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N«tM rorfc 14609 USA ^S (?16) W - 0300 - Phon. ^B (716) 2B8-5989-Fa» DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DAIRY AND GOLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S BRANCH OTTAWA, - - - CANADA THE GRIMSBY PRECOOUWG AKD EXPERIMENTAL FRUIT STORAGE WAREHOUSE I.— General Notes. II.— Schedule of Rates. BULLETIN No. 47 Dairy and Cold Storage CommiMioner's Series. 92700—1 OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1916. LETTEF: of THAXSMII tal. Ottawa, Ont., February 10, 1916. To the Huiiourable the Minister of Agriculture, SiK, — I beg to tubmit for your approval the maiiuacript for a bulletin, entitled " The Orisuby Precooling and Experimental Fruit Storage Warehouse," which huH been prepared under my direction, by Mr. Edwin Smith, who is in charge of tho establishment Thf Hrwt pHft il»'ali* with the objects aime»l at, and (fives ii siinimnry of the results already secured in the operation of this plant. In the second part the rates to be charged for pretiooling aud storage are »it forth along with the rules and regulations under whitli fruit will be handled. I have the honour to recommend that this maniisyript be published as Bulletin No. 47, of the Dairy and Cold Storage Series, for honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, J. A. RUDDICK. Dairii and Cold Storape (Commissioner. 92700— li THE GRIMSBY PRECOOLING AND EXPERIMENTAL FRUIT STORAGE WAREHOUSE. I. OEHEBAL HOTKK. THE PLRPOfC or RmiOIRATION FOR FRl'IT. Fruit muat be fre«h in flRvoitr, texture and Rppcaranoe to be at iu beit, aud it it to the intereat of all who (row and handle fruit to place it before the oonaunur in luoh a oondltion. Temperature it the moat important factor affectine the fro>h- nea of fruiu after piokinc. and it it largely dependent upon thit factor whether or not fruiu reach the consumer free from decay and mouldineaa aa a wholeaome fouil and a pleaaing luxury. The ripeninc procetiea in fruiu proceed mora rapidly at high temperaturea than at low temperaturea. Science haa mown that the rate of these prooeaaea ia inoreaMtl twice with every riie of 20* F. in temperature. For thia reaion tho progreaaive fruit grower should cool hit fruit aa quickly as possible after picking, and if it is not delirered to the oonaumer at once, he should hold it at temperatures between S2° F. and 80' F., according to the variety and circumstances. Although Uiese low tcmporn- turea do not stop ripening altogether, the proceaaea are greetly checked. Tn order that fruiU of a very periahable nature may undergo shipmenU ooverinir a few days, refrigerator cars are in common use for their transportetion. In this way fruiu and vegetables are held in a cool condition while undergoing continent-wide ahipmenU, and, after sufficient time for cooling, are ordinarily held at a temperature between 40* F. and 80* F. In shipping the more perishable fruita for long distances, the refrigerator oar haa not been found i dequata on account of tho long time required to cool the carload of fruit from the ouUide temperature down to 40" F. During the two or three days thus required, the heat in the fruit has caused ripening to take place -th atmoapherio oonditiona growin.«' >vorse, so that over-ripeness and decay oftni o. r before the load is actually <•- down to the temperature which the refrigerator oar ia capable of maintaining. as makea it important to have the fruit at a low temperature before shipment; and for that reason various methods for the preoooling of fruit have been put into practice. Many shippers do not realize the importance of low temperaturea in refrigerator cars and are satisfied merely to load their fruit in a "freezer" regardless of the tempt iture and atmospheric conditions that are to follow. The chances of success- ful shipmente are greatly reduced when the fruit is not cooled down until three days after loading, or when the whole journey ia made with the temperature of the fruit nbove 46" F. The efficiency of the refrigerator car should be such that when assisted by precooling the temiwrature of the fruit may be held uniformly at 88" rf'. durinp transit so long as the bunkers are kept full of ice. The thermograph records shown herewith ill> trate the improved temperuturo conditions in cars of fruit that have been precooled. Note the length of time required to lower the temperature of the fruit in the car not precnoled. m .TfTT'.TTfrt TTTT' ■ ■ r • : st lltiit : trm TTTT Tirr .xrm .xraj^tSMmi .jjt*--. ..liniiUiiiiUUMUiiUiHltumUu No rAI"H. TriiiiMBluie rvwirit "I i» <»r ..f trim n-.l i».-..il.^l. Hhi|i«'.l W.'.l S. |H.iiil»-r • ' IS, im.\ No ."VMS*. IViiiwratiir.- rworf >.f • inr of fniit piwol..!. Sliipi.^l ''•.'•••t -(.tenilt-r 18, 19i:i. nuuwMt-Q. The praeo'ilinc of fruit aimply mmn* any method of roduciiig iU tomiH Ann (ireviout to ■hi;iinaut. Much cunfutioii ha« been cauiod by tb« lik-u thmt fruit it imt truly ptMOoUd ubIm it U flnt \oti»A in • itfricarBtor mt ud thra nibJMtwi to • liltot of cold air drl»eii through th« c«r mechanically. The important fumtion in tlw redu'.laiit doet the work iipkly with a soviiig of lulHiur in hanilliiiir. und will •■♦•rvc a wide ranue of priHliicitMr t«rfiu>ry. Warohoune prccooling it adnptinl to tho umall (hipping point where it it detirabin to hav«» cold tlornge in ortlrr that ciir load* may be made up over two or three dayt, and where the car-precooling plant would not l)t foatible on account of the overhead «'xr«'ni«<. The warelioux* tyix- in ilcHitinctl »<■ H-rve local district* where the fruit i« brought in dinct froi 'he orclmnl by the growir und nubjected to coolinir nt once in»t*>ftd of waitinir till d full onrloiul it nmde ii|« While there it un addwl expense in niriviiij: anil handling In the warehinme type of plant, thit it more than over-l iilnnncl by economy in the uie of refriKiTHtion. lo ("niiadn, difficulty would Ite e.xiwrien I ;.. uting tome typea of cnr-preeocliiig plant-. tiiice in vni-ioii* .li«trictt the brine tnnk refrigerator car it utctl. Thit c«r it to eon- i.triicte.l that o current of nir i« uniible t.i enter it* interior through the hnfh. «. TIIK KXPKMIMF.NTAt, mWOOtlNO PLANT AT (MIMNBV. buring the teatuu of 1014 the licpartinent of Agriculture openwl the nxiwrinientol precooling and fruit storage plant at Grimtby, Ontario. It it atrictly a warehouse type of prwjoollng plant, uaing the Oooper Brine Syrtem for refricwttion. ExoluaiT* i<( corridora, pastagewayt, and experimental space, thsre are 27,000 cubic feet of refriuerated space. For precooling purpoMw th«-rp lire four rooms, each of which U capable of holding one carload of fruit loaded on trucks. The four rooms are severally equipped with Cooper's tystem of forced air circulation and with electrical dittam ■ thermometers, to facilitate the regulation of the temperature. The plant it de .;gi.'"t to preeool fruit from 70» F. to 40' F. in 24 hours. Owing to the tiine re-- of fruit. The fruit upon being brought in warm from the orchards is loaded on specially designed trucks, run into the precooling rooms and cooled without removal therefrom, by a circulation of cold air introduced through a perforated faUe floor. The air 5* cooled by passing over brine coils the temperature of which is held at about 10" F. The brine within the coils i* chilled by the rapid melting of the ice mixed with salt which surrounds that part of the system known as the primary coils. The cooling is done chiefly at night and proceeds till the temperature of the fruit is reduced to 40" F., when the trucks are wheeled out of the precooling rooms through the cold corridors and adjustable car-door vestibule into the refrigerator car where it is loaded under ice. The fruit is not exposed to warm air after once being cooled, and, if the refrigerator cars are efficient and properly taken care of en route, remains in a cold condition until it arrives ot its destination. 7 ^"^"WSM 0*- ^^^^ l|rBHIllP • '' "'SSi^ f ■ i '^^^ ' 's Fniit Storage Room. Trucks iiMKi in Precix>lin(f Koninn, 9 Loadint; U done by trained men according to methods that are approved by experience. For distant shipments tho cars art' provided witli slatted floors. The purposes of these temporary floors are to hold the load of fruit up off the floor bo as to allow the cold air to circulate from the ice bunkers towards the centre of the car and lip through the load of fruit, and to raise the packages of fruit out of danger of wet should meltage flow from the ice bunkers over tlic car floor. After loading, the pack- ngeb are securely braced, which goes a long way to insure the arrival of the fruit in good condition. The cracks about the doors are sealed with a good grade of sulphite paper. RECORDS OF TEMPERATURES IN TRANSIT. In special shipments, or in ordinar; shipments where the shippers especially desire it, a thermograph (recording thermometer) is placed in the car, and continuous records are thereby obtained of the temperature of the interior of the refrigerator car from the Thennograph with covt-r rai»eeg. The berries for this shipment were picked after heavy rains, and had a tendency towards softness. They were precooled tu 40°F. and shipped by refrigerated express. The berries arrived at their destination without decay even although the shipment was made in 24-quart crates which are very poor packages for long-disUtnce shipments. The trial was a success from a physical standpoint, and further trials will be made to determine if this method of shipment can be followed commercially with success. Experiments with the maturity of strawberries for precooled shipments indicate that while ripe strawberries lose- in texture and will not stand the i>ackage pressure for the length of shipment, on the other hand berries that are picked green will advance but little in colour when precooled and shipped under refrigeration. For this kind of shipment, strawberries must show some colour but must still be firm when picked. Strawberries may be held at 33°F. for a period of four or five days and successfully marketed locally. RASPBERRIES. The successful refrigeration of this fruit is largely dependent upon the variety and the district in which it is grown. Undoubtedly the Cuthbert is the most satis- factory variety for handling, but when grown under Ontario conditions it does not have the same shipping stability as the same variety grown in the Pacific Coast dis- tricts. In Ontario the raspberry may be held for four days at 32° F. This is important at week ends and at times when markets are over-crowded. CHERRIES RESPOND TO PRECX>OLIN0. As a result of the demonstration shipment made in 1914, shipments of sour cherries were increased greatly that year, but at the beginning of the season of 1915 a carload shipment of cherries to Winnipeg was made up jointly with the Grimsby 11 Fruit Growers, Ltd., and the Winoua Fruit Growers, Ltd., including Early Richmonds nnd a few Black Tartarian*. This shipment was important for three reasons: (1) The Early Richmond is not considered as good a shipper as the Montmorency; (2) it tested sweet cherries on freight shipments to the West; (3) it gave sour cherries a ten days' flipping test. As all lots arrived in Winnipeg in good condition it showed that Early Richmond cherries could be precooled and shipped west as well as Mont- morencies, standing a shipping test of ten days, and it showed that sweet cherries may also be precooled and shipped west. PREOOOLED CHERRIES STAND UP WELL. To demonstrate how precooled cherries stand up after withdrawal from refrige- rator car, a part of the experimental shipment was reshipped by ordinary express to Brandon and arrived there in good condition, selling for a higher figure than those sold in Winnipeg. Cherries that have been picked for 10 days will not stand up as well as freshly picked fruit even though they have been under refrigeration. Ripening processes take place slowly imdcr refrigeration, and thus lower the vitality of the fruit. However, cherries will not immediately perish upon withdrawal from refrigeration, and if they have not been under refrigeration for more than 8 or 10 days most varieties will stand up long enough for marketing. Upon first withdrawal from the refrigerator car there is a rapid condensation of moisture upon the surface of the fruit (not so heavy on the prairies as in the East on account of the low relative humidity of the air in the West). This moisture gradually disappears, but the moisture and heat combined always tend to germinate mould spores. During the day of unloading and distribu- tion the cherries remain in good condition without much sign of change. After twenty-four hours from the car, or on the following morning the fruit will appear in as pood condition, but upon careful examination will show discoloured spots, especi- ally where it has been bruised. After thirty-six hours the discoloured spots begin to show decay which begins to be serious after two days from the car unless kept in cold storage. GOOSEBERRIES. Gooseberries may be readily included in precooled shipments as they stanf' efrig- eration and shipping well. At 32° F. they remain in good condition for foui weekr*. and at a refrigerator car temperature will not perish under two weeks. BLACK CURRANTS. Black currants also stand refrigerartion well, and by precooling may be shipped to Manitoba and Saskatchewan. At 32° F. they may be stored for a period of two weeks, and at a refrigerator car temperature remain in good condition for 10 days. However, if shipped in the larger baskets there is a tendency to develop a fine mould growth throughout the imckage. RED CURRANTS. By packing in berry crates the red currant may be included in precooled ship- ments to prairie points. At 32° F. it may be stored for from 10 days to two week^. and at 40° F. remains in good condition for from 6 to 8 days. PLUUS. The precooling of plums has been very successful from the first. Shipments of 1915 were very active and gave universal satisfaction. More care is being given to the maturity and condition of the fruit at picking time, and this has augmented tho u precooling work to such an extent that preoooled sUpmenta of plums have become reor popular. The greatest distance that preoooled plums have been shipped were to Frinoe Albert, Saskatchewan, and to Glasgow, Scotland. Plums retain their flavour and texture under refrigeration better than any of our tender fruits, and during the past year shippers have had all fears allayed that had previously made them very sceptical as to the keeping quality of preoooled plums. Our experimental ttsts with the plum varieties have been made to determine which varieties are suitable for long distance shipments after precooling. The following have proven most satisfactory: Bradshaw, Monarch, Grand Duke, Reine Claude, Damson, Abundance and Burbank. Thwe varieties may be held in storage at 32° F. for local markets for a period of one week to three weeks depending upon the variety. TOMATOKS. Much difficulty has been experienced in shipping tomatoes to the western pro- vinces, due largely to a lack of tomato shipping information and standards. Thus far precooling has not helped to any extent to fix these standards, since not enough time has elapsed for shippers to get acquainted with this manner of shipping. When picked firm enough for ordinary shipments, tomatoes have not coloured enough for a preoooled shipment; and when picked ripe enough for local shipmento, often times they have been too ripe for carrying long distances. Demonstrations during 1915 have shown that the question of maturity is most important. In preoooled shipments, tomatoes must be well advanced in colour, otherwise they will arrive on the market pale and unattractive; on the other hand the tomato muot be firm enough to stand the necessary package pressure which it will be exposed to during so long a carriage. The tomato must also be free from cracks or stem punctures, and it has been noticed that tomatoes packed without stems are thus removed from the danger of stem puncture and carry more satisfactorily. The better varieties of tomatoes, such as Chalk's .Tewel. Briiee't, First and Best, and Danish Export, may be stored at a temperature of 32° F. for 2 weeks. The^e varieties will stand a refrigerator car temperature of 40° F. for about 10 days. PEACHES. Although shipment* of precoolwl peaches havi, not been Inrsrc those mad.' liuvo been successfully handled. Demonstratioas have shown that the Ontario pea.li n.av be shipped to any part of the Dominion through precooling. A test was m.nde to *liow the possibilitiefe of precooling the Eariy Crawford in which this variety wfis under refrigerntion for two week., nnd arrived in Winnipeg in good condition. A successful Shipment of Elbertas was made to Glasgow. The farthest western shipment was successfully made to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. !'ests with regard to the maturity of peaches for prccooled shipments show that a peach must not be green nt the time of picking, but must be picked before showing any indications of softening, as ripe peaches become mealy, lose flavour and are practically worthless when held for any length of time under refrigeration. Tests have shown that such varietirs as Belle of Georgia. Yellow St. John, Early Crawford and Elbertii, if property picked and packed, may be procoolcd and shipped to ncarlv any part of Canada. It has been shown that the marketing seison of most varieties of peaches mav he lengthened from 1 to 3 weeks by holding them under refrigeration. In this way late orders have been taken care of by shippers who command higher prices and thus increase total sales. 18 PEAHS. Tlio marketing season of tender varieties of pears, i>uch as the Bartlctt, may be Icngtlioiied 2 to U weeks by placing them in cold storage at H'2' F. In thiii way markets are not over-crowded at the height of the picking season, and increased prices are realized after the rush Ls over. Similarly the better keeping varieties of r^'ars may have their season extended from weeks to 2 months. EXTENSION OF M.tRKETiJ. Demonstrations thus far carried on with the better varieties of our tender fruits, excepting berries, have shown that tliey may be shipped to renmte parte of the Dominion without decay or waste. With sour cherries, this extended radius of shipping increased for tlie West as much as 900 per cent in one year'* time. Local markets were thus kept from being glutted, and a strong demand was maintained for the entire season. This extension of markets has not been felt with other tender fruits lor the reason that demands for them must be created in local markets. The rea.>on for this is that western markets are, at present, importing the bulk of their tender fruits from the United States. The importation of fruit for these markets has be<'ome an established Refrigerator Car. Doom seated with buildiiiR |iap>>r. trade and one that is hard to compete with. During 1913 when tons of tender fruits retted on the ground in Ontario for want of markets and when calamity stared the fruit grower in the face, the Dominion of Canada imported from the United States 12,149,207 pounds of peaches, 6,197,700 pounds of plums, 0,026,692 pounds of grapes, and 11,054,228 pounds of pears, apricots, quinces and nectarines — or an equivalent of 1,767 carloads of tender fruitfc. The importation of tender fruits from the United States has made a steady increase and during the past year amoujited to over 1,900 carloads. The statisties of this trade indicate that a large proportion of these importations go lato otir prairie markets. For three weeks during the peach rush of the past season arrivals in Winnipeg ran as follows: — FVom British Imported From Ontario. Columbia. Carloads. Carloaa*. Carloads. First week 30 13 10 Second week 22 10 16 Third week 25 lo IS Totals 77 33 44 14 Poiato farther West hsTe been consuming imported fruit at a rate to make com- pariioiu eren more itrikinc. The Ontario peach is not largely used in the prairie provinces owing to the heavy purchaaea of Washington Elbertas by the wholesale trade early in the season. The trade prefers to purcba^ Washington Elbertas as ugainst Ontarios because of tliuir earlier season, dependable packing and formerly because of their lower cost. BecauM of the past failures in shipping, it is now difficult to make f.o.b. sales of Ontario peaches to the western trade, and it is going to be very difficult to capture even a small part of the peach trade from the United Statea. However, by proper packing .in boxes and by precooling, successful shipments may be made to the prairie markets without incurring losa, and may be also made at prices lower than can be secured in the United Statea. The only way that the western trade can be interested is to show them that they can secure a better article for less money in Ontario than in the state of Washington. By pre-oooling and proper packing this can be done. With plums the same competition is not to be felt, and without doubt there is a tremendous market for this fruit. One shipper with experience in western markets lias stated that by systematic salesmanship the entire Ontario cherry and plum crop* could be marketed in the prairie provinces with greater net returns than are now being received in the eastern markets, on condition that all the shipping points be sup- plied with precooling facilities. FRUIT PACKING DEMONSTRATION. The Orimaby experimental plant has on its ataff members who are qualified to give instructions as to modem fruit packages and methods of packing. The services of these instructors are always at the disposal of fruit growers when it is consistent for them so to devote their time. Instruction in packing will be given at the experi- mental packing room or at the grower's orchards. It is always advisable to get infor- mation as to the most suitable package before making pre-cooled shipments to new markets. THE COLD STORAGE OF APPLES. Apples should be placed in storage when well matured but still hard. This means that winter applee should not be ripe enough for eating and that fall apples should not be soft ripe at the time of storage. Apples that are well coloured will, other conditions being equal, keep better in cold storage, than greener ones of the same variety. Only the best quality of fruit and packs should be selected. Fruit should be stored immediately after picking. Apples wrapped and packed in boxes store better than those packed otherwise. Apples for storage should be handled carefully and should be free from blemish and skin punctures. At the Grimsby cold storage apples are stored at the most approved temperature of 30-32°F. Apples are piled according to their approximate date of removal. Differ- ent grades and varieties will be kept separate as far as possible, providing the grndes and varieties ar^^ marked on the outside of the package. The name of the owner of the fruit must also be indicated on the outside of the package. 15 II.-8CHEDUII Of BATES TOB 1916. rOR PRECOOLINO. Kach. Ctnts. < qu«rt bkiketi .J 9 •• »l iT .. II ».. •• «» On«-lutlt pear caae »• ApplM In boxM * ApplM In barrila 10 20 pound plum crate t| 24 quart basket berry crat« 4 14 pint barry erata S| standard peach box S rOR STORAGE. 6 quart baiketi, month or leu 11 9 " •• 2 11 " •• n 15 •• " 2| Peaches In bozei, month or le«a 2} One-halt pear case, month or leu 2| Berries, 24 quart crate, month or leu 4 Apples, In boxes, season rate IS " " per month t Apples, In barrels, season rate 40 ■' Brst month 15 " each suooeedlns month 10 Minimum charge M Season rate on apples ends Hay 1, and unless the owner otherwise lignifiei the season storage rate will apply. The above rates corer the receiving, handling and loading of fruit, with neces- sary clerical work in making out receipts and car tallies for growers and shippers. Charges for false floors, car bracing, slatting and sealing of doors are based only un cost of material and time of workmen in making up the same. The above rates supersede and cancel all previous rates. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 1. The management will attend to loading, billing and sealing of cars, for which there is no extra charge except when bracing, slatting or lining of oars is necessarv. when the shipper is charged with actual cost of material and time. 2. All cars, with the exception of those loaded with fruit in barrels, for western or expct shipments, will be braced in the centre. The floors will be slatted when necessaiy. The management reserves the right to decide whether cars should be " slattet. " or not. The approximate cost of slatting and bracing will be given upon application. 3. Settlement for charges according to statements rendered will be made with the Orimsby Cold Storage. Cheques should be made payable to the Department of Agriculture. 4. Application should be made in writing to the Orimsby Cold Storage, for space to pre-cool carload lots, at least twenty-four hours before the fruit is to be received at the storage. Applications for pre-cooling space will be accepted in order of prior- ity. Reservations for pre-cooling space not used will be charged for at the rate of $12 per car, unless said reservations are cancelled at least twenty-four hours before date reserved for. 5. Fruit will be received between 8 a.m. and 12.30 p.m. and between 1 p.m. and 6 p.m. on all week days excepting Saturday, when closing time is 5.30 p.m. Excep- tions to this rule will only be made under special circumstances. ih 16 6. ShipiiMDti of wum fralt will not be mad* with pra-oooUd Iniit, u this is oondueiT* to bad raiultt. AD wum fruit for pro-«ool«d ■hijpiiMntt moit bo brouirht to tho plant tb« day bafora ihipmant 7. Shipping ordeta mnst ba in tha handa of tha managar bgr noon of tha dajr of ahipment, otharwiia ihipmant ia not guarantaad for that day. 8. It raquirea but twanty-foar houra or loH to pra-oool a oar of fruit If fruit it not ahippad within twenty-four houra from tha time of leoeirinc* itorac* ratai auto- matioaUy go into effect on that paroel of fruit, in plaoe of tha ahaiga for pia-oooliiig. 9. It ii not adTisable to hold tender fruita in cold storage for a pwiod longer than four days prior to shipment to the northwest To prevent unjust disoriminatiun against " pre-«ooled fruits " or other false impression that may arise in the fruit trade from such faulty harrestiag and shipping methods as over-ripeness at picking time, injuries from handling, poor packing, delay in shipping, eta, tha Department of Agri- culture reserves the right to notify consignee of the condition of the fruit at the timii of shipment 10. Tha Department of Agriculture will be reaponsible only for the number of packages received when the shipper's name is marked or stamped upon each package. Grades and varietiea of fruit will be kept separate aa far as possible whan the packagex bear distinguishing marks. 11. (Growers bringing fruit to the plant for a shipper will be given a receipt for the lot, a duplicate will be sent to the shipper and a triplicate filed in the office of the cold storage, from which a daily balance sheet, will be made for the convenience of shippers assembling cars from storage stock. IS. Shippers will be furnished with a tally sheet of each carload shipment and will sign a receipt for all fruit shipped from the plant 13. Cold storage space for appk>fl should be applied for in advance. EDWIN SMITH, B.80., In ehargt, Orinuhy, Ont. J. A. RUDDIOK, Commitaiontr, Ottawa, Ont.