)e slightly enlarged at the apex, and laciniately divided into narrow, entire segments. Amurland, Jap.— C. Sieboldi, Blume. Allied to C. rostrata. Lvs. nar- rower: involucre densely coated with loosely ap- pressed, less bristly h;iirs; l>eak long and nar- rowed to wanl the end. A.tt. 12:267. ALFRED ReHDER. Culture for the Nuts.— Hazel, Filbert, Cobnut. The three native Hazels, C. Americana, C. Califor- nica and C. rostrata, have been sparingly introduced to cultivation, but have not developed varieties worthy of naming or propagating. The foreign species, C. Avellana, C Pontiva and C maxima, were intro- duced along the Atlantic seaboard at an early day, and are maintained in gardens throughout the New England and Middle Atlantic states. Efforts to make extensive culture profitable in the eastern United States have hitherto failed, probably from attacks of a fungous dis- ease, Cryptospora anomala, common on C. Americana, but not specially injurious to that species. It attacks and destroys the young branches, and later the older branches and trunk, without killing the root. Bordeaux 562. Filberts and Hazels. Natural size. 1, American-grown FUljert; 2, Cory lus Americana, form with open invo- lucre; 3, G. Americana, closed involucre; 4.(7. Calif omica; 5, C ros- trata. mixture has been suggested as a preventive, but recorded success- ful experiments are lacking. Ex- perimental plantings on the Pacitic slope indicate greater success with imported Hazels there than in the east, but they have not developed commercial importance. The requirements of the Hazel in America, so far as known, are: moderately rich, well-drained .xoilj absence of C. Americana from vi- inity ; freedom from mild periods in winter and late frosts in spring. It is specially subject to frost injur>', as both stami- nate and pistillate catkins de- velop in fall and quiikly swell and open under the inrtuence of mild weather in winter. The staminate catkins commonly bloom first. If they are de- stroyed by frost, fertilization can be accomplished by sus- pending branches from trees from other localities, even of other species of Corylus. Propagation by seeds is easily done by stratifying in fall and planting in nursery rows in early spring. Seedlings vary exceedingly, and varieties are perpetuated by budding, graft- ing, suckers or layers ; com- monly by the last two methods. A considerable supply of well rooted suckers can be obtained from fruiting trees by banking in summer with rich soil or stable manure to promote root formation. Stools for layering should be heavily manured to force h>ng and slender shoots suitable for bending. These should be staked down in winter or spring and covered wifh earth. They may be removed to nursery rows or orchard at end of first season. Planting should be at a distance of 10 to 20 feet in well prepared soil, in fall or spring. Ground may be croppe<l with low growing, culti- vated plants while trees are young, but should be maintained in good tilth and fertility. Pruning is of special importance with this nut. Trees are usually headed at height of 1 or 2 feet, though often permitted to take nat- ural form, which is that of a many- stemmed bush, designated a "stool,"' Trees are classified according to height of clear trunk into "stan- dard." "half standard," and "dwarf standard." A short trimk, with vase-form head of six or more branches, is preferred. Suckers should be kept down, unless desired for propagation. Both sexes of blos- soms are borne on 1-year-old lateral twigs or spurs. March or April, after flowers of both sexes have bloomed, is considered best time for pruning, as unneces- sary sacrifice of pollen can thus be avoided. Strong shoots should be headed back to promote spur forma- tion, and old wood that has borne fruit should be removed annually. CORYLUS COSMIDIOI 383 The nuts should not be gathered until ripe, a condition indicated by the browning of the edges of the husk. If left until fully ripe, many of the nuts will rattle out and be lost. The highest prices are obtained for freshly gathered nuts in the husks. To prevent husks from molding, they should be well dried or slightly sulphured. Hazelnuts may he held for considerable periods in tight receptacles, as casks or jars, by sprinkling salt over them and storing them in a cool, dry place, or in a refriger- ated compartment. Few insects trouble the European Hazelnuts in America, the nut weevil of Europe, Balaniniift nuctim, not having yet been naturalized, /i. nanicus sometimes does considerable injury to the native species. Nuts and Filberts are terms loosely used abroad, espe- cially in England, to designate certain rather indefinite forms of C Arellava and C. maxima. In general, such varieties as have husks shorter than their fruits are termed Nuts, while such as have husks as long as or longer than their fruits are designated Filberts. But few varieties are known in America, most of the Hazels grown being seedlings from imported nuts. Va- rieties of C. AveUana and C. maxima are not. clearly distinguishable, but in general those with husks longer than the nuts are assigned to C. maxima, and those with short husks to C. AveUana. Alba (White Filbert) . Regarded in England as one of the best varieties. Can be kept in husk longer tlian most others l>eeause of constrieted form of husk. Kernel covered witli a white skin. Known as Avelinier Blanche, Wrotham Park, etc. Succeeds in California. Cosford (Miss Young's, Thin-shelled). Nut ol)long, thin- shelled, of excellent quality; in a hirsute, laoiniated husk, about the same length as nut. (7n«pa (Cape Nut, Frizzled Filbert). Nut thin-shelled, some- what flattened, late; in husks curiously frizzled throughout and wide open at the mouth. Very productive. Dounton Large Square. Nut very large, semi-square, thiek- shelletl and well filled, of the highest quality ; husk smooth, shorter than nut. Du Chilly. A fine, large, compressed-cylindrical variety, with moderately thifk shell, and of fine quality. Intro«luced from France by Felix Gillet, of California. The largest Filbert grown in America so far as known. Grandis (Round Cobnut). Nut large, short, slightly com- pressed, of good quality when fresh, with a think and hard shell ; in a short husk, much frizzled an<l hairy. One of the best varie- ties ; considered the true Barcelona nut of commerce. Also known as Downton, Dwarf Prolific, Great Ck)b, Pearson's Pro- lifie and Round Cob. Jones. A short, roundish nut, of medium size.and good quality, somewhat grown for several years in central Delaware. Bush hardy and \igorous, producing suckers freely, and thus far free from disease. Lambert (Laml>ert's Filbert, Lambert's Nut, Filbert Cob; Kentish Cob, erron«H>usly). Nut large, oblong, somewhat com- pressed; shell rather thick; kernel plump and of rich flavor; an excellent keeper. Husk quite smooth, longer than nut and but slightly cut in margin. Tree productive. Considered the best variety grown in England, where it has been known since 1812. Purple-leaved. Nut large and of excellent quality; in a husk longer than the fruit. Plante<l for ornament, and productive of good nuts under proper treatment. The leaves and husks are of a deep purplecolor, which is retaineil until frost. The stami- nate catkins are tenxler and often injureil by frosts in winter, but when supplied with pollen from some more hardy variety it yields large crops. Red Aveline (Avelineer Rouge. Red Hazel). Nut large, ovate, thin-shelled, with a smooth, red-skinned kernel, and of sweet nutty flavor. This variety is prized in eastern California as a productive sort of good quality. Spanish. Nut very large, oblong, thick-shelled, with a smooth husk longer than the fruit. Sometimes confounded with Ciran- ^8- W. A. Taylor. CORYNdSTYLIS ( Greek, describing the club-shaped style). Viold.ce(g. Woody climbers, with alternate Ivs. and racemes of long-stalked violet-like fls. C. Hybanthus, Mart. & Zucc. ( Calyptrion A nbletii, Ging. Corifn6t<t}flis Auhletii, Hort. ), is native of trop. America. The Ivs. are large, ovate, serrate : fls. white, in short axillary fascicles, which are contiguous along the stem, long- spurred, 2 or 3 times as large as a violet. F.S. 21 : 2213. —A handsome, vigorous warmhouse climber, and cult, in the open in S. California. Prop, by cuttings and seeds. COB^FHA (Greek for summit or /op,— where the Ivs. grow). PalmAcece, tribe Cortipheif. Tall, spineless, monocarpic palms : trunk stout, ringed : Ivs. terminal, large, orbicular, tlabellately divided to the middle into numerous linear-lanceolate segments; sesrments indupli- cate in the bud; rachis none; ligule small: petiole long, stout, concave above, spiny on the margins : sheaths split; spadix solita.'y, erect, paniculately much branched; spathes many, tubular, sheathing the peduncle and branches: fls. green: frs. as large as a cherry, with a fleshy pericarp. Species ; tropical Asia and Malay Archi- pelago. These fan-palms are cultivated the same as Cham- ffirops and Livistona. They are warmhouse plants, prop, by seeds. Large fans, umbrellas and tents are made of the Talipot palm by th*^ natives of Ceylon. Coryphas are but littl jrrown commercially, the growth of young plants being ow. Good loam well enriched with stable manure, a ^rht temperature of 65° and abundant moisture, are the chief requisites in their cul- ture, with a moderately shaded house during the summer. el4ta, Roxb. {C. Gebdnga, Blume). Trunk straight, 60-70 ft. high, 2 ft. in diam., spirally ridged: Ivs. lunate, 8-10 ft. in diam. : segments 80-100. separated nearly to the middle, ensiform, obtuse or bifid : petioles (i-12 ft., with black margins and curved spines. Bengal and Burma. umbracullfera, Linn. Talipot Palm. Fig. 563. Trunk annulate, 60-80 ft. : Ivs. sub-lunate, 6 ft. long by 13 ft. wide, palmately pinnatifid, conduplicate above the mid- dle : segments obtusely bifid : petiole 7 ft., the spines 563. Corypha umbraculifera. along its margins often in pairs. Malabar coast and Ceylon. A.F. 12:313. Gng.5:213. The picture (Fig. 563) is adapted from Martins' Natural History of Palms. C. austrdlis, R. Br. See Livistona.— C. macrophylla. Hort. = ?— C. m)nor, ,Jacq. See Sabal.— C Wogani, Hort., is a dwarf round- Ivd. plant. A.G.15:.107. Jared G. Smith, and W. H. Taplin. COSMANTHUS. All included in Phacelia. COSMlDIUM is Thelesperma. 384 COSMOS COSMOS COSMOS (from the Greek word with a root idea of orderliness; hence an ^ornament or beautiful thing, which tits the present case; tinally and usually the uni- verse, because of its orderliness). Compositir. A ge- nus of at most 20 species of annual or perennial herbs, all tropical American, mostly Mexican, often tall, usu- ally glabrous: Ivs. opposite, pinnatelyout in the garden kinds, in some others entire or lobed: lis. typically shades of rose, crimson and purple, with one yellow species, and white horticultural varieties, long pedun- cled. solitary or in a loose, corymbose panicle : akenes gla- brtms: chaff of the receptacle in ('. ////x'H/ja/^.s withalong and slender apex, in other species with a blunt and short apex. The genus is distinguished from Bidens chiedy by the seeds, which are beaketl in Cosmos but not dis- tinctly so in Bidens, and by the color of the rays, which in Cosmos is typically some form of crimson, while in Bidens the rays are j^ellow or white. The "Black Cosmos" (C dirersifoUus) is, perhaps, better known to the tra<le as a Bidens or Dahlia. It has the dwarf habit and dark red early lis. of some Dahlias, but the akenes are very puzzling. They resemble those of Bidens in being 4-angled. and not distinctly beaked. They are unlike Bidens, and like Cosmos, in being not distinctly compressed on the back. They resemble both genera in having 2 rigid persistent a^^^ls, but, unlike these genera, the awns havenoretrorse barbs or prickles. The akenes are linear, as in Cosmos and all our native tropical species of Bidens; but, although narrowed at the apex, they are not distinctly beaked, as in most spe- cies of the genus Cosmos. The plant is, perhaps, near- est to Bidens. Among the garden annuals that have come ^^^^ promi- nence in recent years, the Cosmos has a most brilliant future. Until 189.5 there were in the two leading species only three strongly marked colors; white, pink and crimson. These and the less clearly de- fined intermediate shades have all come from C. bipinnatus; the yellow forms have come from C. sulphurei(s,vrhieh was intro- duced in IHIM). Although Cosmos has been vastly im- proved within the last live years, it still leaves much to be desired and offers a most promising field to the plant- breeder. The two species are still too lat^ in coming into bloom and too tall and weedy looking in their habit of growth, but the season is])eing gradually shortened, wit^ dwarfer forms continually coming on, and it is neces- sary to be patient while this interesting evolution is tak- ing place. The chief improvement so far has been made in California and in Georgia. In the east, for best results it is still necessary to sow seed indoors in April and transplant outdoors as soon as danger of frost is past. Seed sown in the open ground often fails to produce flowers in some northern localities before frost. The slightest frost kills the typical species, but some of the new strains are said to resist a degree or two of frost. At first Cosmos flowers were only an inch or two across. The best varieties now average ,"{ inches, and some- times reach 4 and 5 without thinning or disbudding. Pure white f owers of Cosmos are rareh' if ever found wild. l)nt some of the cultivated varieties are nearly pure. The .T-' up i totally lacking in bright reds. It would be interesting to try for shatles of red by crossing with the dark blood-red C d i vers i foil us {known as the Black Cosmos, DahUa Zimapaui and Bidens atrosan- yninea), which, however, would be a somewhat violent cross, as that is a low-growing, early-flowering, tuberous- rooted perennial. However. Cosmos is closely related to Dahlia, Coreopsis, and Bidens. tlie first two being of great garden importance and the latter, though weedy, having possibilities. The rays of Cosmos hiphinatiis are typically obcordate in outline, narrow at the base, broad at the apex and with three strongly marked teeth, which, as in C<»reopsis, are a great part of the characteristic beauty of the flower. In the wild single Dahlia these teeth are so short that they serve only to mar the sym- metry of cMitline. and in the high-bred, cultivated varie- ties of single Dahlias these teeth are practically if not wholly obliterated. This will perhaps never happen to the Cosmos, at least in America. On the contrary, the rays of the Cosmos sometimes have an extra number of teeth, often G or 7 altogether, and the effect is very attractive and individual. Moreover, these teeth are often somewhat wavy, giving the whole flower a frilled appear- ance. The wild Cosmos is a stellate flower; that is, it has open spaces between its rays. These rays in cultivation have bromlened an<l rounded in outline and have over- lapped, so that the new forms do not show any vacant spaces between the rays but present a solid un])rokeu fju'e. This same tendency _ has prevailed in the garden '•' kJll ^ evolution of many other fa- ^^ vorites, notably the "shoul- dered" Tulips, "rose-pet- aled Geraniums," and single Dahlias. The named varie- ties of Cosmos may always 564. Cosmos bipinnatus. (XK.) A oiiltivate<l form. The rays of wild riowers have only three teeth and they are much more pronounced. COSMOS COTONEASTER 385 be expected to hare more symmetripal and perfectly formed flowers than the mixed and nameless varie- ties, much as the biKhest bred single Dahlias always have 8 rays all exactly alike, while it is a mark of Dah- lias of low degree to have more than H rays or an unsym- metrical arrangement of them. A new feature, too, is the advent of a distinct ring of color fonued by a dash of crimson at the base of each ray. The wild Cosmos is not troubled by a spot of yellow at the Ijase of each ray, as is the wihl Dahlia. In the case of the single Dalilia, the yellow color at the base of the ray never be- comes definite and conspicuous enough to form an addi- tional attractive feature, as it does in Chri/sduthetniim carinatum, but it often spoils the unity of effect and fails to harmonize with the chief color of the flower, especially when the latter is magenta, crimson, rose, or any allied shade. There are no full ilouble forms of Cosmos as yet, and, as regards strongly marked types of doubling, the Cosmos may be decades behind the China Asters. In the single forms, flat, incurved or cupping, and reflexed flowers are to be looked for, and can be tixed if there is sufficient demand for mainte- nance of the three types. It is a mistake to grow Cosmos in too rich soil, as one gets too vigorous growth and too few flowers, which are alsi» late. A sandy soil is to be preferred as being earlier, and not too rich. It is well to pinch out the leading shoots of young plants in order to make them bushy and symmetrical, instead of tall and straggling. -^y^ j^j_ Cosmos bipinnafus has many varieties as to shapes, and its colors run through white, " washed " or faded pinks, and reds. The plants grow 7-10 ft., and bloom in fall only. A dwarf variety of this species, and start- ing out with Dawn ( wliite sliaded to pink at center) has developed colors until it now inchides white, pink and crimson. The plants are some 4% ft. high, and bloom in July. The seed is only one-half the length of the typical C. biphitiatua. This selection was continued until (hmble blooms were secured, but double blooms perfected no seed. C. aulphurens is entirely distinct from the above, the foliage being broad and handsomely cut. whilst the flowers vary from sulfur-yellow of the typical species, to the rich orange-yellow of Klondyke, and a tall, late variety*. Cosmos sulphureus shows an inferior bloom l.^'ain. in diameter, rather meager f<diage, and grows about 3 ft. high. The tall, late variety has fine, rich orange fls. 2%-H^ in. in diameter, with very heavy, coarse and dense foliage, grows 7-12 ft. high, and blooms in Georgia after October 15. The Klondyke. a hybrid of my own from Cosmos sulphureus. and the tall, late-blooming variety, has rich orange-yellow blooms, 2}i-3}4 in. in diameter, with ftdiage a happy medium be- tween its two parents, grows 3J^-4 ft. high, begins to bloom in Georgia from field -grown seed April !.'», and by May 15 is a plant 23-5. ft. tall, covered with blooms from base to top, which continue without cessation until killed by frost, when plant is 3}i ft. high an«l of the same spread. The culture of all varieties is simple, and only requires well-prepared soil, not too rich, early planting of seed, and the keeping of young plants free' of weeds until they shade the ground. C. bipinmitus and the tall, late variety should be planted in rows ft. apart and 4 ft. in a row. The variety Dawn and its companions in white, pink and crimson, and Klondyke should be v>lanted in .l-foot rows, 3 ft. apart. Neither of the above yellow varieties should be confounded with the worthless Bidens offered as Cnxmos sulphureus. The earlier Cosmos seed is planted after danger of frost the better, as it germinates unsatisfactorily when the weather is warm. When cab- bage seed can be sown in the field with safety, Cosmos can also be sown. Cult. by A. W.' Smith. A. Ifays white, pink or crimson : disk yellow. bipinnitus, Cav. Fig. 564. Glabrous annual V-10 ft. high: Ivs. bipinnately cut, lobes linear, remote, entire: involucral scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white, pink or crimson : seeds smooth, with an abrupt beak much shorter than the body. Mex. B.M.ir.:}5. Gn.41:8;?8. R.H. 1892:372. — The older and commoner species. C hy- bridiis, Hort., is presumably a trade name for mixed varieties of C. bipinnatus, but see G.F. 1:475. 25 AA. Bays yellow. • disk yellow. stdph^reuB, Cav. Pubescent, 4-7 ft. high, much branched: Ivs. ofte.i 1 ft. or more long, 2-or 3-pinnately cut, lol>es lanct olate, mucronate, with rachis and midrib ciliate or hispid; p nnie alternate, entire or 2-3-toothed: peduncles 7-10 in. ong, naked: outer involucral bracts 8, linear, a<'uiaina e, grvcn, 2 line * long ; inner ones 8, oblong, obtuse, scarious, 5 lines long : fls. 2-3 in. across, pale, pure or golden yellow: rays H, bmadly obo- vate, strongly 3-toothed at the ap^'x, ribbed beneath: anthers of the disk exserted, black, with oran^re tips: seeds linear, 1 in. long, including the slender beak. Mex. G.F. b : 485. — Int. 1896; parent of all yellow forms. ^VAA. Rays dark red: disk red. diversildliuf. Otto {Bhlens atrosanguinea, Ortg. B. dahlioides, S.Wats. Ddhlia Zimapdni, KoezI ) . Black Cosmos. Tender annual, 12-16 in. high, with tubers more slender, and re«|uiring more care in winter, than those of common Dahlias: Ivs. pinnately parted; Ifts. 5-7, entire or slightly serrate, ♦he terminal Ifts. largest: peduncles each bearing 1 hea«l 6 ii.. or m(»re above foliage: rays dark velvetv re<l, somC^imes tinged dark purple. ^lex. B..M. 5227. Gt. 1861 : 3i7. F.C. 2: 47. J.H. III. .33: 403. Var. Bup^rba, Hort., is sold. — Prop, almost exclusively by seeds. ^y jj COSTMARY. The rayless form of Chrysanthemum Balsamita, known as \a,r. tanacetoides. C6STTJ8 (old classical name). Scitapninclce(f. Spiral. FLAif. About .30 perennial thick-rooted herbs, in the tropics of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for their flowing-limbed showy fls.. which are in termi- nal, bracteate spikes. Corolla tubular, equally cleft, not showy: one staminodium, enlarged and bell-shaped, usu- ally with a crispy limb. aT\<l forming the showy part of the flower (called the lip), cleft down the bjick: ovary 3-loculed: filaments petaloid. More or less fleshy plants, prized in wannhouses, and grown in the open in 8. Fla. ■ This interesting genus of tropical herbs thrives in any rich, moist soil, but luxuriates in that of a gravelly or sandy character, when under partial shade. The plants are readily propagated by cutting the canes, or stalks, into short pieces of an inch or two in length, and plant- ing in sifted peat, or fine moss and sand, covering but lightly. The roots may also be divided, but this is a slow means of propagation. Specimen plants require rather high temperature to bring out the rich colors of the leaves, which in some species are prettily marked with a purplish tint, and are usually arranged spirally on the as- cending stem. This gives rise to the name, " Spiral Flag." A. Leaves green and plain. B. Flower white. gpecidsus, Smith. Four-5 ft., stout, erect: Ivs. ovate or lance-ovate, nearly 1 ft. long, silky beneath: bracts red: fl. large, with a flowing white limb and pink center, 3-4 in. across, not lasting. E. Ind. I.H.43:56. Gn. 47:1004. BB. Flower red. ignevLB, N. E. Brown. One-3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceo- late, 4-6 in. long: bracts not colored nor consp)icuous: fls. clustered, orange-red. Brazil. I. H. 31:511. B.M.6821. J.H. III. 28:11. AA. Leaves party-colored. mus&icus, Hort. Lvs. obliquely lanceolate. 4-5 in. long, dark green, marked and tessellateil with silvery gray. W. Africa. — C. sfftriMrt is very likely the same. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B. COTINUS. A section of Bhus. COTONEASTEB (cotoneum, quince, and aster, simi- lar; the lvs. of some species resemble those of the Quince). Bosdcea>, subfamily Pomece. Shrubs, rarely small trees: lvs. alternate, deciduous or persistent, short- petioled, entire, stipulate: fls. solitary or in cymes, ter- minal, on short lateral branchlets, white or pinkish; petals 5: stamens about 20: fr. a black or red pomaceous drupe, with 2-5 stones. About 25 species, in the tem- perate regions of Europe and Asia, also in N. Africa, but none in Japan. Ornamental shrubs, many of them with decorative frs., remaining usually through the whole 386 COTONEASTER COTTON winter, while only a few, lilte the hardy C. mulfinnra and the tender (.'. friijidn, are conapi^'uous with abundant white fls. Of the species with decorative red frs., V. tomeniosa , C uumtnularia and C. imlgarin are quite hardy, and C Sitnonni, C. aritminnta, C. rntHmiifoHa, C. mivroph.iUa and others are hardy at least as far north aa New York, while C. frUjida and its allies are the most tender. The half-everjirreen or evergreen C. horizon- talis and C. tnicrophi/Hn, with its allied species, are well adapted for rockeries on account of their low almost horizontal jjrowth. Cotoneasters thrive in any ^(kmI, well- drained garden soil, hut dislike very moist and shady positions. l*rop. by seeds, sown in fall or stratified; the evergreen species grow readily from cuttings of half- ripened wood in August under glass; increased also by layers, put down in fall, or by grafting on C. vuhjarii*, hawthorn, mountain ash or quince. Monogr. l»v H. Zabel, Mitteil. Deutsch. Deudrol. Gesellsch., 1897:14-32; 1898:37-38. A. Foliage dec idiioiis or semi-persistent: fls. usually in cymes. B. Fls. with erect petals, usually in feiv-fld. cymes. C. Lvs. whitish tomentose beneath, deciduous. vnlgriris.Lindl. (/?. integ^rrima,}ilei\.). Shnib,to4 ft. : Ivs, ovate or oval, a»'ute or obtuse and mucronulate, gla- brous and dark green above, whitish and at length greenish tomentose beneath, %-2 in. long: cymes nod- ding, 2— 4-tld.: fls. pale pinkish; calyx glabrous outside: fr. globular, bright red. May, June. Europe, W. Asia, Siberia. tomentdsa, Lindl. Shrub, to G ft.: Ivs. broadly oval, obtuse, dull green above and pubescent when young, whitish tomentose beneath, 1-2^-2 in. long: fls. 3-12, white; calyx tomentose outside : fr. bright brick-red. June. Eu., W. Asia. — Sometimes cult, as C. speciosa, Hort. CC. Lvs. green beneath, with oppressed hairs, semi- persistent or nearly so : calyx appressed-hairy outside. actunindkta, Lindl. Erect shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong to ovate-oblong, acute, appressed-hairy on both sides, dull alx>ve, 1^2-3 in. long: cymes 2-5-fld.. nodding: fls. white or slightlv pinkish: fr. deep red, oblong. June. Hima- layas. L.B.C. 10:919 (as Mespilus). R.H. 1889:348, Fig. 5 (as C. Xepalensis). Simonsi, Bak. Shrub, with spreading branches, to 4 ft. : lvs. roundish oval, acute, glabrous above, K-1 in. long, semipersistent: cymes 2-5-fld.: fls. white, slightly pink- ish: fr. briglit red. June, July. Himalayas. — One of the best red-fruiting species, often under the name C. Si- mondsii or Symonsi. horizont&lis, Dene. Low shrub; branches almost hori- zontal and densely distichously branched : lvs. round- oval, acute at both ends, glabrous above, sparingly setoselv hairv beneath, %-%\n.. long: fls. erect. 1-2. pink: fr. oblong, bright red. June. China. R. H. 1889: 348, Fig. 1.— One of the most effective fruiting shrubs for rockeries. BB. Fls. with spreading petals, in erect, usually many-fid. cymes, white. C. Lvs. obtuse or acute, %-lK »«• long, deciduous. nummuUria, Fisch. & Mey. Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect or spreading branches, rarely prostrate: lvs. roundish or broad ovate, whitish or grayish tomentose beneath, glabrous above: cymes very short-peduncled, 3-12-fld. : peduncle and calyx tomentose : fr. red. May. June. From N. Africa and W. Asia to Himalayas and Turkestan.— Var. racemiildra, Wenz. (C. Fontanesi, Spach). Lvs. acute at both ends: cymes 5-12-fld. R.H. 1867: 31. Very d"Corative and hardy. Var. orbicularis, Wenz. Low and divaricate: lvs. roundish or obovate, }4-% in. long: cymes 3-6-fld. multifldra, Bunge {C. refUxa, Carr.). Shrub, to 6 ft., with usually slender, arching branches: lvs. broad ovate, usually acute, slightly tomentose beneath, soon becoming glabrous : cymes very numerous, 6-20-fld. : calyx and peduncles glabrous: fr. red. Mav. Spain, W. Asia to Himalayas and China. R.H. 1892, p. 327. -Very decora- tive in bloom, and hardy, but less free fruiting. CO. Lvs. aruff, 2-5 in. long, semipersistent. friffida, Wall. Large shrub, to 20 ft. : lvs. oblong, acnte at both en«ls, glabrous above, tomentose beneath \vhet» young: cymes long-peduncle<l, ver>' many-fld.. pul»eii cent : fr. scarlet. April,. May. Himalayas. B.R. 1,",:12*>9 L.B.C. 16:1512. — One of the most beautiful in fl. andfr. but not hardy north. '' AA. Foliage persistent, small, H-% in., revolnte at the margin: fls. IS, with spreading petals, white. microphyila, Wall. Low, prostrate shrub, densely branched: lvs. cuneate oblong or obovate, acute, shining above, densely pubescent beneath: fls. usuallv solitary calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Mav. June. HinialavaV B.R. 13:1114. L.B.C. 14:1374. R.H." 1889: .{48, Fig. 3. " boxifdlia, Wall. Low shrub, similar to the former; lvs. eliiptic-ovate or broad oval, acutj'. dull and sometimes pubescent above, tomentose beneath, ';, -J^ in. long: cymes 1-3-fld.: calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Hima- layas. R.H. 1889: 348, Fig. 4. C. acutifdlia, Lindl. Allied to C. acumiiiatH. Lvs. oval, arnte. glabrous and somewhat shining aln^ve: fr. blm-k. Dahuriato N.China. H»rdy.— (\afrinis,lAntU. Allied to C. friBiiia. Lvs broa«l-elliptic: fr. dark brown, glolM>se. L.B.C. l6:V}T2.— ('.an- gustHblia, Franch. Ijow, often spiny: lvs. linear- lanceolate, tomentose beneath, persistent. Yunnan.— C. arborearens, Zab.| not Wenz. .\llie«i to C. nnmmularia. Fr. black. Himalayas.-^ C. haeilldris. Wall. Allied to ('. 'rigida. Lvs. smaller, usually Klabrons )>eneath at length: fr. dark brown. Himalayas.— C. laxifldrn..lai'n.—C nigra, var. laxiriora. — f '. tnelaiincdrpa. Lcxid. •=C. nigra.- C. nJf/rfi. Wahlenb. Allie<l to t'. vulgaris. Cjines erect. 2-10-rid.: fr.bhick. Europe, Sil)eria. L.Ii.C. l«:l.'>;il.— Var. laxiflhra, Koehne. Cjmes many-fld.. nodding. B.M.a.")19. B.R. 14:i:iO.">. Hardy.— r*. pnnnosft, Franch. Three ft.: Ivs. oval • lanr-eolate or elliptio, whitish l»em>ath, iKTsistent: fr. red. Yun- nan.— C. PekinensiS. Zab. Allied to C. acuminata. Lvs. dull and sparingly hairy ab«)ve: calyx densely pul)es<'ent: fr. black. N. China.— C. Pyracdntha. Spjwh=Pyracantha cfx-einea.— f . ni- tundifblia, Wall. (C. microphylla, var. Uva-ursi, Lindl.). Allied to C. biixifolia. but of more upright growth. Lvs. nearly orbicu- lar, appresseil-hairy beneath: tis. l-:{; calyx glabrous: fr. red. Himalayas. B.R. 14:1187.— f. Sinensis, Hort.==i'. acutifolia.— r! thiintifolia, Bak. Allieil to C. mierophylla. Lvs. cnneate. linear- oblong, obtuse. R.H. 1889::{48, Fig.2.— r. uniflbra. Bunge. Allied to C vnilgaris. Lvs. glabnms: fls. solitorj': fr. red. Songaria.— €. Wheeleri, Hort.=»C. buxifolia, or (.'. nnmmularia. var. or- bicularis. Alfred Rehder. COTTON belongs to the genus Gossypium (name u.sed by Pliny I, of the MalvAretr. The species are now much confused, but it is generaly agreed that the Sea Island Cotton is of the species G. Barbadhise, Linn. The up- 565. A Cotton boU. land Cotton is probably derived chiefly or wholly from O. herbdiceunij Linn. The former is native in the West Indies. The nativity of the latter is in dispute, but it is probably Asian. The Cotton flower is mallow-like, with a subtending involucre of 3 large heart-shaped bracts. COTTON COTYLEDON 387 The carp*Is or cells of the po<l are 3-5. These carpels break open, and the cotton covering of the tieedH niakcti B ffiobulur mass, — the Cotton boll (Fig. 565). Cotton is not a horticultural crop, and in therefore not conf*idered in this work. The rea<ler will find "The Cotton Plant" (publitthed by the Dept. of Agr., Bull. 33), a usefi.! monograph. COTTONWOOD. Species of Po^m/m*. COTYLEDON (a name used by Pliny). Crassuldeece. Includes Echfveriii. Succulent herbs or shrubs, rarely annual: branches and leaves thick and tleshy : Ivs. oppo- site or alternate, petiolate or sessile: calyx 5-parted, as long as or shorter than the corolla tube; petals 5. erect or spreading, connate to the niiddie, longer than the 10 stamens. Differs fn>m Sedum in the connate petals. Species 60 or more. Calif, ami Mex., Afr., As. and Eu. See I.H. 10:76 for an account of many of the species. Large-growing Cotyledons, such as C. <jibbiflora,\ar. metaliica, should be increased by cuttings taken after the bedding season is over. The best metho<l is to cut off the top of the plant, dress the bottom part, and place the cuttings in emi>ty i-inch pots, the bottom leaves renting on the rim of the pot until the cut heals over and a few small r<M)ts are fonned. They may then be potted off into suitably sized pots, using sandy loam. No water will be needed for several days, and when given it must be only sparingly. The old stems shoubi be placed rather close together in shallow l>oxes and kept in a warm, dry pla<'e, where they will form small growths along the stems; these, when large enough, may be put into boxes of dry sand, and potted in thumb- or 3-inch pots when they have ma<le a suflicient (}uantity of roots. When it is desired to increase the low-growing bedding kinds on a larger scale, the plants should be lifted before the ground gets too wet and cold. They may either be boxed in dry soil and kept in a cool, dry house, or placed thickly together in a frame, taking care that no drip is allowed on the plants, and giving no water. The most convenient time for propagation by leaves is during the months of November and December, when the fall work of rooting soft-wooded plants is over. Leaves rooted at this time will make plants large enough for planting out the following season. They will take from three to four weeks to root, according to the kind. The leaves must be taken from the plant as follows : Grasp each leaf be- tween the thumb and forefinger, give a gentle twist first to one side then to the other until the leaf comes off, taking care that the dormant bud in the axil of the leaf accompanies it, otherwise the leaf will root but a plant will not form from it. Make a depression about two inches deep in the center and four inches wide across the sand bed, in this lay two rows of leaves with their bases touching each at the bottom of the depression ; give no water until the small roots make their appear- ance, and only slightly afterwards. When the little plants are large enough they should be boxed, using sandv loam, and kept in a temperature of not less than 60°F at night. For bedding purposes the following have been em- ployed very successfully: C. atropurpurea , Californica, ehirifolia, coccinea, fascicularis, gibbiflora var. metal- lira, Pachyphytum, Peacockii, rosea, erunda, secunda var. glftuca, imbricata, Mexicana, eximia, globosa, glo- bosa var. extensa, Scheideckerii, mucronata, mirabilis, parvifnlia. Some of these are not offered in the Ameri- can trade. Several of the kinds make ver^ ornamental winter flowering plants: among them are'C gibbiflora and its forms, C. fnlgeus and C. coccinea. For this pur- pose the large plants should be lifted from the beds and carefully potted, as they make a much finer growth in the open ground than when grown in pots. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. A. Lvs. crowded in a rosette at the base of the stem. B. Fls. white, tinged tcith green. 6dnli8, Brewer (Sedum edule, Nutt. ). Stems cespi- pitose. very short and thick: lvs. cylindrical or obtusely 3-8ided, 3-4 in. long, erect, whitish or glaucous-green, not mealy: fls. white, resembling those of Sedum, }4 in. in diam. , short-pedicelled, along the upper sides of the flexuous branches of the cyinose panicle ; scape 1 ft. high. San Diego, Calif. -Int. 18W. BB. Fla. pale yellow. CaUIdmica, Baker {C. Idxa, B. & H.). Lvs. in a ro- sette, concave, ligulate, lanceolate, acute, glaucous, mealy, slightly yell(»wish, 8 in. long: fls. pale yellow, on Wtak lateral flowering stems 1-2 ft. long, with short, ovate, clasping lvs. or bracts and bi- or trifld racemes. Calif. BBB. Fls. pale flesh color. palverul6nta, Baker (Echeverin pnlveruUnta, Nutt.). Lvs. in a rosette, silvery- green, very mealy, spatulate, acute, the tips reflexed. the cauline lvs. gradually di- miuishing into broa<ily cordate, clasping bracts: pani- 566. Cotyledon orbiculata. cles dichotomously branched ; pedicels slightly longer than the pale flesh-colored fls. Plants 1 ft. in diam. S. Calif. F.S. 19:1927, 1928. -A fine plant for carpet- bedding. BBBB. Fls. red and green or red and yellow. secunda, Baker (Echeveria secunda. Booth). Stem- less : lvs. in a rosette, crowded, cuneiform, mucronate, glaucous, curving upward : fls. in a 1-sided, recurved spike, reddish yellow : i»eduncle long, 6-12 in. high. ,June-Aug. Mex. — Fine for borders or carpet-bedding. There is a var. glauca, Hort. lanceolita, B. & H. (Echeveria lanceoldta, Nutt.). Lvs. in a rosette, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mealy; stem-lvs. or bracts small, cordate, clasping, distant : panicle narrow, diehotoraous : fls. red and yellow. Calif. B&rbeyi, Schw. Whole plant hoary-white : lvs thick, fleshy, shovel-shaped : fls. olive-green and red. Flower? freely in spring and summer. Abyssinia. Gt. 45, p. 465. —An exquisite plant for carpet-bedding. AA. Jyvs. scattered along the erect or branching stems. fascicularis, Soland. Smooth. 1-2 ft. high : lvs. pale greenish white with a yellowish margin, glaucous, few, 388 COTYLEDON COWPEA seHJ^ile, e«n«»ftte-obnrtt<», thick, flfttt^ned, sllfirhtly eon- cave, cuMpidat** : panicle branches lonjf. HC<»rpioiil : Hs. large. 1 in. Iohk, pendent ; calyx Uthvs wlmrt, broaiUy ovate-acute; corolla tul)€ much longer than the calyx, yel- low-green and dull red; corolla-lobes retlexed. S. Afr. B . M . my2. J . H . 11 r . 29 : 443. orbieoliU, Linn. Fig. .V»6. Erect. 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. opp<»site. rtat, tibovate-spatulate, obtune, inucronate, glaucous and mealv, with red margins: tls. large. re<ldish, panicled. Fls. Jiine-Sept. S. Afr. B.M. :r2L K.H. 1857, p. 347. — Grows well from cuttings. Hispinica, Linn. {Pi^itnrhtia Hinpdnica, DC). An- nual or biennial, branchetl. in. high, er^ct: Ivs. small, nearly cylindrical, oblong, few, sessile : fls. erect, in cymes, reddish; corolla tnmi pet-shaped, lobes spread- ing. Spain, Morocco. R.H. 1895, p. 472. AAA. Lvs. crowded at the end» of the branches. retictilita, Thunb. Stems much-branched, tleshy : lvs. few at the ends of the branches, cylindrical, acute, erect, fleshy, soft, smooth: fls. in an erect, dichotomous panicle. The wiry fl. -stalks remain on the plant and give it the appearance of being enclosed in a network. O.C. III. 21 :282. gibbindra, Moc. {Echeveria qibbifUnij DC). Stems 1-2 ft. hi^h: lvs. flat, wedge-shaped, acutely mucronate, crowded at the ends of the branches: fls. short-petioled: panicle branches l-side<l, spreailing; corolla gibl)ou8 at the base between the calyx lobes, the tube white, the tips touched with crimson. Mex. B.R. 1247. Var. met411ica, Hort. {ErhererUt metallica, Hort,). Lvs. large, obuvate-spatulate. in. wide by 7 in* long, a beautiful glaucous purple with metallic reflections: fls. yellowish with red tips. Mex. Saunders' Bef. Bot, (Jo.— An excellent bedding plant. The following are doubtful spe<*ies : Echerrria Mericdna, Hort. Stem.s 8-12 in. high : tls. pink and yellow. Blooms in Tex. all winter. Beautiful f«)r iHirderfi.—JCchereria siipirba, Hort. Annual, with yellow lis., used for carpet -bedding. C. atropurpiirea. Baker (E. sangninea, Hort.), and C. r«- tiita, Baker, have been eatalogue<l in this country. The former has red fls. and dark purple spotted lvs. ; the latter has yellow- ish ds. and glaucous green more or less retuse lvs. Jabeo G. Smith. COUCH ORASS. Agropyrttm repens. COVEB-CBOPS. The use of cover-crops in orchard- ing marks a specific advance brought about by changed .soil conditions. The term is less than 10 years old, hav- ing been first applied in this connection by Bailey, in Bulletin 61, Cornell (N. Y.) Experiment Station, p. 3,33, December, 1893, though cover-crops were used previous to that date. In the early days of orcharding in this country, the soil, rich in humus and undepleted of its natural resources, gave satisfactory crops of fruit with trees growing in sod. As time went on, the waning vigor of the trees was stimulated by breaking up the sod, atlding barnyard manure to the soil ancl giving thorough cultivation throughout the sea-son. This sys- tem gave unsatisfactory results in nmny instances, par- ticularly in the north,' as it appeared to prevent the trees from ripening their wood sufficiently to enable them to endure the winters without frost-injur>' to the tips; root-killing was also noted as being occasionally severe on soils unco ered with vegetation during the winter. About this time the value of the members of the pea and bean tribe, as enrichers of the soil, became recognized more fully than formerly through the dis- covery of the nitrogen-collecting agents housed in the nodules borne by the roots of legumes. The best or- chard practice of the present day, whether in the peach- growing areas of the .south or the apple districts of the north, consi.sts in giving the most thorough culti- vation possible during the wood-producing period of the year, — that is, till about the time the fruit trees' terminal buds are formed, — then seeding this thoroughly pulverized surface with a suitable cover-crop, which is plowed under early the following spring. Cover-cropping is the raising of a crop in the orchard after cultivation should cease (about midsummer), that will protect the roots of the trees by preventing alternate freezing and thawing and deep freezing of the ground ; that will h*h\ Rompthini? to the fertility of the soil wln^n turned under in spring; that will improve the physical condition of the soil; that will occupy the trrouml to the exclusion of weeds. In the south the considerations are practically identical, except that the contingency of root injury from frost is n«»t weighed. There are two classes «)f cover-«'rops: the nitrogenous and the n(»n-nitrogen<ms. Of the fornu-r. rye, buck- wheat, oats, millet, com (maize), rape and turnip-* are {)rincipally used. Theseplants should l>e sown much Inter nthe season than the clovers, cowpeas or most nifmccu- ous covers. They are valuable where the soil is hard and tough in texture, as advance agents of the legumes which may bt« use«l when an improved physical condition is se- cure<l. Buckwheat is particularly useful in ameliorat- ing hard soils. It .Mhould not be sown «'arly enough to allow seed t«» form before froMt. These a«ld compara- tively little nitrogen to the soil. Among nitrocenous cover-crops, crimson clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy beans, field pea, and vetch are the most prominent. In the south, crimson clover and cowpea (of which there are many varieties) are much in vogue. Cowpeas are im- satisfactory, however, north of the peach belt, owiny to their sensitiveness to light autumn frosts. In apple- growing sections where the soil is mellow, red clover does well. A mixture of crimson clover an<l (»ats is used in peach sections in Michigan w^ith success ; 12 quarts of the fonner to 3 pecks of the latter per acre are sown about the middle of August. The Geneva Kxperinient Station recommends a mixture of }4 bushel of buck- wheat to 1 bushel of field peas per acre for clay soils. The question of what cover-cn>ps to use is best deter- mined by an examination of the character of the soil, and the condition of the orchard trees. If the trees are gr<»wing slowly on mellow and friable soil, it will prob- ably be a<lvisable to use a nitrogenous cover-crop. If, on the other hand, the trees are making a luxuriant growth, and the soil is of the heavy order, a member of the non-nitrogenous group should be tried. Kinds of Cover-crops. 1. Non-nitrogenous- a. Rye, two bushels per acre. 6. Buckwheat. % bushel per acre. c. Oats. 2X bushels per iwre. d. Com, broadcast 1 bnsliel per acre. e. Rape or turnips, 3 pounds per acre. 2. Nitrogenous— o. Crimson clover, 16 p.^unds per acre. b. Red clover, 14 bushels per acre. e. Sand vetch, l}^ bushels per acre. d. Soy l)eans, 2 bushels per acre. e. Cow iteas, 2 bushels per acre. /. Field peas, ij^ bushels per acre. 3. Mixtures of Nos. 1 and 2— a. Buckwheat, 1% bushels per acre. Fieltl Peas, 1 bushel per acre. 6. Crimson clover, 12 pounds per a'j*. Oats, three pecks per acre. e. (►ats, 1 bushel per .-icre. Vetch, 1 bushel per acre. John Craiq. COWBEBBY. Usually means Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea. In parts of Scotland, Comurum palustre. COW-HEBB. Saponaria Vaccaria. COWPEA. Fig. 567. The American name for Vigna C&tjan^, Walp. ( r. Sinensis Endl.),one of the Legu- minosBB allied to Dolichos and Phaseolus, From Phaseo- lus (the common bean), Vigna differs in not having a spiral keel, style hairy above, stigma oblique or in- trorse, and other minor technical characters. In other than American literature, the Cowpea is known as China Bean and Black-Eyed bean. In the S. it is commonly known a« Black Pea. Botanically it is a bean rather than a pea. The CoA-pea is a rambling, tender annual, native to China and Japan. In this country it is exten- sively grown in the southern states, as a hay crop. It is also invaluable as a green-manure crop (see Cover- crop). It is to the south what clover is to the north and Alfalfa is to the west. It is sown broadcast after the manner of field peas. From 3 to 5 pecks of seed are used per acre. See Cowpeas, Farmers' Bull. 89, Dept. of Agric, by Jared G. Smith. l, h. B. — — ^ ^— - COWSLIP CRANBERRY 389 S67. Cowpea I I'eua natural siz« COWSLIP. The tnie EuKlish Cowslip is /Vi- mula off icitut lilt. The plant wrongly oftlU'<i Cowslip in America is the Marsh Marifjohl, dtltha pnlnatriH. The "Ameriran Cowslip " is a popular name for Doiiecathenn Mendin. The Vir- ginian Cowslip is sometimes used for Mertensia Viryinica. COXE, WILLIAM, of Burlington, N. J., was a pioneer poniolotfist. Ho was horn in Philuclel|»hia, May ;<, 1702, and died <)n his farm on the Delaware river near Burlington, Feb. 25, 18:}1, He deserves special remembrance for his excellent and now scarce hofik, "A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Management of Orchards and Cider, with accurate descriptions (tf the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, pea<'hes, i)lums and cherries cultivated in the Middle States of America— illustrated by cuts of two hundre«l kinds of fruits of the natural size," This was printed at Bur- limrton, and publishe<l at Fhiladelphiu in 1H17. (ira[»es and small fruits were not included in the scope of his l>ook, l)iit an article of his in the American Farmer for July, 1M28, shows that be was acquainted with many varieties of grapes, and had done much grafting. His Imok was a standard until the time of the Downings, and was freely used by other au- thors. The illustrations were excellent for their time, but show only the size and outline of a fruit, and whether it was dott<?d, splashe<l or streaked. Coxe 8ai<l, 1H17. that he ha<l been "for many years actively engaged in the rearing, planting and cultivat- ing? of fruit trees on a scale more extensive than has been attempted by any other individual of this county." He also had a national reputation for his cider at an age when it was the most famous and characteristic bever- age of the people, and when apple trees were cultivated more for cider than for a table fruit. William I'oxe belonpred to one of the most refined fam- ilies of Philadelphia. His early education was some- what meager by reason of the Revoluti<»nary war. but he became a cultured gentleman. John Jay Smith gives this pleasant picture of him: "Well do we remember his extensive library in his fine mansion on the 'Bank' at Burlington, when as a li tie boy we were assigne<l the duty of bringfing away, or taking home, some book or pam- phlet from his ever open stores of information. • • • His person was handsome, and his bearing that of the 'old-fashioned' gentleman, improved by mixing in the best society, but retaining the forms of the greatest po- liteness and suavity, that mo<iem usages are too rapidly casting off. An errand to Mr. Coxe's was a cherished privilege; never was the opportunity neglected by him to place in the hand of his visitor some fruit that he so well knew would be appreciated by a youthful appetite. The finest Seckel pears we have ever seen were not un- frequent deposits. He had an especial fondness for the Deckel pear, which is certainly amonflr the half dozen most famous pears of American oritrin, and which was pronounced by Downing to be the finest Havored of all pears." Coxe was madi- an honorary member of the Hor- ticultural .SiM'iety of London for making known the mer- its of this pear thr«>u»;h Dr. Hosat'k. The city of Bur- linicton has exceptional interest, b<)th natural an«l his- torical, and has a In^auty of its own. Either the first willow or the first poplar plante«l there is said to have been brought from Halifax in the hand of William Coxe. He plante«l many trees to l)eautify the town and. in par- ticular, extende«i the front of the'Mireen Bank." It i» pleasant to think of William Coxe in connecti<m with the willow-friiiKetl bank of the Delaware. Biographi- cal details are unfortunately only tf)o meager. A few other details mav be gleaned from the Horticulturist, 1 1 : 304- J07 ( 1»00) . \y j^j. CBAB'8-EYE VINE. See Abrus. CRAB-APPLE in its widest sense means a small apple. The Crab-apples of history are fruits of Pyrns baeeata. For more restricted uses of the word crab, see Pyrus. CBAB-OBASS. One of several names for Eleu»in« Indica; also for certain Panicums, as P. snnguinale. CEAMBE (old Greek substantive). Crttciferce. Per- ennial hardy herbs, with small white, fragrant fls. in panided racemes: Ivs. mostly thick and larjye, more or less cut or lyrate. Of easy culture. liittle known in this country. C. marltima, Linn. , is the Sea Kale (which see). C. cordifdiia, St 7., of thQ (Caucasian region, is cult, as a borler plant. It is an excellent foliage plant, withstan«ling the winters in the northern states. Lvs. very larj;e and heavy, cordate and ovate, t(x)thed, gla- brous or nearly so: fis, small but very numerous, in great branchy panicles 5-7 ft. hi^h ami nearly as broad. Gn. 50, p. fuo. (tng. 4:291. — P'or the first two years from seed the plant makes only Ivs.; but the thinl year it may be expected to bloom, after which the plant usu- ally becomes weak and dies. £^^ |j^ g^ CRANBERRY. A name applied to trailing species of the genus Vaccinium (AVicfk* <•«>). Of the true Cranber- ries there are two species in North America, — the small ( Vaccinium (txyroccns), and the large ( C mdcrocnr- pon). These are native to swamps, where they trail their slender stems and little ovul evergreen leaves over the sphagrnum and boggy turf. The red, firm berries ripen late in fall, and often persist on the vines until spring, when well protected with snow. Each berrj' is borne on a slender pedicel ; and the curve of this pedi- cel in the European species is said to have suggested the name Craneberry, which is now shortened to Cran- berry. See Vaccinium. The large Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, is now cultivated on hundreds of acres in the United States; and this Cranberry culture is one of the most special and interesting of all pomoloerical pursuits. This Cran- berry grows only in North America; and North America is the only country which has a domestic or cultivated Cranberry. Because Cranl)erry-growing is such an un- usual type of horticulture, it is thought advisable to devote considerable space to it in this Cyclopedia. Cranberries may be grown on land both l<»w and Ligh; but it is the general experience that low, boggj- lands are the only ones which give permanently good results. In the winter, the natural Cranberry bogs are usually flooded, and in summer they are free of standing water. The flowers are often caught by the late frosts of spriuR, and the fruit may be injure<l by the early frosts of fall. Bogs are often ruined by fire in times of drought. In- sects and fungi often play havoc with the crop. The ideal bog for Cranberry culture is the one in which the natural environments of ti e plant are most nearly imitated, and in which the grower can have the greatest control over the difficulties mentioned above. It should have the following qualifications : (1) Capa- bility of being drained of all surface water, so that frea water does uot stand higher than one foot below the 390 CRANBERRY CRANBERRY surface in the growing season. (2) Soil which retains moisture through the summer, for Cranberries suffer greatly in drought. (3) Sufficient \ '•^r supply to en- able it to be flooded. (4) A fairly lev v.. or even surface, so that the flooding will be of approximately uniform depth over the entire area. (5) Not over-liable to frosts. Bogs which contain moss or sphagnum and which have a peaty or muckj' soil are usually chosen. If heath-like shrubs grow naturally in the bog. the indications are all the better. The presence of the Cassandra or Leather- leaf is regarded as a good augury. Black ash, red maple, swamp huckleberrv, and white cedar swamps are often very satisfactory. Old mill-ponds often give good results. Before the Cranberries are planted, the bog must be cleaned of trees, bush(s, moss and roots. This may be done by "turfing," whic*. is the digging out of the flood in spring or fall, to kill insects or to protect from frosts. The objects of flooding are as follows: (l) to protect the plants from heaving in winter ; (2 ) to avoid late spring and early fall frosts ; (3) to drown in- sects ; (4) to protect from drought; (5) to guard against fire. Unless serious contingencies arise, the bog is flooded only in winter. A flooded bog looks like a lake (Fig. 568). Good results are obtained now and then -in "dry" or upland bogs, which cannot be flooded; but such bogs or meadow? rarely give uniform results, and they are less advised than formerly. There are three centers of Cranberry growing in North America, — Cape Cod peninsula. New Jersey, Wisconsin. Each has methods peculiar to itself. It was in the Caiie Cod region that Cranberry culture began. The first at- tempts were made early in this century. William Ken- rick, writing in 1832 in this "Orchardist," savs that "Capt. Henry Hall, of Barnsta'jle, has cultivated the Cranberry twenty years;" "Mr. F. A. Hayden, of Lin- coln, Mass., is stated to have gathered froi i his farm in 1830, 400 bushels of Cranberries, which brought him in Boston market $(500." In the second an<i subsequent edi- tions, Kenricks makes the figure $400. It is not said whether Mr. Hayden's berries were wild or cult'vated. At the present day, with all the increase in production, 568. Cranberry-pickine scene on a Cape Cod bog. In the upper comer is a bog in full flood (in winter). In the lower is the flame or outlet dam. swamp growth, or by "drowning," which is deeply flooding the place for a year. The method of preparing the surface for receiving the plants varies in diffcent regions. Open ditches are run through the place in sufficient number to carry off the surface water. They are usually made 2 to 4 feet deep. If some water stands in them during the summer, better results are expected. These ditches usually feed into one main or central ditch; and this main ditch is preferably the one which, when dammed at its lower en<l, floods the bog by back- ing up the water. Growers prefer, if possible, to divert a living brook through the bog, or to straighten and deepen one which may exist there ; but in the absence of a brook, a reservoir may be constructed above the' bog. Sufficient water supply should be had to cover the entire area from December until April or early May, to a depth of at least one' foot. The lower places will have a deeper covering, but 4 or 5 feet in places usually does no harm in the winter. It 569. Cranberry hand-picker, also may be necessary to prices are higher than those received by Mr. Hayden. In the third (1841) and subsequent editions, it is .«aid that "an acre of Cranberries in full b*»aring will produce over 200 bushels ; and the fruit generally sells, in the markets of Boston, for $1.50 per bushel, and much higher than in former years." It was as late as 1850, however, that Cranberry culture gained much prominence. It was in 185(> that the first treatise appeared : B. Eastwood's " Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Cranberry." About 1845, Cranberry culture began to establish it.self in New Jer.jey. In the Cape Cod region, the bogs are "turfed." The surface covering is cut into small squares and hauled off. The object is to obtain a uniform surface in order that all plants may have equal opportunity. The bog is then "sanded." Rather coarse, clean sand is spread over the entire area to the depth of about 4 inches. In this covering, the vines are planted. The sand keeps down weeds and thereby lessens .subsequent labor; it affords a moisture-holding mulch for the muck: it renders the plantation easier to be worked in wet weather, and it pre- vents the too vigoroi:- growth of the vine. Every four of five years a fresh sanding, to the depth of an inch or less, is given. This keeps the vines short and close. Formerly, whole roots or " sods " of Cranberry were used CRANBERRY CRANBERRY 391 for planting, but now cuttings are employed. These cut- tings are 6- or 8-inch pieces of vigorous runners, with the leaves on. They are thrust oblicjuely through the santl, only an inch or two of the top remaining un- covered. They are set about 14 inches apart each way. In three or four years a full crop is obtained. The bogs are kept clean by means of hand weeding. At Cape Cod, it is estimated that the sum of $;{00 to $.500 per acre is required to tit and i)lant a bog. A good yield from a bog in full bearing is oO barrels to the acre ; but 200 barrels have been grown. In New Jersey, the general tendency is to omit the sanding. The bogs are no' cleared so carefully. The plants are often set directly in the earth bottom, after the heavy turf is removed. The bogs— or lueadows, as they are usually called — are not kept so scrupu- lously clean. Itisth<mght that a reasonable quan- tity of grass prevents scalding of the berries. If the vines become too by the form of the berry,— the bell-shaped (Fig. 570), the bugle-shaped (Fig. 571), and the cherry-shaped (Fig. 572). There are many named varieties in each o£ these classes, differing in size, color, firmness, keeping qualities, productiveness. These varieties have been selected from plants which have appeared naturally in the bogs. Some of them have been discovered in wild bogs. The demands of the market, as respects varie- ties, are constantly changing. In Massachusetts, the fol- lowing varieties are now popular: Early Black, Howe, Matthews, McFarlin. The Cranberry is now a staple article of food in North America. " Turkey and Cran- berry sauce" may be said to be the national dish. The berries are used in great va- riety of dishes. An effort has been made to open an European market, and an agent was sent abroad in 18I>.'} for that purpose by the American Cranberry Tra<le Company. The export trade has now assumed some importance, and is growing. The approxi- mate Cranberry crops for a series of years are shown below, in bushels: Dennis Cranberry, Natural size. Type of the Bugle Cranberries deep, they are mown or burned in order to secure a fresh growth from the roots. The gathering of the crop is done preferably by hand-picking, particularly in plantations \vhich are well cared for. In some cases the berries a/e raked off with a steel garden rake, but many of them are lost and bruised, and the vines may lie injured. It is said by some that the tearing out of the old and large vines in the raking tends to renew the plants, and this is undoubtedly true; but there are better ways of keeping the vines young and short, as by sanding or mowing. In the East, raking is now rarely employed, unless the crop is ver>' poor or prices very low; or unless hard frost is expected, in which case the berries may be raked, the bog floo(le<l, and the berries caught at the flume. Stmie- tinies the bog is flooded when hard frost is threatened and the water is allowed to remain all winter, and the berries are harvested in the spring ; but such early flooding may injure the vines. The price paid for the picking of Cranberries is usually about 40 to ,')0 cts. a bushel. Three to four bushels is considered to be an average day's picking. There are various devices to facilitate the picking. On Cape Cod a ]H)piilar im- plement is the Lunibert picker (Fig. o«J!>). The machine is thrust into the vines, and the operater closes the lid by bearing down with his thumb; drawing it backward pulls off the berries. Usually the pickers are" lined -oflF" (Fig. .568) by ci»rds stretched across the bog. thus limiting each one to a particular area, which he is required to pick clean. The l)erries are cleaned by ninning them through a separator, by passing them over a screen, hy fl«»ating off the litter by dowsing them in water, and by other means. Dowsing usually reduces the market value. They are then marketed in barrels or crates, Uf varieties there are three general types, determined 572. Makepeace Cranberry. Natural size. Tj-pe of the Cherry Cranberries. CRAXBERRY CROP.«, IN BrSHELS 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 New England 2.">0,r.(H) 160.825 New.Iersey 128.7(K) loT.OU TheWest li;i,4;{0 14H.188 Totals 400,828 295,760 23:{,000 92,630 461,025 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 New England.... 19.1,664 141,964 130,.5a3 280,879 274.799 New.lersey 78..-i07 n8„V24 124,648 198,125 2:}4.2.>t TheWest .'W.OOO i:i.%,.'i07 24,78.*) 264,4:r2 .31,396 Totals 322,171 395.995 280,014 743,436 540.449 392 CRANBERRY CRANBERRY 1887 New England..,. 307.563 New Jersey 16;{,788 The West 140.672 1888 260.000 225.000 100.000 350.000 200.000 70.000 1^0 1891 375,000 480,4)00 200,000 250.000 225.0(K) :iO,0()0 Totals. .... 612,0^ 585.000 620.000 800,000 760,000 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 New England.... 37.5.000 575.000 185,000 420.000 600.000 New Jersey 160.000 ;<25,(KH) 200,000 200,000 200,000 The West 6.5,000 HiO,000 2.5,000 10.000 .30,000 Totals 600,000 1,000,000 1897 New England... . 400,000 New Jersey 2.'x).(H)0 TheWest 50,000 410,000 1898 425,000 300,000 75,000 650,000 1899 425.000 175,000 85,000 830,000 Totals......... 700,000 800,000 685,000 Average prices for Cranberries of good qualitj' now range from $4.00 to $6 per barrel. The following table (by Rider) f'ives a summary of "opening" and "closing" pTices per bushel for 18 Cranberry seasons : TEAK 1877, 1878. 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. 1883, 18»1, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888. 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, OCTOBER MAY $2 00 ^a; $2 .50 $4 00 @ $4 50 2 00 (a 2 25 2 25 ro) 2 50 1 75 (a 2 00 5 00 fa 6 00 1 50 <» 2 00 .50 fa 1 00 1 50 '» 2 00 2 00 fa 3 00 2 75 f& 3 00 2 00 ret 3 50 2 75 fa 3 00 5 25 ® 5 50 2 75 fee 3 00 2 .50 fa 2 75 1 59 'w 1 70 .5»i /& 75 1 25 fa 1 .50 :\ 75 rd 4 00 1 75 fa 2 00 2 75 fa. 3 00 1 35 fd 2 00 75 fa 1 00 1 .50 ® 2 00 4 (K> fa. 5 00 2 00 fa 2 25 3 00 ® 3 50 1 .50 fa 2 00 1 25 ® 1 00 1 25 fa 1 50 2 00 f® 3 00 1 25 f(i 1 .50 2 00 (S 3 00 2 00 fa 2 50 50 fa 75 The Low-bush Cranberry, or Wolfberry { V. Vitis- Idva), is much used in Nova Scotia and other parts, and is gathered and shipped in large quantities to Boston; but it is not cultivated. This berry is also common in Euro;ie, where it is much prized. The quantities of this fruit imported into the U. S. from various sources is con- siderable. For example, between July 24 and Dec. 'M, 1897, "h»i follov?ing imports were received (as compiled by Rider) : From Nova Scotia Sweden and Norway... Newfoundland Germany Denmark or 31.748 qts. 19.905 qts. 7,2.56 qts, ' 'tiOqtP. its. 14 ts, L,i bu. ®$1 " ■ ® 1. . dob 279 <& 180 ® 27 $2,784 The Cranberry is subject to the attacks of various insects, for most of which the best remedy is flooding, although the fruit-worm is probably best destroyed by spraying with arsenites. There are also fungous troubles. For information on all these difficulties, the bulletins of the New Jersey Experiment Station are the best literature. The best literature on the Cranberry is comprised in the Proceedings of the American Cranberry (Jrowers' Association, with headquarters at Trenton, N. J. This society holds an ''annual meeting" in January, and an "annual convention " in August. Beginning with 1880, it has published regular reports of each of these gather- ings. The standard books are White's "Cranberry Cul- ture," largely from the New Jersey standpoint, and Webb's "Cape Cod Cranberries." l. H. B. Notes by a Wisconsin Grower. — Cranberries are raised mainly in the states of Massachusetts, New Jer- sey, W^isconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The eastern marshes are mostly "made," while in Wisconsin there are thousands of acres of natural marsh as yet entirely unctiltivated, as well as much that is cultivated. The natural .'soil for the Cranberry is peat. Sand is also good, but, when used alone, must have a new coat of it spread over the ground every few years, as it be- comes exhausted and the vines become woody and cease to bear. The ideal soil seems to be a foundation of peat, with from 2 to 4 inches of sand spread over it. It is very desirable that the surface should be level so that it can all be kept equally moist. The leveling is usually done by "scalping," i. e., taking off the sod and carrying it away. This also removes the mos« and other foul vegetation, and gives the vines a chance to take full possession of the ground. If scalping is considered too expensive, the moss may be killed by flooding in winter and drawing the water off in spring • but it takes two or three years for it to rot sufficientlv to allow vines to do well. Plowing is sometimes re.sorted to where it can be done, or the sods turned upside down by^ some other means. The best sites for Cranberry raising are those which afford a perfect water supply. There sliould be a reser- voir of water on the upper side of the marsh (and if it is on the north or northwest so much the l)etter, as it will then be more sure protection from frost), which can be emptied on to the marsh at short notice; and there must also V>e good drainage, to carry it away from the marsh quickly when desired. A level piece of niar.'^h which has vines already growing on it looks verj- tompi- ing to the uninitiated, but, if it has not a good water supply, it is bett«'r to leave it in the natural state and take the crops which grow in favorable season.s, than to spend money improving it. A good sand marsh may b*> made near any stream in a sandy region by selecting a spot where water can be drawn from the stream, but there should also be a reser- voir to hold water in, as that which comes directly from a running stresun is sometimes too cold for Cranberries. If dams are built fr(»ui the sods thrown from the ditches, it is desirab!:, at least for the reservoir dams, to cover them with sand. This should be put mo.stlv on the top and upper side, and should slope from the t<ij» of the dam to the center of the ditch. This prevents niusk- T&U fi-oii; doing very much damage, and the dam is not so apt to be washed out by high water as when built in a perpendicular wall. The cheapest way to move sand to build dams or for spreading on the niarsh is to haul it on sleighs in the winter. A platform is built on rock- ers, so that the load may be dumped at one side of the sleigh ; and two loads in a place on a good peat dam will nuike a heavy reservoir dam. The pit from which sand is taken should be well protected with snow or sawdust to prevent its freezing badly. One of the best ways of making waste-gates is to place three joists lengthwise of the dam a little below the bottom of the ditch, and a platform built upon thein, and the whole settled down as flrmly as possible; then the dam is built right onto the platform for 3 or 4 feet on each side, and then the sideboards put in place, and cleats nailed up and down into which to slip the sluice boards. It is a good plan to have an outside ditch, which will carry sur- plus water around the marsh instead of across it, in wet seasons. Planting.— There are several methods of planting vines. C>ne way is to sort the vines and then cut them uj), roots and all, in pieces about eight inches in length, lay- ing them down three or four in a place, pushing the lower end into the ground by means of a stick shaped like a paddle; or it is sometimes done by a piece of iron fa.st- enened to the bottom of a shoe. " This method leaves the plants in an uiiright position, and tliey do not grow so rapidly as when pushed into the ground obliquely or laid on top of the ground, as their first growth is to make runners. Sometimes the vines are cut in a hay cutter, sown by hand like wheat, and then rolled. A good method of planting in the west is to take vines without cutting and drop two or three in a place and strp on them ; if put a foot apart, tliey will soon cover the ground, and will bear a good cn.p in three years. The greatest care must be taken, while sorting vines, that they do not dry out, for if they do they are worthless. In subsequent culture is when water comes into use. The ditches should be about ten rods apart, each ditch having a dam built below^ it of the material thrown from the ditch ; the drain ditches running down through the marsh need not be qtiite so close together. To [tromote the growth of vines, it is only desired to hold the ditches about half full, .so that the ground may be moist, hut if water is kept up onto vines at this time thev will be CRANBP.RRY CRASS L' LA 393 drowned and do nothing. When frosty nif»hts come, after vines have begun to grow, wattT should be drawn from the reservoir to cover them, :*nfi let off the next morning. If the ends of the new shoots get frozen, it is a decided set-back, and especially so when the vines have reached the bearing age, as then it cut'< off the crop and hurts the prospect for the corain,? year by taking the terminal bud. The vines do throw out side shoots, however, and sometimes the second season's crop does not seem to be mu<*h affected by it. When tt'» plants are in blossom (which is ail thnmgh July) the groauu must not get too dry, or the blossoms will blast. This trouble was experienct <l in many places during the sum- mers of '8<J and '87, when it was so dry that nothing but a stream fed by springs could begin to furnish a supply of water. Through the most of the summer, it is best to keep the water from 4 to 8 inche.s below the surface, but before the spring frosts are over it is better to keep it nearly to the surface, and if it is a season of drought, draw water down over the marsh al>out once a week. After the fruit has set, if obliged to flood as a protection against frost, be sure to draw the water Oii quickly the next morning, or the berries will be scalded. The marsh should not be flooded for winter till quite late, some time in November, generally, as the fall frosts do not injure the vines, but help them harden, so tliHt they will endure the winter's snow and ice without injury. Sometimes during the late winter, a rain or thaw will let surplus water on the marsh and this may lift the ice, and that will take the vines with it, right out of the ground. This should be guarded against by open- ing waste-gates and drawing off the extra water. The flood should be left on the marsh in the spring until the spring frosts are over ; in Wisconsin the time for draw- ing off the water is generally about the 20th of May, and it must be closely watched afterwards, as the vines are then very tender and will not bear as hard a frost as they will after they have been uncovered a few weeks. Berries are gathered in two different ways : one is to pick them by hand, the other to rake them. The hand- picking is mostly done by women and children or In- dians. Every thirty pickers should have an overseer, whose duty it is to see that the vines are picked clean and that no refuse is allowed to go into the box; also to give a check for every bushel box tilled, and to carry the full boxes to the wagon, car or boat. The pickers in the west xiae shallow peck boxes to pick in, and when these are tilled they empty them into the bushel box. The pickers are placed in a row, thirty of them occupy- ing from 80 to 90 feet, and a rope should be stretched ea<"h side of them to keep them going straight ahead, or else they are very apt to turn to the right or left for better picking. The cheapest way of gathering berries is to rake them with what is called a " scoop rake "( Fig. 57.'$ ) . It needs stout men to use these to advantage, at least those who are not troubled with backache, as they must keep a stooping position almost con- stantly. Rakes should not be used in young vines where there are a great many runners, as they would pull them up Ity the roots too much, but .IS the vines get older and the fruit shoots stand up out of the way of the runners, raking does not seem to injure them. The rakers should have ropes stretched be- tween them, each man being given a space from one to three rods wide, end every ten should have an overseer, who will also rake most of the time. Rakers are hired by the (iay, hut hand pickers pick by the box. The rake is much used in the west. If the berries can be taken to the warehouse in a boat along the ditches, it is the best way, as they bruise eftsily and should be carefully handled ; but if that is not practicable, then thev must be taken in wagons 573. The hand scoop rake. which are driven as close to the picking ground as pos, sible ; or a portable track may be laid onto the marsh- and a car used. The bushel boxes which are used have the sides and bottom made of lath, with small spaces between; and these boxes are used to cure the berries in, being piled up in tiers, so that tht ai^'can circulate be- tween them. The berry -house should be bui!*" with dead air spacer: !p the wallh, and windows snovdd be darkibucd nr'd building kept closed during ♦he day. See l:!iiorage. CraLbeiries are generally shipped in barrels, but some use bushel crates, though in whatever ihey nre packed, the greatest care should be taken to put them np in good shape, if picked before they begin to ripen, and then packed so that wlun they reach their destina- tion they are settled from one to thnic iiuhes in the barrel, dealers "vil' not want them, and this kind of manage- ment has much to do with low prices. Before putting into barrels, the berries are put through a Cranberry mill, and then, if there are still a few bad berries, they are put on tables ma<le for the purpose, and the rest of the bad ones picked out by hand. The profits of the business depend so much upon the amount of expense which has been necessary to improve the marsh that it is impossible to give any exact iigures. The smaller the marsh, the (juicker it can be imjiroved and made to begin to pay a profit. Anyone who under- takes to improve a large niarsh ought not to expect much from it short of ten or fifteen yearR, though, if carefully managed, it may be matle to pay cost of im- proving after three or four years. There is a small sand marsh in Wisconsin, made after an attempt to farm tlie l!in<l had utterly failed because the soil was so poor, which has yielded a better income for several years than the best farm in the county. It is a profitable business when honest work and careful management are united in it, but not otherwise. H. B. TCTTLE. CEANBEKEY IEEE. Same as High-bush Cran- berry, Viburnum Opulus. CEANESBILL. Looselv applied to the whole genus Geranium. In America it usually means G. maculatum. CEASSULA (Latin, thickin/i; referring to the thick leaves and stems). CrassulActie. This genus gives the name to the order Crassulaceap, which contains many cultivated succulent plants, and also others of widely different habit, — about 400 species altogether. The order is closely related to the Saxifragacesp, and differs in having the carpels of the ovary entirely free and equal in number to the petals, but the forms pass easily into the SaxifragacesB through Francoa and Tetilla. and back again thnmgh Triactina. The genera are ill defined, and certain species of Sedum cross over the lines of Crassula, Cotyledon aud Sempervivum, while between Crassula and Tillaea no good distinction can be made. For these reasons it seems best to give a key to the genera of garden importance. A. Stamens as many as the petals, B. Petals free, or connate only at the tiase. 1. Cba.ssula. Floral parts in 5's: calyx shorter than the corolla. BB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond. 2. RocHEA. Calyx many times shorter than the tube of the corolla. AA. Stamens normally twice as many as the petals {sometimes equal in number, especiallg in jVos. 5, 6', 8). B. Petals free, or connate only at the very base. 3. Sedcm. Floral parts usually 4-5: scales small. 4. Sempervivtm. Floral parts G to many (rarely 5): scales small. 5. MoNANTHES. Floral parts G-12; scales petal-like. B3. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond. n. Kalanchoe. Calyx 4-parted. 7. Huvoi'HVLi.UM. Calyx large, inflated, shortly 4-cut. 8. Cotyledon. Calyx 5-parted. The floral parts of Crassula are normally 5, rarely 6-9, 394 CRASSULA CRATAEGUS but cultivation probably changes the number of parts not infrequently. Crassulas are herbs or shrubs, rarely annuals, usually thick and fleshy : Ivs. opposite, rarely stalked, often grown together at the base, entire or with a cartilaginous margin: fls. small, white, rose, or rarely yellow, usually in cymes, rarely in heads. For C. coc- cinea &nd jas mi nea, see Jfoehea. \^^ jj, Crassulas are greenhouse plants requiring a dry atmos- phere during the resting period. While making growth, they may be treated like other greenhouse plants in the way of watering, placing them in the lightest and airiest part of the house. The pots must be drained so that any surplus moisture will easily pass through. The soil should consist of sand, loam, broken brick, and a very small quantity of leaf-soil or thoroughly rotted cow- manure. Propagation is usually from cuttings. Some of the species, such as C. falcata, do not give much material for this purpose, and they should, there- fore, be headed over and the tops put in dry sand in the spring, allowing water only when they show signs of shrivelling. The cut -over plants should be encouraged to make side shoots, which may be rooted after they are large enough. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. A. Floral parts normally in o's. B. Lvs. petioled. cordiita, Soland. Height 1-3 ft. : stem shrubby: Ivs. flat, wide, stalked, cordate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, spotted above : cymes panicle-like : fls. reddish, some- times pure white. Winter. — Closelv allied to C spathu- lata. 8patliuld,ta, Thunb. Glabrous herb : stem somewhat shrubby, decumbent, branching: Ivs. stalked, roundish, crenate, glabrous, shining above : corymbs panicle-like: fls. rosy; petals acute. L. B. C. 4:3i59 as C. cordata. - Not advertised for sale, but likely to be cultivated as C. cordata. BB. Lvs, not petioled. c. Foliage glaucous. falcata, Wendl. Height 3-8 ft. : ivs. grown together at the base, thick, glaucous, oblong, falcate: tls. small, numerous (50 or more), in a crimson, rarely white, dense, terminal corymb : corolla tube .^ of an in. long, as long as the limb or shorter. B.M. 2035. CC. Foliage not glaucous. lActea, Soland. Height 1-2 ft. : stem shrubby, branch- ing, tortuous below : lvs. ovate, narrowed and grown together at the base, gla- brous, spotted along the margin: cymes panicle-like, manv-fld.: fls. white, small. Winter. B.M. 1771. L.B.C. 8: 7.35.— A free - flowering window plant of easy cul- ture. There is a form with variegated leaves. AA. Floral parts in 4's. quadrlfida, Baker. Fig. 571. Pt-rennial: lvs. oblong- sputulate, the upper ones rounder, decussate: fls. with their parts in 4's, panicled, white, tinged red. ^*_ jj^ CRAT£Q17S (ancient Greek name, derived from kratos, strength, on account of the hardiness of the wood ) . Jiosd- ce(f, suborder Pbmea;. Haw. Hawthorn. Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny: lvs. alternate, deciduous, stipulate, serrate, often lobed or pinnatifld: fls. white, in 574. Crassula quadrlfida. some varieties red, in corymbs, rarely solitary; petal- and calyx-lobes 5; stamens many, rarely less than 10- styles 1-5: fr. a drupe-like pome, with 1-5 1-seeded bony stones. About 70 species, in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in N. America. Hardy ornamental shrubs and trees, mostly of dense and low growth, with handsome foliage, turning, in most species, to a brilliant coloring in the fall; many have very decorative frs., and also handsome fls. Some of the best, with showy frs., are C. Cnts-galli, C. Lavalld C. cordata, C pinnatifida major, C. mollis, but the frs! of the last drop very early, while in most of the others the frs. remain a long time on the branches. Some varie- ties of C. moriogipia have very decorative fls.; also C. mollis, C. Crus-galli and others are handsome in bloom! For the S. states, C. cpstivalis and the blue-fruited C. brachyacantha are among the most decorative. Well adapted for hedges are C. monogyna, C. Oxyavnntha C. Crus-galli, C. cordata and many others. The Haw- thorns grow in almost any soil and position ; best in a rich, loamy, somewhat moist one, and also in stromr clay. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified ; before stratify- ing, most of the pulp may l>e removed by layinfr the frs. in shallow piles and allowing them to decay. Then they are mixed with sand or sifted soil and buried in the ground or kept in boxes in a cool cellar. Some species, as C. cordata. C. coccinea, C. Crus-galli. germinate the first year and are sown in spring, while others, esjiecially C. Oxyacantha and its allies, do usually not germinate until the second year, and may be kept stratified until the following fall or the second sprinjr. If sown at once, the seed-beds must be heavily mulched during the first summer to prevent drying. Tlie young plants should nut be allowed to remain over one year in the seed-beds, as they form long tap-roots and are then difficult to trans- plant. Varieties and rarer kin<ls are easily budded or grafted on seedling stock of C. Oxyacantha, or other common strong-growing species. Index: acerifolia, 13 and suppl.; apiifolia, 14 and suppl.; Aronia, 18; Azarolus, 18; Carricri, 7; coccinea, 3; cordata, 13; Crus-galli, 5; Douglasi, 12, lt»; fiava, 2; Lavallei, 7; leiicophloeos, 9; lucida. 5; macracantha. 10; mollis, 4; monogyna, 16; nigra, 21; odoratisaima. 19; orientalis, 19: Oxyacantha, 15. 16; parrifoHa, 1; pinnati- fida, 17: populifoiia, 13 and suppl. ; prunifolia, 6: punc- tata, 8: pyrifolia, 9; sanguinea, 11; .snOvillosa,i; tana- cetifolia, 20; tomentosa, 9; uniflora, 1. A. Foliage of the flowering branches not at all or very slightly lobed; no veins going to the sinuses. B. Fls. 1-3, rarely more. 1. unifldra, Moench (C jt></»-fv7o/m, Ait.).s Dense, low shrul), with numerous slender spines, rarely spineless, 3-8 ft. ; lvs. on short not glandular petioles, cuneate, obovate or oblong-obovate. irregularly or doubly crenate- serrate, pubescent on both sides, at length' glabrous above, K-1/4 in. long: calyx pubescent, with large ser- rate lobes: fr. pyrifomi or globose, yellow, % in. across, with 2-5 stones. Mav, June. N. Jersev to Arkansas and Florida. S.S. 4:191. 2. n&va, Ait. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft., usually very spiny: lvs. on short glandular petioles, cuneate, obovate, glandular-dentate, pubescent, at length glabrous and shining above: fr. globular or pyriform, greenish, vellow or red, %iii. across. Va. to Florida. S.S. 4:189. B.R. 23:1932, 1939. BB. Fls. in 6-many-fld. corymbs. c. Lvs. on slender, often glandular petioles, unualhj broadly ovate and truncate at the base, slightly lobed: calyx lobes dentate. 3. coccinea, Linn. Scarlet Thorv. Shrub or tree, rarely to 25 ft., with short spines: lvs. broadly ovate, sharply doubly serrate, nearly glabrous beneath, spar- ingly appressed-pubescent above, 2-3 in. long: corymbs usually slightly villous: fr. red, globose or oval, %-% in. across. April. Mav. Newfoundland to Florida and Texas, west to Manitoba. S.S. 4:180. Em. 403. B.M.3432. — There are a number of allied forms which have been considered usually as mere varieties, but may be per- haps distinct species. None of them, however, surpasses the true C. coccinea in decorative value, and they are only of botanical icterest. - CRATAEGUS 4. mdllis, '^cheele ( C. subi'illdsa, Schrad. C. eoccinea, rsLT.mdllis, Torr. & Gr.). Fig. 575. Tree, to .30ft., with short, stout thorns : Ivs. broadly ovate, sharply and doubly serrate, densely pubescent beneath, .'J— t in. long: corymbs densely villous-pubescent : fls. with red disk : fr. about % in. across, usuallv pear-shaped. April. May. Quebec to Pa., west to Nebraska. S.S. 4:182. Em. 494 (as C. tomfinfosa). G.F. 5: 221. — One of the most decorative species, with large, brijrht green foliage and showy fls. and frs., ripening in September, but dropping soon after roaturivy. Var. tlliif61ia, Koehne. Lvs. more pubescent, petioles not glandular: stamens 20. CRATAEGUS 395 veins beneath when young, 2-3 in. long: corymbs pubes- cent: fr. red; stones with two furrows on the inner side. Mav-June. — Probablv hvbrid between C Crus-galli and C.macraeantha. B.R. 22:1868. 7. LavilJei, Herincq. (C CarrtVW, Vauv.). Small tree to 20 ft., with spreading branches, nearly unarmed, when older: Ivs. elliptic or oblong-obovate, acute, pu- bescent, glabrous above at length, irregularly serrate, 'A-4 in. long: corymbs rather few-fld.. pubescent ; tis. large, with red disk : fr. bright orange or brick-red, ovoid or globular. % in. across. Mav. R.H. 1883:108. G.C. 111.21:118, 119.-Probably hybrid between C. Crus-galli and C. Mexicana; originated in France. 575. Crataegus mollis (X %). One of the best uative thorus. cc. Lvs. on rather short and stout, not glandular, peti- oles, cunrate and usually entire at the base, and mostly broadish above the middle. D. Fr. red or yellow, not shining. E. Habit of fr. nodding or pendulous: rather hard. F. Color of lvs. dark green and shining above, char- taceoiis: calyx lobes erect on the fr. '. CruB-gAlli, Linn. Shrub or tree, to 40 ft. ; branches wide -!<p reading, rigid, often pendulous, with numerous slender spines : lvs. obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly and sharply serrate, quite glabrous, 1-2 J^ in. long, often semi-persistent: corymbs glabrous: fr. usually globose, red. Mav-June. Quebec, south to Fla. and Tex. S.S. 4:178. Em. 492. R.B. 1 :11G. G.F. 7: 295. -A very deco- rative species of distinct habit, handsome in bloom and with showy, bright red fr.. remaining on the branches often until spring ; the lvs. assume a brilliant orange and scarlet color in fall. Var. in^rmis, Lge. Spineless fiirm. Var. line&lis, Ser. Lvs. linear-lanceolate. Var. nana, Nichols. Dwarf form. Var. ovaiifolia, Lindl. Lvs. elliptic. B.R. 22:1800. Var, pyracanthifdlia, Ait. Ivar. .sr///ct7d/ta, Ait.). Lvs. oblanceolate. Var. 8pl6n- dens, Ait. (var. lucida, Hort.). Lvs. elliptic-oblanceo- late, very shining. <>. pmnifdlia, Pers. Shrub or tree, to .SO ft. : branches spreadintr or somewhat ascending, spiny: lvs. obovate, or roundish obovate, doubly serrate, pubescent on the FF. Color of lvs. dull above, ivith impressed veins, pubescent. 8. punctata, Jacq. i ig. 57G. Tree, to 25 ft. : branches horizontally spreading, with short, stout spines or un- armed: lvs. broadly obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed at the base into a rather long-margined petiole, irregu- larly serrate : corymbs pubescent : fls. large ; calyx lobes entire : fr. pyriform or subglobose, red, dotted, about }4 in. across. May. From Quebec to Ont. and Ga. S.S. 4:184. Var. airea. Ait. (var. xanthocdrpa, Roem.). Fr. yellow: lvs. sometimes slightly lobed. EE. Habit of fr. erect, becoming soft: corymbs many-fid., large. 9. tomentdsa, Linn. (C. pz/rtVo/m, Ait. C.leucophl<vos, Moench). Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., with spreading branches unarmed or with short spines: lvs. cuneate, obovate-oblong or elliptic, acute, serrate and often slightly lobed. pubescent. 2-5 in. long: corymbs pubes- cent: rts. rather small; calyx lobes serrate: fr. usually oval, dull or yellowish red, J^-Va in. across; stones with 2 furrows on the inner side. June. From Hudson Bay to ita.. west to Mich. an<l Mo. S.S. 4:18.3. (4. F. 2:425. B.R. 22: 1877. -Var. aorantiaca, Lge. Fr. yellow. DU. Fr. shining, blood-red or scarlet, rarely yellow, globose, with soft and juicy flesh ; stones with i furrows on the inner side {plain in all the fore- going except yos. 6 and 9). 10. macrac&sUia, Ludd. (C. eoccinea, var. macracdn- 396 CRATAEGUS CRAT^GUS tha, Dudl.). Fig. oil. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., of dense growth, with numerous long and slender spines: Ivs. rather slender-petioled, broadly elliptic or ovate, doubly serrate, glabrous, shining and dark green above, almost glabrous beneath : corymbs more or less vil- ^^"^i^^mmmj^u 576. Crataeeus punctata. lous; fls. fragrant; calyx-teeth glandular-serrate: fr. % in. in diani, Mav, June. Quebec to Va., west to Mo. and Dak. S.S. 4:181. B.R. 22:1912. L.B.O. 11:1012 (as C. glandulosa). A.G. 11:509. — Sometimes cultivated under the name of C. Douglasi. Var. succul^nta, Rehd. {C. SHCculenta, Schrad.). Lvs. pubescent beneath: pedicels and calyx densely villous. 11. sanguinea, Pall. Shrub or small tree, with up- right, spretuliiiiT branches and short spines: lvs. ovate or broadly ovate, narrowed into the petiole, irregularly serrate and slightly lobed, more deeply lobed on vigor- ous shoots, nearly glabrous, lli-li in. long: corymbs pubescent or glabrous; fls. large; stamens 20, with pur- ple anthers : fr. % in. in diam. Siber., Dahur., Amur- land. Var. Alt^ica, Loud. (var. xanthocdrpa, Regel). Fr. yellow, smaller : anthers whitish: lvs. more deeply lobed. DDD. Fr. bJack, sJiinhig ; stones with 2 furrows. 12. Dotlglasi, Lindl. (C. sanguinea, var. Douglasi, Torr. & Gr. ). Tree, to 40 ft., with slender, often pendu- lous branches, unarmed or with short spines: lvs. short- petioled, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate and slightly lobed, nearly glabrous, pubescent on the mid- rib above, chartaceous, 1-4 in. long: corj'mbs glabrous: calvx lobes triangular-ovate : fr. ripening in Aug. or Sept. May. Brit. Columb. to Calif. S.S. 4:175. B.R. 21:1810. AA. Foliage distinctly lobed, with veins going from the midrib to the sinuses {see also No.l); stones plain on the inner side except No. 15. B. Fr. very small, about 14 in. across: calyx lobes separated by a distinct line from the fr. and fall- ing off at length. 13. C0Tdkt&, Ait. (C. a cerifdlia. Much. C. populifdlia, Walt.). Washington Thorn. Tree, to ;J0 ft., with slender spines : lvs. slender, petioled, triangrular or broadly ovate, usually truncate at the base, 3-5-lobed, sharply serrate, lJ-^-2)^ in. long : corymbs many-fld., glabrous : styles 5 : fr. depressed-globose, shining, bright coral-red. June. 111. to Ala. and Va. S.S. 4:18(5. B.R. 14:1151. — A very desirable species, with beautiful fall-coloring and large clusters of bright red fr. remain- ing a long time on the branches. 14. apiifdlia, Michx. Shrub or small tree, rarely 20 ft., with stout spines and the branchlets pubescent when young: lvs. slender, petioled, broadly ovate, piiinately 5-7-cleft, serrate, glabrous or pubescent, %-\% in. long: corjTnbsfew-fld.. villous, pubescent; stvlesl-Il: fr. oval, 1-4-1-5 in. high. May. Va. and Fla. to Tex. S.S. 4:188. —A handsome species with graceful foliage and an abundance of white fls. in spring and small but bright- colored frs. in fall. BB. Fr. % '«• or more across : calyx not separated. C. Fr. red or yellow. T> Branches and lvs. glabrous. 15. Ozyac4ntha, Linn. Hannthorn or Mav of English literature. Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft., with spreadine branches and stout spines: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate or truncate at the base, roundish or broadly ovate, 3-5- lobed, with incisely serrate lobes, 1-2 in. long: corvmbs 5-10-fld., glabrous: fr. globular or roundish oval, J^-Kin. high, scarlet; stones 2, with 2 furrows on the inner side* Maj'. Eu., N. Afr. B.R. 13:1128 (as C. oxyacanthoWes). Var. xanthoc&rpa, Roem. Has yellow fr., very (listinct and showy. — Often confounded with the following, and less commonly cultivated. 16. mondgyna, Jacq. {C. Oxydcantha, Hort.). Shrub or tree, to 20 ft., with stout spines: lvs. on rather slender petioles, ovate, ;j-7-lobed, lobes with few teeth at the apex, 1-2 in. long: corymbs many-fld., with usually hairy 4)edicels: fr. oval, with usually 1 stone, /s-Vj in. high. May, June. Eu. and N. Africa to Himalayas. — Many gar- den forms are cultivated; some of the most distinct are the following. With single fls.: Var. bicolor, Hort. (rar. Gximpperi bicolor). Fls. white, edged pink. F.S.16:165l! Var. punicea, Hort. Fls. deep red. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. L L.B.C. 14 : i:563. Var. rosea, Hort Fls. pink, petals with white claw. With double fls. : Var. dlba plena, Hort With white double fls. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. 2. Var. Patdij Hort. (var. cocci tiea, Hort. Var. Paul's jVeiv Double Scarlet). Fig. 578. Bright scarlet, one of the most showy. I. H. 14:530. Var. punicea pl6na, Hort. Scarlet- red. R.B. 24:101. Var. rubra pl6na, Hort. Red. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. 3. Varieties differing in lvs. and habit: Var. laciniitta, Loud. Lvs. deeply pinnatifld with incised serrate lobes. Var. pteridifdlia, Loud. (var. filicifolia, Hort.). Similar, but lvs. longer, with narrower and more incised lobes. F.S. 20:2076. Var. quercifdlia, Loud. Lvs. with broad, rounded and crenate lobes. Var. h6rrida, Carr. Branches with fascicles of numerous stout spines F.S. 14:1468. G.C. III. 24:13. Var. p6ndula, Hort. With pendulous branches. Var. p^ndula rdsea, Hort. A pen- dulous form, with pink fls. Var. striata, Loud. (var. pyrnm id alls, Hort. ). Of fastigiate, upright habit. Var. semperfldrens, Andr^ (var. Briianti, Carr.). Low, grace- ful shrub, flowering until fall. R.H. 1883, p. 140. There are also some vars. with variegated lvs. 577. Crataegus macracantha {X%). 17. pinnatifida, Bunge. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. slender-petioled, cuneate, elliptic-ovate, pinnately ,5-9-cleft, incisely serrate: corymbs many-fld., usually pubescent: fr. globular orpyriform, dark red, punctate. CRATAEGUS CREPIS 397 >4-^ in. high; stones 3-5. June. Amurland, N. China, Japan. Ut. 1862: 366.- Var. mAjor, N. E. Brown. Lvs. larger, less deeply lobed : fr. oval, 1 in. long. O.C. II. 26:620. DD. BranchletR and lvs. pubescent , rarely Jvs. glabrous: fr. large, often pubescent. 18. Az4rolu8, Linn. (C. Ardnia, S^r. ). Shrub or tree, to 25 ft.: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate-obovate, deeply 3-5-lobed, with the lobes nearly entire or incised at the apex, grayish green, pubescent, lj^-2*4in. long: corymbs few-fld., densely tomentose: fr. orange-red or yellow, globular or .ovoid, %-l in. across. Mav. N. Africa, W. Asia. B.R. 22:1897 (as C. Aronia). R.H. 1856: 441. — Var. Sin^ca, Boiss. Lvs. glabrous: fr. smaller, reddish vellow. B.R. 22:18.55 (as C. Maroccana). 578. Paul's Thorn — CratacGTUs monojjyna, var, Pauli. 19. orientilis, Pall. (T. o</ow/i.s.s'/*/irt, Lindl.). Shrub or small tree, with spreading, almost unarmed branches: lvs. short-petioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, pinnately 3-5-cleft, with the lobes incisely serrate at the apex, tomentose piibescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense, tomen- tose: calyx lobes entire: fr. depressed globose, brick- or orange-red, ^4-1 in. across. June. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. B.M. 2314. B.R. 22:1885 (as C. oaoratissima).-Y&v. sangulnea, Schrad. Fr. dark red. B.R. 22:1852. 20. tanacetifdlia, Pers. Shrub or small tree : lvs. cune- ate, obovate, pinnately 5-7-cleft, with the lobes glandular- serrate, villous-pubescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense, 5-7-fld.: calyx lobes large, deeply glan<lular serrate: fls. large: fr. pubescent, yellow, 1 in. or more across, with laciniate bracts at the base. Mav, June. W. Asia. B.R. 22:1884. Gt. 43, p. 215. CC. Fr. black, shining, globular. 21. nlgrra, Kit. Shrub or small tree: branches pubes- cerT, vith short spines: lvs. short-petioled, ovate or ovate-elliptic, deeply pinnately 5-9-lobed with serrate lobes, slightly pubescent alx>ve, densely pubescent be- neath: corymbs dense, 10-15-fld., tomentose; pedicels short: fls. white, becoming slightly red: fr. J^in. across. S. E. Eu. L.B.C. 11:1021. r. acerifblia, Mncli.= C. cordata.— C. acerifoUa, Hort.= C. mollis.— C. cestivdlis, Terr. &,Gray. Tree, to :{0 ft. : lvs. ciineate- oblong, crenate-serrate, pul)escent below: corj'mbs few-fld., gla- brous: fr. large, red. S. states. S.S. 4:192.— C. apiifolia, Hort. = C. orientalis. — C. ar6orwe?i«, E11.= C. \iridi.s.— C berberi- fdlia,TorT.& Gray. Allied to C.Cnis-galli. Lvs. obovate, rounded at the apex, pubescent !is are the corymbs. S. states. S.S. 4:179. — C. 6ra<;Aj/acdn<Aa,Sarg. & Engelm. Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, rarely IMobeti, glabrous at length : corymbs many-fld.: fr. l:irge, bright blue. Louisiana, Texas. S.S. 4:177. — C. Califomica, Hort.= C. pinnatiflda major.— C. Carpdthica, Lodd.= C. nigra.- C. Celsidna, Bosc. Shrub: lvs. pinnately lobed, slightly pubescent l)eneath: corj-mbs many-tld. : fr. ovoid, fed. Origin unknown.— C chlnrnsnrcn, Maxim. Allied to C. sanguinea. Lvs. pinnately lobed, glabrous at length: corymbs many-fld.: fr. black, with green flesh. Manchuria.— C.coccinea, var. viridis, Torr. & Gray.= C pniinosa. — C. crenuldta, Roxb. = Pyracantha crenulatai— C cunedtn, Miq. Low shrub: lvs. cuneate. obo%-ate-oblong, serrate or slightly lobed : cor>Tnbs few- fld.: fr. large, re<l. Japan.— C DaAtincfl, Hort. = C.pinnatifida. — C. Douglnsi. Hort.. not Lindl.= C. m.toracantha.— C. Floren- t\na, Zucc.== Pyrus (Mains) cratwgifolia.- C. flbrida, Loud.=» C. unirtora.— C. Fontnnesiana, Spach. AlHeil to C. Crus-galli. Lvs. elliptic or elliptic-L-tnceolate, almost glabrous, shining above: corymbs many-fld.. pubescent: fr. red. Probably hybrid and belonging to C. prunifolia.— C. glabra, Hort., not Thbg.= C. cordata.— C. glanduldsa, Mnch. (C. flava, var. pubescens. Gray ) . Allied to C. flava. Lv.s. broader, of firmer texture, more pubescent and glandular: fr.subglolwse, red or yellow. S. states. S.S. 4: 190 (as (.'. flava elliptica) . B.R. 22: 1890 (a» C. spathulata) . — C. grandiflbra, Kcx-h. Small trees: lvs. elliptic, serrate, often slightly lol»ed toward the apex, pul)escent: fls. l-.'J, large: fr. brown, glol ose, large. Supposed to l>e a hyl)rid between ^les- pilus <termanica and a Cratiegus. ff.F. 10; '.i.'). R.H. 1869, p. &) (as C. lobata) .— C. heterophiilla, Fluegge. Allied toC.monogj-na. Lvs. larger, usually trifid: fr. larger. l)right re<l: corymbs many- fld. B.R. 14:11(51 and 22:1H47.— i'. A'oroa-OT<-i,Hort.= C.pinnati- fida, var. nuijor; al.xo V. chlorosarca and V. sanguinea, var. Altaica are cultivatetl sometimes under this name.— C. lobata, Bosc.= (.". grandiflora.— C. Idcida, Mill.^ C Crusgalli, var. splendens.— C. J/«f>ra, Linn. f.=C. Azarolus.— C. melanocdrpa, Bieb.= C. pentagj*na.— ('. Mexicdna, Sess.& Moc. Small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate-oblong, coarsely serrate or slightlj- lobed, pubescent: corymbs .'{-lO-fld., tomentose: fr. large, reil or yellow. Mexico. B.R. 22:1910. S.B.F.G.II,3:.'M)0.— C. microcdrpa. Lindl. = C. spathtilata.- (J. odoratissima, Lindl. = ('. orientalis.— C. Olireridna, Dum.- fours. = C. pentagyna.— C. pentdgyna, Kit. Shrubor small tree: lvs. pinnately 5-7-cleft, pubescent: corj-mbs many-fld.: fr. pyriform, bh-vk. dull, small. B.R. 22:1874; 2.3: 19.^3.— (7. popuUfolia, Ell. Allied to C. cocfinea. Lvs. smaller, glabrous: fr. green-purple f>r dull purple, glaucous. N. Eng. to Flu.— C.pruindsn,'Wenil].=V.\x>imUfo]i!i.— ('.purpurea, Hose. = C. Sfkngviinea.—C. Pyracdiitha , Pers.=Pyracanthacoccinea.— t'. pyrifblia, Ait.= 0. tomentosa.— ('. riruldris. Nutt. Allied to 0. Douglasi. Shnib : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous at length. Oregon to N. Mexico and Calif. S.S. 4:176.— C'.spa^Au- Idta, Mf'hx. Shrub or tree, to 20 ft. : lvs. cuneate. oblanceolate, crenately serrate or S-lolx'd at the apex: corj'ml>s many-tld.: fr. scarlet, globular, V^in. across. S. states. S.S. 4:18,5. B.R. 22:1846 (as (J. microcarpa).— C. succulentn. Sf'hrad.= C. marra- cantha.— C. Tatdrira, Hort.= C. pinnatifida, var. major.— C. tomeiitdsa,v:\T. mollis, Hort.==C. mollis. —<^'. Tournefbrti, Griseb. =C. orientalis, var. sanguinea.— C\ Virginica, Lodd.=C. glandu- losa.— C. riridis, Linn. Tree, to .35 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong-obo- vate, irregularly serrate, often slightly lobed, glabrous: corj-mbs many-fld., glabrous or sparingly villous: fr. scarlet or orange. S. Caro. and Fla. to Texas. S.S. 4 : 187. ALFRED Rehdek CBATiEVA (after Cratevas, an obscure writer on medical plant-s, not, as sometimes stated, at the time of Hippocrates, but at the beginning of the first century B.C., since he named a plant after Mithridates). Cap- pariddcecp. A genus of 14 species of tropical trees and shrubs: leaflets 3: fls. in corymbs, usually polygamous, with the odor of garlic : sepals and petals 4 : stamens 8-23: torus elongated: berries ovate-globose, with a slen- der stripe. The bark of the Garlic Pear, ('. gynandra, blisters like Cantharides. C. rcligiosa, from Malabar and the Society Islands, is a sacred tree, and is planted in native graveyards. The bitter, aromatic leaves and bark are used by them in stomach troul)les. The above and some other species are cultivated in Europe as ornamental greenhouse shrubs. religid8a,Forst.f. (r.^'Kri'rf^a. Buch.-Ham. ). Leaflets 2}-i to 3 times as lonsr as broad : stamens 20-28. —Cult, sy Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif. CREAM NUT. See Bertholletia. GBEEFING CHARLIE. A children's name for the fragrant little blue-tiuwered weed, Malva rotundifoUa, which bears the "cheeses"' dear to boyhood's memory. The name is hardly dignifie*! enough for most botanies. This name is sometimes applied to Lysimachia nummu- la ria . CR£FIS (the application of this name is obscure). CompSaitce. This variable genus contains a few hardy annual and perennial herbs, especially C. Sibirica, which resembles a sow-thistle in habit, and has corymbs of reddish blue flowers, about the size of a hawkweed, or a small dandelion. It is one of the coarser border plants, and rare. Rather li^ht. .sandy soil, and full ex- posure to the sun are essentials to the welfare of this plant. It is contented in a rather dry position, either in the rockery, or in the border. It is prop, by division. A common plant on the moss of Enirlish thatched cot- tages is C. virens, a yellow-fld. plant, resembling a dandelion. Sibirica, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, and at least as wide when in bloom: plant covered with short rough hairs: root, large, fleshy: lvs. rough, wrinkled, coarsely dentate, somewhat cordate, 12 in. long, including a pet- iole half as long: fls. bright yellow: involucre loose, 398 CREPIS CRIXUM hairy. July, En., Asia, Minor, Himalayas. Gn. 53, p. 493. — The tallest and largeat-fld. of the jrenus. Its white, plumy masses of seeds are also attractive. r. nurea, Reichh. Height 1ft., fls. orange. June. Eu. The commonest perennial species of thegeniis abroad. Repays ricli soil.— C. riihra, Linn. Annual height 6-:{2 in.: As. re<l. usually solitary. Italy. Greece. The commonest of the annual species abroad. ^ CR£SC£NTIA (after Crescenzi, thirteenth century Italiiin a;;ricuUural writer!. Bignnniclcece. This genus is chietly interesting for the Calabash tree, and has no near allies of horticultural importance. It consists of tropical trees, glabrous: Ivs. alternate, solitary or clus- tered in nodes : fls. large, tubular, with a fluted 5-cut limb, yeHowish, with red or purple veins: calyx 2-parted or deeply 5-cut. The Calabash tree is a native of tropi- cal America, is especially familiar in the "West Indies, and can be grown outdoors in extreme !>. Fla., S. Calif. The outer skin of the fruit is removed, and the seeds and pulp from within, and the hard, woody shell is used for water-gourds and for all sorts of domestic ves- sels, according to size and shape. The growing fruit can be made to assume various forms by skillful tying. It is a tree, 20 ft. high, and readily distinguished from all others l)y its peculiar habit of growth, as it bears large, horizontal, scarcely divided branches, which bear clusters of leaves at intervals. Cujdte, Linn. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, broadly lanceolate. taper- ing at the base: fls, solitanr\ pendulous; calyx 2-parted corolla constricted below the middle, and then swelled above, malodorous when decaying; stamens 4, some- times 5. B.M. 3430. CBESS. The ordinary garden Cress {Lepidium sati- vum), sometimes callecf peppergrass, is still absent in the majority of American gardens, although ite leaves have the pleasant jmngency of the Water Cress, and might be used more freely as a condiment, to be served with salads, or for garnishing. The quick sprouting habit of the seed is proverbial. If Cress is wanted in its prime continuously, seed must be sown every few days. The young plants, which may be left thickly in drills, need protection from the flea beetle, as this is as fond of Cress pungency as any gourmand. For winter use. garden Cress may be grown in large flower pots, boxes, or on a bench, in any light and reasonably warm place. There are curled and broad-leaved types. Aus- tralian or Golden Cress is a broad, yellowish-leaved va- riety. Water Cress {yasturthnn officinal'), a hardy pereimial and important market crop, can be grown in moist soil in the greenhouse, or in almost any ditch, pool, or shallow water course. Covered with water, it winters well. To introduce it in any suitable place, all that is necessary is to scatter seed or a few freshly-cut branches, and it will soon spread and flourish. "Erfurt Sweet" is a superior strain. Similar to Water Cress in form of leaf and in taste is the Upland Cress {Barha- rea vuhfaris), a. hardy biennial which can easily be grown from seed. ' t. Greixer. CBIMSON FLAG. Schizostylis coecinea. CRINKLE BOOT. diphiiUa, One of the names of Dentaria CBtNUM (Greek name for a lily). Amnryllidclcea'. A rather large and cosmopolitan genus of splendid flow- ering* bulbs, mostly tender, closely allied to Amaryllis, and distinguished bv the longer perianth tube. Lvs. mostly persistent, usually broad; fls. few or many in an umbel, often very fragrant and with three types of coloring, pure white, bauded red or purplish down the center, or flushed with the same colors ; perianth spreading or funnel shaped; tube straight or curved; segments linear, lanceolate or oblong. The species of Crinum require widely different cul- ture, and iheir geograi>hical distribution furnishes an important clue as to their rarity and the degree of wannth required. There are only two hardy species. C. longifolium and C. Moorei, the latter being less hardy than the tormer, but with finer flowers. These two species differ from all others in blooming all summer in- stead of during a short period, and in the greater la.**ting qualities of their flowers. An interesting hybrid between the two, C. Potrellii, is hardier than C. Moorei, and the flower, though better than C. lomjifolium, is not quite as showy as that of C Moorei. The hybrid has three well marked colors, white, rose and purplish. A single Imlb of the white variety has given fifty flowering bulbs in four years. W. Watson says that this cross can easily be repeated by amateurs. The outdoor kinds require a deep, well drained soil and plenty of moi-sture during the grow- ing season. Speaking of C. Moorei, W. Watson, Lon- don, says: "For placing in consi)icous positions on ter- races or lawns, or in comers where flowers are wanted to combine with architecture or statuarj'for summer effect they are of the greatest value. The Agapanthus is fre- quently grown for such purposes, but the Crinum is scarcely known in this chara<*ter. Of course large speci- mens are needed, but once obtained they are not easily lost." The bun>s of Crinums are mostly grown in Hol- land and in Florida. The only native species, C. Ameri- ca ntim, the "Swamp Lily of Florida," makes a brilliant and striking spectacle when seen in dismal places far from civilization. It is no wonder that it is cherished in Florida gardens. Of the greenhouse Crinums some are evergreen, others decidotis; some wurmhouse, others coolhouse species. Like Pancratiums, they re«juire too much space to be as popular here as in the Old World. Speaking especially of C. aintibile and C. Aniafieum, Robert Cameron sav's (G. F. 1(): 217) : "Crinums thrive in a compost of turfy loam, dry cow-manure and a little charcoal. When they are grown in large pots they do not require annual re- potting: in fact, our large plants have not been shifted for the ])ast five years. A top-dressingof good, rich soil is all that is necessary, and when they are well estab- lished liquid manure is very beneficial." C. amuhUe may be taken as a type of the coolhouse and C. gigan- teiihi of the warmhouse kind. Of the latter species. W. Watson says (G. F. 4: 221 ) : "It is gigantic only in the size of its flowers. The erect scapes are produced sev- eral times a year at varying seascms. The flowers are powerfully and deliciously fragrant, and last about a week. This species requires plenty of moisture all the year round, and it is happiest when planted in a large pot of rich soil, or better still, in a bed under the shade of palms." ^'. ^ Among the great family of large-flowering Amaryllids I do not recall any more beautiful in bloom than Crinum Moorei and its hybrid C PowelUi. The culture of the former is of the simplest. It requires potting, and is not fastidious a.<r to soil. It is well to grow it along into a fair-sized tub with its offsets, of which it is prolific, until it makes a good specimen, as it will then be more effective in the garden when in flower. In late fall it should be removed to a coolhouse and kept fairly dry till new leaves appear in midwinter, when it may have more moisture, the supply being increased on removal out- doors in spring. C Potrellii has a shorter necked bulb and drooping channelled leaves sometimes 4 feet long, while C. Moorei has spreading leaves 2 feet or more long. C. Potvellii is especially valuable for its hardi- ness. In a sheltered place at Elizabeth, N. J., it is cut to the ground, but reappears in the spring, being protected only by a small mound of ashes or earth, which serves to throw off moisture. , -^r ^ J. N. Gerard. Alphabetical list of species described below: C. Abys- sinicum, IG : amabile, 3 ; Americanum, 4 ; aqnaticuw, 15; Asiaticum, 1; augustum. 6; aHstrale, 2: campanu- latum, 15; Capense, 9; cappeditm, 1; Colensoi, 10; cras- sifolium. 13; Eboraci. 1; erubescens. Ait., 7; erubes- ceHS,HBK.,8: fimbriatulum. 20; giganteum, 21 ; grandi- florum, 9; Herberti, 19; Ilerhertianum, 19; hybridum, 1; Kirkii, 11; Kimthiannm, Hort.,19; Kunthianura, Roem., 8; lineare. 17; longifolium, 9; Mackenii, 10 ; Makoyanum, 10; Moorei, 10 ; ^afnlense, 10 ; ortiatnm, 14 ; pedunculatum, R.Br.. 2 ; pedunculatum, Hort., 1 ; Powellii. 18; pratense, 5; riparium,9; scabro-Capense, 19; scabrum, 19: Schntidfii, 10; Sinico-scabrum. 1; va- riabile. 13 ; Sanderianum, 14 ; virgineum, 22 ; Virgini- cum, 19 ; Zeylanicum, 12. ■s- •' CRINUM CRINOI 399 A. Perianth erect, ttith upreading, linear segments : stamenif Kpreading. Stenanter. B. Color white : tube greenish. 1. AfliAticum, Linn. Bulb 4-5 in. thick; neck r>-9 in. long : Ivs. 20-30 to a bulb, .'{-4 ft. long, '.i-4 in. broad : peduncle 13^-2 ft. long, 1 in. thick; tis. 20-50 in an um- b»-l; spathe valves 2— t in. long ; pedicels %-! in. long: perianth white; tube erect, tinged with green, :j-4 in. long; seg^nents 2^2-3 in. long; filaments tinged red, 2 in. long : ovule 1 in a cell. Trop. Asia. B.M. 1073.— Baker gives 5 botanical varieties, of which the most im- portant in the American trade is probably var. Sinicum, Baker {Cpeilunculiitum, Hort., not R.Br.). St. John's Lily. Bulb 6 in. thick, 18 in. long : Ivs. 5 in. broad, with undulated edges, forming a massive crown 4-5 ft. high : peduncle 2-3 ft. lontr: ris. 20 or more : perianth white. China. The bulb usually divides into two of equal size, small olTsets are rarely produced. Seedlings flower in 5 years. Var. declin&tuin. Baker, has a sloping instead of erect fl. ; perianth sejrments tinged red at tip. Sillet. B.M. 2231. Var. prdcerum. Baker, is larger than the type, with Ivs. 5 ft. long. t> in. wide: perianth tube and limb 5 in. long, the latter tinged red outside. Ran- goon. B.M. 2684. Var. an6malam, Baker, is freakish looking, its Ivs. being exi>ande<l into a broad, membra- nous, striated and f»laited \viii;r. There is nothins: like it in the genus. Var. angrustifolium, Hort., is dwarf, 2 ft. high. China. B.M. 2908. C. Ebbraci, Herbert (C. 7*^- briflum Toddne, Hort.). Similar to the variety next mentioned, but half the size. Ganlen hybrid between a small form of C AsiaticKfn and C longi folium. C. Ebdraci, var. capp^dom, Reasoner {C. cappedum, Rea- soner). Habit much like C. Asinticum, but Ivs. taper- ing to a slender point, semi-erect. 4 ft. hitrh: fls. about 20, segments 4 in. long, % in. Itmad, spreading, white, sometimes changing to pink, (iarden hybrid between C. A.^iaticum, var. SinicHtn and C. longifolium. In- creases both by offsets and splitting of the bulb into two. C ISinico-scdbrum , Hort., hybrid of C. A,^iaticum var. crossed with C. scabrum, and intermediate in as- pect and tl. 2. pedancul&ttun, R. Brown {C. nustrdle. Herb.). Bulb 4 in. thick ; neck 6 in. long: Ivs. 2.>-30 to a bulb: fls. 20-.30 in an umbel: spathe valves ;j-4 in. long: pedi- cels l-lj'2in.: perianth greenish white, not tinged with red outside : filaments short, bright red : style shorter than the filaments : ovules 3 in a cell. Austral. B.R. 52.— The bulb grows above ground on a large rootstock. BB. Color purplish red outside: tube purplish red. 3. amttbilc, Don. Bulb large ; neck 1 ft. or more long : Ivs. 25-30 to a bulb : peduncle 2-3 ft. long : fls. 20-30 in an umbel, very fragrant; spathe valves 4-5 in. long ; pedicels J^-l in. long : perianth with a crimson center band, tinged outside bright purplish red ; tube bright red ; segments 4-5 in. long : stamens an inch shorter than the segments. Sumatra. B.M. 1G05. R.H. 18i)(»:24L — Supposed by Herbert to be a spontaneous hybrid betweon C. Asiaticum, var. procerum and C. Zeylanicum: fls. sterile, bulb increases by small offsets. A stately ornament of most Florida gardens ; often sold under the name of C. augustum, which is a similar but smaller natural hybrid presumably between C. brac- teatum and C. Zeylanicum, and has more obtuse Ivs. than C. amabile. AA. Perianth erect, with spreading, lanceolate seg- ments : stamens spreading. Phttijaster. B. Lvs. few, 6-10 to a bulb. 4. Americ^num, Linn. Fig. 579. Florida Swamp Lily. Bulb stoloniferous, ovoid. .3-4 in. thick ; neck short: lvs. 114-2 in. broad: fls. 3-6, usually 4 ; pedicels none or very short: perianth creamy white; tube green- ish. Native in river swamps, Fla. and westward. B.M. 1034. 5. prat4nse, Herb. Bulb ovoid. 4-5 in. thick : neck short: lvs. 6-8, 1^-2 ft. long. lJ^-2 in. wide, channeled, margin entire : fls. 6-12; perianth white. Var. 6legan8, Carey, has a longer necked bulb, decumbent peduncle, and tube an inch shorter than the segments. B.M. 2592. Var. ventistum, Carey, has about 30 fls. in an umbel, Ind. BB. Lvs. numerous, 20 or more to a bulb. c. Bulb conical, large, with a long neek. 6. aagnistam, Roxb. {C. nmdbile. var. augustum, Gawl). Bulb conical, 6 in. thick; neck long: Ivs. 20-30, ,'J-4 in. broad: peduncle nnich conipressed : fls. 12-20; pedicels sometimes an inch lonir : color strontr ptirplish red outside, ban<led within : tube purplish, Mauritius. Seychelles, B.M, 2397. B.R. 8:679, :3^^*X**'»."v«k*«» « 579. The Swamp Lily of Florida— Crinum Americanum. A type of the subgenus witli wide-spreading perianth and lanceolate segments. cc. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick; with a short neck. 7. emb^scens, Ait. Bulb ovoid. 3—4 in. thick ; neck short: lvs. 2-3 in. broad, slightly rough : fls. 4-12; pedi- cels none or very short ; color reddish outside, white within : tube bright red. Trop. Amer. B, M, 1232. L. B, C. 1:31. 8. KontMiLnnm, Roem. (C eruhiscens, HBK., not Alton). Lvs. wavy: fls. 4-5 in an umbel; tube longer than in No. 6, 7-8 in. long ; color pure white. New Granada. Var. Nicaragru^nse, Baker, is purple outside, the segments longer and lvs, longer and narrower. AAA. Perianin funhel-shaped; tube permanently curved; segm^'nts oblong ascending : stamens and style contiguous and declined. (Codonocrinum.) B. Bulbs long-necked. c. Filaments red. 9. longrifdlitun, Thunb. {C. Capense, Herb. Amaryl- lis longi folia, Linn. CripHrium, Herb.). Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 2-3 in. wide; margins rough: fls. Cy-Vl. pedicels 1-2 in, long ; perianth tinged red on the back, and some- times on the face, with a white varietv. Cape Colonv. Natal. B.M. r»61. Var. dlbum, Hort. Gn. 52. p. 123.-The hardiest Crinum, enduring the winter of the middle states, if protected with litter during cold weather. Propagation by offsets or seed, which is produced jibundantly. C. grandiflbriim, Hort., is a new hybrid with C. Careyt\num, said to partake of the hardiness of C, longifolium. 400 CRINUM CRINUM D. CC. Filaments tchite or pinkish, yfitntin of Ivs. entire : pednnele 2S ft. long. 10. Mo6rei, Hook. f. (C- Makoydnnm, Carr. C. Co- Un»oi, ('. Maekhiii, an<l C. NataUnst, Hort. C Sehmiddi, He^'tll. Fi)?. .%(). Bulb ovoid, net'k I'J-lH in. lon^ : Ivs. 2-3 ft. lon^, 3-4 in. wide, mart^in entire, veins rather distant, distinct: tls. (>-12; ped- icels IJ^ to 3 in. lon^c: i>eriantli tlushed with rose on l><»th sides, with a white varietv ; seprnients wide. Natal and Kaffraria. B.M. (Jll.J. O.C. III. 2:41»9. R.H. 1877.p. 417. R.H.18S7: :{(M). R.B. 22: 196; 23:01. Var. Album, Hort. (it. 1072. Gn. 52. p. 122, and var. platy- p^talum, Hort., are cuUivut**!. C. Colemtoi has a longer tube, smaller flower, with a paler and narrower linil*. DD. Margin of Ivs. ciliated : peduncle 12-18 in. long. 11. KirMi, Baker. Bull) plolwjse, 6-8 in. thick, sometimes 6 in. long : Ivs. 3^^-4 ft. long, 4-4/'2 in. wide, margin rough, veins close: Hs. 12-15 ; pedicels none or very short ; color white, with a ver}' distinct crimson band down the center. 7.anzibar. B.M. «i512. — Recog- nized at a glance b\' its short, ver)^ stout peduncle and very large acuminate Ivs., with a distinctly ciliated edge.— A warmhouse species. BB. Bulbs short -necked. C. Fls. numerous, usuall;/ more than 8 in an umhel. 12. Zeyl&nictun, Linn. (AmarfiUis ornhta,B. M. 1171). Bulb globose, a-iy in. thick : Ivs. 10-12, 2-3 ft. long, '.\-A in. wide, wavy, margin roughish ; peduncle stout, purple : fls. 10-20 ; perianth bright red outside in the middle 580. A youne plant of Crinutn Moorei. Quite weaned from its seed and begin- ning its own life. 581. Crinum Powellii. third ; segments oblong lanceolate, '^-A in. long, 1 in. broad. Midsummer. Tropical Asia and Africa.— A -warmhouse species. The most commonly cultivated species of the genus. Native throughout tropical Asia and Africa. Usually sold as C. Kirkii, which is an allied species from Zanzibar, probably not known outside of one or two botanical gardens, 13. variibile. Herb. {C. crassifdUum, Herb. i. Hulb ovoid, ."^4 in. thick : Ivs. 1 %-2 ft. long, 2 in. wide, w.ak- fls. 10-12 ; perianth flushed red outside : fllaments redl Cape Colony.— A rare species. .CC. Fls. fewer, usually less than 8 in an umbel. D. Bulbs small. E. Tube long, 5-6 in.: stamens nearly as long n.s the perianth segments. 14. Sanderiinum, Baker (C. omfitum, Burj-). H>ilb globose, 2 in. thick ; neck 2-3 in. long : Ivs. 1(>-12. thin l>^-2 ft. long, lyi in. broad, margin much criHp«-d: tls! .'$-6 ; perianth with a distinct band of briirlir rr.l! Corisco island. Sierra Leone. Gn. 52: 1131.— cinsfiv allied to C. seabrum. EE. Tube short: stamens much shorter than the segments. F. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long. 15. campanulitum, Herb. (C. agudticum, BurclwU), Lvs. linear, deeply channelled, 3-4 ft. : fls. 6-8: perianrh rosy red. Cape colony. Kaflfraria. B.M. 2352.— A very distinct species. FF. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long. G. Pedicels very short or none. 16. Abyssinlcum, Hochst. Bulb ovoid, 3 in. thick: lvs. about 6, 1 ft. long, %-l in. wide, veins close, niarsrin rough : fls. 4-6, pedicels very short or none. 3Its. of Abyssinia. GO. Pedicels % in. long. 17. line^ire, Linn. f. Lvs. linear, lK-2 ft. long, % in. broad, glaucous, channelled : fls. 5-6 ; pedicels % in. long ; periantii tinged red outside ; filaments red. Cape colony. — Rare. DD. Bulbs large. E. Pedicels 1-1% in. long. 18. Pdwellii, Hort. Fig. 581. Bulb short-necked: lvs. about 20, spreading, ensiform, acuminate, 3-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad near the base, margin smooth: fls. about ?*: perianth peach blossom color, with white and purplish varieties. — Garden hybrid of C. longi folium and C. Moorei. According to Baker, the bulb is globose, but J. N. Gerard says it is long, like a leek. EE. Pedicels very short or none. F. Margin of lvs. rough. 19. BC§ibrum, Herb. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 1J4-2 in. wide, closely veined, margin scabrous: fls. 4-8: pedi- cels none or verv short : perianth banded bright red. Apr., May. Tropical Africa from Guinea to Abvssinia. B. 31. 2180. F.S. 21:2216.- Common in Florida gardens, a very showj-and easily cul- tivated species. C. Herbert!, Sweet (C. scabro-Capenxf, Hort. C. Ku n th i (in u m , Hort., notRoera.). Fls. sim- ilar to C. seabrum, but color lighter, the plant taller and larger. Garden hybrid be- tween C. seabrum and ('. longifolium. This is a doubt- ful name. C- fferbertiiimim, Wall.=C. Zeylanieiim. C. Herbert ianiim.HorX. Roem. & Schultes=C^ strictum C. Virginicum. Garden hybrid, resembles <?. fferberti. but the plant is smaller and the flowers larger and brisihter in color. See also No. 22. 20. fimbriAttllnm, Baker. Lvs. as in C. .sTa&no>», but margins ciliated with small membranous scales : peri- anth banded red. Angola. Gn. 55, Feb. 11. Allied to C. seabrum.— A wholly different plant is passing in the trade under this name. CRIXUM CROCUS 401 TT. Margin of lv». smooth. 21. grigantdum, And. Bulb 5-6 in. thick : Ivb, 12 or more, 2-3 ft. ionff, -i-i in. broa<l, narrowed toward the base; veins diHtant, with distinct cross veinlets : fl». 4-6, rarely 8-12 : tube 4-7 in. lonjf ; perianth pure white; sex- ment» much imbricated. So. Afr. B.M. 1>23. F.S.2:»:_'44;{. G.F. 4:223. I. H. :i.'l: 617.— A very fragrant species. 2'_'. virgineum, Mart, F^Wage aa in C.giganf*'nm : tl». about 6 ; tube .'{-4 in. lon^ ; perianth pure white. i>outh Brazil. See also C. Virginicum, under No. 19. In tt<l(liti«)n to the al>ove spec-ies the following are advertised, bnt not sufficiently de8crib«d : C. nvbiU, C. Yemente, and C. Zanzibarente. T. L. Mead and W. M. CROCOSMIA ( Gvtek, odor of «rt^/ron, which is perceiv- able when the dried rt«. are placed in warm water). Iri- d(i''t(e. This genus has only one species, and is n»)t clearly distinguished by Baker from the closely allied Tritonia, Imt according to the author of the genus, it differs in the stamens being separated at e<|ual dis- tances instead of grouped at one side, the form of the limb, the tube not swelled at the top, and the fruit 3-9eeded insteatl of many-seeded. The name of this genus is spelled Crocosma by Baker, but it was first spelled Crooosmia. Crocosmin a urea is a showj- bulbous autumn bloom- ing plant, which is hardy south of Washington, I). C, with slight protection, and in the north is treated like Gladiolus, the bulbs being set out in the spring, after danger of frost, and lifted in the fall for winter storage. It is of easy culture, and is propagated by oflFsets or by seeds. Bulbs should be stored in peat or sphagnum to prevent them from becoming too dry. aiirea, Planch. ( Tritdnla nurea, Pappe.). Height.2 ft. : bulb globose, emitting oifsets from clefts in the side: scape lJ'2-2 ft. high, leafy below, nake<l or only bracted above, compressed, 2-winged : Ivs. distichous, shorter than the scape, linear, ensiform, striated, but with a distinct midrib : fls. sessile in the panicle, perhaps 25 scattered over a long season, with buds, flowers and seeds at the same time ; perianth bright orange-yellow toward center; tube slender, curved, 1 in. long; segments longer than the tube, capsule 3-celled. Trop. and S. Afr. July-Oct. F. S. 7: 702. B. M. 4:«5. Also interesting as one parent of a bigeneric cross resulting in Tritonia crocosmiflora. Var. imptsri^lis, Hort. (Fig. 582), grows about 4 ft. high. Var. macul&ta, Baker, has dark blotches above the base of the 3 inner segments. J. H. III. 33: 567. j. x. Gerard and W. M. CKOCXTS (Greek name of Saffron). Jriddeece. Stem- less plants (the grass-like Ivs. rising from the ground or conn), with solid bulbs or corms. Fls. showy, in many colors, funnel-shaped and erect, with a very long tube and 6 nearly or quite equal segments. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-loculed: seeds many, nearly globular. The flowers open in sunshine. They come in fall or spring, but the best known species are spring-flowering, which are amongst the earliest of spring bloom. The new corra usually grows ou top of the old one each year, «o that the plants tend to rise out of the ground. The corms, therefore, should be lifted and replanted every three or four years. Crocuses force easily (see Bulb). A half dozen corms may be planted in a 4-inch pot for this purpose. The genus Crocus is S. European and Southwestern Asian. It has about 70 recognized species. The best account of the Crocuses is G. Maw's superb Monograph of the Genus (^rocus, I88G. A popular ac- count of the history and species, by Baker, will be found in Gardeners' Chronicle for 1873, pp. 107, 179, 291, 434, 542, 609, 680, 1402, 1431. 1466, 15.3:^, 1633. A condensed account is contained in Baker's Handbook of the Iridete, 1892. L. H. B. Many forms of Crocus are well known in gardens, where they are justly valued as among the showiest and brightest of winter and spring flowers. About two- thirds of the species are classed as vernal and the bal- ance as autumnal flowering; but the various members of the tribe would furnish nearly continuous bloom from August to May were the season open. While there are numerous species interesting to a botanist or a collector, 26 practically the beet for general cultivation are C. Jm- pernti, C SuHianun (Cloth of (iold Crocus) and the Dutch hybrids, mostly of C MtT»iacH». These flower in about the onler named. The rosy flowers of C. Impernti may be expecte<l with the earliest snowdrops. The named species, having shorter flower tubes than the Dutch hybrids, are not as liable to injury by the severe weather of the early year. The autumnal species are not satisfactor>' garden plants, the flowers mostly appearing before the leaves, and being easily injured. ('. MpicioMux and C. nativKs are probably the most satisfactory. The latter species has been cultivated from time imme- morial, the stamens having a me<li<'inal reputation, and being a source of c(dor ( saffron). The cultivation of this species is a small industry in France. Spain and Italy. The corms should be planted alnmt 3 inches deep, in a well-worked and perfectly drained soil which is free / from clay or the decaying humus of manure, etc. They should be carefully examined and all bruised and imper- 582. Crocosmia aurea, var. imperalis (X H). feet ones rejected, as they are very susceptible to attacks of fungi, which, gaining a footing on decrepit corms, will spread to others. The careful gardener will examine all exotic small bulbs annually, or at least biennally, until they show by the perfection of their new bulbs that they have become naturalized, or are suited to their new en- vironment. In this case they may be allowed to remain until crowding requires their division. This examina- tion should take place after the leaves are matured and dried up. Increase may be had from new corms which are produced more or less freely in different species over or on the sides of old corms. Seeds are often produced freely, but are apt to be overlooked, as they are formed at the surface of the soil. These germinate readily and most freely at the growing time of the plant. They should preferably be germinated in seed pans, which should be exposed to freezing before the natural germi- 402 CROCUS CROCUS natinpT tlmp. They usually fomi flowers the third neason. The (,'rocu!*, as in well known, i« amenable to mtMlern, forcing* It it* also useful for naturalizing in the lawn, although the grass will run nut the plants in a few years, If the bulbs are not replaced by strong ones. J. N. Gerard. Crocuses are scarcely known in the Amer. trade under their species names. They have been mueh hyi)ridized and varied. The common CrtM-uses of the trmle ha%'e descended from C vt'rHUM chiefly, but (.\ SHximniM, C. Moeniacus, C. stellarig, C. hiflorus and C. «(iNvuh are freijuent. The Dutch buU>-growers cultivate many species, and these are oflfere<l for sale in their American lists; the species are therefore included in the following synopsis. Index: Ancyrensis, 4; &Htnr\c\iH, 2(\; aureus, 2; Ban- Aticus, 8; bjtlorus, G; Bor5'i,24; Byzantinu8,29; chrysan- thus, 5, 15 ; etruscus, 13; Ha<lriaticus, 18; Imperati, 14; iridiflouH, 29; htefeu», 2; longifionis, 20; nie«lius, 25; Moesiacus, 2; nuditlorus, 2.'{: Olivieri, ].'); Orphanidis, 24: pulchellus, 28; reticulatus, 12; JSalzinanni, 22; sati- vus, 17; serotinus, 21 ; Sieberi, 11; speciosus, 27; stel- laris, 3; Susianus, 1; Suterianus, 15; Sifrincnit,9; Tom- masinianus, 10; Toumef«»rti, 24 ; vemus, 9 ; versicolor, 7; vitellinus, 16; zonatus, 19. A. Blooming in spring. B. Style-branches entire or merely toothed. r. Fls. yellow, at least inside. 1. Susiinus, Ker. Cloth of Gold Crocis. Corm^in. In diam.: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, reaching to the tt., narrow- linear, with revolute edges and a central band of white: perianth segments IJ^in. or less long, orange-yellow, becoming rertexed, the outer ones brownish or striped on the outside ; anthers orange, longer than the fila- ments ; style-branches long and spreading. Crimea. B.M. 652. — Blooms very early. 2. MoesiacuB, Ker {€'. aureus, Sibth. & Sm.). Dutch Crocus. Later, corm larger: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, overtop- ping thefl., narrow-linear, with reflexed edges and white central band : segments very obtuse, bright yellow, 1% in. long, i4 to 3-3 the length of the tul>e : anthers pale yellow, hastate at the base, somewhat longer than the filaments ; style-branches overtopped by the an- thers. Transylvania to Asia Minor. B.M. 2986. — Va- riable. A sulfur-vellow form is C. sulphureus, Ker. B.M. 1384. There 'is a striped form. B M. 938. A cream- white form is C. Idcteus, Smith. 3. stellJtris, Haw. Supposed to be a hybrid of the above, and known only in cult. Blooms with No. 2. Lvs. only 4-6, narrow-linear, reflexed edges, white- banded : perianth-tube short, the segments 1-13^ in. long, bright orange, the outer ones striped and feath- ered with brown on the back ; anthers pale orange, a little longer than the filaments ; style-hranches some- what overtopping the anthers. 4. Ancyrensis, Maw. Corm % in. in diam. : lvs. 3-4, as tall as the fl., very narrow : perianth-tube exserted ; segments bright orange-yellow, 1 in. or less long, not striped, nor colored outside ; anthers orange-yellow, much longer than the filaments ; style-branches red- orange. Asia Minor. — Blooms early. 5. chrysinthns, Herb, (not B.R. 33:4. Fig. 1, which= C. Olivieri, var. Suterianus). Corm small: Ivs. as high as the fl., very narrow: perianth-tube 2-3 times as long as the segments, the letter 134 in. or less long, and plain orange-yellow (van.'ing tinted or striped on the outside, or even nearly white): throat glabrous ; an- thers orange, twice as long as the roughened filaments; style-branches red-orange. Macedonia and Asia Minor. cc. Fls. lilac or white. 6. bifldrus, Mill. Scotch Crocus. Corm % in. or less in diam. : lvs. 4-6, overtopping the fls., ver>- narrow, with deflexed edges and a white central band: perianth- tube exserted. the st -nen^s 13^ in. long, purple tinged, the outer ones 3-striped down the back, the throat bearded and yellowish ; anthers orange, exceeding the filaments ; style-branches orange-red. S. and south- western Eu. B.M. 845.- Runs into many forms, some of them almost white 7. Tertlcolor. Ker. Corm 'i in. or ]t>nn in diam.; \v» 4-5, as high as the fls., otherwise like the last; perianth- tube ex»erte<I: Hegments IH In. long, pale or dark pur- ple, often striped and feathered with dark purple- throats glabrous, whitish or yellowish; anthers yellow' twice as long as the filament; stfle-branches, oran»fe' yellow, equalling or overtopping the antb«rs JS France. B.M. 1110. 8. Ban&ticoi, Heuflf. Corm globular, % in. in diam.: lvs. usually 2, thin and flattish, and Incoming % in] broad, glaucous beneath: perianth-tube .•••arcelv ex- serted; segments 13^ in. or less lonj?, bright purple, and nevtr striped, but often dark-blotched towards the tip; throat glabrous; anthers orange, a little longer than the white filaments; style-branches short, orange-yel- low, somewhat fringed at the tip. Hungary. 9. v6mu«. All. Fig. 583. Corm 1 in. or less in diam.: ivs. 2-4, as high as the fl., often 34 in. broad, glaucous y)eneath, but green al»ove. with retlexed edjres* and a centrul white band; perianth segments 1-13^ in! 583. Crocus vemus (X >^). long, lilac, white or purple-striped; throat pubescent, never yellow; anthers lemon-yellow, exceeding the fila- ments; stvle-branches orange-yellow. S. Eu. B.M. 860, 2240. *R.H. 1869, p. 331. Gn. 54, p. 79. The com- monest garden Crocus. 10. Tommasici^nus, Herb. Corm globular, K in. in diam.: lvs. appearing with the fls., narrow {% in. broad): perianth-tube little exserted; segments 114 in. or less long, pale red-bluish, .sometimes dark blotched at the tip ; throat glal rous ; anthers pale orange, a little longer than the white glandular filaments; style- branches short, orange-yellow. Dalmatia and Servia. — Distinguished from C. fernus by its glal)rous throat. 11. Sidberi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. diam.; Iv?. 4- G, as high as the fl., glaucous lieneath, 3v. in. broad: per- ianth-tube short-exserted; segments 1-1 3d in- I*'"?? color of C. vemus; throat yellow and glabrous; anthers orange, twice as long as filaments; style-branches nearly entire, orange-red. Greece, Crete. 12. retictil&ttis.Bieb. Corm %in,in diam., covered with honey-combed fibers: lvs. 3-5, as high as the fl.. very narrow, with reflexed edge and a white band: perianth- tul)e much exserted : segments 1-1 % in. long, white to purple, the three outer ones striped; throat glabrous; anthers orange, twice the length of the orange filaments; style-branches scarlet, overtopping the anthers, S. E. Eu. — Varies to white. 13. ".tniscus, Pari. Corm 1 in. or less in diam.: lvs. alx>ui 3, ven,- narrow, as tall as the fl. : perianth-tube short exserted: segments l-y^ iu. long, lilac, or the outer is "M' CR0CC8 ones crf»m colored and sometimes purple-feathered out.side; throat yellow, .slightly pul)escenf ; anthers or- ange, twice an lonj? as the glabrous tllament.s; style- branches nearly entire, orange. Italy. BB. Style-branches fimbriate, ttranched,or cut into very narrow divinions. 14. Imper&ti, Ten. Corm nearly or quite 1 in. in diara.: Ivs. -Mi, exceeding the Hs., verv narrow; per- ianth-tube little exserted; segments 1-1 % in. long, lilac or even white, the outer ones huff and .l-striped on the outside; anthers yellow, exceeding the filaments; style- branrhes fimbriate. Italy. h.R. 23:11I9;{. Gn. 54, p. 79. 15. Olividri, (Jay. Corm nearly globose, %-% in. in diam. : Ivs. 4-5, as tall as the fl., becoming M in. broad: perianth tube littl«^ exserted ; segments bright orange yel- low and never striped, 1)4 in. or less long ; throat gla- brous; anthers orange, twice the length of the roughish filaments; style-branches orange, slender-forked. Var. Suteri&nui, Baker (C. chrysnnthus, Bot. Reg.) has nar- rower and more rolled Ivs. Greece to Asia Minor. 16. vitellinu*. Wahl. (C. SyrXacua, Boiss & Gaill.). Corm % in. or less in diam. : Ivs. 4-6, as high as the fls., narrow- linear; perianth tube short, exserted; segments 1 in. or less long, orange-yellow, the outer brown-tinged outside ; style-branches divided into many capillary parts. Asia Minor. B.M. 6410. — Rare in culture. AA. Blooming in fall. B. Style-branches entire. 17. satlvus, Linn. Saffron Crocus. Corm 1 in. or more in diam.: Ivs. «)-10, as tall as the fl., very narrow, ciliate-edged ; perianth-tul>e little exserted ; segments oblong and obtuse, bright lilac or even white; throat pubescent; anthers yellow, longer than filaments; style- branches 1 in. or more long, bright red (the source of saffron). Asia Minor. R. H. 1895, p. 573.— The com- monest fall-blooming species. 18. HadrlAticus, Herb. Much like C.'sativus: usually smaller-fid., pure white, the segments pubescent at base; anthers bright orange, more than twice longer than the white or purple filaments. Greece, etc. — Runs into sev- eral forms, 19. zon&ttiB, Gay. Corm somewhat flattened or de* flexed, K-'/'iin. in diam.: Ivs. appearii :" after the fls., narrow-linear: perianth-tube exserted, 2-3 in.; segments 1-2 in. long, rose-lilac, purple- veined and orange-spotted within ; throat yellow, pubescent ; anthers white, 2-3 times longer than the yellow flli raents : style-branches short and yellow. Cilicia. G.C. III. 23:85. BB. Style-branches fimbriated or forked at the top. 20. longifldnuB, Raftn. Corm %m. diam. : Ivs. 3-4, very short at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube much exserted; segments oblong and bright lilac, 1% in., never striped ; throat slightly pubescent, yellow ; anthers orange, more than twice as long as the filaments: style- branches scarlet, slightly compound. S. Eu. — Not fre- <iuent. 21. 8er6tinU8, Salisb. Corm 1 in. or less: Ivs. 4-6, as high as the fl. , very narrow : perianth-tube little exserted ; fjf'trments oblong, IK in., lilac or purple, indistinctly or not at all striped; throat glabrous; anthers yellow, much ex<'eeding the filaments: style-branches orange-yellow, fimbriated. Spain. — Not frequent, 22. S^lzmanni, Gay (C tingifUnus, Herb.). Corm somewhat depressed, 1 in. in diam. : Ivs. about 6, not prominent at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube much exserted; segments 13^ in. long, plain lilac; throat pubescent, yellowish; anthers orange, longer than the filaments: style-branches slender, orange. Morocco. BBB. Style-branches capillary-divided. 23. nudifldrus, Smith. Corm very small, stoloniferous: Ivs. 3-4, appearing after the fls., very narrow: perianth- tube much exserted ; segments l>^-2 in., lilac : throat glabrous; anthers large and yellow, twice as long as the filaments. Mts. S. France and Spain. — Long known in cult., but not common. 24. Bdryi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. or less in diam. : Ivs. .3-6, narrow-linear, as high as the fls.: perianth -tube short-exserted; segments 1-1 H in. long, white, sometimes CROTALARLA. 403 lilao-lined at the base outside; throat yellow, glabrous; anthers white, somewhat longer than the orange fila- ments: style-branches scarlet, divided into many '•apil- lary segments. Var. Tourneldrtii, Baker {C. Orphan- Idin, Hook. f. B.M, 5770) has lilac fls. Greece. 25. medial, Bnl bis. Corm globular,lin,or less in diam. : Ivs. 2-3, appearing 'n spring, narrow, l>ecoiuing a ft. or morehigb: perianth-tube much exserted; segments 1 V,- 2 in, long, bright lilac; throat glabrous, whitish; anthers pale orange, twice the length of the yellow filaments: style-branches scarlet, with many capillary divisions. S. France, Italy. 26. Attiiricas, Herb. Corm globular, % in. or less in diam.: ivs. alx^ut 3, appearing in fall but not maturing till spring : perianth-tube short-protrude<l ; segments l^ain. long, lilac; throat pubescent; anthers briglit yel- h>w, longer than the white filaments : style-branches orange, with many capillary divisions. Spain, 27. specidsuB, Bieb. Corm not stoloniferous, 1 in. or less: Ivs. usually 3, developing after the fls., thin, very narrow, becoming 1 ft. long : perianth-tube much ex- serted ; segments 1 H-2 in., lilac and feathered with darker color; anthers very large, bright orange, much exceeding the filaments. S. E. Eu. and Asia. B.M. :{861. B.R. 25 :40. — Handsome. 28. polch^llas, Herb. Conn small, somewhat de- pressed : Ivs. produced after flowering, maturing in spring: perianth-tube much exserted; ijegments l-lj'i ia. lung, bright lilac, more or less ind.stinctly striped; throat glabrous, bright yellow ; anthers white, longer than the pubescent yellow filaments : style-branches orange, with many capillary branches. Greec" to Asia Minor. B.R. 30:3. 29. Byzantlnufl, Ker (C. iridifldnts, Heuff.). Corm }4 in. in diam. : Ivs. 2-4, developing after the fls. : peri- anth-tube much exserted; segiuents 2 in., or less long, the outer ones dark lilac and acute, the inner ones shorter and pale lilac or white; anthers orange, longer than the filaments. S. E, Eu. B.M. 6141. B.R. 33:4.- An old garden plant, but rarely seen in this country. L H B CBOSNES. See Stachys Sieboldi. CBOSS. The offspring of any two flowers that have been cross-fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half- breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the opera- tion of cross-pollinating. Cross-pollination is the trans- fer of the pollen of one flower to the pistil of another. CBOSSANDBA (Greek, fringed anthers). Acarthd- ceir. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of minor impor- tanc". ccmiprising 9 species from India, tropical Africa and Madagascar. The one in the trade has handsome 4- sided spikes or scarlet-orange fls. The perianth has 5 segments, the 2 upper ones being smaller. It is culti- vated south outdoors to a slight extent, and also rarely in notthem greenhouses. undulaefdlia, Salisb. (C. infnndibulifdrmis, Nees). Height 1 ft., rarely 3 ft.: Ivs. often in 4's, especially be- low, but also opposite, ovate acuminate, stalked: fls. scarlet-orange, overlapping one another in dense spikes, 2-3 in. long. Ind. B.M. 2186. R.H. 1891:156. C. flava, Hook. Unbranrhefl shmb, 6-R in. high: stem green, glabrous: Ivs. opposite, close together, large for the size of the plant, 6 in. long, obovate lanceolate, dark green aVx)ve, jmler be- neath, wavy, more obtuse than in the above; lower Us. stalked, upper ones sessile: spike 4-si(le«l, spiny: fls. yellow; tube much exserted, jointed. Trop. W. Afr. B.M. 4710.— C Gui- neenftis, Nees. Height 2-6 in.: stem light red, rustj' pubescent: Ivs. 2-4 pairs, 3-.") in. long, elliptic, green above, with golden netted nerves, reddish bene.tth: spike solitary, termin.-il. slen- der, 3-r» in. high: fls. numerous, small, pale lilac, with 2-darker spots on the 2 smallest segments, and a white eye. Guinea. B.M. C346.— A handsome foliage plant. CBOSSWOBT. Froperly Crucianella. Loosely, the crucifers. CB0TALA2IA (Greek, rattle, Castanet ; from the rat- tling of the seeds in the pod). Rattle-box. A very large, tropical genus, of which the most interesting 404 CROTALARIA CRYPTOGAMS species is C. refusa, a hardy, yellow-fld. rnnual, which has been compared to a dwarif sweet pea. For best re- sults, the seed should be started early indoors, after be- ing soaked in warm water. The name is commonly mis- spelled Crotolaria. (Jreenhouse kinds are subject to red spider. C.juncea, yields the Sunn hemp of India. A. Lvs. simple. retilsa, Linn. Annual, 1% ft. higl : branches few, short: lvs. entire, very various in shape, but tvpically obovate with a short mucro, clothed beneath \ j short appressed hairs : -fls. about 12 in a raceme, yellow, streaked or blotched with purple; standard roundish, notched. Cosmop. June-Aug. — Introduced 1896, as a novelty and called ''dwarf golden yellow-flowerin;; pea," "golden yellow sweet pea," etc. The flowers are mu:h less fragrant than the true sweet pea. AA. Lvs. ^oliolate. longirostrata, Hook. & Am. Greenhouse plant, her- baceous or somewhat shrubby, much branched. 3 ft. high: branches long, slender, glabrous; petioles 1^^ in. long; leaflets 3, oblong, with a minute mucro, glabrous above, hoary beneath, with very short, appressed, silky hairs: nicemes erect: calyx with 2 upper lobes ovate, the 3 lower ones lanceolate: fls. as many as 25 in a ra- ceme, yellow with reddish stripe along the back of the unopenevl flower; standard wider than long, reflexed, notched. W. Mex., Guat. B.M. 730G. F.R. 1:809. Cap^nsis. Jacq. Stout, much branched shrub, 4-5 ft. high: branches terete, appressedly silky; stipules when present petiolulate, obovate and leaf-like, obsolete or wanting n many petioles; leaflets broadly obovate, ob- tuse or mucronulate, glabrous or minutely pubescent on one or both sides: racemes terminal or opposite the lvs., loose, many-fld.: calyx an<i pod pubescent; wings transversely wrinkled and pitted. S. Afr. — Cult, in Fla. by Reasoner Bros. •\;^_ j^j^ CBdTON (Greek name of another plant ^ Ettphorbi- Aceof. Some .500 species of trees, shrubs, or herbs, widely distributed. They are sometimes dioecious, but commonly the fls. are moncecious and mostly in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx of sterile fls. 4-6 (usually 5) parted, the stamens 5 or more; petals usually present, but small. Calj'x of fertile fls. .5-10 parted, petals none or mere rudiments, the ovpry 3-loculed. Lvs. usually alternate. A. few species are native to the U. S.; they are mostly annual herbs of no horticultural value. The Crotons of florists are Codiaums, which see. C. Tiglium, Linn., is the only s^-icies known to be in the Amer. trade. The seeds yield the Croton oil of com- merce, one of the most powerful of purgatives. It is a small tree of Southeastern Asia. Lvs. ovate-acumi- nate, serrate, stalked, varying in hue from metallic green to bronze and orange. Offered in South Cal. as an orna- mental and curious plant. l^ 2^ B^ CROWFOOT. See Haminculus. CROWN, or CORON \. Any outgrowth from the throat of the perianth, as the trumpet of a Narcissus, or the fringe of a Passion Flower. Crown is also applied to the top of a bulb, corm, or upright rootstock : also that part of a plant at the surface of the ground. CROWN BEARD. Verbesina. CROWN IMPERIAL. Fritillaria ImpeHalis. CROWN OF THORNS. Euphorbia splendens. CROWN-TUBER. A tuber of which the top is stem and the lower part root, as the radish. CRUCIAN£LIA (Latin, a little cross; from the ar- rangement of the lvs.). HubidceiP. Cross-wort. This genus contains a hardy rock plant of minor importance. Not more than 21 species, or herbs often woody at the base; branches usually long, slender, 4-comered: upper lvs. opposite, without stipules: lower lvs. or all in whorls of 3 or more, linear or L nceolate, rarely ovate or obovate: fls. small; white, rosy or blue. Natives of the Mediterranean region and western Asia. The genus is cJ-sely related to Asperula, and is di.^tinguished by the L wers having bracts, not an involu re, and the style branches distinctly unequal instead of nearly equal. The species below has lately been referred to Asperula. It is of easy culture, preferring light, moderate loam and partial shade. A delicate plant for the front of borders, and capital for the rockery. Prop, chiefly by division, and also by seeds. styldsa, Trin. {Asperula eilidta, Rochel). Pros- trate, 6-9 in. high : lvs. in whorls of 8 or 9, lanceolate, hispid: fls. small, crimson-pink, in round terminal heads half an inch in diam.; floral parts in 5's; style club- shaped, long exserted, very shortly twice cut at the top. June-Aug. Persia. ' J. B. Keller and W. M. CRUEL PLANT. Same as Mosquito Plant, Cy nan- chum acuminatifolium. CRYPTANTHUS (Greek, for hidden flower: the flowers concealed beneath the bracts). Bromelidctce. Brazilian epiphytal Bromeliads, differing from JEchmea and Billbergia (which see for culture) in the tubular calyx and the dense heads of fls. nearly sessile amongst the lvs. Mongr. bv Mez (who recognizes 8 species) in DC. Aionogr. Phane'r. 9 (1896). A. Lvs. not narrowed or petiolate above the sheath. acaiUie, Beer {Tilldndsia acattlis, Lindl. C. unduli- tus, Otto & Dietr. ). A few inches high, suckering freely: lvs. sea-green, long-pointed and spreading, weak- spiny: fls. white, nestling deep in the foliage. B.R, 14:1157.— A very variable plant, of which Mez recog- nixes the following leading types: Var. genulna, Mez. Stemless or very nearly so : lvs. sub-elliptic-lanceolate, strongly undulate, gray-scurfy beneath, scurfy above. Var. discolor, Mez { C. discolor. Otto &T>ietr.). Stem- less or nearl • so: lvs. elongated, scarcely undulate, sil- very-scurfy below, glabrous or nearly so above. Var. rClber, Mez (C. ruber, Beer). Produces abranch- ing stem or trunk: lvs. short, strongly undulate, reddish. Var. bromelioides, Mez (<7. bromeliotdes. Otto & Dietr.). Stem tall: lvs. much elongated, scarcely undu- late, remotely spinulose. Var. diTersifdlios, Mez ( C. diversifdlius. Beer). Stem- bearing: lvs. elongate-lingulate, deep green above, sil- very-scurfy beneath. zon&tos, Beer. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the margin undulate and densely serrate-spinulose, marked with transverse bands of white: fls, white. bivitt^tus, Regei (Billbergia bivittdta, Hook. B. vittdta, Hort.). Nearly or quite stemless: lvs. long-ob- long, curving, long-pointed, somewhat undulate, spmy, dull brown beneath, green above and with two narrow buff or reddish bars extending the length of the leaf: fls. white. B.M. 5270. *r, ^he h. . u.c '*U- - .m rosy 11 L. H. B. AA. Lvs . narrowed or petiolate .'ftc Beilickeri, Morr. Lvs. 10-20, oblong, >- late at base, very finely spiny, browni and spotted or striped with light green CRYPTOGAMS are flowerless plants, and they produce not seeds but spores. The whole vegetable kingdom has been split into two vast classes, the flowering plants or phanerogams and the flowerless ones or cryptogams. Cryptogam means "concealed nuptials," and phanerogam means "visible nuptials." x 3se names were given when it was thought that the sexual parts of the flowerless plants were ver^' minute or even wanting. The word is now falling into disfavor with botanists. Cryptogams are of less horticultural interest than the flowering plants, although they include the Ferns, and some inter- esting smaller groups, asSelaginellas, Lycopods orClub Mosse>. Two other vast groups are the Seaweeds or Algie, and the . angi. For the edible Fungi, see Mush- rooms. For parasitic Fungi, see Diseases and FuHfiux. For a general sketch of the Ferns and their allies, see Ferns. ' ''■-liiilitfiiiiitri-' C - I % C - >. r t; - X / u > -^ S J; a = CRYPTOGRAMMA CUCUMBER 405 JiTFXOORAMMA (Greek, a concealed line, alluding 1. the sub-marginal sori). PolypodiAcece, A small genus of subalpine Ferns of both hemispheres. Lvs. of two sorts, the sporophylls contracted and the sori covered bv the infolded margin of the segments, forming pod- like bodies. Besides our native species, a second one, C crispn, is found in Europe, and a third in the Hima- layas. Name often incorrectly written Cryptogramme. Culture easy. acrosticholdes, R. Br. Rock-Brake. Height ibou* 8 in. : lvs. 4-6 in. long, on tufted straw-colored stalks, tri-quadripinnatifid, with toothed or incised seguients, the sporophylls with longer stalks, less divided ar.d with pod -like segments. Canada to Colorado, California and northward. L. M. Underwood. CEYPT6LEPIS (Greek, hidden scale). Asclepiadd- cece. Glabrous shrubs, erect or twining, of tropical Asia and Africa. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in a loosely fork- ing, few-fld. cyme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 5 scales at base. Corolla with spreading limb, the tube short- cylindrical oi* campanulate, the lobes 5 and linear, spreading or deflexed and twisted ; corona of 5 scales attached at or near the middle of the tube. Follicles terete and smooth, spreading. Only cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. C. Buchknani, Roem. & Schult. A twining shrub with yellow fls., resembling those of an Echites. C. longrifldra, Regel. Dwarf and compact, growing with long lvs. tinted with red; tubular white fls., as in Bou- vardia jasmini flora. Both species are from India. CRYPTOMfiRIA (Greek, kryptos, hidden, tneros, part; meaning duubtful). Conifenp. Large pyramidal tree, with a straight slender trunk, covered with reddish brown bark and with verticillate spreading l>ranches, ascending at the extreraitii-s : lvs. spirally arranged, linear-subulate, acute, slightly curved, decurrent at the base : fls. monoecious ; staminate oblongs yellow, forming short racemes at the end of the branches, pistillate globular, solitary, at the end of short branchlets : cone globular, with thick, wedge-shaped scales, furnished with a recurved point on the back and with pointed lobes at the apex, each scale with 3-5 narrow-winged, erect seeds. One spe- cies in China and Japan, extensively planted for avenues, and as timber trees in the latter country, where the light and easily worked but durable wood is much used. It is hardy as far north as New York, and thrives in sheltered positions even in New England. It seems, how- ever, in cultivation, not to assume the beauty it possesses in its native country. With us, it looks best as a young plant, when it much re- sembles the Aratwaria excelsa. !t is therefore sometimes grown in pots. It thrives best in a rich, loamy and moist soil and sheltered posi- tion. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings of growing wood, especially var. elegans, which grows very readily. The horticultural varieties are also sometimes increased by grafting. Jap6nica, Don. Tree, attaining 125 ft. : lvs. linear-subulate, compressed and slightly 4- or '3- angled, bluish green, 3^-1 in. long: cone brown- ish red, %-l in. across. S.Z. 124. R. H. 1887, p. 392. Gng. 4:197. F.E. 10: 510. G.F. C: 446.- Of the garden forms, the most desirable is var. Elegans, Beissn. ( C. elegaHS.ytAteh ) . Low, dense tree, with horizontal branches and pendulous branchlets: lvs. linear, flattened, soft, spreading, longer than in the type, bright green, changing to bn)nzy red in fall and winter. Very handsome when young, but short-living. Var. araucafoides, Carr. Of regular pyramidal habit, with short, tliick falcate lvs., resenibiing Araucaria excelsa. Var. comp4cta, Hort. Of very compact habit, with bluish green foliage. Var. L6bbi, Carr. Of com- I>act habii, with shorter and more appressed bright and deep green lvs. Var. n^na, Knight. Dwarf and pro- cumbent, densely branched form; adapted for rockeries. Var. spinalis, Veitch. Slender shrub, with strongly falcate Iv^'., twisted spirally around the branchlets. S.Z. 124, Fig. 4. Alfred Rehder. CEYPTOPYBXIM (Greek, hidden ivheat). GramlneoB. This genus includes a plant sometimes catalogued with ornamental grasses, but it is no more ornamental than a long-awned form of quack -grass would be. C. Blchard- soni, Schrad. (Agrop^mm liichardsoni, Schrad.) , is simi- lar to Agropyron caninum, but has longer awns. It is leafy, and grows 1-1>^ ft. high. p. g, Kennedy. CRYPTOSTfiGIA (Greek, knipto, conceal, and stego, cover; referring to the 5-scaled crown in the corolla tube, which is not exposed to view). Asclepiaddicea>.. A genus of only two species of tropical climbers, one from tropical Africa and one from Madagascar. The juice of C. gran- diflora, vrhen exposed to the sunshine, produces caout- chouc. The plant is cultivated in India for this pur- pose. It is rarely cultivated in Old World greenhouses for ornament. It is said to be of easy culture in a warm house and propagated by cuttings. grandifldra, R. Br. Stem erect, woody, branches twin- ing : lvs. opposite, short-stalked, oblong, entire, 3 in. long, 1% in. wide : fls. in a forked raceme, reddish pur- ple, becoming lilac or pale pink, about 2 in, across, twisted in the bud. Trop. Afr. B. R. 5: 435. — Once cul- tivated at Oneco, Fla., by Reasoner, CUCKOO FLOWER. Cardamine prafensis. CUCKOO PINT. See Anim. CUCUMBER. Plate VIII. The common Cucumbers are derived from a South Asian species, Cncumis sativtis (see Cucumis), which has long been known in cultivation. The so-called West India Gherkin, which is commonly classed with the Cucumbers, is Cncumis Anguria. The Snake, or Serpent Ciir-umber is more properly a musk- melon, and should be designated botanically as Cucumis Mt'lo, var. flexuosns (cf. Am. Gar. xiv. 206). The "Musk Cucumber" is Cucttmis moschataf Hort. Probably this is identical with C-oncombre musqu^, referred to S'icana odorifera by Le Potager d'un Curieux, known in this country as Cassabauana. The Mandera Cucumber ia 584. House of English Cucumbers. Cncumis Sacleuxii, Paill. et Bois. (Pot. d'un Curieux), but it is not in cultivation in this country. None of these is of any particular importance except the common types of Cncumis sativus. These are extensively cultivated in all civilized countries as field and as garden crops. They come into commerce as pickles packed in bottles and barrels, and are verj' extensively used in this form. Of late, the forcing of Cucumbers under glass has come to be an important industry in the eastern states ; and this industry seems to be rapidly in- creasing. Cucumbers will thrive in any good soil not extremely heavy nor sandy. Good corn orwlieat land, if in garden- ing condition with respect to tilth and drainage, will 406 CUCUMBER CUCUMBER answer. Or for the earliest crop, a situation with a more pronouncedly sandy soil may serve best. In most parts of America the field crop of Cucumbers may be grown from seed planted in the open ground after danger of frost is past. Put 6 to 12 seeds in the hill (having enough to provide against the ravages of insects), the hills being 4 by 6 feet apart. The early crop may often be planted 585. Three prominent varieties of English or Forcing Cucumber. S, Sion House ; £, Duke of Edinburgh; T, Telegraph. in the same way, and protected for a time by a sash- covered frame placed over each hill. Plants are some- times started in greenhouses or hotbeds, to be set later in the open ground ; but this method is unsatisfactory unless great pains be taken. The method outlined by Hender- son ( Gardening for Profit ) , of starting plants on inverted sods in hotbeds and greenhouses, has proved successful with some gardeners, Imt is not capable of wide use. Early cultivation should be sufficient and timely, and ac- companied by very careful combative operations against insects, for the first month is the most critical in the life of the Cucumber plant. When the vines begin to cover the ground, cxiltivation may be discontinued. Cucumbers are often forced in wamihouses (Fig. .'584) in winter and spring. The large English forcing varie- ties, as Telegraph and Sion House (Fig. 585), are preferred by some growers, but the White Spine varieties are more popular in America, especially for spring forcing after lettuce or Cowering plants. The plants are started in 3-inch pots, and transferred directly to the benches at intervals of 2 J^ to .3 feet. They are then trained on wire trellises near the roof. The English Cucumbers like a night temperature of 00° to 05°, and a day temperature of 70° to 75°. The White Spine varieties are less fastid ious, and will take a somewhat lower temperature. In forcing Cucumbers, it is very important that the young plants should suffer no chi ck from germination to fruit- age. (Consult Bailev, Forcing-Book, and Cornell Bull. 31, and Munson. Me. 'Exp. Sta. Rept. 1890.) Cucumbers for pickling should be gathered when quite small. In fact, their value as pickles seem to stand pretty much in inverse ratio to their size. Vines on which fruits are allowed to ripen cease bearing almost immediately. The young fruits may be success- fully preserved in brine, from which they are soaked out with fresh water as wanted, and put into vinegar, which they readily absorb. There are a great many varieties of Cucumbers in cul- tivation. This means that the group is variable, the va- rieties comparatively unstable, and varietal distinctions somewhat uncertain. Nevertheless, there are certain dominant types which may be separated, and around which most of the varieties may be conveniently classi- fied. The principal types are tlie following : Common Cucimiber, Cucumis aativus. I. English forcing t3rpe (var. Anglica): Fig. 585. Large- leaved, strong-growing, slow-maturing plants, not suited to outdoor culture ; fr. large, long, smooth, usually green, with few or early-deciduous black spines. Tele- graph, Sion "House, Noa's Forcing, Tailby's Hybrid, Kenyon, Lome, Edinburgh, Blue Gown, etc. II. Field varieties (Hill or Ridge Cucumbers). a. Black Spine varieties. 1. Netted Russian type : Small, short -jointed vines, bearing more or less in clusters, small, ellipsoi- dal fr. covered with many small, black, decidu- ous spines; fr. green, ripening to dark reddish yellow, on a cracking, chartaceous skin. Early- maturing and prolific. Netted Russian, Ever- bearing, New Siberian, Parisian Prolific Pickle. 2. Early Cluster tyi)e : Small or medium ^^nes : fr. small, usually less than twice as long as thick, indistinctly ribbed, green, ripening yellow, with scattered, large, blafk spines. Early Cluster, Early Frame, Green Prolific. 3. Mediiim Green type: Intermediate in size of vine and fr. between the last and next : fr. about twice as long as thick, green, ripening yellow, with scattering, large black spines. Nichol's Medium Green, Chicago Pickle. 4. Long Green type: One of the best fixed types, rep- resenting, perhaps, one of the more priniit>e stages in the evolution of the group. Vines large, long and free-growing: fr. large and long, green, ripening yellow, with scattered, large, black spines. Long Green, Japanese Climbing. h. White Spine varieties. 5. White Spine type: A strong and important type: plants medium large, vigorous : fr. medium large, about thrice as long as thick, green, ripening white, with scattering, large, white spines. There are many selected strains of White Spine. Cool and Crisp seems to belong here. 6. Giant Pera type : Mostly poorly fixed varieties, having large, rather unthrifty vines, bearing large frs. tardily and sparsely, which are whiteor whitish, smooth or with scattering, deciduous, usually white spines. Chicago Giant, (loliath. Giant Pera, White Wonder, Long Green China. Sikkim Cucumber, Cucumis satipus,'v&i. Sikkimensis. Plant small and stocky, much like the common Cucumber: fr. large, reddish brown marked with yellow. (The Egyp- tian Hair Cucuml>er. of Haage & Schmidt, as we have grown it, is apparently an odd form of Cuctimis satinm, and may belong here. It has a me<lium-sized white fr., densely coveretl with soft, white hair. The plant resembles the Sikkim Cucumber.) Not in general cult. Snake or Serpent Oicumber, Cucumis Mclo, var. flexunsvs. Vines resemblir.g those of muskmelon : fr. very long, twisted, ribbedc> 'indrical, green, tardily yellowing, covered with dense, wooliy hairs. 586. Staminate flower of Cucumis Melo. CUCUMBER CUCUMIS 407 West India Gherkin, Cucxtmis Anguria : Figs. 590, 591. Vines small and slender, somewhat resembling a slender water- melon plant : fr. very abundant, small, ellipsoid, covere«l with warts and spines, green, tardily whitening. Good for pickles. These varieties are mostly all good for one purpose or another. The small sorts are natur- ally preferred for pickling, the medium sorts for slicing, and the large, late va- rieties for ripe fruits. The White Spine varieties are great favorites for slicing, and only less so for pickling. The unrelenting enemies of the Cucumber in the field are the Cucumber beetles (Dia- brotica, spp. ) and the squash bug (Anasa tristis). No effectual preventive measures are known except to cover the young plants with small wire or hoop frames, over which fine netting is stretched. If the plants are kept quite free from attack till these protec- tors are outgrown, they will usually suffer lit- tle damage. Plants started in hotbeds or green- houses (see above) may usually be kept free at first, and this is the chief advantage of such practices. The Cu- cumber beetles are kept away somewhat at times by strewing tobacco stems thickly under the plants ; and kerosene emulsion will sometimes discommode the young squash bugs without killing the vines, but usu- ally not. "In the greenhouse, Cucumbers are liable to damage from mite, aphis, root-gall and mildew. For the bed in which the temperature of the soil is 70 to 80°. Place them 3 or 4 inches apart. In about ten days they will be large enough to transplant into pots, fc^'x-inch pots are preferred, two plants in each. In two weeks 587. Pistillate flower of Cucutnis Melo. Natural size. ^/V mite, syringe the plant and pick off the infested Ivs.; for aphis, use tobacco fumigation and pick infested Ivs. ; for root-gali, use soil which has been thoroughly frozen; for mildew, improve the sanitary conditions, and then use sulfur."— /?rt»7cy, Forcing-Book. p^ j^^ Wacgh. Forcing of Cucumbers. — The growing of Cucumbers under glass has become a large industry. Some years ago they were forced only in the spring, but to-day they are grown all the year round. The most difficult time is in the short days of winter. At such times there is always a good price for them and a brisk demand, and the prospect is as good for the future. The house may be even span and run either way, but many use two-thirds span, with the long way to the south. When they are continually grown year after year, it would be best to have double glass and double thick, but for early fall and late spring, on ^ thickness of double glass is suffi- cient. The house may be any length desired. For heat- ing, steam is the best, with pipes arranged so that they shall not be over :i}4 ft. from either side o^ the house. Pipes 134 in. in diameter are large enough. Larger pipes give too much heat in one place. The soil should be good loam, new soil preferred, from sod land. The plants are started in a box or small bed, where the temperature can be run to about 90°. In four or five days they will be ready to transplant into a Flowers of Cucumis sativus. they will be large enough to set in the house where they are to grow. The plants are set 3^ feet apart in the row and rows 6 to 7 feet, according to the size of the house. The vines should bear in four weeks. The crop depends upon the season. The spring-grown plants will produce double the crop of the fall- or winter-grown. The pollinating may be done with bees. One hive in a house of 24 by 100 feet, or in that proportion, will be sufficient. In midwinter, hand-pollination may be neces- sary. If grown properly, house Cucumbers are not often troubled with in.sects, but sometimes the green-fly comes upon them. In such cases, spray well with water, and smoke often. The mildew or spot sometimes appears, but never if the house has been taken care of properly. There is no real cure for these fungous diseases but to pull up the plants and begin again. Radishes or to- matoes can be grown with Cucumbers. If radishes are sown or transplanted in the house when the Cucumbers ar^ jet out, they will be otf before the Cucumbers begin to bear; but all crops should be out of the house when the Cucumbers are bearing. In this country', the White Spine type of Cucumber is mostly used for forcing, although the'long English kinds are sometimes growTi (particularly for home use). W. W. Rawsok. CUCUMBER EOOT. Same as Indian Cucumber, Medeola V'injinica. CUCUMBEE TSEE. See Jlierr/toa &i\(!i Magnolia. CUCUMIS (old Latin name). Cucurhitdcea>. Sterile fls. in clusters, not long stalked, the fertile ones solitary ^ 589. Spray of Cucumis sativus. and mostly short-stalked in the axils : corolla of 5 deep, acute lobes : stamens not united : stigmas .S, obtuse : tendrils simple. Herbaceous vines, of nearly .30 tropi- 408 CUCUMIS CUCUMIS cal species, m-^stly African and East Indian. The cult, species are annual. Monogr. by Cogniaux, DC. Monopr. Phaner. 3. See, also, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.) IV. 11:9; 12: 108. SIX). Spray of Cucumis Ansuria. A. Fr. smooth (not spiny nnr tuberctilate) at maturity. Hdlo, Linn. {C. Momordira, Roxb. C. iitilissimns, Roxb. ). Melon. Miskmelon. Figs. 586. 587. Long-run- ning, hairy, prickly : Ivs. round-heart-shapod or reni- form, sometimes rounded-lobed : fr. in many sizes and shapes, the inner part being edible. S. Asia. — When forced under glass, the Ivs. are usually more lobed. See Melon. Var.Cantalup^nsis, Naud. Cantaloupe. Rock Melons. Fruits mostly hard-rinded, more or less warty^ scalv or rough, often deeply furrowed or gror.ea, — Name de- rived from Cantaluppi, near Rome, a former country seat of the Pope, whither this type of melons was brought from Armenia. In the U. S. the word Cantaloupe is often used as a generic name for Muskmelon, but it is prop- erly a name of only one group of muskmelons— the hard and scaly-rinded (see Waugh, G. F. 8:18.3). Var. reticol&ttis, Naud. Nutmeg or Netted Melons. Fruits softer rinded, more or less netted, or sometimes almost plrin or smooth. — Comprises the common musk- melons, at ^e from Cantaloupes. Var. saccharlntis, Naud. Pineapple Meix)NS. Com- prising varieties of oblong shape and very sweet flesh. Not sufficiently distinct from the last. Var. inoddrus, Naud. Winter Melons. Lvs. lighter colored, less hairy, narrower : frs. possessing little or none of the common muskmelon odor, and keeping long. The winter muskmelons are little known in this country, although they are worthy of popularity. Much cult, in parts of the Mediterranean region. See Bull. 96, Cor- nell Exp. Sta. Var. flexudsas, Naud. {C. flexudsus, Linn.). Snake Melon, .'^nake Cuci^iber. Fr. many times longer than broad, greenish at maturitv, variously curved and furrowed. A. G. U : 203. -Fr. often 2-3 ft. long, and 1-3 in. in diameter. Grown mostly as an oddity, but it is useful for the mak- ing of conserves. The hard- shelled Snake Gourd is a Lagenaria (which see). 591. Fruit of Cucumis Anguria. Var. acidulus, Naud. Cucumber Melon. Frs. oblong or cylindrical, mottled or unicolored, the flesh white and cucumber-flavored. No varieties in the Am* r. trade are of this group, but they are occasionally seen in Iwtanical gardens and experimental grounds, which import seeds of oriental plants. Var. CMto, Naud. {€. Ch)to, Morr.). Orange Melon. Mango Melon. Melon Apple. Vine Peach. Garden- Lemon. Vegetable Orange. Vine less robust than that of the Muskmelon, and lvs. smaller : fr. size, shape and color of an orange or lemon, without markings, with a white or pale yellow i-ucumber-like flesh, with no musk- melon o<lor. — Not edi'de in its natural state, but useful for the making of preserves ( or " mangoes " ) and pickles. Name pronounced keeto. Cf. Bull. 15, Cornell Exp. Sta.; A. G. 14:206! Var. DMaim, Naud. {C. Dudalm, Linn. C. odoratissimux, Mtench ). DuDAiM Melon. Pomegranate Melon. Queen Anne's Pocket Melon. Vine small, as in the last: fr. size and shape of an orange, some- what flattened at the ends, very reg- ular and smooth, marT)led with longi- tudinal markings of cinnamon-brown overlying yellow, exceedingly fragrant. — A most hand- some gourd -like fruit, and highly and deliciously per- fumed. Not eaten. A nearly odorless and scarlet-rinded form is separated by Naudin as var. erythrceus. AA. Fruit spiny or tuhercidate. satlvuB, Linn. Cucumber. Figs. 588, 589. Long- running, prickly : lvs. usually 3-lobed ( or strongly angled), the middle lobe most prominent and often pointed: fr. prickly or muricate, at least when young, but in some varieties becoming smooth, mostly oblong, the flesh white. S. Asia. See Cucumber. 592. Young turban Squash, on which the remains of the corolla still persist. The central part of the fruit is the ovarj-. Var. Anglicns. Figs. 584, 585. Engush or Forcing Cucumber. A product of cultivation and selection, within the last century (see Forcing-Book, pp. 1U2-4I, distinguished from the common or tield Cucumbers as follows: fruits (and ovaries) very long and slender, little if any furrowed, spineless or nearly so at maturity, nearly or quite green at maturity, comparatively few- seeded: fls. very large: lvs. very broad in proportion to their length, with shallower sinuses: vines ven,' vig- orous, with long and thick tendrils. Var. Sikkim^nsis, Ilook.f., cult, in the Himalayan Mts., but not known to be in this country; has large T-U- lobed lvs. and cylindrical-club-shaped fr. B.M. 0206. dips^ceuB, Ehr. (C erindceus, Hort.), Dipsaceous Gourd. Ostrich-Egg Gourd. Hedgehog Goikd. Plant and foliage like that of C\ Melo: fls. long- stalked: fr. 1-2 in. long, oblong or nearly spherical, becoming hard and dry, densely beset with long scales or hairs, and looking like a bur. Arabia, Afr. R.H. 1860, p. 210. Cult, as an ornamental Gourd. Angflria, Linn. {C. groxaularicpfdrmis, Hort.). BcR Cucumber.. West Indian Gherkin. Goosebekry Gourd. Figs. 590, 591. Stems slender, hispid : lvs. deeply cut into 3-5 narrow obovate or spatulate divisions, CUCUMIS CUCURBITA 409 water-melon like: fls. small, the pistillate long-stalked: fr. 1-3 in. long, cucumber-like but more spiny. Supposed to be native to the Amer, tropics. B.M. 5817. — Cult, both for the oddity ot' its frts. and for the making of pickles. The Gherkins of mixed pickles, however, are young Cucumbers. C.ncutdngulus, Hort.=Luflfa.— Cperennia, James==Cu- "iJ^^it*- L. H. B. /s CUCUBBIT. A plant of the genus Curcur- - ^^■ bita. Sometimes shortened to Cucurb. peduncle very hard and deeply furrowed when mature, not enlarging next the fr. : the fr. very various in form, color, season, size. — Probably native to trop. Amer., but unknown wild. Cult, by the Indians when Amer. was CUC0EBITA (classical name). Cucur- bitiu-eie. GouKiJ. PrMPKiN. Sv^fASH. Vine- like herbs, tendril-bearing, inhabitants warm countries. Fls. moucpcious, large, yellow, solitary in the axils, the stam- inate long 8talke<l, the pistillate short- stalked : corolla 5-lobed : stamens 3, arising from the bottom of the fl., and united in a column : stigmas 3, but 2-lobed : ovary inferior, en- closing a hollow receptacle: ten<lrils 2-3 forked. About 10 species. The morphology of the Pepo or Gourd-fruit may be illustrated by the Turban Squash. ( Figs. 592, 593, 594. ) In this fruit, there is a ' • squash inside a squash . ' ' The inner part bears the corolla and the styles. It is the ovary. The corolla is attached about the edge of the 593. Young Turban Squash, in which the withered corolla has become detached, but hangs on the remains of the styles and stiemas. inner Squash, as the withered remains in Fig. 592 show. Sometimes the withered corolla becomes detached, but hangs onto the withered remains of the stigmas, as in Fig. 593. The longitudinal section of the tiower ( Fig. 594) explains the structure. The corolla is shown at c d. The top of the ovary is at O. The stigmas are on the ovary. The part encircling the ovary (outside of O) is the hollowed receptacle. Ordinarily the receptacle is closed at the top, completelj' confining the ovary; but in the Turban Squashes the receptacle does not extend over the top of the ovar>', and tlie ovary theicfore protrudes. The older morphologists held this outer part of the Squash to be adnate calyx, rather than re- ceptacle. The CucTirbits are monographed by Cogniaux. DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3. Also by Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Hot.) IV. vol. 6. See Pumpkin and Squash. A. Lvs. lohed : stnlks of fruits strongly ridged. P6po, Linn. (C. Melop?po, Linn.). Pumpkin. Figs. .595, 596. Annual: long - running, prickly on stems and petioles : lvs. "Ko-lobed, dark dull green: corolla-tube widening upwards, the pointed lobes erect : calyx- SOS. Plant of Cucurbita Pepo. discovered, in fields of maize. For studies in the nativity of the Pumpkins and Scjuashes, see DeCandolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants; (jravand Trumbull, Amer. Joum. Sci. 25: 370 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1890 : 727 ; Witt- mack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesell. G: 378 (1888). Var. cond^nsa. Blsh Pvmpkins. Scallop and Sum- mer Crookneck S<^rASHEs. Plant compact, little or not at all running. Of horticultural origin. Var. ovifera. {0. ovifera, 'Linn.). Gourd. Fig. 597. Plant slender, running: lvs. smaller than in C. Pepo, usually very prominently lobed: fr. small, hard and in- edible, .egg-shaped, globular, pear-shaped, oblate, often striped. R.H. 1894, j). 429. — Sold in many vars. by seeds- men, under the names of C Pepo vars. pyriformis, depressa, annulata, etc. See Gourd. mOBch&ta, Duchesne (C. melonafdrmis, Carr. ). CusHAW. China, Canada Crookneck and Winter Crookneck St^UASHEs. Figs. 598, 599, 600. Annual : long-running, less prickly and sometimes soft-hairy: lvs. more rounded than those of C. Pepo, but lobed, often grayish: fl. with a widening tube, and large, erect lobes: calyx-lobes large, often leaf-like: peduncle becoming deeply ridged and much enlarged next the fr. Possibly of East Asian origin. 594. Section of Flower of Turban Squash. Showiiig the ovary inside the hollowed receptacle. lobes narrow, not leaf - like 596. Stem of Cucurbita Pepo— Early Sugar Pumpkin. aa. Lvs. not lobed (except sometimes on young shoots): .Htalks of fruits not prominently ridged. maxima, Duchesne. StjUASH, Figs. 601-604. Annual: long-running, the stems nearly cylindri«'al, little prickly and often hairy: lvs. orbicular or kidney-shaped, com- monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow, the margin shallowly apiculate-sinuate: corolla-tube nearly 410 CUCURBITA CUNNINQHAMIA the same diam. at top and bottom (Figs. 602, 603), the corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spreading or droop- ing: peduncle at maturity soft and spongy, not ridged 597. Cucurbita Pepo. var. ovifera. nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very various, but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneck-shaped, usually late-ripening, the flesh orange and not stringy. Probably American. foetidlssima, Knnth. {C.perinnis, Graj'. Cucumis perinnis, James). Fig. 605. Perennial : long-running, scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate- triangular, grayish pubescent, the margin shallowly apiculate-cre- nate : fl. nearly as large as in C. Pepo and similar in shape, the pis- tillate on a peduncle 2-3 in. long: fr. size and shape of an orange, smooth, green and yellow splashed, not edible. Sandy, arid wastes, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Mex. and w >stward to Calif. R. H. 1855: 61; 1857 p.54. — In its native haunts, the root . ■ tuberous, 4-7 in. in diam. and penetrating the earth 4-6 ft. Roots at the joints. The plant has a fetid odor. Sold by seedsmen as a gourd, but the fruit does not often ripen in the northern states. Use- ful on arbors and small trees, when coarse vines are wanted The terms Squash and Pumpkin are much confused. In Europe, the large varieties of Curctibita maxima are known as I'umpki";'^ but in this country the fruits of this species are lu f^^- ■ usually as Squashes. In America, the words Pum. i in and Squash are used almost indis- criminately, so /e ". a-ieties in all species being known Japanese Crookneck, Dunkard, and Sweet Potato Pump, kins (or Squashes) are C. moschata. The fruit stem (as shown in Figs. 596, 599, 604) is a distinguishing charac- teristic of the ripe fruits. C. Pepo and C. maxima, and C. maxima and C. moschata do not intercross. C. Pepo and C. m,oschata have been crossed, but it is doubtful if they intermix when left to themselves. In Europe, the word Gourd (or its equivalent in various languages) is used generically for Cucurbitas ; but in this country it is restricted mostly to the small, hard -shelled forms of C. Pepo (var. ovifera) and to Lag enaria vulgarig. L. H. B. CUDKANIA (derivation unknown). Urticdceiv. Trees or shrubs, with deciduous, alternate, stipulate petiuled Ivs. : fls. dioecious, in globular heads : collective fr. globu- lar. About 3 species, in S. and E. Asia and trop. Austr., of which only one is sometimes cultivated. It requires protection in the north, and is usually prop, by green- wood cuttings in summer under glass. tricuspid^ta, Bureau (Madura tricnspiddta, Carr.). Shrub, with slender, spiny branches: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, acuminate, entire, sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, nearly glabrous, l^^-3 in. long: fl.- heads axillary, on short pe- duncles: fr. globose, about 1 in, across. China. R. H. 1864, p. 390.— Much resembling Madura, and of no special decorative value. Alfred Rehder. CULM. The stem of a grass. CULVES'S SOOT. Veronica ginica. CUMIN, or CUMMIN, the seeds of Cuminum Cymimim ; Black Cumin, Xigella safiva ; Sweet Cumin, or Anise, Pimpinella Anisum. by those names. The field or common pie Pumpkins are C. Pepo ; so are vegetable marrows ; also the summer Squashes, as the Scallop, Pattypan and Crookneck va- rieties. The Hubbard, Marblehead, Sibley and Turban kinds are C. maxima. The Cushaws, Canada Crookneck, St;m of Cucurbita moschata— Large Cheese Pumpkin. CUNlLA (origin unknown). Zahiiltce. This genus contains a low-growing, tufted, hardy, native perennial plant, rarely cultivated in borders for its profusion of small, white or purplish, 2-lipped flowers, which are borne in corymbed cymes or clusters. The genus con- tains not more than 16 species, 2 North American, 2 Mexican, and the rest Brazilian. They are somewhat woody, and usually have small Ivs. : the whorls of tiowers are sometimes loosely corymboi^e, sometimes axillary, few-fld., much shorter than the Ivs., sometimes niany- ^^';«?> fld., in dense spikes or tenuinal heads: calyx 10-13-nerved, 5-toothed : perfect stamens 2. Mariana, Linn. Maryland Dittany. Height 1 ft.: Ivs. smooth, ovate, ser- rate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, dotted, 1 in. long. Drv hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark. J.H. III. 35: 321. Mn. 7: 201. See also Dittany. f CUNNINGHAMIA (after J collector, who discovered this Coniferce. Tree, with stout Cunningham, botanical Conifer 1702 in China). trunk and verticillate. spreading branches, pendulous at the extremities: Ivs. CUNNINGHAMIA CUPHEA 411 linear-lanceolate, rigid, densely spirally arranged and 2-rowed in direction: fls. monceciouH; staminate oblong, pistillate globose, in small clusters at the end of the branches : cones roundish-ovate, 1-2 in. long, with round- 600. Fruit of Cucurbita iroschata— Tonasu. a Japanese variety. ish-ovate, serrate and pointed, coriaceous scales, each with 3 narrow-winged seeds at the base. One species, in China. A very decorative Conifer for '..armer temperate regions, mufh resembling the Arauraria lirmtilUnsis. It prefers a half-shaded position an«l sandy and loamy, humid soil. Prop, by seeds or cutting of half-hardy w(K)d in late summer under glass; short sprouts from the old wood of the trunk or larger branches are the best; cuttings from lateral branches grow into weak and one-sided plants. Sinensis, R. Br. (C. lanceoldta, Lamb.). Tree, attain- ing 80 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with broad, decurrent base, sharply pointed, finely serrulate, light green and shining above and with two broad, whitish bands be- neath, 1/^-2^2 in. long: cones 1-2 in. high. China, cult, in Japan. B.M. 2743. 8.2.104,10.5. Alfred Rehder. CUFANIA (after Francis Cupani, Italian monk, author of Hortus Catholicus, died 1710). i>apindiice(c. A rather lary;e and ill-delined genus of trees and shrubs, the most important of which is the Akee tree, naturalized in the West Indies from western Africa, which has rich, rod edible fruits that are much improved by cooking. The flowers are so fragrant as to deserve distilling. The tree reaches a height of 30 ft., and is cultivated in Ja- maica to a height of only 3,000 ft., but can endure a slight frost. It is also cult, in So. Fla. C. sapida is now referred to Blighia by reason of its long-exserted stamens and scale longer than the petals. C anacardi- oides, a rapid-growing tree with edible fruit, has been introduced into S. Calif, by Franceschi. S&pi6iSL,y oigt{ BUghia xdpida .Kon.) . Akee Tree. Leaf- lets 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, veined: fls. whitish. C. chganffsKima, Hort., was once advertised by Pitcher & Manda as an ornamental warmhouse plant "with handsome leaves and racemes of white flowers." Ct^PHEA (Greek, curved; referring to the prominent protuberance at the base of the calyx tube). Lythrd.ce(f. An exceedingly interesting genus of tropical and sub- tropical American herbs and shrubby plants, with re- markable variations in the petals. In C. ignea, per- haps the most attractive of the group, the petals are en- tirely absent, and the showy part jis the brilliantly colored calyx tube. At the other extreme is C. hysaopi- folia with G petals (the normal number in the genus), and all of equal size. Between these two extremes (shown in Figs. GOO and 608) are at least two well marked intermediate types. One of these (exemplified in C. procumbens) has 2 large and 4 small petals: the other, (C. Llavea), h&s 2 conspicuous petals, and the other 4 are completely abortive. These two types are unique among garden plants. The series of intergra- dient forms is completed by C. eyanea, in which there are only 2 petals, and these minute, and C micmpetoht, in which there are 12 barely visible i>etals, alternating with and shorter than the calyx teeth. The genus is badly in need of thorough botanical revision. The plants are often clammy: Ivs. opposite, rarely whorled or alter- nate, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire. The flowers are often borne in one-sided racemes, and some of the species have a very odd look from the bold angle made by the slender ascending pedicel and the descending calyx tube, with its queer projection at the base. The purple stamens add to the interest. Nearly all Cupheas are Ml. Cucurbita maxima. 602. Staminate flower of Cucurbita maxima— Hubbard Squash (X %). grown from seed and treated as tender annuals, but C. ignea is chiefly prop, by cuttings. They are of easy cul- ture, and the whole series is worth growing. In addition to the species described below, C. Hookeridna. Walp., is cult, as C. ScezUi, Carr. It has lanceolate Ivs., with vermilion and orange calyx. R.H. 1877:470. Petals 6, but very witiiite and inconspicuous. microp^tala, HBK. (CJminens, Planch. & Linden). Stem shrub- by, more or less branched : 1-2 ft. high: branches and calyx sca- brous : Ivs. oblong - lanceolate, acute at both ends, but without a dis- tinct petiole, rigid, scabrous: fls. borne singly in succession at a point above the axils, which distinguishes this spe- cies from all others here described ; petals 6, minute, borne between the calyx teeth, and shorter than them ; calyx 12- 412 CUPHEA UUPHEA toothed, scarlet at the base, yellow towards the top, greenish at the mouth; stamens and filaments red: ovary 2-celled, many-seeded. Mex. HBK. Nov. Gen. 03. Pistillate fiower of Cucurbita maxima— Hubbard Squash (X?^). Sp. 6, p. 209, t. 5r)l. R.H. 1857, p. 151. (1854). — The picture first cited shows a 1-sided raceme, the second a panicle and the thir<l a common raceme. In this species the calyx tube is the attractive portion, while the petals are inconspicuous. The tube is not 2- lipped, but almost regular. AA. Petals 6, all conspicuous, but 2 of them much larger than the rest. procambens. Car. Annual, herbaceous. 1 in. high, procumbent, sticky-pubescent, with characteristic pur plish hairs: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, with white hairs, 13^- 604. Stem of Cucurbita maxima— Hubbard Squash F.S. 10:994 3 In. lonjr, (rradnally deereasinj? in size until they he- come bract-like, petiole short: fiM, nunienms, peduncles longer than the petioles, 2 or .'J times shorter than the calyx: calyx 6-toothed, purplish at the base, green at the tip, with 12 raised streaks, and a pubescence like that of the stem; petals <>, the 2 larger ones on the upper lip of the calyx purple; filaments included. Mex B R 3:182. C. purpurea, Hort. P. S. 4:412. R.B. 22:85- said to be a hybrid between C. miniata and C. vfucog'. si ma, is probably not distinct. AAA. Petals 6, all of the same size. hyssopildlia, HBK. Fig. 606. Stem shrubby ; branches numerous, stricrose: Ivs. lanceolate, rather acute, obtuse at the base, glabrous above, strigose-pilose along the midrib and veins, as may be seen with a hand lens: fls. with their slender pedicels scarcely longer than the Ivs^ calyx glabrous: petals 6, somewhat unequal, dilute vio^ let; stamens 11 included; til«- ments villous : ovary 5-6- seeded. Mex. — r. h'l/K.sopi- phfflla, Hort., Pitcher & Manda, is presumably a typo- graphical error. This is" the least attractive of the species here described, and is no longer advertised, but it still lingers in a few conservato- ries. It is easily told from its showier relatives by its much smaller Ivs. (less than 3 2 in. long) and much branched and very woo<ly appearance. AAAA. Petals normnlhj 2, the other 4 abortive. B. Size of petals very small. cy&nea, Moc. & Sesse. (C. sfrignldsa, Hort,, not HBK.). .Stem herbaceous, erect : branchlets hispid: Ivs. oppo- site, stalked, ovate, cordate, acuminate, villous on both sides: peduncles alternate, racemose : calyx slitrhtly hispid, scarlet at the base, yellow at the top: petals 2, clawed, .spatulate; anthers and petals violet-blue. Mex. B.R. 32:14 (1846) as C. strigilldsa, Lindi. F.S. 1:15 & P.M. 11:241 as li. strigulosa, but neither of these plates is the C. striguld-sa. HBK., which is a ditlerent species, with a shrubby stem : branches and calyx clammy-his- pid: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acu^e at both ends, clammy, srla- brous above, strigose-scabrous below : petals nearly equal : ovary about 8-ovukd. li 605. Cucurbita foetidissima. CUI'HEA CUPRESSUS 413 BB. Size of petah larger. c. Calyx 6-toothed. LlkvtA, Lindl. Red, White-and-Blue Flower. FIjr. 607. Steins numerou.s, herbaceous, hixpid: branches axceuding : Ivs. almoHt sessile, especially near the top, ovate-lanceolate, strijrose: racemes short, few-tld. : ca- lyx green on the ventral side, purple on the back and at the oblique-6-toothed mouth; petals 2 large, scarlet, obovate. the other 4 abortive; stamens 11. Guatemala. B.U. U>:l:toC. J.H. III. 31::M)5.-It isdoubtfiil whether the plant described by Lindley is the same as the Mex- ican plant originally described by Lexarsa, which was said to have petals of ''dilute scarlet." Lind- ley "s plant ha«l a green calyx, but the plant iu the trade is ctdored. Used for baskets and bedding. Often misspelled Havat. CO. Calyx 1^-toothed. mini^ta. Brongn. Stem shrubby, erect: brauclies few, hispid: Ivs. opposite, the up- {H-r ones not quite opposite, with a very short petiole, ovate, acute, entire, with white, silky hairs which are denser beneath: ris. solitary, subsessile. axillary, the pedun- cle adnate to the branch in .such a way as to appear between and below the pefcioies: raceme few-tld., one )*ided. F.S. 2:73. P.M. 14:101. R.H. 1845:225. R. B. 22:85.- Var. compActa. Hort. S.H. 2:43. Gt. 4«). p. 037. Tliis is referred to C. Ltavea, Lex., by Index Kewensis. The above descriptitm is from the original one in F.S. 2:73. Van Houtte describes several hybrid varieties in F.S. 5, p. 487, which dilfer chietiy in size, color, and marking of petals. Calyx 1 in. long, his- pid, green at the base, purple above, 12-toothed at the tip: petals 2. scarlet, wavy. The specific name miniata means cinnabar-red, and refers to the petals. AAAAA. Petals none. ignea, DC. (C. platycentra, Hort., not Benth.). Fig. 6yt*. Branches somewhat angled: Ivs. petioled, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, lightly scabrous : flower stalks 2-4 times longer than the leaf stalks: calyx glabrous, shortly 6-toothed. bright red ex- cept at the tip, which has a dark ring and a white mouth: linear-subulate an«! spreading: f!s, monrpcious, minute, solitary on short branchlets; staniinate ovate or oblong, yellow; pistillate subghtbose: cones globular or nearly so, consisting of ;t-7 pairs of ligneous, peltate scales, with a mucro or boss on the flattened apex, each bearing Mex. sold F.S. only 606. Cuphea hyssopifolia (X K). petals none: stamens 11 or 12, glabrous. 2:180 (1846). P.M. 13:267 (1846). -This is as C. platycentra, although De CandoUe corrected the error in 1849 (F.S. 5:500 C). This is a remarkable in- >runce of the persistence of erroneous trade names. W. M. CUPULE. The husk or cup of an acorn. The oak be- longs to the Cupuliferse. CUPRfiSSITS (ancient Latin name from Greek, A'h- parissos). Cypress. Trees, rarely shrubs, with aro- matic evergreen foliage : branchlets quadrangular or nearly so: Ivs. opposite, small, scale-like, appressed. mi- nutely dentictilate-ciliate, on young seeUiing plants Cuphea Llavea. Natural size. many or numerous seeds, but the lower scales usually sterile and smaller ; they ripen the second year. About 10 species in C. Amer., north to Calif, and Ariz,, and from S. Eu. to S. E. Asia. By some botanists, the allied genus Chamsecyparis is included. Highly ornamental evergreen trees', greatly varying in habit, only hardy in Calif, and the Gulf states. The hardiest seems to be C. Macnabiana, which will stand many degrees of frost in a sheltered position; also C. macrocurpa, C Arizo- nica, C. gempervirens, fanebris and torulosa are of greater hardiness than the others. They stand pruning well, and some species are valuable for hedges, C. mac- rocarpa being especially extensively planted for this pur- pose in Calif. The Cupressus seems to be less particu- lar in regard to soil and situation, but prefers a deep, sandy-loamy soil. For prop., see Chatmpcyparis. The ytmng plants should be removed several times in the nursery to secure a firm root-ball, otherwise they will not bear transplanting well. Monogr. by M. T. Masters in Journ. of Linn. Soc. 31:312-351 (1895). Index: Arizonica, 5; Benthami, 6; Comeyana, 7; fas- tigiata, 1; funebris, 9 ; Goveniana, 4 ; Guadalupensis, 2; horizontalis, 1; Knightiana, 6; Lambertiana, 2 ; Late- soniana, see Chamtecyparis ; Lindleyi, 6 ; Lusitanica, 8; Macnabiana, 3 ; macrocarpa, 2; majestica, 7; sem- pervirens, 1; torulosa. 7. A. Branches and branchlets erect or spreading; branch- lets short and usually rather stout. B. Cones 1-1% in. across, with 8-14 s< ales. 1. semp^rvirens, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft., with erect or horizontal branches and dark green foliage: Ivs. closely appressed, ovate, obtuse, glandular : cones oblong or nearly globose; scales 8-14, with a short boss on the back. S. Eu., W. Asia. Var. fastigi&ta, Beissn. (C. fas- tiglitfu. DC). With erect branches, forming a narrow, columnar head. The classi- cal Cypress of the Greek and Roman writers, much planted in S. Eu. Var. hor- izontalis, Gord. {C. horizon- tAlis. Mill.). Branches horizontally spreading, forming a broad, pyramidal head. 2. macrocdrpa, Hartw. MoNTEKEY Cypress. Tree, 608, Cuphea ignea (X %). 414 CUPRESSUS CURCUMA to 40 ft., ooeai^ionally to 70 ft., with horizontal branches, formini; a hroa<l, Mprcadint? heml: bran<'hl**ts Mtoiit : Ivm. rhombic «»viit»',()btus«'. clont'ly apprexxe*!, not orobsrurely Klandulur. dark ur bri;rht Kft't'n: roneH Klobitlar «)r ob- lonK; sfalt'M »-12, with a short, obtuMC bosn on the back. Calif.. Houth of Bay of Monterey. S.S. 10:.'>25. P.F.O. I., p. 167. F.S. 7, p. 192(aHr. /or«/o.y«). (}.('. HI. 22:53. On. 5.J, p. 219. O.F. 7:24.-). Var. Crippti, Must. Lvs. Hpreadinjf, lij<ht KJaucous. A juvi-niU* form. Var. laitigi- 4ta, Kniu'bt. Of narrow, pyramidal, faHtijp^iate hubit. Var. Quadalnp^nsis, Mast. {'('. d'utnlalupr'nais. Wats.). Branches spn-adin;;: Ivs. v«Ty i^laiicous: rotu-s subtrlo- bo!ie. Uuadaiupelsl. (i.f. III. 18:(>2. Var. Lambertiana, Mast. (C Lambert iAmi, Carr. ). Dark mrreen form with spreading branches. Var. Itltea, Hort., has yellow foliage. BB. Cones %-! in. across, irith G~8 scales. 3. Macnabi&na, Murray. Pig. r»09. Shrub with sev- eral stems, or small tree, to 20 ft., forming a dense, pyramidal head : Ivs. ovate, <»l)tuse, thickened at the apex, glandular, dark green or glaucous : cones oblong, %-l in. high ; scales usually 6, with prominent conical and curved bosses on the back. Calif. S. S. 10:528. R.H. 1870, p. 1.55. G.C. 111.9:40.1. 4. Ooveni&na, Oord. Tree, to 50 ft., with slen- der, erect or spreading branches. forming a broad, open or pyramidal head : branchlets slen- der : Ivs. ovate, acute, closely appressed, incon- spicuously glandular : abundant staminate Hs. in spring : cones sub- globose or oblong; scales (i-S, with short, blunt bosses. Calif. S. S. 10:. 527. Var. comp&cta, Andr^. Of compact, pyr- amidal habit. K.H. 1896, p. 9. Var. Rlatica, Carr., with glaucous, and var. vlridis, (^arr.,with bright green foliage. 5. Ariz6nica, Greene. Tree.to40,rarely to 70 ft. , with horizontal branches, forming a narrow, pyramidal or broad, open head : branchlets stout : Ivs. ovate, ob- tuse, thickened at the apex, inconspicuously glandular, very glaucous: cones subglobose, %-l in. across; scales 6-8. with stout, pointed, often curved bosses. Ariz., Calif. S.S. 10:526. G.C. III. 18:63. 6. B^nthami, Endl. Tree, to 70 ft., with horizontal branches, forming a pyramidal head: In-anchlets slen- der: Ivs. ovate-obtuse or acute, keeletl and s«miewhat thickened at the apes, inconspicuously glandular, bright green: cones globular, K-^ in. across: scales 6-8, with .short- pointed bosses. Mex. Var. Lindleyi, Mast. (C. Lindleyi, Klotzsch). Branchlets regularly arranged, of nearly efjual length : cones small, with small -pointed bosses. Var. KnightifLna, Mast. Branchlets very regu- larly arranged, fernlike, drooping, glaucous: cones with stout, conical-pointed bosses. G.C. III. 16:669. AA. Branclilets slender, more or less pendulous : Irs. usually acute and keeled, not tfiickened at the apex: cones about y^ in. or less across (see also C. Benthami). 7. tomldsa, Don. Tall, pyramidal tree, to 150 ft., with short, horizontal branches, ascending at the extremities: branchlets slender, drooping: Ivs. rhombic-ovate, acute, appressed or slightly spreading at the apex, bright or bluish green: cones globular, nearly sessile, about V^ in. across; scales 8-10, mucronate. Himal. Var. Comeyina, Mast. {C. Vorneyctna, Knight). With distinctly pendu- 609. Cupressus Macnabiana. From a cultiviited tree. lous branches : cones oMong, larger. Var. maj^stiea, Gord. ( C. maj^Ktica, Knit.. it). Of mi»re vigorous ijrowth with drooping branchlets, greyish green. 8. Lusitinica, Mill. Tree, to .50 ft., with spreadinic branches and more or less pendulous branchlets: lv», ovate, a<'ute. glaucous: cones pedicelb-d. about %\x\. across, covered with glauc«>us bloom ; scales 6-H, with conical pointed ixtsses. Habitat unknown; much cult. in southwestern Eu. G.C. III. 10:761. — With several varieties. 9. fundbrii, Endl. Tree. toOOft., with wide-spreadinir, pendulous Itranches an<i branchlets, br.inchlets slij,'litly flattened : Ivs. deltoid-ovate, acute, light green, often slightly spreading at the apex: cones short, peiluncled, glolM>se, about )» in. across ; scales 8, with a short raucro. China. I'.F.G. I. p. 47, tig. 31. Vt.C. 1850:4;» F.S. 6, p. 91. C. Califomica, Carr.=C. Ooveniana.— C. Caahmeridnn. Hort. =C. torulosa.— C Elegant, Hort.=C Henthami, var. Knighti- ana. — (\ erieoXdet, Hort.^Tbuya orientalis, var. ericoideH.— v. glanduloaa, Hook.= C. Macnabiana.— C. glaiiea, Lam.^O. Lusitanica.— C. Hdrtwegi, t'arr. =(\ macrocarpa.— r. Kar- winakydna, Regel=»C. Benthami. — C. Xepalenaig, Loiid.=C. tonilosa. — C. p^ndula, L'Her. = C. Lusitanica. — C. pendula, Staunt.^'C. fiinebris.- 6'. Sinenaia, Hort. =C. Lusitanica.— ('! thurifera, HBK. Tree with spreading branches: Ivh. oblong- lanceolate, upriKht-spreiidiug, not closely appresHcd : rones gloliose. about 1 in. across, with slightly mucronate scales.— C. thurifera, Auth.=»C Benthami. ALFRED Rbhuek CURCULIOO (Latin, eurculio, weevil; referring to the beak of the ovary). Amarylliddce(r, This genus contains an uncommon foliage plant with the habit of a young palm and a curious tloral structure. The genus is cl<»sely related to Uypoxis, but differs in its succulent indehiscent fruit, and because in many species the ovarv has a long beak which looks like a perianth tube. l)ut this beak is always solid, and bears upon its summit the style, which is in the center of the perianth. The follow- ing species is grown south and north, being used by florists for vases, jardinieres, and general decorative work, and also used outdoors in summer. It is of ea.<sy culture, but requires perfect drainage, and is prop, by suckers or division. The Curculigos are exceedingly ornamental plants for large greenhouses, where a hit;h temperature is main- tained. To have them looking their best they should, if possible, be planted out in a bed, where they will attain a height of 5 feet. Their gracefully arching leaves are so constructed that they move continually from side to side with the slightest movement of the air. The va- riety variegata is one of the best variegated-leaved plants. While not so robust as the green form, it is more adapted to pot-culture. The soil should be two parts loam and another of rotted cow-manure and sand. Drainage must be carefully arranged, as the plants need an abundance of water. The green-leaved kind stands the summers well in the neighborhood of Washington, if protected from the sun and afforded an abundant sup- ply of water. "Propagation is by division. The pieces, before pot- ting, will make new roots rapidly if placed in the sand bed of a warm propagating house for a few days. recurv^ta, Drj-and. Height 214 .ft. or more : root tuberous: Ivs. from the root, 1-3 ft. long, 2-6 in. wide, with a channelled stalk one-third or one-fourth the length, the blade lanceolate, recurved, plated : scapes about as long as the leaf-stalks, covered with long, soft brown hairs, recurved at the end, bearing a bf«d of drooping j-ellow fls., each % in. across : bracts one to each fl., and about as long. Ti-op. Asia, Australia. B.R. 9:770. Var. 8trid,ta, Hort., has a central band of white. Var. varieg&ta, Hort., has longitudinal bars of white. G. W. Oliver and W. 3L Ct^ECUMA (Arabic name). Scitamindceir. A much neglected group of curious and showy warmhouse her- baceous plants with great spikes composed of large con- cave or hooded bracts, from which the flowers scarcely protrude their gaping mouths. These fleshy bracts are perhaps the showiest feature of the plant, the topmost ones being colored with gorgeous tropical hues. One species was once advertised by John Saul, but all the others mentioned below are equally interesting. These CURCl'MA CURRANT 415 curious HubjectM are altnoHt unknown In Anit* riran con- ii«-rv»torie», but with the spread of private jfreenhouseH iti America they will »ure|y he tfmwn, at leant in some of the liner fancier?*' colleotiouH. The following cultural 610. Common Currant— Ribes rubrum, in bloom (X %), points are taken from B. M. 4435, where it is said that these plants are of ornamental appearance, even when not in tlower. In spring the tubers should be deprived of last year's mold and repotted in a fresh mixture of light loam, leaf-mold and turfy peat, the pots being well druined, and placed in a warm pit or frame in b<»ttoMi heat. Water should be given si)aringly until after the plant has made some growth. The young roots are soft and succulent, and are likely to rot if the soil remains wet for a long time. After flowering, the leaves soon show signs of decay, and water should be gradually with- drawn. During the resting period the soil should not be allowed to get dust-dr>-, or the tubers are likely to shrivel. The plants are propagated by dividing the tubers in spring. Tlie flowers of Curcuma are large and gaping, hooded above, and with a H-toothed lower lip. In the throat are seen 2 teeth, which are the tips of the anthers. Curcumas are essen- tially tropical plants, and the freat difficulty is said to be to maintain sufficient heat while al- lowing them enough air. cordita, Wall. Lvs. 1 ft. long, sheathing, ovate-cordate, acumi- nate, the same color oti lx>th sides, obli<juely penninerved : bracts in a fvlindical spike, the upper part forming a sterile portion called a coma, which is a rich violet, with a large blood-colored spot : fls. yellow, with a pink hood. Burma. B. M. 44;}5.-This is now referred to C. petiolafo, Roxb., but B. M. 5821 seems at least horticultnrally distinct, with its rose-pink bracts. C. albiflora, Tliwaites, differs from the others here described in ha\ine its spikes sunk below the lvs., instead of ntanding high altovethe lvs., and nil the brarts have flu., while the others have a sterile portion of the spike which in briichtljr «Mjlore«l. In thin Hpe<'ie«» the npike in short and green and the Hh. are prominent and white. (Vylon, H.M.rmniO. — CAuatra- /dxira.H <Mik. f., has itNupi>er I>r(i«'ts xoft, rosy pink an<l tlie Ha. pale yellow. AuMtrnlia. B. M. .Vcti.— <" I{'>Meo*-ana, Wall . has u lonnaiid Hplendi<l spike, witli hnictn ijriKhiHlly "hunifing from Kre«"n to the vivid*"**! («<-Hrlet onmiff: t\^ p.-de yellow. Hiirnia. H. M. 4»i«S7 — f. /.eiliHtriti, Hoxti . lias the iipp«'r hraets white, ting»>d with CHrmiii". and hHndKomelyvari»>i{rtte«l lvs., whifh. with the jireen of th" I«>wer bracts and the yellow of the flow- ern. maken a Htrikinit pi<-ture of exotic iiulendor. Hiinalayas. B.3I. i:46. ^ 5, CUBLEO LEAVES are often ciused by aphids or plant lice. For remedies, see Sprtnjituj. The leaf-curl of the peach is a fungous disease. See Di»ea$ea. CUBMtRIA. All reft rred to Ilomalomena. CUBSANT, Four species of Currant are knoMm to Anieriean gardeners as fruit-bearing plants. Hihes rnhrttm (Fig. 610) inchules all the re<l and white varie- ties. This species is found wild both in Europe and North America. Hibiit vitjrinn (Fig. bll), the European black Currant, although well known in America, has never bec(mte generally popular, although it is much prized by the foreign p<>))ulation. Jiihex Anu ricannm (Fig. M'l), more coniiuonly kn<»wn as Jiihes floridtnn, is the wild black Currant of Anu-rica. It is very similar in character to the European black Currant, and is now and then transferred to gardens. Jfilus aurrum (Fig. Gi;{), oftener grown for ornament, has also been planted for fruit, having been sohi from time to time under various varietal nanu-s. the most recent being the Cran- dall. See lilhex. To the commercial fruit-grower only the first of these species is of great inij»ortanee. It is a luitive of c(Md climates, and its protitable culture is con- fined to northern latitu«les. It does not thrive in the (Julf states and, except tinder irrigation or in specially fa\or- able locations, makes but u partial success in the drier region of the Plains. Both experience and the natural habitat of the plant indicate that a cool, moist soil is best adapted to its growth. Strong, moist loams, with a considerable ad- mixture of clay, are preferable. Even a stitf clay, well drained and in good tilth, will give good results. In small supply for the lumie garden, it may be grown in almost any soil. A cool northern exposure or ])artial sha<le is always desirable, and the more tinfavorable the soil, or the more nearly does the location approach the southern range of adaptation, the more important does this become. For this reason western growers often find the best results to come from planting in orchards, and 611. Black Currant— Ribes nigrum. 416 CURRANT CURRANT the home grower may attain the same end by titilizing the north side of buildings or fences. Elevation may aid in offsetting the unfavorable influence of lower lati- tude. It is an extremely hardy fruit so far as cold is concerned, but cannot endure continuous high tempera- ture. The Currant needs a rich soil and an abundance of ]>hint-f«)od. It will endure nnich neglect, but responds quickly to liberal treatment. iStable manure, applied in the fall, is excellent, and this may be supplemented with applications of potash, which will improve the quality of the fruit. Propagation is best effected by means of long hard- wood cuttings (Fig. G14), taken either in fall or spring. In nursery practice they are ct)mmonly taken about Sep- tember 1, as soon as the leaves fall. The leaves are sometimes stripped from the plants a week or so before taking the cuttings, if they have not already fallen. The cuttings may be! planted at once, or tied in bundles and buried upside down, with 2 or 3 inches of soil over the butts. This is thought to favor the production of the callus and to aid the formation of roots. At the approach of cold weather, they may be taken up and planted in nursery rows and covered with a mulch of soil or other material during the winter, this mulch being raked away to expose the tips early in spring. Planting may be delayed until spring, the bundles being taken up and stored in sand or moss in the cellar, or being more deeply covered and allowed to remain where they are. The comijLioner practice is to plant the cuttings in nur- sery rows soon after they are taken. They are said to root more quickly if packed in damp moss a week or two before planting. Mulching of some sort is essential dur- ing the winter. Probably nothing surpasses the soil itself for this purpose, certainly not in the drier climate of the Plains. If the cuttings are kept until spring, the climate and the lighter the soil the longer should the cutting be. In planting, only 1 or 2 buds are left above the surface, and the soil should be pressed 612. Native Black Currant— Ribcs Americanum (X 3^). The fruit is immature. ■planting must be done very early, as growth begins at a l«r.v temperatiire. This makes spring planting undesir- able in nursery practice. Cuttings vary in leng.h from 6 to 10 inches, according to soil and climate ; the drier Buffalo Currant (X }4) firmly about the base. Rich, moist soil should be se- lected. A former practice was to cut out all lower buds in order to insure a tree form of growth. This is seldom practiced now, and never for commercial plant- ing. 8ingle-eye cuttings under glass, greenwood cut- tings and layers may be employed, but have little ft recommend them. Seeds may be used as a source of new varieties, ar.d are best sown or stratified as soon a"^ taken from the pulp. For the final planting either 1- or 2-year-old plants may be used, set at <listances varying to suit the con- venience of the cultivator. Four by 6 feet is a con- venient combination, allowing cross cultivation at inter- vals. The land should be in fine, mellow tilth as deep as plowed, ai.d if the underlying layers are hard and impervious, it should be subsoiled. Setting is most con- veniently done by marking the land in each direction, plowing furrows one way and planting at intersections. The soil should be closely firmed al>out the roots, with a loose layer left at the surface to m-t as a niulch. Where fall planting succeeds it is desirable, since the Currant starts so early into growth in the spring. In many parts of the country fall planting is too uncertain, while spring planting, if done early enough, is always safe. Subsequent tillage should be frequent but shallow, as the roots run near the surface an<l are e.-- jily injured by deep cultivation. Good results are obtaineil by mulch- ing, which is sometimes mo'-e convenient in garden cul- ture. Refuse material ot any sort may be used ; even coal ashes, especially on 1 oavy soil, give good results. Mulching is seldom, if e\er, desi/able in commercial work. P. uning is simple, but important. Fruit is borne on both old an<l young wood, but the best of it is near the base of 1 -year-old shoots and on short 1 year-old spurs. The younger the wood the finer the fruit, but a fair supply of ohl wood must be left to insure produc- tiveness. PVoni 4 to 8 main stems are desirable, and these should be frequently renewed. No wood over thr • years old should be allowed to remain. Supertluou. young shoots should be cut away, though the buds at their base mav be left to develop fruit-bearing spurs. Shortening-in vigorous, stragglini; shoots may be called for, especially with young plants, but the most important thing is a judicious thinning out of the old wood, and CURRANT CURRANT 417 replacing it with young (Fig. 615). The older plan of training to a tree fomi (Fig. 016) gave les^ productive plants, more subject to damage from the Currant borer, with no opportunity for renewal. Experiments in thin- ning the fruit by clipping off the outer end of the clus- ters have shown an increase in size and in yield. The fruit should be picked when dry, taking especial care to prevent crushing the berries or tearing them from the stems. If properly picked it stands shipment well, but if carelessly picked it will quickly spoil. For shipping i)urposes it must be pic'" " '^hile still hard and lirni, though for home use or near market it will be bet- ter if allowed to remain longer, especially for dessert use. If protected with netting, it will remain on the bushes until autumn. The fruit is commonly marketed in quart baskets, shipped in crates, like any other ber- ries, though the 9-p<nind grape basket is now largely used. This is a convenient package, l>oth for the ship- per and the consumer. Plantations may be kept in bearing for many years with good care, liberal feeding and continuous renewing of the wood, but i>ractical growers generally find it ad- visable to replant after eight or ten years of fruiting. The cost of replanting is light, and is more than repaid ■t^ 'he advantage '^f young, vigorous plants in fresh " Yields vary greatly. Many growers doubtless do t .. .\^ 'age nO bushels per acre, while others may secure i'. uifi as ^.'SO bushels. With good care Currants should yit I» ora 100 to I.jO bushels per acre, though even this »" "ill be obtained only by good culture and care- ful attention to details. In frarden culture 2 to 4 pounds per bush may be expected, though many neglected plants scarcely yield as many ounces. Under favorable con<ii- tions they are usually a profitable crop, though, like all other fruits, they are subject to fluctua- tions in price and market demands. Red varieties are most profitable. Some of the white sorts are sweeter, but find little demand in market. Victoria is one of the most popular all-round varieties. Cherry and Versailles are probably more largely grown than any others. Fay is capricious, succeeding remarkably well in some locations, but proving unsatisfactory in others ; its habit of growth is straggling and undesirable. Red Dutch, though small, is still highly prized on the Plains ; Prince Albert, a very productive late variety, is popular with canners and for jelly. Among newer varieties the Wilder is promising. White (Jrape and the newer \Vhite Imperial are popular white vari- eties. Black Currants are little grown in the United States but are popular in Canada. Black I^aples (Fig. 611) is the most popular kind. The best-known insect enemy is the imported (^urrant worm {Pteronus Ifibesii), which never fails to strip the leaves from neglected bushes throughout the eastern United States, though as yet unknown on the Plains. It begins feeding on the clusters of leaves close to the ground. and if taken in time may be poisoned with arsenites, though powdered hellebore, at the rate of a teaspoon- ful to a gallon of water, is the common reme«ly, and the one which should be used after the fruit sets and (■y -■^^ \j*%' The old cane, a, 616. Tree -form trainine: of Currant. the insects have scattered over the bushes. The im- ported and native Currant borers also cause damage. They can only be controlled by cutting out and destroying infested canes early in spring, before the perfect ins'ects emerge. The Currant tly (kpochra Canadensis) soTae- times causes serious injury to the fruit, depositing its egg just beneath the skin, where the presence of the lan-a causes the fruit to turn red and fall prematurely. No practicable remedy has yet been suggested. Among fungous diseases, there are several which prey upon the leaves, causing them to fall prematurely, but they all yield to thorough treatment with fungiciiles. The Cur- rant tubercle, a disease which has recently proved inju- rious in New York and New Jersey, threatens to be a serious enemy and a difficult one to hght. It is first shown by wilting of the leaves and pre- mature coloring of the fruit. The clusters are small and straggling, and. together with the leaves, soon shrivel and fall, whirh is followed by the death of the canes. Digging and burn- ing affecte<l plants is the only rem- edy thus far suggested. The dis- ease may be transmitted in appar- ently healthy cuttings, so that fields known to be aff'ected should not be used as a source from which to propagate. The treatment of black Currants does not differ materially from that of reds, ex- cept that the plants, being larger, require somewhat more room. The fruit, though pos- sessing a most un- pleasant odor and fla- vor, becomes agree- T.:; illustrate the pruning of a Currant bush, ae cut away. The straight new canes at left are to remain. 27 418 CURRANT CUT -FLOWERS able if scalded for a few minutes in boiling water, and then transferred to fresh water for cooking. It is much esteemed by those who have learned to use it, and is credited with medicinal qualities of value in bowel and throat affections. The plants are exempt from attacks of the Currant worm. Fred W. Card. CT^SGUTA (origin of name obscure). Cotwolvnldcece. DoDiJER. A genus of degenerate parasitic twiners, bearing clusters of small fls. They are leafless annuals, with very slender yellow or -red stems, which become attached to the host-plant by means of root-like suckers. The seeds fall to the ground and germinate ii i the spring. As soon as the young shoot finds an acceptaole host, the root dies and the plant becomes parasitic. Failing to find a host, the plant dies. Dodders are common in low, weedy places. Some species are also serious pests, as the Clover Dodder and Flax Dodder. One of the com- mon species (C Gronovii, Willd. ), of low grounds, is shown in Fig. 017. CUSHAW. One of the many names of Cucttrbita moschata. CUSTARD APPLE. Species of Anona. CUT-FLOWEB INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Fifty years ago it would not have been pos- sible to purchase Cut-flowers during the winter season in any of the large cities of this country. Today there is scarcely a village of 2,000 to 3,000 population that does not boast of its florist, whose revenues are largely aug- mented by the sale of Cut-flowers. Millions of dollars are invested in the cultivation and sale of Cut-flowers in the neighborhood of the large cities of the United States. The growth and evolution of the business has been very rapid in the past 25 years. From 1860 to 1875 the ca- mellia was the most valued of all Cut -flowers, either for personal adornment or bouquets, as much as $1, $2 and even $3 having been obtained for a single flower at the holiday season. At the present time t'\ey ure almost forgotten, and are only to be found in private collections and in the south, where the plants will live out during the winter season. The principal flowers forced at that time, in addition to the camellia, were daphne, bou- vardia, abutilon, nasturtium, callas, sweet alyssum, poinsettia, carnations and a few LaMarque, Bon Silene and Safrano ,roses. The taste was for set designs. All flowers were picked with short stems, or none at all, only the open portions of cluster flowers being taken, and the buds left to open. These small pieces were bound with wire to wooden sticks for basket work or to broom com straws for making into bouquets. The popular table de- sign was called a pyramid. It consisted of a number of bouquets each with one camellia in the center nd a single row of smaller flowers around, backed up with lycopodiura green. The smaller bouquets were ther. arranged in a wire frame, the sticks on which they were made serving to hold them in the desired position. The top of the pyramid was a bouquet with a calla lily in the center. These table pieces frequently cost from $.35 to $75. and sometimes $100 was asked for a particu- larly fine design. The small bouquets were distribute<l to the guests at the close of the entertainment. Only small quantities of roses were forced for winter cutting at this time, a few florists in Boston and New York being engaged in their cultivation in the same houses with other flowers. Competition and a demand for better buds, together with the good prices obtained for the best, caused growers to give the "queen of flowers" more attention, and the r alt was that the rose steadily grew in favor and people began to wonder what they saw in the camellia to admire. A ('4v.'mand for larger roses than the small Teas resulted in atrial of some of the Hybrid Remontants. General JacqiKjninot was found to force w^ell and soon became a great fas'orite, bringing from $1 to $2 a bud for the first cutting. The beau- tiful yellow Mareehal Niel was also forced. The flow- ers sold well, but it was scarcely prolific enough to be profitable, and the advent of the yellow Tea Perle des Jardins. an Everbloomer, very prolific and of easy culti- vation, soon drove it from the market. The next rose sensation, and the most important addition that has been made to American forcing roses even to the present day, was the introduction of the Catherine Mermet. This beautiful variety, which sprang into great popularity at once with the flower-buying public, was found very profit- able by the growers, who, by careful cultivation and the incentive of the high prices realized for choice flowers. 617. Dodder. t^vinine on its host— Cuscuta Gronovii. soon elevated the standard of cut roses to a higher hvel, and attracted new capital to what had now become a thriving and lucrative business. While so fame as in it- self. Catherine Mermet will, however, probably be longer remembered as the parent of those truly grand Teas now so universally grown, the Bride and Bridesnir.id, the standard pink and white roses of to-day. Many vari- eties for which special claims were made have been in- troduced from time to time, but, for the most part, they have proved vexatious and expensive experiments. Next to the Catherine Mermet in importance is the American Beauty (Mme. Ferdinand Jamin),the tinestof all the forcing roses. The introduction of this variety by the Fields Brothers, of Washington, produced a great stir in rose circles. Fine as it appeared at first, how- ever, its after development surprised even the most san- guine, and to-day it stands unrivaled as the most profit- able and at the same time the most popular with the wealthy classes of flower-buyers. While the development of the rose was taking place, the carnation, ever popular, was receiving the attention of the breeder, and new varieties showing great im- provement in form, color and productiveness were in- troduced annually. It was soon found that roses and carnations did not give best results when grown together in the same house. They required different treatment. Roses thrive better in a warmer atmosphere than car- nations. Different forms of greenhouse structures were also found necessary. The original means of heating was by brick furnaces nnd flues. Hot water and steam gen- erate<l in iron boilers and distributed through p'pes, although more expensive to install, were found much more efficient, and withal the most economical plan. In the early growth of the business the grower was also the retailer. The rapidly increasing demand, bow- ever, \ishered in the middle man or retail florist, who re- lieved the grower of his stock as soon as it was ready 3 CUT -FLOWERS CUT -FLOWERS 419 for the market, and enabled him to devote his entire at- tention to cultivation. From this period, the business began its most rapid development, as the more con- venient locatitm of the flower stores in the populous centers induced a better patronage and consequent love for flowers, and enabled the grower, by reason of his un- divided attention, to produce more perfect rtock and in- crease the productiveness of his plant. It was soon found that by giving attention to but one kind of flower, better results were obtained, and many r<»se, violet, and carnation specialists were developed. The success of one grower often induced his neighbors to follow his example. Two or three successful men in a locality gave rumor to the place being, by reason of its soil, climate, etc., particularly adapted for the pro- duction of a certain flower, and a colony of such grow- ers would soon spring up. Note the violet growers of the Hudson, in New York ; the rosarians of Madison, N. J., and the carnation belt of Chester county. Pa. As the business has developed and grown all over toe United States, it has been found that it is not so much in the locality as in the metliods of culture that success is attained. With the great expansion of the industry, the handling of the large Quantities of flowers thrown on the market became a difficult prol>lem. The Thirt> - fourth .St. cut-flower market, in New York, originated fromthe retail dealers meeting the Long L' land grow- ers every morning at the ferry. A convenient restaurant opened its doors during inclement weather, where for years a large business was carried on. An association of growers was Anally formed. whi<!h established, in an adjoining commodious building, a market, which has since been very successful and a great convenience to both branches of the trade. The wholesale handling of flowers on commission was comraenceii in New York city in 18.'^i, by J. K. Allen. Thisi' plan soon became popular, numerovis houses were es- tablished, and the stock coming to the New York mar- ket, particularly that of the large growers, is mainly disposed of through thuse channels. The excellence of the flowers supplied and the better market of the large cities caused a considerable shipping demand, which provided a much-needed outlet for the immense quanti- ties of stock that at times were greatly in excess of the local needs. With the present complete shipping facili- ties, together with the improved methods of packing. Cut-flowers are now shipped long distances, arriving at their destination in a satisfactory condition after jour- neys of from 36 to 48 hours' duration. The final distribution of the flowers through the ave- nues of the retail florist engages a considerable num- ber of men in all the large cities of the country. Many of the establishments compare favorably with the finest stores of other lines, while the delivery service, with its fancy wagons and liv.ried attendants, is especially nota- ble. Great attention is paid to the decorative features of these high-class establishments. Their show win- dows contain at all times samples of the finest plants or flowers in season, or examples of their artistic arrangement. The evolution of the business during the past twenty years has been gradual, but has moved steadily onward. Wire and sticks have almost entirely, or as* much as possible, been displaced by the improved and nt rural stems of the flowers themselves. The arranged basket of flowers, once s.) popular as a gift, has now given way to the l,.^x of long-stemmed roses or cluster arrangemt-nt of the same, to which are added orchids, violets, or other choice flowers, as pre- ferred. The custom of sending flowers to young lady debutantes, which has become fashionable die past few years, has liecome an important feature of the trade, and atones in a measure for the discontinuance of the ball bouquet, once so popular but now almost obsolete. Christmas and New Year holidays were sit one time equal factors in taxing the florists to the utmost to sup- plv the demand for their goods, but of late years the Isr day of January has lost this floral feature, and is no longer considered of importance. The Piaster holi- day trade has grown, however, from scarcely any busi- ness in the early days, to be the most important event of the year ; in fact, with many growers it is the great- est harve.st, as almost all their winter season is given to preparing plants and flowers for <be Easter demand. Since the introduction of the Liliiim Harrisii, or Ber- muda-grown Lilium lomjiflorum, hundreds of thou- sands of these bulbs are forced for this festival. Azaleas are probably next in demand, large quantities being annually imp»)rted for forcing. It would be diffi- cult to estimate with any accuracy the amount of busi- ness transacted by the florists of this country for the Easter festi.al, but the sum total must be enormous. The old-time florist was satisfied with one crop from his greenhouses— that o/ bedding plants for spring planting. During the summer the houses stood empty, and for a lar^e part of the winter contained dormant or semi-dormant stock. The wide-awake grower of to-day never allows any portion of his plant to remain idle even for a week, one crop being arranged to follow another in close rotation. As flowers are very perishable articles, and depend for their existence on certain conditions of light and heat, there are times when the supply is not sufficient for 'the demand; and again when the quantity coming into the market is more than car be disposed of at the current rates. Of late years over-production has been the bugbear of the business. Half of the season the market has been over-sto<'ked. Cons;,;nment follows consignment, until the commission houses are at their wits' ends to dispose of them. Here an important fac- tor was introduced. The fakir, or street man, became a customer for job lots at low prices. Through him im- mense quantities of flowers, for which no o.her avenue was open, have been sold daily in all the Lirge cities. Their plate jilass cases in doorways or by blank walls are to be seen throughout the shopping districts filled, a^ a rule, with good flowers, with few exceptions. The principal and most popular Cut-flowers grown in this country are distinctively American. The Bride and Bridesmaid roses are American sports of the Catherine Mermet. The American Beauty, as it is grown here, is vasth' different from Mine. Ferdinand Janiin of Europe. The Kaiserin Augu ta Victoria and Meteor ar Euro- pean sorts. The carnations grown are of an entirely differeat type from the European varietie. , and are all American .-leedlings. The evo'ution that is taking place in this flower is wonderful, as the standard is being so constantly raised that varieties that were considered su- perior ten years ago are now scarcely known. The American Carnation Society, composed largely of com- mercial carnation specialists, has done much to advance the quality and general excellence of this superb flower. Chrysanthemums that produce best results here are nearly all of American origin, from plants imported from Japan. New varieties are introduced each year, some of which show improvement and spur hybridizers on to renewed efforts. The demand for palms an<l decorative foliage plants has kept pace vHh that of flowers, if. indeed, it ha^s not taken the lead. The increase in the greenhouse space given up to the growth of palms is at least threefold within the past ten years, and it may be said that the demand exceeds the supply, although the stock is aug- mented largely each year by impo. ions from Europe. Whole houses are given up to the ^ eduction of Ficus elastica, which plant is a great favorite with the masses. Great quantities of ferns for table decorations are now used, the little fernery being considered as indispensa- ble as the china to the setting. The public taste at the present day is moftly for loose arrangements of long-stemmed flowe.s. Stiff, formal designs are tal)ooed. The popular funeral emblem is forms of the wreath, which is made with a great variety of flowers, often all of one kind. Loose clusters tied with ribbons, and palm leaves (sago palms) crossed and tied with ribbon" and flowers, are also favorites. House decorations are largely composed of long-stemmed roses, camatiors. etc., pla'*ed in vases, ])Ut few, if any, set pieces being allowed. Table decorations for dinners ara also confined to the use of long-stemmed flowers in vases, and others arranged on the cloth with ferns. Churches are trimmed with palms, plants in flower and long-stemmed flowers ia tall vases, all being done, as in other instances, to show, as far as possible, the natural grace of the fiower. Bridal bouquets are also arranged loosely, some with shower effect, by means of flowers tied to narrow ribbons ; others tied with 420 CUT -FLOWERS CUTTAGE broad ribbons, to be carried in the hand or over the arm. The flowers mostly used are roses and lilies-of- the-valley. Tastes differ but little in the various cities, there being a similarity in all the flrst-olass work. There is no essentially eastern or western flower. With the possible exception of s<mie varieties of carnations, the assortment of flowers will be found the same the country over. In the census of 1890 Cut-flowers were estimated to make more than one-half of the florist's business. One good book especially devoted to the business has been produced, — the late M. A. Hunt's "How to Grow Cut-flowers." Robert Kift. CUTICLE. The outer surface of herbaceous parts of plants. It consists of the outer walls of the epidermal cells. These walls are much thickened and cutinized. Minute waxy rods upon the cuticularized surfs? ce of many fruits, such as the grape and plum, give to them their peculiar bloonj. The Cuticle is nearly impervious to water. The preservation of fruits depends in lart^e measure upon the retention of moisture by the Cuticie. Cacti and other desert plants have their epidermis re- markably cuticularized. -^^ -^y^ Rowlee. CUTTAGE. The operation and practice of growing plants from severed parts. A cutting is the gardener's name for a piece of the stem, root, rootstock or leaf, which, if cut off and planted under suitable conditions, will form new roots and buds, reproducing the parent plant. This term is usually given to parts of the stem; a part or the whole of the leaf, when so used, is called a leaf-cutting; a piece of root or rootstock is called a root -cutting. The scales of some bulbous plants, e. g., the lily, can also be used as cuttings. A cion used in grafting might be called a cutting which unites and grows on the roots of another plant. See Graftaqe. Plants obtained by division or layering are provided with roots before they are detached from the parent plants, and, therefore, are not properly cuttings. Multiplication by cuttings is a form of bud -propagation in contradistinction to sexual reproduction, i. e., propa- gation by seeds. It is a cheap and convenient way to obtain plants. All plants cannot l>e profitably increased by these means. Why they differ we do not know; the gardener learns by experience what species yield a good per- centage of healthy plants, and acts accordingly. The following table will show the different ways in which cuttings are made : Soft e. g., Verbena Hardened e. g., Tesv roses Long, in open air e. g.. Grape Short, under glass e. g., Japanese cedar Cuttings Stem. Growing wood.. Ripened wood.. Roots or rootstocks Leaf, Short, under glass e. g., Anemone Japonica Long, in open pir e. g., Blackberry Entire e. g., Echeveria Divided e. g., Begonia' Rex Bulb-scales e. g., Lilies (1) Cuttings of Growing VTood.—Tig. "jIS, These are made either of the soft growing tips, as in coleus, salvia, verbena, etc., or, of the same wood in more mature con- dition, but by no means ripe, as in tender roses. Azalea Indica, etc. The cuttings of plants like A'uphorbia pulcherrima, erica, epncris, etc., are used in the soft growing state, if a well built propagating house is obtain- able; but in an ordinary house, a part of which is used for other purposes, the older and better ripened wood will be more successful. It is generally true that cut- tings of hardened wood will always root, although they require more time and may not m^e the best plants, -*»Vy ... 618. Cutting of soft grovv'nB wood. (Coleus.) but it is not true that cuttings of the soft wood will always root. In many cases, as in the rose, they succumb before they callus, much less produce roots. In plants of rapid growth and good vitality, the proper condition of the soft growing wood for cuttings can be determined by its readiness to snap, not bend, when bent back : the hardened wood is in the right state as long as it con- tinues to grow. The treatment of cuttings in both classes is practically the same. They should be planted in sand un- der glass. Large establishments have one or more houses set apart for this and similar p>urposes. In smaller places a propagating bed or bench can ])e made at the warmest end of the warmest house. It should be placed over the pipes where they leave the boiler, and, in order to secure bottom heat when needed, the space between the bench and tlie floor should be boarded up, having a trap door to open on cold nights (Fig, tJiy). Cutting-frames inside a green- house are al.so shown in Fig, G20. Side partitions should also be provided to box in all the hr-at from the pipes under that part of the bench. Good dimen- sions for such a bed are, width 3 feet, length 6 feet or any multiple of «>, thus making it simple to use a hotbed sash when confined air is wanted. The depth of the frame should be from to 10 inches in front and from 12 to 15 inches behind. The bottom of the bed may be either wood, slate or metal and should be well drained: place a layer of potsherds first, then moss, and from 2 to 3 inches of sand on top. The sand should be clean, sharp and well compacted : before planting it should be watered if at all dry. It is sometimes advisable to have the bed filled with moss (sphagnum), into which pots or boxes containing cuttings are plunged : the moss should be moist, neither too wet nor dry, and well packed. In many cases, when large quantities of one sort of cuttings are to be planted, the ordinary greenhouse fi 619. Section of propagating bed. Shows four pipes beneath, the door on the side, and the frame cover. bench covered with sand is sufficient (Fig. 621). Other forms of propagating beds are shown in Figs, G-2, 623, 624. See. also, Bailev's Nursery Book, 3d ed,, pp. 44-53. The wood for cuttings should be fresh, and precau- I CUTTAGE CUTTAGE 421 tions should be taken to prevent wilting during making and planting: if the weather in hot, sprinkle the floor and bench of the work room: if tbey are delicate, and exposed for an hour or more, lay them between folds 620. Permanent propagating frames in a greenhouse of moistened paper. The average length of these cut- tings is from 1 to 3 inches, but they can be made longer or shorter: much depends upon ihe nature of the plant. The best growers prefer short cuttings ; the advantage of a long piece to begin with is more than offset by greater danger of wilting and consequent retrogression. It is not necessary to cut to a bud, i. e., at the node, in the more easily handled plants except in some her- baceous tuberous-rooted plants, likedahlia (see Fig. 02.5), and S(tlri<i patens, in whir-h a erowni must V)e formed to insure future growth. Make the cut where it will give the proper length. A part of the leaves should be removed, always enougn to secure a clean stem for planting, and as many more as are needed to prevent disastrous wilt- ing, this factor varies greatly. In a hard\voo«i cutting of lemon verbena all leaves are taken off, in zonale geraniums from the open grpund few if any are left, in coleus and verbena about one half are removed, while in Olea frinjrans. Daphne odora, heath, etc., only enou^crh for ]>lantinij:. Use a sharp knife ; but scissors are handy for trimming and sometimes for making cuttings of those small wooded plants which root easily. The cuttings of plants with milky juice should be washed l*ef«)re planting. Sonie- tinies the lower ends are allowed to dry for several hours, the tops being protected against wiltinjr. Large and succulent cut- tings, e. g., of pineapple, cotyledon, cac- tus, etc., should be dried before planting by letting them lie on the surface of the propagating bed for several days, or they may be planted in dry sand at first. I'nder these conditions a callus forms which tends to prevent decay; but the wood must not slirivel. Pfter Henderson has introduced a method which is likely to increase the percentage of rooted plants, and which is desirable in slow - arrowing varieties, like the tricolor freraniums. He advises that the cutting should be partly severed and allowed to hang to the i)arent plant for a few days; this results in a partial call'is, or even roots, before the cutting is entirely removed. In planting cuttings, use a dibble or open a V-shaped trench. Never thrust the ctit- ting directly into the soil. Plant deep enough iv; hold the cutting upright and no deeper, making due allowance for the san<l settling ; the distance apart sh<mld be just enough to prevent them from pressing against each other. It nmst be remem- bered that they stay in the bed only until rooted. As soon as trrowth begins, they are potted off. When the cuttings are inserted, the sand should be tirmly pressed about them, and they should be watered with a syringe or with a fine rose ; the forcible application of water compacts the sand, thus excluding air, and prevents un- due wilting. Give shade imraediatelj*, using lath shutters outside, or paper or cloth screens within, and attend to this very carefully for the first few days. Lift the shades early in the afternoon, and put them on late in the momincr, but keep them on during the middle of the day, thus gradually accustoming them to full light. Cuttings should never suffer from dry- ness. The sand should always be kept moist to the verge of wetness. Ventilation should be given on Itrij^ht days, but all exposure to draft avoided. A good temperature for prop- agatincr is fr<mi GO'^ to ('m° F., increasing these figures for tropical plants and reduc- ing them for more hardy kinds. It is de- ))atable whether bottom heat and confined air are advisable for cuttings of growing wood. The older gardeners employed both, but now neither is commonly used, except for tropical plants, like croton, or when a consvant succession of crops of cuttings is required. There is no doubt that with this aid cuttings will root more quickly, but more skill and care are required, neglect bringing on fungous dis«'ase, which results in unhealthy plants or total loss. If })ottom heat is used, the average temperature of the bed sh(mld l)e 10*^ or so above that of the air, but less will suffice. Indeed, in beds made as described above, in good weather the sand is enough warmer than the greenhouse atmosphere to answer everj* purpose. If a confined air is used, ventilation and shad- ing nmst be carefully 'ooked after, and precautions taken agninst the accumulation of condensed moisture within the bell-glass or frame. Sand is the medi am commonly employed for the root- ing of cuttings, selecting the coarser kinds for plants like geraniums and finer for heaths. Brick dust and powdered charcoal are .sometimes reconmiended, and "Jadoo fiber" is now on trial. Sphagnvim is useful in rooting Ficus elastk-a, the base of the cutting being wrapped in a ball of moss and j mged in a bed of moss. English ivy, oleander and other plants can be struck in water, but this method is ciim})ersome. Peter Henderson's saucer method is valuable in hot weather : the cuttings are planted in sand, kept saturated and 621. Cutting bench shaded with lath. fully exposed to the sun. Large cuttings can be planted singly in 2- or .'i-inch p«)ts, the pots then being plunged in the cutting bed. In such cases some well rotted leaf- mold, less than one-half, can be added to the sand. 422 CUTTAGE CUTTAGE Although it is tender plant««, in the main, which are propagated by cuttings of growing wood, the above methods can be practiced advantageously with some hardy plants. Thewootl, which is invariably more successful if h d- ened, is obtained eiiuer from plants forced for this purpose, e. g., spi- rea, Deutzia gracilis, etc., or it is gathered in June and July out of doors, e. g., lilac, hy- drangea, etc. Cuttings of growing wood should be potted in 2- or 3-inch pots, in a rather sandy soil, when the ruots are from %-% inches long. \t is sometimes good economy to box them, i. e., plant them a few inches apart in liats, when not immediately re- quired. (2) Long Cuttings of Jiipened Wood in Open A.ir.— This method is used to propagate many hardy trf es and shrubs, e. g., willows, currants, grapes, forsythia, etc. Wood of the current year's growth is gathered in au- tumn or early winter, before severe frost, and either stored in a cool cellar, covering with moss or fresh earth to prevent drying, or immediately made into cuttings. These (see F'if?. 02G) should be made 6 inches or more long and should contain at least 2 buds. It is not neces- The excrescences, knots orknaurs, which are found on the trunks and the main limbs of olive trees, are sonie- time-t used as cuttings for propagation. (;* ) Short cuttings of ripened wood ( Fig. 627) are used under glass with tender or hrdf -hardy species, with new introduc- tions, in cases where the grower is short of stock, and when the plant is delicate and small. The wood should be gathered before severe frost and the cuttings made and planted directly in October and November. Make them from 2-4 inches long (sometimes a single eye only is used), and plant with a dibble, in Propaeatine-box. pure sand in pots, pans or flats (boxes ''^n-^l 3 inches 3^^^fe^;^t>^ deep) . If a layer of potting soil is placed ■'^i.-'.-w^'^ \^ about 16 inches square and under the san<l, the young plants have 625. Hardened- something to feed upon and do not need wood cutting to be potted so soon after rooting ; if qJ dahlia this is done, drainage should be given. It is important to keep them cool until a callus is formed or roots produced. If the buds start into growth before this, the cuttings become exhausted and are likely to die. After rooting, — the time required varies from one to six months— they can either be potted or the 623. Small propaeating-box, adapted to a >vindow. sary to exit to a bud at the base, but the upper cut should be just above one. Thej* should be tied in bundles with tarred rope, taking care to have them lie " heads and tails " to facilitate planting, and with the butts on the same level, to promott callusing. They should then be buried in sandy soil, with the butts down and protected against frost. In early spring they should be firmly planted in V-shaped trenches in well prepared soil : set an inch or so apart, with the rows 1 or W^ feet apart. The upper bud should be just at the surface ; to prevent suckers the lower buds may be removed. In autumn they should be dug, graded and heeled-in for winter. Some varieties will 624. Propagatine-box or hood. require a second or third year's growth in the nursen.'; f'taers are ready for permanent planting, as willows and poplars, which often grow 6 feet the first year. This is one of the very cheapest ways of propagating, and will pay where only 25 per cent root. This method is generally used with deciduous-leaved plants, but some conifers, e. g., Siberian arborvitap, will strike. Remove enough twigs to get a clean stem for plant- ing, and allow 2 or 3 inches of top above ground. 626. Long cuttings of ripened wood. strong-growing sorts be planted out in well pre- pared beds in May or June, where they are likely to make a satisfactory growth. The weaker kinds can re- main a y-fir in pots or flats, be wintered in a pit, and planted out the next spring. Some greenhouse plants, e. g., Camellia Laurest^inus, tender grapes, etc., are propagated in this way with cuttings of fully ripened wood, and others, as cactus, dracsena, etc., with wood which is much older. They should be givt-n the care described under the head of (1) Cuttings of (irowing Wood, but they must not be forced too hard at first. The temperature should be regulated by the nature of the plant. The safest rule to follow is to give a few de- grees more heat for propagating than the plant received when the cutting was removed. (4) Hoot -cuttings (Fig. 628) are made of either root or rootstock and are useful in propa- gating some plants, either in the greenhouse or in the open air. Ten- der plants, like bouvardia, and those which are hardy but of del'^ate growth, e. g.. Anemone traponica,a,re handled under glass ; blackberries, horseradish, et*.. out of doors. The cuttings are made in autumn or win- ter, the roots of hardy plants being gathered before severe frost and either planted directly or kept in moss until spnng. This process of storing develops a callus and has a tendency to produce buds. For green- 627. Short cuttings house work, the cuttings are made of ripened wood. CUTTAGE CYATHEA 423 from 1-2 inches long, the larger roots being selected, although the small ones will grow. They are planted in pans or flats, in soil conlpo^sed of equal parts sand and well rotted leaf -mold. Ordinarily they are set hori- zontally. If planted vertically, in cuttings from the true root the end which was nearest the crowai should be uppermost; but if made from the rootstock, that end should be uppermost which grew farthest from the crown. In either case >hey should be covered, as seeds are covered, and the whole made firm. Root- cuttings of hardy plants should be kept cool at first ' and brought into 628. F.oot-cutting of blackberry (Xj-^). heat only when ready to grow. They may be kept in a pit or cool cellar. Tender plants require the same or a little higher temperature than that in which they thrive. In sweet potato, the tuber is cut lengthwise and laid, with the cut side down, on moist sand or moss, the edges being slightly covered. Buds develop on these edges and are removed when of proper size and treated as cuttings of growing wood, or allowed to remain until rooted. In dracjena (see Fig. 546, page 370) — and this applies to stem- as well as root-cuttings — the buds are not taken oflf until rooted ; the original cutting remains in the sand and sometimes produces a second or even a third crop. The tuberous rootstock of Arum macula- turn, and plants of like nature, can be cut into pieces, remembering that the bud-producing portion of arum is the top, and each part will grow successfully. Exercise care in watering and maintain a goo<l temperature. Root-cuttings for planting in the open ground are made from 4 to G inches long, and are planted firmly in V-shaped trenches or furrows in spring, being covered 2 inches or more deep. Roots as large as one's little finger are chosen, and good results are obtained with plants of vigorous growth. In plants like lily-of-the- valley, common lilac, cilycanthus, Scotch and moss roses, etc., unles? short of stock, it is better to encour- age the natural growth of the suckers and propagate by division, but these can be multiplied as above described. Variegation, curiously enough, is not always repro- duced by means of root-cuttings. (5) Leaf-ctiftings.—'M.a.nY leaves are capable of pro- ducing roots. Some have the further power of develop- ing buds arter rooting, and of these last a few furnish an eco- nomical means of bud propaga- tion, particularly where the stem growth is insufficient. In coty- ledon (echeveria) the whole leaf is used, the smaller ones from the flower - stalk being often the best. Choose those which are fully matured, and, if larj^e and succulent, expose them for a few days on the sur- face of dry sand, but do not let them shrivel. The treatment, othewise, is as given above for cuttings of growing woort. In gloxinia and other Gesneraceae, the whole leaf (Fig. G29), half a leaf, or even a lesser port'on, is used. When enough clear petiole is obtainable, no further preparation is needed. When a part only of the leaf is planted, some of the blade must be cut away. As a rule, no bud is de- vt;Ioped the fiist seaso . . a tuber i>< formed, which will grow in due time. Begonia Hex is increased by leaves in various ways. The whole leaf may be planted as a cutting, keeping the petiole entire or cutting it off where it unites with the blade ; or the whole leaf can be pinne<I or weighted to the surface of moist sand (Fig. 203, page i42). and, if the principal veins are severed at intervals of an 629. Leaf-cutting of Kloxinia. 630. Lily scale producing bublets. inch, a plantlet will appear at every cut. The best way is to divide the leaf into somewhat triangular pieces (see Fig. 204, page 142), ea<'h part having a strong vein near the center. Plant in sand, in good temperature, and treat precisely as if they were cuttings of growing wood. Roots and buds will soon >^ow, and a good plant will result within a reasonable time. Pot oflf when roots are J4 in. long. The thickened scales of bulbs, like lilies, can be used for propagation. Remove the scales intjwt and plant upright, like si^ eds, in soil ma<le of equal parts of san<l and rotted leaf -mold ( F'ig. C30) : September and October are the usual months for this work. If they are kept in a cool greenhouse, the young bulblets will appear in the course of the winter, but top growth will come later, in summer. This is a slow, lalK>rious pro- cess, and is seldom practiced except in propagating new varieties. The granular scales of achimenes and plants of like nature can be used for propagating, sow- ing them in a sandy soil as seeds are sown ; but this method is not a good one in ordinary ceses. The scales of Zamia horrida have been made to produce new plants, and also the tuuicated scales of an amaryllis. See Transactions of Horticul- tural Society [London], 6, p. 501. True \ariegation, that which comes from lack of chlorophyll matter, is not always reproduced by leaf-cu;tings The characteristic coloring in the foliage of Beqonia Hex is never lacking in plants ob- tained by these means. For ftirther details of Cuttage, consult Lindley's The- ory and Practice of Horticulture, 2d ed.; Burbidge, The Propagation and Improvement of Cultivated Plants ; Peter Henderson's Practical Floriculture ; Bailey's Nursery Book, 3d ed. g ^j Watson. CYANOPHtLLDM. Consult Miconia. CYATHEA (Greek, a CMP, alluding to the indusia). Cyathedceie. A large genus of tree ferns found in both hemispheres, with a globose indusium which ultimately ruptures at the apex and becomes cup-shaped. All the species in cultivation have decompound Ivs. Many other species from Columbia and the West Indies besides those described below are well worthy of cul- tivation. L. M. UXDERWOOD. This genus includes some of the most beautiful of all tree ferns. The species offer a great variety in size of trunks. Those of temperate regions are mostly stout and not spiny; the tropical species are more slender and in many cases densely armed with stout spines. All species are evergreen. Their culture is simple but ex- acting. They require an abundance of water at the roots and the trunks should be kept constantly moist. By these means only can a vigorous growth and fine heads of fronds be secured. The foliage lasts longer if it has been inured to the sun during summer. Like all other tree ferns, Cyatheas need little pot-room. None of the species produces adventitious growths along the trunk or at the base and none is proliferous. The plants are, therefore, usually prop, by spores, which are produced abundantly and genninate freely, making attractive young plants in two aeaf^on^.— Abridged from Schnei- der's Book of Choice Ferns. A. Rachides unarmed; Ivs. white beneath. dealb&ta, Swz. Rachides with pale rusty wool when young ; Ivs. firm , bi-tripinnate. almost pure white beneath . N^. Zealand. C. Smithii, Hort., is regarded by some as a horticultural variety. AA. JSachides unarmed; Ivs. green beneath. Barkei, Hook. Stalks with tubercles near the base beiiriiij;': large, glossy rusty scales: Ivs. bipinnate, with broad pinnules. S. Africa. merid^nsis, Karst. Figs. 631, 632. Lvs. tripinnati- fid. with oblong-lanceolate pinnae and rather rarrow lanceolete pinnules; segments scaly on the ribs beneath. U. S. Columbia. 424 CYATHEA CYCLAMEN AAA. Rachiden spiny; lv8. green beneath. xnedull^ris, Swz. Lvs. bi-t rii>innate, den "-ely scaly when young, with soft, de- ciduous hair-like scales ; segments coarsely serrate or pinnatiHd. on spore- bearing lvs. N. Zealand. L. M. Underwood. CYCAS (clas^j^al Greek name). Cycr.d&eeat . Twenty or fewer species of widely distributed tropi- cal or warm-temperate palm-lik" plants. Plants dioe- ceous. The lis. appear in a mass in the bosom of the great crown of lvs. Stamiuate tis. are anthers borne beneath a scale ; the pistillate tis. are naked ovules borne in the angles of rusty-fuzzy, pinnatifld lvs. They have striking analogies with the gym- nospenns an<l ferns. C'yca<ls are popular conserva- tory plants, for they are of easy culture, and the crowns of lvs. withstand much neglect, or even abuse. Cycas stems and leaves are imported in vast quantities directly from Japrn. btaminate plants are rare in cultivation. For a horticultural synopsis of the genus, see I. H. 11. un«ler tab. 405. A running sketch, by W. Watson, is in Ct.F. 4: WW. Cycads in the various species are among the most popular decorative plants for both house and garden. Their culture is comparatively simple, as they suc- ceed in varying tempe'-ature and any well drained soil. C revulntit is probably the most hardy spe- cies, withstanding the trying climate of the upper coast of the Uulf of Mexico, where it occasionally loses its entire crown of leaves during severe freezes, but is seldom killed outright. It usually stands well at Savannah. Plants are propagated by seeds, which keep well for a month or more after ripening. They should be sown in shallow boxes or the greenhouse bench, lightly ct>vered with sand, and, after germination, potted off in small pots of moderately rich, light soil. The growing plants do their best in partial shade, where they should have proper attention in watering and weeding. The old plants freqtiently send up suckers around the base of the trunk, which may be cut off and rooted, if takea in a dormant state. The leaves, if any have formed, should be cut off at the time of its removal, as other- wise they would dry up the sucker before it wa* es- tablished. The large stems, or trunks, are safely shipped from their native home to most distant countries, after cutting off leaves and roots and pack- ing in cases .'n a dry condition. Upon arrival at their destination, the stems are planted in as small pots as possible and kept close and moist until new leaves form, when a cooler and drier air will answer for them. Their use as decorative specimens for the home is increasing, although many failures result from lack of moisture and sunshine. The soil which suits them best is a sandy or gravelly loam, and should never be allowed to get quite drj-, but be kept in a moderately moist conditionat all seasons. When dormant, they may be placed in the most shaded positions occasionally, but ought to have sunshine daily, when possible, for at least an hoiir. During their periodical growth, they should ha.-e a great deal of sunshine to insure a stocky and vigorous growth ; otherwise the leaves will be drawn to an unnatural lengt^h, with few i)inna^, ruining their symmetrical form. Cult, by E. X. Reasoxer. revoltita, Thunb. Sago Palm. Figs. 6:$.'i, 6:{4. Pe- coming G-10 ft. high, and then branching : 'vs. long and recurved at the end (2-7 ft.), the many pinnae curved downward, narrow. "1 sharp-pointed and stiff, dark, shining green. Japan. J.H. III. 21:1G;{. 309. A.G 19: 4;{6. G:i:U. -The est species B. M. 21W».'M. 29:;J79. R.B. R. H. 189(;, p. 13:141; 18:1; Mn. 2:88: comnion- in cult. Produces a handsome crest or crown of out- ward-flowing lvs., which remains in per- fection fur months and years. The fniit is densely tomentose, but is not ofteu seen in cultivated plants. Much used at funerals. " circin&lis. lAnn.(C.Thmidrsii, R. Br.). Taller, rarely branching : lvs. twice longer than those of C. revoluta, gracefully archintr, the pinnap afoot or less long, falcate, dark irreen abovf and pale beneath. Moluccas. B. M. 282«>-7. F. S. 20: 2118-19.— Fruit glabrous at maturity. Not un- common in good collections. Rapid grower as com- pared with some other species. Biimphii, Miq. Usually low, but said to be tall in the wild : crown large and full : the lvs. Tm; ft. long and 12-18 in. wide : pinna* pale, thin, lanceo- late. 12-14 in. long and H in. wide ; petiole spinv. E. ind. Bellefdnti. Lind. & Rod. Stem short, cylindrical and erect : lvs. long and graceful, recurved, the linear-lanceolate slightly falcate, sessile pinna* en- tire and plane on the border, somewhst glaucous ; petioles spinulose at the base. China. I.H. 33 : 586. mddia, R. Br. Tall (10-15 ft.), the trunk cylindrical, bearing a large crown : lvs. curved downwards, 4 ft. or more long, elliptic or lanceolate ; i)innaB numerous, linear and pointed ; petif>le convex below, flat or nearly so on top. Australia. I.H. 26: 368. Names which have appeared in the Amer. trade are : C. Cotnorien»i8 = l — C. i«'/i//j«nju = Encephalartos Leh- manni. — r. Neo-Caledonica, Lind. Much like C. circitialis, but the fronds narrower und the pinnse closer, C. Han- deri&nn — ? Other cnltivated Cycads o~ C. Beddomei, Dyer. Per- hap:? a small form of <^. ci^ lalis. E. Ind.— C. Norman- b}fdna, Muell. Lvs. oblong-ovate, with niimerons linear pinna* 6 in. long. Australia.— C. pectindta. Griff. Stem short, sending np very long, rich green, plume-like, semi- erect lvs., with long, thin, blunt-tipped pinna*. Ind. <i.F. 4: li4. Said to be the finest si)ecies. — C Jiimniniana, Regel. Stem rather stout : lvs. bright green, erect, spread- ing in a vase-form crown, the pinna? fine-pointed. Philip- pines. I. H. II: 4Qri.— C. Siamensis, yii(i. Much like C. cir- cinalis: lvs. 2-4 ft. long, bright green, graceftd : trunk miuh swollen at the base. Siam and Cochin China. I.H. R. H. 1881, p. 397. 'sif>r.f^:t<-^.v!Nv^-fi-rT^ ,• < ».t*«w»ta:?fr;^.< •IV>^,^ ■.•■i;i>; ■-■■■'•■.■ corm •' •;■• •-:.ft7<i.-t»?>^*aS!!<?r^~-*---l/>^ ..•.,,.«■.- ;r->',.'.->3K'J,<.-.:.v,«Jfa^ 631. Cyathea meridensis. L. H. B. CYCLAMEN ( classical name, probably from the Greek word for circle, in allusion to the si)irally twisted p e d u n c 1 e s I . Prim u h'lcetr . A dozen or more species, mostly of the 31editerranean re- gion and the Caucasus. Herbaceous and low, from a flattish tuber or fi. single, on a scape, with usually 5-parted calyx and corolla (the parts strongly re- flexed), 5 connivent stamens, with pointed, sessile anthers, 1 style and stigma, and aTj-split- ting capsule. C. hififolimn i> the source of the standard flo- rists' Cyclamens. Most of the other species are grown only as curiosities in this countr>'; and thev are essentially out- door plants. Old English name Sowbread, from the tubers be- ing sought by swine. Con- CYCLAMEN CYCLAMEN 425 suit Fr 181)8. Hildebrand, T>k Oattung Cyclamen, Jena, L. H. B. All Cyclamens are very beautiful, ami would be much more popular were they hardy in our ea.stt'rn climate. On the Pacific slope many of them probably would be perifci-tly at home as outdoor plants, producing? a ^eat number of Howcrs alM>ve the bare soil in the depth of winter before the lfuv« s are developed. It is, however, with the Persian Cychmien, which is tender, that florists have had the greatest success. There is no common winter-Howering subject of as much value for du-ation in bloom, variety of eoloriiijE:, or wealth of color. It is preferable at all times to be>;in the culture of Persian Cyclamen with seeds, sown in the early winter months. Grow on without any ch«'<'k for the following year. They should bloom freely about fifteen months from planting. Old tul)ers, such as are offered in fall with other florists' bulbs, rarely give any satisfaction as compared with a packet of seeds. It is not the nature of the plant to have all its roots dried off. as if it were a Hyacinth or Tulij*. Our summers are rather too warm to suit Cyclamen perfectly, and it will be foun<l that the most growth is made in the early autumn. It is best to give th a little shade in the hut months, such as a frame < i.joors near the shade of overhanging trees at midday. This is oetter than gi'owing them under painted glass, as more light is available, together with plenty of fresh air on hot days. It will be found that Cyclamen seeds reijuire a l<>n« time in which to genninate, — often two months. This is <lue to the fact that the seed pro- duces a bulb or conn before leaf growth is visible. As soon as two leaves are well developed, place the plants around the ed^re of '- or o-inch pots until every one is large en(»ugh for a iJ-inch pot. The roots are produced sparingly in the initial stages, and too much pot room would be fatal at the start. By the middle of summer another shift may be given. an<l in September all will be ready for the i>uts in which they are to flower, — .')- or 6-inch pots, according to tlie vigor of the plants. It will always be found, however, that there will be a cer- tain percentage that will not grow, no matter how much persuasion is used. These may be thrown away to save time and labor early in the season. The Giganteum named varieties that will reproduce themselves almost to a certainty. Of recent' years cultivators have had much trouble with a tiny insect or mite that attacks the plants and renders them useless for bloom. Its work is done mostly 633. Cy-as revoluta. Specimen gro'^n in partial shade. strains produce the largest l)looms, but at the expense of quantity. For the average cultivator it is better to trv a good strain that is not gigantic. There is a recent departure in the form of crested flowers. Cyclamens come true to color from seeds, and one can now buy 634. Leaf of Cycas revoluta. after the plants are taken into the greenhouse and when about to mature into blooming specimens. If the first flowers come deformed, or abnormally streaked with colors that are darker in shade, it is a sure indication that the pest is present. Xo other treatment can be recommen<led but to destroy the infected plants and keep the stock clean, for the pest has not yet been studied carefully. Cult, by E. O. Okpet. Cyclamens should be removed to the greenhouse about the end of September, or before any danger of frost. In the house they should always have the lightest bench. It is impossible to grow thtin in a warm, shady house. About 50° at night is the ideal temperature when in flower. The soil best suited to them is a fresh, tufty loam, with a fourth or fifth of well rotted' horse- manure, to which add some clean sand if the soil is heavy. At all times, the pots should be well drained. Greenfly is sure to attack the plants at all stages of" their growth. In the frames the plants can be plunged in tobacco stems, and in the greenhouse they must be fumigated or. what is better still, vaporized with some of the nicotine extracts. Wili.iam Scott. A. Fall-hlooming species. Afric^num, Boiss. & Reut. The largest of Cyclamens: tubers often as large as a turnip (4-10 in. across) : Ivs. ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed, pale beneath, dull and l>ale green marbled above: calyx pubescent, the lobes broadly ovate-aeuminate: corolla nearly white, faintly rose- or purple-tinged, the segments 1 in. long and deep purple at the base. Algeria. B.M, 5758. F.S. 8:841. — Little known in this country, but sold by the American agencies of the Dutch bulb houses. The same remark will apply to most other species, except C. latifolium. Perhaps a form of the next. Neapolitinum, Ten. Tuber very large, black, thick- rinded: Ivs. variable, from hastate to round-reniform, more or less wavy-plaited on the edges, green or some- what parti-colored: calyx small: corolla pink or rarely white, the segments short and twisted and the edges raised .«ind white-edged at the base, S, Eu. B.R. 24: 49. Gn. 51, p. 3", R.H. 1855: 21. as C. liedirce folium. Europaeum, Linn. [C. Clhsii. Lindl.). Lvs. ovate-or- bicular, entire or nearly so, with a deep and narrow basal sinus, more or less white-nuirbled al>ove, purple- tinted beneath: fls. on scapes 4-5 in. high, briirht red and very fragrant, the corolla-segments oblong-spatulate ( >4in. or less long) ; calyx glabrous. Central and S. Eu. B.R. 12:1013. — Lvs. appearing with the fls. Variable. CilicicTun, Boiss. & Heldr. Much like C. Europceum: fls. white, with purple at the mouth, about twice larger; calyx puberuleut. Sicily G,C. 111.23:81. 426 CYCLAMEN CYDONIA AA. Spring-bloom i»<j species. latildliam, Sibth. & Sm. {C. Prrsieum, Mill.). Fig. 63.'). The cumnion jcrfenhouse or Persian Cyclamen, in many forms: Ivs. appearing with the fls., ovate, crenate- dentate, usually marbled or variejrated with white: fls. on scajies G-7 in. hi^h, large, scentless, white, purple- blotched at the mouth, but varying? into rose-colored, purple and spotted forms, oblong-spatulate in shape, not eared or lobed at the base. (Jreece to Syria.— C. firi- gantdmn, Hort., is the common larpe-tld., im- proved form of this spe- cies. There are also dou- ble-fld. forms (R. H. 1886, p. 250); also fimbriate or trianpular, dark creen above, a little paler b^low ; sliffhtly :$-iobed ; lobes triauf^ular or ovate-oblon»f, the middle one acute, the side lobes much shorter, obtuse, acute or almost wanting ; margin of Ivs. with minute, remote teeth : male fls. minute, crowded into few-fld. racemes, which are usually shorter than the petiole: fr. ovate-reniform, obtuse, with a few short spines in the back; seeds small, black, narrowly winged. New (iran- ada, CYCLANTHU8 {flouern in a circle). CycluHthdcnr. A small tropical American genus, giving name to a small order which is allied to the palms. The species are not in the Amer. trade. Culture of Carlu- '^ dovica (which see). CYCLOBOTHRA (name referring to the nec- taries). Liliariit. A small group of west Amer- ican plants, now referred to Calochortus (which see). The fls. are open-campaiiulate, with nak«<l or only sparsely hairy nectur glands, the sepals more or less pitted. C. fldva, Lindi. (now known as Cnlochortun flavtts, Schult.), is in the trade as Yem.ow Shell-flowkr. Stem rather tall, branching, with small, yellow black-dotted fls.: Ivs. narrow-linear. Mex. 635. Cyclamen latifolium. Showing a flower of perfect form, and the crested va- riety (X>^). crested forms. (\ Papllio (I.H. 4.3:6.3. G.F. 5:23.5. G.C. III. 21:71; 2.3:173). C. AUppicum, Fisch., is a form of it. F.S. 22:2.345. Other portraits of C. latifolium are : I.H. .35:43. Gn. 47:1016; 48:10.30. J.H. III. 34:578. Gt. 1895, p. 203 ; 189<>, p. 164. F.S. 22:2.345. A.G. 14:390- 392; 17:261. A. F. 7:521-525; 11:1176-9; 12:499. Cdum, Mill. Tuber smaller than in the last: Ivs. with the fls., nearly orbicular, entire, firm, not marVded nor variegated : fls. small, deep red. scentless, half or less as large as those of the last. S*. Eu. B.M. 4. F.S. 22: 2345. — There is a white-fld. form (C. album, Hort.). Ib^ricum, Goldie. Dwarf : Ivs. appearing with the fls.. ovate-orbicular and rounded at the apex, entire or obscurely undulate, more or less zoned with white above: fls, red, with a purple mouth. Caucasus. — Per- haps a geographical form of C. Coum. C. Atkinsii, Hort., is a form (perhaps a hybrid) with larger white fls. F.S. 23:2425. r. titUeneiuiiiiiii, Hort. (and Ait,?), is C. Neapolitanum.— C Libaiwti^mm,, Hild.,is a new hardy si)ecies from Lebanon, with "large, rosy fls., with T-fomi deep carmine markings at the base of the petals" (see Bot. .Tahrb. 25:477).— C repdndum, Hort. (not Sibth. & Sm.)=C. Coum?— (7. v»mum, Sweet=C. Coam. L. H. B. CYGLANTH£:BA (Greek, anthers in a circle). Curar- bitdcetF. This genus is interesting as a plant with a fruit that explodes with a considerable noise when ripe. The plant is a climbing half-hardy annual of easy cul- ture. The seed should be started indoors earlv.' The genus is near Echinocystis and Elaterium, and" has 30 or more species, all from tropical America. They are annual, climbing herbs, glabrous or pubescent, with a perennial root : Ivs. entire, lobed or 5-7 foiiolate : fls. minute, yellow, greenish or white, with t;>eir parts in 6's. Monograph by Coigneaux in DC. Mon. "han. 3:822 (1881). explddens, Naud. Stem slender, branche*!. angled or furrowed, slightly villous, especially at tht joints, 6-8 ft. long : Ivs, 2K-3 in. long, and about as wide, ovate- CYCLOLOMA (Greek for circle and bor- der, from the encircling wing of the calyx). ChenopodiAceip. One weedy herb {C. pUi- tiiphfillum, Mo<i. ) of sandy soils from Minn., west and south, which was once in- troduced as the Cyclone Plant, since the plant \H a tumble-weed or rolls before the wind when it is matured and becomes detached from the s(»il. The plant is annual, 1-2 ft. high, pubescent or nearly gla- brous, with narrow, but flat and sinuate Ivs., and bract- less fls. in an open panicle. The fls. are very small, perfect or sometimes lacking the stamens ; calyx 5- cleft, the lobes strongly keeled and becoming winged and inclosing the seed. Plant not fleshy nor jointed. CYCNdCHES {.<<wnn's neck, from the Greek, referring to the curved column). Orchiddceip, tribe I'dndtif. Swan Orchid. An interesting genus of deciduous orchids found in tropical America. Pseudobulbs long, fusiform: Ivs. lanceidate, plicate, labellum continuous with column ; column arcuate, terete, flattening out and becoming clavate at the apex; pollinia 2. The flowers are of different sexes. The same plant may produce male and female floweis. One kind of flower may be fragrant, the other kind scentless. Staminate flowers usu- ally smaller than pistill.ite flowers; ovary of pistillate flowers thickish. Staminate flowers more numerous thfin pistillate flowers. About a dozen species. Cult, like Cat- asetum, either in 'pots or baskets. Prop, by dividing the pseudo-bulbs just as growth begins. Very few forms are in cultivation in America, due to the want of brilliancy in the flowers. Some of the species produce varving flowers on different racemes on the same plant. aiireum, Lindl. & Paxt. Fls, numerous, large and yel- low, drooping ; sepals and petals lanceolate, purple- dotted, the petals curved; lip small and much divided, the column purple -dotted. Cent. Amer. chlorochilon, Lindl. Racemes about 3-flowered: fls. large, no«lding, 5-8 in. across, green; sepals oval-oblong; petals falcate, slightly larger, labellum subsessile rather obovate and concave at base, yellowish green except at the base; column slender, with a wide base, greenish. Venezuela. I.H. .35:65. J.H. 111.35: 285. Gn. 49, p.403; 51: 1108 and p. 173. pentaddctylon, Lindl. Fls. greenish or white, barred or bhttched with orown; labellum partly white, spotted with crimson ; c(dunin purple below the anther. Rio d© Janeiro. B.R. 29: 22. ventricdstim, Batem. Raceme (often 2) about 5-fld.: fls. greenish yellow, fragrant; lip white, with a black callou!? spot on the claw. Guatemala. ^^ __ - Amfs GYDONIA (the fruits known to the Ro,nans as mala Cfldonia, apples from Cydon, now Canea, in Crete i. i^o»dce«, sub-family PoMjdcetr. Quince. Shrubs or small CYDOXIA CYMHIDIL'M 427 treeB, sometimes «piny : Ivs. petioled, deciduous or semi-persiMtent, alternate, stipulate, serrate or entire : tin. white or red, rather large, solitary «ir in few-Hd. clusters; petals '>; stamens numerous : fr. aromatic, a lar);e 5-celled pome, each cell containing many seeds. Four species in Asia from Turkestan to Jap. Ornamen- tal shrubs, nearly hardy north except <'. Shienitis, which can only be grown south. C Japnuiia and Man- lei, with handsome glossy foliage and abundant Hs.Jn early spring, varying in all sha<les from pure white to deep scarlet, are highly decorative, and especially a<lapted for borders of shrubberies and for low ornamen- tal hedges. The fr. of all species can be made Into con- serves, but usually only C riihjnris, a species of less decorative value, is grorvn for this purpose. The Quinces thrive in alm<»st any soil, but require sunny position to bloom abundantly. Prop, by seeds usually stratified and sown in spring; C. Japonica and C. Mmilei are rea<lily in«'reased by root -cuttings made in fall or early si)ring. and rarer kinds or less vigorous* growing varieties are grafted in the greeidiouse in early spring, on stock of the Japanese or common Quince; they grow also from cuttings of half-ripened or nearly mature wood, under glass an«l from layers. C. vnUjurin (the Quince) is mostly increased by cuttings of 1-4- year-old wood, taken in fall and stored until spring in sand or moss in a cellar or frame; also by layers and bud<linp, or by grafting on vigorous growing varieties. See (Quince. A. Fls. solitary, on nhort leafy branchlets, irith re- flexed xerratt calyx lobta- utipuhs small. {Cydo- nia proper.) vuIgJLris, Pers. {PifruH Cyddnia, Linn.). Quince. Fig. HM. Shrub or small tree, with slender, spineless branches: Ivs. oval or oblong, rounded or slightly cor- date at the base, acute, entire. villous-i)ubescent be- neath, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or light pink, 2 in. across: fr. large, yellow, villous, pyriform or globular. May. Cent, and E. Asia. — Var. Lusit^nica, Mill., is of more vigorous growth, with larger Ivs. an<l fr. pear-shaped and ribbed. Var. malifdrmis has apple-sliaped, and var. pyrif6nni8 pear-shaped fr. Var. marmor^ta, Hort., has whitish and yellow variegated Ivs. See also Qiiiure. Sinensis, Thouin ( Pyrus Cathayensis, Hemfel. ) . Shrub or small tree: Ivs. elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, sharply and finely serrate, villous beneath when young, 2-3 in. long : fls. light pink, about 13^3 in. across : fr. dark vellow, oblong, 4-<i in. long. May. China. B.R. ll:00r>. R.H. 1889:228. A.G. 12: lO.-The Ivs. assume a scarlet fall coloring. Not hard) north of Philadelphia, except in favored localities. See IJuince. ovoid, 1^-2 in. high, yellowish green. March, April. China, Jap. K.B. I:2(i0. L.B.C. 1(»: ir)y4. Gn. 50:10«.- Many garden forms in all shailes from white to deep scarlet, and also with d«ujble fls. Some of the best are the following : Var. Alba, Lo<ld., fls. white, blushed. L.B.C. 6:541. Var. atrotangrulnea pldna, deep scarlet, 636. Twig of Common Quince — Cydonia vulgaris (X 3^). Showing where the fruit was borne at A and "B. AA. Us. in leafless clusters, nearly sessile, before or tcith the Ivs.: calyx lobes erect, entire : stipules large, (dmenomeles.) Jap6nica, Pers. (P^rus Japdnica, Thunbg. Chcrno- meles Japdnica, Lindl.). Japan Quince. Japonica. Fig. 6.37. Shrub, 3-ij ft., with spreading, spiny branches : Ivs. ovate or oblong, acute, sh.trply serrate, glabrous, glossy above, 1^2-3 in. long: fls. "in 2-()-fld. clusters, scarlet-red in the type, 1/3-2 in. across; fr. globular or Z'.:^^ 637. Cydonia Japonica (XK)- double. Var. c&ndida, pure white. Var. cardln&lis, deep scarlet. R.H. 1872: .i.Ut f. 1. Var. Gaujirdi, salmon- orange. Var. ^andiflora, nearly white, large fls. R.H. 187(»:410. Var. Mallardi, fls. rose, bordered white. V^ar. p6ndula, Hort., with slender, pendulous branches. Var. Tdsea pl^na, rose, semi-double. Var. rubra grandifldra, ris. large, deep crimson. Var. sanguinea plena, scarlet, double. Var. umbilic^ta, with rose-red lis., and large frs. umbilicate at the apex. Maiilei, Nichols. (Pyrus ^fa^^lei, Mast. Chcenomiles alp)na, Koehne). Low shrub. 1-3 ft.: branches spiny, with short, rough tomentum when young: ivs. round- ish oval to obovate, obtuse or acute, coarsely crenate- serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. bright orange -scarlet, ]-l>2 in. across : fr. vellow, nearlv globular, about '1}4 in. across. March, April. Jap. B.M. 6780. G.C. II. 1:757 and 2:741. —A very desirable hardy shrub, with abun- dant fls. of a peculiar shade of red. Var. alplna, Rehder {Chienomeles Japdnica, var. alp'ina, Maxim. Cyddnia Sdrgenti, Lem.). Dwarf spiny shrub, with procumbent stems and ascending branches: Ivs. roundish oval, K-1 in. long: flowering and fniiting profusely. Var. snp^rba, Hort. F!s. deeper red. Var. tricolor, dwarf shrub, with pink and white variegated Ivs. Alfred Rehder. CYMBlDIUM [boat, from the Greek, referring to the shape of the lip). Orchidclce(v, tribe Vdndett. Plants epiphytal, rarely terrestrial, stems pseiulobulbous or not so: leaves coriaceous, long, rarely short, persistent: sepals and petals sub-e(|ual. labellum usually tri-lobed, adnate to the base of the ccdunm; column erect; pollinia 2. Species, tropical, sub-tropical, found on mountains at high elevations in Asia. A few species are found in Af- rica and Australia. For horticultural purposes this genus is of comparatively little value. Oakes Ames. No difficulty will be experienced in growing the several species of (.'ymbidium under one method of treatment. A shaded position in the Mexican house or cool end of the Cattleya department, where the temperature ranges be- tween .')0° and 5.^° Fahr. at night and about G.^° or with sun heat 70° through the day will be found Luitable. During the warm summer months they must be kept shaded in a cool, moist atmosphere with a free circulation of air. As they are robust growing plants, pot culture will suit them best, but those with pendulous inflorescence, such as C. Findlaysonianum, C. pendulum, etc., may be grown in baskets if desired. Repotting and top-dress- ing should be attended to in spring at the commence- 428 CYMBIDIUM CYNODON ment of the growing season, and should be executed with judgment, so tnat it will last three or four years, as the roots dislike being disturbed. The potting soil should consist of one-half chopped sod, the balance of equal parts leaf-mold, peat and live chopped sphagnum moss, well mixed together; about one-third of the pot room should be devoted to drainage— potsherds or charcoal, covering the same with a little rough material to kf ep it open. When the large, fleshy roots are carefiti'y dis- tributed the material should be worked in firmly f.bout them, leaving the base of the plant on a level with the rim of the pot when finished. Water sparingly until the new growths appear, when a r lore liberal supply will be necessary, but never enouerh to keep the soil con- stantly wet, or the new roots are liable to decay and the foliage to become spotted. Stock is increased by remov- ing the old pseudobulbs, potting them up in small pots and giving them a little more heat and moisture until they start new growth action, when they may be removed to their proper department. Robert M. Gkey. A. Inflorescence erect. ebumeum, Lindl. Stems tufted : Ivs. dis- tichous at base, 1 or 2 ft. long, linear or lo- rate, bifid at apices: peduncles not as long as the Ivs., few-fid. : fis. about 3 in. across, ivory white, sometimes tinered with rose ; sepals and petals oblong - lanceolate ; labellum 3- lobed, with a golden yellow ridge running down the center. Khasia Hills, at an elevation of from 5,000 to 6,000 ft. B.R. 33:67. B.M. 5136. Gn. 46, p. 398. Inflorescence arcliing, not pendent. Sepals and petals veined with red, brown or purple. Lowi^num, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs oblong : Ivs. 2-3 ft. long, linear-acute, recurved: racemes many-fid.: se- pals and petals oblong-lanceolate (lateral ones sul)-fal- cate), greenish yellow marked with brown; lateral lobes of labellum yellowish ; midlobe refiexed, margined with yellow, the front blotched with brown-crimson ; fis. about 20 in number, several inches across. Burma. Gn. 48, p. 263. Gng. 5:73. — Var. Mandaiilnum, Hort. {C. Mnndaiilnum, Hort.), has yellow fis. A beautiful hybrid of C eburneum and C. Lotvianum is shown in Gn. 48:1034. gigantdum, Wall. Fig. 6.38. Fis. dull purple (brown- ish, or yellowish green stripeu with purple) ; sepals and petals^oblong, the petals narrcwand shorter; midlobe '"f labellum refiexed, vellow, spotted with red : lateral lobes yellowish geeu. Nepal. B. Id. 4844. P.M. 12:241. longriidliom, Don. Lvs. linear-acuminate : peduncle stout, sub-en ..r. then drooping: fis. about 12; scxH sub-equal, oblong; the u-^per one broadest and inci " ; both sepals aud petals green striped with brownit i ^ni\ pie; disk and midlobe of labellum white, spotted with purple; lateral lobes with purple lines. Ind. ensifdliom, Swartz. Lvs. ensiform, acute : peduncle many-fid. : fis. greenish yellow, veined with purple ; sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute ; labellum spotted. Ind., Jap. B.M. 1751. Huttonii, Hook. f. Plant about 2 ft. high: fis. 10, in drooping racemes ; sepals yellow, striated with brown ; petals brown ; labellum greenish, dotted with brown. Java. B.M. 5670. BB. Sepals and petals not veined with purple or brotcn. tigrinum, Parish. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: peduncles slender 'i-6-fld. : sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute, green spotted at base ; petals often paler and with more spots than the sepals; labellum with yellow, red -brown striped lateral lobes ; midlobe white, transversely streaked with purple. Burma. B.M. 5457. Hookeriiina:ai, Reichb. f. Lvs. about 2 ft. long, acute: peduncle aohing above, erect at base : fis. from 6-12, large; .sepals and petals oblong, greenish; labellum yel- low, spotted with purple. Sikkim. B.M. 5574. BBB. Sepals and petals whitish. Mdstersii, Griff. (CyperdrcJiis Masters ii, Benth.). Lvs. linear, acuminate: peduncle stout, longer than the raceme: sepals and petals sub-equal, oblong-lanceolate, white, flushed with rose at the apices ; labellum mi- nutely pubescent ; lamellae orange-yellow. Sikkim. B.R. 31 :.'>0. Var. ilbum, Hort.. has white fis. C. dlba- fldra, of Amer. trade, is equivalent to C. Alastersi:^ var. album. AAA. Inflorescence pendent. pendulum, Swartz. The leathery lvs. distichous, 2-3 ft. lung, broadly linear : fis. yellowish ; side lobes and midlobe of labellum rose-color; the disk more or less white with j'ellow crests; sepals and petals narrowly oblong, with a purple median line. E. Ind. Finlaysoniinum, Lindl. {C. pendulum, hindl.). Lvs. ensiform: raceme many-tid: sepals and petals linear- oblong, obtuse, dull yellow sometimes, with a reddish median line ; lateral lobes of labellum crimson ; mid- lobe white, tipped with crimson. Malaysia. — Var. atro- purpilreum, HoA. Lvs. narrower, racemes longer, with larger fis. : sepals and petals purplish, front lobe of la- bellum white, spotted with purple. Borneo. C. aloifolium, Swz., with pale purple fls.. and C. virescens, Lindl. (C. virens, Reichb. f.), with greenish sepals and petals and yellow, red-blotched lip, are offered by importers of Japa- nese plants.— C Undleyi is a name which has appeared in the Amer. trade, but which is not identified.— For C. Saudersoni, seeAusellia. Oakes Ames. CTNANCHUM (Greek, dog poison). Asclepiadacea. About 20 species in S. Eu., Africa, Asia and Australia, herbaceous or sometimes half woody at the base, twin- ing. Lvs. opposite, entire. Plant very like Vincetoxi- cum, but the fls. differ in having a scale or ligule on the inside of each of the 5 parts of the crown. acuminatifdlium, Hemsl. ( Vincetdxicum acumindtum, Decne. J'. ^fipd«JCH»t, Hort. ). Mosqcito Plant. Ciuel Plant. Perennial : erect or nearly so, or the tips show- ing a somewhat twining habit: the stems grayish and more or less rngular: lvs. opposite, broadly ovate and acuminate, short-peti(ded, strontrly pinnate-veined, en- tire, usually conspicuously gray-pubescent beneath : fl. -clusters lateral (1-2 between the lvs.), shorter than the lvs. : fis. white, smell, in umbel-like cymes: fr. a milk- weed-like follicle. Japan. — In the flowers, mosquitoes and other insects are caught, miu'h as they are in other asclepiadaceous plants. The native J w.soHirt Tahfrno'- monfana is sometimes sold as this plant, and it has been figured as such. L. H. B. CYNARA (invDlucre spines likened to a dog's tooth). Comp6sit(F. A half-dozen S. European species, of which the Artichoke and Cardoon {which see) are ciltivated. CtNODON. See Capriola. CYNOGLOSSUM CYPERUS 429 639. Bur of Hound'8-tongue or Stick -tieht. (X3.) CYN0GL6SSTJM (Greek, hound's tongue, from the shape and soft surface of the Ivs. of the commonest species). Borragindcfoe. A large and widely dispersed group of little horticultural interest, being mostly tall, coarse, weedy herbs. C. offivi- nAle, Linn., [Fig. 639, has a bur that becomes attached to cloth- ing and to the fleece of sheep. It is a biennial weed, natural- ized from the Old World, grows about 2 ft. 1 igh in pas- tures and waste places of the Atlantic states, and has soft- pubescent, lanceolate Ivs., and dull red-purple (sometimes white) fls. in panicled racemes. C. grdnde, Dougl. Once cult, from California as a hardy border perennial ; grows about 2 ft. high, with lower Ivs. ovate- oblong, or somewhat heart- shaped at the base, acute or acuminate, 4-8 in. long, on mar- gined petioles of about the same length : upper Ivs. smaller, ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into shorter winged petioles : fls. violet or blue. For O. Ap- pennlnum, Linn., see Solenanthus. CYN6KCHIS (Greek for dog orchid). Orchiddceoe, tribe Ophrydece. A dozen Habenaria-like African or- chids, not in the Am. trade. Culture of Bletia. >'ot to be confused with Cycnoches. Clli08tJB.VS {Greek, dog's tail). Gramineie. An- nual or perennial, cespitose grasses, with flat leaves. Spikelets of two forms in small fascicles, these forming a dense somewhat unilateral, spike-like panicle; termi- nal spikelets of the fascicles 2—4 fld., hermaphrodite; lower spikelets sterile, consisting of many empty glumes: flowering-glumes mucronate or awn-pointed; stamens 3. Species 4 or 5, in the north temperate re- gions of the Old World. cristiltiis, Linn. Crested Dog's-tail. A slightly tufted perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with narrow Ivs. and a rather slender, erect, spike-like panicle. Int. from Europe. — Well adapted for shaded lawns and wood- lands. Also recommended for mixed pastures, espe- cially in hilly regions. The mature stems are used in the manufacture of Leghorn hats. Slogans, Desf. Silkt-awned Dog's-tail. A pretty perennial grass varying in height from 6 in.-l Vi ft. : ivs. small and scarce: panicle one-sided and spike-like: spikelets with long white silky a\vns 3^-1 in. long. Int. from Europe.— Handsome for dry bouquets. P. B. Ken>t;dy. CYNTHIA. All referred to Krigia. CYP£LLA (application obscure). Iridhcece. Eight species of South American bulbs, inferior to Iris for general culture because not hardy, and also less showy, '''he genus differs from Iris and Moraea in its stigmas, which are neither petal-like nor filiform, but erect, and in the anthers, which are broad, erect, not sloped, bear- ing the pollen on their edges, also in the plaited leaves. C. Herberti is the only species offered by the American trade, and the catalogues say it comes from Peru, but, according to Baker (Iridea?, p. 62), the only species from the western coast of South America is C. Peruviana. The bulbs should be set out in spring, lifted in fall and stored over winter. Prop, by offsets or by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe. The blue-flowered spe- cies are presumably equally worthy of culture, though C. plumbea, Lindl., from S. Brazil and Argentine, is shown in R.M. 3710. with dull, lead-colored fls. hi F.S. 4: 3*j5 and 14; 146C the colors are showier, the latter be- ing a variety with handsome purple streams. For the still showier C. ccerulea, Seub., see Marica. a. Style appendages npur-lihe. H6rberti, Herb. Lvs. about 1 ft. long, linear, acumi- nate, twice plaited, the angles of the plaits winged ; scape 2-3 ft. high, erect, flexuoae, glaucous, branched, many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, chiefly yellow, odorless oon withering ; outer segments bearing a rather lon^ cusp or tail. South Brazil. Uruguay. Argentine. B. R. 11:949 and 3. M.2.yjy show utterly distinct colors, but Baker says there is a lilac variety. AA. Style appendages petal-like, flat. Femviiina, Baker. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, linear, narrowed gradually from the middle both ways, glabrous, plaited : fls. 2-3 in a solitary stalked cluster, soon withering, chiefly yellow ; segments with a distinct long claw and a proportionately shorter and broader blade and a shorter cusp, at the base spotted brown. Peru. B.M. 6213. W. M. CYPERORCHIS [CyperustLTXiX Orr^fs, from the sedge- like appearance). Orchid(\cea>, tribe Vdndea?. Very closely allied to C3rmbidium, which see. There are only three species, of which C. Mdstersii, Benth. ( Cymbidium Mastersii, Griff., of this work, and C. elegans, Blume (Cymbidium elegans, Lindl., B.M. 7007) are cult. The latter does not appear in the Amer. trade. CYPfiRUS (ancient Greek name). Cyperdcece. A large genus of the Sedge family, inhabiting both tropical and temperate regions. The species in cultivation are all perennials from rootstocks or tubers: leaves grass-like; stem simple and mostly naked above : flowers perfect, v'ithout perianth, borne in small, compressed spikes, which are variously aggregated in compound umbels, the latter surrounded by foliaceous bracts; stjie- and stamens 3. A few are cultivated in jardinieres, a tic gardens and aquaria. Several others are pests in .ti- vated fields. A. Basal leaf-sheaths without blades. altemifdlius, Linn. Umbrhlla Plant. Umbrella Palm. Fig. 640. Strict, l}4-3% ft. high: stem nearly terete, ribbed, smooth and slender: involucral lvs, very numerous, spreading or slightly drooping, linear, 8 In. long, %-}4 in. broad, dark green, acute, rough-margined: umbel rays only 1-2 in. long, nearly simple: spikes few, in a cluster, ovate, very flat, 2 lines long, pale brown: 640. Cyperus alternifoUus, or Umbrella P.ant. scale acute: rachis winged and pitted. Madagascar.— Much used for aquaria and jardinieres. Var. varieg&tus, Hort. Stem and lvs. striate, sometimes entirely white. Var. grtlcilis, Lort. Involucral lvs. much narrower and not so spreading. 430 CYPERUS CYPRESS Papyrus, Linn. (Papyrus Antiqudrum^V^illd.). Egyp- tian Paper-plant. Strict, tall and stout, 4-8 ft. high, dark-green: stem obtusely 3-angled, smooth: involucral Ivs. only 3-10, small, 3-6 in. long, H-H in. wide, linear, acute: primary rays of the umbel very numerous, terete, slender, equal and drooping, 10-16 in. long: secondary' bracts prominent, filiform, 2^ in. long: spikes clustered and sessile, pale chestnut : rachis wingless. Egypt, Palestine.— For aquaria and damp soil. Not hardy. AA. Basal sheaths blade-hearing. B. Lower h's. few, very broad aud condupUcate. Natal^nsis, Hochst. Stem 214 ft. high, smooth, with 1-3 leaf -bearing sheaths and several leatless ones at the base: ii^vclucre 2-3-lvd.. short: rays cf the umbel short, unequal : spikes much congested, numerous, linear- lanceolate, acuminate, paie brown, 10-12-fld. : rachis winged: scales oblong-ovate, obtuse. South Africa.— Decorative. Not hardy. fortius, Borck. Stem short, slender, 4-5 in. high, 3-angled: Ivs. numerous, thin and broad, 4-9 lines wide, 6 in. long, equaling the stem, linear-lanceolate, folded below, dotted, margin denticulate: umbel simple, 5-7- rayed: rays elongated, pendulous, often rooting at the spex, 1-2 ft. long: involucral bracts short: spikelets < rowded, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly compressed, kvhite. Central Africa.— Recently introduced, and fine for hanging baskets ; the umbel-rays often boar plantlets instead of flowers. lilcidus, R. Br. Rother stout: stem 1-2 ft. high, terete above: ivs. numerous, large and broad, spongy-thickened at the base, spinulose-margincd : umbel spherical, 6-8 in. in diam.: spik*^ -ts dense, digitate, long and linear: scales persist^L ixis continuous. Australia. BB. Lower Ivn. numerous, narrow and grass-Uke, flat or nearly so. 61egaiis, Linn. {C. Idxus, Lam. and Hort. ). Stem 3-angled, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. large, broadly linear, numer- ous, spreading, half as long as the culm: involucre short-, spreading, few-lvd. : rays long and slender, unequal, compound : spikes small, distant, oblong, greenish brown, blunt, 6-11-fld.: scales round-elliptic, mucronat*. West Indies, Brazil. G. C. II. 2: 99 ; III. 13: 41.- For table decoration. strigdsus, Linn. Stout, 1-3 ft. high, sharply 3-angled, base bulbous : Ivs. numerous, long and grass-like, smooth, 2-4 lines wide; involucral similar, 6-12 in. long: rays very unequal, 6 in. or less long: spikes 4-10-fld., awl-shaped, chestnut -brown, densely clustered, at the spike-like (1-1/^ in. long) tips of the rays. N. Amer.— Hardy perennial, used for the borders of aquatic gardens. eacul^ntus, Linn. CnrPA. Much like the last: root- stock slender and bearing little tubers : spikes pale : akene obovoid. Tropics.— Sometimes a weed in sandy fields ; also cult, south for the edible tubers. Not hardy. pangens, Borck. Stem very short and thick, 1-2 in, long, angled below: Ivs. equaling the stem, rigid: umbel simple, contracted or capitate: spikelets linear-lanceo- late, compressed, shining, straw-colored, 10-18-fld. : invo- lucral bracts 2-4, scarcely 1 in. long. North Africa.— Recently introduced. May be used for hanging baskets. C.compressus.lAmx. Umhel lax: spikes linear-oblong: scales acuminate. Trop. — C. flabellifonnis, Ro^^tb. Rare in Amer. trade. Central Africa. — Tall and palm-lik' used by natives for wickerwork; very ornamental in water gaidens.— C. rottindvs, Linn. Nut-grass. CorvvoRA.''S. Like C.esoulentns. but spikes darker and akene lineai. ^eed in cult, field.s. — ('. strictus, Hort.= f K. M. WiEGAND. CTPHOMAHDRA (from the Greek, referring to the hump-shaped anthers). Solandcecs. Two dozen S. American spineless shruV)3 or small trees (essentially herbs in culture in the north), distinguished from So- lanum chiefly by the thickened anthers. The large Ivs. are ent-re, 3-lobed, or pinnatisect. bit^cea, Sendt. {Soldnum frdgrans, Hook.). Tree Tomato. Fig. 641. Cult, occasionally for the egg- shaped, reddish brown, faintly striped fruits, and un- der such conditions it becomes a tree-shaped, half- vr^'jdy plant 6-10 f*. high: Ivs. large, soft-pubescent, ' . rdate*ovate ; more or less acuminate, entire: fls. small. pinkish, fragrani, in small axillarj- or super-axillary clus- ters: fr. about 2 in. long, on slender stalks, 2-loculed and seedy, musky-acid and tomato-like in flavor, agree- able to those who like tomatoes. Brazil. B.M. ,%84 J H. III. 31:470. G.C. IIL 25:105. A.G. 11.409.— Bears 641. Cyphomandra betacea (X K the second and third year from seed, under glass (where it must be grown in the northern states). For further notes, see BaUey, Forcing-Book. l_ g^ g^ CYPHOPH(ENIX, (hump and Phoenix, a palm). Pal- nidc(T, tribe Areceie. A genus of only 2 species of palms of minor importance. Spineless palms with a stout, ringed caudex. Leaves terminal, pinnatisect, the .^eg- ments coriaceous, elongated, sword-shaped, narrow^ d io ward the apex, the margins thickened, plicate, recun-ed at the base ; the prominent nerves and midrib sparsely scaly beneath; rachis stout, rather broad, slightly convex on the back, acute above: spadices glabrous, the branches long, stout : bracts short ; bractlets scaly ; fr. dark brown, medium, long-ovoid or ellipsoid, lentiform. Spe- cies 2. New Caledonia. Slogans, Benth. & [Hook. [K^ntia flegans, Brongn. &Gris.). Rachis convex below, flat above; leaflets alternate, approximate, scaly along the mid-nerve below: fr. oblong-elliptical, acute. hilclta. Benth. & Hook. (Ke'nfia fulcMa, Brongn.). Stem clothed at the base with smooth aerial roots: fr. ovoid, attenuate above. CYPHOSPfiRMA (Greek, hump and seed). Palmh- cece, tribe Arece(s. Two Australian warmhouse palms, scarcely known in this country. C. Viellardii, Bentb. & Hook., with pinnatisect Ivs., and long-ensiform cori- aceous segments, is sometimes known as K^ntia rohusta and A". Viellardii. Culture of Areca and Ptychosperma. CYPRESS. See Chamtrcyparis, Cupressus and Taio- dium. CYPRESr TIKE. See Ipomoea. CYPRIPEDIUM CYPRIPEDIUM 431 GTFSIFfiDIUM ( I'enus' slipper). Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower. OrchidAcece, tribe Cypriphliect'. The genus Cypripedium is widely distributed, being found in botii South and North America, Asia, Europe. Japan, and the Malay Archipelago. At present no species are reported from Australia or Africa. Scapes usually 1-fld. : floral segments fleshy : upper sepal usually larger than the petals: ovary 1-celled: fertile stamens 2; interme- diate stamen sterile and petaloideous : column short, cer- uuate: apex trifld: lateral lobes anther-bearing: pollen viscid or mealy, not compound: stigma deltoid, on front of column beneath the stamens : capsule slender, pubes- cent: placentation parietal: the lower sepals commonly coalescent: labellum cup-form, inflated: Ivs, usually lig- ulate, either tessellated or uniform green. The structTire ■of the column (or essential organs) of a Cypripedium is shown in Fig. G42. The two anthers are at o o. The third stamen is represented by the body, b. The stigma is at c. The floral envelopes are torn away beneath. The ma- jority of Cypripediuras grow well, and increase in value from ye&r to year. They do not require a period of rest like species of Cattleya. The hardy species, such as C. aeaule and C. piibescens, are well worthy of a place in gardens. C speetabile, for color and form, ranks among the finest species. It is a valuable orchid for forcing in the greenhouse. As yet, no hybrids have resulted from the intercrossing of our native Cypripediums. Inter- crossing of tropical with hardy species has proved fruit- less. There is a tendency to resolve Cypripedium into several genera. For the purposes of this work the old classification will be observed. The genus is closely akin to Selenipedium, which see for C. caxidatum, C. palmifoliiim, C. Sa'zUi, C. Lind- leyantim, C. Sargentiauum, C. Schlimii, C. Srhomburg- kiunum, C. vittatum, and tne like. See, also, Hoidletia. Selenipedium differs from Cypripedium in having a 3-loculed and 3-ribbed ovary,' Figs. 643 and 644 con- trast some of the structural points in the two genera. The genus Cj'pripedium is naturally not a large one. Ben- tham and Hooker think that the species are less than 40. The species have been much hybridized and modified by cultivation, however, so that the garden forms are legion. Most of the names represent horticultural vari- eties ; and these names may be expected to increase. One section of the genus has been separated recently as a genus, Paphioped)lnm. Monogr. of Cypripedimn and rela:^ ^ gei c:ra by F. Desbois, Ghent, 1898. Oakes Ames. Nes.^y all Cypripediums are of easy culture and may be reuuily growi- in one department, by devoting the cooler ^ rtion to C bar^atum , C. hiaigtie, C.Javanicum, C. venustum and the Selmipedium group. The coria- ceous-leaved evergreen sx»9cies are all in more or less a week will be found of great assistance to keep the plants in health. The hygrometer should never register below 60, nor often above 80, as moi.sture in excess of 80 is liable to damp-off the young growths. Ventilation reg- 642. Structure of column of Cypripedium (X M). C. Dormanianum. active growth the year round ; therefore a liberal supply of water must be given at all seasons, only allowing the compost to become dry occasionally to prevent stagnation. Light syringing should be frequent in bright weather, and an application of weak liquid manure once or twice 643. Csrpripedium Charlesworthii. Shows section of ov-ary; of labellum or lip on the right; stigma on the left ; column on the right below. ulated according to external conditions is essential at all times to maintain atmospheric action. During the winter months the thermometer should register from 60° F. to 65° F. by night and about 70° F. by day. With sun heat a few degrees more will do no harm. On t-he approach of spring the temperature should be advanced to prepare the plants for stunmer heat, and ac- cordingly decreased on the approach of fall. About the middle of February a light shading will be necessary to prevent excessive heat and sunburn, with heavier shad- ing toward midsummer, this to be gradually removed in the fall and entirely dispensed with during the winter. The greater part of the species grow best in pots in a compost of two parts peat-iiber to one part chopped liv- ing sphagnum moss, one-half of the pot room being de- voted to cleau drainage. The compost should be pressed in rather firmly about the roots, and the surface left convex to discard surplus water and to insure the base of the plant against decay during dull weather. A few heads of living moss pricked iu over the surface will give a neat appearance. Cypripedium in.sigHe and kindred species should have one-third chopped sod atlded to the above mixture ( see note on culture in Veitch's Orchid Manual 2: 34). C. viUoHum and C.Exnl sometimessuffer under pot cul- ture from fungi, which attack the base of the plant dur- ing sultry summer weather. Basket culture will c'.\ i te this, as it allows a better circulation of air ihrou^u the CO npost. C. Lowei, C. Parishii, C. Philippinense and allied species, together with Selenipedium cau- datum, are truly epiphytic and preferably should be grown in baskets. By this method the roots are better preserved and less liable to decay during the winter season. 432 CYPRIPEDIUM CYPRIPEDIUM The Concolor section requires a warm, moist location with free access to the air. The species should be grown in rather small pots, with at least half the space devoted to drainage of broken charcoal or other free material. The potting compost should consist of equal parts chopped sod, peat-fiber and living sphagnum. Lime- stone is often recommended as essential in the culture of this section, but, the conditions being equal, I have never noticed any beneficial results from it (Orchid Review 4: 45; Veitch's Manual 2: 19-20). The deciduous tropical species, of which C.Irapeanum, C .Thibet ic urn and Selenipedium palmifolium afford good 644. Selenipedium Schlimii. The picture shows on the left a section of the labellum; on the right, a section of the ovary. examples, require similar treatment to the evergreen kinds. They have a long dormant period during which they should be rested in a temperature of 50° F., with sufficient water to keep the compost moist until growth starts, when they must be returned to their proper de- partment and enjoy a liberal supply of water until after the flowering season, when they must be ripened off and the water supply gradually withheld. The hardy species do better planted out in the open fe ound or in rockeries, where they should be so situated as to obtain good drainage and shade. The soil must be free and porous and consist of three parts chopped turf and equal parts of peat and sphagnum. They require a liberal amount of water and frequent syringing over the foliage while growing, but the supply should be grad- ually reduced after the flowering period until only enough water is given to keep the soil moist. During the winter the plants should be protected with leaves or pine boughs. C. spectabile and C. pubexcetis grow well under pot culture. A 7-10-inch pot will hold eight or a dozen crowns which should be planted 2 inches below the surface. Two inches of drainage are sufficient. The pots should be filled with soil (firmly pressed in) to 3^ inch below the rim. After a thorough watering they should be stored in a coldframe and protected with leaves and boughs. Aboi^t the middle of February they may be removed to a coolhouse, where they should re- main for a week, and then be placed in the cool end of the Cypripedium house, where they should be watered sparingly until growth action starts. These plants make strong gro\vths under this treatment, and the flowers are a decitied improvement over those produced normally outside. All Cypripediums are propagated by division. Robert M. Grey. Index to species described in the main list : Abbotia- nrm, 5; acaule, 40; albens, 25; Amesianum, 25; Apple- t»>nianum, KJ; Argus, 6; arietinum, 43; Amoldianum, 25; atropurpureum, r>; aureum.25; auriculum, 5; bar- batum, 1; bellatulum, 20; bifloiiim, 1; Bozalli, 28; Breevisianum, 25; Brownii, 25 ; Bullenianum, 15 ; Cal« ceolus, 48; candidum, 46; Califomicum, 52; callosum 4; caudatum is a Selenipedium; Chamberlainianuni, .'{8 • Chantinii, 25; Charlesworthii, 24; ciliolare, 7; cjerul«-sl cens, 1 ; coloratum. 5 ; concolor, 17 ; corrugatuni, 25 • Coulsonianum, 25 ; Cowperianum, 25 ; Crossianuni, 1; Curtisii, 9; Cuttingianum, 25; Dayanum, 12; Dorainia- num, 25 ; Dormanianum, 25 ; Draryi, 27 ; elegans, 41 • Godefroyae, 19; gracile, 1,25; grandiflonim, 1; grande, 5; guttatum, 25; Haynaldianum, 31 ; Hendersoniunum, 1 ; Himalai''um, 44 ; hirsutissimum, 22 ; Hookers, 15 ; Horsmanianum, 25; Hyeanum, 5; illustre, 25; insigne, 25; Irapeanum, 54; Javanicum, 1.3; Japonicum, 42; Kira- ballianum, 25, 35, 37; leevigatum. 34; Lawrenceanuni, 5; leucochilum,19; Lindeni,5: longisepalum,25; Lowei,.30; Lutwycheanum, 25 ; Macfarhvnei, 25 ; macranthum, 51 ; macuiatum, 25; magnificum,5; majus, 1; Mandevillea- num, 25: marmoratum, 5; Mastersianuni, 14 ; Maulei, 25; maximum, 25; montanum, 53; Moore.inum, 25; mo- saicum, 1; Moulmeinense, 25; nanum, 1; Neo-Guineense, 35; nigritum, 2; nigrum, 1, 5; Nilssonii, 25: nitens, 25; niveum, 18 ; nobile, 1 ; O'Brienianum, 1: Parishii, 32 ; parviflorum, 49 ; Petri, 12 ; Philippense, 34 ; pictuni, 1,5; Pitcherianum, 5, 6; pleioleticum, 5; plumosum, 1; praestans, 35; pubescens, 47; pulcherrimum, 1; purpu- rascens, 5; purpuratum, 3; purpureum, \; Pynaerti,25; roseum, 5; Rothschildianum, 37; Sallieri, 29; Sanderap, 4, 25 ; Sanderianum, 3G ; spectabile, 50 ; Spicerianum, 23; Stonei, 33; Studleyanum, 25; superbiens, 8, 25; su- perbum, 1, 5; Sylhetense, 25; Thibeticum, 45; tonsum, 10; Veit<?hianum, 8 , veaustum, 11: Viptoria-Marie, 39; villosum, 28; virens, 13; virescens, 5; volonteanum, 15 ; Warnerianum, 1. Many other names are accounted for in the supplementary lists. A. Leaves tesselated (or checkered in squares). B. Petals more or less ligulate, smaller than the upper sepil. c. Upper sepal veined with green and purple: spots on the petals marginal. 1. barb&tum, Lindl. Lvs. oblong, about G in. long, pale beneath, upper surface dull green with darker green markings: scape long, reddish brown: ovary slender, subtended by a small bract; upper sepal orbicular, evenly reflexed, white, with a green translucent base; veins green part way, becoming deep purple: petals green at the base, finely dotted, gradually passing into brown-pink at the apices, upper margin provided with several blackish warts; labellum brown-purple, infolded portion yellowish or purplish with raised dots; lower sepal narrow, greenish, veined with green: staminode pubescent, broa<lly crescent-shaped. June and July. Malay Peninsula. B.M. 4234. — Of this useful species there are many excellent varieties in which the flowers are larger or more richly colored. The variation in foli- age is; very remarkable. In general appearance this species resembles C. Lawrenceanum. Many vars. in cult. The following are varieties of C. barbatnm : Biflbrum. A chance variation, due undoubtedly in most cases to vigor. See Crossianum below. — Coerulesceiig . — Crogsianuin. iSanie as Crossii. — Cros/rii. Upper sepal very large, roiind-orbirular, white, veined with green and apparently transversed by a band of crimson: petals much detlexed. I.H. 35:72: 36: 81. A. F. 6:55.1. — Oiganthun='mgmm.— Ordeile.— Orandiflbrum. Upper sepal unusually Xaxgfi.—Hendersfmidnum.—Majus. A richly colored and vigorous iorva..— Mosdicum.— Nanum.— N\nrum. A dark flower, the lab'dliim of a very deep brcwn-piirple.— A^(56i7«.— O 'Jirien idnum, or O 'Brieni. — Pictu m . — Plvmomnn . This is not a permanent variety. It does not maintain the characters to which it owes its name.— Pulcherrimum.— Purpureiim.— Su- perbum. Almost any good form of the type is called by this n&me.— Wa rnpn'dnum , or Wdmerii. See Crossii 2. nigritum, Reichb. f . Probably identic il with C. pur- puratum, var. obsrumm. Dorsal sepal res embles that of C. purpuratum, in other respects very similar to C. barbatum. 3. purpuriituin, Lindl. Lvs. elliptic-oblong to narrowly ovate, 4-5 inches long, glaucous, pale green tesselated with darker dull gre"", pale beneath : scapes short (abouc 5 in. long), purplish : ovary subtended by a CYPR1PEDIU3I CYPRIPEDIUM 433 small bract ; upper sepal white, 4-angled, appearing as if inserted at one of its angles, about 15-nerved, outer nerves carmine-purple, others metallic green; margins strongly redexed; lower sepal greenish with white mar- gins, veined with green ; petals subspatulate, greenish at base, dotted, becoming purplish toward the apices, veined with deep metallic green ; labellum brown -purple, infolded portion with raised dots : staminode crescent shape. Autumn. China. B. M. 4901. R. H. 1858, p. 182 : 1883, p. 353. 4. calldsum, Reichb. f . Lvs. ovate-oblong, obscurely tesselated. pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper sepal about 3 in. across, unevenly reflexed, slightly con- cave at base, and translucent ; blush ground color veined with green, upper part white-margined, suffused >vith rose mauve ; veins carmine-purple toward the apex ; petals oblique, recurving, pale green at base, pale rose- luauve at and toward the extremities, upper margin with several blackish warts, ciliate ; labellum dull reddish brown, infolded lobes greenish, with red-brown, shiny warts ; staminodium crescent-shaped. February and March; also at other seasons. Siam. R. H. 1888:252. Var. Sanderae, Hort. An albino form of the species, with no trace of rose-mauve or purple. The tts. are white and delicate green. J. H. III. 28: 423. 5. Lawrence^nmn, Reichb. f . Lvs. oval-oblong, nearly 1 ft. long, tessellated with yellowish and dark f,'reen: scapes tall, reddish brown, sometimes 2-fld. : tls. large; upper sepal orbicular, white, with broad carmine-purple veins, which are greenish at the base ; lower sepal small; ovary long, subtended by a small bract; petals purplish at and toward the apices, otherwise greer.ish, provided with black warts along the margins ; labellum dull brown-purple; staminode broadlv crescent-shape. ApriWulv, Borneo. B.M. G432. l.H. 30:4/8. F. S. 23:2372. 0.0.111.21:291. The following arc forms of C Laicrenceanum : Abbotianum. Fls. large, with deep crimson veins on the upper sepal.— Atro- purpiireum. A dark form, upper sepal with deeply colore I veins.— Auri^^ulum.— Colordtum. Veins deep colored, the intei • spaces suffused.— Giganteum. A variation from the tjrpe in tho large size of the lis.— Grande.— Hyeanum. Upper sepal veined with green; i)etals green; lal>elhim green. G.CMII. 21: 37.— Lindeni.— Magnificum.— Martnoratum.—Xlgrum.— Plcttim.— Pitcherianum . — Pleiuleucum. Upper sepal white, with only a few colored veins. — Purpurdscens.— Boseum.— Superbum.— Virescens. CC. Upper sepal veined with green, hut slightly if at all veined with crimson; petals more or less spotted or dotted. 6. Argus, Reichb. f. (C. barbcitiim, var. Argus, Hort. C. Pitcheridnum, Hort.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 6 in. lon^. pale green mottled with deeper green : scape long, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, dotted at base, veined with green, the longer veins sometimes purplish: petals oblong, undulate, deflexed, pale green tinged with purple at the apices, irregularly spotted with blackish ^\arts; labellum dull brown-purple, greenish beneath; infolded lobes purplish, spotted with deeper purple; staminode crescent - shaped. March, April. Luzon, Philippines. B.M. G175. A.F. 3:179. 7. ciliol^re. Reichb. f . Lvs. oblong, pale green, tessel- lated with dark green: scapes tall, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract ; upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, ciliate on the margins, blush white at base, otherwise white, veined with green; petals ligulate, de- flexed, recurved, with long marginal hairs, greenish at base, becoming pale mauve at and toward the extremi- ties, thickly dotted with blackish wurts; labellum dull brown-purple; infolded lobes yellowish, with reddish brown warts: staminode reniform. April-Julv and even later. Philippine Islands. I. H. 31:530. G.C. III. 21:348. 8. sup6rbien8, Reichb. f. (C.r«?j7c7u(>n«»w,Lem.). Lvs. oval-oblong, about 6 in. in length, yellowish green, mot- tled with deeper green, pale beneath: scapes tall, green- ish: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal broadly ov'ate, whitish, evenly veined with green; petals deflexed, almost droop'ng, ligulate, hairy-margined, white, suflftised With pale rose, tinged with r'^ddish brown at base, veined ^'ith green and copiously dotted with reddish brown; labellum dull brown-purple; in- folded lobes brighter, with raised dots; staminode reni- form-subrotund, horns straight. June, Julv. Malay Peninsula. l.H. 12:429. F.S. 19:1996. A.F. 7:707. R. H. 1871, p. 590. 9. Curtisii, Reichb. f . Lvs. broadly oval oblong or narrowly oblong, pale green tessellated with darker green, pale beneath: scapes about 1 ft. high, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal iisproportionately large, broadly ovate, greenish with a white margin, tinged with brown-purple at the base, green veined with brown and green: petals ligulate, deflexed, dull brown-purple or brownish green at the base, veined with green, pale along the median vein, and thickly dotted with red -brown; margins ciliate; labellum large, dull reddish brown, mfolded lobes paler, dotted; stami- node reniform. May-July. Sumatra. A.F. 6:557. (Jng. 1: 41. — C. ciliolare and (J. siiperbiens are very closely relat^^d. 10. t6nsain, Reichb. f . Lvs. ovate-oblong, pale green conspicuously maculate with dark green, pale beneath or spotted toward the base: scapes 12 in. or more long, brownish green: ovary pale green, subtended by a small bract : upper sepal broadly obovate, with wide base, ab- ruptly acuminate, whitish, often with blush rose suffu- sion; veins green; petals broad, devoid of marginal hairs, oblong ovate or subspatulate, green, median nerve paler green, with a row of large reddish brown spots, other veins brownish, giving a tinge of brown to adjacent tissue ; labellum large, compressed dorsiventrally, brownish; infolded lobes pale yellowish green, with raised pale dots; staminode crescent-shaped, the horns strongly oblique. Autumn. Mountains of Sumatra. 11. venustum, Wall. Lvs. oblong, dull purple beneath, upper surface pale green, marbled with dark green: scapes about 8 in. tall: ovary subtended by a bract which sheaths it for half its length; dorsal sepal ovate, white veined with green; petals green at base, dull purple toward the extremities, provided with several blackish warts ; labellum pale green, conspicuously veined with emerald-green, infolded lobes paler ; staminode crescent-shaped. January-March. India. B.M. 2129. ccc. Upper sepal distinctly veined with green: spots on the petals, if any, few. 12. Dayiinum, Reichb. f. (C. Pttri, Reichb. f.). Lvs. oblong, pale green, remotely cross-veined with dark green, pale beneath : scapes reddish brown ; upper sepal ovate, acuminate, whitish, veined with green, upper margin recurved; petals brownish green at base, salmon- pink toward the apices, upper margins obscurely spotted, ciliate with dull crimson hairs; labellum roughish, dusty- looking, infolding portion greenish, with dull crimson- brown warts ; staminode oblong. Borneo. May, June. F.S. 15:1527. 13. Jav&nicum, Reinw. Lvs. oblong, pale, maculate with dark green: scape greenish, 1-or 2-flowered: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal ovate acuminate, greenish white veined with green, lower margin reflexed; petals oblong, greenish, with fine blackish dots, becom- ing purplish or pale rose color at the apices, ciliate on the margins; labellum darker green than the petals, in- folded lobes pale green, but variously dotted ; staminode reniform-subrotund. Java.— Var. vlrens, Hort., is smaller, the green color more pronounced. cccc. Upper sepal not distinctly veined with green, hxit more or less with purple. 14. Hastersi&niun, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong, remotely tessellated: scape tall, brown-purple, ovary subtended by a short bract; upper sepal orbicular, acute, bright green with a greenish white or yellowish border, veired with greenish brown: petals spreading, brownish, piler at and toward the base, and provided with blackish warts on the upper i.iargin and median vein; labellum large, brownish, infolded lobes paler, with dull purple spots ; staminode crescent-shaped, horns converging. Java. G.C. ill. 15: 593; 25: 274. B.M. 7629, as a Paphio- pedilum. 15. Hodkeree, Reichb. f. Lvs. variegated dull git-:n and greenish white, pcle '^"neath, o^^.t'^ oblong: scapes tall, slender: upper sepal rotund, acuminate, ^een, with 434 CYPRIPEDIUM CYPRIPEDIUM a cream-colored margin; petals subspatulate, purplish at the apices, with a green stripe toward the base; labellura greenish brown, infolded portion greenish, with a few raised warts; staminode oval. Borneo. B.M. 5362. Var. Bulleni^num, Hort. (C. Bullenidnum, Reichb, f.). Lvs. not so strikingly mottled: fls. smaller, upper sepal streaked at the base. Borneo. Var. volonte&nnm, Hort. Fig. 045. Fls. larger than in the type ; petals oblong spatulate, green, except at extremities, where they are pale mauve, median portion richly dotted with crimson-brown ; labellum greenish brown. June and July, and earlier. Borneo. 16. Appletoni&num, Rolfe ( C BuUenid^ntim, var. Apple- fonidnum, Hort.). Lvs. less tessellated than in the preced- ing ; staminodium very small, greenish. This form is some- times considered as a sub-variety of C. BulleniAnum. Borneo. BB. Petals and sepals nearly equal : fls. fleshy. 17. c6ncolor, Batem. Lvs. oval-oblong, mottled, dull pur- ple beneath: scape short: up- per sepal yellow, dotted with purple, similar to the petals; laoeilum yellow, compressed. Burma. B.M. 5513. 6^.5. Cypripedium Hookerae. var. volonte- anum (X %). Autumn. 18. nlveom, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong to oblong, short, mottled: fls. white; petals and upper sepal nearly equal, finely dotted at base with purple, dots variable in number and distribution. Burma. B.M. 5922. 19. GddefroyaB, Leb. Lvs. narrower than in the pre- ceding: scape short: fls. whitish to pale yellow, spotted with purple-magenta ; petals deflexed. Early, and as late as July. Cochin China. B.M. 6876. Gn. 25, p. 396. Var. leucoclilluin, Hort. Upper sepal white, blotched wi*"h deep purple ; labellum white ; petals like the upper sepal, spots smaller. G.C. III. 15: 815. J.H. HI. 30: 423. F.R. 1:371. 20. belUtnlum, Reichb. f. Lvs. broad, rounded at apices, slate-green, mottled with darker green, thickly dotted beneath with brownish purple, except in var. album, when the lvs. are pale beneath : scapes very short : upper sepal concave, roundish, white, spotted with brown-purple; lower sepal also spotted; petals orbicu- lar, tending to be concave, spotted with large, irregu- lar, brown-purple spots; labellum ovate, finely dotted with brown-purple. Fls. in summer; also at other seasons. Shan States. G.C. III. 21:. 320. J.H. III. 30:513. A.F.6:557; 13:77, 622; 14: 675. Gng. 7: 129. -Var. Album, Hort. Has white fls. devoid of spots: lvs. not brown- purple beneath. 'aa. Lvs. coriaceous, Ugulate, not tessellated or only _^ obscurely so. B. I''ls. not more than 2, except in vigorous plants. C. Staminodium without a protuberance or horn from its center. 21. Fairieintim, Lindl. Upper sepal sub-rotund, whit- ish, veined with dark carmine-purple; petals oblong, deflexed, recurved at the apices, whitish, veined with green and purple; labellura brownish green, reticulated: staminodium orbicular, with a pronounced beak or tooth from the lowf z mar;rin, white, with green veins. Habitat unknown, 1857. — Tho only living records of this species in America are found in soverU splendid hybrids, such as C. X JViobe, C, x rej-illarium ^ C. x Arthurianum, C. X Amesv and C.xff. Ballantine. There are several plants in English collections. There are no living plants in America. The species :s not vigorous enough to be woc^h the growing. 22. hirantissimum, Llndl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green: scape greenish: ovary and bracts clothed with shaggy hairs ; upper sepal narrow at base, broader toward the summit, nearly ovate, brownish, with a green margin, finely dotted at base; petals green at base, finely dotted, becoming piirplish; margin sinuate, undulate- labellum green, finely dotted, downy and ciliate; stami- node bluntly quadrate or spade-shaped, with 2 white eyes. March, April and May. Java. B.3I. 4990. R.H. 18.')9, pp. 182-3.— Int. at same time as C. Fairieanum (1857). 23. Spiceri&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. linear-oblong, dark green: scape about 8 in. long: ovary subtended by a spotted bract ; upper sepal white, strongly reflexed so as to have a narrow base and broad, incurved summit, median line carmine-purple; petals short, wavy mar- gined, yellowish green, with conspicuous mid-veins of reddish brown; labellum green or brownish; stamino- dium white-margined, otherwise pale mauve. Oct.-Dec Assam. B.M. 64«)0. I.H..30:473. Gn. 48, p. .304. A.(i 11:159. A. F. 3:226. Gng. 1:242. F. E. 9: 329. -Habitat unknown when first plants were introduced. Many varieties. CC. Staminodium provided tcith a protuberance or horn. 24. Cli4rIe8Worthii, Rolfe. Lvs. ligulate, obscurelv tessellated, heavily spotted beneath throughout or only at the base: scapes short, spotted like the lvs.: ovary spotted, subtended by a small, spotted bract; upper sepal orbicular, white, mottled and suffused with pale carmine, purple rose, brownish at base or clear; petals short, rarely wavy margined, yellowish or brownish, veined with brown; labellum similar in color to the petals ( variable ) , spread- ing at the aperture, small in comparison with the upper sepal ; staminode shiny, pure white, with an orange- yellow lipped process. Autumn. E. Indies. B.M. 7416. R. B. 20:241. Gn. 47:1009 and p. 425. A.F. 13:430.— A very varia- ble and beautiful spe- cies, which should give rise to interesting hy- brids. 25. insigncWall. Lvs. linear-ligulate. uniform green, usually finely spotted at the base : scape reddish brown, about 1 ft. high : upper sepal oval, arching at the summit, mainly green, upper margin white, surface covered with brownish spots ; petals pale greenish brown, veined with deeper brown ; labellum also brown- ish; staminodium longer than broad, rough and pubescent, with a yellow projection. Autumn. India. B. M. 3412. G. C. III. 18: 763. A. F. 7: 633. F. E. 9:327. Gng. 1:243. A. G. 16:73; 19:825. Var. Ch&ntinii, Hort. Hab't as in type : dorsal sepal larger with larger spots, broad toward the summit, mainly green, heavily spotted with 545, brown, except on the upper portion, ^ ■ a- u ■* • „u-4. „-4.i 1 1 Cypripedium where it is white, with several pale '. . mauve spots ; labellum colored like msigne, the spots, deep polished brown. R. H. var. banderae. 1878:130. tx /aJ Var. £mestil, Ilort., is a yellow form with faint spots on the upper sepal, which lack the characteristic brown and are called "false spots." Var. SAndersB, Hort. Fig. 646. Foliage pale to the base: scape very pale green : upper sepal white above, otherwise primrose-yellow, with minute reddish brown dots, which vary in number from season to season, and CYPRIPEDIUM CYPRIPEDIUM 435 different fls. on the same plant; petals colored like . ,.er sepal; labellum waxy yellow, (spreading at aper- ture; staminode yellow, with an orange-yellow projec- tion. Gng. 7:196.— The most beautiful Cypripedium. C. inaigne runs Into many forms. Following are some of them: Albo-marginatum. Fls. yello wish; upper sepal bordered all round with white; spots litcht colored, found only on the greenisii yellow i\\^\i.—Albens. Color of fls. soft greenish yellow; upper sepal half vi\i\t<i.— Amegidnum. Fls. rather large; upper .s«»pal brownish, with a white margin, not spotted, suffused with rii'h hrown.— Arnoldidnum. Fls. largerthan in var. Maulei; up- per sepal with a broad, white margin, spots confined to the greer- ish yellow disk. (t.F.7: 425. A.F. 6: 11.").— A itreum. Upper sepal pale yellow; vtals and laljellum hrovnnsh.— Breecesidnum. Upptr sepal oblong, upper third white, otherwise yellowish green, with r gular lines of brown >lots; petals reddish brown. —K,\>uin'i. Fls. green; upper sepal heavily blotched or si>otted; p.'tals spo'ted. A.F. l-.H^i.— Corrugdtum. LaViellum corrugated, otherwise tjijical.— CVn(/«o;itdn«m. A very large flower, with a broad upper sepal. Closely allied to var. Schroederianum (?). — Vowperidnum. Upper sepal spotted at base, similar to that of var. albo-marginatum; petals rather longer than usual; bbellum large. — Cutting idnum. Fls. large, greenish; upper st'pal broad, with violet-purple spots on the white. — Domtnid- num.— Donnanidnum.— Eyermanidnum. Fls. light yellow, with several light 'brown spots at base of upper sepal.— /a?r- ttermanni. Upper sepal with a broad white border; petals distinctly veined with hroym.—Fvscdtinii . R.B.2(i:25.—Grdcile. Upper sepal narrow.— Gilmorednuin. Fls. rather large; upper .sepal spotted with brown.— G««d<«/H. R.H. 1851: 201.— if or«- manidnuin. Sepals long and narrow.— /iiM^^re. Yellowish va- riety: sepals and petals spotted.— Kimballidnum. Upper sepal flat, reflexed at the summit, yellowish green; spots running in liaes into the white border; i>etals strongly veined.— Xonf7i«^- palum. Long, narrow sepals; upi)er sepal brownish below, greenish above, not spotted. — Lutwychednum. Upper sepal somewhat narrower than usual, basrd margins wavy; tipper margin white, passing to pale yellow; spots hardly visible, same color as the sepal. Belongs to the Emesti group of ^ arieties.— Maculdtum. An obscure variety f —Jfandepi7/irtn»/n. Form same as Albo-marginatum. Petals thickly covered with spots in reguhir lines.— Maulei. White portion of the upi)er sepal pre- dominating, extendin,; to the base on either side of the green disk; uppermost spots violet-purple, otherwise the spots are larger brownish and few.— Maximum. Upper sepal large, dee^ green.— Mdcfarlanei. Allied to var. Sandera?. Sepal and pet- als narrower, deeper yellow.— Jfoored/iw/zi. Fls. pale yellow; petals pale greenish yellow; upper sepal margined with white; broadly ovate ; basal margins finely dotted; spots largest at the center: i)etals brown-veine<l; staminode with a mucro.— AYud- bydnum — Superbieng. — Sylhetenne. Large dark'siK)t, somewhat contluent, in lines along the middle of the upper sepal. 647. Cyp.' .edium Rothschildianum'(X H). spots IsLTge.—Moulmeininse.- yiUtoni.— M<«i«.— Larger than the type, stronger in growth: fls. very large; upper sepal white- margined; spots in irregular rows.— Pynaerti. — Schroederi- anum. Fls. extremely large; upper scpai nearly orbicular, or 648. Cypripedium acaule (X J^). 26. Eztil, Rolfe. Lvs. narrower and more rigid than in the preceding species: upper sepal greenish yellow at the base, spotted with brown, upper part white ; petals and labellum' similar to those of C. Druryi. Siam. B,M. 7510.— Considered by some to be a form of C. insigne. 27. DrtUryi, Beddome. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green: scape about 1 ft. high : ovary subtended by a small bract ; upper sepal arching at the summit, yellowish with a dark median band; petals ligulate, yellow, with a dark median band ; labellum yellowish. May, June. India l.H. 24:265. A.F. 6:555. 28. villdBom, Lindl. Lvs. linear-ligulate, uniform green spotted with brown -purple at the base: scapes co- piously long-hairy : ovary subtended by a bract nearly as long as itself : upper [sepal narrow at the base, broader above, brownish at the base, otherwise greenish yellow, finely margined with white ; petals spatulate, broad at apices, wavy-margined, oblique, with a con- spicuous brown midvein, otherwise brownish yellow ; labellum brownish yellow; staminode large, oblong, yel- lowish. Jan., Feb. India. l.H. 4:126. A.F. 6:555. Var. Bdxalli. Hort. (C. Bdialli, Reichb. f.). Upper sepal spotted with blackish spots, which are more or less confluent along the median line. Burma. l.H. 26:345. 29. S^llieri, Godef. Petals somewhat resembling those of the above; upper sepal large, broad at and to- ward the summit, yellowish green, spotted with brown, and provided with a broad white border round the up- per half. Supposed natural hybrid between C. villosum and C, insigne. 436 CYPRIPEDIUM CYPRIPEDIUM BB. Fls. more than 2. c. Petals spattilate. 30. Ldwei, Lindl. Lvs, ligtilate, uniform green: scapes often more than 3 ft. lun^r, arching, Wearing several Hs. : upper sepal yellowish veined with brownish purple at the base, broadly oval, basal margins revolute ; petals fully 3 in. long, deflcxed, twist('<l, spatulate, yellowish, with numerous brown-purple spots at and toward the base, the spoon-shaped extremities dull crimson-purple; labellum brown, infolded lobes paler; staminodium ob- cordate, with aLurn-lik«! projt'ctionatbase. April, May. Borneo. F.S. 4:375. A.P. 11:1349. R.H. 1857, p. 40L'; 1883, p. 352; 1885, p. 473. 31. Haynaldi&nam, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, leathery, uniform gri't-n : scapes about 20 in. long, villose, green- ish brown, l-S-fld. : upper sepal oval, lower margins revolute, cream-white above, purplish ut the margins, the base yellowish, spotted with redcli.sh 1)rown; petals linear, broad at the extremities, and of a dull purple color, yellowish from the base about half way, with several large, reddish brown spots ; labellum green tinged with dull purple; staminodium similar to that of preceding, but narrower. Jan.-May. Philippine Isls. B.M. 62%. 649. Cypripedium pubescens (X J^). cc. Petals linear, usually drooping and twisted. 32. Pdrisliii, Reichb. f. Lvs.coriaceons, thick, ligulate: scapes arching, pale green, bearing several fis. : upper sepal yellowish, with green veins, narrowly oval, basal margins reflexed; petals linear, twisted, obliqu*^ly pen- dent, greenish yellow at and toward the base, with sev- eral blackish spots and a row of marginal dots ; distal ends dull, glossy, browuish purple ; labellum dark green, usually tinged with brown-purple ; staminodium obcordate, with a tooth at base. Autumn. India B Af 5791. Ot. 47:25. I.H. 22:2l4.-Not a free-bl'oomin; species. * .33. Stdnei, Hooker. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green, de- cidedly coriaceous: scapes long, greenish brown. 3-5- Hd. : upper sepal nearly orbicular, white, with 4 crimson- magenta veins or streaks, 2 on each side near the upper margin, suffused behind with crimson; lower sejial nar- rower, with several streaks, similar in color to those on the upper sepal; petals linear, at first spreading, then drooping, twisted at the extremities, pale yellow at the base, becoming deeper and finally reddish brown at and near the apices, spotted with crimson-brown; labellum calceiform, dull rose on the front, paler beneath, finely veined with deeper rose. Autumn. Borneo. B.M. 5349. — One of the finest in the genus. 34. Philippin6n8e, Reichb. f. {C. Icpvigdtum, Batem ). Lvs. thick, ligulate-oblong, uniform green: scape b own- ish, bearing from 2-5 fls.: upper sepals whitish, broadly ovate, striped with crimson-magenta ; lower sei)al striped with green; petals linear, twisted, drooping ob- liquely, greenish at base, becoming pale brown-puri>le toward the extremities; labellum small, yellowish; staminodium sub-cordifomi. April, May. Philippine Isls., 18(>4. B.M. 5508. Ci.F. 3:309. 35. prsBStans, Reichb. f. (C. glandithferum, Blume. C. jVeo-Guinetns€,H<)rt.). Lvs. coriaceous, deep green: peduncle longer than the lvs. : sepals about equal, broadly ovate, yellowish white, veined with reddish brown; petals with marginal warts, twisted, yellowish green ; labellum calceiform, yellowish ; staminodium nearly quadrangular, lateral margins inflexed. Aug New Guinea. I.H. :{4:2t;. R.H. 181M>, p. 421.-0. pmstatis, var. KimbalUavum, Hort., is another form. This is not to be confounded with C Kimballianum (see No. 37). 3G. Sanderi&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, thick, uni- fonn green: scape long, reddish brown, bearing several fls. : upper sepal narrowlj' ovate, yellowish, striped with brown; petals linear, about 18 in. long, yellowish at the base, marked with reddish brown, the middle part barred with reddish brown and yellow, purplish brown at and toward the blunt apices ; labellum brownish. Feb.-Mav. Habitat known but not revealed: perhaps nortn Borneo. G.C. 111. 19:329. Gt. 43:520. 37. Rothschildi^num, Reichb. f. Fig. G47. Lvs. thick: scape reddish brown, bearing several fls. : upper sepal ovate, acute, striped with brownish (almost black) veins, ground color yellowish ; petals linear, spreading, ob- lique, yellowish, striped and spotted with dark Lrown- purple; labellum slipper-form, brownish, margin pale j'ellow, whitish beneath ; staminode with a projecting beak. Winter months. Borneo. B.M. 7102. G.F. 6:145. — C EUiottid.num, O'Brien, is a variety of the above, or at least very closely allied to it. J.H. III. 32:55. A.F. 6:557; 7:855. — C. Kimballidnum, from Borneo, is a nat- ural hvbridof C. Sothschildiamtm x C. Dayanum: see A.G. 20:719, Fig. 186. ccc. Petals much twisted, not drooping. 38. Chamberlaini^num, O'Brien. Lvs. dark oreen, ligulate: scape arching, bearing several fls. that open in succession: ovary not conspicuously ribbed; upper se- pal pale green, brownish at base, with about 12 veins which, brown at first, terminate green; margin whitish, ciliate, dorsal surface hairy; petals narrow, spreading, reflexed, twisted, green, with lines of numerous? red- brown spots, tinged rose-pink near the column ; labellum pale rosy mauve, copiously dotted with deeper mauve ; infolded lobes pale green : staminodium oval. Sumatra. B.M. 7578, as a Paphiopedilum. R.H. 1892, pp. 104-5. G.F. 5:413. 39. Victdria-Mariee, Rolfe. Similar to the above: la- bellum dull puri)le ; petals and upper sepal not lined with brown spots. Perhaps only a variety of C. Cham- herlainianum. Sumatra. B.M. 7573, as a Paphiopedilum. AAA. Lvs. membranaceous, plicate. B. Foliage of two lvs. upon the ground, or nearly so. 40. acatde. Ait. Fig. 648. Lvs. ovate, oblong oval: scape naked, tall : upper sepal and petals brownish, lanceolate ; labellum pink-purple to white (variable), CYPRIPEDIU3I CYPRIPEDIUM 437 with a fissure in front ; staminodiura spatuliform. May an<l June. Newfoun»ilan<l to N. C, west to Ind., Mich, and Minn. O.W.F. 11. A.G. 13:514; 14:405. Gng. 4:263. A.P. 11:1049. G.W.F.A. 11. BB. Foliage of two Ivtt. above the ground. 41. ^legani, Rcichh. f. Plant about 4 in. high: Ivs. opposite, home on an elongated annual stem: upper se- pal narrowly ovate, veined with reddish brown; petals lanceolate, similar in color to the sepals ; iahellum brown- ish, corrugated ; staminode elliptic. July. Sikkim.— Probably not in cultivation in this country. 42. Japdnicum, Thunb. Lvs. nearly opposite, roundish, undulately plicate: bract longt r than the vary, fl. ter- minating the scape: st^pals and petals lanceolate, acu- minate, greenish, «lotted with red; labellum white-pink; staminodium cordate, channeled. April, May. Japan. BBB. Foliage of several or many Ivs. on the stem. C. Lower sepal divided. 43. arietinom, R. Brown. Plant about 6 in. high, slen- der: Ivs. lanceolate: tls. small, terminal, solitary; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, brownish green ; petals linear; labellum tapering at the apex, white veined with red- dish purple, clothe<l with white, woolly hairs near the aperture ; stamino«iiura nearly round. May. Maine to N. Y., Mich, and Minn., and northward. B.M. 1569. L.B.C. 13:1240. F.S. 20:2095.-Fls. curiously irregular in shape, resembling a ram's head. 44. Himaliicum, Rolfe. Plant 8-12 '.n. high: Ivs. 3, elliptic-oblong : uj»per sepal ovate, brownish, with deeper colored veins; petals narrow, oblong, paler than the upper sepal; labellum purple-brown, m8ny-ncr\'ed; staminode heart-shape. July. Bhotan. — Probably not cultivated in this country*. 45. Thib^ticum, King. Lvs. 3, close together on the stem: lal'fllum larger than in the preceding, and not de- pressed, brown-purple; petals pale brown; st%iniinode oval-cordate, angled at the base. July. Sikkim. — Prob- ably not in cultivati'>n. cc. Lower sfj tl little or not at all divided. 46. cdndidum, Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. ter- minal, solitary; sepals broader than the petals, ovate- lanceolate; petals spreading like the sepals, greenish ; labellum white, striped inside with purple; staminodium lanceolate. May and June. N. Y., Penn., Minn., Mo. and Ky. 47. pub68cens, Willd. Fig. 649. Lvs. oval, acute : petals usually twisted, much narrower than the ovate- laoceolate sepals ; labellum pale yellow; staminodium triangular. Same range as No. 49. May and June. B.M. 911, as C. parviflorum. A.G. 13:513. Mn. 7:5. 48. Calcedlus, Linn. Fls. usually solitary; labellum yt'llow, slightly compressed, shorter than the lower se- }>al; sepals and petals deep, rich brown; staminodium triangular. Yorkshire and other northern counties of Eng.,Eu. R.H. 1892. p.392. R.B. 21:210. 49. parvifldrum, Salisb. Lvs. ovate, acute: fls. smaller than in C pubescens: labellum flattened from above and lit'low, not laterally, bright yellow; staminodium trian- gular. May and June. Newfoundland to Ga., west to Minn, and E. Kans. A.G. 13:515. 50. spectdbile. Swartz. Fig. 650. Plants stout: Ivs. oval, acute: sepals ovate, rather roundish, white; petals oblong, white ; labellum white or pale pink-purple ; staminodium ovul-cordate. June. Maine, western New Eng. to Minn, and Mo,, mountains of N. Car. R.H. 1868:410. Gn. 53, p. 77. R.B. 20, p. 198. A.F. 11:1048. Grg. 4:262, 327. 51. macrdntbon, Swartz. Lvs. oblong, acute : fls. purple, not spotted ; upper sepal oblong, acute ; lower sepal smaller ; petals ovate-lanceolate ; labellum con- tracted at the r.perture. Moist, shady places, northern Asia, Siberia. R.H. 1877:310. 52. CaUfdmicum, Gray. Plants either slender or stout, varjing in height, sometimes xceeding 2 ft.: lvs. ovate- alternate : floral bracts very large, becoming narrowly ovate: fls. small, from 6-12 open at the same time, an inch or more apart on the stem; labellum whitish; se- pals oval, yellowish green; petals narrowly oblong, col- ored like the sepals. Calif. B.M. 7188. G.F. 1:281. 53. mont&num, Dougl. One to 2 ft., leafy, pubescent: lvs. ovate to broad-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long : fls. 1-3, short-pedicelled, the wavy-twisted petals brownish, the oSO. Cypripedium spectabile. Natural size. inch-long lip dull white veined with purple ; capsule erect or nearly so. Calif, to Wash. B.M. 7319. — Fra- grant. Grows in clumps. Handsome. 54. Irape&num, Llave et Lex. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate: fls. large, several, sepals and petals about equal ; label- lum very large, much inflated, suggesting the inflated petal of a Calceolaria. Mex.— This species has not as yet been successfully cultivated. Supplementary list, comprising hybrid Cypripediums (for catalogues of hybrids, see (t.C. III. 17: 199 and A.G. 16: 118): Am = Lawrenf*eanum X insigne. var. Maulei.— Adra«fw« = l^eeanum X villosum, var. Boxallii. — A leides = insigne X hir- sutissiraum.— A/^r^-f/ 2/o//(«/7Mm = ciliolare X Philippiner '.— A Uaniannm= Spicerianum X Curtisii.— Almum — barbatumX Lawrenceanum. — Arnandnm = insigne X venustnm. — Amesi- anu/n — villosum X venu.stum (see Mea.«nresianum).— A;>i>u- latum = barbatum X villosum. var. Boxallii.— J rtemis = Da^- anum X Swanianum. — Arthurianum =» insigne X Fairieanum. 438 CYPRIPEDIUM cyphipedium A. P. 6:557.— Arthurianum, var. puleMlum '^ Innlgne Chan- tlni X Falrieanum. — ^«/i6urfom<» (C. obspurum ) ^ barba- turn X insigne. l.H. 35: fil.— Ashburtonice. var. expaiautn =» same. — Atpcuia =» selligerum niajus X tonsnva.— Aureum "■nitens. var. Sallierii X Spioerianum. Dint. Icon, des O. — Aurnretim^ LawrenceanurnXvenustum.— iicafnV^^Boxallii X Ijowii.— Berggreniatm tn—l)HnthieriiXinsigne.— Jiryaniidivir- fordense)^ Philippineni»e X Ariciis.—Hui haiUanutn = Druryi X Spii-erianum.— C'a/a/U/iMW — barbatum (.'rossiiXLowii.— Cali- oart' ^ venustumX Dayanum.— Vallc-KothtehildUinum = callo- iumX Ro'hschildianum.— Calyp»n. 8e^ Lathamiaiium.— Cau- hainii (Chas. Cauham)="villo8uniX8uperbien8.— (^'flfr;i»«»a?i«w» ^HaynaldianumXSpicerianum. — fVr<'«='SpicerianumXhir8u- tissiinum. — C'AW»t^n»« = LowiiX barbatum, var. Wamerii.— C'/i/or«nntrum=»barbatumXvenustnni.— C'i<'opatra=opnanthum XHookeriB.— C/mA-afc*rn/an«m==Philippinen8eXCartisii.— Cio- tilde Moens=ljee&nnm, var. superbiimXHaynahlianum.— Con^ cinn«m=villo8umXpurpuratutn. — C'on«pi<ruum=Harri8ianum X villosum.— Constance = Curtisii X Stonei.— Cooktonianum == almum. — Cr<o»=» Harrisianum, var. superbum X cenanthum, var. superbum.— Crr<Au«=.Spic'erianumXAr^8.— Croggianum = insijfne X venustum. — Cybele =* Ijawrenceanum X Druryi.— Daxithierii. See Harrisianum. — />t7»rfm, var. Davigianum '^ villosum, var. Boxallii X Arifus, var. Moen8ii.— i>i7«'<'?Mm = vil- losum, var. BoxalliiXhirsutissimum.— Z)t«o/or=venustumX ? — Z)ona^iant«/>='in8ifirne.var.WiotiXHarri8iantxm.— i>oHra«'«t- on»jm=hir8uti88imumXcallosum.— X>orw=vemi.stumX Stonei. — i>runo-ifooi:?r«=I)ruryiX Hookerae.- ^ii-rfra^cenanthum, var. electra.— £n/i€W«i#<'=Liawrenr-eammXHookerje.— Ephi- altea — insiipie, var. Chantini X auroreum. — Euryale = Law- renceanum X superbiens.— £uri/anrfr« in=barbatumX Stonei.— Eurylochus =» ciliolare X hirsutis.simum. — Excelsior = Roth- sohildianumXHarrisianum.— Fain/ yM<'«i=» Curt isilXDruryi.- Finetianum =* Philippinrnse, var. Rcebbelenii X barbatum. — Fitchianum = Hookerse X barbatum. — Frau Ida Brandt — lo, var. grandeX Youngianum.— Galatea = Harrisiantim X insigne Maulei. — Qemmiferum = Hookerae X purpuratum. — Oerminy- anum, var. God«ff^tanum = villosum, var. BoxalliiX hirsutissi- mum. — Oerminyanum = villosum X hirsutissimum. — Oiga^=* Harrisianum, var. superbum X Lawrenpeanum.— Oowerianum = Lawrenceanxim X Curtisii. — Greyanum =* Druryi X cilio- lare. — Harrisianum = barbatum X villosum. F. S. 22:228&-90. R. B. 22:148. A. F. 6: .557. — Harrisianum, var. superbum = barbatum X villosum.— Harrisianum, var. Dauthierii = bar- =- Argufl X Curtisii. — Hybridum =■ villosum X barbatum /no=-HaynaldianumX Mra.Cauham.— /iiffTWfdium. See Hy" bridum. - lo =• Lawrenreannm X Argus. - JavanicoSpieeri- anum. bee Lutescens.— Javanico-superbiens. — Joseph Donate 651. Cypripedium Lathamianum (X H)- Hybrid. (See supplementary list.) bstnm X villosum. — H. Ballantine = purpuratum X Fairie- anum. — Hephaestus — oallosum X ? — Hobsonii = Lawrence- anura (pistillate) X ^'hilippense. A.F. 14:1094. Gng. 7:242.— Homianum « Spicerianum X superbiens. — Murrellianum 65'-. Cypripedium Niobe (XK). Hybrid. (See suppleme. tarv list.) Ashbnrton® X Spicerianum. — Josephianum saDrrTyi X Ja- vanico- superbiens. A.F. 7:707.— Juno=eallosumXFairieanum. — KimhaWianum = Rothsehildianum X Dayanum. - Krameri- anuOT=oenanthumXvillosum. — ALrwA?Mi=in8igneXton.su'n.— £a^rcad<a = barbatum X insigne, var. Chantini. — 2-a*Aami- anum (Fig. 6.')!) = Spieerianum X villosum. — Lathamianvm, var. Caii/p»o= Spicerianum Xvillosuui, var.Boxallii.— Xft-anwOT =insigne X Spicerianum.— i^eanum, var. i,"f;an<«^m^insgne X Spicerianum. A.F. 9:765. — Leeanxim, var. Masareelianum=' insigne, var. Chantini X Spicerianum. I. H. 36:77. A. F. 6: 555. A.G. 12: 65. — I/^ea/ium. var. superbum is a good form raided by YeitAih. — Loetcegren'MPun. = Spicerianara X lo graudis.— £«cidum=LowiiXvillo8ui;i. — X,uridum=LawrenceanumXvil- losum, var. 8ui)erbum.— iu/e«ce7i«=SpicerianumXJavanicam. — Lynchianum, — Spicerianum X sellegerum. — Macropterum =» LovrtiXsuperbiens.— jlfarmoro/>/ii/Hum=HookerapXbarbatum. — Marshallianum = venustum, var. pardinum X concolor. — Masereelianum. See Leeanum. — Jfa*»aiaHuw = 8uperciliarp X Rothschildianum.— 3fa^/Mardi= purpuratumX Spicerianum. — Measuresianum == viiiosum X venustum. — Measuresianum, var.paronin«rn=villosnm,var. BoxailJiXvenustum.— 3forpa7i«p =superbiensX Stonei. I.H. 34: 5.— Mis. Cat/Aar«=sui)erbien8X villosum.— Jfr«. G. D. On'«r = 8ui)erciliareXvillo.sum.— Miilus =»hirsutissimumX Lawrenceanum.— Niobe (Fig. 652)= Spiceri- anumXFairieanum.— iVi7<'/i#=»vil!osumXinsigne, var. Maulei — Nitens, var. iS'aWj<'r»i=in8igneXvillosum.~A'tfe/i«, var. Sallierii, sub-var. ifj/t-a/mm^insigneXvillosum.— iVi<«*7i», var. Schlesin- (;erianum=^•illo8um,var.BoxalliiXinsigue.— iVi7p;i«, var. If on«de OiirtP^Boxallii X insigne Chantini.— A'u?na=LawrenceanumX Stonei.— OaAe* J. m€«=ciliolareXRoth8childianum.—06sn<na/t =oenanthum.— CBna7i^/iw;rt=HarrisianumXinsigne.— Olivia— tonsum X nivetim. — . Orestes — cenanthum, var. Orestes. —.Or- phanum = barbatum X Druryi.— Osbomei = Harrisianum, var. superbumXSpicerianum.- PaflreonMm=superbiensXHookeraB. — Fallens = Spicerianum X Dayanum. — Patersonii = Lowii X Lawrenceanum.— Paroninum. See Measureianiim. A.F. 7:707. — Peii<M=HaynaldianumX insigne.— Pefo/>»=NiobeXjavanico* superbiens.- Pellucidum = insigne, var. Matxlei X Dayanum.— Pfcturatum= Spicerianum X superbiens. — PifcAerianw ?n= Har- risianum, var. superbum X Spicerianum.- Pleistochlorum=\i&r- batum X javanicum, var. virens. — Pleuroneuron =* vcnustumX villosum.— Plunerum =» villosum X venustum ( ? ) .— Politum = barbatum X venustum. — Pollettianum = caiophyllum X cenan- thum, var. superbum. — Pr^7r«'^^"i = Harrisianum Xvillostim.— Radiosum = LawrenceanumXSpicerianxtm.— Regale = insigne, var. MauleiXpurpuratum. — Poiraifiarium = villosumXvenus- tum (.see Measureianum).— /fH^/fijeen* = cenanthum, var. su- perbumXvillosum. v.tr. Boxallii.— iSaraj7<'anMnj=Harrisianum X Spicerianum. — Selligerum = barbatum X Fhilippense. — Sel- CYPRIPEDIUM CRYTOMIUM 439 liaerum, rht. majus -» barbattunX Phillppinense. A. P. 11: 1349. — Seegerianum =■ HarrisianomX Splcerianara.— Supereiliare =* barbatum X snperbiens. — Susan Ainet =* Leeanum X uitens. — A' Dimd-Brunn =- Lowei X CurtUli.— iS'u)ania/iur»»"Dayamim Xbarbatum.— A'lcinfrumrt = insijfne, var. Maiilei X ArguK.— T. B. Haywood =■ Druryi X 8ui>erhien8. — Ti-Kselntum ^ oon- colorX barbatum. A.F. 7:707.— Thayerianum — li^iwrenceanum Xvillosum, var. Ik)iallii. — Thibautianum= HarrisijinumXin- silfne, var. Maulei.— rAom/omt=«uiM'rbiensXinsigiie.— Thorn- tonii, var. /iiow/xTj/u^insiifneXHUperbiens. — Tityiis==Spiceri- anumXtpnanthum, var. superbuiu.— ro/i«(>-ri7/«»Hm=t<»nsumX villosum.— jTurp^ = barl>;auraX.Vrgus.— r. IF. .Bo/Jd = bir8lltiH- 8imumXS•vanianum.— t'm/rt?/ft»rt«um=in.slgne, var. Chantini X Lawrenceaniim. — Van Houteanutn =* nivetun X Dawthieri. A.F. 6: 557.-- Vemixum = .\rBU8 X villosum. — Vfxillarium — barbatum X Fairieanum.— Walloertianum^^ Harrisianum X vil- losum. — Tr«(7an»auu»rt = Harrisianum or HookersB X Ashbur- tonsB.— TrtWia7»«»a/«um=narri8ianumXvenu8tum or villosum. C. debile, Reichb. f.,a small Japanese 8i)e<'ie8, is offered by importers of Japanese plants. It is the C. eardlophyllum, Franch. & Sav. Fls. very small, not much larger than those of Calypao borealis.—C. tasciculatum is offered by importers of Dutch bulbs. The €. fascicitlatum, Kelloffi;, is Calif omian: 2-6 in., bearing a pair of nearly opi)osite, ovate, somewhat acute Jvs. : fls. solitary or several, greenish, the depressed lip greenish yellow with a purplish margin. Oake.s Ames. CTBlLLA (after Dominico Cyrillo, professor of medi- cine at Naples, 1734-1799). Cyrilldceai. Shrub, rarely tree: Ivs. short-petioled, entire, glabrous, deciduous or nearly persistent: fls. small, white, in narrow slender racemes, S-merous: fr. a smaU indehiscent 2-celled cap- sule with 2 seeds. Probably one variable species from N. Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, and in W. India and S. America. Ornamental shrub, rarely cultivated, with handsome bright green foliage, and graceful ra- cemes of white fls., hardy north to New York. Thrives best in humid sandy soil and shady position. Prop, by seeds and cuttings under glass, with slight bot- tom heat. racemindra, Linn. Leathkrwoop. Shrub, occa- sionally tree lo 30 ft.: Ivs. cuneaie, oblong or oblanceo- late, usuialy obtuse, reticulate-veined, 2-3 in. long, bright «?! c?»n, turning orange and scarlet in fall, but in tropical climates evergreen: racemes 4-6 in. long, erect, at length nodding. B.M. 2456. S.S. 2:51. -The variety from "VV . India has been described as C. Antillana, Michx., and that of Brazil as C. racemifera, Vandelli. Alfred Rehdee. GTSTAHTHITS (Greek, curved flowers; from their pendulous habit). Amarylliddcece. Twenty species of tender bulbs from South Africa, known only in a few American greenhouses. Their culture is presumably like that of many other bull)3 from the same region. They are suitable for pot culture, or for planting out in summer. The following analytical key gives an idea of the group, and its three subgenera. A. Fls. many in an umbel, pendulous. B. Lvs. strap-shaped. (Cyrtanthus proper.) obllqatui, Ait. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick: lvs. 10-12, strap-shaped, distichous, produced after the fls., 1 J^-2 ft. long : scape 1-2 ft. long, stout, mottled: fls. 10-12 in an umbel, entirely drooping, odorless, bright red, with more or less yellow, and greenish tips 2-3 in. long; pedi- cels J^-1 in. long; style not exserted. Cape Colony. B. M. 1133. BB. Lvs. linear. (Monella.) M4ckenii, Hook. f. Bulb IK in. thick: lvs. 2-6. ap- pearing with the fls., linear, 1 ft. long: scape slender, slightly glaucous: fls. 4-^0 in an umbel, pure white, 2 in. long; style exserted. Natal. G.C. I. 29:641. Gn. 50, p. 63. AA. Fls. single, or few in an umbel, erect or slightly curved downward. (Gastronema.) sangofneus, Hook. Bulb 2 in. thick: lvs. 3-4, appear- ing with the fls., lanceolate, petioled, 1ft. long: scape slender, 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-3, bri^'ht red, 3-4 % in. long, wider funnel-shaped than in the two preceding species, with a throat 1 in. across. Caflfraria, Natal. B.M. 5218. C. Hiittoni, Baker, belongs to Cyrtanthus proper, but its lvs. appear with the fls., and it has 6-8 or even 12 pale red fls. about 1 in. long, and a much shorter style than in C obliquus. Cape Colony. B.M. 7488. Gn. 50:1076. "W^. jjl. CTBTOCABPA (Greek, curved fruit). Anacardideea. Two Mexican trees, of which one bears a small fruit, likened to a cherry by the natives of Lower Calif. In- tro<luced into S. Calif, by F. Franceschi. Santa Bar- bara. prdcera, HBK. Very tall tree, with slender, terete, dark purj'Ii-'^h, resinous branches : lvs. alternate, odd- pinnate: leaflets 5-7 or 9, oblong, entire, with a very slight silkiness, especially below, very shortly stalked, 1 in. or more long, half as wide: fls. white, inconspic- uous, in panicles 1-2 in. long; calyx 5-parted, villour, persistent ; segment." roundish ; petals 5, elliptic ; sta- mens 10; style 1: fr. the size of an olive, edible. Mex. HBK. 6, t. 609. CYKTOCHlLUM. Referred to Oncidium. CTRT0D£IEA. See Episcia. CTBTOMIUM (Greek, a bow). Polypodiicect. A genus of Asiatic half-hardy or greenhouse ferns of rigid habit, with simply pinnate lvs., anastomosing veins and firm indusia fixed by the depressed center. Culture as for Polystichum, to which it la closely allied. 653. Cyrtomium falcatum (Leaf X J4.) A. Margins of pinna entire or slightly undulate. lalektwan, J. Sm. Fig. 653. Pinnee ovate, falcate ; the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base, 4-6 in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Japan and India. — The large thick, glossy foliage makes it an excellent fern for decorations, F6rtanei, J. Sm. Pinnae lanceolate, opaque, 2-4 in. long, }{-l in. wide. Japan. B. Margins of pinnee toothed or some*imes lobed. c&ryotideam, J. Sm. Pinn» larger. 5-7 in. long, 1>^- 23-8 wide, oft^en auricled on both sides at the base» sharply toc*ii» A. India. jj, ji. UjnJEEWOOD. 440 CRYTOPERA CYTISUS CYKTOPfiBA. Consult Cyrtopodium Woodfordii. CYBTOPODIUM ( Greek tot curved foot, from the shape of the lip). Orchiddceo', tribe Vdndece. Epiphytes: stems fusiform, bearing plicate leaves: sepals and petals equal, free ; column semiterete : pollinia 2, caudicle short, gland ovate: scapes radical, bearing numerous flowers, pure yellow or spotted with crimson. Probably two dozen species, widely distributed in the tropics. They are large-growing plants, with large and showy flowers. They need a rich, fibrous soil with manure. Grow in a warm or tropical house. Andersonii, R. Br. Stems 5 ft. high": Ivs. long, lan- ceolate, sheathing at the bfc«e: scape often 3 ft. high, branching, bearing many yellow flowers: sepals and petals broad, bright yellow, the labellum brighter, front lobe slightly concave. Specimens with over 100 fls. have been recorded. Tropical Amer. B.M. 1800. punct^ttim, Lindl. Habit as above: scape from 2-3 ft. high, branching about midway, dotted with dull purple, the branches subtended by membninaceous sheathing bracts, which are lanceolate, unduliiting, and dotted with crimson : sepals oblong-lanceolate, undulate, greenish yellow blotched with crims- »^etals similar, spotted at the base; luhellum % in. 1 leshy, bright yellow, lateral lobes crimson, midlc spotted and margined with crimson; column green. Extensively dis- tributed through S. Araer. B.M. 3507. F.S. 22: 2852.- Var. Saintlegeri&num, Hort. {C. Saintlegeriiinum, Reich, f. ). Has blighter markings on the bracts and flowers. Woddfordii, Sims (Cyrtoplra Woddfordii, Lindl.). Stems fusiform: Ivs. lanceolate: scane radical, bearing a manj'-flowered raceme: fls. greenish, with a purple la- bellum; sepals linear lanceolate; petals oblong. Trinidad, Martinique. B.M. 1814. Oakes Ames. CYETOSPEEMA (Greek, CM /'ffd seed). Aroldece. This genus includes a handsome wamthouse tuberous foliage plant, with large, hastate red-veined leaves, resembling an Alocasia, but easily distinguished by its spiny stems. It was introduced into cult, in 1880 from the Solomon Islands as Alocasia J6hnsfoni, but two years later it flowered, and it became evident that the plant was a Cyrtosperma. This plant was once adver- tised by Pitcher & Manda as Cyrtemeria, upparently a 'typographical error, as there is no such genus. Cyrto- sperma has 9 species, remarkably scattered in the tropics. They are herbs with tnibers or long rhizomes : leaf and flower-stalks often spiny or warty: Ivs. hastate or sagit- tate; petioles long, sheathing at the base. Culture presumably same as Alocasia. Jdhnstoni, N. E. Br. (Alocdsia Jdhnstoni, Hort.). Tuberous: petiole 2-2% ft, long, olive green, spotted rose, covered with fleshy, spine-like warts: Ivs. sagit- tate, depressed in the middle, 1^2-2 ft. long, olive-green, with prominent and beautiful red veins above. I.H. 27:395. C. fkrox, Lind. & >.*. E. Br., is a second species of this genns, figured iu I.H. ;{9:1.">;5. but not known to l>e in the Amer. trade. It has narrow-sagittate Ivs. on slender, very prickly petioles : spathe rather large, reflexed, greenish white. Borneo. CYRTOSTACHYS (Greek for arched spike). Pal- mAceif, tribe Arececf. Three Malayan, spineless, pin- nate-leaved palms, sometimes seen in choice collections. They thrive on the treatment given to Areca and Chrys- alidocarpus. Spadix large, branching and pendent: fls. monoecious, the two kinds in one spadix— each pistillate accompanied by two staminates with G stamens. Two species are oft'ered in this country : B^nda, Blume. Height 25-30 ft. : leaflets linear or ensiform. obtuse, unequally 2-toothed, delicate gray be- neath, the petioles dark, brownish red. L^kka, Becc. Petioles gr.en : Ivs. broad, boldly arched, the leaflets unequally 2-toothed. CYBTACANTHUS (Greek for bladder Acanthus, be- cause the flowers are inflated). Acanthdce<x. Five erect, evergreen herbs of Burma and Cochin China, with shov-y, sessile fls. in the axils of bracts, the entire in- florescence more or less crowded into a terminal panicle orthyrse. CV rolla-limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed, the lobes short-rotund : stamens 2 ; style filiform, the stigina 2-toothed : Ivs. entire. One speoies is cult, in the Old World, but is not known to be in the Amer. trade. This is C. tiirgida, Nicholson, B.M. <»043 as Meninia tiirgidn, Fua. It comes from Cochin China; 2 ft. or less hitrh! with prominently jointed stems and opposite, elliprii-- lanceolate Ivs.: fls. white, yellow in the throat and pink- reticulated on the lobes. Cult, as other wanuhouse Acanthads. (See Aphelandra for example.) Prop, by cuttings of young wood. CYSTOPTEBIS (Greek, bladder- fern). Polypodid- cece. A small genus of hardy native ferns, with deli- cate foliage, and round sori, covered by a delicate indu- sium which is attached under one side and opens at the other, becoming hood-like in appearance and finally disappearing. The 5 .species all grow in the north tem- perate zone. Of easy culture in shady, rich borders. C. bulbifera. Bemh. Lvs. 8-24 in. long, widest at the base, tripiuuiitifid, bearing on the under surface of the rachis a series of bulb-like bodies, which germinate and propagate new plants. Thrives best on lime-bearing rocks. Canada to North Carolina. C. frtlgriliB, Bemh. Fig. 654. Lvs. clus- tered, 4-8 in. long besides the slender stalks, tripinnatifid, widest above the base. Widely distributed over the world at all altitudes. L. M. Underwood. CYTISUS (Greek name for a kind of clover). Ltgtt- miH(is(f. Br(X)M. Mostly low shrubs, rareiy small trees : lvs. trifoliolate, sometimes uni- foliolate, rather small, alter- nate, deciduous or persistent, sometimes few and minute and branches almost leafless : fls. papilionaceous? axillary or in terminal heads or racemes, yel- low, white or purple; "sta- mens 10, connate ; style curved : pod flat, dehis- cent, with few or many seeds ; seeds with a cai- lose appendage at the base. About 45 species in S. and M. Europe, Ca- nary Isl., N. Africa and W. Asia. Ornamental f r ee - flowering s h rubs , blooming most in early spring and summer. Nearly hardy north are C. hirsutit8,C. eapitatus, C. scoparius, C. nigri- cans ,V .leuca nfJiKs, -whWe the evergreen species C. Canariensis, C. candi- cans. V. filipes are hardy only south. Most of the species are well adapted for borders of shrubberies, and thrive in almost any well drained soil and in sunny position; they naturalize tl '^m«elves often very quickly in drj-, gravelly soil. where *"eiV other plants will grow; C scoparius espe- cially does so. The Cytisus ought to be transplanted carefully and wh»^n young, as they do not bear trans- planting well as older plants. Some dwarf species like C Ardoini. Kea-ensis, glabrescens, purpurens and leucanthus are very handsome for rockeries. The ever- green C Canariensis and racemosus are much grown in the north as greenhouse shrubs, blooming profusely in early spring ; also the white-flowering C. albus and filipes make handsome pot-plants, and may be had in bloom in February with gentle forcing. For pot- plants, a light sandy loam with peat added forms a suit- able compost. After flower? ncr the plants should bo cut back and repotted as soon as they start into new growth. 654. Cystopteris fraffilis. (X3'3.) CYTISUS CYTISUS 441 After repotting they are kept close and often syringed until they are estaV)lished ; then they ought to have plenty of air and only slight shade. When the new growth has been finished they may be put in the open air until frost is threatening. During the winter they should be kept in a cool greenhouse with plenty of light and carefully and moderately watered. From January they may be transferred gradually in a warmer house for forcing. 655. Cytisus Canariensis. Cuttings started in early spring, transplanted several times and then gradually hardened off, cu be grown into dowering specimens fo • the following spring. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and by greenwood cuttings under glass i they are also sometimes increased by layers or by grafting. As stock C. nigricans is much used, or La- bunium vulgare for small standard tr-^es ; for plants grown in the greenhouse or south, C. C'anar'->nsis is a good stock. Alfred Rv.hdek. Of Cj^isus, the young growtLs root readily in Decem- ber and January in the ordinary way. They should be shifted on as they grow. Good sized plants can be pro- duced if shifting and pinching is not neglected. By the following winter, the winter-propagated plants should be in 5-in. pots, in which size they are most useful. Keep very cool during winter and withhold any forcing. They flower in March, or, if tept at a night temperature of 45°, as late as April. Syringe at all times to prevent red spider. To produce good sized plants in one year, it is best to keep them plunged on a bench under the glass the jntire summer, with little 3iiv.c!». Older plants can be plunged out of doors during July, August and September. William Scott. Index: albus, 2 ; Andreanus, 1; atropurpureus, 5; Canariensis, 10; candicans, 8; capitatus, 7; cameus, 5 ; elongatus, 14, and suppl. list ; Everestianus, 11 ; falca- tus, 6; tilipes, 3; hirsutus, 6 ; inca^natus, 2; Linkii, 2 ; linifolius, 13; Maderensis,9; nigricans, 14; Palmensis, 3; pendulus, 5; proliferus,4; purpureus, 5; racemosus, 11, 12; ramosissimus, 10; Schipkaensis (which is oflFe '. in the trade as this page goes to press) will be found iu the supplementary list under C. levcanthus; scoparius, 1; stenop stains, 12. See Laburnum and Adenocarpus. A. Fls. lateral along the branches. B. Style very long, spirally incurved at the apex: fls. large, yellow or partly crimson. 1. scoparius, Link. {Sarothdmnns scopdrius, Wimm, Spdrtium .scopdrium, Linn.). Scotch Broom. Shru./, to 10 ft., with erect, slender branches: Ivs.short-petioled, 1-3-foliolate ; Ifts. obovate or oblanceolate, sparingly appressed-pubescent, %-% in. long: fls. usually solitary, % in. long ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous : pod brownish black, glabrous, villous only at the margin. May, June. M. and S. Europe. — Var. Andre&nus, Dipp. {Genista Andredna, Puissant). Fls. vollow with dark crimson wings. R.H. 1886:373. Gt. 40: 1.342. R.B. 19: 129. J.H. III. 32:4»>2. There are also varieties with double and with yellowish white fls. and a form with pendulous branches. All the vars. are more tender than the type. — The Scotch Broom, C. scopariiitt, has J)eoome established in this country, as a naturalized plant, in waste places from Nova Scotia to Virginia; and it is also reported from Vancouver Is''-.nd. It is also recom- mended by landscape gardeners foi- covering raw and broken places. Its yellow fls. and nearly bare stems mako a unique combination in the American landscape. Even when it kills to the ground in winter, it throws up its stems again in the spring. BB. Style not or not much longer than the keel, slightly curved. C. Color of fls. white or purple. D. Calyx short campanulate, not longer than xcide: foliage scarce. 2. ^Ibos, Link. ({7. Linkii, Janka. Genista alba, Lam.). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender, erect, grooved branches : Ivs. sht>rt-petioled, 1- to 3-foliolate; Ifts. obovate-oblong to linear-oblong, H-% in. lonj?, sparingly appressed- pubescent: fls. axillary, 1-3. white, %-% in. long: pod appressed-pubescent, usually 2-seeded. May, June. Spain, N. Africa. — Var. incamiltas, Dipp. Fls. white, slightly blushed. L.B.C. 11 :10r)2 as a Spartina. 3. tilipes, Webb ( Spartoci/tisus filipes,\\ehb}. Shrub, with slender, antrnlate, thread-like branches : Ivs. slen- der-petioled, 3-foliolate. nearly glabrous ; Ifts. linear- lanceolate : fls, axillary, 1-2, fragrant, pure white ; wings much lontrer than the keel. Feb. -May. Tene- riffa. — As C. Palmensis, Hort., in the Amer. trade. DD. Caylx tubular, longer than wide : Ivs. always S-fO' liolate : branches terete. 4. proliferus, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with long and slen- der pubescent branches : Ifts. oblanceolate, silky pu- bescent beneath, green and sparsely pubescent above, l-l/'4 in. long : fls. white, 3-8 on rather long tomentose pedicels ; calyx tomentose ; standard pubescent outside; pod densely tomentose-villous, lM-2 in. long. May June. Canary Isl. B.R. 2:121. L.B.C. 8: 761. -Recommended as a fodder plant for California. 5. pnrpiireus. Scop. Procumbent or erecl shrub, to 2 ft., quite s^lubrous : Ivs. rather long petioled : Ifts. oval or obovate, dark green above, }4-l in. long : fls. 1-3, purple; calvx reddish: pod black, ^-1% in. long. Mav, June. S. Aust4-ia, N. Italy. B.M. 1176. L.B.C. 9: 8'/2.-Var. ^Ibtis, Hort. Fls. white. Var. cameos, Hort. Fls. light pink. Var. atropurptireus, Hort. Fls. dark purple. Var. pendulus, with slen<ler. pendulous branches, is some- times grafted high on Laburnum. cc. Color ot fls. yellow. 6. hirstittis, Linn. Shmb, to 3 ft., with erect or procum- bent, villous,lcrete branches: Ifts. obovate or obovate-ob- long, villous pubescent be- neath, }4-% in. long : fls. 2-3, short,- petioled ; calyx villous pubescent: pod 1 in. long, villous. May, June. M. and S. Europe, Orient. B. M. 6813 (leaflets erro- neously shown as serrate). L. B. C. 6: 520 (as C. falca- tus) B. R. 14: 1191 (as C. multiflorus). a; . Fls. in terminal heads, with bracts at the base. 7. capit&tus, Scop. Shmb, to 3 ft., with erect, terete, j^^ villous branches: Ifts. ob- ovate or oblong - obovate, sparingly app-essed pubes- cent above, villous pubescent beneath, %-l in. long : fls. yellow, brownish when fad- ing:, nearly 1 in. long : pod villous, 1-lJ^ in. long. July, Auff. M. and S. Europe. L. B.C. 5:497. I.H. III. 31:161 (as Genista). AAA. Fls. in terminal racemes. B. Foliage persistent : branches grooved or striped. c. Lvs. distinctly petioled. D. Racemes rather short and dense. 8. c&ndicans, Linn. Shmb, to 10 ft.: branches villous- pubescent wlien young: lvs. short-petioled, usually gla- 656. Cytisus racemosus. (XK.) 442 CYTISUS brcus above, pubescent beneath; Ifts. obovate or obo- vate-oblong, mucronulate, %-% in. long: racemes 3-9- fld., short, leafy at the base: fls. fragrant, bright yellow: pod nifous- villous, slightly torulose. May, June. Medi- terranean region, Canary Isl. 9. Mader^nsis, Voss {Genista Maderinsis, Webb). Large shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., closely allied to C. candicans and chiefly distinguished by the rufous woolly toraentum covering the young branches, petioles and pedicels, and by the longer petioles. Lvs. crowded ; Ifts. obovate, acute or mucronulate, often almost glabrous above, scabby beneath, K-K in. long, about as long as petioles: racemes 6-12-fld., short: fls. bright yellow, slightly fragrant: pod 5-7-seeded. May, June. Madeira. 10. Canari^nsis, Linn. Genista of florists. Fig. 655. Much-branchou sh.ab, to 6 ft., with villous-pubescent branches: petioles at least half as long as the Ifts.; Ifts. cuneate, obovate or oblong-obovate, pubescent on both sides, 34-K in. long: racemes usually many-fld., secund: fls. fragrant, bright yellow. May-July. Canary Isl. A. F. 6:802.— Var. ramosissimus, Rehder (C. ramosissi- mus, Poir. C. Attleyantis, Hort.). Lfts. very small: racemes short, but niunerous. L.B.C. 13:1201. B.R. 3:217. DD. Racemes elongated. 11. racemdBtiB, Nichols., not Mam. Fig. 656. Shrub, to 6 ft. : branches pubc* ^ent: lvs. rather long petioled; lfts. oblong-obovate, mucrc^iulate, %-% in. long, silky pu-' bescent on both sides: racemes elongated, many-fld., secund and rather loose, 3-5 in. long. Probably of gar- den origin and hvbrid between C Canariensis and C. stenopetalus. A'.F. 6:802 ; 13: 11.36. -Better florists' plant than the last. Var. Everesti^nos, Hort. Fls. of a deeper shade of yellow, very free-flowering. R.H. 1873:390. 12. stenopetalus, Voss ((7. racewidsM«, Mam.). Shrub, to 6 ft., with silky pubescent branches : lvs. slender petioled ; lfts. cuneate, oblong or narrow-oblong, obtuse, silky pubescent on both sides, %-\}4 in. long: racemes many-fld., loose: fls. large, bright yellow. May, June. Canary Isl. B.R. 26:23 (an Genista bracteoldta). — Sojne- times cultivated as C. splendens, but less desirable as a greenhouse plaut than the two former. cc. Lvs. nearly sessile. 13. linifdlius, Lam. Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect, an- pressed-silky tomentose branches: lfts. linear or lineai- lanceolate, acute, revolute at the margin, nearly gla- brous and shining above, silvery pubescent beneath, ^- 1 in. long; racemes short and compact: fls. bright yel- low: pod torulose. April-June. Spain, N. Afr., Canary Isl. B.M.442. CYTISUS BB. Foliage deciduous: branches quite terete. 14. nigricans, Linn. Shrub, 2-i ft., with erect, ap. pressed-pubescent branches : lvs. long petioled; lfts. obovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous above, appressed- pubescent beneath, %-l in. long: racemes very long and slender, 3-8 in. long. June, July. Germanv, X. Italy Hungary. L.B.C. 6:. 570. B.R. 10:802. Var. elongitus', Borkh. Blooming again in fall at the top of the elon- gated fruiting racemes. R.H. 1891, p. 149 (as var. Carlieri). C. Adami, Poir.=Labumum Adami.— C. dlbus, Haoqu.= C. leucanthus.— C. alpinus, Mill.= Laburnum alpinum.— C. Ar- doini, Fourn. Prostrate shrub, to 1 ft. high : lvs. trifoliate, silky: fls. 1-6, axillary, yellow; calyx campanalate. Apr., May! Southeastern France.— C. Austriac^is, Linn. Allied to C. capi^ tatus. Lfts. narrow, oblanceolate, silky pubescent on.both sides: fls. yellow: calsTc densely villous. Southeastern Eu., Cauoasna. — C. biflbrus, L'Herit. = C. Ratisl)onensis.— C Cantabiicus, Willd. Allied to C. scoparius, but prostrate, with silky lvs. and large bright yellow fls. : pod \'illous. May. Spain.— (7. Capita. bricus, Hort.= C. scoparius, var. pendulus.— C congestus, Voss (Teline congesta, Webb) . Allied to C. Canariensis. Densely vil- lous-toaientose, small-leaved: racemes short. Tenerififa.— C. deciimbeng, Walj^. Prostrate: lvs. simple, oblanceolate, loosely villous: fls. yellow, axillary, 1-2. S. Eu. L.B.C. 8:718.-C.don- gdto-purpuretis, Hort.=C versicolor.— C. elongdtxig, Waldst. &■ Kit.=C. Ratisbonensis, var. elongatus. — C. elongatut, Hort.= C. hirsutus.- V. frdgrans, Lam. Allied to C. filipes. Petioles short : lfts. densely pubescent : fls. fragrant, white. Spring. Tenerififa.- (7. glabriscens. Sartor. Procumbent, sparingly ap- pressed-pubescent : lvs. 3-foliolate: fls. lateral, yellow : pod glabrous. jN. lt&\j.—C. KewensiSy'Bea.n (C. albusX Ardoini). Prostrate: lvs. 3-foliolate, pubescent: fls. creamy white. Origi- nated at Kew.— C. Laburnum, Linn.=Labumum vulgare.— (7. leucanthus, Waldst. & Kit. Allied to C. capitatus. Lfts. nearly glabrous above, acute : fls. white or yellowish white. June, July. Southeastern Eu. Var. Schipkaensis, Dipp. Dwarf : fls. pure white. Balkan.— C nubigenus, Link = C. fragrans.— C. prceeox, Hort. (C. albus X purgans). Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect branches : lvs, 1-3-foliolate : fls. yellowish white. Of garden origin.— C. polytrichus, Bieb.=C. hirsutus. — C. piirgans, WiUd. Shrub, to 3 ft., appressed-pubescent : branches striped : lvs. 1-3-foliolate, oblong or linear- lanceolate : fls. axillary, yellow, fragrant: pod glabrous. May-July. Spain, S. France.— C ramentdceus, Sieb.=Petteria ramentacea.— C. Ratisbonensis,. SchaeflF. Allied to C. hirsutus. To 3 ft.: branches slender, ap- pressed-pubescent: lfts. glabrous above, silky beneath: fls. 1-2, yellow : calyx with appressed, yellowish, silky hairs. April- June. M. Eu.,W. Asia. Var. elongatus, Koch. More erect: fls. larger, 3-5; .ilyx with somewhat spreading hairs. B.R. 4:308 (as C. bifli lus).— C. Ruthenieus, Hort., not Fisch.=C. hirsutus.— O. sessilitHius, Linn. Allied to C. nigricans. Quite glabrous: lvs. nearly sessile, with roundish-obovate lfts.: ra- cemes short, 4-ll-fld. May, June. S. Eu. B.M. 255.— C. triflorus, L'Herit. Similar to C. hirsutus. Fls. long-i)edicelled, yellow: calyx tube short, not tubular. April, May. S. Eu., N. Afr. Ten- der.— (7. versicolor, Dipp. (C. hirsutus Xpurpureus). Low shrub, with sparingly villous lvs. : fls. yellowish white and pale purple. Sometimes cult, as C. incamatus. — C. Weldeni, Vis.» Petteria ramentacea. Altred Kehdeb, D DABCECIA (after its Irish name St. Dabeoc's Heath). More commonly spelled Daboecia. Hyrx., Boretta, Erich' cece. Low evergreen shrub with alternate entire Ivs. and drooping pedicelled fls. in long termlual racemes : corolla ovoid, contracted at the mouth and shortly 4-lobed, with recurved lobes ; stamens 8, included : capsule 4-celled, dehiscent. One species in western Europe. Very pretty heath-like shrub, with purple or white fls. in ele- gant loose racemes, well lapted for rockeries or bor- ders of evergreen shrui- series. Requires protection north during the winter, and thrives best in a peaty, sandy soil. Prop, by seeds treated like those of Erica, and by cuttings of half -ripened wood under glass. polifdlia, Don {D. Cantdbrica, Koch. Memiesia poH- fblia, Juss. ) . Irish Heath. To 2 ft. : branchlets glandu- lar pubescent : Ivs. elliptic, the uppermost narrower, revolute at the margin, whitish tomentose beneath, shining and dark green above, )>i-% in. long: racemes many-fld. : corolla %-% in. long, purple in the type. June-Oct. Ireland, W. France, N. Spain. Gn. 52:1142. Gt. 47:1450. L. B. C. 20: 1907. S. B. F. G. 2: 276. There are many varieties, as Alba, with -^hite fls. ; bicolor,with white and purple striped fls. ; rdsea, with pink fls. ; gTan- difldra, with larger purple fls. Alfred Rehder. DACTYLIS ( Greek, finger, from the size of the spikes ) . Gramineve. Cock's-Foot. A perennial tufted grass with flat-keeled or folded leaf -blades, and narrow panicles which expand when in flower: spikelets several-flowered, much flattened, sessile, and densely crowded in thick one-sided clusters. A single species in Eu., Asia and N. Africa, also naturalised in Australia and N. America. glomer&ta, Linn. Orchapd Grass. Fig. 657. A some- what coarse grass forming dense tufts. Culms 2-3 ft. high, very leafy: Ivs, flat, spreading: spikelets com- pressed, 3-5 fld. : fl. -glumes lanceolate, very acute or short awn-pointed, ciliate on the keel above. — One of the best known and most useful pasture grasses, and useful for lawns under trees. Var. varieg&ta, Hort., is a dwarf form of neat, com- pact habit, with beautifully variegated silver and green foliage.— Well adapted for forming edgings. It grows 13^-2 ft. high, and is prop, by divisions. P. B. Kennedy. DACTTLOCTllNinM (Greek, daktylos, finger, and ktenion, comb). Finger -Comb Grass. This genus closely resembles Eleusine, from which it differs chiefly in having the terminal spikes shorter and each tipped with a sharp prolongation of the axis. Annual, with culms tufted or creeping, and rooting at the joints, 1)4- 2 ft. high. Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, about 2 in. long; spikelets several-fld., crowded in two rows alo g ono side of a continuous axis. Species 2, one in Australia, and the other appearing as a weed in all the warmer countries of the world. ■Sgryptiacum, Willd. (Eleushie ^gypfica. Cynosuma ^gyptius, hinn.). Crow- Foot. Spikelets very closely packed, spreading at right angles to the rachis, 2 fld., with rudiments of two other fls.— An ornamental grass introduced into N. Amer. from Asia or Africa. Mojave Indians of S. California use the grain for food. In Africa a decoction is prepared from the seeds for inflam- mation of the kidneys. p^ g^ Kennedy. DS DAL ACANTHUS (Greek words, meaning an ^ en n- thad of curious sttticture). Acanthdcecp. This genus contains some tender shrubs of difficult culture under glass, but great favorites in the tropics, particularly in India. D. vervosus is a popular winter and spring- blooming shrub in S. Fla. It has blue flowers, an inch across, 5-lobed, and shaded purple at the mouth of the tube. The names are much confused with those of Eranthemum. The kinds mentioned below are, how- ever, very distinct, from the garden standpoint, from any given in this work under Eranthemum by the color of their fls. and the great size and relative showiness cf their bracts. For culture, see Justicia. A. Fls. dark blue. nervdsus, T. Anders. (Eranthemum pulchillun,, Andrews and some dealers, while that of others is E. bicolor, and of Roxburgh is D. purpurascens. E. ncr- i')SMm, R. Br. ), Fig. 658. Lvs. ovate or elliptical, ac'iu>i- nate at both ends, somewhat crenate or entire : spikes axillary, opposite, overlapping: bracts ellipMual, acute: limb of the corolla as wide as the tube is long. India. B.M. 1358 as J UA^icia 7iervosa. Gn. 51:1113. i.C.Il. 657. Dactylis slomerata— Orchard Qrass (X ^). 21:415.— A very pretty shrub for the warmhouse, its fls. being of a color that is not very common in winter- blooming plants. It is an es^sy subject to manage, re- quiring a light, rich soil, full sunlight and plenty of water. Cuttings of young growth root readily in a warm- house. AA. Fls. purple. purpor&scens, T. Anders. (E. purpurdscens, Wight. E. pulch4llum, Roxb., not Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate. (443) " x^"* Vi " 444 D^DALACANTHUS cuspidate-acuminate, repand-crenate : spikes as above: bracts ovate-rhombic, with a slender beak, ciliate. In- serted for contrast. Probably not cult. India. W. H. Taplin and W. M. 658. Daedalacanthus nervosus (X /^). DAEMONOBOPS (probably means God-like, of divine appearance). Palmdcew, trihe Lepidocdrpece. Slender palms, differing from Calamus in the deciduous, cymbi- form or open spathes. Species about 40. Tropical Asia. Same culture as Calamus. D. Draco produces some of the "Dragon's Blood" of commerce. calic4rpu8, Mart. ( Ca la m us ca licdrpus , Griff. ) . Stem erect or climbing, 1 in, diam.: Ivs. 6-8 ft. long, upper small with long tiagella ; Ifts. very many. 12-l.S in. long, %-}i in. wide ; petiole 1 ft., base not gibbous or puck- ered. Malacca. Lewisi&nus, Mart. (Cdlamus Lewisthnns, Griff.). Stem climbing, 1 in. diam.: petiole 1 ft., base much swollen, armed below with scattered, short, deflexed spines, and above with straight and hooked spines 134 in. long ; Ifts. 13-15 in. long, %-\ in. wide ; sheath armed with solitary or seriate flat back spines. Penang. Palemb^nicus, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate, broadly ovate, bright cinnamon -brown when young, and Ifts. many, long, narrow ; peti(»les erect, with stout spines on the back, which are deflexed and not thick- ened at the base. Sumatra. peri&cdnthtis, Miq. Height 15 ft. Resembles D. Pa- lembanicus, hut the young Ivs. are nearly straw-colored, and the spines are placed in irregular rings. Sumatra. —A most graceful species. melanochaetes, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate, the pinnae long and narrow, dark green and drooping, the petioles sharp-spined at the sheathing base. Malaya. —Very decorative. A small form is Var. microc^rpus. interm^dius, Mart. Lvs. loug-peticled, 4-6 ft. long : Ifts. opposite or scattered, 18-20 in. long, 1-lJ^ in. wide, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins and 3-5 cost© bristly above and below; rachis semi-cylindrical, spa- ringly armed : petiole 1 ft. long, with flattened spines; stems at length 15-20 ft. long, %\n. in diam. Malaya. plumdsus, Hort. Graceful plume-like lvs., with pinnae 4 ft. or less long, petioles with rigid black spines with white bases. India. Jared G. Smith. DAFFODIL. See J!^arcissus. DAHLIA DAHLIA (named after Professor Andreas Dahl, a Swedish pupil of Linnaeus, and uuiucrof Observationes Botanicap, a work of minor importance). Compdnitce. Dahlias are amongsl the commonest and most im- portant garden plants. The spelling of the word D«hlia shows that the a should be given the broad sound , but in England it is everywhere given the long sound, and in America it is often given the short sound. The long sound of a makes the word indistinguishable from the legumi:iouh genus Dalea, named after Dale. In Germany Dahlias are still commonly called Oenrgi»en, because in 1803 Wili'ienow gave the name Georgiiia to these plants under the mistaken Jmpression that some very different plants had been previously described as Dahlia. Prac- tically all of the named varieties of Dahlias have come from one immensely variable spet-ies, usually known as D. iHtriahllis. For garden purposes, however, a second form of great importance, D. Juarezii. the parent of the cactus forms, must be kept distinct as will be explained later. There are 5 other species cultivated to a sliifht ext;nt. The genus has many names of species, but mo^ t of them are synonymous and ill-un<ler8tood names. There are perhaps 's or 9 fairly distinct species altogether, Mexican almost ex- clusively, with a very few in Central and South America. It is curious that these showy plants should be closely related to a common weed, the beggar's tick, of the genus Bidens ; but other species of Dahlia have leaves whose forms pass gradually into those of Bidens. Other close allies are Cosmos and (Coreopsis. Cosmos flowers are some shade of purple, rarely white in wild natui J, and only one species has yellow fls. ; Core- opsis has yellow fls. only; Bidens yellow or white; and none of these genera have produced double-flowered forms of the first importance. Dahlia has all these col- ors and more, being far richer in bright retls, and lack- ing only sky blue an«i its closely related hues, which are seen to perfection in the China' Asters. Few cultivated plants have such a wide range of colors as the Dahlia; even the Chrjsanthemum is distinctly inferior in ranjje, as it lacks the brilliant and vivid scai'let. vermilion, and other shades of red. Although Dahlias are popular plants, especially in old gardens, they are destined to still greater popularity from the new " Cactus " and " Decorative " types. There exists a prejudice against Dahlia.^ in many locali- ties where these new types have nevijr been seen. This prejudice is part of a reaction a rainst formal and artificial flowers in general. The old-time Dahlias were as round and hard and stiff as a Oall. The new-time Dahlias are flatter, and tend tov.ards loose, free, fluffy chrysanthemum-like forms. The possibilities of the old form have been practically exhausted; those of the new form seem to be almost as boundless as those of the Chrysanthemum— which is the most fertile in new forms of all the garden composites. Dahlia roots History of the Dahlia.— Of the important and very variable florists' flowers the Dahlia was one of the latest to come into cultivation. The first break of considerable importance in the wild type occurred about 1814. Up to that time there were perhaps a dozen well-marked colors in good single-flowered varieties. Dahlias had been cul- DAHLIA DAHLIA 445 tivated iu Europe since 1789, and it is a curious fact that they showed sitms of doubling the very first year of their European resi<lence; but it was not until 25 years later that a marked gain in do' bling was made. The Dahlia seemed to be undevelored until 1814, when the era of doubling began. Bef< re another 25 years ha<l passed the Dahlia had sprup^ into the front ranks of garden plants. In 182G there were already GO varieties cultivated by the Royal Hortio Iturr.l Society. In 1841 one English dealer had over 1,2.K) varieties. Today it is not uncom- mon for thp leadi. g tradesmen to keep .■»0()-1,000 distinct varieties. In th» absence of good records it is conjec- tured that over 3,000 different nan.es of varieties have been published in the catalogues. Most of ^>:e varieties are the Show and Fancy types, which are as spherical and regular as possible, and differ only in color. At tirst the distiuction between the two typos seems to have been the same as that between "self colored" and "variegated" flowers in general, the former presenting to the view only one color, while the latter presents two or more colors. Lately, for purposes of exhibition in prize com- petitions, the following arbitrary distinction has been adopted: A Show Dahlia is often of one color; but if the edges of the rays are darker than the ^round color the variety can be exhibited in the Show section. A Fa.ncy Dahlia always has two or more colors, and if the rays are striped or if the edges are lighter than the ground color the variety must be exhibited in the Fancy section. The two types reached full perfection certainly by 1840, and after that date the improvements made were mostly in matters of secondary importance. The im- mense distance the Dahlia had travelled fan be seen in Fig. (^3. These types held full sway u? ' 1 about 1879, when the first Cactus Dahlia appeared ir igland with a promise of new and freer forms. ]NT wt . . the longest- lived varieties belong to the Sho lul Fancy type. This form is the one which is perhi; larthest removed from nature, and it is probably ?.o highly esteemed largely because the most work has been spent on it. A reaction against formalism in all departments of life and thought set in about the time of our own Civil War. It was in the sixties that the Japanese Chrj'san- theraums did much to emancipate the floral world. With Dahlias the reaction came much later and has pro- ceeded more slowly, because the new forms did not come to us readj made, but had to be slowly evolved against long-standing prejudice. The first Cactus Dahlia was so called because of its resemblance in form, but chiefly in color, to the brilliant crimson-flowered Cereus spe- ciosissimiis, a well-known garden plant. The name is now highly inappropriate because the color range of the pure Cactus type has been extended to include all of the important well-defined colors of which the Dahlia seems capable. The original Cactus Dahlia was named Dahlia Juarezii, after President Jaarez, the "Wash- ington of Mexico." It was pictured for the first time in the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1879, and this interesting picture is here reproduced in a reduced size in Fig. 6(>5. The type is still cultivated under the same name, and in all essentials seems to be unchanged. The origin of the Cactus type, as of all the other types of Dahlias, is wrapped in uncertaintj', and our efforts to get full and definite information upon some of the most interesting points may perhaps always be baffled. A Dutch dealer got a root from Mexico that produced one plant, which is tiie parent of all the Cactus forms. It is not known whether the seed which may have produced the original root came from a wild or a cultivated flower. Neither is it known whether any wild single-flowered Dahlia of the Juarezii type has been found. To prove that D. Juarezii is at best only a variety of D. variabilis, it has been said that seedlings of the former have pro- duced in cultivation forms approximating the Show type of D. variabilis. The reverse process is also said to have taken place, but full, authoritative and convinc- ing statements are lamentably wanting. In the garden D. Juarezii is exceedingly distinct from the florists' forms of D. variabilis. It is usually a slenderer, taller and longer jointed plant, with much handsomer and more delicate foliage, the leaves being narrower than in the coarse and almost ugly foliage of the old forms. It has another peculiarity of growth, which is still one of the most serious defects in the pure Cactus type. The plants tend to hide some of their flowers beneath their foliage. This comes about in a curious way. At a node between 2 young leaves there commonly appear, at about the same time, 3 new growths. The middle one develops into a flower with a naked stalk only 2 or 3 inches long, while the side shoots quickly overtop it and repeat the sam»^ 3-fold story indefinitely. The other most serious objection to the pure Cactus tjrpe is that it 660. A single Dahlia with rounder rays than the wild prototype. does not stand shipment well, and does not last as long as a cut-flower as the Show Dahli?s. The Decorative or Cactus Hybrid types are numerous, and their popularity comparatively lecent. They have been largely seedlings from Show fls. Their rays are rarely, if ever, recurved at the margins. All t»-- other types of Dahlias are well defined, and a single ture of each one will represent its type with sufficient exactness. No one picture, however, can give any conception of the great variety of forms included in this horticultural sec- tion. The name Cactus Hybrids means practically "mis- cellaneous," and is analogous to the "Japanese" section of Chrysanthemums, which is purposely left by the National Chrysanthemum Society as vague and undefined as pos- sible. It is on this section and the pure Cactus type that the greatest hopes for the future of the Dahlia are based. The Pompon type is u small brother of the Show and Fancy types. It has the same colors and the same form, but the flowers are smaller and more abundant. As a rule the smaller the flowers the prettier and more individual they are. The larger they are, the more they suffer by comparison with the Show type. Perhaps their greatest point is their productiveness. When pro- fusion is the main idea, not great size and quality, the Pompons are the favorite type of Dahlia for cut-flowers. The single flowers may be just as freely produced, but they are not so lasting as cut-flowers. The Single 'type has had many ups and downs. In the reaction against formalism it came to the front 446 DAHLIA DAHLIA abont 1881, and for several years thereafter several hundred forms were kept distinct, and they were made the chief feature of the European shows. It is exceed- ingly interesting to get seeds of wild Dahlias from Mexico. They give flowers like the star-shaped one in Fig. 663. When the Dahlia first came into cultivation its rays were relatively long, slender, acuminate, notched at the end, and with such wide spaces between the tips of the rays a3 to give the flower the stellate appearance seen in Fig. 663. In the course of the evo- lution of the single type, the gardeners retained the most regular and symmetrical forms. Single Dahlias with always and only 8 ray^^ -rrerf^ preserved. The rays of Dahlias became broader and tounder, as in Fig. 660, until finally in pedigree varieties they closed up the vacant spaces, and the flower presents to the eye one unbroken picture— one concentrated impression of a single color. The same mental ideals have produced the 661. A Dahlia of the Single Cactus type (X}Q. Tose-petaled Geraniums and the shouldered Tulips. In a high bred single Dahlia there are no minute teeth or notches at the tips of the rays. In the wild Dahlia, no matter what the color of the Tay may be, the base of the ray is usually yellow ; some- times this yellow is very objectionable. Two different policies have been pursued in the matter— suppression and encouragement. Most of the single Dahlias of high pedigree have rays of uniform coloration with no sec- ondary color at the base, but a few have a distinct ring of color at the base, often called an "eye or crown," which is sometimes yellow and rarely red or some other <Jolor. Usually the rays of a single Dahlia are spread out horizontally, sometimes they bend back, and rarely they bend inwards and form a cup-shaped flower. These three forms can doubtless be separated and fixed dur- ing those periods when the interest in the Single type warrants it. Single Dahlias are likely to lose some of their rays after a day or two in a vase. In cutting them it is well to select the younger flowers. A vigorous shake often makes the older ones drop their rays. It is an easy matter to keep the seeds from forming and save the strength of the plant for the production of flowers. There are three modem types of minor importance, - the Single Cactus, Pompon Cactus and Tom Thumb. The Single Cactus type differs from the common single type, in having rays with recurved margins, which give a free and spirited appearance to the fls. Instead of spreading out horizontally, the rays often curve inward forming a cup-shaped flower. This type originated with E. J. Lowe, Chepstow, Eng., was developed by Dobbie & Co. about 1891, and was first disseminated in 11*94. The Single Cactus Dahlias are very nov^l, intcrestinf and pretty. There should be a Pompon Cactus form to connect the Single Cactus and Cactus t>-pes, just as the Poripon !s intermediate between the Single and Show types. The writer has seen only two varieties of this type, "Pompon Cactus" and "Little Cactus." They hare small fls., with flat, reflexed rays. The Tom Thumb type is a miniature race of round-rayed single Dahlias, which grow from 12-18 inches high, and are used for bedding. The type originated in England with T. W. Girdlestone, and was developed and intro<lueed by Cheal & Sons. The "green" Dahlia can hardly be called an important type, but it is an interesting abnormal form, in which the rays are partially or wholly sup- pressed, and the chief feature of interest is a confused mass of green .stuff, not resembling petals at all, but evidently a multiplication of the outer involucral scales, which, in the Dahlia, are green, leafy bracts. This form is essentially unstable and unhealthy. It can never be propagated extensively. This freak was pictured as long ago as 184 '> in G.C., p. 626. Several different varie- ties have probably degenerated into this condition. See F.S. 19:1994. Another interesting variation, which hardly ranks in present importance with the 9 types contrasted below, is the laciniated form, which makes a very pretty and novel though rather formal effect. Examples re Germania Nova, Mrs. A. W. Tait and its yellow varuty among large double forms, and White Aster among the Pompons. In these cases, the notches at the tips of the rays, instead of being minute and in- conspicuous, are deepened so much that they give the laciniated effect. At present this form is available in a very narrow range of colors. It is not probable that it will be an iaiportant factor in producing chrysanthe- mum-like forms. Another form which baffles descrip- tion, but is nevertheless very distinct, is that of Grand Duke Alexis. It is nearer the Show type than any other, but is perhaps best classed with the Cactus Hybrid sec- tion, simply because it seems advisable to keep the Show type the most sharply deflned of all. It is to be hoped that the form of Grand Duke Alexis can be re- peated in all the leading colors. Grand Duke Alexis is a very flat flower, and the rays are remarkably folded, leaving a round hole at the top of each. About midway between Grand Duke Alexis and the show or cupped type is an interesting form, the "quilled" Dahlia, a name which is necessary, perhaps, though unfortunate. In A. D. Livoni (which is one of the most popular of all Dahlias, and the nearest approach to a pure pink un- tainted by any suggestion of purple derivation) the rays are rather tightly folded for about two-thirds of their length, leaving a round hole at the tip as in Grand Duke Alexis, but giving a peculiar whorled effect, which plainly shows the spiral arrangement of the successive tiers of rays. Among Pompons, Blumenialter is an ex- ample of this rosette-like or quilled form, and many colors are procurable. However, the word "quilled" usu- ally suggests a long tube with a flared opening, whereas in the form described above the margins of the ray are merely rolled tightly together, but not grown togetlier into a thin, seamless tube. Perhaps the most important variation that has not yet appeared in the Dahlia, is the wonderful elongation of the disk florets into long, thin, variously colored tubes which have produced such charming effects in the China Aster and have culmi- nated in the marvelous grace of such Chrj-santhemums as lora. Northern Lights and Lillian B. Bird. The Dah- lia mav not be denied such possibilities, for in G.C. III. 20:3:{9"(1896) anew Dahlia was described in which the quills are really tubes for two-thirds of their length. May we hope for some striking development of this form within our generation ? The main types of Dahlias may perhaps be distin- guished more clearly by the following scheme ; ^>^ h}* : Plate IX. A modern Dahlia. One of the Decorative or Cactus Hybrid section. * ■. i«3s%; DAHLIA DAHLIA 4-17 A. Plants not very dwarf. B. Fls. single, ?. Rays naf, not recurved at the margins. 1. The Sixot^ Tyt'E. Fig. \-J0. cc. Bay.tcf'ht.. ved margins. 2. The Sinole Cactcs Tvpe. tT'^. 661. BB. Fls. doubt.. c. Size of fls. small, 1-f in. across. D. Says cupped. 3. The Pompon Tvpe. Fig. 662. Also called "Bouquet" and ''Lilliputian." DD. Bays flat. 4. The Pompon Cactus Type. cc. Size of fls. large, 3-5 in. across, averaging 4 in. V. Bays cupped. E. Colors single, or the edges darker than the ground color. 5. The Show Type. Fig. 663. EE. Colors i or more, striped, or with edges lighter than the ground color. 0. The Fancy Type. DD. Bays not cupped, hut long and flat, or with re- curved margins, 7. The Cactus Type. Pigs. 665, 666. DDD. Bays various in form. 8. The Cactu;* Hybkid Types. Also called "Decora- tive" Dahlias. AA. Plants very dwarf, 9. The Tom Thumb Types. Societies and Shows.— The Dahlia is one of about a dozen genera of plants whose horticultural value has been attested by permanently successful special socie- ties. There are national Dahlia societies in England and America. Dahlia shows are usually held the second or third week of September. With the growing interest in nature-study, attempts are being made to moke a per- manent institution of local fall flower shows, which shall come at a sufficient interval before the Chrysan- themum shows, and in which the children may exhibit their own products. The Dahlia and China ,Aster are especially suited for such shows. Garden Evolution op Dahlias.— In the evolution of Dahlias in general, some of the great changes are as follows: (1) The growing season has been greatly .shortened and the flowering season lengthened. In these and in all other particulars Dahlias were wonder- fully variable even in the first decade ol their European culture, but in general they bloomed for only a few days before frost. Nowadays, the Dahlia season is in full force a month and a half or two months before frost with a good show of blooms in favored localities for In- dependence Day; and June 15th is a record of extreme earliness for Wm. Agnew, after six weeks' growth from tubers planted out of doors. (2) The colors of the flow- ers have been greatly improved, as even the most senti- mental objector to the idea of "improvement" in flow- er« would have to acknow^ledge if confronted with wild and cultivated plants. The number of colors has been greatly increased and the vividness of the colors inten- sified. Most people can distinguish and enjoy from 12 to 30 colors, and these colors have occurred in each type and been carefully saved, purified and strengthened. Dull and intermediate shaties tend to drop out. (3) Im- mense numbers of variegated forms are produced. Broadly speaking, variegation is perhaps later to appear than pure colors, and is conserved by a formality-loving class. It is said that the Fancy Dahlia originated later than the Show Dahlia, and was for many years inferior in size and outline. It is also said by botanical collectors in Mexico that wild Dahlias are mostly self-colored, rarely variegated. Among the bewildering variety of variegated Dahlias the leading types of variegation are perhaps only 5: (a) the "tipped" or "sbaded" Dah- lias, a ver>'' common form, in which the upper part of the ray is evenly painted with another color, the former term being used for the smaller, an«l the latter for the greater amount of secondary color; (6) the 'edged" Dahlias, in which the secondary color is confined to the sides of the ra> s, does not affect the tip, and is usually a broad strip; (c) the "margined" Dahlias, with a very narrow strip of color which outlines the whole margin of the ray <» , and often gives a very delicate and dainty effect ; (d) the "striped and banded " Dahlias, with broad bands down the middle, and often merging into the " edged " forms; (e) the "mottled" Dah 15. ".j^', ^hich are variouoly dot^^^ed and splashed. (4 ) Returning now to the broad fea- tures in the evoluti-^nof the Dalilia, a fourth is the pro- duction of varieties with long flowering stems suitable for cut-flowers. Many of the old sorts have thick, short stems with superabun<lant foliage, which requires thinning. (5) The process of doubling has been carried to ^n extnM)rdinary degree. The " yellow center" has been the one thing about a forming var'ety that the florist has hated most and has most relentlessly sup- pressed. It is often a sign of poor stock. The tempta- tion to over-propagate novelties is almost irresistible, and the apnearance of a disk is usually taken as a sj-mptom of over-propagation or deflcient culture. A yellow center is considered objectionable by most people when it occurs with rays of magenta or allied shades, as the colors conflict. There is no question that it breaks the absolute regularity and unity of a perfect show flower, but it is a question, especially with white ailtt yellow- rayed forma, if the yellow disk does not often add a pleasant variation. Aside from matters of taste, it is probable that no other florists' flower has had more full, precise and minute rules laid do^^-n for its perfect form than the Show Dahlia. The process of doubling seems to be associated with a cool climate. Dahlias soon de- generate to a relatively single condition in our southern states, and new stock of desired varieties has to be se- cured from the north. (6) The habit ha^ been vastly im- 662. The Pompon type (X J^). This is really a Fancy variety, hnt the only distinction is one of size, and compared with Fig. 663 this is a Pompf.n. 448 DAHLIA DAHLIA proved. Wild Dahlias, when brought into cultivation, soon g^rew too tall to bt Helf-supporting. An old-fashioned unbranched Dahlia tied to a large anu ugly stake was often a hopeless and helpless object. Many varieties of Dahlias can be made to branch at the ground and lie- come self-supporting by successive early pinchings of 663. A Show Dahlia and its wild progenitor (XK). the leading shoots, but some varieties seem to be too firmly set in the old tree-like habit to submit to pinch- ing. In the early days the average height of plants may have been 5 ft. Nowadays 3 ft. is perhaps the average, but the tendency to retain only dwarf forms still continues, and the Dahlia must ultimately be freed from stakes. The main thing is to secure the good flower first and improve the habit la*er, if possible. It is to be hoped that the coarser kinds of foliage will give way to more graceful and attractive forms. The "f em- leaved" type is a much cut and delicate kind. Ami Barillet has handsome dark purple, finely cut foliage. All the above features represent general tendencies which, however, work out very differently in each im- portant case. The Dahlia has had one difficulty as peculiar to it- self as the calyx bursting of the Carnation, or the differ- ent values of crown and terminal buds of Chrj-santhe- mums. They are often troubled with a "green eye." This is a hard round button in the center of a blossom formed by the inner involucral bracts, which, at that stage, are longer than the unopened rays which they protect. Of tener ?.till, this "green eye " is followed by a yellow center. This "green eye" is still considered to de'^troy the unity of a flower, and in exhibitions is often surreptitiously removed. The yellow disk can be cut out with a knife and the innermost rays carefully re- placed. A fundamental difficulty associated with this matter is the slowness with which some Dahlias open. The outer rays open first, and in Fig. 06.3 , where the suc- cessive stages are shown: the outer ones are the most expanded ; then comes a series of cupped rays ; then some that are tightly folded with two creases, and finally the hard green eye. A poor Show Dahlia opens slowly, and shows an eye while the outer rays are tumbling out, withering, or being burned by the sun. A good Show Dahlia opens its tiers in rapid succession, and shows no green eye. Literature.— A.fi in many other cases, the magazine literature of the Dahlia is the most bulky, and, in some respects, more important than the books on the subject. The latest bibliographv is that by C. Hamian i'avne in G. C. 111. 21 : 329 ( 1H97 ) . There have been about 25 books devoted to the Dahlia, many of them pamphlets and cheap cultural manuals. These books were mostly published from 1828 to 1857, with none at all for nearly 40 years after that date until 1896, when Lawrence K, Peacock's bo<»k, The Dahlia, which is the best American book, made its appearance. The first American treatise was by E. Sayers, published at Boston, 1839, and now forgotten. Many interesting facts came out in 1889, the centennial year of the Dahlia. A report of the National Dahlia Conference is reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society for 1890, but Shirley Hib- berd's statements therein regarding the botany of the Dahlia agree very poorly with Hemslev's revision of the genus in G. C. II. 12 : 437, 524, 557 ( 18t9) , which is the latest botanical monograph. A. Height tall, tree-like. B. Fh. nodding, bell-shaped. imperi&lis, Koezl. Height 6-18 ft.: stem usually un- branched, knotty, 4-6-angled : Ivs. 2-3-pinnately parted; leaflets ovate, narrowed at the base, acuminate, toothed, with a few short scattered soft hairs : fls. nodding, 4-7 in. across, white, more or less tinged with blood red, espe- cially at the base: rays sterile or pistillate, lanceolate, sharp-pointed, not 3-toothed at the apex. (it. 186.3:407. G.C. 1870:459; II. 12:437. B. M. .5813. Gn. 12:95; 33, p. 527. R.H. 1872:170. A.G. 15:313. Mn. 8: 61. -As few conservatories can make room for so large a plant, it is common to graft this species on dwarf varieties of J). rosea. The inflated and pointed fl.-buds (1^-4 in. long) are verj' characteristic. It is not known whether the original plant collected by Roezl was found in wild or cultivated surroundings. This species and the next are mostly cultivated under glass; the others are grown outdoors in summer, and the roots stored in winter. BB. Fls. erect, not bell-shaped, b\U opening out flat. exc6l8a, Benth. {D. arborea, Regel). Height 20 ft. or more: stem usually unbranched, glaucous, marked with horizontal rings made by the stem-clasping base of the petioles as the lower Ivs. fall away: Ivs. bipinnate, as much as 2}4 ft. long, 2 ft. wide; leaflets as many as 25, ovate, those of the upper Ivs. often contracted at the base, acuminate, toothed, pale green beneath, with a few short scattered hairs or none : fls. 4K in. across, dilute purple, 664. A semi-double form of Dahlia (X3^). This is one of many that have been crowded out in the struggle to perfect the Show and Fancy types. crimson-pink. Maund, Botanist 2 : 88 ( 1838 ? ) . G.C. II. 19: 80.— This was described from a cultivated plant with 8 rays in a single row, but with considerably elongated disk fls. It was almost an anemone-flowered type, and DAHLIA DAHLIA 449 all the florets were sterile. />. nrborea has never been suffleiently (Ie»oril)e(l, but plants have been cultivated for many yoars under this nanit*. The tree forms oi Dahlias are not sufficiently known. AA. Height medium, averaging S ft., commonly from si-o ft., rarely exceeding these extremes. B. Lvs. once pinnate: stem not branching from the ba$e: habit erect. C. Stems not glaucous : rays fertile. D. Rays of the single fls. not recurved at the margins ; of the double fls. never flat, but cupped. rd8e»,Cav. (D. rari«/fc*7t/»,Desf. ). Fig. 663. The origi- nal of practically all the old-fashi<»n»*il Dahlias, particu- larly the Single, Pompon, Show and Fancy types. It is therefore the parent of the vast majority of the horticultural varieties. Lvs. typically once pinnate, sometimes bipinnate; leaflets ovate, toothed, broader and coarser than in the other 8j»ecies. B.K. 1:. '. B. M. 1885. — This is a wonderfully variable species. Some plants are densely hair>', otht-rs scarcely at all. The lvs. are sometimes bipinnate in parts of plants or throughout an entire plant. In double forms the rays usually have abor- tive pistils. Many garden forms have glau- cous stems. Some authors have doubted whether this species is distinct from />. coc- cinen, but the two tjrpes are very distinct, particularly in the garden, although there are intermediate forms in nature. DD. Hays of the single f^<*. with recurved mar- gins; of the doi' fls. not cupped, but long, flat ««' ,. inted and some at least with recw. "ed margins. Juar6zii, Hort. (/>. Yt^ar^zii, Hort.). Figs, 665, G()6. The p»w^utof tiie pure Cactus Dah- lias. These all originj.ted fnmi one plant, which was flowered in Europe for the first time in 1864, and first pictured in G C. II. 12:43:? (1879). F.M. 1879: 383. Gn. 18, p. 589; 19:283; 50, p. 236. cc. Stems glaucous : rays not fertile. coccinea, Cav. Fig. 667 ; see B. M. 762 (1804). Always more slender than Z>. rosea, with narrower leaflets, and in the wild, at least, dwarf er than the D. rosea. The color range is much smaller, and does not in- clude white or any shade of purple or crim- son. The colors vary from scarlet, through orange to yellow. There are no double forms, and it has been frequently said that this spe- cies will not hybridize with D. rosea. The named varieties pictured in I.H. 31:515 and 533 (1881 ), which are emphatically declared to be varieties of D. coccinea, are probably gar- den forms of D. rosea. The only characters that cer- tainly distinguish D. coccinea from I>. rosea are the glaucous stems and infertile rays of the former, but these characters break down in garden forms. B. M. 762. Gn. 19:270. G.C. II. 12:525. BB. Lvs. twice pinnate: stems branched from the base: habit spreading. M6rckii, Lehm. (2>. glabrdta, Lindl.). Fig. 668; confer B.M. 3878 (1841). Height 2-3 ft.: roots much more slender than those of D. rosea : stem and lvs. wholly devoid of hairs : lvs. bipinnate: floral bracts linear: fls. typically lilac; ravs pistillate: outer involu- cral bracts linear. B.R. 26: 29"(1840). Gn. 19: 270 (1881). —This is a very distinct garden plant, and is worth CTowing merely as a foliage plant. Seeds of species trathered from wild plants in Mexico by Pringle have been grown at the Cornell Experiment Station lately. The fine-cut character of the foliage makes it vastly more attractive than the coarse foliage of most of the varieties of i>. rosea. Several of these seedlings had bf-autiful dark red or purple foliage. The plants are much dwarf er and wider spreading than most florists' Dahlias, and show no stem while growing The branched flowering stems are remarkably long, slender and wiry, 29 often riainjf 2-3 ft. above the foliage. The rays are very short and often roundish, with a short sharp point in- Htea«l of 3 minute teeth. There are no red, yellow or white forms in nature. The roots of this and D. coccinea, being slenderer than those of D. rosea, must be pre- served with greater care during winter. D. Zimapani. See Cosmos diversifolias. W.M. Propagation. — There are four methods by which Dahlias are propagated : by cuttings (an important commercial method) ; by division of roots (the amateur's 665. The original Cactus Dahlia (XJ4). Photographed and re«hiced from the Gardeners' Chronicle, where it was first pictured. method); by grafting to perpetuate rare kinds; and by seeds, to produce new varieties. Division of Boots.— This is the easiest and most sat- isfactorj' to amateurs. As the eyes are not on the tubers, but on the crown to which the tubers are at- tached, care must be taken that each division has at least one eye, otherwise the roots will never grow. It is, therefore, best to start the eyes by placing the roots in a warm, moist place a short time before dividing. The roots are sometimes placed in a hotber*, and shoots grown CO considerable size, then set out as plants ; but this plan has many drawbacks, and is not advised. Cuttings.— This method is used mainly by commercial growers, and though the amateur may propagate plants successfully, the attention a few cuttings would require vvould be so great that it would be cheaper to buy plants. The roots are planted closely in benches in the green- house early in January, and cuttings are made from the •Skjif 450 DAHLIA DAHLIA younjf ahootfl an fa^f an they form the third or fourth set of leaveH. These cuttintf* are c-arefully trimmed and placed in pure sand in tlie propui(atin>; bench, uninia; a dibble, and putting the euttin»;H in rows about '3 in. arnirt and H-l in. between the euttiniCM. The propagating? In-nch In ma«Ie by running a flue, hot water or 8team pipen iM'uenth an ordinary iM'nch, an«l boarding up the wide to confine the heat. Altliough there may be a difference of opinion among propagators, yet a lM>ttom of sand heat of i'u>°, with the temperature of the house from .>-10° less, will give the l)e«t prac*,. U results. With this temperature, the cuttings will :wot in about two weeks, an*! will be far stronger than if rooted in less time with greater heat. As so<(n as cut- tings are rootetl, they are potte<l off into small i>ots and grown in a cool greenhouse until danger of frost is over, when they are plante<l out in the open ground. Cuttings made too far below a joint, or tfwi lute iu summer, will produce flowerinpf plants but no tubers. Graffhuj. — Thia is a very interesting, though not profitable, mo<ie of propagation. The top of the tuber is cut slantingly upward, and the cutting slantingly down- ward, placed' together and tied with raflia or any soft, handy material. They ire then planted in a pot deep enough to cover the lower part or the graft with earth, and they will soon adhere if placed under a hand glass or in a frame. Grafting is practiced only for the pres- ervation of rare an<l weak-growing sorts. Seedn. — The chief use of seeds is the production of new varieties. Seeds are also used by those who chiefly desire a mass of color, ami are not particularly desirous of finely formed blooms. If planted early enough in- doors and transplanted to the open as soon as safe, fine masses of color can be secured before frost, and the roots of the more desirable kinds can be saved, and will give even better results the next season. Position. — Dahlias are easily destroyed by high winds unless they are given a protected position, and they need plenty of air and simlight for best results. In shaded, close, airless quarters the growth is sappy and the flowers are poorly colored. Soil.— The soil is not so important, except in its ability to hold moisture during severe droughts. Any rich soil that will grow corn will also grow Dahlias to perfection, if all other conditions are favorable. They will grow equally well in clear sand, clay or gravel, if the proper kinds and quantities of plant-food are added and well and thoroughly worked in. It is. however, un- reasonable to expect Dahlias or any garden plants to succeed in a hard clay, devoid of humus, easily baked and never tilled. Feeding. — It is always best to broadcast the manure and plow or spade it into the soil; thorough sp Aiug is absolutely necessary if the manure is not well decom- posed. On heavy clay or gravelly soils, loose, coarse manure may be used, but on light or sandy soils, ma- nure should always be fine and well-rotted. Commercial fertilizers are also largely used, and are most valuable when used in connec- tion with manure. Any good fertilizer, rich in ammonia and phosphoric acid, with a liberal amount of potash, will answer at the time of planting, out as a top-dressing later, ; nothing equals pure bone meal and nitrate *• of soda, 4 parts bone to 1 part soda. Kinds of Stock.— Dahlias are offered in five forms: large clumps, ordinary field roots, pot roots, green plants and seeds. The clumps ^-^ give the best satisfaction the first year, but are entirely too large and unwieldy for any- thing but a local trade and exchange among amateurs. The ordinary field roots are the most valuable, as they can be easily and safely handled, and always give satisfactory results. Pot roots are largely used in the mailing trade, and, while they will not always give as good results the first year, are valuable for shipping long distances, where larger roots could not be profitably used owing to heavy transportation charges. Green plants are mainly used to make up any deficiency in the field crops, owing to unfavorable seasons, or an unusual demand for certain varieties. Pi.ANTivo— There is a iliversity of opinion am to the proper time to plant Dahlias, but the writer has always found it best to plant early, and wouhi advise planting large, strong r«M»ts alMmt two weeks before danger »if frost is over. This w(mhl be, in the vicinity of Phila- delphia, alntut April 1.5; and as it takes fnmi two to three weeks for the plants to get up through the gnmnd, there will be no danger, while the plants will bloom that much earlier. It is Iw-st, however, not t<i plant small roots or green plants until langerof frost Is over— in the vicinity of Philadelphia, a)>out May 1 to 10, according to the sea- son. A gfMxl rule to follow everywhere would be to idant smtJl roots and green jdanfs as soon as danger of frost is over, and large r<H>ts ai>out three weeks earlier. TiLLA(JE. — The first requisite of successful garden cultivation is to thc»nmghly stir the soil to consi«lerable depth and enrich it. if it is not alreafly rich, by broad- casting and i)lowing or spading in a good coat of well rotted manure. Too much stress cannot he placed upon the thorough preparation of the soil, as it not only allows 666. Matchless. Half size. A velvety maroon Cactus Dahlia. DAHLIA DAHLIA 451 the roots to go down deep after the moisture more readily dunoK dry weather, hut affonlH p>o<l drainaKe during exee«iive rainH. Having prepared the Moil an al>ove, mark out rows 4 ft. apart and tJ to 8 In. deep, and plant the r<M>t» from 18 in. to 3 ft. apart in the row, according as Molid rowH or .specimen plantM ure dexired. During its early stage of devehipmenf, the Dahlia grows very rapidly, and should be kept thoroughly tilled. But while deep tillage is Wnetieial during Its early stages of .<levelopment, it Is almost fatal to the production of Howers if practiced after the plants come into hluom. Therefore, when the plants commence to bloom, cease deep tillage and stir the soil to the depth of 1 to 3 in. only, but stir it often, and never allow the surface to become hard and baked. This will not only prevent excessive evaporation of moisture and keep the under soil cool an<l moist, but will also prevent the de- struction of immense quantities of feeding roots. As long as the roots supply more nourishment than Is needed to support the plant, both the plant and the tiowers Increase in size and beauty; but as the supply gradually l>ecome8 exhausted, the plants cease ^-rowing and the flowers become much smaller. This condition is what is generally called "bloomed out," but what is really "starved out," and can easily l>e prevented if the proper attention is given to the plants. As soon as the flowers commence to grow smaller, broadcast around each plant a small handful of pure bone meal and nitrate of soda, in proportion four parts bone to one part soda, and care- fully work it Into the soil. Wat£Rino. — This Is a debatable subject, and, al- though a judicious application of water during a severe dry spell is very beneflcial, yet In nine cases out of every ten where water Is applied a thorough stirring of the surface soil would give better results. Many people bei'eve Dahlias should be watered every i'venlng, and as soon as they are up commence watering them daily unless it rains. This practice Is very Inju- rious, as It causes a rapid but soft growth, and "as the soil Is seldom stirred, the roots become so enfe'tbled for want of air that they are unable to supply the needs of the plant ; as a consequence, but few buds are formed, and they generally blast before developing into flowers. In other cases, as the enthusiasm wears off, watering Is stopped, probably right at the beginning of a severe 4lrought, and the weak, pampered plants are fortunate to survive, much less to bloom. If large, strong roots are planted and the soil Is kept thoroughly stirred, there will be little need of artificial watering until after the plants come out in full bloom. However, If It should become hot ard dry after the Dahlias come Into bloom. It would be very beneficial to give them a thorough watering once each week or ten (lays during the continuance of the drought. But care should be taken to stir the soil to the depth of 1- r in. the next day, carefully pulverizing It later, In order to sf^al the natural capillary tubes by which the moisture is evaporated. The best rule to follow Is not to allow the plants to .suffer for want of moisture, nor to water them except where they need It, but to water them thoroughly when necessary, and not to allow excessive evaporation for want of frequent stirring of th^ soil. Training. — In planting the roots or tubers, place them on their sides with the eye as near the bottom as possible, and cover only 2-3 In. deep. As soon as the shoots appear, remove all but the strongest ore, and pinch out the center of that one as soon as two or three pairs of leaves have formed, thus forcing It to branch below the level of the ground. As the plants develop, the soil Is filled In gradually by subsequent hoelngs. By this method the entire strength of the root and the soil is concentrated on the one shoot, causing It to grow vigorously; while the pinching back not only causes it to branch below the surface of the soil, and thus brace it against all storms, but also removes all of those im- perfect, short-stemmed flowers that appear on some varieties. If the plants are pinched back low,as described, there is no danger of the branches splitting down, as the soil around themwlll hold them securely In place. How- ever, where they branch above ground an'l are inclined to split down, drive a short, stout stake near the stem and tie the branches to it. These short stakes are not to hold the plants up, but to prevent the branches splitting down where the above directions have not been followed closely. The writer was the first to use and a«lvf>cate this method of training, and by its practice has grown many thousands of Dahlia bhxmis on stems from 18 in. to 2 ft. long, selling them to florists by the thousands for four times the ruling price of carnations, and higher than that asked for roses. 667. Dahlia coccinea. See the Botanical Magazine. 1804, plate 762. Storikq the Roots.— As soon as the plants are killed by frost, lift the roots, and, after removing all the soil from them possible, allow them to dry In the air for a few hours, when they should be stored In the cellar or some other cool place secure from frost. If the cellar is very dry or is not frost proof, put the roots in a barrel or box and cover completely with dry sand or some other suitable and convenient material, such as sawdust or tanbark, to prevent freezing or loss of vitality by drying or shriveling. Varieties. — /'or cu^^/oM•<'r.<^, the Decorative or Cactus hybrid kinds are the most valuable, and the following are among the very best : N'ymph»a, Cllflford W. Bruton, Henry Patrick, Grand Duke Alexis Wm. Agnew, Perle de la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Orange King. Sundew, Mrs. E. C. Monroe. The Cactus Dahlias are beautiful and artistic, but will not last long after being cut. The best are : Alger, Austin Cannell, Strohleln Kronne, Henry P. Mif'hell, Mrs. Bennett, John W. Roach, Geo. Marlow, Loreu'V, Beatrice and Mrs. Peart. Of the Show Dahlias, among the best are : Miss May Lomas, A. D. Livoni, Storm King. Emily, Ruby Queen, Arabella, Constancy, Queen of Yellows, Willie Garrett, Lady Maud Herbert. Fancy: Frank Smith, Miss Browning, Penelope, American Flag, Lottie Eckford, Uncertainty. Of the Pc^npon or Bouquet Dahlias, ' e best are Snowclad, Fairy Queen, Daybreak, Eleganti., Little Prince, Le Petit Jean, Carol, Little Beauty, Yellow Bird and Red Piper. The Single varieties are especially •"'ri^icu lor cutting, but should be cut as soon as opened, otherwise the petals will fall. For bedding, the plants must be dwarf, of branching habit, and profuse bloomers. A few desirable kinds are: Marg. Bruant, Magnificent, Triomphe de Solferlno, Collbre, Snowclad, Sunbeams, Mrs. Dodd and Bloom- enfalter. For Massing and Banking. — Cactus : Aeglr, Stroh- leln Kronne, Mrs. A, Beck, Cyclops, Baron Schropder. Decorative: Wm. Agnew, C. W. Bruton, Perle de 452 DAHLIA DAIS 668. Dahlia Merckii. S'je the Botanical Magazine, 1841, plate 3878. la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Mrs. E. C. Monroe, Indescent, Wilhelm Miller, Black Beauty, Grand Duke Alexis, Nymphsea, Oriental, Orange Scarlet. Show : S*orm King, A. D. Livoni, Model of Perfec- tion, Willie Garrett, Honest John, Eme.st Krebig, Foyche, Bird of Passage, Oakfleld, Arabella, La France, Princess Bonnie, Queen of Yel- lows. Pompon: Klein Doraitea, Snow- clad, Carol, Fairy Queen, Catherine, Sunshine, Little Beatrice, Ele- ganta. Elfin, Miss Lou Kramer, Le Petit Jean, Bes- sie, Tom and Teddy. Singles are val- uable for this pur- pose, especially St. George, Ami Barrillet, Ada, Jolin D o w n i e , Evelyn, Isaac Pit- man. Painted Lady, Corinne, Brilliant and Niiuce. For Borders and Hedges. — 'So special list of va- rieties can be re- commended for this purpose as it is largely a matter ot tasip. Other Purposes.— Dahlias are used for mary other purposes, and are grown in many other forms with pleasing effect. Some train the tall varieties on trel- lises in espalier form; many train them to tall supports, while others spread them out on the ground and peg them fast, to ^ive the appearance of a bed of large- flowering pigmies. The latter form is quite unique and satisfactory, as plants of some of the varieties grow un- usually well and bloom profusely. The Fancy Dahlia Uncertainty and Cactus Dahlia Delicata are typical varieties that seem to do better in this form than any other. ^»emifs.— Dahlias are generally remarkably free from enemies, but in some localities the tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis) makes success impossible, as there is no practical remedy. This bug is chiefly responsible for the blasted buds and one-sided flowers. It pierces the young buds, shoots, and sucks the sap. The shoots curl over, blacken, check the growth of the plant, and new side .ots are stimu- lated which often meet the samt. fate. Consult Bulletin 47, Mo. Exp. Sta. Lawrence K. Peacock. Varieties recommended by Lathrop and Higgins : For General Purposes.— Show : Dawn, Robin Adair, of Athens, Madam Zules, Madge Wild- fire, Miss >niler, A. D. Livoni, Mary D. Halleck, Snow, Bird of Passage, Cham- pion Rollo, Dr. J. P. Kirtland. Fancy : Rev C. W. Bolton, Young America, Mrs. J. Maid 669. Bellis perennis. Downie, Rev. J. B. McCamm, John Forbes, Mrs. Brown- ing, Keystone, Frank Smith. Pompon: Burning Coal, Eurydice, Daybreak, Phoebe, Lillian, Purity, Sunbeam, Little Bessie, Brunette, Fash- ion, Suowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, Hedwig Polwig, Cath- erine, Guiding Star, Aillet's Imperial, Alewine, Vivid. Decorative : Grand Duke Alexis, Wm. Agnew, Juno, Bowery Girl, Josephine, Lyndhurst, Perle de la Tete dOr. Cactus: Matchless, Bertha Mawley, Mrs. Bennett, Harmony, Edelcactus. For Exhibition. — Show: Miss Cannell, Wm. Powell, Duchess of York, Harrison Weir, John Walker, R. T. Rawlings, Kaiser Wilhelm, Muriel, Pearl, Alice Emily, James Vick, Emily Edwards, A. 1). Livoni, Wm. Faw- cett, James Service, Madge Wildfire, Mrs. Langtry, Hector, John Lamont, J. T. Saltmarsh. Fancy: S.Mortimer, Dorothy, Sunset, Young Amer- ica, Champion Rollo, General Grant, Mrs. J. Downie, Lottie Eckford, Salamander, Prince Henry, Matthew Campbell, Duchess of A bany. Rev. J. B. McCamm, Forbes, Frank Smith, x^ stone. Cactus : Matchless, Ernest Glasse, Mrs. Bennett, John Welch, Harmony, Gloriosa, Mary Hillier, Beatrice, Prince of Orange, Mrs. A. Peart, Starfish, Green's Gem, John Roach. Decorative : May Pictor, Wm. Agnew, Oban, Juno, Lancelot, Amphion, Bowery Girl, White Swan, Marchioness of Bute, Perle de la Tete d'Or, Rayon d'Or, Wilhelm Miller. Pompon: Burning Coal.Eu- lydice , Phoebe, Eleganta, Min- nie, Lillian, Hilda Searl, Hen- rietta, Mars, Purity, Ernest, Sunbeam, Mattie Mourey, Snowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, lolanthe, Hedwig Polwig, Lit- tle Hermon, Golden Gem, Raphael, Alewine, Aillet's Im- perial. For Cut-flowers , — Cactus : Beatrice, Ernest Glasse, John Roach, Harmony, Matchless, Edelcactus, Starfish, Green's Gem. Decorative : Grand Duke Alexis, C, W. Bruton, Alpha, Wm. Agnew, Nymphaea, Jose- phine. White Swan, Lynd- hurst, Bowery Girl, Oban, Perle de la Tete d'Or, Rayon d'Or, Bennett Goldney. Pompon: Alewine, Purity, Eurydice, Sunbeam, Rosalie, Guiding Star, Phoebe, lolan- the, Minnie, Lillian, Golden Gem. DAHOON HOLLY. Ilex Dahoon DAIS (Greek, pine torch; application not obvious). Thymelisctceai. This genus contains a tree that yields a strong fiber, and is also rarely cult, for ornament, especially in Fla. and S. Calif., and pos- sibly in one or two northern conser\-atories. It has Ivs. resembling the Smoke Tree, Rhus Cotiniis, &nd bears long- stalked umbel-like head:^ of starry pink fls., with floral 670. Ox-Eye Daisy or Wh*te parts in 5's. The genus has Weed— Chrysanthemum half a dozen species, all from Leucanthemum (X Hh DAIS DAMASK VIOLET 453 S. Africa or Madagascar. Tender deciduous shrubs : Ivs. opposite, often crowded at the ends of branches: fls. in terminal heads; perianth tube cylindrical, often curved; stamens 10, in a double series, the alternate ones shorter, upper or all exserted ; style exserted. The plants are prop, by cuttings of half ripened wood. cotinifdlia, Linn. Lvs. oppo- site and alternate, oblong or obovate, acute at both ends : in- volucre a half shorter than the fls. : head about 15-fld. : fls. Kin. across; fragrant. South Africa. B. M. 147. 672. Wild Aster, or Michaelmas Daisy. DAISY (i. e., day^s eye, in allusion to the sun-like form of the flower). A name which properly belongs to the Bell is perennis of Europe, a low early -flowering composite, which, in its double foims (Fig. r)69), is widely known as a garden plant ( see Bellis ) . The American congener is B. in- tegrifolia, Michx., an annual or biennial, very like the Old World species, ranging south- westward from Kentucky; it is not domesticated. In N. America, the word Daisy is applied to many field com- posites, particularly to those of comparatively low growth and large flower-heads. Unqualified, the word is com- monly understood to mean Chrysanthemum Leucanthe- mum (Fig. C70), an Old World plant which has become an abundant field weed in the eastern part of the coun- try. This plant i.s also commonly known as the Ox-Eye Daisy, although iu parts of New England it is known as W^hiteweed, and thf term Ox-Eye is applied to Budbeckia hirta (Fig. 671), which has a yellow-rayed head. Kin to the Olirysanthemum Lencanthemum are the Paris Dai- sies, or Marguerites, of the conservatories (see Chry- santhemum). The wild Asters (Fig. G72) are called Daisies, especially Michaelmas Daisies, in many parts of the country, particularly west of New York. Spring- flowering Erigerons also are called Daisies. The Swan River Daisy is Btuchycome iberidifolin (Figs. 255, 250). The African Daisy is a species of Lonas. l_ jj^ b_ DALB£BGIA (X. Dalberg, a Swedish botanist, 17.30 to 1820). Legumin-osie. About 60 species of trees, shrubs, or climbers, belonging to tropical regions v.\\ over the world. One species only introduced to S. Calif., and most likely to prove of grreat interest as a timber tree. Experiments in E^j-pt have shown its most remarkable property of standing severe droughts, as well as sub- mersion for a long period. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules: fls. small, numerous, purple, violet or white, in forking cj-mes or irregular cyme-like panicles. The Sissoo tree is worth trial in nearly frost4ess dis- tricts, especially along sandy river banks. It improves sterile lands. The wood is very elastic, seasons well, does not warp or split, is easily worked, and takes a fine polish. It is also a durable wood for boats. The tree is raised easily from seeds or cuttings, and is of quick growth. The demand is greater than the supply in India, and the tree is cult, for timber. ( F. von Mueller, Extra Trop. Plants.) Other species of Dalbergia are of economic value. Sissoo, Roxb. A good sized tree, 80 ft. high in India: lvs. pinnate; leaflets 5, auernate, stalked, obovate, ab- ruptly acuminate, pube'<cent beneath : fls. white, in short, axillary panicles. — In India considered one of the best timbers, whenever elasticity and durability are required. F. Franceschi and W. M. 'DALECHAMPIA( after the French savant, Dalechamps, 1513-15b8). Jf^nphorbidceif. This genus contains a tropi- cal shrub rarely cultivated for its showy rose-red bracts. In 1867, Hooker said it was one of the noblest plants introduced for many years, comparable only with the Bougainvilleas, and surpassing them in size of bracts and brilliuacy of color. It is presumably inferior to Euphorbia pulcherrima as a florists' plant, but is worth trial in the finer conservatories. The genus has about 50 species widely scattered in warm regions, shrubs, twiners or tall climbers, some of which have white bracts. Cult, in a warm house. Prop, by cuttings. Boezli&na, Muell. Arg. Erect shrub, ;j-4 ft. high, much branched, leafy: lvs. 6 in. long, sessile, obovate-lauceo- late, acuminate, entire, or with coarse obtuse teeth above the middle, narrowed to a cordate base: bracts 2-2% in. long, broadly heart-shaped, sessile, toothed, membra- nous, ner\-ed, rose-red, with other smaller bracts: fls. small, yellow, clustered. Mex. B.M. 5640. Var. ^ba, Hort., has white bracts. DALIBARD A (after Thomas Dalibard, French bota- nist). Bosdceo'. A low-growing, native, hardy her- baceous perennial plant, with foliage resembling a violet and fls, like those of a strawberry. It is a shy, modest plant, flowering from June to August in shady woods. It is rarely cultivated in alpine gardens and rockeries, being a slow-growing plant, liking a deep fibrous soil and a sheltered position. Prop, by cuttings. The genus has lately been referred to Rubus. but it differs utterly in habit, in the carpels being usually well defined instead of indefinite and the akenes dry instead of drupaceous. rdpens, Linn. {Bubus Dalibdrda, Linn.). Fig. 673. Tufted, creeping: lvs. heart-shaped, wavy -tooth ed : fls. whit«, 1 or 2 on each scape; cah-x 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens numer- ous; pistils 5—10. Common in northern woods. D. 85. In Fig. 673, a shows the perfect flower; 6, c, akenes of the cleistogamous fls. DAMASK BOSE. Bosa Damascena. DAMASK VIOLET. Eesperis matronalis. 571. Yellow field Daisy, or Brown-eyed Susan— Rudbeckia hirta. 454 DAME S ROCKET DANDELION DAME'S EOCXET and DAME'S VIOLET. Heaperis matronal is. DAMMABA. ^ee Agathis. DAMN ACANTHUS (Greek, powerful spines). Bubi- d.ceve. This monotypic jfenus contains a tender, ever- green, Japanese shrub, chiefly valued for its coral-red berries, which remain on the bush until the fls. of the next season are produced. Branches numerous, spiny: Ivs. small, opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, broadly ovate, acuminate : fls. small, axillary, in I's or 2'8, white, fragrant; calyx tube obovoid, limb 4-5-cut; co- rolla funnel-shaped. Prop, by cuttings. This plant may be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants. Indicus, Gaertn. (D. mdjor, Sieb. & Zucc). Described above. Himalayas and Jap. — Var. submitis is not so spiny. DAMPING-OFF. A gardeners' phrase for a disas- trous rotting of plants, especially of seedlings and cut- tings, and generally at the surface of the ground. It is usually associated with excessive moisture in the soil and air, with high and close temperatures, and some- times poor light. Such conditions weaken the plants and allow them to fall a prey to the minute parasitic fungi which live upon the decaying vegetable matter in the soil, and can remain alive for months, even if the Hoil is thoroughly dry or frozen. As soon as the disease is noticed, the healthy plants should be removed to fresh soil, as the disease spreatis rapidly. A whole bench of cuttings may be ruined in a night. The skill- ful propagator takes every possible precaution. His benches have perfect drainage, he uses fresh sharp sand, and sometimes sterilizes it with steam heat for several hours. Damping-off is one of the most trying experiences of the beginner, and nothing can prevent it 673. Dalibarda repens. With perfect and cleistogamous flowers. but a thorough grasp of the principles of Greenhouse Managemtnt in general, and Watering in particular. (Consult articles on these subjects.) The terms Damp- ing-oflf and Burning are also used for ruined flowers. Burning is often caused by sunlight or by imperfections in glass, but a flower spoiled by dripping cold water, or by some unknown cause, is said to have a burned look. One of the commonest occasions of Damping-oflp is the sudden flooding of a bed or bench after leaving it too dry for a long time. 674. Floret of Dandelion: enlarged. DAMSON. See Plttm. 675. Mature fruit of Dandelion. D AN JEA (a personal name). Marattidcece. A small genus of fern-like plants, with synangia sessile, ar- ranged in rows, ani covering the entire under surface of the leaf. They are rarely seen in cultivation inAmer. DANDELION (i. e., dent de lion, French for lion's tooth; referring to the teeth on the Ivs.). The vernacu- lar of Taraxacum officinale, Weber, a stemless peren- nial or biennial plant of the Compdsitce. It is native to Europe and Asia, but is naturalized in all temperate countries. On the Rocky Mts. and in the high north are forms which are apparently indigenous. A floret from the head of a Dandelion is shown in Fig. 674. The ovary is at e; pappus (answering to cal>-x) at a; ray of corolla at c; ring of anthers at h; styles at d. The constricted part at e elongates in fruit, raising the pappus on a long stalk, as shown in Fig. 675; and thus is the balloon of the Dandelion formed. A Dandelion plant, with its scattering fruits, is shown in Fig. 676. There is another species of Dandelion in this country, but evidently not common. It is the Red-seeded Dandelion (T. erythrosp^rmum, Andrz.), with red seeds, not reflexed involucral scales, the shorter beak. The Dandelion is much prized for "greens." For this purpose it is cultivated in parts of Europe ; also about Boston and in a few other localities in this countrj". There are several improved large-leaved varieties, mostly of French origin. Some of these named forms have beautiful curled 'vs. Seeds are sown in the spring, and the crop is gathered the same fall or the following spring,— usually in the spring in this countrj'. Com- monly the seeds are sown where the plants are to stand, although the plantlets may be transplanted. The plants should stand about 1 foot apart each way, and a good crop will cover the land completely when a 5'ear old. Sandy or light loamy soil is preferred. The crop is har- vested and marketed like spinach. The Ivs. or heads are often blanched by tying them up, covering with s&nd or a flower-pot. The plants are sometimes grown more closely in beds, and frames are put over them to force them. Roots are sometimes removed from the field to the hotbed or house for forcing. When treated like chicory {which see), the roots will produce a win- DANDELION DAPHNE 455 ter salad very like barbe de eapucin. Roots dug in fall and dried are sold for medicinal purposes in drug stores under the name of Taraxacum. l^ jj_ b_ DANGLEBEBB7 or BLUE TANOLEBEBBT. Gay- lussacin frondomt. DAFHNE (Greek name of Latirus nobilis). Thy- melcehce(t. Ornamental evergreen or deciduous shrubs, with handsome foliage and sweet-scented, white, purple, lilac or rarely greenish fls., which, in warmer climates, often appear during the winter. Lvs. alternate, rarely opposite, entire, short-petioled : fls. in clusters, short racemes or umbels, apetalous, mostly fragrant ; perianth tubular cr campaniilate, 4-lobed, corolla-like, usually clothed with silky hairs outside ; stamens 8, included; stigma capitate, sessile or nearly so : fr. a fleshy or leathery l-seeded drupe. About 40 species in Eu. and Asia. Only D. Mezereum, with very early lilac, fra- grant fls. and decorative scarlet fr., and some low ever- green species, like D. Cneorum and D. BUi gay ana, are hardy north, while most of the evergreen species can be recommended only for warmer climates. D. Pontica and D. Laureola, with large evergreen lvs., are hardy as far north as New York. Daphnes thrive best in a well drained, light soil and in a partly shaded position, but some, as D. Cneorum and D. Blagayona, which are ex- ceedingly pretty plants for rockeries, do better in sunny situations. In the north, D. odora and its varieties are often groMm in pots for their sweet-scented and hand- some fls. appearing during the winter. A sandy com- post of peat and loam in equal proportions will suit them ; they require a good drainage and careful watering dur- ing the winter, and pots not larger than just necessary should be given ; they may also be planted out in a cool greenhouse and trained as a wall plant. D. Genktra, with abundant lilac fls. before the lvs., is sometimes forced. Prop, by seeds, sown after maturity or strati- fled, but germinating very slowly ; also by layers put down in spring and taken oflf the following year. The evergreen species may be increased by cuttings of ma- ture wood in fall under glass, and kept in a cool green- house during the winter. If gentle bottom heat can be given in early spring, it will be of advantage to the de- velopment of the roots ; softwood cuttings taken from forced plants may also be used. D. odora is often veneer-grafted on seedling stock of Z>. Laureola in win- ter, or on roots of D. Mezereum. D. Cneorum and probably its allies are readily increased in spring by re- moving the earth around the plant, pegging down the branches and filling with fine compost almost to the tops of the branches. Next spring, if the compost is carefully removed, a large number of little buds, each supplied with a white root, are found along the branches ; they are easily detached and planted in pans or boxes. In California, according to Franceschi, the species most commonly grown is D. odora, the plants being mostly imported from Japan. Many plants are also sent from Japan for eastern greenhouse culture. A decoction of the bark of D. Mezereum is sold in drug stores under the name of Mezereum. It is stimulant and diuretic. It is also known as Olive Spurge. Alfred Rehder. Althougli iiardy Daphnes are generally recommended to be planted in partial shade, they invariably succeed in open, sunny pla«*es, and even in dry spots when the start is made with strong, well-rooted plants. They grow very freely in a light, open, well drained soil, en- riched with thoroughly decayed manure. An annual top- dressing of the same material is of great benefit to the plants, young or old. For propagation by cuttings, half-ripened wood is best. Layers should not be separated until early in the following spring, and it is advisable to shade the young plants in their new quarters for a few weeks until the roots have taken hold in the ground and growth has started. Cuttings should not be subjected to a very strong bottom heat before a good callus has formed, as they are slow to emit roots, and free growth can not be expected until the young plants attain the age of 2 years. The commonest of the hardy kinds is D. Cneo- rum; but D, Blagayana, which is still very rare in America, is a charming species, worthy of greater popu- larity. Grafts of this species are likely to die without apparent cause. D. NeapolUana needs a sheltered position. J. B. Keller. Alphabetical list of species described below : D. au- tumnalis, 1; Blagayana, 5; buxifolia, 7; Cneorum, 4; collina,G; Dauphini, 8; Delphini,S; Fioniana, 7: For' tunei,3; Genkwa, .'{; Houtteana. 3; hybrida, 8; Indies, 9; Japonica,9; Jenkwa, 3; Laureola, 10; Mazeli, 9; Mezereum, 1, 2; odora, 9; odorata, 9; oleoides, 7; Pon- tica, 10; sericea, 6; Van Houttei, 2. A. Lvs. deciduous : fls. axillary along the branches of the previous year, appearing before the lvs. 1. Mezereum, Linn. Erect shrub, with stout branches, to 4 ft. : lvs. alternate, cuneate, oblong or oblanceolate, glabrous, grayish beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. usually 3, sessile, silky outside, fragrant, IHac-purple, appearing much before the lvs.: fr. roundish ovoid, scarlet. Feb.- Apr. Eu. to Altai and Caucasus. Gn. 29:550.— Var. \i'if^ 676. The Dandelion 456 DAPHNE DARLIXGTONIA bescent branches Alba, Ait., has white fls. and yellow fr. Gn. 29:550. G.C. 111. 2L:183, 185. Var. Alba pldna, Hort., has double white fls. Gn. 29:550. Var. grandifldra, Hort. (var. autumndlis, Hort.). With larger, very early fls., some- times blooming in fall. 2. HoutteJlna, Planch. {D. Mtzereum, v&r. atropurpu- rea, Dipp.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect, stout branches: Ivs. alternate, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, coriaceous and often persistent, purple : fls. appearing before the Ivs., lilac-violet, 2-4, in short-peduncled clus- ters. Apr. F.S. 6 :.592. — Of garden origin, and probably hybrid between D. Laureola and Mezereum. 3. O^nkwa, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. Fdrtunei, Lindl. D. Jinkwa, Hort.). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender branches : Ivs. opposite, oblong-elliptic, appressed-pubescent on the veins beneath, 1^-2 in. long: fls. lilac, 3-7, in short- stalked clusters, scentless, denselv silky, villous outside. Mar., Apr. Jap. S.Z. 75. Gt. 15':499. F.S. 3:208. Gn. 42:868. R.L. 10:73. AA. Zfvs. evergreen, alternate {see JVo.S). B Fls. in terminal heads, rarely axillary and pinkish. c. Habit lotv, procumbent or trailing. 4. Cnedrum, Linn. Fig. 677. With long, trailing, pu- Ivs. crowded, cuneate, oblanceolate, mucronulate, flnally gla- brous, dark green and glossy above, glaucescent beneath, J^-l in. long: fls. in sessile, many-fld. heads, pink, fraf.'Tant. Apr., May, and oftn^ again in sum- mer. Mts. of M. Eu. B. M. 313. L. B.C. 18:1800. Gn. 45, p.237. —Var. m^jus, Hort. Of more vigorous growth. Gn. 51, p. 358. Var. maximum of Euro- pean nurseries = i>. Nea- polifana. 5. Blagay^tna, Freyer. Branches often ascending, glabrous : Ivs. cuneate, obovate or oblong, gla- brous, 1-1 34 in. long: heads many - fld. : fls. white or yellowish white, fragrant, nearly glabrous outside, almost 1 in. long. Apr., May. Mts. of southeastern Eu. B.M. 7579. F.S. 22:2313. Gt. 29:1020. Gn. 14:143. G.C. II. 13:245 ; 17:505 ; III. 11:491. CC. Habit erect, 1-4 ft. high. D. Perianth densely pubescent outside. 6. serlcea, Vahl (D. colllna, Sm.). Height 1-3 ft.: branches pubescent : Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblanceo- late, obtuse, slightly revolute at the margin, glabrous and shining above, appressed-pubescent beneath, 1-1^ in. long: fls. fragrant, infew-fld. heads, with bracts, purple, densely pubescent outside, with ovate-obtuse lobes, % in. long. Spring. Italy to W. Asia. B.M. 428. B.R. 24:56. L.B.C. 14:1348. 7. oleoides, Schreb. (D. buxifolia, Vahl). Shrub, to 3 ft.: branches pubescent: Ivs. obovate-elliptic to obo- vate-lanceolate, usually mucronulate or acute, villous- pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous at length, l-l^in. long: fls. in few-fld. heads without bracts, white or pale lilac, with ovate-lanceolate, i^ointed lobes, 34 in. long. Southeastern Eu. L.B.C. 3:299. B.M. 1917. — Very variable in shape and pubescence of Ivs. Var. Fioni^na, Hort., with obovate-lanceolate. obtuse Ivs. and lilac fls., is said to be a hybrid between this species and the former. 8. bi^brida, Lindl. (Z>. Dnnphiui, Hort. D. D^Jphiui, Lodd.). Garden hybrid of I), collina x odora. Similar to D. odora, but hardier. Erect shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. cu- neate, oblong-elliptic, dark green and shining above, glabrous or slightly hairy along the veins beneath when young, 2-3 in. long : fls. reddish purple, very fragrant, rather iarge, in few-fld. beads. B.R. 1 1:1177. 677. Daphne Cneorum. DD. Perianth glabrous outside, or nearly so. 9. oddra, Thunbg. (Z>, Jap&niea, Thnnhg. D.Indica, Loisel., not Linn.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with glabrous branches : Ivs. oblong-elliptic, acute at both endg bluntly pointed, glabrous, 2-3 in. long : fls. in dense' terminal heads, very fragrant, white to purple: ovary glabrous. Winter and spring. China, Jap. Gn. 28:4i«9. Gng. 2:211. — V^ar. dlba, Hort. Fls. white. Gn. 28:4y9! Var. Maz61i, Hemsl. Fls. inpeduncled, axillary clusters along the branches, pink outside, white within. Gn. 14:154. R.H. 1872:392. Hardier than the type. Var. ptinc- tklA, Hemsl. P'ls. in dense heads, wlnte, spotted out- side with red. B.M. 1587. Var. margin^ta, Hort. Lvs. bordered yellow: fls. red. P.M. 8:175. R.H. 1866:251. Var. rtlbra, Don. Fls. purple. S.B.F.G. II. 4:320. G.C. III. 21: 173. D. odorbta, Hort., is a common mis- print in catalogues for D. odora. D. odorata, Lam.= D. Cneorum. BB. Fls. axillary, yellowish or greenish white, glabrous outside. 10. LauT§ola, Linn. Shrub, to 4 ft. : lvs. cuneate. obo- vate-lanceolate, acute, shining and dark green above, glabrous, 2-3. Va in. long : fls. in 5-10-fld., nearly sessile racemes, yellowish green, scentless : fr. black, ilar.- May. S. Eu., W. Asia. — Var. pnrpiiren of the Kew Arboretum = i>. Uontteana. 11. F6ntica, Linn. Shrub, to 5 ft. : lvs. cuneate, obo- vate or obovate-lanceolate, acute, shining, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. in long-peduucled, 1-3-fld. clusters, green- ish yellow, fragrant, with linear-lanceolate lobes. Apr., May. Southeastern Eu., W. Asia. B.M. 1282. G.C. II. 14:209. D.alplna, Linn. Erect shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cu- neate-lanceolate, sparingly silky: fls. white or blushed, termi- nal, fragrant. May, June. S. Eu. L.B.C.1:66.— Z>. Ai<dica,Pall. Shrub, to 4 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous: fls. white, in terminal, 1-5-fld. heads, fragrant. May, June. Altai, Songaria, Mongolia. B.M. 1875. L.B.C. 4:399.— Z). anstralis, CyrilL^C. serieea.— Z). Caucdsica, Pall. Allied toD. Altaica. Lvs. narrower: tls. in 3-20-fld. heads. Caucasus. B.M. 7388.— Z). Delahaydna, Hort.=D. Neapolitana. — I), glomerata. Lam. Allied to D. Pontica. Low: fls. light pink, fragrant, the clusters crowded at the end of the branches. May. W. Asia.— i>. Gnidixw, Linn. Evergreen shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. linear-lanceo- late, acTite, glabrous: fls. yellowish white, fragrant, in terminal racemes or panicles. S. Eu. L.B.C. 2:150.— />. yeapcUtatia, Ijodd. (.T>. Cneorum X sericea). Evergreen shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs. cuneate-oblong, obtuse, nearly glabrous : fls. in terminal heads, rosy purple, fragrant. May, sometimes again in fall. L.B.C. S-.llQ.—I). papyrifera, Sieb.=Edgeworthia Gardneri.— i>. j>«- trcea, Leyb. Dwarf evergreen shrub : lvs. linear-lanceolate, small, obtuse: fls. light pink, in terminal, S-G-fld. V'-.ads, fra- grant. .June, July. S. Tyrol.— Z). rupestris, Facch. etrjea.— Z). «fl/jci76fta, Lam.=D. Caucasiea.— Z). striata, Tratt. Dwarf evergreen shrub : lvs. small, cuneate, linear-lanceolate, gla- brous: fls. in terminal, many-fld. heads, pink. June, July. Switzerland and Carpath. Mts. Alfred Rehder. DAPHNlDIUM. See Benzoin. DAPHNIPHtLLUM (Greek, literally a laurel-leaf). jEuphorbidcece. A genus of oriental trees, perhaps 15 species. The following species are very rare in cultiva- tion, and are obtained through dealers in Japanese plants. The genus has no near allies of horticultural value. Tropical glabrous trees: lvs. alternate, entire, stalked, leathery, usually narrow, feather-veined : ra- cemes axillary, f hort : bracts minute or none : fls. stalked, dioecious, without petals : fr. an olive-shaped drupe. macrdpodun, Miq. Lvs. leathery; petiole 2 in. long; blade about H in. long, 2 % in. wide, elliptic-oblong, with a very short, hard, abrupt point: racemes of female fls. 3 in. long, slender; pedicels distint. Japan. glauc63cen8, Blume. Tree, often 20-30 ft. high, in In- dia, Java and Corea: petiole three to four-fifths in. long in the pistillate plant; in the staminate 8-13 tenths of an inch long; lvs. obovate-lanceolate, rounded at the tip; blade 3-4 in. long, 12-16-tenths of an inch wide. —There is a variegated form. W. M. OABLINGTONIA (after William Darlington, the American botanist, to whom we are indebted for the de- lightful Memorials of Bartram and Marshall). Sarrnce- nidcece. One of the most interesting and distinct of all DARLINGTONIA DASYLIRION 457 J itcher plants. There is only one species in this genus. The plant was first collected near Mt. Shasta by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition. Indians attacked the party, and as the explorers retreated to their carap W. D. Brackenridge grabbed something, which turned out to be fragments of this exciting plant. The Darlingtonia grows at an altitude of 5,000 feet on the Sierra Nevadas of California, in sphagnum bogs along with sundews and rushes. The pitchers grow in clusters, and are a foot or two high. The pitcher is slender, erect, spirally twisted and rounded at the top, something like a fiddle head. From this hangs a curious reddish stnicture with two long flaps. Underneath the rounded top is seen the entrance to the trap, which means death to all sorts of insects, big and little. How the plant attracts them is not obvious, but the fate of the inscots is clear. They climb down a long, narrow funnel, guided by nee- dle-like downward-pointing hairs. Arrived at the bot- tom, the insects find these needles numerous and con- verging. As they attempt to escape they are confronted by an impassable array of lances. The manner of their death can be easily imagined. They sink into the bot- tom in a putrid, sticky mass, and the products of de- composition are presumably absorbed by the plant. Darlingtonias have been grown outdoors in the east the year round in a few special localities. Edward Gil- lett, at Southwick, Mass., grows them in a favored spot without artificial protection. F. H. Hor^ford can pre- serve them at Charlotte, Vt., w^ith the aid of a winter mulch. Califdmica, Ton*. Fig. G78. Rootstock horizontal: Ivs. forming pitchers as described above, which are curi- ously veined, and have a wing on the ventral surface and a crest on top, green, finally becoming a pear yel- low: scape erect, %-\%it. high, clothed with obtuse, erect, concave, half -clasping bracts: fls. solitary, nod- ding, 3 in. across; sepals 5, pale green; petals shorter than the sepals, about 1 in. long, converging, greenish yellow, w'th broad reddish brown veins, contracted above the middle; stigmas 5; ovary cylindrical below, dilated into a broad .i-lobed top with a deep depression in the center, 5-ceIled : seeds obovate-club-shaped. B.M. 5920. I.H. 18:75. F.S. 14:1440. G.C. III. 7:84, 85; 17:304; 24:339.-Int. to cult, about 1861. w. M. As greenhouse plants, Darlingtonias require the same treatment as their allies, Sarracenias, Dioneas and Dro- seras. A well grown collection of these plants is not only very interesting and curious, but also very beauti- ful. To succeed, they must occupy a shaded position, and never be allowed to become dry. Give a cool, moist, even temperature. If possible a glass case should be provided for them, with provision made for ven- tilation; a constant moist atmosphere can be more easily maintained, and at the same time the green- house in which they are grown may be freely ven- tilated without injury to these plants. The material in which they grow best is two-thirds fern root fiber with the dust shaken out, and one-third chopped sphag- num moss and silver sand, with a few nodules of char- coal added. About the first week in July is perhaps the best time for potting, though one must be guided by the condition of the plants, choosing a time when they are the least active. When well established they wiH only require potting once in two years. The pots should be placed in pot saucers as a safeguard against their ever becoming dry, and all the space between the pots should be filled with sphagnum moss up to the rims of the pots. A temperature of 40° to 45° during winter, with a gradual rise as the days lengthen in spring, will suit them admirably. During the summer they should be kept well shaded, or they may be removed to a well shaded frame outside, in some secluded position free from hot, drying winds. Propagation of these plants is effected by division of the r(X)ts, or by seeds sown on live sphagnum moss in pans, the moss being made very even and the pans placed either under a bell jar or glass case in a cool, moist atmosphere. [For detailed English experience, see G.C. III. 24:338.] Edward .J. Canning. Darlingtonia Courfii was named after William Court, for many years hybridizer and traveler for James Veitch & Son. Some say it is a hybrid between a Nepenthes and Darlingtonia Califomica. Its Ivs. or pitchers are shorter ami stouter than those of D. Cali' fornica, and more rounded at the mouth. The stalks of the pitchers bend out almost horizontally from the base or crown of the plant and then be- come erect. The treatment is much the same as for D. Califomica. ex- cept that it must be kept indoors in w^inter. It .hrives well in a house with OdontogloHSum crispum and Masdevallia. It is generally st;j- pended like Nepenthes. The writer has successfully g^rown it when it was potted in peat or sphagnum, in a i 678. Young leaves of Darlinetonia. small pot which was inverted into a larger pot, with a layer of sphagniun packed in between, and the whole kept constantly moist. It is an interesting and attrac- tive plant, and enjoys considerable popularity in Eng- ^^^^' Henry A. Siebrecht. DABNEL. Lolium perenne. DASTLtBION (Greek, tufted lily). LilicicecB. Highly ornamental plants, well adapted for rockeries, for iso- lated specimens on lawns, decoration of conservatories, staircases, et«., and eminently suitable for terraces and vases, in the formal style of gardening. Trunk short or missing altogether : Ivs. in large number, inserted in a symmetrical way, so as t(> form a dome or globe-shaped, regi^' e ,', ' '*ad, more or less serrulated, and in some iding in a brush-like tuft of dried fibers. The < '^f numberless whitish green, minute flow- " a striking feature. Dasylirions generally Dr. ncL ». -. ' io<miing. They are of the easiest pos- sible culvur J, and will stand some degrees of frost, par- ticularly if kept dry. Easily propagated from seeds and from cuttings of the branches when produced, as they do not sucker as a rule. Six or perhaps more species altogether. Natives of the arid region com- prising southwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and northern Mexico. The following are grown in south- em gardens and in conservatories up north, but not as much as they deserve. y. Fkanceschi. These plants are inferior to Yucca filamentosa in hardiness and in showiness and regularity of fiowering, but they have an individuality of their own which should commend them to amateurs who like things that every- body doesn't have. They are especially esteemed in California, where the great flower-stalks, 8 or 10 ft. high, 458 DASYLIRION DATE give a strong impression of the desert, which contrasts forcibly with civilized surroundings. The individual flowers are not highly colored, but the spikes are several feet long. Three plants sold as Dasylirions be- long to Nolina, a closely related genus, which is chiefly distinguished by fruit characters. In Dasylirion the ovarj' has .*i ovules, and the fruit is dry and indehiscent, or splits through the partitions and between the cells. In Nolina the ovary has 2 ovules, and the fruit is dry, often 3-winer^d, ami bursts in an irregular fashion. The latest monograph is in Latin by J. G. Baker in Joum. Linn. Soc. Vol. 18(1881). A. Stems 4-angled, square in section. qoadrangrulJltain, S. Watson. Trunk 3 ft. high : Ivs. drooping, dark green, 2 ft. or more long, 2-3 lines broad at the base, soon narrower and quadrangular, the mar- gin rough but not toothed. Mex. Discovered in 1878.— This is the only species with entire, not toothed, leaf- marglns. With Franceschi the trunk is so short as to be almost globular ; the Ivs. are 4-G ft. long, slightly arching, and not splitting into fibers. AA Stems not 4-angled. B. Tips of Ivs. not splitting into fibers. glaucoph^llum, Hook. {D. glaiictim, Carr.). Recog- nized by the above charatiter and by the very glaucous, bluish green Ivs., of which the inner ones are strict and rigid, not gracefully drooping, the outer ones recurved, 2-3 ft. long, S-9 lines wide above the base. Mex. B.M. 5041. R. H. 1872, p. 435. G.C. II. 13: 205.] BB. Tips of Ivs. splitting into fibers, c. Trunk long, 2-5 ft. D. Teeth on the leaf-margins yellowish. Tex&ntun, Scheele. Lvs. light green, 3-4 ft. long, 5-6 lines wide above the base ; margin serrulate, armed with hooked teeth 1 line long and 3-6 lines apart; flower-stalk 8-10 ft. high. Tex. and New Mex. DD. Teeth on the leaf-margins brown. Whedleri, S.Wats. Lvs. very similar to those of D. Texamim, 7-9 lines wide. The lvs. are shorter than in D. glaucophyllum, and they usually have a spiral twist, which gives the plant a remarkable appearance. Ariz and N. Mex. cc. Trunk short. D. Bacemes short, densely fid. E. Length of lvs. S-i ft. graminildlitun, Zucc. Trunk very short : rosette of lvs. 4-5 ft. across : lvs. 3-7 lines wide above the base, tipped with 6-8 spreading fibers. Mex. Int. into cult, about 1835. — This name and D. serratifolium were given by Zuccarini without description, and are greatly con- fused in botanical literature and perhaps also in gardens. EE. Length of lvs. 2-3 ft. acr6trichum, Zucc. (D. grdcile, Zucc). Trunk in gar- dens unbranched, finally 4-5 ft. high : lvs. G-8 lines wide, pale green, hardlv glaucous, splitting at the tip into 20-30 fibers, the outer lvs. recurved. Mex. B.M. 5030. F.S. 14:1448. G.C. III. 19: 204. DD. Bacemes long, loosely fid. serratifdlium, Zucc. Lvs. exactly as in />. acrotrichum, 7-8 lines wide above the base. Mex. —Can be distin- guished only in flower. ^^ t^j^ DATE. A palm, Pho'nix dactylifera, Linn., native to N. Africa and Arabia, and extensively planted in countries under Arabic control. It is also grown to some extent in southern Asia and southern Europe and in other tropical and subtropical countries. The pulpy fruits constitute one of the most important articles of food of the Arabs ; and the leaves and other parts of the plant afford materials for dwellings and many domestic uses. Nearly all parts of the plant are utilized in some way. The Date palm reaches a height of 100 ft., mak- ing a straight, shaggy trunk, an«l it continues to bear for one or two centuries. It is dioecious. See Phoenix. The Date palm has been grown in parts of the United States and adjacent Mexico for many years. In Florida, California, and restricted areas of a few other states, it has been grown for decorative purposes for more than a century. At the missions founded by the Spaniards at St, Augustine, and other places in Florida, and that long line of missions extending from far into Mexico northward and westward through southern New Mexico' Arizona and California, it is probable that the Date was planted wherever the climatic conditions were favor- able. Within the borders of the United States the greater number of these early plantings were in Florida or along the coast of southern California, regions where the sum total of summer heat is not sufficient to perfectly develop the Date fruit. The Date, as a fruit producer being indigenous to a desert environment, does not take kindly to humid regions, even where it is not suflBciently cold to prohibit the growth of the tree. For this reason the greater number of the early plantings in this country matured little fruit, while that produced was of poor quality, although in many instances the trees grew luxu- riantly and to large size. In the more arid portions of Lower California and Sonora, where there is sufficient water for irrigation, the early plantings have been con- tinued down to the present time, and Dates of fair quality have been grown for many years. Moreover, etwh year the area devoted to Dates is increasing. Not only have sufficient Dates been grown in Sonora to sup- ply the local markets and the markets of the larger cities, Hermosillo, Guaymas and Altar, but during the past year a surplus has been shipped from the state. The part of tlie United States suitable for growing the Date tree, for the profitable production of fruit, is confined to rather narrow limits; viz., the irrigable por- tion of southern Arizona below an altitude of 2.500 feet and the somewhat similar area of southern California east of the coast ranges of mountains, where the sum- mer temperature is not lowered by proximity to the sea. As a tree, however, it will make excellent growth over a much larger area, including the semi-arid regions of central and southern California. Over the larger area it will occasionally bloom and the earlier varieties ma- ture fruit, but the summer heat will rarely be sufficient to bring it to a high degree of perfection. In recent years Dates have matured in favorable localities in California, in both the San Joaquir. and Sacrament(> valleys, but it is only east of the mountains in the irri- gable regions of the Mojave desert that there is suffi- cient summer heat to mature an annual crop. In the strictly desert regions of southern Arizona and south- eastern California the planting of seedling Dates is rapidly increasing, and the time is not far distant when in this region not a little attention will be given to the production of this fruit. Among the older trees may be mentioned those on a ranch owned by Hall Hanlon, situated on the California side of the Colorado river a few miles below Yuma. In 1875 Mr. Hanlon received a box of Dates from La Paz, Lower California, which were grown at that place, and planted the seed the same year. From these seeds 12 pistillate and several staminate trees were raised, the trees beginning to bloom at the age of 5 years. All the pistillate trees have fruited abundantlj' each year since 7 years of age. and now vary in height from 20 to 50 feet, each tree producing yearly from 6 to 17 bunches of fruit, the bunches varying in weight from 20 to 38 pounds. In recent years many seedling palms ha%'e come into bearing in southern Arizona, particularly in Salt river valley. On the Bartlett, Adams & Co's. ranch at Glen- dale, several seedling Dates were in bearing in the fall of 1898, at which time one tree, 8 years from seed, bore an estimated crop of more than 400 pounds. On a ranch owned by E. L. Arthur, in the vicinity of Tempe, a dozen or more palms were in bearing the same year, several of which bore one or more bunches of fruit the fourth year after planting. In addition to those cited above, many seedling palms bore during the fall of 18(t- at Pha?nix, Tempe, Glendale, Mesa, Arizola, Flore! Yuma, Tucson, and other points in southern Arizona, and a number of localities in California. An impetus was given to Date culture in this country by the importation by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in the spring of 1891 and 1892, of 74 rooted suckers. 68 of which were supposed to have been taken from female trees of approved varieties, while the remaining six were labeled male. These trees were distributed to various DATE DATE 459 679. An American seedllne Date. points in New Mexico, Arizona and California. Those planted on the Experiment Station farm at Phoenix have made a much V>etter growth and bloomed more freely than the plants sent elsewhere, some of the speci- mens at this Station, in the fall of 1898, measuring more than 20 feet to the topmost leaf and producing 100 to 200 pounds of fruit to the tree. A sulficient num- ber of the imported palms have blossomed to indicate that they are not true to name, more than one-half of those blossoming to date being staminate, while those that have fruited are inferior to a number of the choicer seedlings grown in Arizona. It yet remains for another importation to be made, when greater care may be taken that the imported plants are suck- ers from trees of recognized merit and approved varieties. An examination of specimens of fruit from many of the seedling Dates grown in the United States^ as well as in the state of Sonora, Mexico, during the season of 1898, and also an examination of the fruit of the imported Dates at the Experiment Station farm at Phoe- nix, showed considerable variation in the size, flavor, shape, color, and general desirability of the differ- ent specimens. Only about 50 per cent of the trees ex- amined bore edible Dates, the remainder being astrin- gent even when fully ripe, and little more than a skin over a pit. Of the remaining 50 per cent only about one-fifth were especially desirable and worthy of per- petuating by growing suckers. It must be rememberf d in this connection that Dates, like most other fruits, do not come true to seed ; hence, it is not reasonable to ex- pect a very large percentage of desirable Dates as a re- sult of growing seedlings. Some of the best seedling Dp -38 grown in Arizona in 1898 were light in color and varied in weight from two-sevenths to one-fourth ounce to the specimen, with from 10 to 11 parts in weight of flesh (mesocarp) to one part of pit. The largest of the imported Dates; viz., the variety labelled "Seewah," pro- •iuced Dates averaging nearly one-third ounce to the specimen. Although this is the largest Date yet pro- duced in Arizona, and probably in the United States, the pit is extremely large, there being but 8 parts of flesh to one of pit. Fuitherraore, the flesh is covered with a thick skin ( epicarp ) , and there is a firm papery covering (endocarp) over the pit. An excessive develop- ment of either epicarp or endocarp is undesirable. Choice varieties of Dates should have thin skins and small see<ls surrounded by a thin, papery covering. The flesh should be thick, of medium firmness, sweet, and of agreeable flavor. The Date industry' in the United States is in its infancy. Approved varieties have not as yet been introduced and the quantity of fruit produced has not reached suflicient magnitude to give it a com- mercial rating. The Date palm grows upon nearly all kinds of soil. If it be sufficiently irrigated and has the rt-quisite amount of heat, the soil seems to be a secondary consideration. In general it may be said, however, that iean. sandy soils of the desert, with a small percentage of clay and charged with alkaline salts, are preferable to rich and heavy soils, suitable for growing ordinarj' crops. The question of water is of great importance in the culture of Dates, as it is necessary that the roots of the Date palm be in moist earth throughout the year. In general, the amount of water required for successful culture is considerable. If sufficient water cannot be supplied by natural methods, we must resort to irrigation. Water should be supplied at frequent intervals throughout the year. However, the most should be supplied in the spring before blot)ming, and in the fall prior to the ripening of the fruit. The amount of water for each palm depends so much upon soil and local conditions that an estimate would be worthless. Care should be taken not to irrigate to excess at the time of blooming and Immediately after, as it will militate against the successful setting of the fruit. The Date seems not only to enjoy a high atmospheric temperature, but a high temperature of the water supplied in irrigation as well. In irrigating small crops by flooding, it is necessary in midsummer to irrigate late in the afternoon or at night in order to prevent scalding. Care should be taken, dur- ing the warmer portion of the year, that the Date palm is not subjected to hot water about the roots, rising above the soil for a considerable length of time, and later left until the soil becomes exceedingly dry and baked by the sun. Such extremes may sometimes seri- ously injure or destroy the tree. Dates are propagated either by seeds or suckers. As with the apple and most other fruits. Dates do not come true to seed, hence the only sure way to obtain good Dates is to secure a sucker from a tree of established excellence. Propagation from seed is of little value when we desire to obtain Dates of the same quality as those from which the seeds were obtained, or when we wish a correct proportion of male to female trees. Again, seedling palms are usually very much later in ma- turing their fruit, and generally the fruit from such trees have large seeds and little flesh. It is always preferable to propagate Dates from suckers unless one desires to originate new varieties, not only on account of the knowledge of the sex (it being hardly necessary to state that the sex of a sucker is the same as that of the plant from which it is taken), but on account of the ability to make a selection in the variety and quality of the fruit. All species belonging to the genus Phoenix are diffi- cult to transplant with uniform success. Frequently as high as 50 per cent of transplanted Dates die even when watered daily and given the best of care. In plant- ing suckers, with the best of attention, a large percentage die: while without care not one in a hundred will grow. It is due not so much to the lack of ex- perience in removing the suckers as to lack of proper care after removal, that so large a percentage fail to grrow. Suckers may be removed at any time during the spring or early summer, or even in the winter, if proper care be given them after removal. If they are to be planted in the open ground it is advis- able to remove them during the spring or early summer, April probably being the best month. In winter, when the plants are at a standstill, the suckers may be removed with comparatively small loss, if the bulbs be not less than 4 inches in diameter and have a few roots. It is nec- essary, when suckers are removed at this sea- son, to set them in rather small pots, so that the earth, which should be given a daily soaking, may have a chance to get warm quickly. The pots should be kept in a greenhouse, or, better yet, imbedded in a hotbed of manure, covered with the customary frame and glass. In all cases the leaves should be cut back to 6 to 12 inches in length. If proper atten- tion can be given it is best to plant the suckers where s*'^'^ ^.•» 680. Fruit clusters of Date, as erown in Arizona, 460 DATE DATURA they are to rpmain, as a second chance for loss occurs when they are planted in a nursery and later moved to the position that they are finally to occupy. A 2-inch chisel, well sharpened, and an appropriate mallet are the important tools to use in reniovintf suckers. The leafstalks should be cut away, exjwsinK the bulb of the sucker, care beinj? taken not to injure the bulb in re- movinjjf. One should cut in rather deeply at either side, not beinj? afraid of injuring the old plant, cutting out a V-shaped portion extending from the base of the bulb downward for a foot or more, and being careful to se- cure in uninjured condition all the attached roots. If the position of the sucker be not too high above the ground the V-shaped portion should be continued down- ward into the soil, that all established roots be obtained. Under proper cultivation the Date palm should pro- duce from 10 to 14 leaves each year. A well developed tree will have at one time from 30 to 60 leaves, the old ones dying away below while new ones are forming at the top. The different varieties show great variation in rapidity of growth, form and length of leaves, size of stem, and general aspect of plant. The stem of the Date palm is very elastic, and when it reaches a height of 10 or more feet it is frequently necessary to tie the growing bunches of Dates securely to the lower leaf- stalks, that they be not broken and injured by the wind before maturity. For further information, consult Bull. 29, Arizona Exp. 6ta. J. w. TouMEY. A successful method of propagation of Date trees is to bank up earth about the base of the parent tree and above the base of the suckers, and keep moist by wa- tering daih' to induce formation of rtKjts. Suckers may he partially severed from the old stock before the banking is done, or after the roots have started. When the roots are well grown, the suckers may be transplanted with little loss. For purposes of pollination the Arabs usually plant about one male tree to 25 female or fruit-bearing trees. In order to secure perfect pollination, they cut sprays of male blossoms, when the pollen is in the best condi- tion, and tie them to the leaf-stems above the pistillate flowers at the time they are opening. If this were done in cases where isolated female Date trees are growing in America, there would be much perfect and delicious fruit where now there is that which is worthless, be- cause of the lack of pollination. In the earlier importations the agents were imposed upon by either ignorant or designing natives of Egypt, by sending seedlings instead of rooted suckers, which were specifically ordered. The varieties from Algeria and Arabia were suckers from the best varieties, but un- fortunately, most of them have died. At least two are yet living at the California Experiment Station at Tulare. This year, 1899, the Department of Agriculture at Wash- ington has succeeded in importing, through a special agent sent to Algeria, a number of suckers from the best bearing trees in that country, and further efforts are be- ing made to secure more plants from there, and from other famous Date-growing countries. H. E. Van Deman. DATE PLUM. Another name of Persimmon. DAT0BA (Arabic name). Includes Brugmansia. Solaniicew. This genus contains the widespread James- town Weed and several plants cultivated for their huge trumpet-like flowers, which have an odor that is verj' pleasant to some. The genus has perhaps 25 species, widely dispersed in warm and temperate re- gions. Herbs, shrubs and trees : Ivs. large, entire or wavy -toothed : fls. large, solitary, erect or pendulous, mostly white, with more or less violet, rarely red or yellow: fr. spiny. The most popular kind in northern gardens is commonly called Z>. cornucopia (Fig. 681), which is especially interesting when its flowers develop 2 or 3 well-defined trumpets, one within another. Some- times, however, these double flowers are a confused mass of petalage. Double and triple forms are likely to occur in any of the species described below. The Horn of Plenty, D. cornucopia, has been especially popular in America since about 1895, when it was found in South America by an orchid collector of the United States Xursery Company, and soon became widely distributed ill "yellow, white, blue and deep carmine," all double forms. The " yellow" was probably a dull, creamy sha<le and the "blue," a violet. The disseminators' assert that seeds started in Januar>', Februar>- or March will produce 200-.'{00 fragrant flowers in a season. Daturas contain strong narcotics. Large doses are poi- sonous, small iloses medicinal. Separate preparations of Stramonium seed and leaves are commonly sold in the drug stor<->. />. Stramonium (Fig. 682) is the Thorn Apple or .lamestown Weed, the latter name being cor- rupted into Jimpson Weed. Its foul, rank herbajre and large spiny fruits are often seen in rubbish heaps. At the first successful settlement in America— .Jamestown Va., 1607— dt is said that the men ate these thorn apples with curious results. Capt. John Smith's account of their mad antics is very entertaining. It has been conjectured that this same plant was used by the priests at Delphi to produce oracular ravings. The seeds of I), xauguineu are said to have been used by Peruvian priests that were believed to have prophetic power. The Arabs of central Africa are said to smoke parts of the drie<l plant for asthma and influenza. Daturas are of easy culture. Some are treated as tender annuals. In the north the woody species can he grown outdoors in summer, and stored in cellars durinij the winter; in the south and in S. California they are almost everblooming. Daturas are sometimes kept in c&ol conservatories the year round, in which case they should be planted in the border, as Daturas rarely flower well in pots, their roots being large and spread- ing and requiring a constant supply of moisture. This method produces great quantities of bloom in sprintr. After flowering, the plants should be cut in to the main limbs, or a very straggling and unsightly growth will result. A. Flowers red. aanguinea, Ruiz. & Pav. Tree-like shrub, 4-12 ft. hijrh : brunches fragile, leafy at the apex: Ivs. clustered. ;>-7 from the same point, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, almost 7 in. long, 2}4-2% in. wide, pubescent on both sides, shining green above, paler beneath, the lower Ivs. wavy or angled, upper one entire; petioles 2V2 in. long, chan- neled, pubescent : peduncles terminal : fls. pendulous, brilliant orange red, about 8 in. long; calyx ovate, 5- angled. variegated, inflated. Peru. B.R. 20:17.39. F.S. 18: 1883.— Franceschi says it is more erect-growing than i>. corttigera and 2>. suaveolens, with smaller, less open and not fragrant fls. All the other species are said to be easily raised from cuttings, but this is very slow to take rooi;. 681. A triple lorm of Datura fastuosa. commonly known as D. cornucopia. AA. Flowers yellow. cMor^ntha, Hook. Shrub, glabrous throughout: Ivs. broadh' ovate, almost triangular; margin wavy, with short, rather sharp, very distinct teeth: peduncles axil- lary, very short: fls. pendulous, yellow; calyx tubular, with 5 nearly uniform, short, triangular teeth. Habitat imknown. B.M. 5128. Gn. 46 : 988 and 49, p. 379. - Datura "(Tolden Queen'' is presumably a horticultural variety of this species. While this species is horticurally dis- tinct by reason of its yellow fls., it is a very doubtful DATUliA DAVALLIA 461 gpecies botanirally. heinp founded on a very double garden fomi of unknown origin. In Vilmorin's Blumen- gartnerei it is referred to D. humilis. Dent., but D. hu- milin, according to Index Kewensis, is to be referred to j), faatuosa. 682. Pods of Datura Stramonium (X /^). AA. FIs. white, sometimes touched with violet. B. Plants tall, 7-15 ft. high: blossoms pendulous. c. Calyx tubular, with 5 obscure teeth. suavdolens, Humb. & Bonpl. (Z>. Gdrdneri, Hook.). Angels Trumpet. This is the plant which is usually cultivated as D. arborea. It is said to be very distinct from the true D. arborea of Linn., but it can be sepa- rated with certainty only by the calyx. Tree-like shrub, 10-15 ft. high : Ivs. ovate oblong, 6-12 in. long, 2M-4 in. wide, entire, glabrous, petioled, often unequal at the base: fls. 9-12 in. long; calj'x inliated, angled, glabrous, with 5 obscure teeth ; corolla tube plaited, the limb with ') short lobes; anthers crowded together. Mex. G.C. III. 11:593; 23:71. S.H. 2: 433.-Franceschi says it resem- bles D. cornigera in habit and fls., but the Ivs. and stems are almost glabrous, and the calyx lacks the char- acteristic spur-like appendage of D. cornigera. The double form is much commoner in the gardens than the single. CC. Calyx spathe-like, not toothed. arbdrea, Linn. (Brugmdnsia arbdrea, Steud.). Akgel's Trxjmpet. Small tree: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, margin entire, never wavy or angled, pubescent, in pairs, one a third shorter than the other; petioles 1 in. or more long: fls. with a niusk-like odor; calyx tubular, entire, spathe-like, acuminate; corolla tube terete, the lobes of the limb very long; anthers distinct, not con- glomerate. Peru and Chile. G.C. II. 11: 141.— Most of the plants cult, under this name are presumably D. swa- '■iolens. The extent to which the true Z>. arborea is cultivated is undetermined. BB. Plants less tall, only 2-5 ft high. C. Blossoms erect: calyx not spurred. D. Corolla 5-toothed. fastudsa, Linn.(Z?. and B. comucdpia, Hort. ). Fig. 681. Annual, 4--5 ft. high, herbaceous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute and unequal at the base, toothed or "ivavy, glabrous on both sides, solitary, upper onps in pairs, one of which is larger, 7-8 in. "long, 214-3% in. wide: petioles \%-2)4 in. long: fls. 6^-7 in. long, violet outside, whitish within; calyx purple, angled, 2 in. long, 5-toothed, the teeth triangtilar lanceolate, acuminate, 5 lines long, 2-3 lines wide. Native of Intlia. Naturalized in the tropics of both worlds. F.S. 14: 1457. (in. 46: 978 and I.H. 42: 25. -There is a variety Haberiina. This is the commonest of all Daturas in eastern gardens. DD. Corolla 10-toothed. meteloides, DC. {D. Wrlghtii, Hort.). Perennial (cult, as an annual north ) : branches slender, forked : Ivs. ovate oblong, almost entire, acuminate, acute at both ends, not cordate or angled, upper leaves often in pairs, the larger 2-2 M '"• !*»">?. 8-9 lines wide; pftinles thick ened al Ihe base, 4-5 lines wide: calyx tubular, the teeth large, 5-10 in. long, very acute, unequal; corolla about 4-8 in. long, or twice as long as the calvx, 10-toothed, the teeth short. California. Gt. 18.'j9:2«iO. R.H. 1857, p. 571.— Misspelled metalioides, etc. The name means "like D. Metel" which is a common plant in S. Europe. "i>. meteloides is a perennial, spreading over the ground in large clumps: Ivs. greyish dull green color: fls. stand- ing erect, white, delicately tinged with light violet- purple, not quite as fragrant as D. suaveolens. This can be grown also as an annual, easily blooming the first year from seed. The common statements that this plant is an annual are incorrect."— i'Vanc<?«fAi. CC. Blossoms pendulous : calyx with a long spur. cornigera, Hook. {D. and B. Knlghtii, Hort.). Height 3-4 ft., branches downy : Ivs. chiefly at the ends of brandies, ovate, petioled, acuminate, margin entire, wavy or angled : fls. pendulous, white or creamy white, very fragrant at night, striated, 5-lobed, the lobes ter- minated by a long awl-shaped spreading or recurved point; stamens included. Mex. B.M. 42.^2. B. Knightii seems to be only a trade name for the double form. Gn. 45: p. 549. — Cornigera means homed or spurred, referring to the character of the calyx, which easily separates this species. "This and D.suaveolens are known as ' Flori- pondio' to the Spanish-Americans, perhaps no other plant being more popular with them."— JP. Franceschi. W. M. DAUCIJS (ancient Greek name). Umbellifercp . Per- haps 2.") annual and biennial herbs of very wide distribu- tion. One or 2 species are native to N. Amer., and the wild Carrot is an abundant old-fitld weed in the north- eastern states. See Carrot. DAVALLIA (a personal name). Polypodidcece. A large genus of mostly tropical ferns, usually with firm, somewhat finely divided foliage and coriaceous semi- cylindric indusia, which are attached at both the base and sides. Some of the smaller species are large' y used for hanging baskets. For D. concinna and I), oenicu- lacea, see Loroscaphe ; D. parvula, see Leucostegia ; D. platyphylla, see Mierolepia ; D. stricta, set Steno- loma ; D. tenuifolia, see Stenoloma : D. Tyermauni, see Humata. l. M. Under-wood. The diverse habits of growth of the many different species of Davallias, and their good lasting qualities, peculiarly fit them under ordinary care for decorative purposes, where delicate and graceful plants are desired. Among the many species, the following are most often seen and best adapted for commercial purposes: D. bul- lata, D. parvula, very dwarf; B. pentaphylla, young fronds of a dark bronzy g^een, and D. Tyermanni, are well adapted for hanging baskets. D. disseeta and var. elegans, D. concinna, I). Fijiensis and vars. plumosa and » majus, D. forniculacea, D. solida, D. pallida (syn., Mooreana) and I), pyxidata are a<iapted for large speci- men plants. D. tenuifolia and vars. stricta and I'eitchi- ana are desirable for fern dishes, because of their dwarfish habit of growth and the ease with which they may be raised from spores. Old plants of Davallia may be cut into a number of smaller ones with a sharp knife. Planted firmly into shallow pans and placed in a temperature of 60-65° F., they soon develop into symmetrical plants. The rhizomes should be firmly fastened to soil by strong copper-wire staples, where they will root in a short time. To gain a large number of small plants, the rhizomes should be detache«l, cleaned from all soil and roots, laid on sand and thinly covered with moss. Placed in a shaded posi- 462 DAVALLIA DEARBORN tion in a temperature of 65-70'' and kept moderately moist, a number of small plants will develop from the dormant eyes, which may be separately potted as soon as of sufficient size. Spores of Davallia should be sown on a fine compost of soil, leaf-nutld or peat and sand in equal parts, and placed in a shaded position in a tem- perature of 0(M>5° P. All the operations of propagation of Darallias will be most successful if carried on during the spring months. All Davallias delight in a rich and open compost, an abundance of light and air, and moisture at their roots, a temperature of (>(M>5° F. and a thorough syringing every bright day. x. N. Bbcckner. A. Lva. once pinnate, with few linear segments. pentaph^lla, Blume. Lvs. scattered from a stout fibrilictse rootstock, with 1 terminal and -MI lateral pinnae, 4-4> in. long, J^in. broatl; sori in marginal rows. Java and Polynesia. AA. Li's. tt'i-quadri-pinnatifid, deltoid. B. Length of lvs. usually less than 1 ft. boll&ta, Wall. Fig. GKJ. Lvs. scattered from a creep- ing rootstock, which is clothed with light brown fibrillose scales, often whitish when young ; 8-10 in. long, 4-6 in. wide, quadri-pinnatitid, with deeply incised seg- ments; texture firm. India to Java and Japan. F.E. 11:543. 683. Davallia bullata. MiLriesii, Moore. Rootstock stout, with brownish scales, which are lanceolate from a broad dilated base: lvs. deltoid, 4-'j in. each way, with the pinnae cut away at the lower ?ide at base; segments short-linear, l-nerved; sori intrainarginal. Japan. G.C. III. 13: 571. BB. Length of lvs. 1-S ft. c. Foliage commonly iri-pinnatifid. 6Ie^an8, Swz. Rootstock clothed with woolly fibers: lvs, 9-15 in. wide, with the main rachis slightly winged toward the apex ; indusia several to a segment, with the sharp teeth projecting beyond the cups. Ceylon to Aus- tralia and Polynesia. 861ida, Swz. {D. orndta, Wall.). Rootstock clothed with appressed scales or fibers : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 1>-15 in. wide, the center of the apex broad ami undivided • segments broad and slightly cut ; indusia niurginal. Malaya. cc. Foliage commonly quadri-pinnatifid. pyxidJLta, Cav. Rootstock clothed with pale Itrown linear scales : lvs. tri-quatiri-pinnatifld. 6-9 jn. limad. with ol)long s«>gments ; sori with a broad space outside^ which is extended into a horn-like projection. Australia! Fiji^nsis, Hook. Lvs. 6-12 in. broad, with the lower pinna' deltoid and the segments cut into narrow, linear divisions >H->4in. long ; sori on the dilated apices of the segments, with no horn. Fiji Islands. A.F. 6:900- 9: 233. G.C. III. 23: 323.-One of the finest species, with numerous varieties. diss^cta, J. Sni. Rootstock stout, with dense, rusty scales : lvs. ll>-12 in. broad, on straw-colored stalks ; segments oblong, cuneate at base, with simple or bifld lobes ; sori minute, often with two projecting horns. Java. BBB. Length of lvs. 2-S ft. divaric&ta, Blume (D. polydntha, Hook.). Rootstock with linear rusty scales : lvs. tri-pinnatitid. sometimes 2 ft. broad, with deltoid segments cut into linear oblong lobes ; sori at some distance from the edge. India to Java and Hong Kong. p&llida, Mett. (D. Mooredna, Masters). Rootstock stout, with lanceolate dark brown scales : lvs. with straw- colored stalks 12-18 in. long, quadri-pinnatitid, with del- toid, stalked segments, the ultimate obovate-cuneate, bearing the sorus on the upper side at the base. Anei- teum and Borneo. A.F. 6: 901; 9:231. A.G. 13:143. L. M. Underwood. DAY FIOWEE. See Commelina. DAY LILY. Funkia and Hemerocallis. DEAD NETTLE. Lamium. DEANE, KEY. SAMTTEL, poet and ai^eultural writer, was born at Dedham, Mass., July 30, 1733, and died at Falmouth (now Portland), Maine, Nov. 12, 1814, where he had been pastor since Oct. 17, 1764. While vice-presi- dent of Bowdoin College, he published, in 1790, his "New England Farmer, or Geo rgical Dictionary,"thefirst Ameri- can encyclopedic work on agriculture. This had a much wider circulation, probably, than Jared Eliot's "Essays upon Field-Husbandry," 1747. Its influence may be traced to the middle of the present century. Deane's work was freely quoted by F. G. Fessenden until his death, in 1837. The second edition, 1797, was entitled The Georgical Dictionary. A third edition was published in 1822. Deane and Eliot were the chief writers in that early stage of American horticulture when it was hardly im- portant enough to be considered distinct from general agriculture. For biographical details, see Drake's Dic- tionarj- of American Biography. DEABBOBN, HENRY ALEXANDER SCAMHELL, soldier, statesman and author (1783-1851), was also au ardent horticulturist. He was a moving spirit in the or- ganization of the Massachusetts Hortj'-ultural Society, and was elected its first president on the 17th of March, 1829. He was partly instrumental in the establishment of an "experimental garden and cemetery at Mount Auburn," the parent of rural cemeteries. The plan of the cemeterj' was largely his ( cf . Bigelow ) . He " devoted himself to this work most assiduously," writes the chronicler of the society, "spending the greater part of the autumn [1831] at Mount Auburn, in laboring with hands as well as mind, without money and without price." The Abbe Berlese's Monography of the Camellia was translated by him, and published in Boston in 1838. He also translated from the French, in 1830, an account of the since famous Mortis multicaulis. He left MS. writings on horticulture. For notes on his horticultural DEARBORN DELAWARE 463 labors, see "History of the Mass. Horticultural Society," 1880, which contains a portrait ; also John B. Russel in Tilton's Journ, Hort. 7:88, 157, 27r>, Uen. H. A. 8. Dearborn was son of Gen. Henry Dearborn, of Revolu- tion and later fame. L, H. B. DtCOHOH {fireek.fentonthfd). Li/fhriiceir. A hardy pefLimial herb rarely cultivated by dealers in native plants. It has opposite or whorled Ivs., the upper with axillary, short-stalked clusters of fls. Abroad Decodon is usually considered u sul>>jrenus of Nestpji. It is dis- tinjfuished from Lythrum by havinj; '> (rarely 4) petals instead of (i. and* 8-10 stamens, while Lythrum has mostly 6 or 12. verticillAtus, Ell. {Xesim verticiUilta, UTiK.). Swamp Lcx>se-!Stkifk. Smooth or downy: stems recurved, 2-8 ft. long, 4-0-side<l: Ivs. lanceolate, nearly sessile: pet- als .'), cuneate-laneeolate, rose-purple, 'iin. long; stamens 10, half of them shorter. Swampy pnmnds, N. E. to Fla.,west to Minn, and La. — Int. by'U. P. Kelaey. DECUMABIA (Latin, decumns, tenth, referrinp to the number of the parts of the tl.). SajrifrtKjdctff. Shrubs climbing by aerial rootlets : Ivs. deciduous, opposite, petioled : ds. in terminal peduncled corymbs, small, white, perfect; sepals and petals 7-10 ; stamens 20-30: fr. a r>-10-celled ribbed capsule opening between the ribs, with numerous minute seeds. Two species in E. N. Amer. and China, of which only the American species is in cultivation. Ornamental climbing shrub, with handsome glossy foliage and fragrant white tts., forming a corymb of feathery appearance, well adapted for cover- ing walls, rocks, trellis work and trunks of trees, but not hardy north. Thrives in almost any humid soil. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass, rarely by seeds. birbara, Linn. {D. sarmentdsa, Bosc). Climbing to 30 ft., but usually less high : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or acute, remotely denticulate or entire, glabrous and shining above, 2-4 in. long : corymbs 2-3 in. broad, semiglobose. May. June. Va. toFla.,we8ttoLa. B.B. 2:18.5. Mn. 1 : 41. Alfred Rehdeb. DEERBEBBY. Vaecinitim stamintum. DEEB6BASS. Bhexia. DELABBBEA (after a French naturalist). AralidiceaE. A genus of two species of tall, tender shrubs from New Caledonia, distinguished from Aralia by the fruits. Culture same as Aralia. spectibilis, Linden & And. {ArdiUaconcinna, Nichol- son). Stem ashy grey, with brown, warty spots: Ivs. odd-pinnate, Ifts. in 8-10 pairs, each 1ft. 3-toothed or twice cut, sometimes so deeply cut as to make 3 entirely free segments. New Caledonia. I.H. 25: 314. —Under the name of Aralia spectabilis, two different plants have been sold. The English dealer Bull's plant was Aralia filicifolia. The Belgian dealer Linden*s plant was Delarbrea'spectabilis. (See I.H. 23, p. 72. G.C. II. 5 : 603. ) The two plants can be distinguished at a glance. The primary division of the leaf in A. filicifolia is long and narrow, thrice as long as in D. spectabilis, and tapering to a long point, while in D. spectabilis the pri- mary division of the leaf is short and has 3 well-marked segments. In A. filicifolia the secondary divisions are deeply and irregularly cut ; in D. spectabilis they are merely serrate. The two plants are also immediately distinguished by the spots on the stem. DELAWABE, HOBTICULTTJBE IV. The state of Delaware (Fig. 684) is situated close to the largest fruit- consuming cities of the New World. An emphatic com- mercial advantage in the development of a diversified horticulture arises from the modifying climatic influence of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays; from a variety of fertile soils ; and from the ripening of its fruits and vege- tables between the products of the North and South. There is probably no area in the United States which, in its natural commercial advantages, in its climatic en- vironment, and in the diversity of its soils, is so pre- eminently fitted for the development of an extensive and diversified horticulture as the peninsula to which Delaware belongs. New Castle, the northern county, is hilly and rolling, and varies from a dense clay to a clay loam. Horticul- turally, it is well wlapted to plum, pear, apple and bush- fruit culture, and, in restricted areas, to the cherry, peach and trucking industries. But the production of PHILADELPHIA I ^^GEpR&ETOWf ©SEAFORD 684. Delaware, to illustrate the horticulture. hay, grain, and dairy products is the leading feature in New Castle's rural activities. Kent, the central county, is gently undulating. The soil varies from a clay loam in the northern part to a sandy loam along the southern border. The most diversified horticulture of the state, including tree fruits, bush fruits, strawberries, grapes, and vegetable products, has been developed here. In Sussex, the southern county, which is mostly level, a sandy soil predominates, although the underlying clay frequently approaches the surface and forms local areas of clay loam. The peach, strawberry, and bush fruits are most prominently developed in Sussex, the horti- cultural areas lying in the western half of the county. Delaware horticulture was bom in 1832, with the peach industry, when the tirst extensive orchard was set near Delaware City. In a single year the value of its peach crop was $16,<H)0. Then an era of the most rapid horti- cultural extension was inaugurated. By 1840, half a million baskets of peaches were shipped from the county. But in 1842 the peach-yellows broke out near Delaware City, and by 1867 more than one-half of the crop of three million baskets was grown in southern New Castle county. The orchards of New Castle had largely disappeared in 1870, and in 1890 it contained less than 5,000 acres. Kent county, however, in 1890 had 23,000 acres, and Sussex county 20,000 acres. In 1899, extensive orchards were being planted again in New- castle county and northern Kent county. 464 DELAWARE DELPHINIUM The center of the peaeh belt in IfiOO was along the goutheni Ixinler of Kent county, where the trees were comparatively healthy, but in 1890 the yellows had ex- tended into northern SuHnex, where it ha« remained sta- tionary for several yearM. In \H\Mi the IH-Iawiire division of the I'hilailelphia, WilmiUi^on & Baltimore railroail carried over two million bankets of Delaware peaches, which was over 90 {»er cent of the total crop, and esti- mated that there were between four and five million bearing trees in the state. The peach-yellows has been Responsible, primarily, for the shifting of the peach-growing centers. No sys- tematic, cooperative effort has l)een made to suppress the disease. Yellows legislation is Inoperative from a lack of public and piditical supjmrt. Intelligent grow- ers remove trees at the first indication of infection, but the efforts of a few individuals have not been effective in checking the progress of the disease. The ultimate remedy for the yellows In Delaware lies in a more diversified horticulture. The principal varieties of peaches are : Hale Early, Foster, Crawf«»rd Early, ()ldmix«»n, M(M>re Favorite, Mountain Rose, Reeves Favorite, EUierta, Brandywine, Crawforti Late, Stump, and Smock. Next to the peach in commercial impoi'tance are the small fruit interests, which are most extensively de- veloped in the southern half of Kent and the western half of Sussex. There are between 7,<X)0 and 8,000 acres of strawberries, rasplierries, and blackberries in these counties, and in 1890 the Delaware Division of the P. W. & B. R. R. carried 9,.">n0,000 quarts, or over 90 per cent of the total product of the state. In 1898, this road car- ried over 24,000,000 quarts of berries, and a still larger quantity in 1899. Since 189<5, the Lucretia dewberry has been set out in large quantities in l>oth Kent and Sussex ci)unties, while the blackberry a<*reage has fallen off in consequence. Among the principal varieties of strawberries are Bu- bach, Tennessee Prolific, Gandy, Greenville, Michel and Haverland. The Souhegan, Palmer and Mills cora- prise the prominent black raspberries ; the Miller, C'uthbert, Loudon and Brandywine the red varieties ; and Early Harvest and Wilson the blackberries. In Kent county the pear industry is a prominent horticultural feature. The Kieffer is the leading va- riety. Its adaptability to various soils, its early and precocious bearing tendencies, and the cheapness of its production give it tmusual commercial value through<»ut the state. In the fall of 1897 more than 40,(MK) Kieffer trees were sold in central and southern Kent county, and young orchards are not infrequently seen in Sussex and New Castle counties. Sussex county will develop the Kieffer to a large extent in the near future. In 1899, there were about 100,000 Kieffer trees under 3 years old and 60,000 trees over 3 years old in the state. Previous to the advent of the Kieffer, the Bartlett, Duchess, Lawrence and Anjou were the leading kinds, the orchards existing in the two upper counties. The introduction of the Japanese plum has opened the way to plum culture. Scattering orchards of Bur- bank and Abundance have been set in Sussex and New Castle counties, but an extensive development is under way in Kent. In the vicinity of Clayton and Smyrna there were 6,000 trees in bearing in 1897, since when 10,000 trees have been set. There were 32,000 trees in the state in 1899. The Japanese plums, as a class, are well adapted to the state. They are destined to prove an increasingly important factor in the horticulture in the future, but with their concentration in neighbor- hoods, their weak points may be expected to show more prominently. Burbank, Abundance and Ogon have been the leading varieties, and Red June, Chabot and Hale are growing in popularity. The native plums of the Hortulana and Chicka&;\w^ groups, which ripen before the northern Domestics v,v rieties, are rapidly attaining deserved prominence. They are hardy, easily grown, and generally command re- munerative prices. Milton, Whitaker, Newman, Smiley and Wild Goose comprise tlie bearing orchards, but other varieties are growing in favor. The later ripen- ing natives are worthless for Delaware, as the markets are then supplied with Domestica plums. In the vicinity of Smyrna and Clayton there are from l.W to 200 acres of grapes, where the history of viticul- ture began about 18.")r». (irai/e culture has wl-n a prj>fltabl« industry in this neighborhood, the net Income frequently exceeding |100 per acre. Recently, however the profits have been somewhat less on acc<»uiit of the lower prices and the grape diseases. Many of the vine- yanls are nunlels of intelligent tilling, pruning, spray- ing and training. Tlie prim ipal varieties are Niagara Moore's Early, Concord, Brighton, Agawam and Wvoni- ing Retl. Delaware is widely knowTi, not only through her ex- tensive «»rchards and small fruit plantations, but hImo through the prcKlucts of her canning factories. In i^,»>,-, the tomato output amounted to 280. (MM) cases ; peaches to 50.000 cases ; peas to nearly a like quantity; com to over .'jO.iKK) cases ; and a large amount of Iwrries, pears and other fruits, not separately classified. Since 1805, the amount of the various canne<l gmxis has not Huctu- ated wi<lely, except witi' canne«l peas, which in 1898 had reached 144,000 cases; and with tomatoes, which have steadily increased. Although Delaware is preeminently a horticultural state, its capabilities in horticulture are largely unde- veloped. Its physical environment makes it a natural fruit garden. There are several industries that could be profitably introduced or extended to larger acreages. Apple culture ; plum culture, of the Japanese and early native types ; sour cherry culture, especially for can- ning ; nut culture, on cheap lan<l ; vegetable" growing, and glass-house gardening— all offer opportunities for a greater horticultural diversity. The various fruit inter- t sts are gradually extending over wider areas, and it may lie expected that Delaware will not only maintain its present horticultural prestige, but will be an in- creasingly potent factor in American horticulture in the f^^^re. ^1 Harold Powell. DELPHINIUM (Greek, a dolphin, from the resem- blance of the flower). Ranunculdretf. LAKKSPrB. A genus of beautiful hardy plants, with large, irregular flowers. Aboat 60 species, native of the north temperate 685. Single Larkspur.— D. grandiflorum. 686. Double Larkspur. D. grandiflorum. zone. Annual or perennial, erect, branching herbs: Ivs. palmately lobed or divided: tts. in a showy raceme or panicle; sepals 5, petal-like, the posterior one prolonged into a spur'; petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral ones small, if present; the few car- pels always sessile, forming many-seeded follicles. Full double forms are very common in a number of the spe- cies (compare Figs. 685, 686). Delphiniums thrive in any good garden soil, but are improved by a deep, rich, sandy loam, exposed to the ^'^n. Deep preparation of the soil is very important. The annuals are propagated from seed, which are very slow in germinating, and often should be sown in the fall to pro- duce flowers early the next season. The perennials may be prop. : ( 1 ) Bv root division in the fall or spring. (2) By cuttings, about which J. B. Keller says : "Take a few cut- tings from each plant in early spring, when growth is about 3 or 4 inches long, or else use the second growth, which has come after the flower-stems have been re- m( ved. Cuttings root readily in a shaded frame, no l)ottom heat being required, but a:i occasional sprinkling during dry and hot weather is necessary. When rooted 1 DELPHINIUM DELPHINIUM 465 they arp treatpd like (♦♦•♦•(llintfM." (.11 By «ee<l«, started in th»' Kr»'t'nh(»U!*i' or h«>tb«Ml in March or even earlier. The younK Mee«llin>c» «houl<l be given plenty of room by traiispluntint; us they grn^\ and may be set in the open (fiinleri by June. If starte«l thus early th«'y flower the Hrst autumn, but the need may be plant;»d in late Mpring or Huninier, eare betnK taken to water well durinK dry weather, and fluwerM will come the next Hummer. To get the best results, the perennials should l>e transplanted every 2 or 3 years. Two k^kkI crops of blossoms may be secured in one seas<in by cuttinjf away the flower- stemH of the ttrst cr(»p as soon as the flowers have faded; of course no ^eeds will be prrnluced in this way. The Delphiniums are much jfrown in the open garden and bonier, and are of great value for cut-flower pur- poses. Four species are of much greater |M»pularity than the others: the annual, J). Ajaeix, an<l the perennials. D. grandiflorum, I), hifbrithim ant' I). formo»um. The last three have l)een especially pi jlific in named va- rieties. R<M;ket and Candelabrum are names used to designate the forms of inflorescence in the two annual species. The "Rocket" or spike-like form is more commonly found in the Ajacis type, and the "t'andelabnmi," with a number of short spike-like heads of different heights, is found more often in Consolida. — A. Gray, An attempt to dis- tinguish l>etween the Amer. Delphiniums, Bot. (Jaz. 12:4»-.')4, 18«7. E, Huth. Monojfraphie der (iattung Delphinium, in Eng. Bot. Jahrb. 20: :e2-4«)9, 1895. Alphabetical list of species descril>ed below: Ajacis, 1; alphium, 10; altissimum. 14; azureum, 18; bicolor, 7; Jireckii, 17; Brun<mianum, 8 ; cardinale,4; Carolinia- uura, 18; Cashmerianuni. 10; cheilanthura,24; Chinense, 17; ColumbiaHHm,'22; Consolida, 2; decorum, 9; elatum, 16; exaltatum,l.'); formosum,25; grandiflorum, 17; hybri- dum,27; Maackianum,2r»: Menziesii,I2; mesoleucimj,19; nudicaule, 3; Nuttallii, 22; ocridentnle,2'^', pauciflorum, 13; Prttewalskiantim, ') ; Przewalskii, 5; pyramidnle, 16; scopulorum, 23; simplex, 21 ; Sinense,\l', »ulphu- reiim, 6 ; tricome, 11 ; trolliifolium, 20 ; vireseemt, 18; Zalil, 6. A. Annuals: petals only S, united : follicle 1. -. AjiiciB, Linn. Fig. 687. An erect annual, about 18 in. high, with a few spreading branches: Ivs. of stem sessile, deeply cut into tine, linear segments; root-lvs. similar, but short-petioled : fls. showy, blue or violet, varying to white, more numerous than in D. Consolida, in a spicate raceme; petals 2, united; calyx-spur about equaling the rest of the flower: follicle only 1, pubes- cent; seeds with wrinkled, broken ridges. ' Mav-Aug. Eu. R.H. 1893, p. 228. Same figure in S.H. 2: 282. 2. Consdlida, Linn. An erect, hairy annual, 1-1)^ ft. high: Ivs. similar to />.4jact«; fls. few, loosely panided, pedicels shorter than the bracts, blue or violet or white; jtetals 2, united: follicle 1, glabrous; seeds with broken, transverse ridges. June-Aug. Eu. Baxter Brit. Bot. 4, t. 297. R.H. 1893. p. 228 (var. ornAtum CandelAbrutn). Var. iraperialis, Hort. {D. imperial is fl.pl., Hort.). Fls. doubk . From the English gardens. AA. Perennials: petals 4: follicles S-5. B. Sepals red. 3. nudicaiile, Torr. & Gray. Stem 1-1 H ft. high, gla- brous, branched, few-lvd. : ivs. rather succulent, 1-3 in. across, lobed to the middle or farther 3-7 times, the secondary lobes rounded and often mucronate ; petioles 3-.T in. long, dilated at the base: fls. panicled; sepals bright orange-red, obtuse, scarcely spreading, shorter than the stout spur; petals yellow, neariy as long as sepals: follicles 3, spreading and recurved, soon becom- ing glabrous; seeds thin-winged. April-July. Along mountain streams, northern Calif. B.M. 5819. F.S. 19: 1949. R.H. 1893, p. 2r>9. A good perennial in the E. 4. cardinWe, Hook. Stem erect, 2-334 ft. high, partly pubescent : Ivs. smooth, fleshy, deeply 5-parted, the parts cut into long, linear lobes: raceme elongated, many-fld. : fls. bright red, with petal limbs yellow: follicle's gla- brous, usually 3; seeds smooth. Julv, Aug. Calif. B.M. 4887. Gt.208. F.S. 11:1105. R.B.6;101. Gn. 19:273. BB. Sepals clear yellow or tipped with blue. 5. Przewdlskii, Huth. {D. Prsewalskidnum, Hort.). Nearly glabrous, often branched at base, erect, varying much in heltrht: Ivs. .1-5 times deeply parted, parts di- vided into narrow, obtuse lobes: fla. clear yellow, or Kometimes tipped with blue; spur equaling the sepals: follicles 3, densely hairy. July, Aug. Asia. Int. 1892. 6. Z4m. Aitch. & Hems. {D. Mulphureum, Hort. />. .^:Cr~"*>v ItMI'A h^bridum, var. sulpkureum, ^"^ ~\]Jm/,/ Hort.). Stem nearly simple, V^*^!^^^!^rA erect, 1-2 ft. hi^'b. rather irla- ^ .^^WBiMi^te*. \ brous, or Incoming so: \\n. of several narrow, linear lobes, dark irreen. petioles not dilating at thf base : tin. large, light yellow, in long ra<'ep'es: follicles .'{, longitudinally fur- rowed and riblH'd; seef'^twith transverse, flbroiis 'j<lates. June, Julv. Persia. Int. 1892. ^ B. M. 7049. Gn. .50: 1094; 54, p. 347. G.C. III. 20:247. Seed- lings from tubers and plants die down as if dead; but they make a second growth after a short period of rest. BBB. Sepals blue or varying to white. c. Height i}4 ft. or less. D. Petioles dilating at the base. 7. bicolor, N» t. Erect, rather stout, H-1 ft. high, from fascicled roots : Ivs. 687. Delphinium Ajacis -The small, thick, deeply parted common annual Larkspur, a^d divisions cleft, except perhaps m the upper Ivs.; segments linear and obtuse: raceme rather few fld., the lower pedicels a.scending 1-2 in. : spur and sepals nearly equal, % in. long or more, blue; upper petals pale yel- low or white, blue-veined ; lower petals blue: follicles glabrous or l)ecoming so. May-Aug. Dry woods, Colo., west and north to Alaska. 8. Brunoni&num, Royle. Musk Larrspcr. Stems erect, ^a-l-aft. high: plant somewhat pubescent: upper Ivs. 3-parted, lower ones reniform, 5-parted ; segments deeply cut, musk-scented : fls. large, light blue with purple margins, center black ; spur very short ; sepals 1 in. long, membranous and often clinging until the fr. is mature: follicles 3 or 4, villose. June, July. China. B.M. 5461. R.B. 1863:34. 9. d6contm, Fischer & Meyer. Stem slender and weak, %-\% ft. high, smooth or nearly so: Ivs. few, bright green; upper ones small, 3-5-parted into narrow lobes; lower and rmlical ones somewhat reniform in out- line and deeply 3-5-parted, lobes often differing widely: fls. in a loose raceme, or somewhat panicled; sepals blue, % in. long, equaling the spurs; upper petals at least tinged with yellow: follicles 3, thickish, glabrous. Spring. Calif. Int. 1881. B.R. 26:64. DD. Petioles hardly dilating at the base. E. L'pper petals never yellow. 10. Cashmeri&num, Royle. Plant pubescent, not very leafy: stem. simple, erect, slender.10-18 in. high: root-lvs. orbicular, 2-3 in. in diameter, 5-7-lobed, coarsely, acutely toothed and cut; petiole 5-8 in. long; stera-lvs. short- petioied, 3-5-lobed, cut like the ratlical ones, all rather thick, and bright green : inflorescence corymbose, the branches rather spreading: fls. 2 in. long, deep azure blue; spur broad, obtuse, inflated, decurved, little over half as long as sepals; upper petals almost black, 2-lobed, lateral ones greenish f follicles 3-5, hairv. July-Sept. Himalayas. B.M. 6189. Gt. 1105. Gn. 18:261. R.H. 1893, p. 259. Hardy in Mass., and choice. Var. Wdlkeri, Hook. Stem very short, leafy, many- fld. : upper Ivs. less lobed or almost entire, small, long- petioled: fls. verv large, li^ht blue with yellow petals. Suited to rockwork. B.M. 6830. EE. Upper petals yellow or striped with yellow. 11. tricdme, Michx. Stem succulent, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-pa:*ted, with 3-5-cleft linear lobes ; petioles 30 -■.->■. " s.- 466 DELPHINiJM smooth, hardly dilating at the base : fls. large, blue, rarely whitish; upper petals sometimes yellow, with blue veins, lower ones white-bearded: sepals nearly equa'ing the spur : follicles 3-4, very long becoming glabrous, strongly diverging ; seeds smooth. May. Northern states. L.B.C. 4 : .'{06. — Very beautiful and much used. Best for rockwork. The foliage dies down in midsum- mer and the plant appears as if dead. 12. M6n2iesii, DC. Plant sparingly pubescent : stem simple, slender, Y^-VA ft. higli, few-lvd.: Ivs. small, 3-5-parted, the divisions mainly cleft into linear or lan- ceolate lobes; petioles hardly dilating at the base: fls. in simple, conical racemes; sepals blue, s<miewhat pubes- cent outside, nearly equaling the spurs in length; upper petals yellowish: follicles .3, pubescent, or some times glabrous; seeds black, winged on the outer angles. April-June. On hills, Calif, and northward to Alaska. B.R. 11: 1192. 13. paacif '/rum, Nutt. Roots oblong or fusiform, fas- ciculate-tv.oerous : stems slender, nearly glabrous, )^-l ft. high , Ivs. small, parted into narrow, linear lobes; petioles not dilating at base: lis. and fr. similar to those of D. JL'emiesii, but on shorter pedicels. May, June. Colo, to Vash. and Calif. Int. 1892. cc. Height usually more than 1% ft- D. Seeds tcrinkled or smooth, not winged nor scaly. E. Follicles always J. 14. altissimum, Wallich. Flant shagery -hairy above: stem tall and slender, branched: Ivs. palmately o-parted, the divisions 3-lobed and toothed : bracts long-lanceolate : fls. blue or purple, in long, branching racemes ; -pur straight or slightly incurved, equaling the sepals; Ratals 2-lobed : follicles 3, erect ; seeds not winged or scaly. Aug., Sept. Himalayas. 15. exaltitum, Alton. Stem stout, 2-4 ft. high, smoothish: Ivs. flat, nearly glabrous, deeply cleft into 3-7 wedge-shaped lobes, which are often trilid; petioles usually not dilated at the base: fls. blue, with yellow on the upper petals, medium in size, on long, crowded, erect, pyramidal racemes ; sepals nearly equaling the spur in length : follicles 3, pubescent or smooth ; seed coats irregularly wrinkled. June-Aug. Borders of woods, Ala. to Minn. 16. eUtum, Linn. {D. alplnum, Waldst. & Kit. D. pyramidale, Royle). Bee Larkspub. Glabrous, 2-6 ft. high : Ivs. soii:°what pubescent, 5-7-parted, parts rather narrow, cut-lol;"d ; upper Ivs. .3-5-parted; petiole^} not dilated at the base: raceme much like D. exaltatum or more spike-like: fls. blue, with dark violet petals ; sepals ovate, glabrous, nearly equaling the spurs : follicles 3; seeds transverselv wrinkled, not scaly. June-Aug. B.R. 23:196.3. Gt. 736 b. <fcc. (vars.) F.S. 12:1287. (var. fl.pl.). R.H. ;'859, p. 529; 1893. p. 258 —A polymorphous and complex species of Europe. It is probable that all or nearly all the plants sold here under this name should be called D. exaltatum, which is a closely allied species. 17. grandifldnun, Linn. (Z>. 5/H^Hse, Fischer). Fij::s. 685-6. Stem rather slender, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather small, many times parted into nearly distinct, narrow, linear lobes: fls. large, blue, varj-ing'to white, the spur and lower petals often violet, upper petals often yellow ; spurs long and taper pointed: follicles 3, pubescent; seeds triangular, coats wrinkled, not scalv. July, Aug:. Siberia. Int. 1880. B.M. 1686. Gn. 46:991 and' p. 484. Var. ^bum, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. albo-pl^no, Hort. Fls. double and pure white. Var. flore-pleno, Hort. (var. hfihrhhnn fl.-pl., Hort.). Fls. double, blue, very pretty. R.H. 1893, p. 259; 1895, p. 379 (same). Var. Chin^nse, Fischer. Stem very slender, not much branched: Ivs. and fls. like the type, but fl^^. more nu- merous. China. L.B.C. 1:71.— A favonte garden form. The double blue form has been known as D. Brickii, Hort. EE. Follicles varying from 3 to 5. 18. Carolini^num, Walt. {D. azureum, Michx. D. t'irhcens, Nutt. ). Plant somewhat pubescent: stem 1%- 2}4 ft. high, not much branched: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the di- visions .'i-5-cleft into usually linear lobes: rac;enies spi- cate, usually mauy-fld. ; fls. azure blue, but varj-ing to DELPHINIUM whitish or white ; sepals often with a brownish spot: follicles 3-5, oblong, erect; seeds transversely wrinkled! July. N. C. to III., west and south. P.M. 16:2.58. Var! albam, Hort. {var.dlbidum, Hort.). Stems 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. larger than the type and with broader divisions: fls. creamy wuite.— Tl ; double f' rm of this is not much used. Var. vimineum, Gray. Stem 2-4 ft. high, sometimes branched, broatler-lvd., looser-fld. : fls. violet or white Tex. B.M. 3593. B.R. 23:1999 (as D. azureum). 19. mesoleilciun, Link. Stem 3 ft. high, pubescent above: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the segments wedge-shaptd and deeply serrated; petioles somewhat dilated at the base: fls. blue, with pale yellow or whitish petals : seeds not seen. June. Nativity not Known. DD. Seed winged. E. Upper petals never ydlow. 20. trolliifdlitxm, Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., leafy, often re- clining : Ivs. thinnish, lavre, often reniform at base, 3-7-parted; lobes wedge-shaped, incised : racemes in larger plants 1-2 ft. long and vry loose: fls. blue, with upper petals white; spur and sopals each %in.lon^: follicles glabrous; seeds with thin wing or crc^,-n at the end. Apr. Moist grounds, Columb a river. Ant, 1881. EE. Cpper petals of^en yellow. 21. simplex, Dougl. Stem nearly simple, 2-3 ft, high, soft - pubescent throughout: Ivs. many-parted, into linear divisions and lobes: racemes aense, little branched : fls. pale blae,with upper petals yellow, lower petals white - bearded ; sepals equaling the spur: fol- licles 3, pubescent ; seeds dark, with margins white- winged. June. Mountain.^ of Idaho and Oregon. Int. 1881. 22. Nuttallii, Gray (D. Co- lumbiav.Hvi, Greene), Stem erect, simple, nearly glabrous, leafy, V4-214 ft.: Ivs. thin- nish, 3-5-parted, parts divided into many linear-oblong lobes : racemes long, many-fld. : se- pals deep blue, ovate, sparingly pubescent, shorter than the spur ; petals blue or upper ones yellow, lower ones white - bearded : fol- licles 3, pubescent, rather erect ; seeds thin, dark, with yel- low wings. Summer. Low, open woods, Co- lumbia river. Int. 1892. 23. scopuldrum.Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., glabrous, at least below : l.'s. 5- 7 -parted, the upper ones the more nar- rowly cleft ; petioles d Jating at th? base : racemes simple, dense- ly many-fld. : fls. blue or purple, rarely white, upper petals often yel- low ; spur % in. 1 'Ug, equaling the sepals : follicles 3, pube. ent; seeds rge - winged. Aug., pt. Moist ground, west of Rock- ies.— A pol}nnorj)hous species. Var. sabalplnum, Gray (Z>. accident Ale, Wats.). A smaller plant, pubescent above shorter racemes, larger licles glabrous, Wasatch ?.' untains 688. Delphinium formosum. broader divisions of Ivs., evA deeper-colored fls.: £ol- ■ '-Ir^-r DELPHINIUM 24. oheil&ntliam, Fischer. Stem erect, simple or branched, 2-;{ ft.: Ivs. glabrous or slightly pubescent, ,5-parted, the lobes pointed, sub-tritid, and somewhat toothed: fls. dark blue, the upper peta'a sometimes pale yellow, the lower ones inflexed, o it •, entire ; spur rather long, straight or somewhat curv ^d : follicles 3, either glabrous or pubescent ; seeds 3-comered, 3- winged, not scaly. June, July. Siberia. B.R. G:473. Gt. 13:253. P.M. 16:258 (asl>. magnifi um). DDD. Seeds scaly. 25. formdstim, Boiss. & Hult. Fig. 088. Stem strong, 2-3 ft., hairy below, rather glabrous above : lower Ivs. o-7-parted, long-petioled ; upper ones 3-5-pRrted, short- petioled or sessile, all alternate: racemes many-fld.: tls. blue, with indigo margins; spur long, violet, bifid at the tip: follicles 3, pubescent ; f v»eds scaly. June, July. Asia Minor perhaps, but its origin is disputed. F.S. 12:1185. Vick's Mag. 2.305. R.H. 1859, p. 528. -The most permanent f ^ rm for naturalizing. 26. Maackiinif'« Regei. Erect, 3 ft. high, pubescent or glabrous, branched above : Ivs. pubescent .m both sides, base often truncate or reniform, Ii-5-parted, the parts serrate; petioles dilated at the base : peduncles yellow-hairy, with the bracts often inserted above the base: fls. in loose panicles, sepals blue, 14 as long as the spurs; petals dark violet: follicles often glabrous, ^4 in. long; seeds small, distinctly scaly. July. Siberia. Gt. 344. 27. h^bridum, Steph. Stem 3-4 ft., pubescent above : root some- what bulbous : Ivs. 5-many- parted ; lobes linear ; petioles di- lated and sheathing at the base : racemes denso : fls. blue, lower limbs white -bearded ; spur straight, longer than the sepals : follicles 3, hairy; seeds ovate, with transverse scales. June-Aug. Mountains of Asia. R.H. J893, p. 2.58 ; same cut in S. H. 2: 282. -There are many double and semi-double vars. of this type. Var. B&rlowi, Paxt. Very large, semi-double fls., deep blue, with brownish center. A supposed hy- brid with D, grand if lornm. B.R. 23:1944. Int. 1892. D. emruUscens, Freyn. A fine Asiatic species, with single and double forms. P.M. 16:258.— 7). Wheehrii is listed in the trade, but is of unknown origin. K. C. Davis. DEMAZ£BIA (Desmazeria). Gramiiiece. Annuals or peren- nials, with narrow, involute leaf- blades : spikelets peculiarly dis- tichous on two sides of a 3-sided rachis, many-fld., sessile, or some ,-. _ • o- 1 of the lower spikelets pedicellate. ^^' Demazena Sicula. Four species known. Mediterra- ^^ '^■' nean and S. African. sicula, Dum. {Brizoppriim Sictilum, Link.). Spike Grass. Fig. (J89. A smooth, erect annual, 8 in. to 1 ft. high: Ivs. few: panicle spike-like, 2-3 in. long ; spike- lets ovate to liuear, 8-20-fld. Mediterranean. — Fre- quently used for edging. p, b. Kennedy. DEMEBABA ALMOXD. Consult Terminalia. DENOBOBIUM (tree^ and life: they are epiphytes). Orch iddceif , tribe £ p idendrecr . A genus containing many species of great horticultural merit. Flowers racemose, fasciculate or solitary ; perianth usually spreading; labellum articulate or connate with the base of the column; column short, seniiterete; base produced con- spicuously; pollinia4: stems cane-like, in some species deciduous, so that during the resting season the plants appear like a group of dried sticks. The species (more than .300) are distributed through the tropical countries of the eastern hemisphere, Australia, Japan, China, India and the Philippine Islands furnishing a large DENDROBIUM 467 number. They are particularly abundant in parts of India. No species vre known in Africa. The term pseudobulbs has been used throughout this article for the sake of unifonnity, but these members are verj* variable in the genus, ranging from very large (several feet long) to very small and thin. The flowers are of many sizes, forms i.nd colorr. Some of the species re- semble Epidendrums, Cattleyas, and other genera. Oakes Ames. The growing c* most of the commercial Dendrobiuras can generally be understood and accomplished in observ- ing three steps: (1) The season of rain, that produces the abundance of growth. (2) The season of colder temperature, to ripen the wood. (3) The dry season, pro- ducing the flowers. .Tn the selection of varieties, there are very few thut will not respond to the treatment suggested ty this scheme. />. thrij-^iflomim, fimbriatutn, chrysoioium, Farmerii, and all varieties of this irroap, respond most generously to this treatn^ent in tl warm glasshouse. There are no plants mor.. beautiful . the orcliitl family. The soil required is equal part.s of clean peat and moss. Fi:: the plants very firmly in pots or baskets. While growing, an abxxndance of water must be given, with syringing on all fine days. When the growth is well maile and developed, then comes the season of rest, and water can be withheld gradually, until finally none is given. Commercially speaking, Dendrobiums can be flowered in any ordinary glasshouse, and with only partial shade. Another method is to give more shade at the growing season, and more air at the resting period. The propagation of these species is by division of the growths, either in the resting season or the starting of the growing season. Pruning is not to be practiced, as, being of slow growth, they require the leaves for the furnishing of the plant. Shading should be adopted. With all Dendrobiums, care should be taken not to over- pot. Grow in small pots or baskets, so as to confine the roots. D. Dearei may be grown continuously, with- out rest. The commoner conservatory Dendro])iums, as D. Phalasnopsis, J). Ainstrorthii, etc., are propagated by laying the stems flat on baskets, attaching them firmly by means of wire. Pruning of these varieties was once practiced extensively, but when there is plenty of growth the stem and flowers can be cut at the same time; this adds more beauty to the flower, D. nobile and I). Wardiftnttm are easy to grow, only care should be taken not to be too severe on all classes of this sec- tion, after the growth is matle, until midwinter. They bloom best whet *he late autumn sun purtially ripens the stems. See Orchids. '^'oll' Ogston. Index: aggregatum, 14; Ainsworthi , 43; albiflorum, 10; albo-sanguiueum, 48; amoenum, 58; anosmum, 68; Aphrodite, 03; aqueum, 53; aureo-flavum, 10; aureitm, 50; Ba'leanum. 43; Barberianura. 60; barbaiulum, 19; Bensoniae, 67; bicameratum. 12; bigibbum, 22; Boxallii, 61; BrjTnerianum, 16; Calceolaria, 30; Calceolus, 30; capillipes, 41; cariniferum, 32; chrysanthum, 54; Chry- sotis, 27; chrysotoxum, 17; clavatiim,24; Cooksonianum, 43; crassinode, 60; crepidatum, 66; cretaceum, 74; cru- entum, .33; crumenatum. 6; cumulatum,2; crystallinum, 65; Dalhousianum, 31; Dayanum, 18; Dearei, 3; densi- florum, 8; Devonianum, 57; dixanthum, 29; Draconis, 37; erythroxanthum, 13; Falconcri, 62 ; Funnerii. 10; Findleyanum, 46; flmbriatum, 25; formosum, 35; Free- manii,'69; fuscatum, 26; Fytchianum, 19; Gibsonii, 28; giganteum,02,68, 71; gratiosissimum. 64; Griflithianum, 9; heterocarpum,49; hololeuca, 23; Hookerianuni, 27; in- fundibulum, .36; Jamesianum, 36; Japonicuni. 40; Jen- kinsii, 15; lasioglossum, 52; leucolophotum, 4; Linawi- anum,44; lituiflorum,69; Loddigesii,.56; longicornu,.34; Lowii,39; luteoiam, 50; Macfarlanei. 20; macrophyllum, 18,68; McCarthi8e,70; moniliforme, 40; moschatum, .30; nobile. 43; liobilius. 43; ochroatum, 55; oculatum, 25; Palpebrse, 5; Parishii, 45; Po j-/om/, 25, 54; Phala^nopsis, 23; Pierardi, 73; primulinum, 72; piilchellum, 56; rho- dopterj'gium, 49; Ruckeri, 51; scabrilingue, .38; Schroe- derianumj23; Schrcederi, 8; secundum. 1 ; suavissimum, 17; sulcatum. 11; superbiens, 21 : superbum, 68; thyrsi- florum.7; tortile, 47; transparens, 71; Veitchiamim,l8i Wardianum, 59. 468 DENDROBIUM DEXDROBIUM A. Inflorescence racemosfe. (fl. usually solitary in Jen- kinsii). B. Racemes densely flotcered. c. Petals pinkish or purplish. 1. secandum, Wall. Pseudobulbs terete, neaiiy 2 ft. long: !vs. ovate-oblong: fis. all on one side of peduncle, crowded; petals smaller than sepals, rose-mauve; la- bellum paler, with an apical blotch of orange. Sumatra. 2. cuinul&ttun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs tufted, slender, erect, about 18 in. long: Ivs. oblonp: fls. 1 in. across, purplish, suffused with white; inflorescence globose. Burma. cc. Petals white. 3. DSarei, Reichb. f . Fig. GOO. Pseudobulbs tall: Ivs. about 2 in. long, oval-oblong : fls. about 2 in. across, white ; sepals lanceolate ; petals nearly orbicular ; label- lum oblong, with a pale, vellowish green blotch in the throat. Philippine Isls. Gn. 54, p. 237. G.O. III. 24:193. 4. leacolophdtam, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs stout, erect: racemes many-fld. : fls. white, lateral lobes of labellum greenish; midlobe narrowly oblong. Malay archipelago. 5. Pdlpebrae, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, 4-angled: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : raceme loosely fld. : fls. white, with a yellowish disk near the base of the labellum. Burma. 6. crumen^tum, Swartz. Pseudobulbs erect: Ivs. ovate- oblong: raceme terminal, many-fld,: sepals and petals ovate; iabelluui white. Malay archipelago. 7. thyrsifldrum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs terete, jointed: Ivs. oblong: racemes pendulous, ample: sepals and petals white ; labellum yellow, downy-pubescent. Burma. B.M. 5780. I. H. 22:207. Gn. 50, p. 28. A.F. 3:155. F.E.9:.T29. J.H. III. 31:229. G.C. II. 15:463.- Much like the next, and by some united with it. Dendrobium Dearei. (X%.) ccc. Petals yellow. 8. densifldrum, Wall. Pseudobulbs jointed, about 15 in. high: Ivs. oblong : racemes pendulous, ample: fls. 13^-2 in. across ; sepals and petals yellow ; labellum orange-yellow, downy-pubescent. Nepal. B.M. 3418. G.C. II. 17:737; III. 14:123 and 24:185. Var. Schrdederi, Hort. {var. album, Hort.), has whitish sepals and petals. A.G. 20:5. 9. Griffitliiiiitun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs. lanceolate-oblong : fls. in drooping, flexuose racemes •' petals ciliate, yellow. Burma. * 10. F4rmerii, Paxt. Pseudobulbs round, attenuate at base, thickening above : Ivs. oblong : racemes ample, pendulous: fls. 2 in. across, tinged with pink; throat of labellum orange-yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals oval. Khasia Hills. B.M. 4659. — Var. albiflorum, Hort. (var! dlhum of catalogues), has white fls., the labelluni marked with yellow. F.S. 23:2461. Var. atireo-flivum, Hort. (aurea of catalogues }). Fls. golden yellow; disk of labellum deeper yellow. 11. sulciittun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, com- pressed: Ivs. ovate-oblong: racemes 10 or more fld. : fls. yellow, crowded. Khasia Hills. B.M. 6962. 12. bicamer&tam, Lindl. {D. breviflbrum of cata- logues). Pseudobulbs fusiform or clavate, about 18 in. long: Ivs. elliptic, oblong: fls. yellow, marked with red, clustered on a short rachis, forming a capitate raceme. Sikkim. 13. erythroxintlnun, Reichb. f. Fls. in dense racemes, yellowish striped with crimson-purple. Philippine Isls. BB. Racemes loosely flowered. C. Pseudobulbs one-leaved. 14. aggrregitom, Roxb, Lvs. oblong, coriaceous, at the summits of ovate pseudobulbs : fls. yellow, numerous, in lateral drooping racemes; sepals ovate; petals broadly ovate; labellum broader than long, with orange throat; disk pubescent. Burma. B.M. 3643. — Var. milia8» Hort., is a larger-fld. form. 15. J6nkinsii, Wall. Pseudobulbs short, compressed: Ivs. oblong, coriaceous: fls. orange-yellow, solitary; se- pals oval; petals broadly ovate. Assam. B.R. 25:37.— Very like D. aggregatum. cc. Pseudobulbs leafy at summit. D. Flowers yellow. E. Labellum pectinately fringed. 16. Brymeri&num, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs jointed, slender, about 2K ft. high, sometimes much shorter: Ivs. several, lanceolate: fls. fle hy, golden yellow; upper sepal oblong; petals and lateral sepals very similar; la- bellum reflexed at apex, disk downy; margin provided with a conspicuously long and pectinate fringe. Burma. B.M.6383. A.F.6:609. G.C. U. 11: 475; 16: 689. EE. Labellum not pectinately fringed. 17. chrysotdzum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs. several, 4 in. long, coriaceous: racemes arching, many- fld. : petals and sepals about equal, golden yellow ; la- bellum of similar color, deeper in the throat. Burma. B.M. 5053. G.F. 5:533. Gn. 48, p. 239. -Var. Buavissi- mtun, Hort. Pseudobulbs stout : fls. delightfully fra- grant; labellum with blotch deeper-colored than in the type. Burma, 1847. DD. Flou-ers greenish. 18. macroph^Uuxn, Rich. (D. Veitchihnnm, Lindl.). Pseudobulbs clavate, compressed: Ivs. oblong: racemes many-fld.: fls. large; sepals greenish, hairy behind; petals whitish ; lateral lobes of labellum greenish, shaded with purple; midlobe greenish, with purple- dotted lines. I. H. 35:57. — Sold as D. We itchianum, not D. macrophyllum of gardens (see Z>. superbum). Java. Day&nuin, Hort., is said to be a better form than the type. ccc. Pseudobulbs more or less leafy to base. D. Flowers white. 19. Fytchitoum, Batem. (Z>. barbdtulum, Hort.). Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. oblong -lanceolate, acute: racemes 10-15-fld. : fls. white; lateral lobes of the label- lum tinted with purple. Burma. B.M. 5444. 20. Macfdrlanei, Reichb. f. Fls. several inches across, white; labellum marked with purple, 3-lobed; sepals lanceolate; petals narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. New Guinea. DENDROBIUM DENDROBIUM 469 DD. Flowers purple. 21. Btip^rbiens, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs cylindric : Ivs. linear-oblong: racemes remotely fld.: fls.ricb mageuta- purple; sepals and petals undulate-margined; labellum similar in color, 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved; disk with raised -white lamellte. North Queensland. 22. bigibbam, Lindl. Pseudobulbs elongated, erect, 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: racemes sub- erect: fls, magenta-purple; sepals oblong-lanceolate; petals spreading, reflexed ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved, deeper colored than the petals, with a white crest. Torres Straits. B.M. 4898. I. H. 30:476. 23. Phalaendpsis, Fitzg, Pseudobulbs tall, terete: Ivs. lanceolate: tls. on slender pedicels, pale mauve; sepals lanceolate, spreading, paler than the petals ; petals orbicular, spreading ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved. Australia. B.M. 6817. A.G.20:5. G.F.5:440. A.P. 13:1224. For var. Schroederiinum, see G. C. III. 10:642-3; 15:339. R.B. 23:85. A.F.10:401. For var. hololetica, see G.C. III. 18: 397. J.H. III. 31: 149. -One of the most useful Dendrobiums for cut-flower purposes. There are many fine varieties, pale in color or even white. DDD. Flowers yellow. E. Labellum not slipper-like. 24. clav§itxun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 20 or more in. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes few-fld.: fls. orange-yellow ; labellum brighter yellow, with a maroon blotch, denticulate on the margin. Nepal. B.M. 6993. 25. fimbri^ttun, Hook. Pseudobulbs 2 or more ft. high, slender: Ivs. lanceolate, dark green: racemes lax, pen-^ dulous: sepals and petals orange-j-ellow, ciliate; label- lum yellow, with an orange-yellow throat, margin irregu- larly fringed. Nepal. G.C. III. 25: 305. V'ar. ocul^ttiin, Hort. (i). Pdxtoni, Paxt.),ha3 smaller fls., with a deeper colored blotch on the labellum. B.M.4160. G.C.III. 14:97. 26. fnsc^tum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric or nearly so: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes with a zigzag rachis, drooping: fls. yellow, with 2 maroon spots on the label- lum. Sikkim, Himalayas. 27. Hookeritlnam, Lindl. (D. Chrysdtis, Reichb. f.). Pseudobulbs slender, swollen at the base: Ivs. lanceolate to oblong: fls. large, in pendulous racemes, golden yel- low ; labellum with 2 deep maroon blotches, margin fringed. Sikkim. B.M. 6013. J.H. III. 33: 221. 28. Gibsonii, Paxt. Lvs. lanceolate: racemes from the upper nodes of the stems : fls. 5 or more, yellow, with maroon spots on the labellum. Khasia Hills. 29. dizinthum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs clavate, about 2 ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. yellow, in racemes from the upper part of the stems. Burma. EE. Labellum slipper-like. 30. moscliitum, Wall. Pseudobulbs several ft. high, leafy from the base: lvs. oblong-linear, striate: fl.-stem radical, longer than the pseudobulbs: racemes pendu- lous: fls. 2-4 in. across; sepals, and petals about equal, oblong, orange-yellow; labellum inflated, colored like the petals, with crimson markings at the base. Burma. B.M. .3837. Var. CalceoUria, Hort. (D. Calceolus, Hort.). Fls. smaller, orange-yellow. 31. Dalhousi&num, Wall. Pseudobulbs elongated, rod- like, spotted with purple when young: lvs. clasping, narrowly ovate : racemes pendulous, lax : fls. large ; sepals spreading, yellow, tinted with rose; labellum con- cave, orbicular, blotched at base with maroon-purple. Burma. B.R. 32:10. I.H.28:423. Gn. 48:1032, p. 223. G.C. in. 21: 157. AA. Inflorescence not racemose. B. Pseudobulbs black-hairy. C. Leaves deciduous. 32. cariniferum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs subcylindric, 6-9in. long: lvs. narrowly oblong: fls. IJ^in. across, soli- tary or in 2's or 3's, near apex of stem; sepals lanceo- late, acute, strongly keeled at back, pale fawn-yellow, fading to ivory white: petals ovate, white: labelhim 3-lobed, spurred at base, side lobes triangular, reddish orange, midlobe spreading, undulate, tufted, with long woolly hairs along the veins on the upper surface, red- dish orange at base, usually white at apex. Burma. B.M. 6715 (var. Wattii). 33. cru6ntiun, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs erect, terete, 1 ft. long, swollen at base: lvs. elliptic-oblong, decidu- ous: fls. solitary or in pairs, lJ^-2 in. across; sepals tri- angular-ovate, keeled at back, pale green, longitudinally veined with darker green; petals linear-acute, colored like the sepals; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes oblong, erect, crimson- scarlet, midlobe ovate, apiculate, pale green, with red border, and a large warty crest, below which are 5 raised red lines, the 2 outermost being most developed. Malay Isl. G.C. III. 18: 91. 34. Iongic6mu, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, 8-12 In. high: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-2)4 in. long: fls. solitary or in 2's or 3's, not fully expanding; sepals and petals sub-equal, elliptic-oblong, transparent white; labellum funnel-shaped, anterior portion fimbriate, white, with a broad raised orange-red central band, with divergent lateral streaks of same color; spur slender. Burma. cc. Lvs. not deciduous. 35. lormdsam, Roxb. Pseudobulbs stout, erect: lvs. ovate-oblong: peduncle from the summit of the stem, 3-5-fld. : fls. 3-4 in. across, white; sepals oblong-lanceo- late, apiculate; petals nearly orbicular; labellum large, the small basal lobes clasping the column, throat with a yellow band, which expands in a large yellow blotch near the distal end. Khasia Hills. B.R. 25:64. Var. gigantdum, Hort. F's. measure 4-5 in. across. G.C.III. 24:471. Gng. 1:118-9. F.E. 10:1240. 36. infundibulum, Lindl. Fls. white; sepals spread- ing, elliptic-oblong; petals broad; labellum large, with an orange-yellow blotch in the throat; basal lobes infold- ing the column. Burma. B.M. 5446. I.H.21:172. Var. Jamesiinum, Hort. Pseudobulbs stouter and more rigid : labellum of flower differently formed, especially the side lobes, which are roughened on their inner surface; disk cinnamon red. 37. Dracdnis, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs stout, erect, 12-18 in. long: lvs, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long: fls, in fas- cicles from the uppermost joints of the stem, l}iin. in diam., ivory white, striped with orange-red at base of labellum; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals oblong-lanceo- late, reflexed at tips ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, rotund ; midlobe oval, oblong, crisped and mi- nutely toothed on the margin, with 3 longitudinal raised lines. India. B.M. 5459. 38. Bcabrilingue, Lindl. Pseudobulbs stout, erect, slightly attenuated below, 9-12 in. high : lvs. oblong: fls. l^^'in. in diam., in fascicles from the uppermost joints of the stems; sepals and petals similar, sub-equal, ovate-lanceolate, ivory white; labellum 3-lobed ; lateral lobes obloner, erect, yellow-green ; midlobe oval-oblong, reflexed, yellow, with .5-7 orange-j-ellow sunken lines on disk; spur small, conical. Burma. .39. L6wii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: sepals and petals pale yellow; labelluui marked on the side lobes and midlobe with crimson. Borneo. B.M. 5303. F.S. 23:2395. BB. Pseudobulls not black-hairy, upright. c. Leaves persistent. D. Petals and sepals white. 40. Jap6nicum, Lindl. (X>. monilifdrme, Swartz). Pseudobulbs tufted, 6-12 in. long, attenuated below : lvs. liuear-lanceolate, acute: fls. fragrant, l}4 in. across, solitary or in pairs, white, dotted or speckled with mauve at the base of the labellum. S. Jap. DD. Petals and sepals yellow. 41. capillipes, Reichb. f. Dwarf, tufted plants, with fusiform '_ ^eudobulbs: lvs. lanceolate: fls. in pairs or solitary, p-olden yellow, with a deeper blotch on the labellum. India. 42. lutdoium, Batem. Pseudobulbs erect, about 1% ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. about 2 in. across, yellowish or cream-white ; labellum with a few reddish lines. Burma. J.H. III. 32:143. G.C. XL 19:340 (var. chlorocentrtim). 470 DENDROBIUM DDD. Petals and sepals rose-color. 43. n6bile, Lindl. Fig. 691. Stems stout: lv8. oblong: sepals and petals white, suffused with rose at the apices; labellum white, with a blotch of amethyst-purple at dis- tal end, throat dark crimson. Himal., China. G.C. II. 11:565; III. 23:341. J.H. III. 34:295. R.B. 23:25. A.F. 4:415; 13:620. Var. nobiliiu, Hort., has larger fla., which are more intense in color, the sepals and petals pale only at the base. I.H. 42:36. Var. Gooksonitoum, Hort., is a pelorian form, the petals having acquired at the base the rich coloring so characteristic of the labellum. Gn. 55, p. 445. Var. Balle^num, Hort. Sepals and petals white; la- bellum yellowish, with pale crimson blotches on either side of the throat. Sikkim. 691. Dendrobium nobile. D. AinswortMi, Moore, is a beautiful and popular hy- brid of J), htterocarpiim and D. nobile. Blossoms in small, lateral racemes ; sepals and petals white ; lip with a feathered, purple blotch, white. Gn. 51, p. 338. G.C. II. 16:624. 44. Linawi&num, Reichb. f . Stems long, clavate: Ivs. narrow, several inches long: sepalsoblong; petalsovate, white at base, otherwise rosy mauve; distal end of la- bellum pale mauve, anterior portion white, with 2 mauve spots. China, Jap. B.M. 4153. DENDROBIUM 45. P4Ti8llii, Reichb. f. Stems thick : Iva. oblong- lanceolate: sepals and petals rose-mauve; labellum or- bicular, amethyst-purple, blotched on each side with maroon. Burma. B.M. 5488. 46. Findleyinum, Parish & Reichb. f. Stems shinino', yellowish, internodes slender : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate^' lis. large, in pairs ; lateral sepals and petals overlapping, pale pink-lilac ; labellum yellow margined with white Bu'Tna. B.M. 64.18. Gn. 49:1070. 47. tdrtile, Lindl. Stems clavate, irregular when old: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in. long: fls. 3 in. across; sepals and petals pink-lilac; labellum pale yellow, with a deep crimson blotch in the throat. Burma. B.M. 4477, — V"ar. rdseum, Hort. Fls. delicate rose color. The next is very similar. cc. £/vs. deciduous . 48. Albo-sanguineum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. high, stout: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 together, 2-3 in! across, whitish; petals streaked with red at the base ; labellum with 2 blotches in the middle. Burma. A f' 11:1350. B.M. 5130. 49. rhodopterygium, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cvlin- dric, erect, about 1 ft. long : Ivs. linear-lanceolate : fls. about 2 in. across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals ovate, both pale purple mottled with white; labellum crimson-purple, striated, bordered with white. Burma. — Supposed natural hybrid between D. Parishii and D. Pierardi. BBB. Pseudohulbs drooping. c. Lvs. persistent : fls. yellow . 50. heterocArpum, Wall. {D. aiireum, Lindl.). Stems erect, attenuated at base, or nearly so: lvs. oblong-lanceolate: sepals and petals pale yellow ; labellum orange- yellow, blotched and streaked with crimson. Assam, Khasia Hills, Nepal, Philippine Isls. B.M. 4708. 51. Ruckeri, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, about \% ft. long, attenuated below: lvs. linear-lanceolate : fls. either solitary or in pairs; lateral sepals triangular; sepals and petals yellowish; labellum with white lateral lobes streaked with rose, yellow. Philip- pine Isls. 52. lasiogldssum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs about 13^ ft. long, attenuate above and be- low: lvs. lanceolate : fls. \% in. across, in 2'8 or 3'a, white ; lateral lobes of labellum lined with red. Burma. 53. iqueum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs decumbent: lvs. ovate-oblong : fls. solitary or in pairs, yellowish white, with a yellow disk on the labellum; upper sepal elliptic-oblong, acute; lateral sepals falcate; petals ovate. Nilghri Hills, India. cc. Leaves decidxious. D. Flowers yellow. 54. chrysAnthum, Lindl. (Z>. Prfar/onti, Lindl.). Pseu- dobulbs slender, tall, flexuose, leafy to the base: lvs. ovate-lanceolate : fls. yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals broader, oval, denticulate; labellum orbicular, fringed, throat maroon-purple, base infolding the column. Burma. B.R. 15:1299. G.C. III. 15:565. 55. ochre&tum, Lindl, Pseudobulbs with swollen joints : lvs, narro.vly-ovate : fls. in pairs; sepals and petals about equal, golden yellow ; labellum orbicular- concave, yellow, with maroon-purple blotch. India. B.M. 4450. DD. Fls. tvhite or pinkish. E. Labellum glandular, ciliate. 56. L6ddige8ii, Rolfe (D. pulcMllum,hoM.). Habit dense, dwarf: stems very slender, 3-4 in. long: lv.s. ob- long-lanceolate: fls. on slender pedicels, solitary ; se- pals and petals pale pink or rose-lilac ; labellum with an orange-yellow disk bordered with rose-lilac. India. Not D. pulchellum, Roxburgh, for which species it often passes in gardens. B.M. 5037. 57. Devoni&nnm, Paxt. Stems pendulous, about 3 ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate : sepals and petals white. DENDROBIUM DENDROPANAX 471 tipped with amethyst-purple; labellum cordate, with an amethyst-purple blotch in front, otherwise white, with 2 orange-yellow blotches in the throat, the margin deli- cately fringed. Khasia Hills. B.M. 4429. J.H. III. 34: 197. G.C. III. 7:680. E£. Labellumnot glandular, ciliate. F. Pseudobulbs conspicuously nodose. 58. amcBnam, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. linear- lanceolate: rta. usually solitary, otherwise in 2's or3's; sepals and petals white, tipped with violet-purple; la- bellum violet-purple bordered with white and blotched with yellow. Xep :. B.M. 6199. G.C. II. 16:625. 59. Wardi&nuii; . Warner. Stems 2, 3 or more ft. high, pendent : I^s. oblong-lanceolate : Hs. usually 2 or 3 to- gether, 3-4 in. across ; sepals and petals tipped with rose-ma'.ve (amethyst-purple); labellum with an apical blotch of same color, otherwise yellow shading into white at the margin, and blotched with maroon in the throat. There is a variety in which the apical blotches are wanting. Burma. B.M. 5058. I.H. 24:277. F.R. 1:231. Gn. 47, p. 84. R.B. 23:25. J.H. III. 30:454: 32:237. 60. crassindde, Reiehb. f . Stems pendulous or nearly so, 1-2 ft. long, swollen conspicuously at the contiguous internodes : Ivs. linear-lanceolate: flis. 2 or 3 together, about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with rose-mauve; labellum similarly tipped with rose-mauve, otherwise yellow with a white border. Burma. B.M. 5766. — Var. Barberianiun, Hort., is a stronger-growing form of the species, with brighter colored fls., the col- oring at the tips of the petals covering more surface. 61. B6xallii, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs pendulous, about 30 in. long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. 25^<in. across, usually in pairs; sepals and petals white, tipped with pale mauve ; labellum yellowish, bordered with wh'te, tipped with pale mauve. Burma. 62. F4Iconeri, Hook. Stems slender, knotted, branch- ing above : Ivs. linear: fls. solitary, about 3 in. across : sepals and petals white, tinged with rose and tipped with amethyst-purple; labellum spreading in front, ma- roon-purple, with 2 deep orange blotches, tipped with amethyst-purple, bordered with white. India. B.M. 4944. I.H. 23:243. — Var. grigantdom, Hort.. is a stronger-grow- ing form of the species, with larger fls. 63. Aphrodite, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs 6-12 in. tall : Ivs. linear-lanceolate : lis. 2 in. across, often in pairs ; sepals whitish; petals similarly colored ; midlobe of la- bellum large, yellowish, with 2 maroon blotches at base. Burma. FF. Pseudobulbs not conspicuouslif nodose. o. Lip yellotv at base. 64. grratiosissimum, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs slender at base, tliiekened above, swollen at the nodes : Ivs. lanceolate : tis. in 2's or 3's, from the leafless stem, about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with pale crimson-purple ; labellum white, blotched with crimson-purple at the apex and marked with yellow on the disk. Burma. 65. crystalllnum, Reiehb. f . Stems about 1 ft. long, slender, striated, nearly pendulous: Ivs. narrow: fls. in pairs or solitary; sepals and petals white, with amethyst- purple apices; labellum yellow, with an amethyst blotch on front, margin whitish. Burma. B.M. 6319. 66. crepid^tum, Lindl. Stems 1 ft. long, slender, striated: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 in a group, about 1 in. across, white, tinted with lilac ; labellum yellow, with a white border. Assam. B.M. 4993. — Var. rdseum, Hort.. occurs in catalogues. 67. B6n80ni8B, Reiehb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindric: Ivs, linear : fls. 2% in. across, in 2's or 3's, white, disk of labellum orange-yellow, with 2 maroon spots at base. British Burma. B.M ")679. I.H. 35:47.-Var. xn^jus, Hort., is alarger-fld. t -rra. GG. Lip not yellow at base. 68. snp^rbum, Reiehb. f. (i>. macrophyllum, Hort.). Stems stout, pendent : Ivs. ovate : sepals lanceolate ; petals ovate-lanceolate, delicate rose-mauve ; labellum of same color, with deep crimson-purple throat. Philip- pine Isls. B.M. .3970.— Var. andsmum, Hort. Fls. scent- less or nearly so, mostly solitary ; sepals and petals shorter, not undulate. J.H. 111. 28:275 (var. Houttoni). Var. gigantdum, Hort. Fls. larger. 69. lituiildrum. Lindl. Stems about 2ft. long, grey- ish: Ivs. linear: fls. in pairs or sometimes 4 or more in each group, amethyst-purple ; sepals oblong-lanceolate; petals ovate-oblong; labellum funnel or trumpet-shaped, deep maroon, anterior portion white. Burma. B.M. 6050. — Var. Fre^manii, Hort. Labellum with a pale yel- low zone, sepals and petals deeper colored than in the type. Very similar in habit to Dendrobium nobile, but more slender. 70. MacC&rthisB, Thwaites. Fls. bell-shaped, rosy mauve and white; sepals and petals only sligiitly spreading; labellum pale mauve, striped and blotched with purple, a maroon spot on the disk: racemes pendu- lous. India. B.M. 4886. 71. transp^rens, Wall. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. lin- ear-lanceolate: fls. 1 /4 in. across, in 2's and 3's; sepals white, tinted with pale mauve; petals similarly colored: labellum white with mauve spots, tinted with mauve at the apex. India. B.M. 4663. EEE. Labellum cttcullate, wholly or in part, pale sulfur yellow. 72. primuUnam, Lindl. Stems drooping, slender, about 1 ft. long, greyish: sepals and petals about equal, pink-lilac; labellum yellow with deep crimson margin. Nepal. B.M. 5003 (as D. nobile, var.). — Var. gigan- t^tun, Hort. Pseudobulbs longer and more slender: fls. much larger. 73. Pierdrdi, Roxb. Stems long, slender, pendulous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate : sepals and petals pink-lilac ; la- bellum yellow, marked with deep crimson at base. Burma. B.M. 2584. Gn. .55, p. 405.-Var. latifdlium, Hort., is very similar to this. 74. cretdceum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. long: Ivs. ob- long-lanceolate : fls. solitary, whitish, disk of labellum yellowish, with crimson marking, margin fringed, khasia Hills. Hybrids : D. Ain8worthii = D. heterocarpum XD. nobile (see No. 42).— D. i>o/nmiaMHM( = D. nobileXD. Linawiauum.— D. Cas8iope=D. JaponicumXI). nobile, var. albiflorum.— D. splen- didissimum = D. aureum X nobile.— Var. grandiflorum =D. aureumXnobile. D. .Tohannis, Reiehb. f., and D. rohustum are not in cult, in the United States, but have appeared in trade eatalognes. Oakes Ames. OENDBOCALAUUS. Consult Bamboo. OENDBOCHlLTJM. Compare Platyclinis. DENDBOMECON ( Greek dendron,tTee ; m^cow , poppy ) . The only genus of Papaverdcece known to have woody stems. California. Probably only one species. D. rlgi- dtun, Benth. Dry, rocky hills of the Coast Range, mainly in the south : 3-10 ft. high : stems up to 1 in. thick: bark whitish : branches stiff, erect: Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, not cut, coriaceous, reticulately veined, very acute and mucronate : fls bright yellow, 1-3 in. in diara., on pedicels 1-4 in. long: capsules linear, nerved, lK-2)4 in. long; seeds black, almost globular. Hardy in some parts of England. Propagated from seeds, that take very long to germinate. B.M. 5134. F.S. 14:1411. Gn. 50:1087. J.H. III. 29:92.-D. HArfordii, Kell., and D. fl6xile, Greene, from Santa Cruz an<i Santa Rosa Islands, are now considered as forms of above, varying mainly in the habit, more drooping and graceful, and in the much larger, ovate, more glaucous leaves. These differ- ent forms occur also in the mountains near Santa Bar- bara. Considerable variation in size of flowers appears to depend mostly upon the conditions where plants are growing. Outdoor shrubs. p. Fbanceschi. DENDEOPANAX (Greek, tree Panax). Aralidcea: A genus of about 20 trees and shrubs from tropical America and Asia, also China and Japan. D. Japonicus, Seem., may be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants. The leaves have been compared to Fatsia Japonica, hut are small'ir and mostly 3-lobed. The floral parts are in 5's. Be^i'Y globose. 472 DENDROPHYLAX DFSCHAMPSIA DENDBOFHl^LAX (Greek, groicmg on a tree). Orehi- ddcece, tribe Vdndece. Epiphytes : sepals and petals spreading, labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, angular, middle one with spreading lobes; spur long, tiliform: column short; pollinia2. Near Phaltenopsis. The fol- lowing are introduced into American horticulture: Llndenii, Reichb. f . Scape leafless, bearing a single white flower : sepals and petals lanceolate ; divisions of midlobe of labellum lanceolate: capsule smooth. On Oreodoxa Hegia, and live oaks, S. Florida. funiLlis, Hort. { CEcoclddes fimdlis, hindl. Angrceeum fundle, Lindl.). Leafless, roots numerous, fleshy: pe- duncles 2-fld.: fls. white; sepals and petals oblong-lan- ceolate ; labellum 3-lobed, with a long horn. Mts. of Jamaica. „ Oakes Ames. DENNST£DTIA (a personal name). Polypodidcece. A genus of hardy or greenhouse ferns of wide distri- bution, often referred to Dicksonia but belonging to a different family from the antarctic or southern hemi- sphere tree ferns of the latter genus. Indusium inferior cup-shaped. For culture, see Dicksonia punctil6btila, Moore (Dicksdnia piJosius- cula, Willd.). Figs. 692, 69.S. Lvs. light green, from a slender, creeping rootstock, 1-2^2 ft. long, 5-9 in. wide, usually tri- pinnatifid, under surface minutely glandu- lar, giving the dried lvs. a somewhat pleas- ant fragrance ; sori minute, on small, recurved teeth. Canada to Tennessee. 692. Tip of leaf of Dennstaedtia punctilobula. 693. Fruiting lobe of Dennstfcdtia punc- tilobula. Smlthii, Moore. Lvs. thick, the under surface almost woolly, glandular, tripinnate; lower pinnae 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide; sori 2-8 to each segment. Philippines. diss^cta, from the Wes<- Indies, often 6-7 ft. high, with broad (2-4 ft.) lvs. is sometimes seen in cultivation, and is well worth a place in the trade. L. M. Underwood, DENTABIA (Latin, dens, tooth ; referring to the toothed rootstocksh Crucifercp. Toothwort. Dealers in native plants sometimes cultivate a tew of these hardy herbaceous perennials, which have pleasant tasting root- stocks, 2 or 3 lvs., mostly with 3 leaflets, and corymbs or racemes of large white or purplish fls. in spring. The European and eastern American species are readily told from Cardamine by habit and many obvious differ- ences, but the western American of the two genera converge •'o that some botanists have merged Dentaria into Cardamine. (SeeE. L. Greene, Pittonia. 3:117-124.) The genus contains no arctic or alpine forms. About 9 species are cultivated in Old World rockeries. They are of easy culture in light, rich soil and moist, shady posi- tions. Usually prop, by division, as seeds are not abundant. A. Rootstock not tuberous. diphtllftt Michx. Pepper-root. Rootstock several In. long, often branched, strongly toothed at the many nodes : stem-lvs. 2, similar to the root-lvs., close to- gether ; leaflets 3, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely cre- nate, the teeth abruptly acute: petals white inside, pale purple or pinkish outside. Nova Scotia to S. C. , west to Minn, and Ky. B.M. 1465. — Rootstocks 5-10 in. long, crisp, tasting like water-cress. Pretty spring flower. AA. Rootstock tuberous. B. Lvs. S-parted, but not into distinct leaflets. c. Tubers usually not jointed or prominently tubercled. lacini&ta, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, with lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less sharply toothed: petals pale rose to white. Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La. cc. Tubers with joints about 1 in. long. macroc&rpa, Nutt. {C. gemmdta, Greene). Lvs. 1-3, palmately or pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, segments linear to oblong, entire : fls. purple or rose. N. Calif, to B. C. BB. Lvs. cut into S distinct leaflets. c. Leaflets linear, entire. ten6lla, Pursh. Tubers small, irregular: stem-lvs. 1 or 2, nearly sessile, sometimes bulbiferous ; leaflets linear-oblong or linear, obtuse, entire : petals rose. Washington. cc. Leaflets not linear or entire. Calif6niica, Nutt. Tubers mostly small: stem 3^-2 ft. high : lvs. very variable ; stem-lvs. 2-4, mostly short- petiolate, and above the middle of the stem, with 3-5 leaflets, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly short- petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or toothed: petals white or rose. Mts. of Calif, and Ore. maxima, Nutt. Tubers near the surface jointed, strongly tubercled : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, usually alternate; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and somewhat cleft or lobed. Vt. to western N. Y. and Penna. "VV. M. DEODAB. Cedrus Deodara. DEFABIA (Greek, depas, a beaker or chalice; refer- ring to the form of the involucre). A small genus of Hawaiian and South American ferns related to Denn- stfedtia, rarely seen in cultivation in America. The sori are marginal and usually on stalked projections from the margin of the leaf. l. ji. Underwood. DEBBIS (Greek, a leather covering). Legumindso'. A genus of tropical, tall, woody climbers, one of which is cult, in S. Calif. About 35 species, mostly Asian. Lvs. alternate; Ifts. opposite, the odd one distant; stipules none: fls. violet, purple or white, never yellow. Bc^ndens, Benth. Climbing: Ifts. 9-13, 1J4-2 in. long, oblong, obtuse, muticous or retuse, glabrous or minutely pilose beneath : racemes 4-6 in. long, unbranched: fl.s. purple: pod long, lanceolate acute at both ends, narrowly winged at the base ; ovules 6-8. S. Asia and Indian Ar- chipelago. — It has been offered in this country, but has not been successfully cultivated. The above description is made from specimens contributed by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif. DESGHAMPSIA (after Deschamps, a French bota- nist). Perennial grasses with small, shining spikelets, like Trisetum and Aira. The plants are usually stouter and the spikelets longer than in Aira, from which it dif- fers in the prolongation of t|ie rachilla. Lvs. flat or con- volute: spikelets 2- (rarely 3-) fld., in terminal, usually spreading panicles : awn slender, twisted below. Spe- cies about 20, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics. About 8 species are found in N. America. csespitdsa, Beauv. {A)ra ccfspitosa, Linn.). Tufted Haik-Grass. Hassock-Grass. a native perennial hav- ing a tendency to form tufts or tussocks. Panicle pyramidal or oblong. 2 in. long ; rays slender, bearing spikelets above the middle ; awn variable in length.— Abundant in the Rocky Mt. region, where the tufts help to bind the spongy soil and prevent land-slides. In England it is sometimes used by the farmers to make door mats. Also used for ornament. DESCHAMPSIA DEUTZIA 473 flezudsa, Trin. {AVra flexubaa, Linn.). Wood Hair- Grass. A slender, perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with numerous very fine root-Ivs., and a delicate capillary panicle. It grows in tufts like the above, and can be distinguished by the much longer and twisted awn. N. Amer., Eu. — Valuable for woodland pastures, as it will grow well in the shade. Also used for ornament. P. B. Kennedy. DESIGN. The "design-work" of florists refers to formal arrangement of material as opposed to informal arrangement of cut-flowers. Funeral designs are per- haps the commonest. Dried grasses and everlasting flowers are used in funeral designs. The term design ia borrowed from the language of art, and can also be applied to formal styles of bedding as opposed to the informal border. Design work is less popular in America than in parts of the Old World, the distinguishing feature of our floriculture being the general taste for cut-flowers and for their free arrangement. Many pic- tures of designs may be seen in the florists' trade papers. D£SMAZ£BIA. See Demazeria. DESMODIUM (Greek, a hand or chain; referring to the jointed pods). By some called Meihomia. Legumi- ndsce. Tick Trefoil. Mostly herbs, of 150 or more species, in temperate and warm regions of America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Lvs. pinnate, with 3-5 (rarely 1) leaflets: fls. small and papilionaceous, in ter- minal or axillary racemes in summer, mostly purple : pod flat, deeply lobed or jointed, the joints often break- ing apart and adhering to clothing and to animals by means of small hooked hairs. Fig. 694. A number of species are native to N. America, and are sometimes grown in the hardy border, where they thrive under or- dinary conditions. One hothouse species, D. gyrans, is sometimes cult, for its odd moving leaflets. D. pen- dulifloriim and D.Japonicum will be found under Les- pedeza. Several of the native species are worthy of cult., but are practically unknown in the trade. The following have been offered by collectors : Canadense, DC; cuspidattim, Hook.; Dillenii, Darl.; Marilandi- (um, Boott; nitdiflonttn , DC . ; paniculafum, DC. ; patici- flortim, DC; sessiliflorum, Torr. & Gray. The Florida gfrtaa, DC. Telegraph Plant. From 2-3 ft. high, with 3 oblong or elliptic leaflets, the small lateral ones (which are almost linear) moving in various directions when the temperature is congenial, and especially in the sunshine : tts. purple or violet, in a many-fld. panicle. S. Asia. Grown occasionally as a curiosity, particularly in botanical collections. See Darwin's Power of Movement in Plants, and various botanical treatises, for fuller accounts. Pesmodiitm gyrans is of tolerably easy culture. It requires stove temperature, and, although a perennial, it is best treated as an annual. The best method of propagation is by seeds. These should be sown in Feb- ruary in a light, sandy soil, in 4-in. pots, and placed in a warm, close atmosphere, where they will soon germi- nate. The seedlings should be potted singly into small pots as soon as large enough to handle, and be grown on as rapidly as possible, using a mixture of good, fibrous loam and leaf soil in about equal proportions. By mid- summer they will be bushy plants, and, though not showy, they will be very interesting. L. H. B. and Edwarp J. Canning. DEtTTZIA (named by Thunberg in honor of his friend and patron, Johann van der Deutz). lSaxifragdce(e. Very ornamental shrubs with showy white or blush fls. appearing in spring or early summer. Lvs. deciduous, opposite, petioled, serrate, usually with rough stellate pubescence : fls. in racemes or corymbs, white, some- times purplish, epigynous; calyx-teeth 5; petals 5; sta- mens 10, rarely more, shorter than the petals; filaments usually winged and toothed at the apex : capsule 3-5- celled, with numerous minute seeds. About 15 species in E.Asia and Himalayas and 1 in Mexico. D.parvi flora and D. Lemoinei are the hardiest, but/>. scabra, SieboJdiana and gracilis are also hardy north in somewhat sheltered positions or with slight protection, while most of the others are more tender and can not be grown safely north of New York. The Deutzias thrive in almost any well drained soil, and are well adapted for borders of shrubberies. Potted plants forced with a temperature not exceeding 50° develop into beautiful specimens for the decoration of greenhouses and conservatories, es- pecially D. Lemoinei, D. gracilis and discolor. The same plants cannot be forced again. Prop, readily by greenwood and hardwood cuttings, also by seeds sown in pans or boxes in spring. petals valvate in a. Fls. in racemes or panicles the bud. 694. Loments or pods of Desmodium Canadense. Beggar-weed is Desmodium tortuosum, DC, of the W. Indies. It is coming into prominence in the south as a forage plant (see Farmers' Bull. 102, U. S. Dept. of Agric). B. Longer filaments narroired toward the apex, without teeth. Sieboldi&na, Maxim. {D. scdbra, Sieb. & Zucc). Low shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. short-petioled, the pair below the panicle sessile, ovate or ovate-elliptic, rounded or cor- date at the base, rough and rugose above, stellate-pubes- cent beneath, light green, 1-2 in. long: panicles erect, loose, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, rather small, with spread- ing petals; calyx lobes persistent. June. Japan. S.Z. 7. —Graceful low shrub, but less showy than the two fol- lowing species. BB. All filaments with 3 large teeth heloiv the anthers. BC&bra, Thuub. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. all petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, crenate-dentate, with rough pubescence on both sides, dull green, 1-3 in. long: panicles erect, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or blushed, with erect petals; calvx lobes deciduous. June. July. Japan, China. S.Z. 0. B.M. 3838. B.R. 20:1718. S.B.F.G. 11.4:393. A.G. 18:356. Var. angustifdlia, Voss. Branches reddish brown : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, rougher. Var. crenilta, Voss (D. crendta, Sieb. & Zucc). Branches brown: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, less rough. This var. is less common in cultivation than the former. Var. xnarmor^ta, Hort. Lvs. spotted with vellowish white. Var. plena, Maxim. With double fls. R.H. 1867:70. F.S. 17:1799; 18:1850. I.H. Il:389.-Cult. in different forms as Candidissima, with pure white double fls. (A.F. 6:263. J.H. III. 34:153. G.C II. 18:173) ; Pride of Roches- ter, with very large white double fls.; Purpurea Plena, double outside purplish ; Watereri, with large double fls., tinged rose. 'ML 474 DEUTZIA DEWBERRY 695. Deutzia gracilis (X Ji^) grdcilis, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 695. Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender, often arching branches: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with sparse stellate hairs above, nearly glabrous beneath, bright green, 1-2 in. long: fls. pure white, in racemes; petals erect or some- what spreading, oblong; stamens much shorter than the petals; calyx-teeth persistent. Mav, June. Japan. S.Z.8. P.F.G. 2,p. 7. F.S. 6:611. R.H. 1891, p. 203. Thereare vars. with yellow and with variegated Ivs. ; see, also, D. rosea (Suppl. list). AA. Fls. in corymbs. discolor, Hemsl. Shrub, to 7 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, denticulate, dark green above, much paler beneath, coated with stellate hairs, sparingly above, densely be- neath: corymbs loose, 10-20 fld. : tis. white, with spread- ing petals, valvate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. China. Var. parpur&scens, Franch. Three-4 ft. : Ivs. ovate, less stellate-hairy, 1-2 in. long : corymbs rather few-tld. : petals pinkish outside ; calvx red, with large teeth. June. China. R.H. 1895:61. 'g.F. 7: 287. G.C. 111. 26:45. Lem6inei, Hort. (D. grdcilis y. parviflbra). Fig. 696. Spreading shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, finely Sv rrate with appressed teeth, with sparse stellate hairs above, nearly glabrous beneath, lK-3 in. long : fls. in large corymbs or broad panicles, pure white ; petals broadly ovate, spreading, partially valvate and partially imbricate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. G.F. 9:285. A.F. 11:457. Gt. 44, p. 567 and 46, p. 383. Gng. 4:135. J. H. 111.34:77. G.C. III. 18:389. Gn. 48, p. 317. — A very desirable shrub, more vigorous and with showier fls. than D. gracilis. Excellent for forcing. parvifldra, Bunge. Shrub, to 6 ft., with erect branches : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, with stellate hairs on both sides, often grayish green beneath, 2-3 in. long: fls. in many-fld. corymbs; petals roundish obovate, spreading, imbricate in the bud; longer filaments with- out teeth. June. N. China, Mongolia. G.F. 1 :365. Gt. 11:370; 43, p. 65 and 46, p. 382. R.H. 1892, p. 223. G.C. III. 14:153. D. angustifdlia,Dii>i>.=D. \jemoinei.— D. Bninoniana, 'R.Br. =D. staminea var.— Z>. corymbi flora, Lem. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, pubescent beneath : corymbs many-fld.: petals spreading, .lune, July. China. R.H. 1897, p. 466 (as D. corymbosa) and 1898, p. 402. G.C. III. 24:267. A.F. 14:166. Gng. 7:2.—D.corymbd8a, R.Br. Allied to D. parviflora: Iva. ovate or lanceolate long acuminate: fls. larger* all filaments toothed' Himalayas. — D. dentata Hort.=D. scabra.— Z). For- '«»'^. Hort. (D. scabraX Sieboldiana). Lvs. ovate- oblong: fls. large, pure white : filaments p.-irtly in- distinctly toothed. Csually a variety of D. scabra is cult, under this name.— D mltia, Hort. =»D.scabra, var crenata. — D. rbaea, Hort" ( D. gracilis rosea. Lemoine) Hybrid between D. discolor purpurascens and D. gra- cilis, with campanulato blush fls, in panicles. Of the same parentage as are var. campanulata and var. venusta, with white, and var. grandiflora with large blushed fls. The.se vars. are described by Lemoine as forms of D. gracilis, except var. grandiflora, which he has under D. discolor.— A staminea, B. Br. Shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or ovate- lanceolate, with whitish stellate pubescence be- neath: corymbs many-fld.; fls. white, fragrant ; fil.v ments with large teeth. Himalayas. B. R. a'}: l.'j. Var. Bnmv-miana, Hook. f. & Thoms. Lvs. less densely pubescent: fls. larger. B.R. 26:5 (as 1). corymbosa). —Z). Setchuensis, Fr&naYi. Shrub: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, bright green above, whitish beneath, with appressed stellate hairs : coombs few-fld.; filaments toothed, half as long as petals. China.— Z>. Wdtsoni&nH Wellsi, Hort.=D. scabra vars. Alfred Rehdeb. DEVIL-IN-A-BUSH. Nigella. DEWBERRY. The Dewberry is one of the most recent acquisitions among garden fruits. As a cultivated fruit, it is American, and the varieties are forms of native species. It is distinguished from the blackberry chiefly by its low, trailing habit, its method of propagating by tips instead of suckers, and its few-flowered cymose clusters. Four distinct species are found in cultivation. (1) The northern Dewberry (Bubxis villosits, Ait., until 696. Deutzia Lemoinei (X /a). lately known as -B. Canadensis). In this species the leaflets are thin and deciduous, the stems sparsely and lightly prickly, and the flower-stalk slightly fuzzy but not glandular, A well marked sub-type has been set ofif from this species, comprising the Lucretia Dewberry DEWBERRY DI AN ELLA 475 (var. roribaceus, Bailey), which is a stronger plant, with wedge-ovate, jagged leaflets, long Hower stalks, large flowers and leaf-like sepals. Figs. 697, 698. (2) 697. Lucretia Dewberry (X M). The B'artel type (B. invisus, Bailey), with stout, stiff stems, straight, reflexed prickles, large leaflets with simple teeth, and having the unopened buds surmounted by a tip formed by the sepals which clasp around it. (3) The southern Dewberry (A', tricialis, Michx. ). This has round, shrubby, trailing stems, bearing strongly re- curved or reflexed prickles, glandular-tipped hairs and bristles. The leaves are evergreen, leathery and smooth, with numerous stout, recurved or reflexed prickles on the veins and petioles as well as on the flower-stems. It is represented in cultivation by the Manatee and a few others. (4) The western Dewberry {B. vitifolins, Cham. & Schlecht. ). This has round, woody stems, usually weak and trailing but sometimes uprierht, the fruiting branches numerous, armed with slender prickles, often rendering? the smaller parts densely setose. It includes the Skagit Chief and others. Still another species, better known as the cut-leaved blackberry, has been long in cultivation, chiefl}'' for or- nament. Its stems are armed with stroner. recurved prickles and its leaves are much parted and divided. The culture of the Dewberry is much the same as that of the blackberry, except in the matter of training, though it is thought to thrive better on light and sandy soils than the blackberry. No summer pruning of the canes is needed, although the old canes may be removed as soon as done fruiting. Various meth- ods of training are employed, the object of all be- ing to keep the bearing canes off the frround, so that they will not interfere with cultivation and the fruit will be kept clean. For this purpose the single stake and the wire trellis methods are best known. Tyinff the canes to stakes (Fig. 699) is perhaps the best'metho*!. The fruiting canes are tied to the stake or trellis in spring, being shortened to from .3 to 5 feet in length. The young canes are allowed to grow upon the ground at will, or at most are turned in the direction of the row if they interfere with cultivation. They remain in this position during winter, where they can be very con- veniently protected, and take their place upon the trellis or stakes the following summer. The Dewberries have proved successful and profitable with some and a failure with others. Different varieties should be planted together to insure proper fecundation of the blossoms. Their chief value lies in their season of ripening, which is in advance of the blackberries. Lucretia and Bartel are the most important varieties. For history and botany, see Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fruits; for culture, see Card's Bush -Fruits, and Cornell Bulletins 34 and 117. Consult Blackberry, Lo- ganberry And Bnbus. Fred W. Card. DIACBIUM {through and point; the stems are sur* ro» nded by sheaths). Orchiddceie, tribe tlpidindrece. Fo;ir tropical Amer. epiphytes, closely allied to Epi- dendrum, with which they have been included. Differs from that genus in the fact that the column and lip are not united. Fls. showy, in loose racemes : Ivs. few, sheathing : pseudobulbs slender. Culture of Epiden- drum and Cattleya. bicomtltam, Benth. {Epidendrum bicoruutum, Hook.). Pseudobulbs 1-2 ft. long, hollow, bearing dry sheaths: Ivs. short and leathery : raceme slender, 3-12-fld. : the fls. white, with small crimson spots on the 3-lobed lip, fragrant. B.M. 3332. G.C. III. 16:3,37. J.H. III. 33:29. — A handsome orchid, requiring high temperature. D. bidentatnm, Herasl. {Epidendrum bidentdtuni, Lindl.), of Mexico, has been listed in trade eataloijiies, but it is practi- cally unknown to cult., and is probably not now in the Amer. *»de- L. H. B. DIAMOND FLO WEE. See lonopsidium. DIANllLLA (diminutive of Diana). LilideecF. Tender perennial tibrous-rooted plants, with hard, linear, sheath- ing, grass-like Ivs., often 2-3 ft. long, large, loose panicles of blue fls. on delicate, pendent pedicels, and great numbers of pretty blue berries, which remain at- tractive for several weeks, and are the chief charm of the plant. There are about a dozen species of world- wide distribution. They perhaps s'ioceed best in the open border of a cool greenhouse. Prop, by divisions, or by seeds sown in spring in mild heat. A few plants have lately been imported, but the species are not ad- vertised. Latest monograph by J. G. Baker, in Journ. Linn. Soc. 14:574 (1875). A. Stems entirely wanting. B. Anthers 1 line long. Tstsm&nica, Hook. Height 4-5 ft.: Ivs. numerous, in a rosette, broadly ensiform, 2-4 ft. long, %-l in. wide, margined with small reddish brown spines, that cut the hand if the leaves are carelessly grasped : panicle very lax, sur- passing the Ivs. 1-2 ft., with as many as 60 fls.: fls. pale blue, nodding, i^-;'4 in. across, segments finally reflexed. Tas- mania and Australia. B.M. 5551. 698. Lucretia Dewberry. Natural size. 699. Training Dewberry to stakes. BB. Anthers l}^ lines long. C, Veins of the outer perianth-segments rather distant. laevis, R. Br. Lvs. l-\}4 ft. long, 6-9 lines wide, less leathery and paler than in D. cceritlea and at first slightly glaucous: panicle deltoid, the branches more compound than in D. revolnta: outer segments of the perianth with 5 fhstant veins, inner ones densely 3-veined in the middle third. Eastern temperate parts of Australia. B.R. 9:751. L.B.C. 12:1136. 476 DIANELLA DUNTHUS cc. Veins of the perianth-segments crowded into a central apace. revoltita, R. Br. Height '^-3 ft. : Ivs. in a rosette, 1- \}4 tt. long, 3-4 lines wide, dark green, purplish at the base and margin, not spiny at the margin : panicle branches short, ascending : fls. later than D. ccrrulea. W. and E. Australia in temperate parts. Tasmania. B.R. 9:734 and 13:1120. AA. Stems present but short. ceerdlea, Sims. Subshrubby, with a short stem in age, branching : Ivs. about 6, clustere<l at the ends of branches, 9-12 in. long, G-9 lines wide, dark green, rough on the back and margin : outer perianth -segments with 5 distant veins, inner ones with 3 closer veins. Eastern temper- ate Australia. B.M. 505. ensildlia, Red. Caulescent herb,3-<> ft. high, the Ivs. never in a rosette, numerous, hard, linear, 1-2 ft. long, 9-12 lines wide, lighter colored on the keel and margin: tls. blue or greenish white. Trop. Asia, China, Aus- tralia, Hawaiian Islands. B.M. 1404. w. ^. DIANTHUS (Greek for Jove's flower). Caryophyllci- cece. Pink. About 200 species of Old World small herbs, many of them prized for their rich and showy tlowers. Nearly all of them are perennials; they form tufts and have grass-like Ivs., and jointed stems with terminal tls. and opposite Ivs. From kindred genera Dianthus is distinguished by the sepal-like bracts at the base of a cylindrical calyx (of. Figs. 366, 367); petals without a crown; styles 2. They are temperate -region plants. The flowers are usually pink or red, but in garden forms white and purple are frequent colors. Most of the cult, species are hardy in the north and are easy of culture. The perennial species are excellent border plants. The chief care required in their cultiva- tion is to see that the grass does not run them out. Best results in flowering are obtained usually from 2- year-old seedling plants. Two weedy species, D. pro- lifer, Linn., and D. Armeria, Linn., are naturalized in the eastern states. Monogr. by P. N. Williams, Journ. Linn. Soc. 29 (1891-3). L. H. B. Dianthus is essentially a European genus, there being but one species found native on this continent( />.« //)j»ji<«, found in high northern regions and in Europe), though others are escapes from gardens, such as D. deltoides and D. barbatus. Among the gems of the genus are various pretty little alpine tufted sorts as />. neglectus, D. glacialis and D. alpiniis, all of which are of dwarf, close habit, not exceeding 3 in. in height and having very large single flowers of brightest colors. These are suited only for rock gardening, as on level ground they often become smothered with weeds or swamped with soil after a heavy rain storm, and to these two causes are attributablethe failures tocultivate them. Dianthuses like a warm soil, and one that will not become too wet at any time, especially in winter, where the perennial kinds are grown, as they are often killed not so much from cold as from too much ice round them. Snow is the best possible protection, but ice is the reverse. All Dianthuses are readily propagate^! from seeds sown in rich soil, but the double kinds are reproduced from cuttings alone to be sure to have them true, and in the fall months cuttings are easily rooted if taken with a "heel" or a part of the old stem adhering to the base of the slioot; so that to make cuttings it is best to strip them off rather than to make them with a knife. It will be found also that, if cuttings made from plants growing in the open ground do not root readily but seem to dry up in the cutting bench, if the plants to be in- creased are carefully lifted and potted, placed in a tem- perature of say 50- until young growth shows signs of starting, every cutting taken off at this stage will root easily. The transition from outdoors to the propa- gating house should not be too abrupt. Another method of propagation is by layering, and with the garden Pinks, or forms of D. phimarius, it is the easiest and surest. After hot weather is past stir the soil round the parent plant, take the branches that have a portion of bare stem, make an incision half way through and alongthe stem for an inch, and peg this down in the soil without breaking the shoot off (Fig. 370). Roots will be formed and good strong plants be the result before winter. Thf layering method is specially suitable to such species as I), plumarius, D. Carifophyllns and double forms of others, such as Sweet William. e.O. Orpet Index: alpinus, U; atmruhens, 2; barbatus, ."); capi- tatus, 3; Carthu8ianoruni,2; Caryophyllus,8; Chinensls, 700. Sweet William -Dianthus barbatus (X %). 13; Cincinnatus, 13; cinnabarinus, 1; cruentus, 4; del toides, 10; dentosus, 13; diadematus, 13; glacialis, 12; Heddewigi, 13; hybridus, 13; imperialis, 13; laciniatus, 13; latifolius, 14; macrosepalus, 13; plumarius, 6; punc- tafus, 8 ; semperflorens, 13; Sinensis, 13; superbus, 7; sylvestris,9; viscordalis, sub 14. A. Flowers in dense cymes or in heads, the cluster often subtended by involucre-like Ivs. B. Petals not bearing hairs or barbs : bracts dry. 1. cinnabarinus, Sprun. A ft. high, woody at base, perennial, blooming in Aug. and Sept.: Ivs. linear, sharp-pointed and rigid : petals fiery red above, paler beneath, glandular: stamens included. Greece. -Hand- some little species; useful for hardy border or rockery. BB. Petals with hairs or barbs on the lower part of the blade. 2. Carthusiaiidrum, Linn. (Z>. atrSrubens, Willd.). Hardy perennial or biennial, glabrous, scarcely glaucous, 12-18 in. high, the stem angled: Ivs. short, linear and pointed, without prominent nerves when fresh : As. in a dense, 6-20-fld. head, in shades of red, the petals sharply but not deeply toothed, the cluster subtended DIANTHUS DIANTHUS 477 by very narrower even awl-like Ivs. Denmark to Portu- gal and Effvpt. B.M. 1775, 20.O.- Very variable. Little known in Araer. ffar<lens. 3. eapititui, Balb. Much like the la8t: plant frlaucouM, conspicuously pubescent, taller: petals purple-spotted. Siberia, Servia. 4. ertidnttif, Griseb. Cespitofle, {glaucous, glabrous : stem 1-2 ft., terete, forking: Ivs. linear or Innee-linear, sharp acuminate: fls. deep blood-red, small, numerous in a contracted cyme ; petals red-hairy towards the base. July. Greece. 5. barbJLtui, Linn. Sweet William. Fig. 700. Per- ennial, but readily grown from seed, and flowering well the second year, glabrous, the stems 4-angled, 10-18 in. high: Iva. broad and flat or conduplicate, 5-nervfd: fla, several to many in a round-topped, dense cyme, in many colorH, the petals not hairy. Russia to China and S. to the Pyrenees. B.M. 207. — The Sweet William is one of the oldest garden flowers. It is sure to be found in the old-faahioned gardens. The cult, forms run into many colors. Sometimes found along roadsides as an escape. There are double-ttd. forms. R.H. 1894, p. 277. AA. Flowers solitary, or in 2's or 5'«. B. Calyx-bracts short and broad, oppressed. C. Petals fimbriate. 6. plumJLrins, Linn. Common Grass or Garden Pink. Scotch Pink. Pheasant's Eve Pink. Low, tufty, 1 ft., blooming in spring and early summer, verv fragrant: ivs. narrow and short, blue-glaucous : fl.s. mettium size, pink, purplish and white, the blade of the petal fringed one-fourth or one- fifth its depth ; calyx cylin- drical, with short, broad- topped mucronate bracts. Austria, Siberia. — A uni- versal favorite. Hardy. Much used in old - fash- ioned gardens as edging for beds. There are double- fld. forms. 7. sup^rbtui, Linn. Fig. 701. Taller, the stems forking, less tufted, later-fld., broader-lvd. ; calyx longer: petals lilac, dis- sected below the middle. Nor- way to .Japan and Spain. Vari- able. B.M. 297. — A handsome species, growing 16-24 in., fragrant. Perennial. cc. Petals only dentate (ex- cept in some garden forms). 8. Caryophyiltis, Liun. Car- nation. Clove Pink. Pico- tee. Grenadine. Figs. 366-8, 370-5. Plate IV. Cespitose, glabrous, 1-3 ft., the stems hard or almost woody below, the nodes or joints conspicu- ous : Ivs. long-linear, very glaucous: fls. on long stems, particularly inAmerican cult. ; calyx - bracts very broad, abruptly pointed : Vars. soli- tary, large, very variable in size, form and color, bvit origi- nally palo lilac, fragrant. B.M. 39 (Bizarre Carnation); 1622 (var. imbricatus ) ; 2744 (Picotees). — Generally sup- posed to be native to the Mediterranean region, but Williams gives its geograph- ical limits as "north and west Normandy" and "^ south and east Punjab" (northwestern Hindoostan). Long cultivated. In Europe it is largely grown as an outdoor Pink, but in this country it is chiefly known as the greenhouse Carnation. The American forcing type is distinguished by very long stems and a continuous blooming habit. Garden varieties of D. Caryophyllut are numberless, and they often pass under I^utiuized names (D.punctt)tHs, Hort., is one of these names). For studies in the history and evolution of the Carnation, see Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, Essay 28. See Carna- tion. 701. Oianthus superbus. 702. Dianthus Chincnsis(X5^). 9. sylv^Stris, Wuif {D. virgineus, Hort.). Slender, 1 ft. high, the stem angular compressed and bearing 1-3 odorless fls.: Ivs. tufted, linear and sharp-pointed, scabrous on the margins : fls. rather small, red, the petals obovate and shallow-toothed. Eu. B.M. 1740.— Pretty perennial border plant. BB. Calyx-bracts half the length of the calyx, mostly narrow-pointed : Ivs. short and spreading, the radical ones obtuse or nearly so. 10. deltoldes, Linn. Maiden Pink. Tufted, 6-10 in., blooming in spring and early summer, creeping: stems ascending, forking, with solitary fls. on the branchlets: stem Ivs. an inch long, sharp-pointed : fls. small ( %-% in. across), the petals toothed, deep red with a crimson eye, the petals bearing an inverted V-shaped pocket at their base (whence the name deltoides). Scotland to Norway and Japan. — One of the prettiest border Pinks, making neat mats of foliage and bearing profusely of the little bright fls. There is a white-fld. variety. 478 DIANTHUS DICEN'TRA 11. alplnni, Linn. V'ery dwarf, the l-fld. stems rarely reachintc more than 3-4 in. biKb. more or less prostrate: foliage dark sbining ffreen : fl. 1 in. or more across, deep rose or purplish and crimson spotted, a darker ring around th«» eye. Russia to (ireece and Swiss Alp^. B.M. 120:>, Un. 2(J:4.')5; 47, p. 2«r2; 4.5, p. 53. -One of tbe cboic- est of alpine and rockwork plants. BBB. Calyi-bracts leafy oud uprtading. 12. glaci&lii, Ilfenkf . Three to 4 in. hi»;b, the stems tufte<l uiid UMUuliy l-fld.: Ivs. green, narrow-lint-ar and pointed, somewhat serrulate: tlM. small and Oilorless, red-purple; the petals toothed. Mts. of S. Eu. O.C I-. 21 :8()9. — A pretty species, but difficult to establish. Grown among alpine plants. 13. Chin6nii». Linn. (D. Sinensis, Hort.). Fig. 702. Perennial, cespitose, glabrous, more or less creeping at base: stem forking, angled and more or less grooved, pubescent: Ivs. broad and nearly flat or slightly trough- shaped, 3-5-nerved: fls. large, solitary or more or less clustered, pink or lilac; the )>etals (at least in the wild) barbed or hairy towards the base; calyx-bracts 4, in some cult. vars. short. — China and .Japan; but recent au- thorities consider a European Pink to be but a fornj of it, and thereby extend its range west to Portugal. The Amoor Pink ( />. ihfiti^nuf. FMsch.) is a form known as var. macros6palu3, Franch.: it is a hardy border plant, 1 ft. high, with bright red lis. and u spot at base of each petal. I}. sepuperfldreHA, Hort., is a hardy [>erennial form, 12-18 in., with silvery foliage and deep j)ink, red- eyed, fragraut fls. J>. Chinensis has given rise to a beautiful aud variable race of garden I'inks, var. H6d* dewigri, Fegel (I). Jliddeirigi, Hort.). These are ex- tensively grown from seeds, and are practically an- nuals, although plants may survive the winter and give a feeble bloom in the spring in mild climates. The flowers are scarcely odorous. They are single and double, of many vivid colors; and many of the garden f(»n'.is have bizarre markings. In some forms, var. la- cioiiitas, Hegel (/>. hicinidtua, Hort.), the petals are slvished and cut. D. imperiiilis, Hort., is a name applied to a strain with strong habit and rather tall growth, mostly double. C. diadem^tus, Hort., is another garden strain. D. Cincinn^tus, Lem., is a red form with shredded petals. I.U. 11:.'588. D. hybridus, Hort., is 13:1380-1. On. 49:1051. The garden Pinks are of easy culture. Seeds may be sown in the open where the plants are to stand, but better results are obtained at least in the north, if plants are started in the house! 703. Dicentra spectabilis— Bleeding Heart (X M)- another set. This name (/>. hybridus) is also applied to a deutosus-Uke form, which some regard as a hybrid of dentosus and some other species. For portraits of garden Pinks, see B.M. 5536; F.S. 11:1150; 12:1288-9; 704. Dicentra formosa {><.%)• Plants bloom after the first fall frosts. They grow 10- l(i in. high, and should be planted 0-8 in. apart. They are very valuable for borders and flower gardens. 14. latifdlius, Hort. Perennial, 6-12 in. high, of doubt- ful origin, but in habit intermediate between J). Chi- nensis and />. barbatus. Fls. large, double, in close clusters or even heads: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate.— A good border plant. D. viscordalia is a name which once was advertised by Man- ning, but is not now in the trade. The seed was obtained from an English firm. It is probably a garden form of some old species. l, jj. B. DIC£NTBA (Greek, din, kentron, two-spurred, but originally misprinted Diclytnt, and then supposed to be Dielytra). Fumarid,cetjp. A genus of charming hardy perennial plants with much cut foliage, and rose, white or yellow fls. of interesting structure. The Squirrel Corn and Dutchman's Breeches are two of our daintiest native springtime flowers, and the Bleeding Heart is one of the choicest memories of old-fashioned gardens: it is also the most widely cultivated of all the plants of this delightful order. Though long known to herbaria, plants of Bleeding Heart were not introduced to western cultivation from Japan until the late forties. Robert For- tune saw it on the Island of Chusan, where he also got Diervilla rosea and the epoch-making "Chusan Daisy," the parent of pompon Chrysanthemums. The first live plants seen in England flowered in May, 1847. It rapidly spread into every garden in the land, and is now rich in home associations. It is an altogether lovely plant. There are about 15 species of Dicentra, mostly N. American. Sepals 2, scale-like : petals united into a 2-spurred or heart-shaped nectariferous corolla : stamens diadelphous, Dicentras are easily cultivated in borders and wild gar- dens. Two kinds can be readily secured from the woods in the E. Try to reproduce the natural conditions, espe- cially the degree of shade. They like a rich, light soil. Prop, by dividing crowns or roots. It is a singular fact that the forcing of Bleeding Hearts, though practically unknown in America, is said to be commoner in England than outdoor culture. According to Nicholson, the lorc- DICKNTRA DICHORISANDRA 479 ing must be very gentle and the plants kept as near the giBHs as poHHible. It in bent to have fresh plants each year, anil return the forced ones to the border. A. Fh. roaepiirple. Bacemea simple. {Diflntra tpeetdbiUt, G. Don). Fig. 703. Height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. and Ifts. broadest of the group: rts. largest, deep, rosy red; corolla heart- shaped ; Inner petals white, protruding. Late spring. Jap. F.S. 3:2ri8. B. ■peotibilii. Hem Bleeding Heakt. 70S. Leaf of Dicentra Canadensis— Squirrel Corn (Xl4)- B.M. 4458. R.H. 1847:461. Gn. 40:820.-The white-fld. variety has a weak growth and sickly appearance. BB. Hacetnes compound. c. Inner petals protruded. exlmia, Torr. Fls. deep rose, heart-shaped, tapering to a neck, which is longer and narrower than in D. for- vioKU, the tips of the outer petals much longer. Rocks of western N. Y. and Mts. of Va. Var. multipinniita, Hort.,has Ivs. still more finely cut. "The handsomest foliaged hardy plant in our entire collection."— tf. W. Manning. CC. Inner petals scarcely protruded. formdsa, Walp. Fig. 704. Fls. pale rose, with a short, thick neck, the tips of the outer petals shorter than in D. eximia. According to Gray, Syn. Flora, the fls. are cordate, but B.M. shows 2 pronounced spurs, with tips pointing toward each other. Mn. 8:17. B.M. 1335 (as Fumaria formosa). Calif, north. AA. Flou'ers yellow. chrysintha, Walp. Pale and glaucous: inflorescence thyrsoid-pauiculate: fls. numerous, as many aS) 50 in a thyrse, erect, golden yellow; corolla deciduous; outer petals hardly larger than the inner, the tips soon recurv- ing to below the middle. Dry hills, Calif. F.S.8:820(as Capndrchis chrysdntha}. — 'Ra.Te in cult. AAA. Flowers chiefly white. B. Corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs being short and rounded. Canadensis, Walp. {DUlytra Canadensis, G. Don). Squirrel Corn, from the scattered tubers resembling grains of maize. Fig, 705. Lvs. finely cut : raceme simple, few-fld.: fls, white, tipped with rose; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. Nova Scotia to Mich., south to Penn. and Ky., but chiefly northward in the vegetable mold of rich woods. B.M. 3031. BB. Corolla not heart-shaped, the spurs longer and divergent. Cucnlliria, Bern. {Diilytra Cucnlldria, G. Don). Dutchman's Breeches. Fig. 706. Easily told from D. Canadensis by its loose, granular cluster of tubers: lvs. finely cut : racemes simple, few-fld, : fls. white, tipped creamy yellow; crest of the inner petals minute. Nov* Scotia to L. Huron, S. C. to Mo. I.H. G:21.'S. Mn. 6:41. A.0. 13:51G. D.3r>. B.M. 1127 (as Fumaria Cueullaria). W. M. OICHORISANDBA (Greek words referring to the di- vision of the stamens into two Heries), Commeli- ndee«f. About 28 species of tropical perennial herbs, with handsome foliage, often beautifully variegated, and rich blue fls, borne in thyrse-like panicles. Sepals distinct, ovate or oblong, green or colored, about equal; petals distinct, wider than the sepals; stamens (>. C. B, Clarke in DC. Mv>n. Phan. 3:272 (1881). The following are in the trade but not sufficiently described : If, amcena, D. rnriegata, D. Zanoni. \y jj Dichoi isandra thyrsiflora Is a sat- isfactory plant of unusual and inter- esting appearance, which requires lit- tle attention when once well estab- lished, and may be relied upon to flower regularly year after year. It needs careful repotting every year at first until a good-size<l pot (say 8 in.) Is well filled with roots. It then throws up a strong shoot each year about (i ft. high, unbranched, and with perhaps 8 or 9 lvs. near the top. The handsome thyrse of dark blue fls. gives a color that is rare in the greenhouse. This plant may be the only representative of its interesting order in a private collection. It is wil- ling to be crowded into the background, where its bare stem is hidden, and where the light may be poorest. The stem dies down in the winter tiro , when water should be gra<lual^ withdrawn. Water should be given liberally during the growing season. Of the foliage plants of this genus, />, niosatca is commonest. It is dwarfer, and does not flower so regularly. Cult, by Robert Shore. A. Foliage not variegated. thsrnifldra, Mikan, Distinguished by its large lvs., which are lanceolate, narrowed Into a distinct petiole, glabrous, 6-10 in. long, 2 in, wide, green on both sides: stem about 3 ft, high, scarcely branched, robust, gla- brous: racemes suhpanicled, pubescent: sepals glabrous, blue or somewhat herbaceous. Braz. B.R. 8:682. L. B.C. 12:1196. P.M. 3:127. 706. Dicentra Cueullaria— Dutchman's Bseeches {X%). AA. Foliage variegated. mosaica. Linden (/>.»««.<}<) ica, Koch & Lind.). Dis- tinguisiied by its large, broadly elliptical lvs., which are roundish at the base, sessile, glabrous, about 6 in. long, 480 DICHORISANDRA DICTAMNUS 3-4 in. wide, with a short, sharp, rather abrupt point: stem unbrancbed, robust, spotted : raceme short, densely thyrsoid: sepals white or greenish. Gt. 1868:593. F.S. 16:1711. — Its chief beauty is the mosaic appearance of the foliage, due to numberless short, transverse, whitish lines, which do not pass by the longitudinal veins of the leaf. The under side of the Ivs. is a rich purplish color. Var. gigantda, Hort., is cult, abroad. Var. und4ta (D. un<h)ta, C. Koch & Linden). Foliage without any mosaic a{)pearance, the variegation being entirely longitudinal. Each parallel vein lies in the mid- dle of a long, whitish band extending the full length of the leaf. F.S. 17 :176:{. -Clarke refers Z>. undata to D. mo.sdica, but horticulturally they are very distinct. Sidbertii, Hort. A little known plant with wh'te mid- rib and margins. D.acafilis,Cogn. Stemless: Ivs. in a rosette, almost sessile, narrowly oblong, wa\T. aentish, short-euneate at the b.«tse, sparsely pilose on both sides: panicles terminal, sessile, much shorter than the Ivs. Braz. I H. 41:19. Handsomely varie- gated with countless short, longitudinal lines.— Z>. angustifblia, Lind. & Rod. Stem purple, spotted green: Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, sessile, glabrous, roundish at the base, acute, about 6 in. loiig, 2 in. wide at the middle, purple below, marked above with short, transverse, white lines. Equador. I.H.',i9:lo8.—D. leu- cophthdlmos, Hook., differs from all here described in having radical inflorescence, its fls. Ijing flat on the ground. Lvs. el- liptic, acuminate, green on both .sides: fls. blue, with a white eye: stamens 6. Braz. B.M. 473.'}.— Z). oxj/p«toia, Hook., is in- stantly recognized by its acute petals, which are purple. Lvs. green on both sides. Braz. B.M. 2721.— Z>. picta, Lotld., has narrower petals than n.sual, with a white spot at the base, but is told from all others here described by the irregular blotches of purple on the upper side of the Iva. The purple is the same color as that on the under surface. Braz.? B.M. 4760. L.B.C. 17:1667. — D. Sai'mdersi, Hook., differs ft^ all others here de- scribed in the extreme density of its head-like inflorescence. l>vs. green on both sides, lanceolate: sepals white, tinged blue. Braz. B.M. 6165. ^y j|j DIGHROA (Greek, dis, two, and chros, color). In- cludes Adamia. Saxifraghcece. This genus contains a rare greenhouse shrub in habit resembling a Hy- drangea, with violet-blue lis. in a pyramidal panicle a foot across, and handsome blue berries, instead of the capsular fruit of Hydrangea. Lvs. persistent, alternate, stalked, widest at middle, tapering both ways, serrate: panicles terminal, many-fld.: fls. blue, lilac, or violet; petals 5 or 6, valva+e ; styles 3-5, club-shaped. The genus has only 2 species, the commoner and more vari- able one, D. febrifuga, which is glabrous, being found in the Himalayas, Malaya, and China, while Z>.;ju6escews is native to Malaya only. febriftiga, Lour. {AdHmia versicolor, Hort.). Later writers also include Addmia cyHnea, Wall., which Lindley distinguished by its smaller lvs. and fls., 5 petals, and 10 stamens, while A. versicolor hnA 7, or sometimes 6 petals, and 20 stamens. Plants are still cultivated abroad under the name of A. cyanea, but it cannot be stated here how distinct they are for horti- cultural purposes. A. versicolor, P.M. 13:322. A. cy- anea, B.M. 3046. -^^ j^j^ DICESONIA (named for James Dickson, an English botanist, 1738-1822). Cyatheclceip. Tree ferns with a distinctly 2-valved inferior indusium, the outer valve formed by the apex of the leaf segment. A small genus, mostly of the southern hemisphere. For D. pilosius- citla, punctilobula and Smithii, see Dennst(fdtia. Dicksonias are amongst the most important tree ferns, both for their beauty and because of their relative hardi- ness. In their native countries some of them are occa- sionally weighted with snow, and D. antarctica has to endure frosts. They can be grown in coolhouses, and should be tried southward outdoors in sheltered places. Their trunks are more fibrous than those of most tree ferns, and hence more retentive of moisture, so that they need less care. A good trunk produces 30-40 fronds a year, and retains them until the nest set is matured, unless the trees suffer for moisture in winter. Although they rest in winter, the fronds soon shrivel up if the trunks are allowed to get too dry. Dicksonias should have their trunks thoroughly watered twice a day dur- ing the growing season. These waterings shoiild be gradually decreased until winter, when the trunks should be kept merely moist all the time. Only in the hottest summer days is slight shade needed. It is a pity to grow tree ferns in pots, but if this must be done several principles should be observed. The lapse of a 8inf;le day's watering will often cause serious damage As a rule, the pots should be of the smallest size con- sistent with the size of the trunk. Three or four inches of soil all round the trunks is enough. The above points are taken from Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns as tree ferns are little grown in America. ' ant&rctica, Labill. Scales of the short leaf-stems dense, dark purplish brown : lvs, 5-6 ft. long, the centr d pinnae 12-18 in. long ; segments oblong, the sterile ij.- cised. Australia and Tasmania. G.C. III. 9:81. — Trunk sometimes 30-35 ft. high. A very useful decorative plant. squarrdsa, Swz. Scales of the short leaf-stem flbril- lose, light colored: lvs. 3-4 ft. long, the pinnae 9-15 in. long; segments lanceolate, the sterile toothed, the ribs scabrous. New Zealand and Chatham Island. L, M. Underwood and W. M. DICL7TBA. This ancient typographical error for Dielytra seems to be immortal. See Dicentrn. DIGTAMNUS (old Greek name, supposed to indicate foliage like the ash : hence Fraxinella, diminutive of the Latin Fraxinus, an ash). ^M/()c*'fP. Gas Plant. Burn- ing Bush. Fraxinella. Dittany. This genus includes an old garden favorite which has a strong smell of lemon, and will sometimes give a flash of light on sultry summer evenings when a lighted match is held near the flowers. It is also one of the most permanent and beautiful features of the hardy herbaceous border. In- stances are known in which it has outlived father, son and grandson in the same spot. The genus has only 2 species, and is distinguished from allied genera (none of which have garden value) by the 5 unequal petals, 707. The Gas Plant— Dictamnus albus. 10 declined stamens, and short stipe, on which the ovary is raised. The (Tas Plant makes a sturdy, bold, upright growth, and a clump 3 feet high and as much in thickne.ss makes a brave sight when in flower. A strong, rather heavy soil, moderately rich, is best for these plants. They are not fastidious as to situation, succeeding as well in par- tial shade as when fully exposed tc the sun. and drought will not effect them when once fairly established. Old, strong clumps are good subjects as isolated specimens on a lawn, and a large patch, planted in the border, is not only effective while in full flower, but the dark, persis- tent foliaere is ornamental throughout the season. It is not advisable to disturb the plants very otten, as they improve with age, producing taller flower-stems and more of them as they grow older. They are excellent for cutting, especially the white variety. Prop, with diffi- culty by division, but easily by seeds, which are sown in the open ground in fall as soon as ripe, and ^overed an inch or so. They will germinate the next spring, and, when two years old, the seedlings may be removed to their permanent positions, where they will flower the I'ol- lowing year. DICTAMNUS DIDYMOSPERMA 481 ilbus, Linn. (D. Fraxinella, Pers.)- Fig- 707. A vig- orous, symmetrical, hardy herb, with glossy, leathery foliage surmounted by long, showy terminal racemes of good-sized, fragrant fls. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate; Ifts. ovate, serrulate, dotted with oil glands: tls. white. En., N.Asia. Gn. 35:701. A.F. 5: 328. Gng. 5: H21. Var. Tilbra, Hort., has rosy purple fls., the veins deeper colored. Var. gigant^tts, Hort. (/>. giganteus, Hort.), was recently introduced. j. b. Keller and W. M. DICTYOGKAMMA (Greek. neffetZ lines). Polypodid- ceif. A genus of a few Japanese and Pacific Island ferns, with naked sori, which follow the course of the reticulated veins. The species are sometimes referred to Gymnogramma. Strong-growing indoor fern, useful for .specimen plants. Japdnica, Fee. Lvs. simply pinnate or bipinnate at the base, l)i8-2 ft. high, the pinnae ()-12 in. long and an inch wide ; sori extending from the midrib to the edge. Japan and Formosa. Also known a.s Gymnogramma Jap ^nica. An interesting fern of rather strong growth, and .'ery distinct in appearance. Grows best in a mod- erate temperature — for example, 5.>-60° — and requires an open and well-drained soil of peaty character. L. M. Underwood and W. H. Taflin. . DlCIYOSFfRlB. A. (Greek, netted seed). PalmdcecB, tribe Arictct . Tliis genus of Areca-like palms contains a few species of considerable commercial importance, the j'oung plants beitg used chiefly for house and table decoration. Slender n'pineless palms, with a ringed trunk: lvs. equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceo- late, acuminate or bifid, the apica' ones confluent: mar- gins thickened, recurved at the I ase; midrib and nerves prominent, sparsely clothed with persistent scales beneath, or naked: rachis and petiole slender, scaly, 3-sided, furrowed, sheath elongated, entire: spadix on a short glabrous or tomentose peduncle, the branches erect or spreading and flexuose, the lower ones with mem- branaceous bracts at the base: spathes 2, complete, dor- sally compressed, papery, the lower one 2-crested ; flower-bearing areas much depressed: bracts and bract- lets scaly : pistillate fls. rather large, white or yellowish : fr. scaly, small, olive-shaped or subglobose. Species 2 or 3. Indian Archipelago. Jared G. Smith. Dictyosperma is a genus of medium-sized palms of slender habit, and having pinnate leaves. At least two species of Dictyosperma {rubra and alba) hswe been included among commercial palms for some years past, though not grown in such quantities as the popular Kentias, Arecas and Latauias. D.aurea is also occa- sionally seen in commercial collections. The cultivation of these palms does not present any great difltculties, similar conditions to those required by Chrifsalidocarpiis lufescens answering well. These conditions may be briefly summarized as follows: A soil consisting of well rotted sod, to which has been added about one-> ixth, in bulk, of good stable manure, firm potting, and an abundance of water both at the root and overhead, a night temperature during the winter of GO to 65° F., and moderate shade on the glass from March 1 to November I. This treatment applies especially to young stock, and may be modified somewhat withhold and well established specimens, the latter enduring a slightly lower temperature without injury, providing they are not overwatered, Dictyospermas are rather susceptible to the attacks of some insects, notably red spider and various scale insects, and, if allowed to be- come very dry, are liable to lose their lower leaves, the most satisfactory species being J), rubra. Propagation by seeds, which germinate m 6 to 8 weeks, when sown in a warm greenhouse. W. H. Taplin. dlba, Wendl. & Drude (Areca dlba, Bory. Pfi/cho- sperma dlba, Scbalf. ). Distinguished by the whitish petioles and the whitish areen veins of the lvs. Caudex 40-50 ft. high, 8-9 in. in diam., dilated at the base: lvs. 8-12 ft. long; petiole 0-18 in. long, grooved down the face; segments 2V2-3 ft. long, 2-3 in. wide. 7-nerved; vein? and margins green or reddish: branches of the spadix 6-18 in. long, erect or slightly reflexed, zigzag when young. 31 atirea, Wendl. & Drude {Arica aurea, Hort.). Dis- tinguished by the yellow or orange petioles and veins of young plants. Caudex about .30 ft. high, smaller and more slender than the preceding: lvs. 4-8 ft. long; peti- ole 8 in. long; segments \%-l ft. long, 1 in. wide; sec- ondary veins scarcely visible: branches of the spadix rigidly erect, 9-11 in. long. ftirfuritcea, Wendl. & Drude [Areca furfnrheea, Hort. ). Like D. rubra, but the petiole and leaf-sheath of the young plant tomentose. rtibra, Wendl. & Drude {Areca rubra, Hort.). Re- sembling Z>. alba, but the lvs. of the young plants darker green, the primary veins and margins dark red, the redness disappearing very much in adult plants: branches of the spadix longer and more reflexed. Jared G. Smith. DIGYBTA is a gesneraceous genus closely allied to Achimenes, but with smaller fls. and different anthers. It has 2 species, both from Guatemala. D. Candida is cult, abroad as Achimenes Candida. DIDlSCUS. See Trachymene. DIDYMOCHLiENA{Greek, twin cloak; alluding to the indusium). Polypodidcetp. A small genus of greenhouse ferns of rather coarse foliage. Indusium elliptical, emarginate at the base, attached along a central vein, free all round the margin. Iunal4ta, Desv. (Z>. tntnculdta, Hort.). Lvs. clustered from an erect caudex, bipinnate, 3-6 ft. long ; pinnules almost quadrangular %-l in. broa<l, entire or slightly sin- uate, each bearing 2-6 sori. Cuba to Brazil; the same or an allied species in Madagascar and Malaya. — />. Itt- nnlata is a very attractive fern while in a small state, but its articulated pinnules are a <lrawback as a com- mercial species, rendering it of little value for house decoration. l. >i. Underwood and W. H. Taplin. The following points are condensed from Schneider's admirable work. The Book of Choice Ferns: D. lunulata is one of the most distinct ferns in cultivation. It looks like a tree maidenhair, but the stems, instead of being black and slender, are thick and fleshy and the leaves are fleshier than any Adiantum. In cult, the trunk is only a few inches high, but the fronds are 4-6 ft. long and densely covered with long> brown, chaflfy scales. The metallic color of its young fronds is a tine feature. This is a warmhouse fern, and may be used for subtropical bedding. It has a hvA trick of droppine its pinnules if allowed to get too dry at the root, but soon rallies under liberal treatment. DIDYM0SF£BMA {Qreek, double-seeded). Palmdceo', tribe Arecea. Low or erect palms with slender trunks. Leaves terminal, unequally pinna^^isect, silvery-scaly be- low ; segments opposite, alternate, solitary, or the lower ones in groups, cuneate at the base; obovate-ob- long or oblanceolate. sinuate-lobed and erose, the ter- minal one cuneate; margins recurved at the base; mid- nerve distinct, nerves flabellate; sheath short, fibrous: spadices with a short, thick peduncle and thick branches : spathes numerous, sheathing the spadix: fls. rather large : fr. ovoid or oblong. Species 6- India and Malay Archipelago. porphyrocdrpon, Wendl. & Drude ( Wallichia por- phyrocdrpd, Mart.). Stems reedy, .3-6 ft.: lvs. 5-8 ft. long ; leaflets 9-15 in. long, distant, narrowly oblong, longcuneate, blunt, or sinuately2-3-lobed, truncate, den- ticulate, glaucous beneath. Java. Didymosperma is a genus of East Indian palms of moderate growth, containing possibly 8 species, most of which are stemless or else forming but a short trunk, the pinnate leaves rising from a nmss of coarse brown- ish fibers that surround the base of the plant. The leaf- lets are of irregular shape, bearing some resemblance to those of Caryota, and the plants frequently throw up suckers from the base. The members of this genus are not very common in cultivation. The species that is most frequently seen is the plant known to the trade as />. carynioides. an attractive warmhouse palm that has also appeared under the synonym Harina caryotoideSf r^i 482 DIDYMOSPERMA and has lately been referred to Wallichia, which see. While young, at least, the Didymospermas enjoy a warm house and moist atmosphere with shading from full sun- shine, though we are told that une species. D. oblongi- folia (or Wallichia), \» frequently found in Sikkim at an elevation of 3,000 feet above the -*ea. Prop, usually by seeds; occasionally by suckers, which are kept rather close for a time after their removal from the parent Pla^t- Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin. DIEITENBACHIA (DieflFenbach, a German botanist). A ro'idece. Low, shrubby perennials: stems rather thick, inclined or creeping at the base, then erect, with a leafy top : petioles half cylindrical, sheathed to above the mid- dle, long, cylindrical at the apex ; blade oblong, with a thick midrib at the base; veins very numerous, the first and second parallel, ascending, curvingupwards at their ends : peduncle shorter than t' e Ivs. Differs from Aglaonema in floral characters. Central and South America. Perhaps a dozen species. Engler (in DC. Mono»?r. Phaner. vol. 2) recognizes G species, with many varieties. Dieffenbachias are popular hothouse plants, being grown for their handsome and striking foliage. For Dieffenbachias, similar rooting material to that mentioned for Anthuriums, combined with a high and moist atmosphere, will produce a very healthy aad luxuriant growtu of foMage, especially after the plants have made their first few leaves in ordinary light pot- ting soil. Unless it be the very large-leaved kinds, like triitinphans, nobiJis and liaumanni, three or four plants may be placed together in large pots, keeping the balls near the surface in potting. Jenmani. Shuttle irorthiana, Leopoldil and ebtirnea are all well suited for mass- ing together in large pots. When above a certain height, varying in different species, the plants come to have fower leaves, and those that remain are small; they should then be topped, retaining a considerable P'ece of the stem, and placed in the &f*vn\ bed, where they will throw out th ck roots in a week or two. The remaining part of tie stems should then be cut up into pieces 2 or .3 inches long, dried for a day or so, and then put into boxes of sand, where, if kept warm DIEFFEXBACniA picta, Schott. Blade* oblong, or oblong-elliptical, or oblong-lanceolate, 2H-4 times longer than wide, rounded or acute at the base, gradually narrowing to the long acuminate cuspidate apex, green, with numerous irregu- lar oblong or linear spots between the veins ; veins 15-20 on each side, ascending. L.B.C.7:C08. 708. Dieffenbachia picta, var. Bausei. and only slightly moist, every piece will send out a shoot, and from the base of this shoot roots will be pro- duced. These can be potted up as soon as roots have formed. 709. Dieffenbachia Seguine. var. nobilis. Var. Batisei, Engl. (Z>.i?«M.sf J. Kegel). Fig.708. Blade nearly or completely yellowish green, with obscurely green-spotted margins and scattered white spots. l.H. 26:338. Var. Shuttleworthiina, Engl. (Z>. ShuttJeu-orthidna, Bull). Blade pale green 8long the midrib. Segrtilne, Schott. Lvs. green, with white, more or less confluent siripes and spots, oblong or ovate oblong, rounded or slightly cordate or subacute at the base, nar- rowed toward the apex, short cuspidate; primary veins 9-15, the lower spreading, the upper remote and as- cending, ^owe 14 (as var. maculata). W. Indies.— Called " lb Plant " because those who chew it some- times lu.-^c ihe power of speech for several days. Var. Barraqoiniiina, Engl.(D. Barraquinidna. Versch. t Lem. C sr/sra»/^o, Versch.). Petioles and midribs al- most entirely white; blade with scattered white spots. l.H. 11:387; 13:470,471. Var. n6bili8, Engl. (D. n6bile, Hort. ). Fig. 709. Blade elliptical, acute, dull green with dirty green spots. Brazil. Var. liturita, Engl. {D. Leopoldii, Bull. D. Wallisi, Lind. ). Blade dark green, with a rather broad, yellowish green, ragged-margined stripe along the midrib; spathe glaucous. l.H. 17:11. S.H. 1, p. 455. Var. irror^ta, Engl. (D. irrorata, Schott. /). Bau- mauni, liort.). Lvs. large and bright green, blotched and sprinkled with white. Brazil. The above are the recognized type species. The fol- lowing are in the Amer. trade. Probably some or all of them belong to the foregoing species: Ch^lsoni, Bull. Lvs. deep, satiny green, the middle gray-feathered, and the blade also blotched yellow-green. Colombia. Cbrsii, Hort. See D. Pnrlatorei, ebumea, Hort. Compact : lvs. light green, freely spotted with white, the stems reddish and white-ribbed. Brazil. illiistris, Hort. See D. late -maculata. imperator, Hort. Lvs. 16-18 in. in length, 5-<> in. wide, olive-green, fantastically blotched, marbled and spotted with pale yellow and white. Colombia. insignis, Hort. Lvs. dark green, with irregular, angular blotches of pale yellowish green, 6 or more in. wide. Colombia. DIEFFENBACHIA DIER VILLA 483 late-maculiita, Lind. & Andr^ (X>. iUHstris. Hort.). Lvs. glaucous-jrreen, profusely white-barred and white- spotted. Brazil. LH..'>3:234. J6nmani, Veitch. Lvs. rich, bright, glossy green, re- lieved by a milk-white band at every lateral nerve, and by a few white spots interspersed between the bands. Guiana. magnilica, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, large, dark green, blotched and spotted with white along the veins. Venezuela. LH.30:482. S.H. 2, p. 3oo. marmdrea, Hort. See Parlatorei. Farlatdrei, Lind. & Andr^, var. marmdrea, Andr6 {D. memoria and momtora and C'or^jt, Hort.) . Lvs. long-oblong, acuminate, the midrib white and the blade s blotched white, the green deep and histrous. Colombia. I.H. 24: 29L— Engler refers this plant to the genus Philodendron. Reglna, Bull. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, greenish white, mottled and blotched with alternate light and green tints. S. Amer. B^x, Hort. Compact: lvs. oblong-lanceclate, the two sides not equal, deep green, but the white angular blotches and midrib occupying more space than the green. S. Amer. spUndens, Bull. Stem faintly mottled with dark and light green: lvs. have a thick ivory white midrib, and the ground color is of a deep, rich, velvety bottle green, with a resplendent, lustrous surface, freely marked with whitish striate blotches. Colombia. triumphans. Bull. Lvs. dark green, ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, a ft. long, irregularly marked with angu- lar yellowish blotches. Colombia. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Olivek. DI£LTTSA. See DUentra. DIEBVtLLA (after Dierville, a French surgeon, who took 1). Lonicera to Europe early in the eighteenth century). Capri folictce(e. Weigela. Shrubs of spread- ing habit, with more or less arching branches, and, es- pecially the Asiatic species, with very showy lis. from pure white to dark crimson, appearing late in spring. Lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate : tts. in 1 to several-fld. axillary cymes, often panicled at the end of the branches, yellowish white, pink or crimson, epigynous ; calyx 5- parted; corolla tubular or campannlate, 5-lobed, some- times slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 5 : fr. a slender, 2- celled capsule, with numerous minute seeds. About 10 species in E. Asia and N. Amer. They thrive in any common humid garden soil, the Amer. species pre- ferring moist and partly shaded positions. The Asiatic species require protection north during the winter, or sheltered positions. Prop, readily by grreenwood cut- tings or hardwood cuttings ; the Amer. species usually by suckers and by seeds sown in spring. Index of species (some of the names in italics were described under Weigela): aniahilis, 3; arborea, 4 arborescens, 6; Canad^'usis, I; Coraeensis, 4; flori bunda, 6 ; florida, 3 ; grandiflora, 4 ; Gi-ofncuegeni, 7 hortensis.5; hybrida. 7; Japonica. 5; Lonicera. 1 : Mid dendorfiana, 8 ; niultiflorn.G; rosea, 3; sessilifoiia, 2 Steltzneri,!; trifida,!; Van HGuttei,!. A. Fls. yellow, slightly i-lipped, small, %-% in. long. I iervilla proper. 1. Lonicdra, Mill. (D. f rifida, Ucench. D. Canadensis, Witld.). Shrub, to 3 ft.: branchlets nearly terete, l^labrous: lvs. distinctly petioled. ovate-oblong, acumi- nate, serrate, nearly glabrous, finely ciliate, 3-4 in. long: cymes usually 3-fld.; limb nearly equal to the tube. June, July. Newfoundland to Saskatschewan, south to Ky. and N. C. B.M. 1796. D. 44. 2. sessilifdlia, Buckl. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets quad- rangular : lvs. nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, nearly glabrous, of firmer texture, 3-6 in. long: cymes 3-7-fld., often crowded into dense, terminal panicles: limb shorter than the tube. June, July. Carol, and Tenn. G.C. III. 22: 14. -Hardy in Canada. AA. I'h. shotcy, ichite, pink or crimson, rarely yellowish. B. Anthers not connected with each other. ( Weigela.) c. Calyji lobes lanceolate, connate at the base, often to the middle: stigma S-lobed: seeds wingless. 3. fl6rida, Sieb. & Zucc. ( Weig^'i rdsea, Ll-ir^l. W. omdbil'.S: Hort.). Shrub, *o 6 ft.: braiichlets with 2 hairy atripeb . lvs. short-petio.ed, elliptic or ovate-ob- long, aerrate, glabrous ab'^ve except at the midrib, to- mentose on the veins beneath: culyy nearly glabrous: ovary slightly hairy: fls 1-3, pale or deep rose, 13'4 in. long; corolla broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed below the middle. Mav, June. N. China. B.M. 4396. F.S. 3:211. B.H. 1:577.-This is one of the most culti- vated species, very free-fiowering and rather hardy. Var. alba. Fls. white, changing to light pink. R.H, 1861:331. Var. Candida. Fls. pure white. Var. leollne. Fls. white or slightly pink outside, with yellowish spot in throat. F.S. 14:1445. Var. Kosteri^na variegata. Dwarf: lvs. bordered yellow: fls. deep rose. Var. Sie- boldi alba-margrin&ta. Lvs. bordered white : fls. rose. Var. n&na varieg&ta. Dwarf. Lvs. variegated with white: fls. nearly white. cc. Calyx lobes linear, divided to the base: seeds winged: stigma capitate. V. Plant nearly glabrous. 4. grrandifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. {D. Coraeinsis, DC. D. amdbilis, Carr.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : lvs. rather large, obovate or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, crenateiy ser- rate, sparingly hairy on the veins beneath and on the petioles : fls. in 1-3-fld., peduncled cymes ; corolla broadly funnel form, abruptly narrowed below the mid- dle, changing from whitish or pale pink to carmine. May, June. Jap. S.Z.31. F.S. 8:855. — Vigorously grow- ing shrub, with large lvs. and fls., but less free-flower- ine, and the type not common in cultivation. Var. arbdrea, Hort. '( IV. arbdren grandifldra, Hort.). Fla. yellowish white, changing to pale rose ; of vigorous growth. DD. Plant more or less pubescent' : corolla finely pubescent outside. 5. Japdnica, DC. Shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-obovate or elliptic, acuminate-serrate, sparingly pubescent 710. Diervilla hybrida iX%). above, tomentose beneath: fls. usually in 3-fld.', short- peduncled cymes, often crowded at the end of short branchlets; corolla Itroadly funnel form, narrowed below the middle, whitish at first, changing to carmine; style 484 DIER VILLA DIGITALIS somewhat exserted. May, June. Jap., China. G.F. 9:405. — Var. hortdnsis. Rehder (D. hortimtis, Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. nearly glabrous above, densely grayish tomentose beneath : cymes usually rather' long-pe- duncled : fls. white or carmine. S.Z. 20, .30. More tender and slower-growing than the type. Offsprings of this variety are the following: Var. grratissima. Fls. light pink. Var. nivea. Pure white fls. Var. Looym&nsi a^ea, with yellow lvs. : of slow growth. 6. floribunda, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. multindra, Leraaire). Shrub, to 8 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate or elliptic, acuminate, serrate, sparingly pubescent above, more densely be- neath: fls. 1-3, usually sessile, mostly crowded at the end of short branchlets; corolla rather gradually nar- rowing toward the base, brownish crimson in the bud, changing to dark or bright crimson ; lobes about 5 times shorter than the tube; style exserted. Mav, June. Jap. S.Z. 32. I.H. 10 :3S3. -Vigorously growing shrub, with rather small but abundant fls. Var, gnuidifldra, Hort. {W. arbor^scens, Hort.). Fls. rather large, brownish crimson. Var. Lav^lei, Hort. Fls. bright, deep crim- son, smaller. Var. L6wei, Hort. Fls. dull, purplish crimson, small. Var. versicdlor, Rehder (Z>. versicolor, Sieb. & Zucc). Fls. greenish white at first, changing to crimson. S.Z. 33. 7. hybrida, Hort. (Fig. 710), may be used as a collec- tive name for the different hybrids between D. florida, floribunda, Japonica and grandiflora, which are now more commonly cultivated than the typical species. Some of the best and most distinct are the following: A. Carriere, rose-carmine, changing to red, with yellow spot in throat; Congo, of vigorous gro\vth, with abun- dant large, purplish crimson fls. ; Conquete, very large, deep pink fls. — the largest fls. of all varieties; Desboisi, fls. deep rose, abundant ; B. A ndr6, fls. very dark, brownish purple; Eva liathke, fls. deep carmine-red, erect, very free-flowering, R.B. 19:12G; Grncneu-egeni, fls. red outside, whitish within, somewhat striped with yellowish red; Gustav Mallet, fls. light pink, bordered white; Mad. Confotirier, yellowish white, changing to pink ; Mad. Lemoine, white, with delicate blush, changing to pink; Mad. Tellier, large white fls.. with delicate blush; Othello, fls. carmine, brownish outside; P. DucJiartre, fls. deep amaranth, very dark, free; Prehear fils, fls. violet-rod, abundant; Van Houttei, fls. carmine, F.S. 1-4:1447; Steltzneri, fls. dark red, abundant. BB. Anthers connected with each other. (Cabfptro- stigma.) 8. Middendorffi^na, Carr. Shrub, to 3 ft. : lvs. short- petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous at length: fls. in 2-3-fld. axillary and tenninal clusters ; corolla campanulate, funnel form, yellowish white, spotted orange or purplish inside ; calyx-teeth partiallv connate. Mav, June. E. Siber., N. China. Jap. Gt. 6:183. R.H. 1854:201. F.S. 11:1137. I.H. 4:115. G.C. III. 7:581. D. arhbrea, Hort. = D. floribunda.— D. pauciflbra, Carr. D. florida. — Z>. pr^ecox, Lemoine. Allied to D. florida. Fls. large, pink, w'^h yellow in throat : early and free-flowering. Jap. Gt. 46:1441.— D. Wrw?am, Gattinger. Allied to I), sessilifolia. Lvs. and, branchlets pubescent: fls. in large, terminal panicles. <*^^sia. Alfkkd Rehder. DIfiTES. See Morcea. DIGITALIS (Latin, rfjgr j7m.s. a flng referring to the shape of the flowers). Scrophularuiceai>. Foxglove. A fine genus, numbering several species and some hy- brids of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, famous for their long racemes of inflated flowers, which suggest spires or towers of bells. They are old-fashioned and dignified, clean of growth and wholesome company in the choicest garden. The strong, vertical lines of their flower-stalks, rising from rich and luxuriant masses of cauline leaves, give always an appearance of strength to the rambling outlines of the usual herbaceous border. The genus is a very distinct one, its nearest ally being Isoplexis, which con tains a few greenhouse plants rarely cultivated. About 18 species, natives of Europe and middle and western Asia. The flowers are conipanulate or ventricose, 4-5-lobed ; calyx 5-parted : seed pod ovate, 2-va'ved; seeds numerous. For a week or two the Fox- gloves usually dominate the whole border. The com- monest species in cultivation is D. purpurea, which is one of the commonest English wild flowers. The name "Foxglove" is so inappropriate that much ingenious speculation has been aroused, but its origin is lost in antiquity. The word "fox "is often said to be a corrup- tion of "folk," meaning the "little folk" or fairies. Un- fortunately, etymologists discredit this pretty suggestion. In the drug stores, several preparations of V. purpurea are sold. They are diuretic, sedative, narcotic. F^or medicinal purposes, the leaves of the second year's growth are used. Foxgloves are of the easiest culture. The common species and hybrids can be grown as biennials from seed. The perennial species are propagated by seeds or by division. J. B. Keller says: "A light, well enriched soil, not too dry, suits them admirably. They succeed in partial shade or in open places." A. Middlejobe of the lower lip longer than the others. B. jF7s. rusty red. lerrusinea, Linn. (/>. aiirea, Lindl.). Biennial, 4-6 ft. high : stems densely leafy : lvs. glabrous or ciliate : racemes long, dense : fls. rusty yellow, reticulate- marked, downy outside ; lower lip of corolla ovate, en- tire, bearded. July. S. Eu. B.M. 1828. BB. Fls. gray or creamy yellow. lan&ta, Ehrh. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high : lvs. oblong, ciliate: lis. rather small, 1-1 >^ in. long, grayish or creamy yellow, sometimes whitish or purplish, downy, in a dense, many-fld. raceme, with bracts shorter than the fls. July, Aug. Danube river and Greece. B.M. 1159 (poor figure).— A fine species. 711. Digitalis purpurea, var. iploxiniseflora. Sibirica, Lindl. Has the habit of D. ambigua, with fls. like those of D. lanata. Lvs. downy, ovate-lanceolate: fls. ventricose, villose ; calyx segments linear, villose. Siberia. —This is a rare tradename, and it is doubtful if this little known plant is really in cultivation. DIGITALIS DIMORPHOTHECA 485 BBB. Fl.'<. purplish. TMpsi, Linn. Plant much like D. purpurea. Peren- nial, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. oblonsr, rugose, decurrent: fls. purple, throat paler, marked with red dots. June-Sept. Spain. AA. Middle lobe of the lower lip shorter or hardly longer than the others. B. Fls. yellowish. ambigruat Murr. (Z>. grandifldra. Lam. D. ochro' Uuca, Ja.cq.). Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate- lanceolate, toothed, sessile, downy below : fls. large, 2 in. long, yellovvish, marked with brown; lower bracts about as long as the fls, Eu., W. Asia. B.R. 1:G4. BB. Fls. white to purple, seMoa; itellowish. purpfirea, Linn. (/>. lomentdsa. Link. & Hoffmgg. ). Common Foxglove. The spec'es most commonly cultivated. Mostly biennial, but some- times perennial. Height 2-3 ft.: Ivs. rugose, s'>nie- what downy : fls. large, 2 in. long, ranging from purple to white and more or less spotted, rather obscurely lobed. On. 34: 676. Var. gloziniaefldra, Hort. (/>. gloxinioules, Carr. D. gloxiniceflhra, Hort.). Figs. 711, 712. Of more robust habit, longer racemes, larger fls., which open wider, nearly always strongly spotted, though a sub- variety, gioxinirfflbra alba, is offered. J), alba and punctata of the seed trade are presumably white and spotted varieties. I), alba, i^chr&nk := D. pur- purea. 1). laeinidta, Lindl. Perennial, 2 ft. high : Ivs. lanceolate, jagged: fls. yellow, downy, with ovate, bearded segments; bracts much shorter than the pedicels. Spain. H.R. 14: 12()1.— D. Itvvi- gdta, Waldst. & Kit. Perennial, 2-',i ft. high: Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, radical ones obovate-laneeolate: rts. scattered, glabrous, yellow. Danul>e and Greece. — D. Maria na.Ho'iAs. Lvs. radical, very downy, ovate-oblong: fls. rose: corolla bearde<l. Spain. — D. monstrbsa, Hort. An irteresting abnormal fomi of I), pur- purea. P.G.4:l.'il. Monstrosities are common in this genus. — D. purpurdscens,RoxY.. Biennial: fls. j-ellow or sometimes pur- plish, pale inside, spotted at the mouth; lower lol»e of corolla short. Eu. P. A. Wauoh. DILIVARIA. See Acanthus. DILL {Anethum graveolens, Linn.), an annual or biennial plant of the L'mbelliferoe. Native of S. Eu., the seeds of which are used as a seasoning, as seeds of Caraway and Coriander are. It is of the easiest culture from seeds. It should have a warm position. The plant grows 2-3 ft. high: the lvs. are cut into thread-like di- visions: the stem is very smooth: the fls. are small and yellowish, the little petals falling earl}\ It is a hardy plant. The foliage is sometimes used in flavoring, and medicinal preparations are made from the plant. The seeds are very flat and bitter-flavored. DILL£NIA (named by Linna»us for J. J. Dillenius, botanist and professor at Oxford). Dillenid.cece. A ge- nus of handsome East Indian trees, thought by some to be as showy as a magnolia. One species is cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif., but it takes too much room and flowers too rarely for northern conservatories. It has gorgeous white fls. fully 9 in. across. Tall tropical trees from Asia, Indian Archipelago and Australia. Lvs. large, with pronounced pinnate, parallel A'enation: fls. white or yellow, lateral, solitary or clustered. D. Indiea is said to be the showiest of the whole order, being at- tractive in foliage, flower and fruit. Dillenias may be grown in light, sandy loam. Prop, readily by seeds, but with difficultj* from cuttings. tndica, Linn. ( />. spi'cidsa, Thunb. ). Trunk stout, not high: branches numerous, spreading, then ascend- ing: lvs. confined to the ends of branches, on short, broad, channelled sheathing petioles, the blade 6-12 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, strongly serrate: sepals 5, thick, fleshy, en- larging and inclosing the fr. : petals obovate, white; sta- mens very numerous, forming a large yellow globe crowned by the white, slender, spreading rays of the stigma: fr. . ''ble, acid, the size of an apple, many celled and many o\ '^'d. Trop. Asia. B.M. 5016 (B.M. 449= Hibbertia rolubt, ?). 'w. M. DIMOBFHANTHUS. Included in ^ra?ia. 712. Border of Foxgloves. DIM0BFH0TH£:CA (Greek, two- formed receptacle; the disk florets of two kinds). Comp6,sit(f. Acharniing genus of plants from the Cape of Good Hope which is almost totally neglected here, largely because the cli- matic conditions of that wonderful region are not gon- erallj- understood. This genus contains about 20 spe- cies, sonic of which rival the Paris Daisy and others vie with Cinerarias. Annual or perennial h-;rbs, or even somewhat shrubby: lvs alternate or radical, entire, toothed, or incised, often narrow: heads long-peduncled: rays yellow, orange, purple or white: disk fls. same colors except white. The genus is closely allied to Ca- lendula, but has straight instead of incurved seeds. The fls. are usually said to close up, like those of Gazania, unless they have sunlight. Their backs have as great a variety of coloring as their faces. The fls. are often 3 in. across, and their long, slender rays (20 or more) give a distinct and charming effect. A dozen kinds are grown abroad, representing a wide range of ^jolors and foliage. They are wintered in coolhouses and flowered in spring, or else transplanted to the open, where they flower freely during summer. The shrubby kind, J). £cklon>s, has been grown at Kew as a summer bedding plant, flower- ing from July to frost, and was a surprising success as a coolhouse plant, making a much branched plant 3 ft. high, and flowering freely all spring. Monograph by Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis 3:417 (1864-65). Sometimes called Cape Marigolds. 4nnua, Less. (Calendula pluriiilis, Linn.). This is the only white-fld. annual kind and the only species sold in America at present. Erect or diflfuse, simple or branched, rough with jointe«l an<l gland-tipped hairs (seen with a small lens): lvs. narrowly oblong or ojo- vate-oblong, tapering to the baye, with a few distant 486 DIMORPHOTHECA DIOON teeth, pilose, the uppermost smaller and narrower: pe- duncles terminal, noddine: in fr. : fls. white above, pur- ple or discolored beneath. Var. ligruldsa, Voss (Calin- dula Pdngei, Hort. ). is a double form- -the heads full of rays — with heads white on upper siue and yellow or violet beneath. Seven species have been pictured under various names in the Botanical Magazine — all perennials, and worth importation. D. awri/UUwa, DC. Lvs. slender, entire: fls. yellow. B.M. 408.— D. Bdrberice, Haw. Perennial: fls. purpJe above, paler be- neath: disk all purple, with corollas of 2 forms. B.M. 5337.— D. chruaanthemifblia, DO. Lvs. cut like a Chrysanthemum: fls. yellow, reverse reddish. B.M. 2-_'18.— Z). cunedta, DC. Lvs. strongly cut: fls. scarlet-orange. B.M. VAi'i.—D. Ecklonis, DC. Diflfers from all in its shrubby stem and branches, and is per- haps the most promising of all. Fls. white, violet-blue, and strongly veined on the back: the disk azure-blue. B.M. 7535.— D. nudicaulis. var. grammifolia, Harv. & Sond. Fls. white, with a purple ring at the base, and orange-brown on the back, the disk purple. B.M. 5252.— />. Tragus, DC. Lvs. narrower than in D. Ecklonis, linear: fls. white, veined purple, the rays narrower at the base, reverse orange purplish, the disk pur- plish. B.M. 1981. W. M. DIOCLfiA (after Diodes Carytius, said to be second only to Hippocrates among the ancients for his knowl- edge of plants). Legumindsce. About 16 species of tender shrubby twiners, mostly tropical American, with delicate trifoliolate leaves and blue, violet, scarlet or white fls., sometimes nearly an inch long, and borne in clusters which have been roughly compared to Wistaria. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cut, 2 lobes shorter and narrower, stan- dard wider than long: ovary nearly sessile; pod wide, the upper suture thickened or 2-winged. The following species is oult. in S. Calif., where it has a moderate growth, shining foliage, and clusters of 10 or more large fls. of a splendid scarlet. glycinoldes, DC, from Rio de la Plata basin, is prob- ably the only species grown in European gardens and in California. Fls. 1 in. long, bright scarlet, in racemes, somewhat like Wistaria: will stand some cold. Propa- gated by seeds, cuttings, or suckers, freely produced on grown up plants. (Syn. Camptosema rubicundum, Hook. & Am.) p. Franceschi and W. M. DION. See Dioon. DI0N2EA (an unusual name for Venus). Droserdeea. Venus' Fly-trap. This insectivorous plant is one of the wonders of the vegetable kingdom. See Fig. 713. It closes its trap with remarkable quickness. The plant grows wild only in the sandv savannas of North Carolina. It is a perennial herb, the lvs. all radical and in a rosette, the spatulate portion being regarded as petiole, and the trap as the blade: fls. good sized, white, in a bracted corymb, borne on a leafless scape. It is allied to the sundews, other famous insectivorous plants which are also cultivated, but has about 15 stamens, a columnar style, and seeds at the base of the pod. Many famous naturalists have studied and written about this plant, and it has a large special literature. At times it is sold widely throughout the north, often at high prices, but the plants are soon "worked to death." It is diflicult to keep it more than a year in the north, but it ought to be furnished in large quantities at low rates, so that all the school children may see it. It is mostly grown in con- servatories associated with botanical institutions. " It is seldom that this wonderful little plant is seen in a good state of cultivation any length of time after removal from its native haunts. Its cultivation in a greenhouse is usually at- tended with more or less difficulty, owing to unsuitable condi- tions, such as too much dry air, shade or unfriendly soil. It delights in frill sunshine, with a very humid atmosphere. When the plants can be secured and transplants with con- siderable of the soil in which they grow attachetl to the bulb- like root-stalks, they are quite easily dealt with, and may be kept in a healthy growing state for years. I find a round hang- ing earthenware receptiicle most useful to grow them in; the bottom is carefully drained, first with large pieces of broken pots, then smaller pieces, and the upper layer is quite fine. Some chopped fibrous peat is placet! above this, when the plants are built in, ^vith live sphagnum moss used to fill the spaces between the clumps. Arrangetl in this way, it is hardly possible to give them too much water, and they revel in abundant sup- plies. If kept in the stm the leaves take on a reddish tinge, but when grown in the shade they are always green. Flowers will develop about the middle of June, but they should be nipped off as they make their appearance, for they are apt to weaken the plant. "The Dionjea has been grown successfully in a dwelling house by a very different method. The plants were in a wide, shallow dish, without any drainage, and simply placed, act too 713. The Venus' Fly-trap- Dionaea muscipula (XH). firmly, in loose live sphagnum moss, with a glass covering. Water was given every other day by filling the space above the plants until the dish was filled, and then it was potired off. In this way the potting material never became sour. From the luxuriant condition in which these plants remained for years, I am inclined to think this was a close imitation of the condi- tions under which they thrive in a wild state. Some ye:rs ago, owing to Professor Asa Gray's endeavor to have the Govern- ment purchase a strip of land on which this plant grows, there existed a widespread idea that it was graduallj' becoming ex- tinct. There seems to be little likelihood of this calamity, how- ever, as Dionapa is found abundantly in some places all the way from Wilmington to Fayetteville, in North Carolina. Its per- manency is all the more assured seeing that the plants thrive on soil which is of little use for agricultural purposes."— 6?. TF. Oliver, in Garden and Forest, 10:237 {1897). muscipula, Ellis. Fig. 71.3. Described above. B.M. 785. F.S. 3:280. Mn. i:69. — The genus has only on© species. w. M. DiOON (Greek, two and egg; each scale covers two ovules and the seeds are in pairs). Cycaddceo!, Hand- some foliage plants suitable for warm or temperate palm houses. This once powerful order is now nearly extinct, and the few remaining species are of the greatest scien- tific interest and also decorative value. Z). edule has a flat, rigid frond which is more easily kept free from scale insects than Cycas revolufa, the commonest species of the order in cultivation. A specimen at Kew had a trunk 3-4 ft. high and 8-10 in. thick, the crown spread- ing 8-10 ft. and containing 50 fronds, each 4-5 ft. long and 6-9 in. wide. Both sexes make cones frequently, the male cone being 9-12 in. long and the female 7-12 in. The seeds, which are about the size of Spanish chest- nuts, are eaten by the Mexicans. Many Cycads yield arrowroot. This genus is said to be the closest to the fossil forms of any living representative of the order. The genus has the cones and twin seeds of Zamia and Encephalartu.s, with the flat, woolly scales of Cycas, but without the marginal seeds and loose inflorescence of the latter. Prop, by seeds. Culture same as Cycas. ^dule, Lindl. Lvs. pilose when young, finally gla- brous, ;j-5 ft. long, pinnatifid, rigid, narrowly lanceolate segments, about 100 on each side, linear-lanceolate, sharp- pointed, widest at the base, rachis flat above, convex beneath: male cones cylindrical, female cones ovoid. Mex. B. M. 6184. Gn. 55, p. 365. Gt. 48, p. 157. Var. DIOON DIOSMA 487 lanngindanm, Hort., is a very woolly kind. Gt. 48, pp. 154, 155. — A variable species. D. tomentdgtim, once sold by Pitcher and Manda, was probably Woollier than the type. D. spinuldsum, Dyer, differs mainly in having the segments margined with small sharp points. Mex. A.F. 7:461. W. M. DI0SC0B£A (Di6scorides, the Greek naturalist). Dioscoredct(e. The type genus of a small family (of about 8 genera) allied to Liliaceae. It contains upwards of 150 widely dispersed and confused species, most of them native to tropical regions. Stems herbaceous and twining or long-procumbent, usually from a large tuber- ous root, and sometimes bearing tubers in the axils. Lvs. broad, ribbed and netted-veined, petiolate, alternate or opposite, sometimes compound. Dioecious. Fls. small ; calyx 6-parted, anthers 6 ; styles 3, ovary 3-loculed and calyx adherent to it. Ft. a .'{-winged capsule. Seeds winged. The great subterranean tubers of some species are eaten in the manner of potatoes. For an inquiry into the prehistoric cultivation of Dioscoreas in America, see Gray & Trumbull, Amer. Joum. Sci. 25:250. A. Sfems strongly winged. aliita, Linn. Fig, 714. Stem 4-winged or angular: lvs. opposite, cordate-oblong or cordate-ovate, with a deep, basal sinus, glabrous, devoid of pellucid dots, 7- nerved ( sometimes 9-nerved ) , with the outer pair united : staminate spikes compound, special ones whorled, short, flexuose : pistillate spikes simple : Us. distant, anthers subglobose, about as long as the filament : capsule leathery, elliptical. India and the S. Sea Islands. — Widely cult, in the tropics under many vernacular names. Tubers reach a length of 6-8 ft., and some- times weigh 100 lbs.; edible. The roots continue to grow for years. Variable. 714. Dioscorea alata. Showing foliage (X K) and a small tuber. AA. Stems terete (cylindrical). B. Lvs. plain green. divaricita, Blanco. {D.Batdta.'i,Decne.). Yam. Chi- nese Yam. Chinese Potato. Cinnamon Vine. Very tall climbing (lO-IW ft.), the lvs. 7-9 ribbed, cordate-ovate and shining, short-petioled, bearing small clusters of cinnamon-scented white fls, in the axils: root tubers deep in the ground, 2-3 ft. long, usually larger at the lower end. Philippines. F.S. 10:971. R.H. 18 ', p. 247, 451-2. — This is often grown in the tropics r its edibie tubers, which, however, are difficult to di In this country the word Yam is commonly applied vo a tribe of sweet potatoes (see Sweet Potato). The Yam is hardy. The root will remain in the ground over winter in New York, and send up handsome tall, twining shoots in the spring. The plant bears little tubers in the leaf -axils, and these are usually planted to produce the Cinnamon Vine; but it is not until the second year that plants grown from these tubercles produce the large or full grown Yams. A form with short and potato- like tubers is D. Decaisnedna, Carr. (R.H. 1865:110). 715. Air Potato— ./Erial tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera (X Jii). bolbifera, Linn. Am Potato. Fig. 715. Tall-climbing: lvs. alternate, cordate-ovate and cuspidate, 7-9-nerved, the stalks longer than the blade: fls. in long, lax, droop- ing, axillary racemes. Tropical Asia. G.C. II. 18:49.— Somewhat cult. 8. as an oddity and for the very large angular axillary tubers (which vary greatly in size and shape. ) These tubers sometimes weigh several pounds. They are palatable and potato-like in flavor. The root tubers are usually small or even none. villdsa, Linn. Stems slender, from knotted rootstocks : lvs. cordate-ovate, cuspidate-attenuate, 9-11-ribbed, somewhat pubescent or downy beneath, alternate, oppo- site or whorled: fls. greenish, the staminate in drooping panicles, the pistillate in drooping, simple racemes: cap- sules very strongly winged. — Common in thickets from N. Eng. to Fla. Perennial. Twining 8-10 or even 15 ft. Offered in the trade as a hardy border and arbor plant. BB. ZfVS. variously marked and colored, at least beneath. discolor, Hort. Lvs. large, cordate-ovate, cuspidate, with several shades of green, white-banded along the midrib and purplish beneath: fls. greenish and incon- spicuous: root tuberous. S. Amer. Lowe .i4. — Useful for the conservatory. Suggestive of Cissus discolor. multicolor, Lind. & Andr^. Probably only a form of the last : lvs. variously marked and blotched and veined with silvery white, red, green and salmon. S. Amer. I.H. 18:53. — Very decorative glasshouse plant. Other species are cult, in the Gulf region. One, with 2- winged stem and 3-lobed lvs. (the "Yanipie"). is perhaps i>. triloba, Linn. One with prickly cylindripal stems and opxxjsite oblong-ovate lvs. may be D. nummiildria, Lam. D. satlra, Linn., was foinded upon a numlK^r of tropical cul- tivated species, and the name shotild Vie dropped.— For .lapanese cultivated species, see Georgeson, A. G. 13:80, with illustrations. L. H. B. DI6SMA (Greek, dirine odor). Rutdcece. Small, ten- der, heath-like shrubs from southwestern Africa. Of the 228 species described, barely a dozen now remain in this genus, the rest being mostly referred to allied genera, especially Adenandra, Agathosnia and Barosma. Lvs. alternate or opposite, linear-acute, channeled, ser- rulate or sometimes ciliate, glandular dotted: fls. white or reddish, terminal, subsolitary or corymbose, pedicel- late ; calyx 5-parted; hypogynous disk, 5-sinuate, 5- plaited; petals 5; style short ; stigma capitate. Latest monograph in Flora Capensis, vol. 1 ( 18,")9-60). \^^ ]y£^ Diosma ericoides is more or less well known in America, and is put to various uses in floral decora- tions, in spray, or branchlets cut to the required length, and stuck in formal designs as a setting for other flow- 488 DIOSMA DIOSPYROS ers in the same manner and for the same purpose as Stevia is used, to give that necessary grace and artistic effect to the whole. This species, likemost of the genus, has an agreeable aromatic fragrance in the foliage. It is a strong grower, loose and heath-like in habit and 716. Native Persimmon— Diospyros Virginiana. Nearly natural size. foliage, iis the specific name indicates ; flowers white and small, one or more on the points of tiny branehlets. While Diosmas undoubtedly do best in soilsuitable for heaths, that is, soil composed largely of fibrous peat, they are not nearly so exacting in their requirements in this respect, and can be grown in good fibrous loam and leaf-mold in equal parts, with considerable clean, sharp sand added thereto. The plants should be cut back rather severely after flowering to keep them low and bushy; this refers more particularly to the above species, other members of the genus being of more compact growth and needing very little corrective cutting to keep them in shape. Diosma capitata (now Ardouinia capitafa) is a fine ex- ample of the latter class, and is a nmch better one than D. ericoides for exhibition and show purposes; flowers pinkish lilac, in corymbs of many flowers. The propa- gation of Diosmas by cuttings is similar to that of heaths, but much easier with the same amount of care. The best ma^^erial for cuttings is young wood, when not too soft or too hard. Kekxeth Finlavson'. The Diosma capitata referred to above was described by Linnteus. but is now referred to Ardnuinin capifntn, Brongn., which belongs in miifferent order (BrnniUceiP) and even in a different subclass of the Dicotyledons. It is a heath-like shrub 2-3 ft. high, with erect branches and somewhat whorled, mostly clustered branches: Ivs! spirally arranged, stalkless, overlapping, linear,3-angled, roughish, with 2 grooves beneath: fls. crimson (accord- ing to Flora Capensis), crowded into oblong, spike-like terminal beads. Generic characters are calyx adhering to the ovary, 5-cleft, segments large, overlapping: petals with a long, 2-keeled claw, nnd a spreading, roundish limb ; stamens included: ovarv half inferior,3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style H-angled, with 3 small, papilla-like stigmas. This plant is not advertised for sale in America. ericoldes, Linn. Much-branched: branches and twigs quite glabrous : Ivs. alternate, crowded, recurved-spreading, oblong, obtuse, keeled, pointless, glabrous : fls. terminal, 2-3 together, with very short pedicels; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse; petals elliptic-oblong, ob- tuse. B.M. 2;K{2 under this name is in realty I), ml- garis, var. longi folia. D. fragrans, Sims. =• Adenandra fragrans.— D. rultjaris, Schlei'ht., has narrower Ivs. than I), ericoides, and they are ai'ute: branehlets minutely pulieseent: Ivs. scattered, rarely opposite, linear, convex-earinate. subiilate-acuminate. There are 5 well-marked botanical varieties. y^^ -^j DIOSF^BOS {Dios, Jove^a, pyros, grain; alluding to its edible fruit). Kbeudceip. Persimmon. Ebony. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite, entire Ivs., deciduous or persistent, without stipules: fls. dioe- cious or polygamous in few ormany-fld., axillary cymes, the pistillate often solitary, yellowish or whitish: calyx and corolla 3-7-, usually 4-lobed ; stamens usually h-h\, included: fr. a large, juicy berry, 1-10-seeded, bearing usually the enlarged calyx at the base; seed flat, rather large. About 180 species in the tropics, few in colder climates. The few cultivated species are ornamental trees, with handsome, lustrous foliatre, rarely attacked by insects and with decorative and edible fr. The only species which is tolerably hardy north is />. Vinjiviann, while D. Ktiki, much cultivated in Japan for its large, edible fruits, is hanly only in the southern states. Most ;pecies have valuable hard and close-grained wood, and that of some tropical species is known as ebony. They thrive in almost any soil, but require, in cooler climates, sheltered and sunny positions. Prop, by seeds and by cuttings of half-ripened wood or layers ; the tropical species bj* cuttings of mature wood in spring, with bottom heat; the fruit-bearing varieties are usually grafted or budded on seedling stock of D, Virginiana. See Persimmon. Virginiilna, Linn. Commox Persimmon. Fig. 716. Tree, to 50 ft., rarely to 100 ft., with round-topped head and spreading, often pendulous branches: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, acuminate, shining above, glabrous at length or pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long : fls. short-stalked, greenish yellow, staminate in 3's, 3^ in. long, with 16 stamens; pistillate solitary, larger, with 4 2-lobed styles, connate at the base: fr. globose or obovate, plum-like, with the enlarged calyx at the base, l-lj^in. in diam., pale orange, often with red cheek, edible, varying in size, color and flavor. June. Conn, to Fla., west to Kans. andTex. S.S. 6:2.^2, 253. G.F. 8:265. Mn. 4:2L Ldtus, Linn. Round-headed tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. ellip- tic or oblong, acuminate, pubescent, often glabrous above at length, 3-5 in. long: fls. reddish white, staminate in 3's, with 16 stamens, pistillate solitary: fr. black when ripe, globular, ^^-?4 in. in diam., edible. June. W. Asia to China. A.G. 12:460. KAki, Linn. f. Kaki. Fig. 717. Tree, to 40 ft., with round head : Ivs. ovate-elliptic, oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above, sparingly hairy or glabrous beneath, 3-7 in. long : fls. yellowish v;hite, staminate with 16-24 stamens, pistil- late to ^4 in. long; styles divided to the base, pubescent : fr. large, IV2-3 in. across, very variable in shape and size, mostly resembling a tomato. June. Jap.. China. R.H. 1870, pp. 412, 413 ; 1872, pp. 254, 255 (as D. Box- DIOSPYROS DIPLADENIA 489 burghi). — ya.r. oost^ta, Mast. Fr. large, depressed, globular, orange-red, with 4 furrows. R.H. 1870:410. G.C. 11.4:777; III. 9:171 ; 13:51. Gn. 49, p. 171. Var. Maz^li, Mouillef. Fr. orange-yellow, with 8 furrows. R.H. 1874:70. Other varieties are figured in R.H. 1872, p. 2r>4; 1878:470; 1887; 348; 1888:60, and A.G. 12:331-8, 459-(>2. A very desirable an<l beautiful fruit- bearing tree for the southern states, where a number of different varieties introduced from Jap. are cultivated, but the hardier varieties from the north of Jap. and China.which are likely to be hardy north to New England, seem hitherto not to have been intro(iuced. Fig. 715 is from Georgeson's articles in A.G. 1891. AA. Jjvt. small, obtuse or emarginate : corolla and calyx 5-lobed. Tez^na, Scheele (/>. Mexicdna, Scheele MS.). Small tree, intricately branched, rarely to 40 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, pubescent below, 1-2 in. long: Hs. with the Ivs., pubescent, on branches of the previous year, .staminate with 16 stamens, pistillate with 4 pu- bescent styles, connate at the base: fr. black, %-l in. indiam. Spring. Tex., N. Mex. S.S. 6:254. D. Eb^nuin, Koenitr. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. elliptic -oblong, bluntly acuminate, glabrous: fls. white, staminate, in short ra- cemes. E. Ind., C*»ylon. For cult, in hothoiises or tropical cli- mates. This species is said to jield the best eljony. Alfred Rehder. A cultivated fruit of Kaki Nearly natural size. BIFCADI (meaning uncertain). Lilihcea. Tender bulbous plants of minor importance, allied to Galtonia, with radical, thickish, narrowly linear Ivs. and loose racemes of odd-colored fls, on leafless scapes. About 20 species in southern Europe, tropical and south Africa and India. During the winter, their resting time, the bulbs should be kept dry. A compost of light, sandy loam and leaf -mold has been recommended. Latest mon- ograph in Latin, 1871, by J. G. Baker, in Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:395: the South African species in English by Baker, in Flora Capensis, vol. 6 (18%-7). A. All perianth-segments equally long. (Tricharis.) serdtintun, Medic. Lvs. 5-6, fleshy-herbaceous, gla- brous, narrowly linear, 6-12 in. long, 2-3 lines wide near the base, channeled on the face: scape 4-12 in. long: ra- ceme loose, 4-12-fld.: bracts lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, longer than the pedicels: perianth greenish brown, .">-G lines long:ovarv sessile or subsessile. S. Eu., N. Afr. B.M. 859. AA. Outer perianth-segments longer than the inner and tailed. filamentdsum, Medic. (D. vlride, Moeuch). Lvs. 5-6, fleshy-iierbaceous, narrowly linear, glabrous, 1 ft. long, l>^-3 lines wide near the base: scape 1-2 ft. high: raceme loose, 6-15-fld. : bracts linear-acuminate, 4-6 lines long: perianth green, 12-15 lines long, outer segments 4-6 lines longer than the inner: capsule sessile. S. Afr. W. M. DIPHTLL£IA (Greek, double leaf). Berberiddcea- Umbrella Leaf. An interesting hardy perennial herb with thick, creeping, jointed, knotty rootstocks, send- ing up each either a huge peltate, cut-lobed, umbrella- like, radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar ( but smaller and more 2-cleftj alter- nate lvs., which are peltate near one margin, and a terminal cyme of white fls.: sepals 6, fugacious: petals and stamens 6 : ovules 5 or 6 : berries globose, few- seeded. This is one of many genera having only 2 spe- cies, one of which is found in N. E. North America, the other in Japan. There is a wonderful similarity between the floras of these 2 regions, and few areas have pro- duced so many plants esteemed in cultivation. cymdsa, Michx. Root-lvs. 1-2 ft. across, 2-cleft, each division 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed: berries blue. May. Wet or spriiitry places in Alleghanies from Va. south. B.M. lt)66. — Int. into general trade by H. P. Keisey. Grows readily in dry soil under cultivation, but is dwarf. DIFLAD£NIA {Greek, double gland, referring to the two glands of the ovary, which distinguish this genus from Echites ) . A pocy ndeece . A charming genus of coolhouse twiners, mostly from Brazil, with large, showy more or less funnel-shaped lis. having a remarkable range of color, rarely white or dark red, but especially rich in rosy shades and with throats'often brilliantly colored with yellow. The buds, too, are charming. The genus is fully as interesting as Allamanda, which belongs to another tribe of the same order. Other allied genera of irreat garden interest are Echites, Ontadenia, Mandevilla and Urechites. Some species are naturally erect bushes, at least when young, and many can be trained to the bush form. The group is a most tempting one to the hybridizer. An all-yellow- flowered kind is desirable. Many names appear in European catalogues, but they are badly mixed, as the genus greatly needs a complete botanical re- vision. Very many pictures are found in the European horticultural periodi- cals. Several prizes for American seed- lings have been taken at Boston, by Geo. McWilliam, Whitinsville, Mass., who has given a full account of his cultural methods in Gardening, 5:18 (1896). W. M. Although Dipladenias are natives of the tropics, they grow at high altitudes, and it is a mistake to keep them in close, steaming hothouses, as many gardeners do in the Old World. The writer has kept them in a house whose temperature was never above 50° F., and fre- quently went down to 40° on winter nights. Cuttings should be rootedin winter, and the young plants planted outdoors during the summer, being careful not to bury the crowns deep in the soil. They can endure 5 degrees of frost without losing their foliage, but even after 7 degrees of frost and complete loss of foliage, the plants have been lifted, brought into the greenhouse, and flowered with success. A good specinien will have 50-80 open fls. at one time. Tufts of fern root are ex- cellent for potting soil, with some sharp sand added. A fine specimen may be grown in a pan 2 ft. across and 9 in. deep. Plants never need shading. In late fall, as the nights get cooler, the water supply may be gradually reduced until the middle of November, when water is 490 DIPLADENIA DIPLADEXIA used sparingly until it is desired to start the plants into fresh growth. For points concerning training and pruning, consult Gn. 5:18. qeo. McWilliam. Few tropical plants excel the Dipladenias as green- house twining plants, their handsome sprays of flowers being produced in profusion from May to November, when well grown. The usual method of propagation is by 1- or 2-jointed cuttings of the well ripened growths inserted in sand with brisk bottom heat, when they will usually root very readily. Seeds are not often produced in this genus, though occasionally well grown plants will produce seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, in pans of light, peaty soil, with a goodly proportion of silver sand mixed with it, and the pans placed in a warm, moist atmosphere. If given good attention the seedlings will flower the first year. Dipladenias thrive best when potted in fern or kalmia root fiber only. The potting should be atten.led to in early spring, just before active growth commences. Care must be taken not to injure their tuberous roots, as this will result in weak- ening very materially the vitality of the plants. Great care must also bo exercised in watering until the plants are in active growth, when they will require an abun- dance of water at the roots; they are also greatly bene- fited by an occasional watering of clear liquid cow- or sheep-manure water. Frequent spraying of the foliage will also be necessary to keep down the attacks of in- sects. Dipladenias do best when grown in full sunlight, the roof of an unshaded greenhouse being well suited to them. The pots should be covered with some non- conducting material, however, such as sphagnum moss, to prevent injury to the roots by the heat of the sun. As soon as the season of blossoming is past, the plants should be cut back, and allowed to rest by gradually withholding the water, keeping them during the winter almost dry in a temp, of 55°. Edward J. Caxntxg. The following kinds sold in America are presumably horticultural varieties which have been insuflBciently described: D. amdbilig. Lvs. short-stalked, oblong, acute: fls. rosy crim- son, 4-5 in. across; corolla lobes very round and stiff. See tin. 51, p. 227. Said to be a hybrid of D. crassinoda and D. splen- dens.— D. Brearleyana. Lvs. oblong, acute, dark green: fls. pink at first, changing to rich crimson, very large. Gn. 51,p. 226.—/). eximia. A recent hybrid.—/), hybrida. Lvs. large, stout, bright green : fls. flaming crimson red. — D. itisignis. Stout growing; foliage strong; fls. rosy piirple. A. Fl.t. dark purple. atropurptirea, DC. Glabrous, lvs. ovate, acute: ra- cemes axillary, 'J-fld. : peduncles a little longer than the lvs.; pedicels twisted, bracted; calyx lobes lanceolate- acuminate, a little shorter than the pedicel, and a third as long as the cylindrical part of the corolla; corolla tube funnel-shaped above tlie middle; lobes triangular, wavv, spreading, shorter than the dilated part of the tube. Brazil. B.R. 29:27. Gn. 44:9.'J7. LH. 42:33. Gt. 43, p. 548. — Lvs. about 2 in. long, acute at the very base: petiole }4 in. long; corolla dark purple inside and out; tube 2 in. long. None of the pictures cited above show the fleshy, spreading, scale-like stipules nearly as long as the petioles which De Candolle says are characteristic of the subgenus Micradenia. F.S. 1:33 is said to be JD. atroviolacea of the subgenus Eudipladenia, in which the stipules are absent or else small and erect. The plate shows a strongly ribbed corolla-tube and lvs. cordate at the base. AA. Fls. white: throat yellow inside. Bolivi^nsis, Hook. Glabrous: stems slender: lvs. pe- tioled, 2-3 % in. long, oblong, acuminate, acute at base, bright green and glossy above, pale beneath; stipules none: racemes axillary, 3— 4-fld. : peduncles much shorter than the lvs., about as long as petioles and pedici-ls: bracts minute at the base of the twisted pedicels: calyx lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 lines long: corolla almost sal- ver-shaped, tube and throat slender and cylindrical, the former }4 in. long, the latter twice as long and half as broad again : limb 1 % in. across ; lobes broadly ovate, more acuminate than in D. atropurptirea. Bolivia. B.M. 5783. Gn.'44:922. Gng. 7:.342. Fls. •»VJ»«.' throat deep ro»e or purple within, whitish outside. ipl^ndenf, DC. Fig. 718. Stem glabrous: lvs. sub- sessile, elliptic-acuminate, cordate at the base, wavy, pubescent, especially beneath, veins elevated, numer- ous: racemes axillary, longer than the lvs., 4-<»-fld,: calyx lobes red-tipped, awl-shaped, as long as the cylin- drical part of the corolla tube, which Is half the length of the funnel-shaped portion: l<>bes of the limb rotund, subacute, almost as long as the tube. Brazil. Lvs. 4-8 in. long, 1 3^-3 in. wide, pedicels '-i-l in. long: corolla tube 1 % in. long, white outside, lobes rosy, throat deeper, almost purple. Brazil. B.M. ."WTfi. F\S. 1:34 shows a yellow throated form. Var. profilBa, Rod. ( D. profusa, Hort.), has larger and brighter rosy fls., lineil with yellow inside, the outside of the tube rosy except 718. Dipladenia splendens (XK)- at the ba.se, which is yellow. LH. 30:491. — Int. by B. S. Williams. D. amdbilis, Hort., is said to be a hybrid of D. crassinoda and Z>. splendens. I.H. 27:39(3, shows a 12-fld. raceme with exceptionally bright red fls. AAAA. Fls. salmon-colored: throat yellow inside and out. uroph^lla, Hook. Named for the long, narrow apex of the leaf. Glabrous, erect bush, not a vine : branches numerous, swollen at the joints: lvs. ovate-oblong, ob- tuse at the base, suddenly narrowed at the apex into a narrow point % in. long; peduncles long, drooping, flex- uose: -acemes axillary, 4-6-fld.: calyx segments awl- shaped: corolla dull yellow outside, deeper and brighter yellow within; tube cylindrical in lower third, then swelling into an almost bell-shaped throat; lobes of the limb salmon inclined to purple, acute. Brazil. B.M. 4414. P.M. 16:66. F.S. 5:425. D. crassinoda, DC. Glabrous: stem much branched, with many nodes: lvs. lanceolate, acute or almost acuminate, acute at the base, shining and leathery on both sides: racemes axil- lary, about 6-rtd. : calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, a little shorter than the cylindrical part of the corolla tube, 2 or 3 times shorter than the pedicel; corolla tube bell-shaped above the midtlle; lobes obovateorbicidar. The above is the original description by De (^andolle, who adds that the lvs. are 3-3?^ in. long, %-\ in. wide, petiole 2-3 lines long: stipules interpetiolar, with 4 short cuspidate teeth. The plant pictured in B.R. .30:64 was renamed D. Lindleyi by Lemaire chiefly for its pilose stem and stellate-lobed stipiileB. Later authorities refer B.R. 30:64 DIPLADENIA DIPSACUS 491 to D. Martiana. F.S. 22:2:j10 may be the same plant aa B.R. 30:64. but with variable Ivs. and stipules. The plant was prizeil for its deli<'»te colors, being white at llrst, then shot with soft rose like a rtame tulip, and tlnaily a deep rose. Only one dower in a raceme was open at a time, and each lasted 8 or 9 days, throat orange inside. D. crassinoda is said to be a parent, with I), splendena. of D. amabilis. (On. +4, p. 141.) />. Hdr- ritii, Hook.=Odontadenla spet-iosa. — i>. illuatri*, DC. Gla- brous or pul>e8cent: Ivs. oblong or rotund, obtuse or nearly acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, many nerved; stipules none: petiole short: racemes terminal. 4-8-fld.: fls. rosy, throat yellow inside, purple at the mouth: corolla tube cylindrical to the middle, then funnel-shaped; limb 3-3 H»n. across, lobes rosy, orbicular-ovate, obtuse. Brazil. F.S. 3:256. Var. glabra, Muell. Arg. B.M. IVi&.—D. Sdnderi. Hems., has flesh-colored fls. with throat yellow inside, and outside at the base has smaller Ivs. than I), illustris, and no circle of purple at the mouth of the fl. On. 51:1111. W. M. DIPLABBH^NA (Greek, two anthers; the third being imperfect). Iriddcece. Only 2 species of tender plants from Australia and Tasmania. They belong to the same subtribe with our native Blue-eyed (irass, Sisyrinchium. Rhizomes short: stems terminal, erect, simple or some- what branched: Ivs. In a tuft, narrow, rigid, acuminate, equitant: spatheterminal, rigid, acuminate: fls. whitish; perianth without any tube over the ovary; segments un- equal, inner ones shorter, connivent: upper stamen im- perfect. This plant is advertised in the American edi- tion of a Dutch bulb dealer's catalogue. Morsa, Labill. Stems lJ^-2 ft. long, with a single terminal cluster, and several sheathing bracts: Ivs, 6-8 in a tuft, 1-m ft. long, H-^a in. wide: spathes cylindri- cal, 2-3 fid., 2 in. long. DI?LAZinM (Greek, doubled). Polypodidrece. A genus oi' rather large, coarse ferns allied to Asplenium, out with the mdusia often double, extending to both sides of some of the veins, which are unconnected. Eighty or more species are found, mostly in the warmer portions of the world. For culture, see Ferns. A. Lfs. simple: low plants. l&nceum, Thunb. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, %-l in. wide, narrowed upward and downward, the margin mostly en- tire; sori reaching nearer to the edge than the midrib. India, China, Japan. AA. Lvs. pinnate, with the pinnce deeply lobed: rootstock not rising to form a trunk. arbdrenm, Willd. Lvs. 12 -1S in. long, 6-8 in. wide, with a distinct auricle or lobe at the base. The habit i.s not arboreous, as originally supposed, and as the name would indicate; quite near the next, but less deeply cut. West Indies and Venezuela. Bh6pherdi, Spreng. {Asplenium Sh^pherdi, Spreng. ). Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-9 in. broad, deeply lobed, the lobes at the base sometimes reaching down to the rachis, some- what toothed and often ]4 in. broad ; sori long-linear. Cuba and Mexico to Brazil. AAA. Zfvs. bipintiate: trunk someivhat arborescent. latifdlium, Moore {Asplenium latifdlium, Don). Caudex erect, somewhat arborescent: lvs. .'{-4 ft. long. 12-18 in. wide, with about 12 pinnse on either side. India, China and the Philip- P*°^S- L. M. UXDEKWOOD. mum, which is found along the coast of Brazil, ia but 10 feet in height when fully «levtloped. This genus i.s with- out spines, the leaves being pinnate, very dark green on the upper side and usually covered with white tomentum on the under side, the pinnae being clustered along the midrib in most instances. In a very young plant of this genus the ultimate character is not at all apparent from the fact that the seedling plants have undivided or simple leaves, this characteristic frequently obtaining in the case of D. cnudescens until the plant is strong enough to produce leaves 4 or 'i feet long. A warm greenhouse, rich soil and a plentiful supply of water are among the chief requisites for the succes-sful culture of Diplothe- miums. 1). caudescens is the best known of the genus, and where space may b» had for its free development it is one of the handsome.«it palms in cultivation. caud^Bcens, Mart. {Cerdxylon nivenm, Uort.). Wax Palm. Stem 12-20 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick, remotely ringed, often swollen at the middle: lvs. 9-12 ft., short petioled; segments 70-90 on each side, ensiform. densely waxy white below, the middle ones 24-28 in. long, 1% in. wide, the upper and lower ones shorter and narrower, all obtuse at the apex. Brazil. R.H. 1876, p. 2.'{5. Jaked G. Smith and W. H. Taplin. DtFSACUS (to thirst, from the Greek: the bases of the connate lvs. in some species hold water). DipsAcea. Teasel. Perhaps 15 species of tall, stout biennial or DIPLOTHfiMIUM (Greek, double sheathed). Pal- mdicece, tribe Cocoinece. Spineless palms, low or stem- less, or often with ringed, stout, solitary or fascicled trunks. Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect; segments crowded, lanceolate or ensiform, acuminate, glaucous or silvery beneath, margins recurved at the base, midnerve promi- nent : rachis 2-faced, strongly laterally compressed ; petiole concave above: sheath fibrous, open: spadices erect, long or short-peduncled, strict, thickish: spathes 2, the lower coriaceous, tiie upper cymbiform, beaked, ventrally dehiscent: bracts short, coriaceous: fls. rather large, cream colored or yellow: fr. ovoid or obovoid, small. Species 5. Brazil. Diplothemium is a small genus of very handsome palms. In size the members of this genus seem to vary as much as those included in the Cocos group. D. mariti- 719. Fuller's Teasel— Dipsacus Fullonum {X%). perennial herbs of the Old W^orld. The fls. are small and in dense heads, like those of compositous plants, but the ai.thers are not anited (or syngene.sious) as they are in the Compositfe. One species, />. sylv'stris, Mill., is an introduced weed along roadsides in the northeastern states and Ohio valley. It is biennial, the stem arising the second year and reaching a height of 5 or 6 ft. It is said to be a good bee plant. The Fuller's Teasel, I>. Fulldnum, Linn. (Fig. 719), is probably de- rived from the former, and differs from it chiefly in the very strong and hooked floral scales. These scales give the head its value for the teasing or raising: the nap on woolen cloth, for which no machinery is so efficient. This plant is grown commercially in a limited area in central New York. l. h, B. 492 DIRCA DlBCA (Greek, from dirke, a fountain; referring to the plant an growing in moist places). Thymeltedet(i>. Two species of North American shrubs, with tough, fibrous baric, alternate, thin, short, entire, petiolate, de- ciduous Iv8., apetalous perfect tis. in peduncled fascicles of the previous season's growth, the branches develop- ing subsequently from the same n<><Ies : calyx corolla-like, yellowish, carapauulate, undulately obscurely 4-toothed, bearing twice as many exserted sfaraens as its lobes (usually 8): ovary nearly sessile, free. 1-loculed, witha single hanging ovule; style exserted, fliiform: fr. berry- like, oval-oblong. Hardy deciduous branching ^hrubs, often with the habit of miniature trees. Dark ' inter- laced, strong fibers, and branches so tough and flexible that they may be bent into hoops and thonsjs without breaking. So used by tne Indians and early settlers. The Leatherwood is not one of the showiest of hardy shrubs, but its small, yellowish flowers are abundant enough to make it attractive, and it deserves cultivation especially for the earliness of its bloom in spring. It is of slow growth, and. when planted singly, makes a com- pact miniature tree; planted in masses or under shade it assumes a straggling habit. It thrives in any moist loam. Prop, by seeds, which are abun«lant and germi- nate readily: also by layers. Leatherwood— Dirca palustris {X%). paluBtris, Linn. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Fig. 720. A shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with numerous branches having scars which make them appear as if jointed, at the beginning of each annual growth, and with yellow- brown glabrous twigs: Ivs. oval or obovate, with obtuse apex, 2-3 in. long, green and smooth above, whitish and downy below, becoming smooth, the base of the petiole covering buds of the next season: fls. yellowish, abun- dant enough to be attractive, nearly sessile, ^in. long, falling as the Ivs. expand: fr. hidden by the abundant foliage, egg- or top-shaped, 3^ in. long, reddish or pale green. Woods and thickets, mostlv in wet soil N. and S. B.R. 4:292. -Common. D. occidentdlis. A. Gray. A similar species fouml on the Pacific coast, differs mainly in the deeper calyx-lobes, lower insertion of the stamens, sessile flowers, and white involucre. Not in the trade, but worthy of cult. a. Phelps Wyman. DtSA (origin of name unknown). Orchiddcece, tribe Ophrydeas. One hundred or more terrestrial orchids, mostly S. African, of which several are known to fan- ciers, but only one of which is in the Amer. trade. Sepals free, spreading, upper one galeate, produced in a horn or spur at the base; petals inconspicuous, small, adnate to the base of the column. The species described below is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of known orchids, but as yet difiicult to manage under artiflc •'I conditions. grandifldra, Linn. Flower of the Oods. Rootstock tuberous: stems 1 ft. or more high, unbranched: Ivs. dark green: fls. several; upper sepal hood-like or gale- ate, 3 in. long, rose-color, with branching crimson veins ; lateral sepals slightly shorter, brilliant carmine-red; petals and labellum orange, inconspicuous. S. Afr. B.M.4073. G.C.II. 18:521; 111.9:365. Oakes Ames. DISEASES William Watson, in Garden aud Forest 9: 284, says of Disa : "They all require cool-greenhouse treatment, plenty of water, an open, peaty soil and shade from direct sunshine. As soon as the plants have flowered, they are shaken out of the soil, the suckers taken off, and potted singly in small pots and watered liberally. In November they are asjain potted into 3-inch pots, in which they remain until they flower. They make a display of flowers for about two months." In G.F. 7: 324, Watson writes of D. KeweHne: "This is a beautiful hybrid, which is as easily grown as any orchid I know of, and multiplies itself by means of offsets with all the pro«lijfalitv of Couch Grass. Many connoisseurs declare it is the best of all Disas. ***/>. Veitchii is a noble plant, and almost as free as D. Ken'enite. I wouM recommend all grower? of orchicls to procure both and propagate them as rapidly as possible. • * • The Kew plants are in 4-inch pots, and each bears a spike 18 inches high with from 10 to 20 flowers, each 2 inches across." For portrait of D. Kewense, see G.C. IIL, 18: 273. OISANTHUS (Greek, din, twice, and anthos, flower; the tls. being in 2-fld. heads). Uamamelidclcece. Shrub', with alternate, deciduous, entire, long-petioled Ivs.: fls! similar to those of Hamamelis, but borne in pairs on erect axillary peduncles and connate back to back: cap- sule 2-celled, with several seeds in each cell. The only species, O. cercidifdlioB, Maxim., is a shrub, with slender branches, 8-10 ft. high: Ivs. roundish-ovate, palraately nerved, \i-A in. long: fls. dark purple, in October. G.F. 6:215. Hardy ornamental shrub of elegant habit, with distinct, handsome foliage, turning to a beautiful claret- red or red and orange in fall. Prop, by seeds, germi- nating very slowly, and by layers ; probably also by grafting on Hamamelis. Alfred Rehder. DISEASES of plants are of many classes. The word disease as applied to plants is commonly associated with those manifestations which are the result of seriously disturbed nutrition, rather than with mere attacks of devouring insects. We might classify diseases, for hor- ticultural purposes, as those due to parasitic fungi (or fungous iliseases), those due to bacteria or germs, those due to nematodes or eel worms, and those which are as- sociated with disturbed or imperfect nutrition. To these four classes we shall now prive our attention: FrsiJous Diseases are those that are due to the inva- sion of tissue by fungi (see Fungus). All crop plants ar3 more or less subject to the pttack of chese insidious foes, and the havoc they bring is rarely fully appre- ciated. The chief lines of treatment with plants subject to injury from fungi are, first, to reduce the number of spores to a mmimum, and, secondly, to surround the plants with conditions unfavorable for their develop- ment and yet not to interfere with the growth of the plant itself. Fungi as a rule are fond of moisture and. there- fore, dry weather is an ally of the cultivator, while a sea- son with high humidity and a large rainfall is asso- ciated with an abundance of plant diseases. So long, therefore, as the weather is without man's control there will be an uncertain quantity in the problem of plant healthfulness. The Krowine: season for crop plants is practically the same as that for fungi, and during the winter inactivity prevails for both host and parasite. In other words, there are several months of the year when the fungi are either inactive in the host plant or lying dormant out- side of it, ready to begin their destructive work. When the plant is a perennial, the fungus may live over winter in its tissue, as is well illustrated in the black-knot, Plow- riijhtia morhoaa, of the plum and cherry. The swellings upon the twigs increase from year to year until the 3tem is pirdled or otherwise destroyed. The fungus is peren- nial, and every knot, unless the branch is dead, is the di- rect starting point for new growth. Along with this fact is the equally important one that in the hard, black crust of the excrescence there are innumerable spheri- cal pits in which countless spores pass the winter, and are ready to spread the disease *'o new. healthy twigs as the knot breaks up and fresh growth starts in the tree in ppring. In the light of the above facts, there are many reasons for destroying the knots upon a plum or DISEASES DISEASES 493 ni Colony of apple-scab. Natural size. cherry tree. Tbe limbs affected »re nractlcally worth- less, and by destroyint? tbera the disease js kept from spreading further in the branch and the forming spores are destroyed before they have an opportunity of get- tin/ a tootbold elsewhere. If the horticulturint understands the methods of growth and propagation of a destructive fungus, he is better able to take tbe step that may lead to the eradication of the pest. Let another example * ~^- be tn' en, namely, the apple- leaf rust, which in some parts of the country is a serious menace to the orcbardist. It is recognized as yellow blotches upon the foliage, fol- lowed by groups of deep cups in the under half of the leaf tissue, where otange-colored spores are produced in great abundance. The life cycle of this fungus, Gynnioxporan- gium macropua, involves two hosts; that is, it lives in one stage upon the common red cedar and in the next it infests the apple tree. Upon the cedar the fungus, forn-s galls of a chocolate color half an inch or more in diameter, which during the spring rains become swollen and have a gelatinous exterior. In this jelly the spores are pro- duced that find their way to the apple tree and there form, after vegetating for a few days, the destructive rust. It is seen that in a case like this the most impor- tant thing is to destroy the cedar-galls, for in them the funtrus passes the winter; and this can be done by picking and burning. To those who do not set a high value upon their cedar trees, the end may be accomplished by removing the cedar trees that stand at all near the infested orchard. But there are many destructive fungi that pass their whole life upon the same plant, and the method men- tioned for the apple rust would not obtain. In many such cases the use of fungicides has proved ef- fective. The apple-scab (Fig. 721), due to a fungus {Fusicla- diiim dendriticum), is a good case in point. It infests both the leaf and the f niit. caus- ing irregular blotches upon 722. Peaches of last year's crop still haneing on the tree. attacked by monilia {X%). The branch is dead from the effects of the fungus. both, and frequently destroying the crop. Many ex- periments have demonstrated that this scab-produc- ing fungus can be kept down by the use of the Bordeaux mixture and various other similar substances. Tbe fun- gus thriTes below the skin of the fniit and the epider- mis of the leaf, producing spores in abundance upon the surface. The funi^icide, when left in a thin tilm upon the susceptible surface, prevents the germination of the spores and the extrance of the fungus. It likewise may kill the spores in the places where they are formed and before they have been transplanted to another part of the plant. The fungicide cannot act as a cure in the sense of replacing tlie diseased, by healthy tissue, but may, by destroying the spores, so prevent the spread that the healthy parts may predominate. In the case of foli- age, the spraying is chieHy preventive, and should be particularly directed to the younger leaves, the older ones, with the fungus already established in them, in time falling away. With the ordinary fruits there is no 723. Effects of the leaf-curl fungus on peach foliage (X H). such succession, and the aim is to have each apple or pear coated with the fungicide. As a rule a fungus that attacks the fruit also infests the lea' es, and may likewise thrive in the stems. From this it 's gathered that the spray should be very thoroughly applied to all parts of the plant, in order that the foliage may be kept in vigor and make the required food sub- stances for the growth of the fruit, and the latter saved from decay due to direct attack of the fungvms germs. But this is not enough. From what has been remarked concerning the hibernation of fungi, it goes without long argument that much can be done by thorough sanitation in the orchard and fruit garden when the crop is off and the plants are at rest. In short, the foliage of a blighte*! orchard or vineyard is too important to be overlooked in considering the subject of fungous diseases. The pear leaves, for example, may be infested with the leaf-spot, Entomosporium maeulatum, and spraying may have kept them from falling prematurely and a good crop saved thereby, but the old leaves, as they drop in autumn, are more or less infested with the disease, and, as far as pos- sible, should be destroyed before the winds have scat- tered them. In the same way the black-rot of the grape (Lasiadia BidwrCii) maybe carried over in the foli- age and the mummy berries that are left tipon the vines. Here, again, the spray pumps can.be largely supple- mented by picking, pruning and burning. In the winter care of vineyards we can take a lesson from the grape growers of Europe, where much care is taken to clean up after every crop. They do not stop with the gather- ing of tbe refuse, but spray the leafless vines in win- ter, and the trellises as well, with Bordeaux or plain solution of cupr'c sulfate. The subject of remedies for fungous diseases would be slighted were not emphatic words used in tiiis connection. It is folly to delay the 494 DISEASES DISEASES use of remedial measures until after the fungi are in evidence. With many quicli-acting diseases it is then too late, and in fact with some the spray pump, when the trees are in full leaf and fruit, is of secondary impor- tance. The fruit-rot or graj' mold [Monilia fructi(jena) of the cherry, plum and peach is of this type. To eradi- cate this pest, it is not enough to wait until the disease is in the trees, for then, if the weather is warm and moist, the crop is destroyed. Here, again, the work of prevention should begin the w^inter before; by destroy- ing all mummy fruit (Fig. 722) and blighted branches the disease is attacked at its weakest point. Another point in this connection that must be kept in mind is the general health of the plant. Every tree or shrub should be well nourished and come to its ap- pointed task in good health. This means the best fomi of the plant for the purposes intended, obtained by the use of the pruning knife or other means. Fungi do not love the sunshine half as well as the shade, and an open-tcpped tree needs less spraying than one with the branches crowded. This will also obviate in some measure another point of weakness, namely, overload- ing. A peach tree attempting to carry a double comple- ment of fruit will breed more decayed fruit and foliage than many that are not overloaded. Thinning, in other words, is often as essential to healthfulness as spraying, and a congenial soil and situation are more important than either. Naturally, the question of remedies for fun- gous diseases comes in only after all the conditions for the best growth of the plants have been met. The number of fungi injuric'is to the horticulturist is large, and space permits of the mention of but a few under the several crops. Apples: Aside from the rust and scab used above for general illustration, there are the ripe-rot (Gloeosporium frtictigevum) ; powdery mil- dew (PodospJurra Oxyacanthce), and the fire-blight {Ba- cillus amylororus). The first of the three grows also upon the grape, and the fire-blight attacks the pear and the quince, upon the former being a serious enemy. In this fire-blight we have a bacterial disease in plants, that resides during the winter in the twigs, and is con- veyed to flowers by insects which gather on the v^oze of cracked, blighted stems in spring. All such diseased branches should have been previously removed. Quinces: The black-rot {Sphffropsis malorum) and rust (BcEstelia aurantiaca, are often destructive. Plums, in addition to the black-knot, have leaf-blight ( CylindrosporinmPadi) , while the cherry has the ''shot- hole" fungus ( Septoria cerasina). Peaches are some- times much afflicted with the leaf-curl ( Exoascun deform- ans, Fig, 723), and the scab or "gray back" {Cladoxpo- The affected trees produce tufts of smai oranches upon the older branches, with slender leaves, known as "Pen- nyroyal sprouts" or "willow shoots," Trees with these "bushes" are fit subjects for the burn heap. Of the small fruits, the grape leads in the number of fungi, the black-rot and ripe-rot previously mentioned being among the hief, while the authracnose {Sphace- 724. Currant foliaee attacked by the leaf-spot fundus (X J^). rinm curpophilum). The most obscure disease of the peach is the "yellows," a name given to a contagious disorder that manifests itself in a premature ripening of thefruit, which takes on an unnatural spotting of red or purple, with the flesh streaked and the taste insipid. "35. Strawberry leaf rolled up from the attack of the leaf-blight. Natural size. loma atnpelinf n) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viti- cola) are quite destructive. Blackberries and raspber- rise suffer from similar diseases, the leading ones be- ing the rust (Puccinia Peckiana ), requiring the destruc- tion, root and branch, of the infested plants, and the an- thracnose (Ghjeosporium tvijc/um), amenable to spray- ing. Currants and gooseberries are similarly akin, and have nearly the same fungi , as leaf-spot(<5>V/)^oWa liibis, Fig. 724) and anthracnose (Gl<eosporium Itibis), in ad- dition to which the gooseberry is badly troubled with a mildew {Sph(erotheca Mors-Uvif), that may be kept off by sulfide of potassium, one ounce to two gallons of water, as a spray. Strawberries have the leaf-blight (SphtvreUa Fragarice, Fig. 725) as the leading fungous trouble, and this sometimes requires heroic treatment, even to the burning over of the bed in autumn to de- stroy the infested leaves and the germs they contain. Annual Plants. In the previous discussion, peren- nial crop plants only have been considered. With the annuals the treatment is in large part the same, except that there are no live plants in winter to be considered, no stems and branches to be cleansed, and there is the very important difference that it is possible to grow the annuals upon new ground each season. While it is im- possible to move the vineyard or fruit garden, it should be the rule not to grow an annual upon the same piece of soil continuously. In one sense the grower can move away from his troubles by practicing a judicious rota- tion of Ci'ops. However, the truck grower and the gar- dener in a small way should not trust entirely to thi itinerancy, but instead should place the spraying ma- chine upon ♦he same footing as the plow or planter as a necessary implement; and as insects compete with fungi for the possession of his crops he should spray for both, and usually this can be done at the same time. The DISEASES DISEASES 495 «p aying of crops like potatoes, beans, egg-plants and celery, can be done with great rapidity with the cart machines. With the annual crops the idea of cleaning up and burning the rubbish should be enforceil as thoroughly as with the tree crops. The burn heap is a successful ally of the spray pump, and with the rotation suggested, growers of vegetables and vegetable fruits should hope to be exempt from serious fungous attacks, except when the weather is unusually favorable for the excessive de- velopment of blights and rots. Some of the leading fungous enemies upon the vege- table fruit plants are the &nthr&cuose iColletotrichuvt JLagenarium) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Phaseoli) of the bean, both held in check by Bordeaux; the leaf-spot {Ascochyta Pisi) and mildew {Erysiphe Martii) of the pea; leaf-spot {Septoria Lycop€rsici),hi&ck-rot (Mac- rosporium Tomato) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Solance- arnm) of the tomato; leaf-spot (PhyUosticta hortorum) and stem-rot (Nectria Ipomcra) of the egg-plant; and anthracnose {Colletotrichum Lagenarium) of melons and cucumbers. Among vegetables strictly so-called, there is the leaf- blight (Cercospora Apii) and bacteriosis of celery; mil- dew (Peronospora e^/wsa) of spinach; avaut (rrocystis Cepuliv) of onions; rust ( Puccinia Asparagi) of aspara- gus; club-root (PaLsmodiophora Brassica) of cabbage, and mildew (Breuiia Lactucce) of lettuce. The root crops have their subterranean fungous ene- mies, and for these a soil treatment is necessary. For the club-root of turnips and cabbage, named above, and allied plants, lime is a preventive when added to the soil, 35 bushels per acre; while the scab (Oospora scabies) of the round potato is checked by soaking the seed in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, or by flowers of sulfur added to the soil, 300 pounds per acre. The same treatment is effective for onion smut and the fungous diseases of the sweet potato. Use a new field each year whenever possible. In short, feed and care for the crops well, so that the plants will be perfectly at home in the place assigned them, and then use fungicides as an enlightened judgment dictates, not forgetting to destroy the autumn rubbish, the win- ter hiding places of the insidious germs of disease. See Put)gicide. Bacterial Diseases,— There is much damage done to higher plants bj' infesting bacteria. These low or- ganisms may flourish in leaf, stem or root, and with some crops they are widespread and destructive. One of the most prominent of the bacterial diseases is the fire-blight of the pear, apple and quince, due to the Bacillus amylovoruH, the germs of which multijily in the nectar of the blooms with great rapidity, and are carried from one flower to another by insects, and in this way an orchard may become infected. From the blossoms the disease extends downward into the b'-Pifhes or -uns in from lateral fruit-spurs and girdles It • Ihi?b9. i'he blight also enters through the tips of g- ,-,.^ !• -r nches, as in the nursery when plants are too 5-1. R i"* o- • flowers. This is "twig-blight," as dis- t I.: ' . ■»"! from "flower-blight," while a third form is a ', o. . "-.t," where the germs attack the main SI M ! the tree through the buds that may be found there. Warm, moist weather, with frequent showers, favor the spread of the disease, and with opposite con- ditions the germs may die out, even when in the cam- bium and protected by the bark. The germs, when they live over winter in the branch, may reach the surface as ooze from the blighted parts in spring and be carried by insects to the flower and other buds. As yet there is nothing better for a renjedy than the removal of the blighted twigs, cutting well below where the dead ad- joins the living bark. Trees highly fertilized with ni- trogenous manures are especially subject to blight and, therefoi-e, over-stimulation with manure is to be avoided, and upon very rich soil an orchard may do better in sod. The above is a fair type of the bacterial diseases of ligneous plants. Among the many upon herbs, there is one that is very destructive to tomatoes, the Bacillus solanaceanttn, which is recognized by a sudden wilting of the foliage, followed by a yellow or brown color. Here, again, the germs are transmitted by insects as Colorado and flea beetles. One of the chief preventive measures, therefore, is to protect the tomatoes by insec ticides, and when any plant is diseased it should be de- stroyed. Other plants allied to the tomato, as potato> egg-plant, petunias and the common weeds, as James- town weed, nightshade and ground cherry, are affected with the same disease; and, therefore, clean culture is demanded, and also a wide rotation of crops upon soil liable to bear infected plants. A similar bacterial disease is met with in sweet corn, due to Pseudomonas Hfewarti; while other species at- tack sorghum and a long list of field and garden crops, particularly the roots like beet, carrot, turnip and simi- lar plants, as the bean, onion and celery. Sprays do not seem to materially check these diseases, and the chief means of combating them are through soil sanitation and a judicious rotation. Nematodes.— There are many troubles experienced by plants that are due to animals. None of these are more abundant and destructive than the nematodes, namely, microscopic worms, that infest various parts of plants, but the roots in particular, when they cause en- largements known as root-galls. As the conditions of continued warmth and moisture favor tiiese eel worms, they are more frequently found in destructive numbers in the plant house. Roses are particularly subject to nematodes, which upon their roots cause a multitude of small swellings. The same is true of violets, with which they have been very serious at times. Cucumber, tomato, cyclamen, coleus (see Fig. 518, p. 351), and other plants are likewise attacked. It is thought that lime added to the soil has been bene- ficial, but the most effective method of exterminating these pests is by heating the soil by steam up to at least 180°-2r2°F. for one hour or more before being used in the pots or benches. The nematodes are killed by freez- ing, and probably on this accoimt the number of these worms in field crops is kept within bounds at the north, while they are a menace to field crops at the south. In greenhouse work, take care that no soil is used which has not been thoroughly frozen since it bore a crop of indoor stuff. Imperfect Nutrition. — There are doubtlo any ills of plants due directly to lack of proper ph on- ditions. Some are overfed, others are starved, .le are 726. Disease of Cucumber leaf (X 3aK The dying uiargin indi<*;ites that the trouhle is due to some interference with the food supply. drowned, and many perish from protracted thirst. Aside from all this, plants will sicken even when the ordinary conditions seem satisfactory. For some reason not easily assigned, a change will come over the plant, the activities of growth are checked or cease, and the plant dies and without any cause that falls under the previous heads. Some physiological defect is charged with the cause, and various terms have been used to conceal the manifest ignorance. The "yellows" of the peach seems 496 DISEASES DISPORUM to be one of this class, and is as interesting to the vege- table pathologist as it is destructive to the orchardist. The latest view of this particular form of disorder is that of the unorganized ferment, which by causing cer- tain chemical changes in the substances of the cells brings abet :ae peculiar and well marked malady of the "yel- lows. If we '■tart with the premise that there is a cer- tain smaii aniount of chemical ferment in all plants, it is only nece sary to have this increased to get the re- sults in ques.ion; and how to prevent this augmentation is the practical point at issue. This ferment in active form might be communicated from one plant to another by budding or grafting, and, instead of introducing liv- ing germs, it is a transmission of a germless ferment like diascase, that is found in seeds, and does its ap- pointed work as a solvent, in the period of germination. There are other disorders that are called "CEdema," or a dropsical form of disease. The tomato hi subject to this, and pelargoniums likewise. Tumors are formed, or the leaves bear translucent dots along the veins. This trouble is most apt to appear with greenhouse plants in early spring, and may be favored by lack of sun- shine, especially if the warm soil is wet and root action is excessive. The remedy lies in furnishing, so far as 727. A blight of grapes due to some constitutional disorder. Notice that the leaves die first at the edges (X%). possible, the conditions opposite to those above named. In general, it may be said that diseases which are due to germs or to malnutrition show the disorder more or less generally spread over the plant, rather than confined to local areas. For example, if the foliage shows a general wilting, it is evident that the trouble lies farther back than the leaves themselves. If one leaf begins to die all around the edge (as in Fig. 726), it is indication that the trouble is a cutting off of food supply in the entire leaf; the trouble may be near the base of the leaf, or farther back. After a time, the leaf becomes dry and brittle, and the winds break it. In Fig. 727 it is evident that the trouble is in the whole branch. Byron D. Halsted. DISHCLOTH GOUED. See Luffa. DISPOBIJM (Grcc!i. double pored). Lilidcece. Per- ennial herbs with the appearance of our much-loved eastern Bellwort or Uvularia. but distinguished by an indehiscent berry, while Uvularia has a capsule that splits down the back of each cell. In 1879, Bentham and Hooker proposed to include Prosartes in this genus. The American species of Prosartes are said by S. Watson to differ from the Asian ones in having their ovules himg from the top of the cell instead of ascending from the base, but in one American species, I), trachycarpa, they are fixed on the sides, as they are also in one Hinralayan species. The habit of all is said to be alike. Latest monograph of both genera by Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. 14:586, 588 ( 1875) ; of the American species of Prosartes by S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:270 (1879). These plants have been little tried in the eastern states, and are probably not hardy without some winter covering. A. l/vs. rarely cordate at base: stigma 3-cIeft. B. Perianth very broad and unequally rounded at the base. M6uziesii, Nicholson (P. M^nziesii, Don). More or less woolly-pubescent: stem 2-3 ft. long, forking, arch- ing above: Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acu- minate or the lowest acute, sessile, 2-3 in. long, often resin-dotted: fls. 1-3. greenish, from the topmost axils, nodding. 7-9 lines long: pe licels puberulous; perianth segments nearly erect, acute, 6-11 lines long; stamens a third shorter ; anthers included, \}4-2 times shorter than the filaments: berry 3-6 seeded: cells 1-2-seeded: fr. oblong-obovate, narrowed to a short beak. Calif, to B. C. BB. Perianth narrow and more wedge-shaped at the base. lanugindsum, Nicholson. Woolly-pubescent: Ivs. ob- long-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate: perianth-segments greenish, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, 6 or 7 lines long, stamens a third shorter; style and narrow ovary glabrous: capsule oblong-ovate, obtnsish or with a very short, stout beak, glabrous ; cells 1-2-seeded. W. N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn. B.M. 1490. -Int. by H. P. Kelsey. trachyc&rpum, Hook. & Jack. (P. trachycarpa, V^&tf<.). More or less pubescent: stem l-lVaft. high, forking, with foliage on the upper half: Ivs. ovate to oblong-laii- ceolate, acute or rarely acuminate, 2-4 in. long: pedicels pilose ; perianth-segments whitish, slightly spreading, more narrowly oblanceolate than in D. Memiesii, acute, 4-6 lines long, about as long as the stamens : berry many-seeded; cells 2-6-seeded: fr. broadly obovate, ob- tuse, rather deeply lobed, papillose. Saskatchewan to N. Idaho. Utah and Colo. AA. IfVS. mostly cordate-clasping. Oreg&num (P. Oregdna. S. Wats.). More or less woolly -pubescent: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long- acuminate: perianth segments spreading, acute, nar- rowed below, very distinctly net-veined, 5-7 lines long, as long as or shorter than the stamens : fr. ovate, acutish, somewhat pubescent; cells 1-2-seeded. Oreg. and Idaho to B. C. The following kinds are cult, abroad: D. Hobkeri, Nicholson (P. l.inuginosa, var. Hookeri, Baker). Before D. Oregamunin the kej-. More or less rongh-pubescent, with short, usually spre.iding hairs : Ivs. ovate or sometinios oblong : peri.inth rather broad at the ba.so : fr. obovate, ohtuse; cells usually 2- 8e<^ded. Calif. Baker regards this as u more robust form of DISPORUM DODECATHEON 497 D. lanuginosum, less pnberulous, with Ivs wider, more deeply cordate at the base, r.nd clasping the bnin<-hes.— 1>. Leschenaxtl- tidnum, D. Don, differs from the others here described by hav- ing white fls. India, Ceylon. B.M. 69.^5.— Z). pulltim, Salisb. Readily told from American forms by its brown or purplish green fls. India, Java, China. B.M. 916. W. M. DtSTICSLLlS {Greek, tu-o-ranked). Graminece. Salt- grass. Marsh Spike-gkass. D. spicUta, Greene, is an upright, wiry grass, 10-20 in. high, with strong, exten- sively creeping rootstocks. A Salt-grass found on the coast of both continents, and thrives even in ground heavily crusted with alkali and other salts. Prospectors and miners consider its presence a sure sign of water near the surface. Good grass for binding loose sands or soils subject to wash. Not cult. p g_ Kexnedv. DISTJ'LIUM:( Greek, two styles). JTamameUddceai. An oriental genus of two species of evergreen trees, one of which has variegated foliage, and is used for hedges in China and Japan. The genus is very unlike our Witch Hazel, as it has no petals, a superior ovary and 2-8 stamens. Lvs. alternate, thick, leathery, ovate or oblong- lanceolate, entire : fls. small, polygamous. Seeds and young plants of D. racemdsum, Sieb. & Zucc, may be obtained through dealers in .Japanese plants. DITTANY is an old English word which in England often means Dictamnus albus, a plant of the rue family. The name is supposed to be derived from Mt. Dicte, in Crete, where the ancient Dittany grew. The Cretan Dit- tany is supposed to be Origanum Dictamnus, a plant of the mint family, and of the same genus with the wild marjoram. The plant commonly called Dittany in the eastern U. S. is Cunila Mariana, Linn. {0. origa- noides, Britton), another mint. It has been used as a substitute for tea, and is a gentle aromatic stimulant. AH these plants yield an oil used as a mild tonic. DOCK. A name applied to various species of Rumex (of the PolygonhcecB). The commonest species — grow- ing in fields and yards— are the Curled or Narrow-leaved Dock ( J?, crispus, Linn, ), and the Bitter or Broad-leaved i 728. Spinage Dock. 7». Belleville Dock. Dock {li. obtusifolius, Linn.). These are introduced from the Old World. Several species are native. Various species of Docks aad Sorrels have long been cultivated as pot-herbs. Sc-sne of them are vei^* desir- able additions to the garden because they yield a pleas- ant food very early la spring, and, once planted, they remain for years. The Spinage Dock and the Large 33 Belleville are amongst the beet kinds. The former (Fig. 728) is the better of the two, perhaps, and it has the a<ivantage of being a week or 10 days earlier. The crisp leaves ( blade 1 ft. long) appear early in April, when there is nothing green to be had in the open, and they can be cut continuously for a month or more. This Dock is the Herb Patience (Bumex Patientia, Linn.). It has long been an inhabitant of gardens, and it has sparingly run wild in some parts of this country. It is a native of Europe. The Belleville (Fig. 729) is also a European plant, and is really a Sorrel (Rumex Acetosa, Linn.). It has also become spontaneous in some of the eastern portions of the countrj*. It has thinner, lighter green and longer-stalked leaves than the Spinage Dock, with spear-like lobes at the base. The leaves are very sour, and will probably not prove to be so generally agreeable as those of the Spinage Dock ; but they are later, and afford a succession. In some countries this Sorrel yields oxalic acid sufficient for commercial purposes. The roui d-leaved or true French Sorrel (Rumex scutatus, Linn.) would probably be preferable to most persons. All these Docks are hardy perennials, and are very ac- ceptable plants to those who are fond of early "greens." Some, at least, of the cultivated Docks can be procured of American seedsmen. l^ g^ g^ DOCKMACKIE. Viburnum acerifolium. DODDEB. SeeCuscuta. DODECATHEOIT (Greek, ^M-fh-e gods). Prinuldcece. Shooting Star. American Cowslip. Hardy herba- ceous plants, with flowers that are never forgotten after the first sight. Shooting Star is a capital name. The flowers have been compared to a diminutive cyclamen, for they are pendulous and seem to be full of motion (see Fig. 730). The stamens in D. Meadia and all east- em species come to a sharp point and seem to be shoot- ing ahead, while the petals stream behind like the tail of a comet. The fls. represent every shade from pure white, through lilac and rose, to purple, and they all have a yellow circle in the middle, i. e., at the mouth of the corolla. Dodecatheon is a most puzzling genus to sys- tematic botanists. It is found from Maine to Texas and from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and along the Pacific slope, from the islands of Lower California to those of Behring straits. In this vast region, it varies immensely. It is also found in Asia, especially north- eastward. This wonderful distribution and variability is all the more remarkable if, as Gray believed, it is all one species, because monotypic genera are con- sidered, as a rule, to be comparatively inflexible or invariable. Dodecatheon belongs to tlie same order with Primula and Cyclamen, but in a different tribe from tue latter, while its reflexed corolla lobes dis- tinguish it from the 10 other genera of its own tribe. For the honor of American horticulture, it is a pity that the improvement of theee charming Ameri- can plants should have been left to Englis}^ and French horticulturists. An important era iik their amelioration was probably begun with the introduction of the D. Jeffreyi from the Rocky Mts., first pictured about 1866, which was stronger-growing than the com- mon or Atlantic type, with longer and erect lvs. (not crowded in a flat rosette), and with larger fls. and more of them. The improvement of the Shooting Stars is very recent. Twenty-six horticultural varieties are given in 1897 in R.H.,p. 380. The best kinds are robust in habit, with 12-16 large fls., the main colors being white, lilac, rose, violet, and deep purplish red. with matiy deli- cate intermediate shades. After the fls. are gone the pedicels become erect. Some species have all their parts in 4's. The best picture of the mo.st advanced types is R.H. 1898: .502. For other pictures, see B.M. 12. Gn. 10:41 and 24: 4U. Gng.5:29.-). Mn.4:05. Of their culture, .7. B. Keller says : "All they require is an open, well drained soil, not too drj', and moderately rich, and a shady or partially shady position. In a sunny border the fls. are of short duration. The rockery with a northern or eastern aspect suits them to a dot. They are prop, by division of the crowns, or by seeds, the latter method being rather slow." J '^. Manning ad- vises a cool spot in rich loam. The lvs. disappear 498 DODECATHEON DODECATHEON after flowering and do not appear again undl the next spring. Shooting Stars are said to be easily forced. The best varieties at present are obtained from Europe. The genus Dodecatheon is much confused : that is, it is differently understood by different authors. In the Synoptical Flora, 1878, Gray accepted but one spe- cies, />. Meadia, and referred all the known forms to 730. ShootinK Star— Dodecatheon pauciflonim (X3^). six varieties of it. Later (Botanical Gazette 11:231) he revised his view of the genus, ant' recognized five spe- cies. A synopsis of this latter view is here given, and it is followed by a conspectus of the latest view of the genus by Professor Greene. Various garden names are not accounted for in either sketch, nor is it possible to refer them to their proper places without studying the plants themselves; and these forms are Old World pro- ductions, and are not known to be in the American trade. A. Anthers on evident filaments, the latter being in- serted at the very orifice of the short corolla-tube and distinctly monadelphous : Ivs. with tapering base. B. Capsule acute, opening at the apex by valves. Mdadia, Linn. Common or Eastern Shooting Star. Roots fibrous : Ivs. 3-9 in. long, crowded on a thickish crown, spatulate oblong or oblanceolate. entire or nearly so, sometimes repand obtuse, below tapering into more or less of a margined petiole: scape 9-24 in. high: fls. few to many in an umbel. Penna. south and west. — 1>. integrifoliu'm, Michx. (B.M. 3622) is regarded by Gray as probably synonymous, hut in European horticulture it seems to be loosely used to di«tinguish an entire-lvd. from a dentate form. BB. Capsule obtuse, opening at or from the apex by valves. J^ffreyi, Moore. Large : Ivs. from narrowly or elon- gated to obovate-spatulate : capsule oblong or cylindri- cal, usually much surpassing the calyx. Pacific coast. F.S. ltJ:H}(i2, which represents a strong plant with erect root-lvs. 1 ft. long, and purplish red fls. twice as large as any cultivated before 1865-7. The name is sometimes spelled Jeffrayi and Jeffreyanum. To this species, Gray provisionally referred his vars. alpXnum and frigid um. The former appears to be the J), alpinum, Hort. elUpticum, Nutt. {D. Meadia, vat. brevifdlium, Gray). Distinguished by its globular or short-ovoid capsule, barely equaling or slightly surpassing the calyx ; also by the short and blunt anthers : Ivs. short, obovate or oval, with cuneate base. Cal. and north. BBB. Capsule obtuse, thin, more or less cylindrical surpassing the calyx, dehiscent by a circum- scission of the apex. H6ndersoni, Gray. About a foot high : Ivs. small, obo- vate: fls. like those of D. elUpticum. Idaho to Calif, and norih. AA. Anthers seemingly sessile, the very short filaments inserted below the orifice of the corolla. frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. {D. Meadia, var. frigidtun, Gray). Lvs. obovate to oblong, very ob- tuse, mostly entire : calyx-lobes longer than the tube : capsule oblong. Behring straits to Rockies and Sierras B.M. 5871. Var. dent^ttun. Gray (Z>. dentdtum, Hook. D. Meadia, var. latilobum. Gray). Larger: lvs. with blade 1-4 in. long, oval or ovate to oblong, repand or sparingly den- tate, abruptly contracted into long winged petioles. Utah, west and north. Following are mostly Old World horticultural forms : D. LemMnei, Hort. Said to be a hybrid between D. intejrri- foiiam and D. Jeffreyi, and intermetliate in character.— D. Lemoinei, var. robugtum, is like D. intejfrifoliiim, but more ro- bust and erect, with larger fls., which are purplish rose, circled with white.— Z). wdj:i»jMMj, Hort. Fls. rose.— />. Jtf^adia, var. elegans, Hort. Lvs. wider and shorter : scape shorter : fls! more numerous, dark colored. — D. Meadia, var. giganthim, Hort. Much larger than the tyi)e in all its parts: lvs. paler: lis. a little earlier. There is a white-fld. variety of it.— Z). Miadia. var. spleiididum, Hort. Fls. 4-10, crimson, with a yellow circle, —D. tetrdndrum, Suksdorf, has the general aspect of D. Jef- frey!, but the lvs. are ampler and relatively broader. Roots, as in D. Jefifreyi, areabimdant, fleshy-fibrous, persistent: roots, lvs. and scapes form a short, vertical crown : whole plant glabrous : corolla purplish, with a yellow ring near the base; segments and stamens usually only 4: capsule circumscissile very near the apex. Mountains, apparently throughout east- ern Washington and Oregon. Quite distinct from D. JeflFreyi, though it is the nearest ally of that species: but it belongs to another tra<-t of country. Fully descril>ed by E. L. Greene in Erjrthea, S:40 (1H9.1). Introduced to cultivation in the east by F. H. Horsford in 1899. -^^ jj Another View op Dodecatheon.— The species fall into two well-marked groups : lowland species, which flower in winter and rest during the long, dry summer; and subalpine species, which rest in winter and flower in the subalpine spring of July and A.ugust. Si ecies of the lowland group propagate by bulblets formed on the crown oi the root. In the following notes, only some of the leading species of different regions are taken up. They are not all in commerce. A. Lvs., roots and scapes from a short, vertical croicn. B. Anthers long, sharp, convergent; capsules valvately opening from the top, Mdadia, Linn. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, 6-9 in. long, toothed more or less irregularly, of a light green: fls. from deep lilac-purple to pinkish. Ranges from Maine to perhaps Texas, east of the mountains.— The Allegheny mountain plant is entire-leaved, and is the Z>. integrifolium of Michx. cren&tum, Raf. Stouter, and of more fleshy texture than the last ; foliage deep green, crenate rather than dentate: fls. more numerous in the umbels, equally va- riable in color. Inhabits either low prairies or moist woodland borders of the upper Mississippi prairie region. cord&tum, Raf. Very light green, thin foliage, each leaf made up of broad, subcordate, crenate blade and distinct though broad petiole twice the length of the blade : fls. very few in the umbel, pale pink or white, but with very dark purple ring at base. Cult, at Phila- delphia early in the nineteenth century, and named and described by Raflnesque, the habitat not then known, but it is now known to inhabit the limestone region of southern Illinois and adjacent Missouri, along with a few other equally rare and local plants. A most distinct species by its foliage. BB. Anthers obtuse, forming a column {not convergent). c. Capsules opening valvately : alpine species, or at least subalpine, blooming in summer, resting in winter. paacifldnun, Greene. Fig. 7.^0. Variable in size, 6-18 in. high, but slender; hairs oblanceolate, entire, suberect, DODECATHEON DOMBEYA 499 3-5 in. long : fls. often few in the umbel, sometimes many, half the size of those of D. itf'<^a(7iVj(, usually deep purple: filaments long, united into a slender tube ; column of blunt anthers relatively short. Exclusively of the Rocky mountain region and subalpine. alplnum, Greene. Smaller than the last, but with fls. twice as large and always with parts in i's; filaments very short, wholly disconnected : Ivs. narrowly ob- lanceolate or almost linear: corolla of a rich, dark pur- ple. Peculiar to the high Sierra Nevada and Cascades. J6ffreyi, Moore. Lvs. oblanceolate, erect, entire, mu- cronate, 5-10 in. long: scape 1-13^ ft. high: fls. 4-merous; pedicels and calyx hairy and glandular : segments of the large corolla dark purple; stamens disconnected, dark purple : capsule not exceeding the calyx. High Sierra Nevada and Cascades. cc. Capsules circumscis.ule at top, this part falling off as a lid. Californian lowland, winter-blooming species, with broad, depressed lvs. except in D. Clevelnndi. H^ndersoni, Gray. Lvs. obovoid, very obtuse, entire, depressed, thick and glossy: scapes 8-12 in. high: seg- ments of corolla rose-purple, the base de.K maroon en- circled by a band of yellow: capsule oblong, twice the length of the calyx. Calif, to Brit. Columbia. cmci&tam, Greene. Foliage as in the last : scapes taller, more slender, few-fld.; parts of fl. in 4's; corolla of a darker purple ; antliers more elongated ; capsule longer. Coast Range of Calif. pAtulum, Greene. Lvs. as in the foregoing, nearly, but stout scapes only ;{-7 in. high : umbel verj' many- fid. : corolla large, with pale cream-colored segments, sometimes purplish tinged: tube of a dark, velvety ma- roon-purple: anthers very short and broad, of a deep blue-purple: capsule subglobose, hardly surpassing the calyx. Plaiis of the interior of middle Calif. These three species have, among other peculiarities, that of propagating by their roots. Each root, after flowering time, thickens and shortens, detaches itself from the ground and forms a bud at the end, thus be- coming a new plant. CUvelandi, Greene. Lvs. more elongated, not de- pressed : scape tall and stout; umbel very many-fld.; corolla usually rose-purple, with yellow base and some dark velvety spots next the stamens, these very short and broad, purple. Dry hills of southern Calif. — Most beautiful species; winter-blooming like the foregoing, but not propa:' ting by root-metamorphosis. AA. Lvs. and .capes from a horizontal rootstock, this rooting from beneath. Far northwestern species. dent^tum, Hooker. Pale green, white-fld. species, with broad, subcordate lvs. as in X>. cordatum of the southeastern states, but anthers blunt : lvs. coarsely dentate, but the horizontal rootstock mv.st, as well as the blunt stamens, prevent its being confused with D. cordatum. Washington and Brit. Columbia. — Appa- rently rare. frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht., is a similarly rhizoma- tous species, but with purple fls., from the shores of Behring sea. Is not in ciilt., nor likely to be. viviparum, Greene, is a very large and handsome, purple-fld. species ; subalpine on Mt. Rainier. In the axils of the lvs., alontr the thick rootstock, bulblets are produced, by which it propagates. Its capsule opens by a lid, as in many far-western species, e. L. Greene. DODONSA (from the Greek name of a famous oracle of Jupiter). SapindiiceiP. About 50 species of trees and shrubs, widely scattered, but especially abundant in Australia. Lvs. alternate, without stipules, sintple or abruptly pinnate, inconspicuous, solitary, or in racemes, corymbs or panicles. Reasoner Bros., Oneco, Fla., in- troduced D. remotiflora and D, divia. Switch Sorrel, from Australia, in 18S9. These names are not found in Index Kewensis, D0OBA.NE is Apocynum. DOO'S-TAIL OBASS. Eleusine Indica. DOGTOOTH VIOLET. See Erythronium. DOGWOOli. Cornus, especially Comus Mas. DOLICHOS (old Greek name). Leguminbsae. Differs from Pha.seolus in technical characters : keel of the co- rolla narrow and bent inwards at a right acgle, but not distinctly coiled; style bearded under the stigma, ■'vhich is terminal; stipules small. Tropical twining beans of perhaps 40-50 species, of which a few forms are in cult, in this countrj'. D. Japonicus, a most worthy orna- mental vine, will be found under Pueraria. For the Velvet or Banana Bean, D. multiflorus, see Mucuna. For D. ungtiicnlatus, see I'igna. LAblab, Linn. ( D.cultrdt us ,Thunh. I), purpiireus, Lindl.). Hyacinth Bean. Tall-twining (often reaching 10-20 ft.): leaflets broad-ovate, rounded below and cuspidate-pointed at the apex, often crinkly : fls. pur- ple, rather large, 2-4 at the nodes, in a long, erect raceme : pods small (2-3 in. long) and flat, usually smooth, conspicuously tipped with the persistent stvle ; seed black, smaM. Tropics. "B. M. 89<>. B. R. 10 :830. A. G. 14 : 84. - Cult, in this country as an ornamental climbing bean, but in the tropics the seeds are eaten. Annual. It is easily grown in any good garden soil. Like common beans, it will not endure frost. It is very variable. A form with white fls. and seeds is D. albvs, Hort. A form of verj- large growth, also white-fld., is />. giganteus, Hort. (Fig. 731). A perennial form (per- haps a distinct species) is D. lig- ndsus, Linn., the Australian Pea. B.M. 380. gesquiped^lis, Linn. AsPARAcrs Bean. P'rench Yard-Long. Tau- KOK. Fig. 194. Long- rambling or twining an- nual plant, with deltoid- ovate or deltoid -oblong blunt - pointed leaflets: fls. rather large, 1-3 in the axils, the peduncles elongating and bearing the pods at their sum- mits : pods compressed or nearly terete, slender and very long(often2ft.) and sometimes curiously twisted; seeds small, ob- long, moi-e or less trun- cate or squared at the ends, usually reddish or dim-colored. S. Amer.— Cult, as a vegetable gar- den esculent, the green As easily grown as L. H. B. 731. Dolichos Lablab (form eisanteus). {X%.) pods and dry beans being eaten, other beans. D6HBETA (after Joseph Dombey, (1742-1793), French botanist and companion of Ruiz and Pavon in Peru and Chile). l:itercuUdce(e. About 24 species of shrubs or small trees of minor importance from Africa or Madagascar : lvs. often cordite, palmately nerved : fls. rosy or white, numerous, in loose axillary or terminal cymes or crowded into dense heads; calyx 5-parted, per- sistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 15-20, 5 sterile, the rest shorter: ovary 3-5-celled. Natal^nsis, *^ond. Distinguished by its cordate, acute lvs. and the narrowly awl-shaped leaflets of the invo- lucre. Lvs. long, petioled, somewhat angular, toothed, with minute stellate pubescence, 5-7-ribbed : umbels 4-8-fld. Natal. — Cult, in S. Fla. and north under glass. " Very rapid growing, foliage poplar-like : fls. pure white, larcre, sweet-scented ; a very good winter blooming plant."— Franceschi, 500 DOMBEYA DORSTENIA D. anitdngnla.Cav. HeightOft.: Ivs.glabrons. heart-shaped, long-acuminat*', serrate, deeply 3-5-lobe<.l or cleft: tls. few, large, pink, in compact, forking corymbs. Mauritius. B. M. 'JHOo shows a form with entire Ivs.— 1>. Burgessice, Gerrard. Lvs. pubescent, cordate, but with 2 deep, wide cuts, and 2 shallow ones oesides the basal one: lis. numerous, large, white, rosy at center and along veins; petals rounded. S. Africa. B.M. 5487. —D. ildstergii. Hook. Shrub, 4-5 ft. high: lvs. velvety, heart- shaped, serrate: fls. fragrant, white, with thinner veins of rose than in D. BurgessisB: petals acute. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5639.— D. vibumiflbra, Boj., has very numerous white fls. with nar- rower iwtals than any here described: lvs. cordate. 3-lobed, the cuts not as wide as in D. Burgessite. Comoro. B.M. 4568. DOODIA (after Samuel Doody). Polifpodidcece. A small f^enus of greenhouse ferns from Ceylon, Malaya and New Zealand. Sori curved, placed in one or more rows between the midribs and the margins of the piunee. A. Lvs. pinnatifid. iispera, R. Br. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 2-4 in. wide, pinnatifid, the lower pinnsp gradually becoming smaller: sori in 1 or 2 rows. Australia. Crested varieties occur in cultivation. AA. Lrs. pinnate in the lotcer half. mddia, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with pinnae 1-2 in. long, the lower ones gradually smaller. Australia and New Zealand. Z>. Kunthiiina, Gaud., from the Hawaiian Islands, has close central pinnae. D. superba, Hort., is a larger garden form. caud&ta, R. Br. Lvs. G-12 in. long, with pinnae about an inch long, the spore-bearing ones shorter; apex often terminating in a long point. Australia and New Zealand. L. M. UXDERWOOD. According to Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns, all Doodias, except D. bleehnoides, are of dwarf habit, and are useful for fem-cases and for edgings of window boxes, especially for northern aspects, where flowering plants do not prosper. Cool and interme<"'ate tempera- tures are best. They are excellent for forming an under- fn"owth in cool houses, as they are seldom infested with insects, endure fumigation, and do not care whether their taller neighbors are syringed or not. Schneider recom- mends 3 parts of peat and one of silver sand. Loam does not help, but a little chopped sphagnum does. They are ve' sensitive to stagnant water, and do not like full exi .>sure to sunlight. Always prop, by spores, but division is possible. In the American Florist 12:142, "A. H." writes: "T). aspera and its crested variety are most useful, but they can hardly be recommended as market ferns. They re- quire similar treatment to the Blechnums. and are seen at their best in a 4-inch pot. The young fronds have a very bright tint, which livens up the more somber hue of the older fronds. They lose the bright tint much more quickly when allowed to get too dry. Being of slender growth, care should be taken not ti over-pot. They like plenty of leaf -mold and peat in the compost, and good drainage." DOOE-WEED. Polygonum aviculare. DORONICUM (Latinized Arabic name). CompSsifce. Leopard's Bane. Hardy herbaceous plants, 1-2 ft. high, with 5'ellow flowers, mostly one on a stem and 2-3 in. across, borne high above the basal crown of foliage, from April to June. From 10-24 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. Stems little branched or not at all: lvs. alternate, radical ones long-stalked, stem- Ivs. distant, often clasping the stem. The genus is al- lied to Arnica, and distinguished by the alternate lvs. and by the style. The plants are of easy culture in rich loam. The flowers are numerous and good for cutting. Doroni- cums have been strongly recommended for forcing. A. Boot-lcs. not notched at the base, ovate. plantaglneum, Linn. Glabrous, but woolly at the neck, with long, silky hairs: root-lvs. ovate or oval, wavy- toothed : stem-lvs. nearly entire, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole and not eared, the upper ones sessile, ob- long, acuminate. Sandy woods of Eu. Rhizome tuberous, roundish, or creeping obliquely. Stalk of the root-lvs. about 3 in. long. Typically about 2 ft. high. G.C. III. 17:229. Var. excMflom, Hort. {D. ercilsum, Hort. D. '^ffarpur Creue," Hort.), is more robust, grows about 5 ft. high and is probably more cult, than any other kind of Uoronicura. Fls. sometimes 4 in. across. On. 47, p. 209, and 28:518. G.C. 11. 20:297. Cltisii, Tausch. Lvs. ovate or oblong; stem-lvs. half clasping, with distant teeth or many small ones. One subvariety has long, silky hairs on its lvs., while another has none. Swiss and Austrian Alps. — " Soft, downy foli- age," J. W. Manning. "Grows 2 ft. high," Woolson. "Larger and later fls. than £>. Caticasicum," Ellwanger and Barry. AA. Boot-lvs. notched at the base, heart-shaped. B. Hoot tuberous. Pardalidnches, Linn. Hairy: lvs. toothed; lower stem- lvs. eared at the base of the stalk, suo-ovate, upper ones spatulate-cordate, highest ones cordate-clasping, acute. Woods of lower mts. of Eu.— While all species are tj'pi- cally 1-fld.. any of them may have now and then more than 1 fl. on a stem, and this species particularly may have 1-5 fls. BB. Boot not tuberous. Caucisicum, Bieb. Glabrous except as noted above: lvs. crenate-dentate, lower stem-lvs. eared at the base of the stalk, the blade subcordate, highest ones cordate to half -clasping. Shady woods of Caucasus, Sicily, etc. B.M. 3143, which shows r+ems with 1 fl. and 1 If.-Fls. 2 in. across. Aa8trlacam,Jacq. A trifle hairy: lvs. minutely toothed, lower stem-lvs. spatulate-ovate, abruptly narrowed at the base, half-clasping, highest ones cordate-clasping,, lanceolate. Subalpine woods. Eu. •^^ j|^ 732. Dorstenia Contrajcrva (XM). D0RST£NIA lan early German botanist, Theodor Dorsttn). L'rticdcecf (or A[or(ice(p). Between 40 and 50 tropical herbs, remarkable for the dilated receptacle -=:"'. -V- DORSTENIA DOWNING 501 in which the unisexual fls. are borne. The plants are not in the Amer. trade, but they are often grown in botanical establishments to illustrate morphology. The fig is a hollow receptafle; the Dorstenia bears a flattened or cup-like receptacle, and is an intermediate stage be- tween the tig and other plants. One of the common spe- cies is Z>. Contraj4rva, Linn. (Fig. 7.3;?), which is native to trop. Amer, Both staminat* and pistillate fls. are without perianth ; stamens 1 or 2 : ovary 1-loculed ; stigma 2-lobed. Dorstenias are easily grown in warm, shady glasshouses. L. H. B. DOBTANTHES /Greek, spear-flower; the flowering stem 8-25 ft. high, crowned by a spike of fls. 3 ft. high). Amaryllidd.ceaB. A genus of 4 species of gigantic desert plants from Australia, with 100 or more Ivs. 6 ft. long when full grown. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif,, writes, "They are impressive plants for large conserva- tories, or for open ground in the South, where they will stand slight frosts." They belong to the same family with the Century Plants, and are the only ones in the tribe outside of America. The roots are fibrous and clustered. The ovules and seeds, though inserted in two series, are so placed above one another as to form one row in each cell. The Ivs. have a curious brown tubular tip, which is especially long in D. Palmeri. Franceschi saya, "Z>. Gidlfoylei and i>. Lnrkini, recently described from Queensland, are yet to be introduced to this coun- try." A plant of D. Palmeri remained at Kew 16 years before flowering. Plants of Doryanthes are prop, by suckers, which are produced only after flowering. The process is very slow. The young plants must be repotted for several years until they have attained a large size. They are said tr> do best in a compost of loam and leaf- mold in equal parts. A. Lvs. not ribbed. ezc^Isa, Correa. Lvs. sword-shaped, smooth, entire, with a very narrow cartilaginous margin, lower ones re- oupved. others erect: scape clothed with lanceolate lvs., whioh sheath the stem at their base: fls. in a globular head, deep crimson or maroon inside and out. B.M. 1685. R.H. 1865, pp. 466, 471 ; 189l,p.548. G.C. II. 11:339. AA. Lvs. slightly ribbed. P&lmeri, W. Hill. Even more gigantic than D. excelsa, lvs. longer and broader, and a longer brown point: fls. in a thyrsoid panicle, bright scarlet outside, whitish within. B.M. 6665. P.S. 20:2097. R.H. 1891:548. G.C. II. 17: 409.— "This has been flowering and fruiting sev- eral times in southern California."— fVance«cft«. W. M. DORYOPTEBIS (Greek, lance-fern). Polypodi fleece. A genus of small sagittate or pedate greenhouse ferns, with continuous marginal sori and copiously anas- tomosing veins. Sometimes joined to Pteris, which see for culture. Not to be confused with Dryopteris. palm^ta, J. Sm. Lvs. 4-9 in. each way, with 5 or more triangular lobes or the fertile still more divided; ribs black. West Indies to Brazil. ndbilis, J. 8m. Larger: lvs. sometimes 1 ft, long, pe- dately bipinnatifid ; ribs chestnut. South Brazil. D. decipiens, with lvs. resembling a geranium leaf, 3-6 in. each waj', is sometimes cultivated, as is I), decora, with more divided lvs. Both are natives of the Hawaiian Islands. L. M. Underwood. DOSStNIA (E. P. Dossin, Belgian botanist, 1777-1852). Orchiddcece. A genus of 2 species of terrestrial orchids, allied to Anoectochilus, but lacking the bearded fringe on the lower part of the labellura. The species described below may possibly be cult, by a few amateurs who are skilled in the cultivation of dwarf warmhouse foli- age plants, D. marmordta, C. Morr. (Anoectochilus Lowei, Hort.). Lvs. golden- veined or marbled, 4-5 in. long, elliptic : scape pubescent, 10 in. high: spike 5 in. long, with many white, pubescent tis. Java. F.S. 4:370.— There is a stronger-growing var., with foliage better colorevl. DOUGLASIA (after David Douglas, the tireless Scotch botanist, who explored (\'ilifornia. Oregon and British Columbia in 1823 and 1829, introduced many splendid plants to cultivation, and perished in the Hawaiian Islands, at the age of 34, by falling into a pitfall made for wild animals). Pri/nuldceof. Five species of tiny prim- rose-like plants, one of which has yellow fls. and dwells in the mountains of middle Europe; the rest have rosy purple fls, and nre lound in the Rocky mountains and the shores of the Arctic ocean. The genus is closely allied to Androsace and Primula, but in those two genera all the lvs. come from the root, while Douglasia has branches, though very short ones, which are densely clothed with lvs. Douglasia has a corolla-tube longer than the calj'x, and the capsule is l-2-3eeded. Androsace has a corolla tube as long as or shorter than the calyx, and its capsule may have few or many seeds. Primula is usually long-tubed, always many-seeded. The secret in the culture of alpine plants is a steady supply of moi.sture. " Like all the hardy Primulaceae, ' writes J. B. Keller, "Douglasia requires half shade and a certain amount of moisture during the hot summer months. Frequent and copious waterings must be administered. A light mulch will assist in keeping the ground from drying out too fast. A winter protection of evergreen boughs is indispensable. The plants are prop, by division or by seed." Some of the American species can be ob- tained of foreign dealers. Vitalitoa, Benth. and Hook. (ArHia rt7a ?i<Jr»a, Willd. Gregdria Vital idna, Duby). Height 2 in. : stems numer- ous, prostrate, somewhat woody: branches denuded of lvs. at the base, but at the tips clothed with overlapping, linear, entire, pilose lvs.: fls. nearly stalkless, solitary, yellow, rather large: corolla tube 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, not dilated at the throat, the lobes ovate- lanceolate, obtuse. Alps, Pyrenees. DOUGLAS SFBUCE. Pseudotsuga Douglasii. DOWNING, ANDBEW JACKSON (Plate II), the first great landscape gardener of America, was born at New- burg, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1815, and perished by drowning July 28, 1852, at the early age of 37. As a boy, he was quiet, sensitive, and much alone with himself and nature. The Catskills, the Hudson, and his father's nursery had much to do with his development. His "Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening," published 1841, when he was but 26 years old, is, in many respects, a unique production. It was the first, and is to-day one of the best American books on the sub.iect, and has exerted a greater influence upon American horticulture, it is said, than any other volume. "Cottage Residences, 1841, also had great popularity. In 1845 appeared simultaneously in London and New York the first edition of "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America." and in 1846 he founded, at Al- bany, "The Horticulturist," which he edited from his home at Newburg until his untimely death. His edi- torials in this excellent periodical (now represented in succession by American Gar<leni!i£r) were republished after his death, with a letter to his friends by Frederika Bremer, and a memoir by George William Curtis, under the title of "Rural E.ssays," It was not until 1850 that he had an opportunity to visit the great estates of Eng- land, and to see with his own eyes the landscape garden- ing of Europe. On his return in 1851, he was engaged to lay out the grounds near the Capitol, White House, and Smithsonian Institution at Washington. On July 28, 18.52. he left Newburg on the steamer Henry Clay for New York. The Clay took fire near Yor.kers, while -.t was racing, and Downing's life was lost in an attempt to save others. It would b« diflicult to overestimate the influence of Downing. He created American landscape gardening. His only predecessor, Andr^ Parmentier, is little known, and his influence was not of a national character. Downing's quickening influence afl'ected country life in its every aspect. He stood for the simple, natural, and permanent as opposed to the intricate, artificial, and ephemeral. He was the first great Ameri- can practitioner of wh it is known in polite and technical literature as the English or natural school of landscape gardening in distinction from all artificial schools, as the Italian and Dutch. Downing's pupils are many, and his spirit still lives. He gave inspiration to Frederick Law Olmsted, our next great eenius in landscape gar- dening, who. by his earh* work in Central Park, New York, aroused that popular enthusiasm which has culmi- nated in the American idea of great municipal park sys- 502 DOWNING DRABA terns, as opposed to the earlier Old World idea of exclu- sive pleasure grounds and private parks. Downing's books have had large sales, aud have gone through many editions. His intellectual successor in his purely pomo- logical work was his brother Charles, whose modest labors in the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America have brought him little popular fame, but much sincere admiration from students. Most horti- cultural writings are, in reality, only records of progress ; they do not create progress. Few of our horticultural books are epoch-making. Downing's writings, however, started a great popular movement in America toward beautiful homes and home grounds. By many persons, Andrew Jackson Downing is considered the greatest single figure in the history of American horticulture, and one of the few persons who can be said to have had real genius. An appreciation of Downing's personality will be found in Frederika Bremer's "Homes of the New World." (See Downingia, for the genus of plants named after him.) -^ -.. DOWNING, CHAELE8 (plate II), distinguished po- mologist and elder brother of Andrew Jackson Downing, the landscape gardener, was bom at Xewburg, N. Y., July 9, 1802. He was educated at the local academy, and from the age of 13 to 18 worked part of the time in his father's nursery. At the age of 20 he started in the nursery business on his own account. From 1834 to 1839 his brother Andrew was a partner in this busi- ness. About 1850, he sold out his nursery business and devoted himself to the study of varieties of fruits, on which subject he was the leading authority until his death. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America is the monumental American work on varieties of fruits. The book was projected by Andrew, but the great bulk of the work was done by Charles in continuing and revising it. His test orchard contained trees and grafts of 1,800 va- rieties of apples, 1,000 pears, and other fruits in pro- portion. In 1809 a city street was put through it. Charles Downing was very modest and retiring. He would never make a public speech, but he wrote many poraological articles over the signature "CD." All his work is marked by conscientious accuracy. He was married, but, like his brother, had no children. He died Jan. 18, 1»85. W. M. D0WNIN6IA (after Andrew Jackson Downing, of whom a sketch is given above). LobeJldce(r>. Three species of annual herbs, 2 from western America, 1 from Chile, much branched, diffuse, with pretty and charac- teristic fls. Lvs. alternate, entire, passing above into bracts : fls. 'olue or violet, marked with yellow and white; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lobes much narrower than the 3 lower ones; tube of stamens free from the co- rolla: seed-i numerous, small, oblong to spindle-shaped. This genus has no near allies of much garden value. It i8 still kno^fn to the trade as Clintonia. David Douglas (see Donglasia) named it after DeWitt Clinton in 1829, but in 1818 a genus of the lily family \\sA been named after the celebrated Governor of Xew York and projector of the Erie canal. In jl836 Lindley wrote, in the Botanical Regist'^r, f C. pnlcaeUa : "I figure this little plant more for ^r oa,ke of recording its existence than from any erpt^ci-ition thf-t it will ever become an object of hortif-ul* izW 'rter- esc, for since C. elegnns, a far hardier and nio-c cultiva- ble plant, has disappeared, there can b-^ little hope that this, beautiful as it is, will be preserveu." Nevertheless, pulchella is still cultivated, while elegans is unknown to the American trade. In Lindley's time, pulchella was grown in a flower pot and treated as a tender plant. Nowadays it is considered perfectly hardy, the seed be- ing sown in the open ground. The credit of simplifying the culture of this plant is given to Haage & Schmidt, Erfurt, (Tormany. who have fixed varieties that are chiefly blue and chiefly violet, though in each case the 3 lower lobes of the corolla have a 3-lobed spot of white in the middle, and a 3-lobed spot of yellow at the base. The plants grow about 6 in. high, and have been recom- mended for edgings. For culture, see Annuals. A. Fls. large, icith a S-lohed spot of yellow : lvs. obtuse, narrow. pulch611a, Torr. {CUntdnia pulchella, Lindl.). The lower lip more dilated and more deeply 3-lobed. The 2 divisions of the upper lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong and strongly divei;ging. Calif. B.R.22:1909. R.H. 1861: 171. R.H. 1895, p. 19. shows its straggling habit as a pot-plant. Many of the branches fall below the top of the pot. AA. Fls. half as large as the above, and no yellovc spot : lvs. acute, broader. ilegAna, Torr. ( C. Elegans, Doug. ). Lvs. ovate tx, lan- ceolate ; the broad lip motlerately 3-lobed ; the 2 divisi<<ns of the smaller lip lanceolate, parallel; lower lip with a white, but no yellow spot. Calif. B.R. 15: 1241. W. M. DBABA (Greek, acrid, from the taste of the lvs.). Cruciferve, WHITLOW Gkass. One of the most impor- tant groups of spring-flowering plants for the alpine garden. It is a large and widely scattered genus of tufted, hardy herbs, with stellate hairs: lvs. often in a rosette, mostly uncut : scapes or stems leafy or not : ra- cemes short or long : fls. without bracts, small, white, yellow, rosy or purple, Drabas are very pretty, dwarf, compact alpine plants, with small but numerous fls.: admirably adapted for the rockery or front part of a sunny border. They require a sunny position and an open soil. It is important that they be well matured by the autumn sun. The plant forms a dense little rosette of lvs., and has a neat appearance at all times. In spring, Drabas are thickly covered with their little fls., and when planted in masses are decidedly effective. Prop, chiefly by division; also by seed, which may be sown in the fall if desired. Cult, by J. B. Keller. Of the species described below, only the first, second, fourth and sixth are advertised in Amer. at present. The rest are worth introduction, and can be procured abroad under their names or synonyms. A. Flowers yellow. B. Lvs. rigid, keeled, ciliate. c. Scape not hairy. D. Style as long as the pod is wide. aizoldea, Linn. About 2-3 in. high : lvs. lanceolate- linear : stamens nearly as long as the petals. March. Eu. B.M. 170. DD. Style half as long as the pod is wide. Aizoon, Wahl. About 3 in. high : lvs. linear. April. Europe. cc. Scape hairy {villous or pubescent). D. Pod lanceolate, bristly. cuspid&ta, Bieb. Lvs. linear : style a little shorter than the pod. Asia Minor. DD. Pod oval, pubescent. Ol^mpica, Sibth. {D. brunicefdlia, Stev. ). About 4 in. high: lvs. linear, a trifle keeled: petals twice as long as the calyx and stamens : style very short. June. Greece, Orient. BT» C-»'.s, not rigid or keeled. C. Scape not hairy. hispida, Willd. (D. tridentdta, DC). About 3 in. high : lvs. obovate, narrowed into a long petiole, ob- scurely 3-toothed at the apex, somewhat bristly: pods oblong, not hairj-. Scotland, Caucasus. cc. Scape more or less hairy. D. Hairs long, soft and slender, i.e., pilose. alplna, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, flat: pods oblong: style very short. April. Arctic regions. DD. Hairs short, soft and downy, i.e., pubescent. ai^ea, Vahl. Doubtfully perennial or biennial: lvs. ovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate : pods ob- long-lanceolate. Arctic regions. B.M. 2934. AA. Flowers white. B. Plants biennial or annual. cindrea, Adams. Lvs. oblong-linear: pods oblong, pu- bescent, shorter than the pedicel. Early spring. Siberia, — Closely related to D. confusa, but has a looser, weaker,, less leafy stem, the steja-lvs. 5S, scattered, entire. DRABA DRACJCNA 503 BB. PlantH perennial. c. Leaves rigid. M&wii, Hook. Forming low, densely tufted, bright green patches : stem much branched, densely clothed with spreading, rosulate Ivs.: Ivs. linear-oblong, ob- tuse, bristly, with a prominent midrib below: scape very short, woolly, 2-4-fld., very short-pedicelled : petals thrice as large as the sepals, obcordate, white: pods el- lipsoid, compressed. Spain. B.M. G186. cc. Lvs. not rigid, Fladniz^niis, Wulf (D. nirdlis, DC. D. Lappdnica, Willd.). Lvs. oblong-linear to lanceolate, ciliate: pods elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, not hair>'. Arctic re- gions.— According to De Candolle, these three names were distinct species. AAA. Fls. rose or purple. Pyren&ica, Linn. Height 2-3 in.: lvs. inversely wedge ■ shaped, 3-lobed at apex: ♦Is. white at first, changing to rosy pink. May. Pyrenf^es. B.M. Tl.'i. — Said to be easily prop, by cuttings. Yiol&cea, DC. Lvs. obo'-ate-oblong, obtuse, equally woolly on both sides : scapes leafy: petals obovate, dark purple. Andes of Equador at elevations of 13,000- 15,000 ft. B.M. 5650. ^-^ M. DRACSNA {female dragon; the dried juice supposed to resemble dragon's blood). Liliiiceir. A genus of tropical plants of which but few are in cultivation. They are all woody, often arborescent, with sword-shaped or broad ivs., mostly crowded at the summit of the stem: fls. clustered in panicles or heads, greenish white or yel- lowish ; perianth salver-form or companulate ; lobes spreading; stamens C: fr. a 3-celled berry. Diflfers from Cordyline in having larger fls., and solitary instead of many ovules in each cell of the ovary. All ornamental stove plants, frequently with variegated lvs. See Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. 14, for a monograph of the genus. Dracaena Draco, of the Canaries, is the Dragon Tree. It reaches a height of 30-fiO ft., branching when of great age. The Dragon Tree of Teneriffe, famous for centuries, is 70 ft. high, and one of the oldest of known trees. Some American trade names not referable to species are : alba-marginafa, argenteo-striata, DeSmetiana, £]lizabethi(t, Frederica, Hendersotn, imperator, Sal- monea, Alexandria, reciirva, specfabilis. See Cordy- line for other names not found in this article; also for culture. D. Nova-Caledonica is probably Cordyline Neo- Caledonica, Linden, with bronze lvs. The following is a key to the cultivated species of both Dracana and Cordyline, based upon the lvs. : A. Lvs. long and sword-shaped, sessile. B. Glaucous beneath, 2-5 in. wide. C. indivisa. BB. Both faces similar, narrower. c. Of mature plants quite narrow (6-15 lines broad). C. .*ttricta. CC. Of mature plants broader (1-2 in.). D. Margins green. Glaucous green, costate, 1 ^^-2 ft. by 1.5-21 lines. D. Draco. Green, costate, undulate below, 2-3^/^ ft. by l>^-2 in. D. urn- bracnlifera. Green, costa obscure. 3—4 ft. by i:}-18 lines. C. auKtralis. DD. Margins white-pellucid. D. Hook- er iana. AA. Lvs. oblanceolate, broadly petioled or sessile. B. 3-4 in. by l>^-2 in., opposite or whorled. D. Godseffiana. BB. 12-15 in. by 18-21 lines, alternate. C. rubra. BBB. 11-^-3 ft. by 2^-2-4 in., alternate. D. fragrans. Lvs. ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical, petioles narrow. Lvs. 4-8 in. by 2-2 >^ in., oblong-falcate, green. C. Haageana. Lvs. 7-8 in. by 4-5 in., oblong, white -spotted. D. Goldieana. Lvs. 7-10 in. by }i-V4 in., lanceolate, white- margined. D. Sanderiana. Lvs. 10-18 in. by l-3>^ in., elliptical. C. termi- nalis. The following Dracaenas are in the American trade : Boerhavii, 1; Draco, 1; fragrans, 4; OodsefRana, 7; (foldieana, 5; Hookeriana, 3; Knerkii, 4; latifolia, 3; Ijindeni, 4: Massangeana, 4; Rothiana. 4; Sanderiana, 6; umbraculifera, 2. 1. Dr&co, Linn. Dragon Tree. Arborescent (60 ft. high), branched : lvs. ver>' numerous, crowded, .sword- shaped, erect or the outer recurved ( l>2-2 ft. x 15-21 in. ), scarcely narrowed below, long-att«nuate at the apex, glaucous-green: pedicels 3-6 lines long: bracts minute, lanceolate : perianth 4 lines long, greenish; filaments flat : berries orange. Canary Isl. B.M. 4571. R.H. 1869, p. 416; 1880, p. 196. G.C. U. 14: 749. -Fine forcon- servatorj'. D. Boerhayii, Tenore, is a garden form, with ehmgated lvs. all recurved. 2. umbraculifera, Jacq. Arborescent (3-10 ft. high), simple : lvs. vtry numerous, crowded, sword-shaped (2-3*2 ft. X 1^2-2 in.), outer recurved, all green and shin- ing, attenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed toward the conspicuously undulate base, costa distinct on both faces: pedice's 4-6 in. long: bracts minute, deltoid: perianth large, 2 in. l<mg, white, tinged with red; fila- ments flliform. Mauritius. L.B.C. 3:289. 3. Hookeriikna, Koch. Trunk .3-6 ft. high, sometimes branched : lvs. numerous, densely clustered, sword- shaped (2-2^ ft. xlJ^-2 in.), outer reflexed, all long at- tenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed below, margin white-pellucid, lower face concave, indistinctly costate l)eneath: bracts lK-3 in. long, white: pedicels 3-4 in. long; perianth greenish, 12-15 in. long; filaments fili- form: berries orange. Cape Good Hope. D. latifdlia, Regel, is a horticultural varietv, with lvs. 3-3J', in. wide. G.C. 20:.305 (var. latifdlia). B.M. 4279 as Cordy- line Humph it. 4. frigrans, Ker-Gawl. {Aletris trdigrans,lAan. San- seviera frdgranx, Jacq.). Arborescent (20 ft. high or more), sometimes branched: lvs. (13^-3 ft.x2Vs-4 in.), sessile, oblanceolate, lax and spreading or recurved, flaccid, green and f^hining, acute, indistinctly costate : bracts minute, scarious, deltoid: pedicels 1-1 j4 in. long: 733. Dracaena fraerans, var. Lindeni. fls. glomerate ; perianth G-8 in. long, yellow ; berrv orange-red. Guinea. B.M. 1081. A.G. 18:389. F.R". 4:189. — Much used for greenhouse and table decoration. D. Knerkii, Hort. Form with glossy light green, less pendulous lvs. D. Bothiana, Hort. A garden form. I.H. 43, p. 97. R.H. 1877, p. ^iS. Var. Lindeni, Hort. (/>. Lin- deni, HoTi.). Fig. 7:i3. Lvs. re<'urved. traversed from base to apex bv creamy white l>ands. Verv decorative. I.H. 27:384. F.R. 4:191. Var. Massangeina, Hort. (i?. Massangedna, Hort.). A broad, yellow stripe along the center of the leaf throughout its entire length. F.R. 4:193. ' '.•rp^ -^^pj ■ ; -^n-- ' 504 DRACfiNA 5. Ooldie&na, Hurt. Trunk simple, slender: Ivs. dis- tant, spreading?, thick-oblung (7-8 in. x 4-5 in.), cuspi- dately pointed, ba«e broadly rounded or cordate, jflossy green, conspicuously white-spotted and banded, young Ivs. often tinged with red; petioles* erect (2-3 in. long), deeplv grooved: tls. unknown ( f I. W. Trop. Afr. B.M. eaw. R.H. 187H, p. 1.5. I.H. 25::{00; 42, p. 257. G.C. II. 17:49. — A tine foliage plant. 6. Sanderi&na, Hort. (/>. thaloidea, var. variegdta, Hort. h. Slender: Ivs. distant, alternate, spreading or recurved (7-10 in. x ^4-1l4 in.), narrowly lanceolate, acu- minate, on rather broad petioles (1-3 in. long), glossy- green, broadly margined with white. Congo. A.F. 8: 1281 ; 11:2.^). I. H. 40:175. G.C. III. 13:445.-Int. by Sander & Co. in 1893. 7. Godseffi&na, Hort. "Woody, but very sle"hder, rather diffuse: Ivs. at many nodes small, erect, scale-like and lanceolate, the others opposite or in whorls of 3, oblong or obovate, spreading, cuspidate, sessile {'.i-i m. x lH-2 in.), firm, green, with copious white spots : raceme short-peduncled; bracts small : fr. globular, greenish vellow or red, nearlv 1 in. in diani. Congo. G.C. III. 21:347. Gn. 50, p. 270; 51:1115, and p. 299. A.F. 13:1340. F.E. 10, supp. 2:12. Gng. 6:294. -Int. by Sander & Co. Fine for decorative purposes. D. arbdrea. Link. Lvs. green. sword-shai)ed, dense, sessile. Gt. 46. p. 226 and U;w.— />. Broinnfieldi, Hort. J.H. III. .33:r)41. G.C. III. 20:667; 2:{:24<».— i>. concinna. Kunth. Lvs. oblanceo- late. green, imrple on the margin, green-petioled. (it. 441: 1864. — D. cylindrica, HtM)k. Lvs. linear-lan<'ef)lateor obovate-lanceo- late, bright green, spreading. B.M. 5846.— />. elHptica, Thunb. Lvs. spreading, i>etioled. thickish, elliptic-lanceolate, glossy, acute, longitudinally striate. B.M. 4787 and G.C. II. 17:261 (var. maculitta).— Z>. J^erkhanti, Hort. F.R. 446:1899.-2). mw- folia, Hort. Amer. =Dianella ensifolia.— />. marginata. Lam. Lvs. sword-shai)etl. dense, spreading, green margined and veined with red. — D. inarmorata, Hort. B.M.7078.— />. j>Arj/- nioXde^, Hook. Lvs. petiole<l, mostly oval, acuminate, coria- ceous. Slotted with yellowish white, pale l)eneath. B.M. 5352. — D. rpfh'xa. Lam. Lvs. lanceolate or sword-shaped, acute, con- tracted into &x>^tio\e.—D. Snposehnikoiri, Kegel. Lvs. sword- shaped, crowded, green. Gt. 705. — />. Smithii, Baker. Lvs. large, narrowly sword-shaped, crowded bright green. B.M. 6169. K. M. WiEGAM). Dracaenas should be divided into two sections or types for practical purposes: ( 1 ) The Tropical type : This includes the colored fo- liage sorts and the garden hybrids, all of which can be propagated from both root and stem-cuttings or joints. All of them require a stove or warmhouse temperature, and must be grown quick, and never allowed to get pot- bound until tliey are as large as required; then they can be allowed to get pot-bound, and with liquid or other stimulant and plenty of light will color well. (2) The Cordyline or Subtropical or Australian type : This embraces the kinds known to gardeners as aus- trails, indivisa, lineafa, aonguinen, n urea -striata, I}oucetiana,nmbraculifera,Ifunipliii. Nearly all of these are propagated from seeds, and require a cooler tem- perature. Following are some popular current Dracaenas: San- deriana makes not only a perfect center plant for table jardinieres with small ferns and selaginellas, but it also makes a fine large decorative plant by putting from 3- 5 in a 4-5 in. pot, and letting tliem get fairly well pot- bound until each plant throws up shoots from the base; then repot, and one will have a fine, large specimen in a short time. Godseffiana is a valuable plant for a hang- ing basket, easily propagated from top shoots. Other popular kinds are: j\^orwoodie».si}<, alho-marghiafa, terminalix alba, Gladstonei (one of the most brilliantly colored of the broad-leaved type), Guilfoylei, Aner- leyensis, Scottii, hybrida, metalliea, ferrea, De-Smet- iana, Victoricp -JRegince, Sanderiaua, Godseffiana, gracilis. H. A. Siebrecht. DBACOCllPHALnM (Greek, dragon's head, from the wide-open mouths of the flowers). LubidttP. This genus contains a few hardy herbaceous perennial plants of the mint family, of easy culture and of minor im- portance. The whorls of fls. are distant or crowded !nto spikes or heads, the colors blue or some shade of pur- ple. The genus has altogether about .30 species, from Europe, especially the Me<literranean region; also Asia outside the tropics. All the species described below are DRACOCEPHALUM erect, but some others are diffuse ; uppermost lvs. like the lower ones or reduced to bracts. Very closely allied to Nepeta. Sandy loam, moderately rich, and a rather moist, partially sliaded situation will suit these plants best. In a sunny, dry border they are never very showy ; the fls. are of short duration, and are seldom at their best except in very moist seasons. Prop, by di- vision or seeds. 734. Uracunculus vulgaris (X ^-^). A. Lvs. entire, not cut in any way. Ruyschi^na, Linn. Stems slightly pubescent : lvs. linear-lancet !ate, glabrous: bracts ovate-lanceolate, en- tire; whorls in somewhat interrupted spikes: fls. 1 in. long, purplish blue or purple; anthers villous. Siberia. Var. Jap6nica, Hort., has white fls. shaded with blue, and is a distinct improvement. G.C. II. 12:107.- Ac- cording to Vilmorin, this species has been sold as D. Altaiense (see D. gravdiflorum). AA. Lvs. deeply S-5-cleft. Austrlacuin, Linn., has the habit of the above, and be- longs to the same subgenus Ruyschiana, but the Iv.s. are divided and more distinctly revolute at the margin. About 1-1 J^ ft. high : fls. blue, l}-^ in. long and more. July, Aug. Eu., Caucasus. AAA. Lvs. cut only at the margin, mostly crenate. B. Whorls crowded together into spikes or heads. r. Color of fls. blue: lvs. not wrinkled. grandifldrum, Linn. (D. Altaiense, Laxm., but plants in trade under this name are said to be D. Ifuyschiana). About 1 ft. high. Root-lvs. long-stalked, oblong, notches at base: stem-lvs. few, short-stalked, ovate, not notched at base, the uppermost still more rounded : whorls in spikes 2-.3 in. long, the lowest whorl usually at some dis- tance: fls. 2 in. long. June, Juiy. Siberia. B.M. 1009. P.M. 13:51. C(\ Color of fls. purple: lvs. wrinkled. specidsum, Benth. Allied to D. grandiflorum, but stem pubescent instead of pilose above, root-lvs. more DRACOCEPHALUM DRAINAGE 505 broadly heart-shaped, and all Ivs. pubescent beneath in- stead of nearly ^liibrous: Hs. purpli-sh to deep purple. Jane, July. Himalayas. B.M. 6281. B. Whorls distant, in long racemes. C. Flowers erect. Mold4vica, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, inciso-crenate, the floral ones narrower and saw-toothed at the base. Eu., N. Asia. Bdprechtii, Re^el. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised and toothed: fls. rosy purple or lilac, about 1 in. long, in axillary clusters. Turkestan. Qt. 1018. cc. Fls. somewhat nodding. niitans, Linn. Lvs. ovate, crenate, the floral ones ob- long-lanceolate and more nearly entire : fls. blue. May- July. N.Asia. Mn. 4:137. B.R. 10:841. -Var. alplna, Hort., is commoner. D. Virginidnum. Linn. See Physostejfia.— />. Canadense of Bridgeman's Catalogue is a misprint for D. C"anariense==Ce- dronellii triphylla. j, jj, Keller and W. M. DBAC^NCULUS (Latin, a little dragon). ArAcece. This genus contains the plant pictured in Fig. IM. It has uncanny, drairon-tingered lvs. and a terrifying odor when in flower. Its tubers are sold by bulb dealers un- <ler the name of Arum J>ni('intriilnii. The latest monog- rapher of this order (Eugler, in DC. Mon. Phan., vol. 2, 1879) puts this plant into the genus Dracunculus be- cause the ovules are attached to the base of the ovary, while in Arum they are attached to the side. The lvs. of the true Arums are always arrow-shaped, while in Dra- cunculus they are sometimes cut into flngeMike lobes. For culture, see Arum. There are only 2 species. The common one is an en- tertaining, not to say exciting, plant. When it flowered in the forcing-houses at Cornell University, innocent visitors thought there must be a dead rat under the floor. It is well worth growing for the experience, though its stench is not quite as bad as that of a Helicosideros, sold as Arttm crinifum, which makes any house un- bearable in which it flowers. Nearly all Arums are ill- smelling. vtUgiris, Schott. Fig. 734. Sheath of lvs. livid, spot- ted : stalks g'reen : bla<les with 10 fingers projecting from a bow-shaped base : tube of spathe streaked with purple except at the bottom: spathe purple all over and much darker along the wavy border. Mediterranean regions. ^ ^^ DBAGON PLANTS. The Dragon Arum, Dragon Root or Green Dragon, is the native Aristfma Vracontiitm. The Dragon T'ant of Europe is Drucu»cnlux rulijaris. The Dragon's Head is not an Aroid, but a Dracocepha- lum, a genus of mints. False Dragon's Head is Physo- stegia. The Dragon's Blood of commerce is a dark red, ft«<tringent, resinous secretion of the fruits of a palm, DifmoHorops Praco. Other kinds of Dragon's Blood are produced by Itraetrna Drneo and Frastaphyllum Monetaria. "Sticks," "reeds," "tears" and "lumps" of Dragon's Blood are known to commerce. The resin is used in col(»ring varnishes, dyeing horn in imitation of tortoise shell, and n the composition of tooth-powders and various tinctures. DBAINAOE. Underground or sub-drains serve to re- lieve the land of free water, which is harmful to most plants if left to stagnate in the surface soil or subsoil. They serve not only to drj' the land iu early spring, but in- directly to warm it, for if the water is removed the sun's heat warms the soil instead of cooling it by evaporating V? 735. Diagrams showing the effect of lowering the water-table by means of under-draininfiT. On the undrained soil, the roots do not penetrate deep : and when droughts come, the plants snffer. 736. Old-fashioned drain tile. the surplus water. Tenacious lands devoted to garden- ing and small fruits are made more productive, warmer and earlier by sub-drainage. Drains promote nitrifica- tion, assist in liberating mineral plant-fcMui and cheapen tillage. They serve not only to remove deleterious stag- nant water, but they promote aeration as well, and this hastens beneficial chemical changes in the soil. Drainage promotes the vigor, healthfulness and fniitfulness of plants. Tenacious soils are ma<le more friable by drains, thereby giving easier access to i>lant roots, w'hile the percolation through the soil of niinwater, which carries some plant-food, is hastened. Rainwater in the spring is warmer than the soil; in midsimmier it is cooler than the soil: therefore, percolation of rainwater warms the soil in the spring and cools it in extremely hot weather. Drains serve not only to relieve land of free water, but they impart to it power to hold additional available mois- ture, which materially benefits plants during droughts. Drainage is of two kinds, surface an<l sub-drainage. On land on which large outlays of money are to be ex- pended, as in horticultural plantations, it is of the utmost importance that the soil be freed to considerable depths from stagnant water. Trees, many shrubs, and even some garden crops send their roots deeper into the subsoil than most of the cereals, hence they require a greater depth of drained feeding ground. In horticul- ture the planting may often precede the harvest by 5 to 10 years, while with many farm crops the harvest fol- lows the planting in a few months. If the grain raiser loses one crop, an annual, by planting on wet land, the loss is not great, but if the orchardist loses 15 to 20 years of labor by planting on undrained lands, before the mistake is discovered, the losses are seri- ous. Some lands require little more than to be relieved from surplus surface water in early spring. This may be accomplished by forming ridges and open furrows as far asunder as the rows of trees are to be placed. But it is only rarely that surface drainage fully prevents serious damage from surplus moisture. Surface drainage may be considered a cheap way of tem- porarily alleviating undesiralde condi- tions. It does not always eradicate them. Fig. 73.") illustrates how sub-drainage low- ers the water-table (or the area of stand- ing water), and thereby ameliorates the soil. Sub-drainage consists in placing con- duits of tile or other material in the ground at depths varying from 2/^2-4 feet, and at such distances apart as will serve to relieve the subsoil of deleterious stagnant ■water. When suitable stones are at hand they are sometimes used instead of tile for forming drainage conduits. If such use is made of them, the drains should be somewhat deeper than tile drains, since the stones which form the drain occupy ~ I riW'-iMiii I 5UG DRAINAGE nearly a foot of the depth of the ditch and are more likely to l)econie ohstruetfd, especially if placed near the surface, than are tile drains. The throats or open- ings of Mtone drains are irrej^ilar In size, while those of tile drains are smooth and uniform in size, and are, therefore, most desirable. Years asro, various tlat-lNit- tomed tiles (Fig. 7M) were used, but the only stvle in general um«' at present is the cylindrical unglazed tile shown in Fig, 737. In some sections drains are placed 200 to 300 feet apart, and serve their purpose well. In others they should not be placed farther apart than from 20 to 30 feet. Where- erer the subsoil is composed of tenacious, fine clay, through which the water moves upwards or downwards with difficulty, the narrower in- tervals are necessary. In some instances the surpIuH water in the subsoil is underpressure l»y reason of wttt»'r wliich finds itc way into it from higher levels, and if this is not removed, the water has a constant tendency to rise to the surfm-e. In many such cases drains placed at wide intervals may serve to relieve the pressure and drain the land. Since 8ub-<lrains are designed to be permanent, are expensive to construct and difficult to re- pair, the principles of drainage should be well understood, and the work should be undertaken only after a most careful inspec- tion of the land ant! after the fundamental principles of the subject have been mastered. Mains and sub-mains should be avoided so far as possible, since they greatly increase cost, tend to become obstructed, and are often unnecessary. The three long mains in Fig. 738 are not drains, strictly speaking, 737. Common cylindrioU drain-tile ; and a scoop for preparing the bed for the tile. since the land may be as fully drained without them, as shown in Fig. 739 ; therefore, they only serve to conduct the water of the drains proper. Tiles of 3 to 4 and 5 inches diameter should be used when the drains are infrequent and the flow of water considerable. Smaller ones. 2 to 3 inches in diameter, will suffice when the intervals be- tween the drains are narrow. Drains should have as uniform a fall as possible, and no abrupt lateral curves or sharp angles should occur as are seen in manj' plates in Fig. 738. If the drain has a rapid fall in its upper reaches, as is often the case, and but slight fall in the lower, a silt basin should be constructed at the point at which the rapid chamres into the slight fall, if obstruct- ing silt is present. All drains whi<'h may be necessary should be placed before the planting: occurs. Orchard lands may be drained in the spring, fallowed in the sum- mer, and planted in the fall or the following spring. Drains placed at frequent intervals because of the te- nacity of the soil should be comparatively shallow, for if placed deep or at wide intervals, the water will be too long reaching them. If drains are placed at wide inter- vals they should be at least 3j-$ feet deep to be most effi- cient. If the parallel system is adopted (Fig. 739), there DREEU may be more outlets to construct and maintain than is desirable; if so, the system might In* mo<litled by con tttnicting a sub^ain, one side of which will serve also 738. Improper method of draining a field. as a drain, and but one outlet will be required ( Fig. 740). Drains through which water runs for the greater part of the year are likely to become obstructed by roots, if water-loving trees, such as the willow, soft maple and elm, are allowed to grow near them. If floating silt is present the joints of the tiles should be protected for two-thirds of their upper circumferences by a narrow strip of tarred building paper, or collars should be used. Stone drains should receive a liberal covering of straw before they are filled. j. p. Roberts. DBEEB, HENBT A. Seedsman, and founder of one of the oldest American horticultural establishments; was bom in Philadelphia, Aug. 24, 1818, and died there Dec. 22, 1873, at the age of fifty-five. His parents were Frederick Dreer, of Hanover, and Fredericka Augusta Nolthenius, of (irossakenheim, Germany. They were married in America. The Nolthenius family emigrated to the United States in the la.st decade of the eigh- teenth centur\% and were closely connected with the Lutheran Church. Henrv A. Dreer's education was largely in (lennan, and obtained in Philadelphia. He was fond of gathering seeds and plants in the country, and would bring them home to cultivate. He was trained in his father's business, that of a cabinet-maker. In 1838, at the solicitation of a friend, he began as a florist in a small way, near Front and Chester Sts. About 1870 he removed to Seventh and Chestnut. In 1869 he enjoyed a 5 months' trip to Europe, where he met business cor- respondents of 30 years' standing. He was marrsird June 22, 1847, to Mary Leavenworth, of Reading, Pa., 739. Best method of draining a field. DREER DEYMOPHLCEU8 507 and had «lx children. Of the two son«, one died In infancy, anil ihe other, William F. Dreer, conducts, at 714 C'hent- nut Htreet, the buMinexM which In incorporated In the name of hi» father. Henry A. Dreer died of a nervous af- fection of the heart. He waH of niodeHt temperament and frail conxtitution, and conflned hiniHflf to busineDfl rather closely. He wan lilwral in jpulilic matters, but always kept out of political lift He compiled several Rmall works in connecti<»n with <■ buniness, and wrote frequently for the Weekly Satunlay Evening Post, of Philailelphia. and for <}odey's Ladies' Magazine. W. M. 740. Showing how the drains may be sathered into one when there is only one place at which an outlet can be secured. DEOPWORT. Filiptmluln. Spinea Filipendula; also Potentilla DBOSE&A (Greek, dew; referring to the dew-like drops on the glandular leaves). Dro8erdcea>. Sundew. Dew Plant. A very interesting group of insectivorous plants. About 100 species scattered throughout the world, except the Pacific islands, and most common in Australia outside the tropics. Perennial bog herbs with basal Ivs. slothed with glandular hairs, which secrete a fluid that holds insects fast. F*bliage and inflorescence diflfer widely. The .*} species described below may be ob- tained through dealers in native plants. For culture, see Darlingtonia. A. Lvs. thread-like, with no distinct stalk: petals purple. filifdrmis, Rafln. Lvs. 6-1.5 in. long, glandular-pubes- cent throughout, at the very base woolly with brown hairs: racemes 1-sided, 10-30-fld. : fls. 4-12 lines broad. July-Sep. Wet sand near the coast. Mass. to Fla. jLk. Lvs. icifh an oblong blade: petals white. longifdlia, Linn. Lvs. longpet- ioled; blade S-15 lines long, 1 J^-2 lines wide, the petiole glabrous. Summer. Bogs, northern and arc- tic regions. AAA. Lvs. with a blade that is wider than long : petals white. rotundifdlia, Linn. Fig. 741. Lvs. with a blade 3-6 lines long, glan- dular above, petiole %-2 in. long, pubescent but not glandular : ra- cemes 4-12-fld. : fls. about 2 lines broad, opening in sun- shine. July, Aug. Bogs, Labrador to Alaska, south to Fla. and Ala., and in the Sierra Ne- vada to Calif. Other Droseras are to be expected in fine collections, and some of them are more showy than those men- tioned above. Some of the - , „ best are as follows: D. bi- 741. Sundew— ndta, LabUl., of Austral. Drosera rotundifolia (X>a)- and N. Zeal., with Irs. deeply parted Into 2 louf. linear loh««. Prop, by root <>uttinffii. B.M. :«W-'. — /> CapenMia. Linn., of 8. Afr , bait linear uri*trap-tthap«> leMf-blaUeM ax long mm the petiole, and larite (1 in. in diaiu ), tony n-ii rt»%. Fn>p. by nnn -cuttings. H.M. O^Ki. — /> dich4>tuma. Hurt I> liiiiMta. — />. lintariM, (}oldie, Lake Superior and W., has linear olituKe Iv*. on naked, erert petioles, and purple Us. — />. tpathuldta. t.<«l>ill., Aoatral., N. Zeal., haa Hhnrt, oblong Kpatulate Ivs. in a rosette, narrowed into short petioles, and purplish fis. O.C. 1881, 16:862. W. M. DRUPE. A fleshy fruit containing a single seed with a bony covering or "stone," as a plum. Fig. 742. A Drupe resembles an akene in being 1-sided, and not splitting, but an akene is dry instead of pulpy or fleshy. The most important drupaceous or stone fruit.s are peaches, plums, apricots, cherries and rasp- berries. Each of the fleshy parts of a raspberry is a drupelet. 743. Young drupes lapri* cots), cut in two, show* ing ovules. Nat. size. In drupes of the genus Pninus there are two ovules, but osoally only one matures. ORt^AS (Greek, wood- nymph). RosHcece. A genus of 2 or ;{ species of dwarf, hardy, tufted, evergreen, somewhat shrubby plants with oblong Ivs. half an inch long, recurved at the margins, shining above, snowy white beneath, and large white or yellow fl.s. borne singly on slender scapes: calyx glandular-hairy : petals 8-9, broadly obovate: stamens many. The genus is close to Geum, but the species of (teum are herbs with deep'y cut f diage. J. W. Manning recommends a soil well furnished with peat. Dryns octopetala requires a well drained, porous soil, a sunny but not dry position. It is well to shade the foli- age from bright sun during the winter months with evergreen branches to prevent the foliage from having a scorched appearance. A capital plant i?or the rockery. Prop, by cuttings, division, or by seed. octopetala, Linn. Lvs. oblong, deeply and regularly crenate, downy beneath: scapes 2-3 in. long: fls. white: seeds with a feathered awn over 1 in. long. North tem- perate and arctic regions. j^ q Keller. DRTMOGLOSSUM. a genus of small ferns from Japan, with wide creeping rootstalks, and small, entire leaves : sori resembling those of Polypodium. None are advertised in America. Three or' four kinds are cult, abroad. l, 2>i. Undebwoou. DRTMOFHLOEUS (Greek words meaning oak and smooth inner bark). P(ilmi)ce<r, tribe Arecew. This genus contains a tropical palm, with very distinct wedge- shaped leaflets and ornamental scarlet fruits, borne every year. It flowers when only a few feet high, and is suitable for pot culture, t^pineless palm, with slender, medium caudex: lvs. terminal, etjually pinuatisect, the segments cuneate-oblong or linear, broadly oblique, sub- membranaceous, 3- to many-nerved, the margins re- curved at the base: rachis scaly, 3-sided: .'<heath long: spadix with a short peduncle and slender branches : spathes 2 or many, the lower one 2-crested. Species 12. Australasia and the Pacific islands. The chances are that most of the plants now known to the American trade as D. olivaformis are really D. ap- pendicnlnta. The true I). oliva>formis is said to have been offered by a few dealers as Ptychoxpenna Humphii. D. appendicu'lata was described and figured by William Watson, in Garden and Forest, erroneou.ily as D. olii'ot- tormis, as explained in B.M. 7202. He adds, "Like all the palms of this section of the order, Drymophloeus requires a tropical moist house with abundance of water at all times." The plant figured was about 14 years old, 3 ft. high, with lvs. about 3 ft. long. The plant takes about six months to mature its fruits. appendiculata, Scheff. {Areca gracilis, Griseke, not Roxb. or Thou.). Leaflets wedge-shaped, raggedly cut, serrate. Moluccas. New Guinea. B.M. 7202. G.F. 4:331. D. olivceformis. Mart., has narrower leaflets than the above, and the fruit half immersed in the greatly enlarged perianth. Jaked G. Smith and W. M. 508 DRYXARIA DRYOPTERIS DBTNABIA (Greek, oak-like). Polypodideea. A genus of 10 or more East Indian ferns, with round naked sori, allied to Polypodiuni, but with a fine net-work of veins, with free included veinlets, and with either a separate oak-like leaf or with the lower portion of the spur-bearing leaf deeply pinnatifid like an oak leaf. D. quercifdlia, with two sorts of Ivs.. the sprre-bearing 2-3 ft. long, is the commonest species, i). rigrldtila, Sw. {D. diversifdlia, R. Br.), a similar but larger species from the same region, also appeared at one time in the American trade, but the species are seldom seen in cultivation in this country. D. muscefdlia is occa- sionally seen in fine collections, where it is grown for its striking, simple foliage, which reminds one of the Bird's Nest Fern ( Thamnopteris ) . It is really a Polypodium, which see for description, L. M. UXDERWOOD. DRY6PTEEIS (Greek, oak-fern). Polypodidcece. Wood Fekn. A widely distributed genus of handsome ferns with dissected foliage and bearing round sori ■covered with heart-shaped or reniform indusia, which are fixif'd at the center or along the sinus. The veins are either wholly free or the lowest united. A consider- able number of our common wood ferns belong to this genus. The species have been variously known under the names Lastrea, Aspidium, and Nephrodiuni. Other species sometimes referred to under this genxis may be found under Polystichum. For D. acrostichoid^s, see Poljfstichum ; for D. decurrens, see Sagenia. In North America, known mostly as Aspidiuvis. For cm. .re, see Ferns. Not the same as Doryopteris. A. Veins entirely free. B. Pinna lobed less than one -third to midrib. hlrtipes, Kuntze (Xephrbdiutn, ftirfjpes, Hook.). Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 8-16 in. broad, on stalks clothed with dense black scales ; pinnae with broad, blunt lobes, the lower ones not reduced in size : sori medial on the lobes. In- ■dia. BB. Pinnce cleft nearly to midrib, or lvs. bipinnat". or tripinnatifid. c. Texture thin, membranous ; veins simple or once forked. D. Lower pinnce gradually reduced to mere lobes. lToveborac6n8i8,Gray(^spMiH>H Xovehoracinse, Sw.). Lvs. somewhat clustered from creeping rootstocks, pale green, 1-2 ft. long, tapering both ways from the middle. Canada to N. C. and Ark. Fischerl, Mett (Lastrea opdca, Mett). Lvs. 6-8 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, bipinnatifid, cut into close, entire lobes, the lowest much reduced; surfaces smooth. Braz. DD. Lower pinnce scarcely smaller than those above. E. Veins forked. Tliel^pteris, Gray (Aspidiutn Thelypteris, Sw. ). Marsh Fekn. Lvs. scattered on wide creeping black rootstocks, 1-2 ft. long ; margins of the spore-bearing pinnse often strongly convolute: sori 10-12 to each seg- ment. Canada to Fla. and Tex. EE. Veins simple. simul&ta, Dav. Lvs, scattered from a creeping root- stock, 8-20 in. long, 2-7 in. wide, with 12-20 pairs of lanceolate pinnsB : sori rather large, somewhat distant, 4-10 to each segment. Native in N. Y. and N, Eng,, where it is often confused with D. 'Thelypteris. G.F. -9:485. p&tens, Kuntze, Lvs, clustered at the end of a thick rootstock, 2-3 ft, long, 4-10 in, wide, soft-hairy be- neath ; pinnae cut thr«^e-fourths to the midrib, ."le basal segments usually longer. Fla. to Tex. and Trop. Amer. A,G. 20:25. cc Texture firm or subcoriaceous ; veins 2-4 times forked. D. Lvs. bipinnatifid or nearly bipinnate: indusia large, mostly flat. crist^ta, Gray {Aspidium cristdtum, Sw,), Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, with short, triangular pinnae ? 3 in. long, which arp nuch w! ler at base. Var. Clintoniana is larger, with pinnae 4-6 in. long, and with the sori rather near the midvein. Canada to Ar'i. ; also in N. Eu. Hybrids are described with D. marginalis. G.F. 9:445. Goldieina, Gray (4sjo»<iJMm 6ro Wtedn m m, Sw.). Lvs. growing in large crowns, 2^ ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, the pinnsD broadest at the middle : indusia very large. Canada to Ky,— One of our largest and most stately na- tive species, DD, Lvs. mostly bipinnate: indusia convex, rather firm. Flliz-m&s, Schott (Aspidium FMix-mds, Sw.). Male Fern. Lvs. growing in crowns, 1-3 ft. long, sori near the midvein. Used as a vermifuge, as is also the next species. N. Eu., Canada and Colo. 743. Dryopteris marginalis. margin&lis, Gray (Aspidium margindle, Sw.), Fig. 743, Lvs, 6 in. to 2 ft. long, growing in crowns, mostly in rocky places: sori close to the margin. Canada and southward. — One of our commonest ferns. DDD, Lvs. mostly tripinnatifid ; segments spinulose- toothed: indusia shriveling at maturity. E, Leaf-stalks naked, polished. virid^scens, Kuntze. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, on stalks two-thirds as long; lower pinnae largest: sori near the midribs. Japan. EE. Leaf a Iks ily» spinuldsa, Kuntze ( pidium ^^tnuldsum, Sw.). Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, w n a few pale, deciduous scales at the base : indusia smooth, without marginal glands. Var. intermedia, Underw,, has more persistent scales, with a brown center, and the margins of the indusia with stalked glands. One of our commonest wood ferns in the northern states. — Var, dilat&ta, Underw,, has similar scales to the last and ^^ipinnate lvs. In woods, from Canada to Ore. ; also in Europe. Bodttii, Underw. (Asf'.dium Bobttii, Tuckni.). Lvs. elongate-lanceolate, with broadly oblong pinnules : in- dusia minutely glandular. Canada, N. Y. and N. Eng. DDDb. Lvs.ntnple, 4-3-pinnatifid. efftisa, Kuntze. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long, 2 ft. or more wide, with polished stems and short, creeping rootstocks : sori abundant, scattered, often without indusia. Cuba to Brazil. diss^cta, Kuntze (Lastrea membranifolia, Hort. ). Lvs. 1-5 ft. long. 1-3 ft, wide, membranous, d»*compound; segments broad and blunt; surfaces nearly naked: sori near the margin, abundant. India and Madagascar to Australia. AA. Veins not entirely free, the lower veinlets of adjoin- ing segments xinited. Otaria, Knr\tze (Lastrea aristdta, Hort.). Lvs. 1 ft. long, with a long terminal pinnae an inch or more wide, with lanceolate lobes, and 6-lL similar lateral pinisae; texture thin ; surfaces naked ; veins united half way from the midrib to the edge. Ceylon to the Philippines. — Good for table ferneries, but slow of growth. DRYOPTERIS DYPSIS 509 m6xli8, Kuntze. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 8-12 in. wide, bipin- xwitifid, the pinnc" cut into blunt lobes; lower pinnae dis- tant from the others and somewhat shorter ; surfaces flneiy villose. Trop. regions of both hemispheres. Probably several species are confused under this name, Fhilippin6nsiB, Baker. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, bipinnatifid, smooth, with a naked rachis; lower pinnffi scarcely smaller: sori midway from midrib to margin, with firm, smooth indusia. Philippines. L. M. Underwood. DUCHfiSNEA. S^e Fragaria. DUCK-WFED. Lemna. DUCEWHiDAT. Some years aero, as the story goes, a man in New England shot a wild duck, and in the crop found strange seeds. These seeds were planted, and the flour from the grain was found to make good pancakes. He increased his stock to hundreds of bushels. The grain was offt*red by seedsmen as Duck- wheat. It seems not to have had great popularity, and for the past 2 or 3 years it evi<lently has not appeared in catalogues. It turns out that this grain is the India wheat or Tartarian buckwheat, /'aj/o/jyrMm Tatnricum, an Asian grain, which has been known in this country for some tim'"^ It is earlier than buckwheat, but is very similar to it 7 "^ "heat and Fagopyrum. T TT T> DUD'JM li <T«J : Ctcumis. DUFOUE, JOHN ' ?f^lo. . Swiss vigneron, who was at the head of a f .laj t j , 'W the wine grape iu Ken- tucky, and the au.._ -t ot ^ - ir Dresser's Guide," pub- lishe<i in Cincinnati in ib:id. xhe Kentucky experiment failed, and the colony then settled in southern Indiana, on the banks of the Ohio river; and this settlement is now the city of Vcvay. Here Dufour died in 1827. This Indiana experiment brought out the merits of the Alexander grape, a native, and thereby did much to es- tablish ,in American viticulture. For detailed account of the Dufours and their associates, and the results of their v/ork, see Bailey, Evolution of our Native Fruits. DUGUfiTIA (probably made from a personal name). Anondceoe. A dozen South American trees differing from Anona in technical characters, particularly in the imbricated petals, which are wide-spreading in flower (in Anona the petals are valvate). D. longrifdlia, Baill. (Anbn" 'ongifolia, Aubl. ), is a small tree: lvs. oblong- acum' -ve, raucronate and smooth : fls. axillary and stalked, the 2 series of petals much alike; inflorescence lateral; outer stamens sterile and petaloid: fr. ovate- globose, dotted and reticulated, nearly smooth, flesh- colored. <iuiana and Peru. Recently introduced into southern Florida as a frait-plant, but very little known. Li, H. B. DULtCHIUM (old Latin nf^me). Ct/perdceie. One perennial species ( />. Spathdi-eum, Pers.), in eastern N. Amer. Grass-like, with terete leafy culms, 2-3 ft. tall: grows in ponds and swales. Has been offered by collectors as a bog plant. DTTBANTA (after Castor Durantes, physician and botanist, died 1.590). Ver. -"^ceie. About 10 species of tropical A- *can shrubs, ^ which 2 kinds are culti- vated outdoors in Florida and California, and in a few northern greenhouses. The best known kind has long racemes of blue, 5-lobed fls., followed by yellow berries which remain all winter. It is said to be used for orna- meptal hedges in warm regions. Shrubs, glabrous or woolly, often armed with axillary spines: lvs. opposite or in whorls, entire or toothed: racemes long and ter- minal or short and axillary: fls. small, short-pedicelled in the axis of a small bract; corolla limb of 5 spreading obUqufi or equal lobes; stamens 4, didynamous. A. Stems irithotit prickles. Pluml^ri, Jacq. Golden Dew Drop. Shrub, G-15 ft. high: branches ash-colored, villous: lvs. opposite, ellip- tic, acute, entire or obtusely an<l unequally saw-toothed abo" ^ the middle: fls. pale bin* or lilac, with 2 purple Btreu ".s down the middle of the 2 sma'ler and narrower lobes. The above description is from B .. 3:244, where it is said that another plant was cuUixated which had long lanceolate lvs., wi*h deep, c'.ose saw-teeth and green branches. There is a v Ite-fld. variety. AA. Stems with a few prickles or spines. EUisia, Jacq. This is at least horticulturally distinct from the above by reason of the lighter color of its fls., but it has been lately referred to D. Plumieri. B.M. 1759 shows the lower half of each lobe white, and a few short spines on the stem. It adds, "two kinds [of Duranta], one with thorns and one constantly without, are • * * cultivated. The lvs. of the smooth are larger and more coarsely serrated, and the branches more rounded than in the prickly Duranta." w, jx, DUSTY MILLEB. Lychnis coronaria ; also species ^f Centaurea and Senecio. DUTCHMAN'S BBEECHES. Dicentra CucuUaria. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE is Aristolochia. DUVAUA. A synonym of Schinus. * .D'i'CKIA (after Prince Salm-Dyck, German botanist, and author of a great work on .succulent plants). Brotnelidcece. About 57 species of succulent plants from South America, somewhat resembling century plants, but with smaller spines, as a rule, and flowering regularly. They are usually stemless, and the lvs. form dense rosettes. For culture, see Agave. They are rarely cultivated in Florida and California, and in a few northern collections. The following have showy yellow fls. Latest monograph in Latin by C. Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. vol. 9 (1890). A. Inflorescence amply branched or panicled. altissima, Lindl. Lvs. spiny at the margin : floral bracts small, all manifestly shorter than the fls. Braz. Baker's plant of this name is really D. encholirioides, Mez, which is distinguished by the filaments. Beyond the tube they are free in the tree D. altissima, while in Baker's plant they are grown together about a twelfth of an inch. The sepals are obtuse in Lindley's plant, but acute in Mez's. AA. Inflorescence not branched, a raceme or spike. B. Fls. ivith scarcely atty pedicel; filaments forming a tube. rarifl6ra, Schult. Lvs. with small spines on the mar- gin, shorter than in i>. altissima : sepals not emargi- nate at the apex : upper sheaths of the scape shorter than the internodes. Braz. B.M. 3449. B.R. 21:1782. BB. Fls. with a short but conspicuous pedicel; fila- ments not forming a tube all the tcay. c. Fls. loosely disposed, erect. gemell^ria, Morr. This is the plant which Baker calls- I), sulphurea, not Koch's plant. CO. Fls. more densely disposed, spreading. snlphtirea, C. Koch, not Baker. Lvs. with small spine* at the margin : sheaths of the scape longer than the in- ternodes, the higher ones entire: bracts lanceolate, the lowest conspicuously longer than the pedicelled tts.: blades of the petals wide and longer than the stamens. Brazil. W. M. DYEB'S WEED. Reseda Luteola. DYPSIS (obscure name). Palmiiceo', tribe Arecete. Perhaps half a dozen species of Madagascar palms that have been poorly described and are little known. They are all small, unarmed palms, with reed-like stems. Lvs. terminal, entire, bifid at the apex or pinnatisect ; seg- ments split at the apex or irregularly toothed, the apical ones confluent: sheath short: spadices long, loosely fld.: fruit small, oblong or ovoid, straight or curved, oblique at the I -se. Nc pecies of Dypsis are coTumon in cultivation, as they p«>ssess but little beauty. They are among the easiest and quickest to germinate. All of them require a stove temperature. IK Madagasc(iri'''nsis, Nicholson, is also known as Areca Madagascari^'nsis, Mart. i>. pinnatifroHs, Mart. (.1. gracilis, Thou.i, is one of sev- eral pl-...;s that have been known as Areca gracilis. It is a pretty palm, now grown in large (piantities by some dealers. Jabed G. Smith and G, W. Oliver. 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