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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to bo entirely included in one exp>' - ure are filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les canaa. planchea, tableaux, etc.. peuvent atra filmis A das taux da reduction diffArants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est filmi A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droita. at de haut en baa, en prenant la nombra d'imagea nicassaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ■ ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2l I.I U m 132 |36 L25 iu m 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ APPLIED IIVHGE In ^r-^ lb5J tost Ma." i'reef r.S Rochester. N«« ron. U609 uSA i^S (^^6) "82 - 0300 - Phone DOMimON OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF ACRICl LTLRE DOMINION IXPKRIMI-NrM. KAKMS TOBACCO DIVISION TOBACCO GROWING IN CANADA BY F. CIIARLAN Chief of the ToIhuco Division. BULLETIN No. 25. SECOND SERIES Published by direction of the Hon. S. F. TOLMIE, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. DOMINION OF CANADA DKPARTMKM OP ACiRICll.Tl RK DDMIMUN IM'KKIMIM \l r \U\IS TOBACCO DIVISION TOBACCO GROWING IN CANADA BY F. CIIAKI W i'hlff III I'ltr lolnlii'i Ihvmiiit. BULLETIN No. 25. SECOND SERIES Published by direction of the Hon. S. F. TOLMIE, Minister of AgricL'ture, Ottawa, Ont. lOOJS— li ^' i. i ! • ■ ■ t I ; 1 < . 09501496 TABLE OF CONTENTS. I'v.K, Iiitri>(liii'tiijii Id S( IccthMi iiiiii ini'imi-iilidii ..1" iIk- I.iik! Si'li'i-tioii (it -nil 11 I'ri'iMr.itin-. iif till l;in>I \j S, .-,1 l„.,l- II Sitl iii;; f)iit - rrcpanuiiiii nt tlic .-nil j;, Ht'.srttiliK iilaiit:- 1,; Diiti' for truii-()hiiitiii;r Id • 'llltiviitioii (s Ilillili-' 1. Priniiiijr and toi'piii;; 1«, SuckfrinsT \>t Socl Phiiits ,1, Ha 'vesting — ifnturity o,) Movable raeks o.> Curing barns and curinff — Curinp barn* .... 2-J Curinjr 04 Strippinff ofl Tyinsr o^j FiTmentatimi 07 llii' lliiiiuurulilu Tliu -MiiiintiT ut' Agrii'iiltiin , Ottawa. Sii;.- 1 liavc till- liniiiiiii- Id li-iin-inil luTrwiiii. I'ur v.iur apin-uval. tlir iiKiiiu>iTi|>t ut liiillitiii N.i. :;."> lit' tlir SiM-diul Si'rii'>, lutitlcil " ToUai'i'u (IniwinM in Caiiaila," ami lii-i'[.ari'il liy Mr. F. Cliarlaii, Cliiff ot' the ■I'diac-ro Uivi-imi. Till' iiiiTi.'a>iiLf; iiitiTi'-t in fuliai-i-u ;rr.iwliii; in tlin-i' parts ut" Caiiaila wIhti" this crop ran in' proihii'i'il tn aih antai^i-, lias adiiril niati rially to liir iloinamls fur iiifonnatioii ami iitfratiirc on tiic siilijci't. 'I'liis hnllctin, ili-.ru-7.in.i;- in a ~iiiiplr niaiiiur, a~ it ilor-. tlir ninrr ini|Kirtant oiiiisiiiiTatiniis in conin-i-i ion with tohar.-n prndnc'tion. >urh a- sniU, hot-hcils, iMiltiiral nit'thods. harvesting, riiriiii:, 'tr.. ^hnuhl provi' vaiiialJi' to anvunr intori-st<^il in this crop. Ahhoii^iii -.mu'what '<( thr i-h irac-ti i- of a rov i-r i.f X.i. A-.'! on tiir sanio suliji-i't, this imhlicMtinn oontaiii- -ci !iiiirh nrw niatrrial that it -hnuM. in my opininn. hi- si-nt. to our coniph-ti- list of tohai-,-,) ^rcpw.-r>. I lui\i- till- hoiiiiur to ill', -ir, Vour r.hi-iliciit ~i-rvaiit, J. ir. r.i:Tsn.\r.K D(r."•^)r. Ottwv A. \oviinh.r :'.<>, ^'■>^'l niajLimm The Director, Dominion Experimental I'arms, Ottawa, Ont. Sir,— I have the honour to submit herewith Bulletin Xo. z'5 of the Second Series entitled " Tobacco Growing in Canada." It is intended to take the place of Bulletin No. A-;5 on Tobacco Growing, which was issued in 1907, and is now out of print while the demand for a publication of this nature, especially by beginners in tobacco growing, remains active. The present bulletin is, then, a revision of Bulletin No. A-3. No attempt has been made to deal erhaustively with certain special features of tobacco growing. These will be treated in later publications each taking up a certain pliase of the culture and preparation of tobacco. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, F. CHAELAN, Chief of the Tobacco Division. November 11, 1915. l(H)28- 3 I iNJitonrc iiox. Allli.iiiyli tlu> ti.liiic.-u i-fiiiiiii]- nil tlic lalhl a cnnipiinitivrly ^Iwn time ( IraMi -..viiily to one Inmdri-a davs. ar<-unliiif; to variety) th.. faniKT wla, takes up the iiidiistfy iiiiist. t(. !„■ -ui-ci>,-.l'iil. ^-ive his attention tn it fnr a iinicl, lirratcr length of tiiiic. In Canada, tljc mmmI IkmU aiv iiumIc usually in the eaHy part of AjM-il; and I'miii that (late until the crop is .,,1.1. nr i. in -uel, e.mditiun that it may he keiif with.uit riay hy .lanuary „v Fehruaiy „( tli,. t'nli..\vin- year, the tnha.Vd must reeeivo intelligent and enn>tant care. Th. re niu-t he -.ueh .'are tn ohtaiii a irond crop. and. I" prevent its './,,/;„„ uj .'U|.|.iy ,,1 ^,r.■taM,. hkuI.t. uill .M.l.i till' best result-. Suil.- ,l..i.,-ivc,l nf liuimi>. Im.w.'V.t rid, thry ina.\ U- in iiiii„.rai .■Lmim-mI.. ar.^ n-.l suilal.lo for tol,a.-o firowi„f;. Tol,a,.,.„ i- a plant whirl,. „ ,,-ii,- ti„- -reater |..rn.l ,,f Its f,'r(.\vtli. allMnl.- ,,o..r i,rn,Iuc-ti..u to tlio -oil afiaiii:-! .■•. ..poraticn ; ami ii,or. ,,v, r. i„ si'ilr of it, .TidiiraiR'.', it lua.v 1„. .■xiu-cti-.i to sullVr from thu ftWt.- of a pmtra.-t.Ml ilroii^ht. Tho plant, wlii.-l, is a uvak h-vAVuva wli.i, traiispiantf,! from the -.■.■,! I,,.,! t,, ii„. tioM, l„is a rapi.l fr,,,wtli, ami should !«■ able to throw out easily a larire nnmU, r ot roots; .111(1 to tlii> end a deep >oiI, which retails im,i>ture and i- more eaMly .irain.d. is preferable. Such a soil faeilit,ues ' billim; up.' and tl,u- iKrmits the adoption ..( the Hat eultivation system, whieli i- elieai^.r than the m.'thod of ridf-'e oiiltivation. (!ood draiiiajre of the sub-..l| wat.'r i, e-s,.ntial; f .r an e.xeess of iiini>tun' will d.. ewii in., re injury than a pn.b.nued ,1, oh,. Sulli,.ient draina^'e mu.-t be ,.r..vided in tiny soil where an acnimiilation of >ubsoil water is to be feared. Tlie soils of iiillside- with .-i -ei,;le sh-iK' p^nerally yi..ld excellent results, m.iinly on .■ie,N,iint of tlie rapidity wilh whirh an ex.-,-- of water drain- ,,|T. I.'iW ,iid marshy .soils yield tobaeeo of a eoars,. and loo-e te.xture which <-iire- and burn- liad.v. Such .-oils shoul,! be avoide.l altojr,.,h,.r. The -ame may be -anl of -,,i|- containin- an .■xce» of lime, which yield a h-if hn-kinu' in elasti<-ity. tioud crops may !„• obtained on day -oil-, pn.vidcl the lattia- entail, a -utlicienl proportion of sand and hnnni- t.. !.,■ ea-ily brou-ht to ami kept in a uooil -tatc ..f tilth with th,' p|..u-li, harrow and cultivalnr. Such -oil-, known a- •■lii'avy," an> c,„nn„,n ill -.me parts of Canada. Some. l„.uvver. ,-nntain a rather laryv pi-oi«,rtion nt ji,,,,.. iriviiij-" them a marly appearance, and tla-e yield a tobacco of thi.'ker texture than ,1.. th.. li-hf .oil-, whll,. the di!ti,-ulty of -ettinir them info prolxT sIuiim,' is a s.-rious defect, the favoiiralih tiiiit for iilou.diin^;- belntr lianl to deterniine. Th.. b.-t soil- for the -rowinir of fbacro are tho«. which eontniu a sutlid.-nt proportion .,f day and humus to enable them to retain a t'ood sui)i>ly of moisture, and which are known iindiT the fr,-iieral aiipdlatloi, nf "Inamy -oils," and .hi.-ed a- -an.ly loams, loams, clay loams ,,r lieavy loam-, as tlie ],rofM,rtion of clay increases. StitT ,.biy soils are the least suitable. Th.' . r,l,,ur of -.ills influ..n.-es th.' colour ..f toba.-.'o a-ily from n lifrht-.'oloured soil. lOOvIS— 2i II 12 Sandy loams or even loamy soils will >tive the best results witli light tohaccos. such as Havana Seed I>eaf, Connecticut Seed Loaf, Comstock and Ziromer Spanish. Tobaccos with a rather heavy texture will do best on loams, or clay loams. Special mention may l)e made of certain Ontario soils, found close lo the bordrr of Lake Eri«>. which are being more and more devoted to the growing of bright tobaccos " flue-cured." Some gravelly soils appear to be suitable to the growing of small varieties of Canadian tobacco, such as Canelle nnd Petit Rouge, but analyses of these soils show that tney may be classed as clay loams, allowance of course being made for the lanrcr particles. PREPARATION OF THE LAND. Tobacco being a very exacting crop, and its period of growth of comparatively short duration, the soil in which it is grown should be rich and frequently manured. Tlie lai.d selected sliould be ploughed as early as possible the preceding fall, in order to be well aerated and properly provided with moisture. It will be better to plough twice; once at the end of August or the beginning of September, and again, say two or three weeks before the hard frosts and heavy falls of snow. The farm-yard manure which is available at that time should be ploughed in at the last ploughing. Only well decomposed manure should be used. The advantage of applying the manure in the fall is that it will have time to nitrify during the winter month?, that is to say, the elements of the manure will have time to change into soluble plant food before the seedlings are put in. Spring work on the tobacco land should be done as early as possible and, if manure has been applied the previous autumn, should be so performed as not to bring the manure up to the surface. The work is completed by harrowing with spring tooth and disc until the soil is in a tine condition. Spring manuring should be done as early as possible. The tnimure may be buried by the plough, or spread over the field after ploughing, and mixed in by the disc harrow. Green manure may be used in the spring, but care should be taken to let sufficient time elapse between the time of manuring and setting out. ^fanure should be applied in the proportion of twelve to eighteen tons per acre. Commercial fertilizers are applied in the i.mr.a. When the plants are to ho in close together, such fertilizers may be sown broadcast, and incorporated with the soil by the disc harrow. When the plants are to-be sot wide apart, in rows, the fertilizer may be spread so as to be buried under the ridges, or as nearly as possible on the location of the future rows. A few growers even wait until the seedlings are set out. and distribute the fertilizer around each plant, mixing it witli the earth. This is a rather expensive method, but, judiciously practised, it gives fairly good results. Commercial fertilizers may be used in the spring as an addition to an application of farm-yard manure put on in the preceding fall; and in such cases they are .applied at the rate of 400 to 000 pIimts diirinj^ tlif tir^t ihtIixI of tlifir growth, the u>e of covered ^eed bods, especially ill CiiimdH, is most iieecssary. SuwiiiR niuy In- done on hot, semi-hot, or cold ImmIs. The second ar" preferahle. nwintr to the fineness of tobacco stn-d. and they aft'ord letter protection to the yoiinif plant- against the inclemencies of the wojither where such are to b«' feared. In most parts of Canada, even in the Province of Ontario, owin^r to the occasional severity of till' sjM US', the v'sp of semi-hot IxhIs can scarcely l>e disj>ensed with. The operation of sowinK has been dealt with at lenjrth in Bulletin No. 21, Second Series, of the E.tperimental Farms, so that the subject net:^ not be dealt with here; but a copy of the bulletin referred to will be furnished upon request. An advantafre would be gained by having semi-hot beds really warm; that is. maintained at a temperature of from 70° to 80° Fahr., so that they could bo ventilated from time to time, even on cold days, by liftinR up the glass sashes. They would rapidly regain the few degrees of heat which this operation might cause them to lose. T?y this means the plants are protected from those fungous diseases which develop during long periods of rainy weather and which are almost always caused by an excess of moisture and a lack of aeration. The whitewashing o*' the glass tojw or sashes, in order to protect the young plants against deadly sunstrokes is recommended, in addition to the use of cloths for the same puriK>se. The al>sorption of outside heat by the bed will be reduced by this method, but the absorption will be more regular, and the possibility of damage from neglect is less than when cloths alone are used. However, it is well to use the latter at night, and during a snow fall, if such should happen to occur, though in the case of a snow fall a covering of boards would answer the purpose better. For setting out, the plants should be from three to three and a half inches high. Plants of this size will be easily obtained on thin bele nitHiium for the development «if i.int> irrowrr- nt' ciui^iiitf mi fXiitiK'ralcil ilcKrf*' ••! gertniiiiitiiiu of thi' M'ed brfuri' -owinn iMiiiiut Iw rt'i'iniiinciiik'*!. It is U^ttcr to ii-c .scj'd siiiii)l.y swi)llfii, or ovcii dry scihI. A good semi-hot IhhI, sown witli dr>- sp and well drained lands. Uioints where the lines inter- sect being the {Joints where the plant^s are to Ix- put in. A child may be tunployed to go ahead and distribute the plants, that is, lay a plant down at every cross section of the lilies, while men follow, and .-et the plants in. A jx'g may !h' used in planting, tu make a hole to set the i)lant into; though in very light soils the hand 'nay W useil. Thi' plants are set at a moderate depth, to the colhu', inunt-diauly al>ove th(» roots. Can' should be taken to avoid setting the plants on pitres i>f undecoinpused nuuiure, and to avoid bending the roots, which might cau:-e the plant to iiecunie ilircasiMl. Cloudy weather is favourable to the revival of the -iiuiig plants. Kvapnraf ion is then less active, and the i>lant» (hi ni't wilt >o much. I'lantiiig sliouhl be done during the cool hours of the morning or early evening. \Vh, 'never the soil is too dry, each plant should be watered carefully as seon as set in. Ill taking up the plants from the hot beds, the greatest iK>s>il>le care should 1h' usikI to avdid breaking the roots or shaking off the earth clinging to them. To this end, the lied slmulil Ic well watered half an hour or so U'fore taking U|) the plant,s. For setting out, care should be taken to -elect \vcll-f(irined plants, grtvn and thick-set, well jjrovided with roots, and all as i>nfy thuiisand pUints in a day, duing the watering at tiie same time. The machines may he had from agents in Canada for from $100 to $i;i."i. The distani'c apart at which plants should be set varies according to the varictjV. Such varieties a» Candle and Petit Rouge may be plante been obtained from a p!aut:>ti;'n i4' Coinstock Spaniih set out 2'? l>y T'^ inches, in spite of the drf)uglit which prevailed during the year. As a general rule, it may be said tlutt the varieties Havana Si>eil Leaf, Conistock and Zimmer Spanish, wlien grown in Canada, should not be planted widi>r apart than 2 J by IJ fcit. 16 When tJio rows iir.. i'tl i,„.l„.s „i.iirt. it will be possible to frivo the three hoeinir* necessary with a horse cultivator, even iIiourIi a very heavy horse should \>c used. Iwfore the develoj>r.ent of the plants interferes with this work. Some varieti s with hirvre. >|>rendinK leaves must [>o set farther apart. The Hurh'y variety is set tnrce by three feet apart, and somotinies even three and a half bv three feet. There is another system of plnntini.' caHed the quincunx system, which has the advantage of atr(,rdin(; much ro(,in for plant development. By this system the plants in eacli row are set so as to n,ce tli,. o,H..n si)aee Wtwi-en the plants in the next row. nKSETTINO PLANTS. The plantation sii..ul,l W vi>ited a f.-w days after tiie setting: out, and all plants which have b«-en destroyed by in-e.'t^ or which did not suecee.l should be reset (replaced.) Kesettinp shoul.l 1k' done early, in order to obtain a plantation as uniform in size as iH.ssible. Early resettinp: is particularly necessary in the case of close- „et planta- tions; for, in this cyise, late i>lants arc chwked in their development by the first ont«. the growth of which has Ix-eii normal since the start. This is also the time for spreading poisonous mixtures if traces of injuries caused by insects are observed. Tlicre are many formulae for the preparation of poisonous mi.xtures. One of the best is made by addins; one imiuiuI of Paris jrreen to 50 pounds of bran. This is thorou^rhly stirred several timos to ensure even mixture and should be prepared some 24 to 4S hours before it is to be used. At dusk, it should be spread around the plants, care being taken not to sprinkle it on the plants, the young heart leaves of whicli might be burned thereby. After a i.ii the operation must be repeated. I)ATK FOH THANSI'LANTIXG. There ar.- many points in favour of early planting. There is the possibility of early tall frost., and also the difficulty of obtn-iing a tj.orough curing of tobacco in the shed before the s.^vere weather sets in: so .a..r all varieties of average size, such as iravana, Connecticut and Comstoc.k, >iiould be plant..! tnwr.nl the early part of June As t^. Caiu.lle and P.tit Il.,ug,., whi.-h riivn <.arly, they may be safely set out from the 15 to th( of June. \Mien t ,nts arc set out early, towar.l the end of spring, they find sufR.-ient mmsture v. .oil to enable tl make a good start. They throw out an abundance ot roots ■■> c thus betf.r prep... to withstand dry weather, their roots drawin.. the wat.>r n.v, --.,ry to their growtli from the subsoil. It has fre.iuently been oWrvcd that fields set out early (from June 1 to June 10), siifTer less rhan fiebK later planted and .vield a better developed product. Airing the se-d-'-eds. (Hardon'nc t..Ti.M!. .S„.,l sown al rate of u oz to l,m so Note shi-lter fence. Airing the se^d-ln-is. (The sashes are left Hat.) NV -over for use at night ClI/riVATION. Culiivuticiii -hoiiM ,tarl -..idh nt-cr tli'- xfttinn "»ut oi tin- pliiiitu; that i.«, an mimii us the plants urc well .stiilplisliril. uinl thf pluiits which Imvc Wvn avt out to rcphi.T unsii.-iH'ssful oiu-s have ^ot u k««n1 start, whicli will bt' alMnit ti-ii ..r twrlvf days aflir pluiitiiiK. Tlic ohj<'<'t of cultivation i.-. tiot ujiiy to lU-stroy the w»t-.U, hut uIho to kut-p the soil loose. It fucilitate> aeration. aneralioii of setting out and resettinK. ami in view of this the tir-t -tirrintf of the surface soil should he effected as ejirly as |)o-r to the tnore or less rapid growth of weeds ami the atmospheric cundition-. Ilei-t, foliowini; a heavy rain, ircnerally causi's a tiiick cru>t to form ui».n the soil, and cultivation is then necc-sary for thi' aiTatiim of tlie soil, llorse-hoe iMltivation should continue until the time when, owinjr t" the development of the plants, the passage of animals or machines niijrht injure thiiii. Illl.I.lMi. This oiHTatioM can scarcely he dispcTisi^l with in the case of flat cultivation. It is easily dnue hy mean- of a small, double mould Iniard plouffh, the -orcail of which is regulated according.' to the ilistaiic Utwicn the r removed. These leaves are left scattered around the l>laiits and they deconipesc r,ii>idly as soon as they are covered with earth in the liillinfi process. Short roots. calleack closely and aeration would be diecked; in the second case, the oi^'ni-ig up of the soil at such unfavourable time would cause it to dry out completely. In spite of its .ndvantages. hilliiifr. properly so called, is seldom praeti.sed in Canada. The same effi-ct is produced, to a certain extent by directing the soil towards the plants, as far as possible during the successive cultivations. This can only ho done, however by the use of special cultivators, the teetli of which are fonned +o pM=h the soil away slightly to each side. The small spike tooth cultivator, altliougu doing good work on the soil, cannot be used for the alx've purpose. PRlMINi; ANO TOPI'INC. Priming consists in removing from the lower part of the i>lants all of the leaves which, lieing close to the s,,il. bi^-oine torn or dirty. Priming should be done as high n- fhr.... „r f..i.r in.-l„ - „U.v,. th.- .ur.l. «l-r.. lulling i. ,,r„.-ti-,..l. ..,,.1 ,,111 ImkIm r in ti..- .-M^r uf ri.ltr,. i,h,htliiu' wh.r.. .,.. iiiilintr i- ,|.,m.. unci wli.,. .•Ir.inl,,^, wl,l.-l, ,.r.v<.l. - hillirnr, i^ not practlx.!. Th.. utility ..f j.rlinlnj, will !„■ ,,,m1.v um.I r-i,....!. h flirv... ,!„. ,,|„„t ,.t' :,II vhIui-I.-,.* 1,.uv,..s wl.i.-l. w..ul,| n.v.T ,„ nmti.rity. uihI whi.-h. osviu^' to th.-ir i«-iMK .■I.H.. t.) th.. >fr..uii.l, utr..r.l a harl,..i.r r..r iii-..'!.. ThmuL-h th." r.in..va! ..f -,„h I.mv,-. all thi- vi^Mur of thf plant will ri-.' t,. th.. lii^h.r part- of th.. -t.-ni, r. >l'l'l\i:. It is ,mlv atVr a pro,H.r pri.ni.i^' th:t thi- ^rowr i. ahh- t., ,|,.,..rmii„. ju,, h,,w mu.-h of th.. plant ,h..uM Im. t..pi...|. that !» to .a.v. to ju.l^-. of ih,- n h-r of h.-.v.., whifh >houhl r..inain on . ,.,.h plant. proi».rti.jnat.. t.j th.- plant', vi«^„iir ami th,- wt'athor conditions. To|.pinK should I), dono oarly, /.. ., as -oon as the plant lui, fomu'd th.- r.Hpiir.-.i nnndHT of leaves and the op..rati..n may W "Ion.- witlioiit injury to th.. t..p j.av;.,. A- far as iH.ssihle. th.' st.-iu sIduI.I U. ..at or top|,.d .,n a l.-v.'l with th.. hiKh..,t !,.af l.fl on th.' stalk. Karly toppinj; alfonl. more tim.. for th.. .-..mpht.. .hv.l.,| nt an.l iMtt.r riiKnini; of th.' t..p leav.'s. Ijite toppiujr may ..an,,, th.- iop !..av.-s to ninain ^uall an.l thi.-k an.l of inferh.r .piality. On a pro|h riy |o,,,„.d ph,,,,, th,- top l.-av,., ,i,oul.l I... alm..-t as ''illy develop..d us th.' mid-stem l.'av.-s. .St CKKHIXC;. -Vfter th.. t.lppin^' is don.'. num.Tous su.'k.-rs will apiH'ar at the ha.-., of the k-avea and the top of the stem. They sh..ul.l h.- eanfully r.ni.ive.i. Suekerin;,' is done t.t alkjw the plant to re-.-rve all its vtnn»:th for tl... nutrition of the remaininK h-aves. I[owev.-r. it is n..t n...-,ssary to ih-^troy al' of the short suekers as soon as tli.-y api^-ai. This oiH'ration nee.l n.,t h.. -tart..d until tl su.-k. i - are four or tive 1 la-s lon^r. Th.- wiiole iiiantati.m shoul.l In- ;;on.. ov.-r sv-t.-. ..,ii..ally, row aft..r row, staitiUf,' fn.m the end whieh lui> h.-.n topi^d tir-t. until th.. olh.r .nd i- r.'a..li...l. assuminj; that the toi>pii;jr lias bei.n .loiu- in th,- -am., -yst.nial'. way. Cenerally siM-akinjr, it will he suth.-i. nt to .1,, this oi,,ration tlir.H- tiin..s, in ord.r to keep th.. pl-uitatioii in pood ou.lition. The last suekrrint,' >li(.ul.l !>.. doiio on. ,>r two ihiys h..fore liarv..stintr. On n . a.x-ouut should su-.k.-rs K' taken into tli,. (.urini: harti. SKKl) l'r..\XTS. Plants reserved f..r tlie prorecdinps ■niay l>c avoie done b<'fiir<' thf brown colouring of the pnds is siiilici' iitly develiipre taken otT slf>\vly and gradnrilly as th.' season advances and renders the oiK>ration more urgent. Progress may be considered as satisfa<'tory if the seed is ripe before more than half of the leavi>s of the plant have been removed. When the leaves are mnoved too soon, the -led is light and of inferior quality, showing lack of nourishment. When some pods are too long in rii>eniiig, it is better to cut them otf with scissors and destroy them. The stem may be cut with the pods on, the latter being left on the stem until they are dry ; or the cluster of pods may be removed and hung up in a dry and well ventilated place. The latter method seems to be better. A systematic study of the cidtur<> of seed-plants has led us to adopt the following practice: A little before the tobacco harvest, say about August 10, the top and bottom leaves of the seed i)lants are taken olT leaving only about 7 or S middle leaves on each plant. About August '2(* this number is reduced by about a third, the leaves being taken from the top and bottom. At least four leaves are left on until the .seed is gathered. When the seed harvest is very late, one may remove all the leaves in exceptional eases, but this should oidy Iw done at a late date, when the jxids are well formed and the seeds tilled, with some of tlii' po turn brown. The seeds are left for the winter in the pods, the latter being shelled out only shortlv before sowing time. The se< .'s should K- carefully sifted. They may be kept for viars in bottles not tightly corked, so as to pi>rmit of tlie access of air, in bags, or in wooden boxes. ILMIVESTIXG. MATl iilTV. Tobacco plants should he harvested as soon as they are ripe. A leaf of tobacco may be considerod as ripe when it becomes spotted with small yellow markings, which first maki' their api)iaraiice at tlie edge and tip of the leaf, and extend toward the mid-vein. The lip curves and hardens. On bending, the leaf brep.ks straight acrws with a sharp, <'haracteristic sound. Sometimes, when the pwr ^^!^B5?^^!^s^S!^'^^^^^^ -?.,'.i '^^.^r:s. ^j^'-:tr.£ 21 ript'iiiiifr is far luhaiici'd the leaf becomes slij,'litly eorrii^rated. In some varieties, tlie chiUiicteristic yelldvv spots are scarcely visiMe, but the tip of the leaf curves iuwar.ls. and the leaf itself hardens, and seems to become thicker. Fields of rii)e tobac.'.i exhale a characteristic penetratinsj; odour, especially in hot weather. Kipeninj? proceeds from the bottom leaves to the tup ones. When harvesting is done by cutting the stalks— the usual method i:i Canada— tlie date (•lin.,.u siiould be when the top leaves are ripe etiouirli to tak ■ a good colour in curin'j-, and before the bottom leaves are over ripe. When the bottom leaves have been b'ft too long ri|)e on the stem, they have no Ioniser any weiiiht, elasticity or firmness. ot the signs of maturity on tiie luidstem leave-, and when they begin to appear on the top leaves. Ihere are some ca-i>, however, when ri|H iiiiig prociix t.. cidit phiul. iiimv I.c .praiv,! uimi, a latli. .K-i'iiriliim' t(i till' si/c (if til,. ].laiii-. MU'V U-uvj: •• loa.ir,!," th.- lath- aiv liuii- in .jMrial wa;:..;,- tillcl will, iVai.i,- i,, iiliniit Ih,. .aim- way m> tli,. curiii.,' l.ani, tliniiirl,, ,„i tl,,. rarts the laths arc el.,,,,- '"-'■■''"•'•• ■'■'''- >■'■'' - ''"■ '-i-l^ "I' !'rui>ii,- th.. Iravr. ,|iinii- tl... haulii,- lV,„„ thr li.'hl tc. thr .-iiriu- >li..l. Tluy ,„a,v al>n 1„. l„a,lc,l Hat in .mall lu,,].-. the. lay.Ts Ur\u: l>iit ,T..~-ui-c an. I the t..]!. of the stalk- iiiuar.l. hut when this iM.th.,,1 i- folhiwod, can- -li..iil,l l„. takrn t., nnl,,a,l thr uajim, a- - n.n as i„,.-,-il,l,., as nv,..-wilt-.-:r nii-ht rrsult Iroiii a Idii^;- cXiMi-iifi- in lirap-. Cai-f .-honhl I,.- takrn imt tu Iravv ihr plant- tn , |nn- Isin- in thr li.-M. A i,rn|„ r wiltin- will ,.n-un- a - 1 •■olonr. a- w,'!! a- a iinat.r ,l,.-,vr ..f lii-n.n,-- an,l ,la-li,Mlv ill thr h.ivr.-. i,n,vi,l,.,l the curinf.- Iir imt ,-aiTi,il .,n to, rapi.JK at tlu' l.vinnin- An oxtivinr wiltiii- will HMlur,. ihr .la.-ti.-iiy ,,f thr !i-nr. aihl x,.i-y ,,ft,-n rau-r an a|.piv ciahlf l(.-s nt' Wfifrht. Whrn the priniin- iri,.|li,„l. ,„• han.-tini: haf l.y Iraf. i- iMart l-,,]. thr l.-uvrs an- .-ti-ip|.,.,i froni th.' >trMi- -i-a.lually a- thry !„■ ,„■ ripr. Tl ■■ w,.rk l,r:;in- with th. low,.,- Irav.-s. whirl, aiv thr hr-f f ri|H-,i. ami itiniir- p, ,.- ,v-MVrly nntil th,' t..p Iravrs arc rrachrd. i hr Iravrs a iv -truni;- ..n pir.-r- ,,f -irm;; twinr. whirl, aiv strrt.-hr,l in phnv ,.|' hith- in thr ruriii^' harii. 'i'h,. l,.av,.s arr put n„ thr -ti-.n- hark p. hark, so as to a\oi(l to,, close tittiiiLi' and to iii-iirr hrttrr vrntilati,,n. Loiifr cx|H.-uiv of the prinad Ir.iv,- ,„, thr th^l.l r- -till i,i,„-r oh,ir,ti,,nal than in thr .Msr of .talk .-uttin,!:-. A -li^dit wilting; i. -utlirhnt. Thr rurin- -hoiild. at lirv,\ at iiii;ht in ca-.' .,f .laiiiivr fr.uii a fr..-t whi,.h w.uilil delay th.' .Iryiii- pr,„.e-. On tlie,-e ]! u'tahl,- ra.-ks th.- lath- aiv phi.-e.l mu.-h cl.iser tofjether than in the .•nrinj; ham: the plant- may t.,u.-l, .-a.'' ..tli.-r hut -houM not be i)rossed t.jgetlier P, any marked de-r.v. fri!i.\r. i;Aitxs axd (T];i\<;. Ciiriufi /),7ni.s'.~l!uil.lin.L's >|.e.'ially fittc.l f,,r th.' .-iirinp of foba are term,-.! ciirintr barns. Any clean Imil.linjr niny be- usi-.l f,,r thi^ purpose, .-x.-i-pt when tlu eurinf.' i.s to be done by nu'ans of tire .,r hot air. hut the l„-st ri--nlt.- will h,- obtain,-.! in tipht biiiMiiifrs where aerathm may be c-a-ily .■,mtr,.llci]. inerea.sed or d,- -reas,.,!. .„■ even entirely sii|)pressed. f ■■W»'^»«SP*«r^if«f^«^P^:» MSH.WTH'^WSHf r*z=rk7<>:xrss^i^ ^/»? =-?-»!^'5.'^t 24 Small trap duors to iHTniit iMitrance of air should be provided at the base of the buildiiiH:; and there should be air flues in the roof, for which there are various plans. The numher of top ventilators in a huililiiij; is of course regulated by the length of the building. The ventilation of the central part. of the house will be more easily done if the building is of only a moderate width, say twenty-eight to thirty-two feet. The choice of location of the curing house is an imjxirtant matt<^r. The curing barn shouh.' be built on dry ground. If nwessary, the site should be raised in order to avoid daniimos. Low i>laces, situated near marshes or running water, should be care- fully avoided, as well as hilltops or to(j high places where strong winds might influence the curing process. Tbo best location is a well drained site in an open space, hut not exposed to the wind. The building should be placed lengthwise with the direction of the prevailing \ inds during the curing season. In arranging for the hanging of tobacco, care should be taken to have the laths far enough above each other, so that when tlie tobacco is hung tiiere will be sufficient ventilation space between the tips of the stalks or leaves of the top tier and the ends of the stalks of leaves of the tier below. The space between the laths of the different tiers will be determined by tlie average size of the product, i.e., the length of the stalks or plants; or by the variety of tobacco. If the baves are hung on twine, as has been referred to, there will of course be much less space belween the various tiers of twine than between the tiers of laths. Laths should be placed side by side, si.\ inches apart at least. T' engths of twine should bo at such a distance from one another as to li'ave a sp- etween the leaves of half the width of the hand wlu'n the wilting is con.pleted, thus allowing for ample ventilation. The bottom tiersshould be placed high enough above the floor to leave a space of at least two feet between the latter and tips of the tobacco. crKixo. The curing should start very slowly, in order to obtain a good yellow colour; after which more air may be acbnitted. To hasten the yellowing, the curing barn may be kept closed a day or two at the stait ; that is to say, tiie ,~iile trap doors should be closed, but the ventilators at the top should remain o|>en, so as not to suppress ventilation altogether. The ventilation may be increjised as soon as the edges of the leaves have turned brown, and when the mid-rib of the leaf has bei'ome supple. On warm anil damp days, the curing barn may be completely opened. On a very windy day, care should be taken to close the openings facing the wind, in order to avoiu breaking the leaves or too rapid curing. In continued damp weather, it will be necessary to dry artificially the air of the house, t J avoid mould. Little fires of -mokeless materials such as dry, scentless wood, charcoal, etc., should bo started at various places on the floor of the curing bani, in order to dry the air evenly in all part^ of the building without causing too high an elevation of temperature. Continued dampness might cause the products to turn dull and grey, instead of taking on a bright colour. Artificial dryi>.f, will remove this danger. A tight curing barn s indispensable for this o|>eration. tvmi.''Tynr:>:m'^ i-.CL'tt« Cft:sa?iSvir~^i*«»'^ ■-■'S*.. . Roiiirhlv ninMo rnck? WFfi-] to wilf tnbncoo In th^ flold Tobacco cui ■ .i.irn in course of v .Ug ^. -fii'^ 26 TIk' liivt ri'siilts will ho Mciiri'il wlu'ii flic 1i-nvi'. rtiiii\iii -liitlitlv »ii|>|ilc iill llirmi/li llic iMiiin;,' iH'riiid, until the time nt' laixiusr ihi'iri iIdwh. 'rnlnici'D cured under »uch ciiilitiiiiis is trcncriily iiinrc chi-tic. ;ii:d t!ic lc;ivc~ arc less innttlcd. STUIl'IMNC. r.ri.Kivt!. A carctul cxaniiiiai iiiM nl' tin niid-rili ,.l' the leaf will rliDW whether ur nut the dryiiif; is c oiiiplc'te. The lol.aei a.v hi- taUen ijnwn frmii thi- laths wheu the colour of the leaf tissue i-- iiornial. liirht hrnwu and when the rih- are wrinkled in their whole len>;tli. On heinu opened ii.), the rih^ seem to coiisi-t of a ina-s of iiide|iendent tihri's, and only the litiiieous, or woody, t i--ue ^houlil reni.iiii. No water should coiuc out of the rih when the latter is -quee/ed near il~ lower - xtreinity. Sometimes a viscous suljstanec will come out when this means of verilieation i- adopted, hut >ueh ^uhstance should not he mi-taken for water. The tohacco should also !«■ supple, but not dami), with enoufih elasticity to retrain its former sliai>e after heintr scpieezed with the hand. For takiiifi down the tohacco from t!ic> lath>, a day should l>e chosen when the weather is neithi r toi dry nor t:po damp. Ill Very dry weather, the tobacco will hi me brittle and would be in a jnior condition for the handling' which i- to f(dlow. In ver.v damp weather, the tobacco miulit ah-orh too larLre i\ (luantity of water, whieii would interfere with its ki-i^piii;! fpialities. Weather •ii-nerally known as " mild "' is the nio-t suitable. As soon as the curini;' i- completed, tlu' tobacco should be removed from the tiers. A lontrer stay would injure i;- ipiality. The leave- are allei'ted by clmnffos in the iiioi-turc I'onti'iil of the air; thi-v turn dull, lo-e their tirmness, and even get mouldy by a prolonged contact with, the stalk-. The leaves are -trip|K'd from the stalks, and piled into small heaps or "bulks," in vhicli they remain -upple until the time of jrradiufr and tying into '' liands." The ''bulks" -hould be only moderately high. The leaves are |ilaced in two rows tiji to tip inside. They should be fre tiie right proportion of humidity when put in bulks, the bulking imiiroves their colour, which bee to ."lO, and binding the ■"hand" with another leaf, wound around the larger end of the rib, the tip of the binding leaf being tucked conveniently into the " hand." l?ef to pack only a uniform quality of product into each bale or box. In grading, the jioints to be considered are: the length of the leaves, their thickness, their elasticity, and their colour. Torn leaves should never be graded with leaves in good condition. 27 • irii.liii- i- ii nitlirr diliriitc t^i>k; tluit i.-. It nnuin- a uU;- ,, n-,. ,,f ili,rriiiiiiKili..ii •""' «l"'r''t'"r.- - tniiiiiMir. II,.w,.v,t. ihv Mr,-,-^,ir,v -kill miM ,ju,i- i.t mav l.r ia,.i(llv ii(M|iiin',l. Th.' vahir nl' th, ,n.|, j- alway- ii„T.M-....l l.y carrful LTudiii-. After l.i'iny ^.MthiT.'d into " liaiiiU." liic li-.iv.- are a-alii |.ilr,l int.. l.iilU-. Tu.. r..\v-i (,f "haMcU,"- with the tip- iiiM,!.' aii.l -li-litly ..wrlappiiitr are pil,-.! up t., a ii"iulit of tiir.'c iVrt. at iiin-t. •I'lirv l.iilk- aiv ,-,,v,.rr,l with cloth,- to pr.'Wnt tlnir li!;htly hiimi.l atni..-ph.r.'. The t..ha<'.'.. i- i.a.'k.-.l ju-t hetor.' uiarki-tiui;. lu pai-kiuir. th.' han-l- -huuhl h.' arraiifred -li-htly ..v,-rLi).piii-. with th.' tip- alway^ in th iiin. Th.' hah- an- -uhmitte.l to a li-ht i.n — ur,-. until tli.'V hav.' a.'.|iiire.l -ullh-ient .'ompa.'tn,— to with- -taml the liaiulliiii.' they will ii,.,-.— arily rec.iv.' .luriiii? traii-p., nation, d'h.' hah'- an- wrapiM'd with el.)th-. ..r thi.-k pap.-r. an.l -.'.'ur,'.! with -traps or hau.l- whi.-l, ar.' wi.l. I'noiifjsh'iiut tu cut into the leaves. FKRAIK.VTATFON'. T..iiare.-i' whii'h ari' not t.i he luark.t.'.l at ati .'arly ilat.- k.'.'p h.'tt.r if tli.'y .•ir- fermented. As -oon a- the leave- are |.ut int.. - han.ls " th.' latt.T ar.' pil.'.l int.. hulk- .'i ..r '■ f.'i't hiKh. A th.'i'inometer is pla.'.'.l in th.' .'.'utr.' ..f the heap ..r - hulk." d'h.' t.'iniM'i'a- tiire rises m.,r.' or h'ss rapi.lly, a.-.'..!'.!!!!- t.i th.' pr.i|«,rti..n .,f in..i-tur.' in th.' I.'av.'-. th.- ^ize ami hi'ifrhf .-f th.' hulks, an.l ill.' t.'inp.'iatiir.' of ili,' r u in whi.'h th.' t..h; i- hulked; hut it -hould nev.'r he allowe.l to i:.. ahove !:.'(» t.. li'.". I''alir. W'h.'n th.' tlierm.iin.'ter aiv.s this r.'a.litiir. tlie hulk -h..ul.l h,' hr.ik.'ii up an.l ri'huilt. .'ar. h.'in- taken to pla.'e in the I'.'iiti'.' ..f this n.'W heap th.' "hand-" whi.'h w.'i-.' at th.' h..tt..in liii.l at the t.ip of the first hulk. This I'x.'han.j,' ..f p.i-ition ,,f th.' '- han.l- " will ..nsiir.' a uiiif..rni f.'rmentation ..f th.' total hulk. Th.' tir>t hulk sh.ud.l hi' hroken up not only wh.'i, th.' t.'inp.'rat ur.' thr.'iit.'iw t,, ri-.- ahove the iiia.ximuni jit whi.'h an in.jury may .n, ur. viz.. U'.".' Falir.: hut al-.. when th.' fernientati.in decreases and when the h.-ap shows a tenilenin- to eo.d olT. The tetnix'raturo will rise airain in tlie .sec.m.l hulk, hut not -.. rapidly, atid ii..t -o hifih as duriiifr the first fernu nti.tio.i. This s.'.'on.l hulk, is all.iw.'.l to .'ool olT until the teinperature of the toha.'.'o i^ th.. -am,, as that of the r...,m. Parkin" niav th.'ti h.' -larted. '. ■■ *-*ai:^-iB^!V"'<^K',"^ ? J ■•— ^Bi^P^"i^^^ wmmmmmm 29 When (Jcalinjf witli a u:rciit iimiiitity i.f tolmcc... lar«;.' Imlk- ciiitaiiiiiift ^*^!Vt■rill mu* «jf uvirlappiiii; " hiiiiil.- ' iiiiiy I,,- l)iiilt. ririii.n'.itioii i, tluu iiiaih' .ii^iir and iiior.' nyular, ihr loss of licat imt liciiiL' ^d irn-at. lint tlic ImiliHii'r atul tlii> i-art- of -m-h liulk:. rtMiiiire a certain aiiii.uiit (if |ira<'ti>'f, -iHcial iM|ui|iiiii. lie larrii-d .m in l.oxi-s in which tlif tohaivu is packed. It will start durinir tlie c-iiiir>c rf the fdllowiiif: -uniliicr, or as somii as the boxes are placed in rooms with >nital>le tem|M raturc. lioxes of suitable size are prepared, and the "hands" packed in, butts outward. A iin->urc nl ..inc I'T.') to :U)*> pounds jht box is applied. Facilities for the escape of nas.s pmilM.-ed by tli.- fernjcnlation are |irovided iiy leavinf; an empty space at each end of the box. Thi- i, dene by i)iittintr in board.-, one and a half or two inches thick, one at each end nf the be are piled up to a lieii;lit of '■) or 4 tiers, and taken down from time to time in order to put iu the centre the bales which were at the top. Of all m.'thods, however, this one is the least wortliy of recommendation. Never pack tobacco in bales or boxes until the leaves are reasonably dry, althouffh still supple, and the ribs are completely shrunk. To neglect this precaution will be to court certain failure.