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 ^ APPLIED IIVt^GE 
 
 Inc 
 
 le'ij East Main Street 
 
 Rochester. New York 14609 USA 
 
 (716) 482- 0300 -Phone 
 
 (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax 
 
/ 
 
 f*" 
 
 ^v^' 
 
 A LETTER 
 
 OS tun 
 
 DEFENCE OF CANADA, 
 
 TO THB 
 
 HON. SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, K. C. B. : 
 By D. Bethune, Esq. 
 
 _ Sir,— A.g the head of the Government of the Dominion of Canada, 
 I beg leave to address you upon the eubject of the Defence of 
 Canada. 
 
 Much has been Paid of late respectin"; the proper mode of defendinj* 
 o. A o <^,f '"f-'uished officer,— Sir John Michel,-rccently in 
 
 command of Her M.Jesty'H Forces in this Dominion, has rccom- 
 ncnaedtnat "Montreal, Kinn;stnn, and Fre.cott, should immedi- 
 ate y be fortified," r. ^.,,5,3^ ^j^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 Uttawa ■andlrcnch Iliver should, as soon as possible, be undertaken, 
 giving a hack-bone of military strength." 
 
 The Volunteer Review, published at Ottawa, strongly advocates 
 the opening up a hne of water-communication from Ottawa to Lake 
 
 ,> T"' ?'a ■ ^IT^°'^ ^^ ^'■°°P«- No ^o"bt, in the course of time. 
 It may be desirable to have a canal from Lake Huron to Montreal ' 
 but, at piesent, the means of the Dominion will not warrant any such 
 absurd expenditure of money as that vast work will require. But as 
 a military work of importance to the defence of thd country, I bec» to 
 
 MiVheT ™^ ^°^'''° ^'^^""^ ^"""^ *^° ^'^'^ *'*'-'''' °^ '^ ^y ^^' '^'o^^ 
 
 My humblo opinion is, that Canada must be defended on its 
 rroTitterj and that the interior line of defence recommended by Sir 
 ^oua xTiiOuei, and its other advocates, cannot be of any Use. if our 
 Itoatrer be penetrated and held by the enemy, between MontriaJf *urf 
 
4 
 
 Franrif ';J°f '"'^'/^'. ^"^'"^ ''°«''*°^ ^^^^e St. Louis, or Lake St 
 
 to Lake Huron vk Oml ^''«7 that the interior communication 
 corny ^ve^e mten ed frn.?' ''""'-^ ^' P^/^^'^'^'^ "«''^^'^'' ""!««« the 
 Prescotra d^ Sontreal ann^^'?" '^Z^'"''' °"'' ^^'^^^'^^ between 
 
 iwaty thatfronf r!j;;:te:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ «- ^-^ ^« - to 
 
 f4^ tr.ifconr??tt^^^t]^^£ii^^ ^^,r^- 
 
 ston. the/can bo marched n r . '''''•' *° '"'"^ P°'"' ^"^^^ ^^ K^"?' 
 sleighs in Ster ten or t' J .7^'" '''"''^'-*^'^ '° «'^«>'^^«'-. or in 
 much easier than via Ottr.^ "f ? ^°ir^''' ^''•°"^^^^' *« To'ronto, 
 probability L/thTt Lake Hulnw ^^"ro"- I- «annuer, the 
 
 point L.„.„e„,{„':£/i?r:.t:rcorr "^ '™'''° - --^ 
 
 i 10 question thon arises, how is that frontier to be defeuilej? 
 Thedefenee of Montreal is the first question to be eonsWered 
 
 by' :'15rMr"'Yolnt' "of- ^"1 '^»t"«''^'-- "™™™^«'' 
 n ^vmch eaithwsrk an L-on-clad- Blockhouse- shonJrT ft. »,.„>./..- 
 
 

 40 feet by 80— with case-matca at the four oorneM nC ti- •! , 
 (al.soiron-cad) for infinfrtr ,.r...„ i . '"""^ *'"'^"«f*' ol the earthwork,* 
 
 the canal, ar,ncd\^^ /.;, ', ?n 7 V'' ''''^ <^^"«i-of the work nc:: 
 cmal coul.l bo dofondoJ Unin- ' '^"^ '"^ ^''"^^ ^''^ line of 
 
 easily prevont the cnetnv (mm n-? • ' • ^ '^on-chid .,'uri boats could 
 0.4 Sunn, th^ um^^lui^r:;'^:: ''''' '' ''' -^^ ^'^^ «^- ^'- 
 
 car;;i,!::S;:i;;;rKr7^r ?^'"r-^--. ^^^^i aero,, the 
 
 earth'takon S th tn' ' woll'l r T 'V ' ''^^ ^^^^^' '^'^^'^^ °^ ^''^ 
 
 an I othor;vi,.o exposed toath,-.! ' v , works I have mnitioucJ, 
 fonecs behind tiro nknt u T? *''' r'''^"'^"^ «^" '^o de'. 
 
 IS -ucrally from two to thvo.Zl ''^^ter part of xVoveiuber, and 
 the enemy woul find t vc v dil. 1 f ^ "^"''"r ^^' ^i>'ter numths, 
 ^vinte^. cit ot e c 1 S If to maintain hlm^olf during the 
 tl.e south . de tl>e S' it '^''" '^''' '"^ ^''^ ^''^rtificatlo;. on 
 alon.thonlV'L"l,u;-or'^S:£/^^°'^"° ''^"^^^•^'' -^ '^-- 
 
 if properly conit uctcd thev Z b T p"7 f u ^'^ '°°"^"' ^^ ^'''^' ' ^^^^l 
 caeVa.ai.tan/fSt fc.„ t h'"^w '*?^^ ^'^'^^ -^^ »'«" 
 ■works would cost\;rt £7 50io.ch ^'"'^^^' '""""^^ ^^""- ^^^^ 
 
 woS Cleft ;;; ' tr ^^r i-It?"^^^ i ''^ ^^- ^— - 
 
 of the city, at leai t; nil otSs tte l£rr '^'^^ '"/ '""'''^ -'^ 
 Je;.st two miles east of the Islanrnt" I TT I '^'?r.!~""^ "^'^^^^-^ '^t 
 
 W a di,oh between the S k „„', 'l '7° "L""'? *°'° "'°?" 
 from one embankn,e„t t„ ll,e otiter wonM L. ' "''"'^, '"'*'"« 
 
 <IitehandbeeinoscJtoth«fir„f ,1 have to eroM the ;,-„er 
 
 well a, to tbatof thcinfa„trv?n fie ^T "'."'° l'l»«l'-hou,es-a, 
 =honld bo thrown up IndsoeWM Z'K.^^ "'l'"' "'bankmont 
 
would effectually prevent the passage of an enemy. Those block- 
 houses and works would cost about £150,000. 1 need not nny that I 
 would also use turrets at proper poir.ts lor thu protection of the 
 works nor need I enter into further particulars, in this piper of 
 these defensive works. 
 
 Burinfr the spring and summer, and until the ice clnaog L ikes St. 
 Louis and St. Francis, a couple of -unboats on each l.jko would pre- 
 vent the enemy from landing on the north side of tho^e lakes. 
 
 During the winter, and after the ice is strong enough to boar 
 artillery, the enemy must be prevented from hmding by the same sys- 
 tem already recommended for the defence of tt^e canal. About four 
 or five such works between Lachine and the Point south-east of Vau- 
 drcuil a distiince of some thirteen miles,— with the two jruiiboats 
 properly moored,— would prevent the cneu.y from crossin" Luke St 
 Louis on the ico. 
 
 From Coteau Landing to Cornwall— say 30 miles— 7 blockhouses 
 Und 2 gunboats would bo suflScient. 
 
 From above Cornwall to near Prescott— say 40 miles— 8 block- 
 houses. The block-houses between Lachine and Prescntt would not 
 require to be heavily plated in front, as they would not ho exposed to 
 the fire of very heavy guns; and on the other three sides, tho 
 plates need not be more than two inches thick. One-iuch plates 
 would be sufficient for the roofs. They would cost about £3 000 
 each. ' 
 
 Between Prescott and Brockville— 12 miles— 4 blockhouses. 
 Between Brockville and Kingston— say 45 miles— 10 
 block-houses, which would cost about £7,500 each, or. £108 000 
 
 Iwo works would be necessary at the foot of Long Island, 
 opposite Kingston, to command the American channel 
 west of French Creek or Clayton, and prevent a floet 
 from passing down the St. Lawrence, £10,000 each 
 
 Qne at the foot of the Island— Four Mile Point— to com- 
 mand the Batteaux Channel and that north tf it 
 towards Snake Island, 
 
 One at the Brother's Island, west of Kingston 
 
 One at Snake Island, . . . . 
 
 Two at the Upper Gap, .... 
 
 These works would prevent a fleet from entering Kingston 
 Harbor, and the cost of all of the works ?ibove-named 
 wc'ild be about, 
 
 Two block-houses at the Carryin'»-Race . ! ! ' 
 
 Two at Presqu'isle, . . ° . ' .* 
 
 One at Colbourne— on the Lake Shore ... 
 
 One at Grafton, . . . , * . \ [ 
 
 One between Grafton and Cobourf» 
 
 20,000 
 
 10,000 
 7,500 
 7,500 
 
 15,000 
 
 475,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 5,009 
 
 .[ 
 
 t 
 
's Point) 
 
 are, 
 
 Two at Cobourp, . . ^ ' . 
 
 Two at Port Hope, 
 
 Two between Port Hope and Newcastle, 
 
 One at Bowmanvillo, 
 
 Two at Whitby ami Oihawn, . 
 
 Two between Whitby and Port Union, 
 
 One at lower entrance to Toronto Harbor 
 
 One work at upper entrance, . 
 
 One west of the 80-cullo.i Fort, 
 
 One on the cast side of Iluuiber Bay, 
 
 Barrajks and works at Toronto, 
 
 One west side of llumber Bay— (MerigolJ 
 
 One at Oakvi'le, . . . . "^ 
 
 Two between Oakvillc and Wellington F , ., 
 
 One about four miles eoutli — on Jiake Shor 
 
 Throe between that and Port Dalhousie, 
 
 Two at Port Dilhoa-ie, , 
 
 One between that and Niagara, , 
 
 Works at Nin^^ara, 
 
 One block-house opposite Youngstown, 
 
 One at Queenston, 
 
 One at Suspension Bridge, 
 
 One opposite upper end of Nary Island, 
 
 One at Waterloo 
 
 One opposite Buffalo— Fort Erie, . 
 
 One at Point Albino, 
 
 Two at Port Colbourne, 
 
 One at Grand Kiver, 
 
 One at Port Dover, 
 
 One at Port Stanley, 
 
 One at Rondeau, . ; , . 
 
 One at Amherstburgh, . 
 
 One at Windsor, opposite Detroit, . 
 
 One at mouth of the Thames, 
 
 Three between that and Sarnia, 
 
 One at Goderich, .... 
 
 Four between Goderich and CoUingwood 
 One at CoUingwood, . , . 
 One at i'enetanguishene. 
 Two at St. Catherines, , 
 
 Four works on Mountain between St. Catherines an4 
 Hamilton, ...... 
 
 Eighteen between St. Hiliire and Quebec,— £5,000 each, 
 
 10,000 
 
 10.000 
 
 10.000 
 
 5 000 
 
 1 000 
 
 10,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 25 000 
 5.000 
 5O00 
 
 10 000 
 5,0)0 
 
 15,000 
 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 
 10 000 
 5.000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5.000 
 5,000 
 
 10,000 
 5000 
 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 5000 
 5,000 
 7,500 
 7,500 
 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 7,500 
 
 20,000 
 
 7,500 
 
 7,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 20,000 
 90,OOQ 
 
 ^965,^og 
 
tlio frontier from Quebec to^W ''' tl'""" "'" ^'^'"""•^»' «''^ 
 
 larn.and when co "K t,ul^, 1^^^ ""'"I ^''^'"^^ ^'^'i"""^ "^^"1- 
 
 irom 3Iontrcal. ' ^ ^"'^ ^'°°^ ^"^^ «^"^e=' to Tcrouto 
 
 pound^,,., „„„,,; To. 'ctt ztl o,:::?.;;:;. ;;■,.:■."" ",'""°" 
 
 ior defensive purnoses—Ottawi r..,,.! ^1 n ' ^'"' "•^^'J^'^^— 
 
 have works that no cnemv wm 1.1 fl ' i T"^ '"t* ^-''"'^ ''^ «'»«"1J 
 
 ...™ reSTd tin?; ft'ft "^"i"r^ -^i'''""' "■»' - ^-"'^ 
 
 WiJitlanrul ourrc..u7trSL.°'riirn" 'r""?-"''"" "I"''"!"' 
 
 be c»p„bl» of rc.i.Hnfi„'"a™",''^^';^Vori™o'oM ■■•■'''•-' "';?■"'•' 
 and thev were 1 .r.ro nn«..„i / i^",wu oi 100,000 men. If so 
 
 of view; for tliey wonld withdraw th t 1 .r ' ^^'^^^•"'''^^ P<^int 
 points cf defence: If he mean ' ^nf I f T' ^'■?'" '"'portant 
 camps, barrnck accommod. on fl 1 ' ''"? ' "'°^^^'' ^'^"' ••'* <''««o 
 at exposed poin ts then (1 ^v J M !" ^T^' ^'^"'^'^ ""'-''^ ^^^ '•^H^ired 
 11.oseV.rracks hould be n Le?th» . f u'"'"' ' '^^^'"'"^'^ ^ ^'''"^ 
 Thorold. instead of Lom]on Tod nl 1' '"'"*^' ''^ "^^tion-say „t 
 intended to resist in hoi\ ^^'iT *''°'' ^"'r^'nched campWif 
 them would •rebaiywtV'St.S'", T'\^ '''' '''' '"^ -^1- 
 Shells arc rather ^Sj^^o:^^%^{}:^ ^fj;'-^ ^«— 
 ily upon our Adiutant fJonr^rnl I' i u T '"**^ "°^ ''^^'' 'oo hoav- 
 
 hi,srecomlnendation to tboC;;~^:,t/^^^^^^ ^^''-^ remarks upon 
 
 fo/: ^^idtSS\.^Trnr'Krn 'r" ^^^^^^^ -commodation 
 at Thorold, Chatham, a^d^nroriw^'oTblrpoint."^^^^^--'^ ^'^^ 
 
 . "^^'^' ^"'' ^^'^Q ^aJ'o Cliamplain, if necessary, 
 

 I 
 
 1 
 
 ?t j:- j;r;r:S':^!ti^:^ r - ^^ ad.it the pa..gc 
 
 m foot wafer. The CanaTlSS T f' ^'^7"V"^-' ^^''^^ovi 
 Francis should bo on tlo NorTtanf ' t^'l ^""^ ^"^^^ «'• 
 Land!.,, as ,ho B...l..rno^^:^^^Z^ ^^^-u 
 
 oru.o:Kr.^sr;::;/7£^,";»^ ^^—.r, into the ... 
 
 n'a, ibr the purpose of shewin. tlut oJ/a^^^ 'J?'^^^'^" .^^*l^^« ""'I Sar- 
 at no great c :,st' The numbed of nen ±"''',' "'I! ^' ^«^'-^"J'^<l. ""d 
 near), all the wor.s can be ^^:r^l^'l^:;!l^::^:: ^^^^^ 
 
 r^s:::^-:^ilt^::£^:-^ b.eu.ou..^bc3id. .. 
 
 200 n.on will be sufficie tl>r eucm it"'^ T^ ''"""^^ '^"^ *'''»' 
 for these work3--28 000 «„7 ' • ^ .*'''' ^^^"^'^ »»'"bor rc.mired 
 
 U i„eroa«o., .^ ^Soi^.J^r/e a^.K iri^.^S "'■"-'-'-" 
 them. Accord I)..- to inv nim fl.« ,. i ^ 40,000 men to occupy 
 fence, woulJ „„. ^a^l^^Z Im'Tt^"'""' "" !" "' 
 them agmD.t a form of 250,000 lucD, ""more ' '" ''°""'' 
 
 =3 if ^Z^^}^^;:^, ^^ '^>.u,>cd ae K.,.o„- 
 
 ju^d East and We. of £S, o^tElh^^lL^^^^^ 
 
 that thr Provinces of Queb c and nl "r'^'^'^' ^,^^ °° '^'^"^'^ 
 against n.ore than half aiiHioa of In ' "''' '"^'^^ ^' ^'^''"^'^^ 
 
 A^^i^z^ d:f2die':::i?:r^^'''' i'-'^ - ^-»>' 
 
 'ronclad block-house every three nS, if ""'^f ^^^^'^^^ to have aa 
 the American frontier. No attack conldh'" *'i '''^ P'^^^^^ °«^r 
 throujrh some forty ,m!es of woods wifh^ . ° T'^' '" *^^' ^"^^ter, 
 ofit;and h^Ji requirer8tron..rr T ^"T'"=' ^^P'* notice 
 guns to batter down ou? ^n 'hd b ock Z" °^„^^^'»^^J^. ^°d heavier 
 against them through such a wilder^ '' *^'" ''""^^ ^' ^'^^^^^ 
 
 <^omltle\hJSs^^^^^^^^ ^il'' ^^*'^°"- ^^y delay' 
 
 the passa.;,a of ma^r.lJltl';.^''^''?'' ^'^ A so as to admit 
 F.sent being al-t .el^ Z^;;;^^^, ^-^0^ - ^^^^^ 
 
feither at our expense or their own, furnish ua with all the iron-clad* 
 wo may reasonably i-equirc ; and T^'Mch should not draw over lOi or 
 11 feet of water. 
 
 From what I have said, it .vill bo appavant, that at least thirty 
 thousand of our Volunteers or Milhia should be well drilled artillery 
 men, a force which has hitherto been ;nunh neglected m Canada. 
 
 ^ Trusting ,that I phall be pardoned for venturing to trespass so 
 Icng upon your attention,— as the subject matter of this letter is of the 
 greatest importance to the people of this Dominion, 
 
 I beg to subscribe myself, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 D. BETHUNE. 
 
 Port Hope, October 28, 18S7. 
 
 1867: 
 
 J. b', trayes, printer, 
 
 ♦''BSIHBH CAlTADiAll" Job" PbimTUJO OfttUt, 
 
 Peat BJoFB, Out: 
 
 il^t^lilVlifcT^z^^ e^