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,37294 /^/yrf" - J/i^i".

T^ie NATURi.L and CIVIL

H I S T O R Y

O F T HE

FRENCH DOiSlINIONS

North and South America.

With an Hiftorical Detail of the Acqjjisitions, and Conqjjests, made by the
BRITISH ARMS in thofc Parts.

Giving a particular Account of the

CLIMATE^

SOIL,

MINERALS,

ANIMALS,

VEGETABLES,

MANUFACTURES,

TRADE,

COMMERCE,

AND

LANGUAGES.

TOGE''HER WITH

The Religion, Government, Genius, Charadier, Manners and
Cuftoms of the Indians and other Inhabitants.

ILLUSTRATED BY

Maps and Plans of the principal Places^

CoUefled from the bed Authorities, and engraved by
T. JEFFERYS, Geographer to his MAJESTY.

PART I. Containing

A Defcription of Canada and Louifiana.

L O N D O N:

Printed for T. Jeffervs, atCharing-Crofs; W. Johkston, in Ludgatc-llrect ; J, Uichakdsom
in Patcr-noftcr-Row ; and B. Law and Co. in Avc-Mary-Lanu.

MDCCLXI.

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>i^!OMi#\ illild'*^'

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Vf.

^ To the Honourable

GEORGE TOWNSHEND,

•■ ■ , .": . ,

, ., BrIGADIER-KjENE RAL

Of His Majesty's Forces in North-America,

And Colonel of

The Twenty-eighth Regiment of Foot.

SIR,

A Natural and civil hiftory of the French empire in North-
America, publifhed by ?, fubjedt of this kingdom, could
fcarce appear with propriety, at this time, if it was not addrelTed
to General Townshend, who, by the redu(5tion of Quebec, the
capital of that empire, has fubje<5ted the whole to the domi-
nion of Great-Britain. It is not however neceflary on this oc-
cafion either to relate the event, or to particularize the virtues
that effected it. The event is necefTarily known by its impor-
tance, and the addition of fo great an extent of territory, and
fo many thoufand fubjeAs to rhe Briti(h crown, are memorials
which can neither be overlooked nor forgotten, and which ren-
der all others, not only unnecefTary but impertinent j neither can
it be neceflTary to tell the world, that he is eminent for courage,
a(Stivity, and fpirit, who, when he was in a civil capacity, iur-
roundcd by the luxuries of peace, with a fortune by which they
were beft lecured, and at an age when they are moft enjoyed,
went a volunteer in the fervice of his country, to traverfc the
wilds of America, and expofe his life to dangers not common
even to warj to ambufhes which vigilance can fcldom cfcapc,
tofavages who attack without being (een, and inilcad of taking
prifoners, the wounded or unarmed, murder them in cold blocct,
and carry off their fcalps as a trophy. That General Town-
shend has an undoubted claim to this merit, and that one of
the beft concerted, yet molt daring cnterprifes that military ge-
nius

DEDICATION.

nius ever, formed, was by him earned ii;ito cxecutiqn, cannot
fail to be recorded in that period ot the Britilh hiftdry, which
tvill do us more honour than any bther, as it will mclude a
greater number of events, in the nigheft degree glorious and
important, the editor of this work therefore can only hope to
do hirnfelf honour by taking this opportunity to fubfcribe him-

Sir,

'io .; n vo toO bi.'A

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,1.. yl 'io ■i::^::ii^A ihn^^i>pno/i » oak
Your moft

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'■ ; L.J. '.-'][;: :• and'^r-'::; "lifU '^o »T,ii!'.n.>

' '■ . .' ': ' ::.■•■••:; Ci ;• Devoted ' 4' -'^ ^^^■- • '

' 1 •- • >

' r f ■

i Humble Servant> *

5*3

Thomas Jefferys*

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IN TRODUGTION.

THE Pofleffions of the French upon the Continent of North America^
were always an intereftinj^ Objedl to Great-Britain^ as it is always
neceffary to know the Situation, Strength and Refourccs of contigu-
ous Dominions that belong to a powerful State, whofe Oppofition of
Interefl: makes her a natural Enemy, and whofe military and commercial
Knowledge makes her formidable as well in Peace as in War. But the
Knowledge of this Territory is now become yet more important, as Provi-
dence has thought fit by a Series of SuccefTes almofl miraculous, to make it
cur own. It is hoped therefore that this Work needs no Recommendation as
to its Deiign, as to the Execution, if it fliould be found to deferve Recom-
mendation, it will efledhially recommend itfelf : It has been compiled with
the utmoft Diligence and Attention from the beil Accounts that are already
extant, either in our own or other Languages, and improved by Materials
that have from Time to Time been communicated to the Editor, by Perfons
whofe Names, if he was at Liberty to mention them, would do him Honour ;
it contains therefore in one View, a more regular, comprehenfive and parti-
cular Account of the SubjeA than has hitherto appeared, and as fuch is fub-
mitted to the Candour of the Public.

CONTENTS

T O

PART I.

CANADA, Limits dcfcribed icrording lo the Frntt tni
tHtliJh, Climate, Soil, Minei, Riven, Lalcei Pue i
Gulf and River of St. LauriMt, AnticoSi, Sept. Iflci and roint
del Mont Pelts a

TadoulTac. Ifle aux loudres, Ifle of Orleaiu, Tidct and Va-
riation of the compafi J
'"nthe. Harbour, City, principal Buildingi and Portificationi
defcribed J
American Lorttto, Point aux Tremblei, Bcfancourt 9
Trtii Riviirts, Lake St. Peter, Richlieu Iflci and Sorel River

10
Mutirtal ox nila Marie C'xiy, Fottilicationi and Iflandi ii
Cadma^Mi or htqutii Rivtr, Fort La Galette and Frontenac

■ 4

Account of the Navigation of the River Sc. Laurence from
Lake Oniarioio the Ifle of Anticolli 17

Saimtiuti, tniOkimvaii Riven, Laki Supfri'r ig

A Defcription of eight new Forts erefted by the French to the
Wcllward of Lake Superior, Michilimakinac 19

A'j tural Hi/in c/ Canada 20

Salt made there. Sword <ilh, Sea Wolves, Sea Cows, Porpoi-
fes. Whale Filhery, Lencornet, Haddock, Lobflers, Sal-
mon Trout and Tunics 11
Dover minutely defcribed 26
Hunting the Beaver 30
Religious Preparations, folrmo Feafls and lovocationi for Suc-
cefs before they hunt the Bear ; I
Elk, Virtues of the Hoof, Ufet of his Hair, Skin and Fleih
Stag of Canada, Buffalo, Mudc Buffaloe or Roc^buck,
Wild Cat, Black Fox, Polecat, Flying Squirrel, Porcu-
pine 3 J
fiirJi of Canada, F.agirs, Hawks, Raven, Water Fowl, Tbrufh,
(loldfinch. Tinging Otiolan, Cardinal, and Fly Bird 38
Wimhr and Frmt 'Tim of CataJa.

Pine I'lecs, Fin, Cedan, Oak, Maple, AOi, Walnut, Beach,
£lint and Poplar 40

Plumb, Ooorcbcrry, Atoca, White Thorn, Cotlon.Tree, anj
Pulf* 4,

Origin, Lanpiagti, Kiliiin, GtvimmnI, Gnim, Charaatr,
Maniuri, and Cufttmi tf ibi iifftrni Nalitiu iniatilinf Cw
naim.

Elkimaux, Sious Afliniboels, Algonkins, Roundheads, Sal>

tuers, Malhommes, Huront 41

tHJttrj tf ttt Difcmtrj and SillUmnt if CtnaJa 97

Qisebcc founded, Canada how called New France 99

Conquer'd by the F.ngliih 1629. loi

French Defign againlf New York mifcarrics 1 1 s

En^lilh Expedition againtt Quebec in 1690, commanded by

Sir William Phippi. mircarries 1 1 1

Expedition againd QlieUc in 1712, mifcarries 119

Cai-e BaiTON anJ Harttnr tf /.eay/ioi/rjf (iefcribrd 119

Canada improved by Cape Breton, Louilbourg built, Cape

Breton taken by the F.ngliih in 1710, and ceded 10 th:

French by the Treaty of Utrecht 122

Siege and Conqueil of Louilbourg and Cape Breton in 174;,

by the New Fngland troops 1 2)

Rellorcd 10 the French in 1748. I2|/

Siece and Keduttion of Cape Breton in I7;8, by the Britiiii

Fleet and Army 126,'

Siege and ReduAion of Quebec by the Britiflt Fleet and Arm/
in 17,-9. i]i

Louisiana drfcrifa'd 13]

Inland Navigation from Canada 10 Louifiana, Silver and Cop-
per Mines, Indian Nations of Louiliana, Spaoilh Colony
maffacrtd 1 3 7

Dcfolaiion by Small pox 144

Induttry of the German Setllen 147

Kfw Oritani ddcribed I4S

Navigation of the Miinflpi i;j

Nulur.il Ibjiari oi Lov\i\Min l;4

Ihf Origin, MinncTt, Cn/ltnu, Liiit anJ Rilipm, »/ ibt aatint

PART

CONTENTS.

PART II.

T> r S C O V E R V of the AniilUi, or W.f.lmA,,,
\J why they were lb ctlled Pige •

Frtmth Jntillu t

HISPANIOLA. iti Importioce, Extent ind Siiiiition, lo-
conrriiicncei, Soil, Moumaini, Minn, Silipiu lod Riven,
■nticnily divided into Are Kingdomi t

Origin of the different Inhabiiantt of the Aniillei 8

t/nmifr tf iht trifinat hhthittmit tf Hi^tm$U, — 8

Their L'onlliiution, Chuader and Tradition), Mannen, Ho-
fpitalit)(, Uoreromenl. Wan, and Hunting, their Prepa-
raiiont lo look for Gold, Huibandr/, Canoes, Religion,
Antiquiiiet, and I'uneraU t

Cmilij of the Sftuujrti, Hounlhing Stale of their Colonici,
and decay |6

The FriKi itA Settlement on Hi/^tU, Rife of the Bocca-
neeri and Freebooten. i g

7trttga dclcribed, Le VaiTeur appointed Governor, repulfct tbt
Spaniards, becomei a Tyrant, and b alTaffinated. 'I'he
Illand regained by the Spaniards, and retaken by the
French 1 8

Simtt •/ lit Frntk oa Hi/}mitiiU, the Buccanccri, their Man-
ners, Laws, Religion, Apparel, Anns, Hunting, and Dif-
ealVt It

M. d'Ogeron Governor of Tortuga, &c. his wife and chari-
table Behaviour, auni over Ike Freebooters, their SucccHei,
bis Schemes and Ucaih lli

French Ships at Petit Guave burnt by the Dutch, kc 33

Infune^on of the Negroes, fuppreiTed by the Buccaneers,
Commoiioni, Peace, Increafe and Decay of the Krench
Colony 3 3

Freebooter! obnoxious to ike Englilh, French and Spaniards,
and declared Pirates 3;

The Colony remonllrates againft the Tobacco-farm, cultivate
Indigo and Sugar, fee. 36

CouncU and Courts of Juflice ellabliih'd 36

Petit Guave furprized by the Spaniards, the Colony dillrefled
for want of Trade, rife in arms, their Leader executed

St. Jago de los Cavalleros burnt by the French, and are routed
by ine Spaniards 38

Englilh attempt a defccnt, particular furvey of the French Co
lony in 1691, the Knglilh intend to invade it, but are pre

vented by an Barthqaake and repulfcd
! I. !_;_ .1 :^ . n_/*. -a

IfitnJi/ St. MhKTin, Soil, ProduAIons, lira fettled by tha
Spaniards, and abandon'd, afterwards divided between tha
French and Dutch, who arc expelled by the Spaniards, the/
return, and the French chufe fur Governor a burgeon, who
aAs as PricI) and Judge 7$

f/la»/ ./ Jr. B A R r U O L O M E W, Soil and Produfli 11 i.
SpBni.trds firft fenled, and evacuate it, French fettle, and are
dcllroyed by the Natives, a new Colony ol Irilh Calholica
under a Krench G^ivernor 78

f/tm/ yGUADALOUPE, Extent, Situation, Climatt, SoU
Produce 79

Bafi Ttrrt defcribed, taken bv Sir W. Codringfoa, Lei Habi>
una, Goyavc, Great Cul de Sac 8<

QaAND Taaai, Fort Louis, Los Abymei, Le Gofier, and
St. Anns defcrib'd Cabfefterre, Marigut, &c. 86

Mineral Plants, Shrubs, Plants, and infcAi 88

Wild Hogs and Devil Bird 91

tirjl Stii/tmtut </ GuADALovpi, the Progrefi of its Improve-
ments, its Rcvolulions, ttc, qt

The F.iiglilh in 1703 land, and take the port, are compcllca
by bickocfi 10 leinibark, they attack and conquer it in

1759 '0»

Ifaii/e/ DiilDaXADA defcribed, conquered by the Englilh ia

I759' '"

(ibui ^ MAiiOALANTa defcribed, conquer'd by the Englilh

ia I7;q. r/;7.

Tht (/laMi if Los Santos, «r tht Sainii defcribed, conquered

pre-

J?
Spaniards join them in a Defign againft thii Colony, which
proves abortive 41

Ductile the Governor makes a Defcent on Jamaica, and ra-
vages that IHand 43
Eneliih and Spanifh Fleet cannonade Cape Francoi-, land their
Forces, and plunder the Colony at Difcretion. St. Louis,
Port de Paix taken, fine Retreat of the French, their Scttle-
inents reduced 44
The Negroes at Cape Francois revolt ja
The F.nglilh furprize Petit Guave and retreat, Attempt 10 tana
at de la Ptiii Rivieri, but are prevented $;
Illu Avache fettled by a Company 57
French and Spaniards unite againll the Englilh, Admiral Bem-
[mw dellroys the French Ships at Leogane, and dies of his
Wounds cq
A chief Juflice and Intendant appointed, Ecctefiaftic Regula-
tions, Meafures taken 10 prevent i' rccUrating, who com-
mence Inhabitants 60
Sjddcn decay of all the Cocoa Trees, this Colony fuffers by
an excIuAve i'riviledge tor furnilhing the Illand with Ne-
groc), and other Grants, which occafioned infurreiliont

Num)>erof Inhabitants in 1726, Character of the frcnch Cre-

oliant, their Hofpitality, and Charily 64

Defcription of Cape Francois, Pun Margot, Port de Paix,

Cul de Sac, &c. 6;

State of Cape Francois in 174; 69

Port Louit ukcn by the Englilh 70

Engagement between the French and Englilh Fleet li.

Flam of Leogane, Petite Rivi,;re, le Graud and Petit Guave,

&c. delcrib'd ft

by the Erglilli in 17^0

Im-
Ii3
119
121

'7S9-
f/la»i tf MAariNico, Extent, Soil, Diviiions, Exports,

ports
Fort St. Peter

iournal of two MilTionaries
ort Royal, Cul de Sac Robert, Cul de Sac Francois, &c.

7bt frjl fulling y VfAaTinico, with the varioua Difputct,

Wars, and moll material Tranfa^ioni 118

Englilh attack Fort Si. Peter in 1667, make Defcenu in 1693,

1697, 1704, and 1759.
^M^ •/'Gkimada delcribed 149

Purchafed by Count de Cetillac, tdvantagcoui CharaAer of
this Place by Le Terre in 16; 7. Cerillac obliged to fell hia
Property 15a

This Illand cecded 10 the Crown of France 1 ; ;

The GrnaJilUt defcribed 1 ; 7

NalyraJ Hiftry tf ANTILlIi.
Chap. I. Of the Air, Scafons, Winds, Mines, &c. ijy

Chap. 11. Of Pulfe, Plants, Shrubs, &c. i;t

Chap. III. Of Treei 161

Chap. IV. Of Quadrupeds, Serpents, InfcAi, &c. 166

Chap. V. Of Birds 168

Chap. VI. Of Filhes 171

Chap. VII. Of the Origiiui/ hhatitanli if ih Alillii 179
Chap. VIII. Of the Negroi Slavn of the Amillii 186

Diferifrim tf ihe I/land and Ctlony tf Cayenni.
Chap. 1. 01^ the Ifle of Cayenne in general 19}

Chap. l\. Of the Revolutions in the Colony of Cayenne iq{
Chap. III. State of the Colony of Cayenne in 1716 203

Chap. IV. A more particular Delcription of the Ifland of
Cayenne, and the Continent of Guiana, from M. Milhaui
Memoirs 204

The moll confiderable Rivers in Cayenne 208

Plan of a Seulement on the River Oyapok, begun in 1726.

210
EcclefiaAical Government
Military Government
Civil Government
The King's Domain
Commerce and Manufaflurei
Quadrupeds in Caynni and the neighbouring Continent
Birds great and finall
Filhet of Sea and Rivers
The Inhabitants and Planters of Cayenne
Lharaiter of the Guyanefe Indians

219
220

itid.

211

22>
226
219

230
231

»34

ort, ire compelled
iiul conquer ic in

102

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DESCRIPTION

O F

NEW FRANCE;

O R T H E

French Dominions in North America.

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TH E Country fubjcft to the Crown of France on the Continent of North
America, which is larger tlian the Roman empire ever was, in its moft
flourifhing times, is divided into two parts, the Northern named Canada,
and the Southern Lcuijiaiia ; both of them under the direftion of a Governor-
General, Intendunt, and Supreme Council of New France, rcfiding at ^ebcc,

C A N A D A.

CANADA, in the Indian language, fignifics tiie Mouth of the Country, from Can^
Mouth, and y/i/.v, the Country. Under tlie name of Canada, the French would CmWa, ac-
comprcliend all that part of iVs;7/j America fituated between 40 and 55 degrees of "^"''^']^'"''^'
North latitude, and 42 and 75 of longitude Eaft from Ferro, including great part of
New England, and New 7~ork, and ah oft the whole of the province of Nova Scotia.

CAN AD A, according to the EngliJJj account, is bounded on the North by the Ca^tij^.ac-
Highlands, which fcparates it from the country about Uudfon's Bay, Labrador, or AV'ti'C""'i"fito'''e
Britain, and tlic country of the F.Jhimcaux, and the Chrif, aux ; on the Eaft, by the "•^ ''"''
river St La/irence ; and on tlic South, by the Outawai River, the country of the Six
Nations, and Lc!ti/i,in,i, its limits towards the Weft extending over countries and na-
tions hitherto undilcovered.

The lull of tills country is generally very fruitful, but the winter, for fix months of
the year, ii extremely fevcre ; the fnow is always tix feet deep, and, what contributes
to give tlie peojile of I'lurope a worl'e notion of this country than it aiftually deferves,
this fealou comes on jull before the (hips fet fail for France and other places on this fide
the Atlii'ilic, -UKi that fo Uuliliuly that in two or tlircc days the rivers arc full of vail
llioals ot ice, ail the beauties ol' nature are hid, and the eye is pained with an univer-
fal whitenefs ; there is no longer any ilifference between land and water, the trees are
eoviied with ilicles, which are even dangerous to tliofe that ftand under them ; there
is no more tlirringouj of doors, without being wrapped up in fur, and, in fpite of this
prexatiti'.)!!, not a winter pallLs without Uil:, ot limbs by the benumbing cold, and though Scve.,;) 01
the weatlur is fomcwhat milder, wlien the wind gets into tiie South or Eaft quarter,
yet <i\iriiig lh,(t time tiKre is always a prodigious fall of fnow, fo that you cannot
li'c ten paecs before you. 'I'lKre blows fo piercing a Weft wind that it almoft peels
the iliin oil' the face ; in Ihort, during this terrible feafon, which is attended with
the 1 ureft and fireneft Iky imaginable, tlie cold is fo lli.irp and intenfe that cvtn tlio
bears liare not ftir out of their den-^.

U In

T^l'f'y-' ■•■■'•ir

yl DESCRIPTION

rirntv if

In return for fo many incovcniencies, tlicrc is fuch an aiiiazingabumiancc of gnnc, mut-
ton, poultry, beef, and fifli of all forts, that one altjK^ll regrets tlie return oi the Ipriiui;,
kliu" °*^ w'^ii '!'*'■ a Jong delay, begins to appear towards May, and which is fo much the more
diarming as it fuccoccis to a very fevere fcafon. Add to this the heat of tlieir fummer in
this country, which enables them to reap their crops in four months from the fowing of the
feed ; and the mildnefs of the autumn, during which there is a mod beautiful and un-
interrupted fcrenity, fuch as is rarely feen in the fined parts of Europe, fo that one can-
not wonder the Canadians fliould even prefer this country to tliat of Old France.

The long continuance of the fnow upon the ground ; the great number of mountains,
forefts, rivers, and lakes, and the natural humidity of the foil ; together with the vaft
Caufo of the quantity of ice oii tlie Norther* Occiin ; and the liigh fituatioii of tiie lands in this tradt,
«xccjriv«co:d. jj^g probably the cauies of this exceflivc feverity of the weatlier, during this feafon, in
Canada, though under the fame climates with the moft temperate provinces of Europe.
It has been obferved, that, for the four years laft part, the winters have gradually abated
of their feverity, and probably the weather here will continue to grow milder, in pro-
portion as tlie country is cleared of its vaft quantity of woods, and as it begins to be
cultivated, drained, and peopled. There is a chain of mountains running Eafl: and
\V\fl more than four hundred leagues, from Tadoufac as tar as Lake Superior,
which is probably the caufe of fuch extraordinary quantities of fnow as fall in this
country.

Corn tlirives to admiration in thofe grounds that have been cleared, but fuch fmits
as require any great degree of heat feldom fucceed here, probably becaufc nipped by
the frofl.. There are great numbers of wild vines ; greens of all forts come to great
pcrfedion ; the lakes are well ftored with fifli, and their banks arc almoft covered
with water-fowl and other game, befides beavers, martins, fables, &c. not to mention
an infinity of other birds and quadrupedes, which abound in this country.

The conftant fercnity of tJie air in this province, where it feldom or never rains,
renders it extremely wholefome to European conftitutions ; and an author of credit
lu CUubrit). allures us, tliat he knew upwards of fixty French, and thofe of very delicate complex-
ions, and but indifferently provided with wholefome food, befides inconceivable other
hardfliips and inconveniences they had to undergo, during a refidencc of fixteen years
among the Hurons, all furviving after fo long and wcarifomc a term ; a circumftancc,
which fufiiciently proves the falubrity of the climate.

Befides the great plenty of flags, elks, bears, foxes, martins, goats, wolves, wild fowl,
and other game, with which, as I have obferved, this country abounds, the meadow
Fertility of grounds which arc all plentifully watered, yield excellent grafl;, and feed great herds of
large and fmall cattle ; and lands in tillage produce the moft plentiful crops. The
mountains abound with mines of coal, and are not deftitute of filver, iron, and other
minerals, though not worked, or at leaft with any great advantage ; and the marlhy
grounds, which are a great part of this country, fwarm with beavers, otters, and other
amphibious animals.

Amongft the great number of rivers which water Canada, the moft confidcrable arc,
the river St Lawrence, which crofles it from South-weft to North-eaft, and is twenty-feveii
leagues in breadth, where it empties itfelf into the Gulf of 5/ LaK'/vwt' ; the river
Bourbon, which has its opening in Hudjln's Bay ; the rivers Saguenay and Outaway,
wliich falls into t' .; river St Lawrence ; and the MiJtJJiipi, or river St Louis, the
fource of which is generally placed in about forty-five degrees of latitude, and 74 of
longitude Weft from Ferro, which waters the Weftern parts of Canada from North-
Weft to South-eaft, and afterwards from North to South.

There arc alfo a great numlwr of lakes, and, amongft them, feveral of very great
extent ; as for inftancc. Lake Superior, of five hundred leagues circuit. There arc
three great lakes befides, ftill higher than Lake Superior, all of them croflcd by the
ftrcam that runs into

The River St LAWRENCE.

This river has its fource, as is commonly thought, in the lake of the AJjinihoih ;
a point, which, however, is far from being decided, though its courfe has been
futvcyed for between feven and eight hundred leagues. It empties itfelf into tlie Gulf
of St Lawrence, and exceeds in beauty and greatnefs all the rivers of Canada. The
Gulf of St Lawrence is four-fcore leagues in length, and the currents in it arc fo
ftrong, tliat it has been failed over iu twenty-four hours with a favourable wind.

About

foil.

Mines.

River;.

Uk.-.-5.

Culfof.?/
limvi tint.

of CANADA.

About half way over arc the Ijla des Oifeanx^ or Bird JJlands, two rocks, which rife
in tlic fhape of a fugar-loaf, about fixty toot from the water's edge, the greateft not
above three liundrcd paces in circumference. The quantity of water-fowl on thefc
rocks, which are covered and coloured all over with their ordure, is aftonifhing. Se-
veral Hoops have been loaded with their eggs, and on firing a cannon, which
alarms the whole body of this feathered commonwealth, they rife In fuch numbers,
as to form an impenetrable cloud, which hides the fky for two or three leagues round.

The entrance of the river St Lawrence is properly reckoned from Cape Rofien in
Nova Scotia, where it is about twenty-fevea leagues broad. Three leagues to the
South of this are the Bay and Point of Gafp^, or Gackape. Three leagues below this
Bay is the IJle Pcrcee, or Bored IJland, fo called from a rock rifing in form of an arch,
thro' which a filliing bark may pafs under fail. This has the appearance cf a ruined wall.
Navi;j.itors know when they are near this part, by a flat mountain, called Rowland's
tabic. A league from this illand is that of Boiaveiiture, or Good Fortune ; and at ten
leagues liiftancc from hence is the Ifland Mifcou, which is eight leagues round, and has
an excellent harbour. Near this ifland is a fountain of frcfli water, which rifing from the
middle of the fea, fprings into the air to a confiderable height. All thefe parts are ex-
tremely well fituated for the fifliery, which arc very plentiful in the neighbouring
parts of the Gulf and River ; on which account, fome intelligent French writers
regret their not having fcttlements here for that branch of commerce, which theyjuflly
prefer to the fur trade, for which, this of the filliery in thofe parts has been ncg" ;cted.

In the middle of the mouth of the River St Lawrence lies the Ifland of Natijkotek,
corruptly called Anticojli, about twenty-fcven leagues in length, but very narrow, and
of no manner of utility, being deftitute of wood, barren, and without fo much as a
lingle harbour, where (hips can remain with any degree of fafety. Its coafts, how-
ever, ab nmd in fi(h. It was imagined, that this ifland was not deAitute of mines j
but, from trials that have been made, this opinion appears entirely without foundation.

After pafling this ifland, you fee the land on both fides. On the left fliore, in Nova
Scotia, appears a chain of very high mountains, called Monti Notre Dame, and Mount
Louis, between which are fome valleys, formerly inhabited by favages. In the neigh-
bourhood of M:unt Louis the foil is very good, and there are fome French habitations.
This place is cftcemed well fituated for a fcttlement, to carry on the whale fifliery, and
would alfo be very convenient for fupplying (hips from Europe with neccflarics.

On the oppofite fliorc, in latitude 50° 8', lie the Sept IJles, or Seven IJlands, among
which arc feveral good roads, with anchorage fit for fliips of large burthen, in which
they may ride fafe in bad weather. Thefc iflands the French navigators endeavour to
make, as foon as they have pafTed by Jlnticojli, taking care to avoid the rocks about
F^gg [[lands, where Admiral Walker'% fleet, in the expedition to Canada, was loft,
through tile ignorance of the pilot, Augujl 23, 17? i.

Seventeen leagues to the South-wcfl of the Seven JJlands is a promontory, called
la Point dcs Monts PciVcs, or Paint of Bald Mountains, and, by fome authors, Armont, and
Trinity Point, which navigators leave at large on their right, and for which it is proper
to keep a good look out. Another land-mark on the Southern fliore is, the double-
headed iimuntain, called Lrs Mamellcs dc Matane, or Paps of Matane, about two
leagues within land, in the wildcfl country that can be imagined, being an entire medley
of land, rocks, and impenetrable woods, but well watered, and abounding in gr ne.

On tiic otiier lide of the river, about fix leagues from the Bald Mountains, j(s St Ni-
cholas, or Englijh Harbour, a very fit place for merchant fhips in bad weather. Nine
leagues from this are the dangerous breakers of Manicouagan, projedting two leagues
from land, and famous for ihipwrecks. They take their name from a river, which
rifes ainon^T the mountains of Labrador, and afterwards forms a pretty large lake of
the fame name, but more commonly known by that of Lake St Barnabt', and difcharges
itfelf into the river acrofs thefc breakers. In fome maps it is called la Riviere Noir,
or the Black river. As far as this, and near fixteen leagues higher, the tides are
hardly perceivable.

Thirty-two Icajiucs higher up is the River Saguenay, which is capable of receiving
fliips of the c;reatell burthen twenty-five leagues above its mouth, in entering of which
you leave the port of Tadoujj'ac on the right hand, where mofl geographers have placed
a city, tIioii;j;h there is only one French houfe, and fome huts of the favages, who bring
them, at the time of felling their furrs and other commodities, and carry them off like
flails at a fair when tlicy go away. Formerly, this port was for a long time the refort

B a and

Bird ip.andi.

Cape Rtjliii.

Gafpi Point
and Bay.

Bond I/land.

Boita-veii/urc
and Ahl(QU
IjlaKii,

J/ilicip IJIi.

Sipt tJJti.

Monti Ptlii

Dangcrouj
Breakers.

Sd^ufitity Ri-
ver.

'Ta.iou^.t:
Port.

DE SCRIPTION

CrttH Ijland.

Mtklin Bauile

hit R'Ugt.

and chief mart of the Indians lying towards the North and Eaft. The French rcfortcd
hither as loon as the navigation of the river was open, both from France and from Cana-
da i and the mifllonaries took this opportunity to traffic in their own way. Tlic l.iir be-
ing ended, the merchants returned to their I'everal habitations, and the lavages retired
with the inilTionarics, who followed them home in order to taiic a better opportunity
to finilh tlicir convcrfion. Tadoujac is an excellent harbour, the anchoring good,
the entrance very caly, and they lay it is capable of affording ihelter to five and twenty
men of war againll all the winds that can blow. It is almort round, and furrounded on
all fides with rocks of a prodigious height, from which ilTucs a fmall rivulet capable of
fupplying the (hipping with tirelh water. The whole country abounds in marble, but
its greatcll riches, fays Charlevoix, would certainly be the whale filhery. Tlie liafqiu'^,
(inhabitants of Btiyonnc, and other Southern parts of Gafcony) in France, formerly carried
on this trade with fuccefs, and there are ftill to be feen on a little illand which bears their
name, the remains of their furnaces, and the ribs of whales. This filliery carried on
tlius within the banks of a river, muft be attended with great advantages above th.it dif-
tant and hazardous way of going to the coaft of Greenland, at fo much cxpence.

But before this I Hiould have mentioned an anchoring ;)lace under the Grc-en JJlant,
on the oppofite Ihore of Nova Scotia, where is plenty of all forts of provifions, and
foine French habitations ; and that on the North Ihore, at Moulin Baude, fo called from
a rivulet of frelh water, which ilTues from a rock, and is capable of turning a mill, but
the country about this latter is faid to have the moft frightful appearance, and to be ut-
terly uninh.ibitablc, for men or beads, nor is any living cre;Uure to be feen.

From Tadctifjac you come to the paflagc of IJk Rouge, which is very difficult. In
order to do this with fuccefs, you muft firll fteer full on this illc, in order to clear the
point called Aux Allcuettes, or Larks Point, which is at the entry of the Saguenay on
the left, and advances a good way into the river, and afterwards you turn quite lliort ;
the South pallage is much the fafeft. The IJle Rouge, or Red IJland, is no more than a
rock of this colour, lying level with the water's edge, and has been the occafion of feve-
ral ihipwrccks.

At the diftance of eighteen leagues above Tadoujfac, and the fame diftance below ^^-
bfc, is the Ijle aux Coudres, the paflagc of which is on the left, and very dangerous when
the wind is in the leaft unfavourable ; it is extremely rapid, narrow, and a good quarter
of a league in breadth. Before 166;^, it was much cafier, but flnce that an earthquake
tore up a mountain by the roots, and threw it upon the IJle aux Coudres, which made it
more than one lialf bigger, and in the place where the mountain ftood there appeared a
lake, which is now called the Whirlpool, and not to be approached without danger. It
is alii) practicable to take the South palTage of the IJle aux Coudres, which bears the name
of M. Iberville, who firft attempted it with fuccefs, and is both eafy and without any
danger, but the general cuftom is to take the North channel.

Higher up appears the Bay of St Paul, where begin the habitations on the North fide
of the river: Here arc alfo fo.-cfts of pine-trees, which are much cfteemed, efpccially
the red-pine, which is very beautiful and never breaks. The members of the fcminary
of S>ucl)cc arc the proprietors of this Bay, where they have lately difcovcrcd an exceeding
good lead mine.

Six leagues farther is a promontory of a prodigious height, which terminates a chain
of mountains running more than four hundred leagues to the Wcftward ; this is called
Cap Tcurment, or Stormy Cape. The anchorage is exceeding good here, fincc llie num-
tapr.-;««f:/ jj^j. of idjpjs of all fizcs which furround it, make it a place of very good (hclter. The
Iflc of Orii- "loft co'i'idcrablc of thefc, is the Ille oi Orleans, the fields of which arc extreme'y well
a,„. cultivated, and as they rife in the fliape of an amphitheatre, prefent the eye with a moft
plcafing profpedl. This ifland is about fourteen leagues round, and was in 1676, creat-
ed into an earldom, under the name and title of St Laurent, in favour of Francois Ber-
tMot, fecrctar) general to the artillery, who bought it of Francois de Laval, firft Biihop
of ^fciec. It had in 1720, four villages, and they now reckon in it fix very populous
parifties. Oi the two channels which this ifland forms, the South is only navigable for
lliips, for even floops cannot pafs by the North channel except at high water. Thus
from Cape Tourtnent, you muft traverfe the river to go to ^ebec, and this way has its
difliculties. Tlierc are moving fands in the way, which often want water for the largcft
Hiips, fo that they dare not engage with them till the tide begins to flow. This ein-
barraflmcnt might be fliunned by taking the pafs of M. Iberville. Cape Tourmente,
whence they take their departure to make this traverfe, is at a hundred and ten leagues

diftance

itrti.

St PeulBiy.

p*i:

f'^

ti^» .,;

;<!t»*.

i'*'

i^:.s^

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-T5«,r,

t^'

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*« .jp?.^^*«-v*.ip;i,i»j,t,a»««awW*.*Jl»»'«i*- •-*-"••• **■•'«-•»- .-j»»^^»-t w-.j^.- , t,

,-«,^. .

(.« i».,^ -

r i'*\p Pu.x' K

of C yt N yl D A.

diftance from the fc nd the water of the river ftill continues hrrxkifli, and does not
begin to be fit ford; .1. ng till the entrance of the two pafliigcs, or channels, of the Ifle
oi Orleans ; a phenomenon di.'Hcult enough to be folvcd, on account of the great rapidity
of the river, even after mailing confiderablc allowances for the width of it.

The tides licre flow regularly five hours, and ebb fevcn. At TaJoufac they ebb and
flow fix hours alternately; and the reflux Increafes and the flux diminiflies in proportion
as you go higher up tiie river. Twenty !e.igues above l^c/wc the flux is of three hours
continuance, and tliR rctlux nine i higlicr up the tides arc not perceivable. When it is TiJn.
half tide, or half high water, in the pott 01 Ttidoii/fuc, and in the entrance of the river
Sagueruiy, it is only flood, that is to fay, the tide only begins to flow at Checoutimi, five
and twenty leagues higher up the fame river j and yet it is high water in three different
places at the fame time. The caufe of this no doubt is, that the rapidity <ii the Sague-
nay, which is flill greater than that of the river bt Laiarrncr, repelling the tide, caufes an
equilibrium, or counterpoife, between ChtcQutiiiii, and tlie opening of this river into that
of St Latannct. Further this rapidity has been at lb great a height only fince the great
earthcjuakc of 166^. This earthquake overturned a mountain into the river, whofc bed
it flraitned, and formed the peninlula oi Checoutimi, above which is the rapitie,'A name the
French give to a (Irong current, or violent ftream, which even canoes are hardly able to
ftcm. The depth of the Saguenay, from its mouth upwards as high as Checoutimi^ is
equal to the violence of the fbeam. Thus no fhip could come to an anchor here, had
they not the advantage of mooring or making fall by means of the trees, which cover the
banks of this river.

It has alfo been obferved that in the gulf of St Laivn-nce, about eight or ten leagues
from the rtiorc, the tides vary according to the different pofition of the lands, and the
change of tlie Icalons : That in ibmc parts they follow the winds, whilft in others they
go quite oppofite to them ; and that in the mouth of the river, at certain months of the , ,|,e„ulf
year, the currents fet direcflly fcaward, and in others directly towards the land ; within
the river, as high as the Seven Illand<!, fixty leagues above its mouth upwards, it never
flows on the South nor ebbs on the Nortli fide. It is no very ealy matter to account for
this leemingly inconfiflent appearance ; the moft probable fblution is by fuppofing
certain motions under water, or currents, which go and come alternately from the fur-
face to the bottom, and the contrary, like the working of a pump, and which produce
thofe irregularities.

Another Angularity is the variation of the compafs, whicli, in fome ports of France, \'.iriaiion nf
is from two to three degrees North Wert, dimir.illiing rtill as you approach the parallel ''"■■«°'"F="-'
of the Azores illands, where it ccafcs to be perceptible ; but beyond this it increafes af-
ter fuch a rate, that it amounts to twenty two degrees and more on the great bank of
NeivfoundlanJ, and afterwards decreafes, tho' llovvly, till at ^cbec it is reduced to fix-
teen, and to twelve in the country of the Hwons, where the fun lets thirty three mi-
nutes later than at S^elnx.

The illc of Orleans, is a very beautiful fpot of ground, the foil fertile, and the in- Iile rf o>li-
habitants generally in very good circumllances. W heii Jacques dirtier firll difcovered "'■'•
this ifiand, he found it covered with wild vines, whence lie g.ive it the name of the ^A-
of Bticchui, Hut fince this navigator, who was u native ot Bretagne, there arrived a
colony from Normandy, who grubbed up the vines, and turned the ground into tillage,
fo that it now produces good wheat, and excellent fruits. Some time fince they began
to cultivate tobacco, and witii tolerably good tuccels. Three miles from this illand
ftands ^teiec, the capital city of all Canada.

Defcription cf QJJ E B E C. *

S>UEBEC, fo called from a word in the Algonkin tongue, fignifying a Arait. City o» 4>a/.
The river St Lawrence, which is generally from four to five leagues in breadth all *''
the way, from its mouth to the fpot on which this city ftands, that is, for about a
hundred and feventy leagues from the lea, grows narrow all at once, fo that at i^ebec

C it

• V. X P L A N A r I O N

A. Rcfiilfr.cc nf the Governor genera). F.

B. Ritrtry of the Fort of twenty five Ciuns. K

C. Ksire rami di /a I'u-liirr. tile raritli Cliurch of the Ci
fxiKiT 'I'wn, built in Memory of the uifmg of tlie
Siepe in !( (;'\

D. '1 he Nunj of the Congregation.

of tie P 1. A N.

F.. Cnv:ilier of the Wir.dmill.
K. I rlulinc Convent.
Ci. keeollet Convent.
H. I he Jtfuits College and Church.
K. The Houfe of the Intendant, called \\\e Palace, whert
tlic Supreme Cour.cil of CanaJa all'cmblcs,

( 11 Y«F Qi i:be(^

IWlMTVl. of (AN AD A.

iis itCurrt'iuit'i-iii i8 S»"|»li'iiil»ri^.;») to tlio
JlRrnSHFLKK'I'aml ARMY -
i ommum/f^l h ViiY Ailm'S.if'XItKRS . K- lin(!iiui'.'<iin!'nfHS'SH KX It .

\. KAiUmr 4^1^ Inwtrmmr fimtm/ ...

II , Kitfnr lii I 'Ati/tmt

i' , M'//r/^imft4riiHitkir/>'.M/t//t/tmt-m,-n t'/'f^- nitMiut 4»/'

Y.,t'uitUurri'i/uH'i'mi>m//

V , I \'m^n/of'tht- 1 A--«^W Xujkt

K\ 4i'rnnm/i>/'tikt /C^vUi^rk'titKi

S? r. A V U i: N (' i: (»r the G R K A T U I V E U r.illcdl.v \hc / x\ s a x s II () S II K I

" as ■*

* A^ .* Ho S II E I. A (; A or (' A N A I> A R I V V. R

l\ii/ J1..I II ,.'ijiii.' /■ ;./ ./ /'.i/ti.i/ii, .:l ./.lit "■ i^s r^l-.'^v /A' .' /. . ;/j .ir , 'li-i.i.r , ■ ■/, /',.,■

yt D E S C: R I r I I () N

Fi'ic Cjf.ailr

it is not uliovc a mile over. 1 lie .'/tc//..y///s a I'av.v.r n.itinii, wliof- l.infin^e i> a
dialed ol iIr' Algwkri, till it i^/>libtc, that ii to lay, toncciliil. nr hi l.lfii. ki.iulc as
you conic ti>'in the little river i'l-'JuJirrr, the coinmun luliai^c ot the Uva;;i» trom
'A'-tv/ Sit:i,!, Ill their way loilii^ tity, the jioint of Lc-. /, which ictts out licyciiil tho lllc
vi O'lfiim, entirely hiilcs «hc Ji»")tl» (.Ii.iiiirI dI the river St iL rinvNv, us tiit llle «it
0/7r<»;/nl(xs tliat ot the ri'Mth, uiuJ you tan only ke the port, which vicwtvl iiomlhi*
|K)ii)t api>cars like a large lulon.

TIk \\\\\ ()l>ict;l that pri tents iticif, as you enter ti>c roail, i* a iinhle cafcaJc, or (hect
of water, thirty loot in hcaiUli, and lorty Inch, talliiu' jidl by the entry ot the lillcr
ih.innclol the lllc o» Orlfans, and tirll li:tn lidin that Ion;; jxunt, mj the louth lide ot
the tivtr, which, ai 1 have obltrved, letnis juintd to tie lllc ot Oiii-.i/n, This beauti-
Jul piece ot" water is t.illid the Tall of M iitiiijrtnd, from an admiral ot that name, wiH)
with his nephew the Duke </<• trnUikur, were luttcliivcly viceroys ot this colony.

Tins tity ilands a Uaj',ue hi^',her up, and mi the lame tide ot'tlic livir, cxudllv in the
narrowcf^ part ot it. iSctwetn this and the lilt ot (J'Ikvh is n baton .i tull league over
Hirbojfif every way, that is to lay, a trelh water harlvwr, upm the noMell anil molt iiavijjabic
^>tl"<, river in the iinivcrle, capable of containing a hundred Ihips ot war. Ihc North Will
luic ol tilt; city is walhed by the river >Si i'.barlfi, between which and Cz/'i* Diaimn.i,
i^ifikr is lituatcd. Clote to this Cape is the anchoring; plate, in twenty live l.itlioin
water, t;ooi ground, thoui;li when the wind Wdws hard at north ead, ihips are apt to
drive, but without danger.

When .S'</v.,..7 CL:mpI,ti't r>uiiulcd this tity in i6o'', the tide lonictiincs Howcil to the
toot ot the rock. Since that time, the river has by »lci;rees retreated, and Icit dry
a large Ipacc ot" ground, on which the lower town is built, and at prelent, lulliticntly
elevated above the water mark, to lecurc it from any fears ot an inun.iation. The lirll
CieyJefciib'il thing you meet at landing is .\n open place, ot a nvKJer.ite compals, and irregular
form, with a row of houlcs in tiont, tolerably well built, and joined to tlie rock b;.liind,
lo that they have 20 feet dejith backwards. Thele form a pretty long llreet, which
takes up all the breadth of the grouiul, ami extends from right to lift to two paliagc*,
which leaii to the high town. This opening is Iwunded on the Ictt by a fm ill church,
and on the i..;ht by two rows of houlcs running jvirallel to each other. There is alio
another range of buildings between the church and the port ; and along the lliorc, as
you go to (.'.;/'(• DtiimcnJ, there is a prcttv long row oi hoiiles on the edge of the bay,
Bn of Ml- called the Hay ot Mctbcn, This quarter may be looked iipi 1 as a kir.d of liibuib
to the Lower Town.

Between this luburb and the great (Ircct, Vfui go up to die hi^Tli town, by a pafTa;:©
fo lleep, that they have been obliged to cut liens in the rick, fo tliat it is only p.illa-
ble to perlons on foot. Hut .is you go from the opening or place on the right, there
is another way of a much gentler alcent, with houles on each lidc. In the pl.icc whcro
thele two pallliges meet, Inrgins the high town towanls the river, for there is alfo an«
fithcr lower town towards the river .St C.kirlfi. The firll building worthv of notice
as you afcend from the former on the right, ii the epilcopal palace ; the Icit is t.ikea
up with private houles. About twenty paces beyond this, you tiiid yourli. If between
two large Iquares ; that i.r the icit, is the place t-1 am-, ailjoining to uliich is the fort,
the relidencc of the go.crnor general ; oppolite to this, is the convent of Krcollets,
and p.irt of the I'quarc is taken up with well built houles. In thi. liiiure, on the right,
Ilands the cathedral church, which is alio the only parilh church 111 the pLicc. The
Seminary lies on one lidc, in a corner, formed by the great river, and the river St Cbjrlf:.
Oppolite the cathedral is the Jeluits college, :.nd in the iquare between, liandlome buiM-
ings. From the place of arms run two lirect;, crollcd by a third, which I'mn a
large lipure or ille, entirely taken up by the thine h and convent ot the Recollet:..
The ftcond lijuare has two dc. cents to the river tit (l\irUi ; one Vipv fieep, ailioinini^
to the leminary, with but lew loulcs ; the other near thi- Jeluit. iiicloltire, wliicti
winds very much, has the liofp!..il on one lide about nii.l-way, and i^ bi rdtre>l with
liiiall houlcs. 'I'hib goes to the pil./i., the relidencc ot the ii.teiKi.int of the provic.if.
On the other fide the JefuJts »-c 1 »^e near heir tl urch, is a putty long llreet, in
which is the convent of L'rfuhae-."' 'un=. '•. may be pcmarked alio, liut ilie liigh t^vva
ij built on a iouiid,iti(in of rock, partiv luarble, an I ,>.itly ll.ife.
N..m'xr of riiis lity has a pretty large t>''ent, .::mof^ all ;hc houi'es are bui!t of flonc, and it

;ind i:i )->?, the number \va lompii-

t.d

Pfincipl
buiMlFgi.

mhibiuii'!. contaii.ed in J720, about fcvcn tiioul.iiid fuuls

1 N A n A.

Igri.

ted to he I 5,000 inlialiit.intJ, arul 500 (olilicn. 'I'hc iluirtli ol ;hc lower tf)wn w,ii Ctur>i>Df»>.r
Ih;:U in (1 nlcqiitni" ot a v('W 11 ..Jc during the I.cgc i J .'^.Av in 1690. lti»ioii;e- \J,Jl
t.rjtci.1 utulir the iiaric oi Our Liiity tj k tilers, and fcrvct as x iliapcl of ealc to die
inlijl)it.(r.ts tJ'thc 1 ivvcr tuwn. The liuilding u (lain, it« chict ornament hcini; it^ ix.it.
ncU ami rnin'hi.ity. i>i)ine lillcrs of the congrci',.itior. *ic ititlcd hwiwccn thit. church
anil the pott I thf' unlKf i. tour or five, and they keep a (• Ijool.

Tlie luiliopS p.. , J hai> nothiiif? finilJiLd but the ihapcl, nnd put of the hiiilding dc- U.ii.'Y > r>
fi^md by llie plan, whiili is a loni^ tjuadranglc ; when tiniihed, it will Ik; a tine '""'
(tri."'turc. Ihc garden extendi to the brow ol tlic hill, tfn<< coninundt the roitd, and
has a noble ami moll dcliv^httul prol'c<«<ft. Below a\ iKar, a nobu lufon, filled with
III laiirons of ihipi of the lar^crt fi/c trom i.ur$p,'. t>j,(.,,:ife to it, the lltti of Orl,;ini, Ut.ut.-.i
a' id tilt Uinks of die rive;i Jt Lavtincf ;;i;.i bt ihiilci, on both lidck, cxhi'.)itin3 a inoU riuii't
cni!).intinj» mcilley of forelb, rivers, hills, valley, mcadovv.s and corn landi., fo that
kartc any where is to be Icrn a terri-. more n»Jt;nilicciitly fifii.ited. It i'l alni'Ul incon-
ceivable what a Ihiking light there mult b.- lioin tliii promontory, were the coinitty
about it peopled ai it po'l'ibl" mi.:ht be, and ccit.iiiily on many accounts dclervcs.

'f'hc c.ithciir.d, I'o f„r trom woitliy of btini; the imtropolit.m chinch of lo large ac.ibtJi»!
province, wheUicr yju 1'h>I' upon the exterior or internal part ot the llrutture, !■> Icjrce
luperior to a countiv tiu -ch in Kurafft. It has a very i»i^h tower, built in a very lolid
iii.ii'.r.L'r, an i which at a ilillance makes no ill .ip|x.aijnce. The Iciniiury wliitli j jins ;i.,..iiuo
the church i. .i 1. . liiuare, and what part of it is yet hnilhcti, is in good talle, and has
all til ■, '>nvcniencics proper ti^r the climate. It was twice burnt to the ground, lirit
ip 171 ., and aj:iin in (Kfofir 170,-, as it wa< jiill rebuilt, lince which it has been
erected a thinl time. I'rom the garden yuu fee the road, and the river St Cliir/it as far
as tlie fi^'J" lan extend.

The tort is a handlome building with two wing». You enter by a fpacious and
regular court, hut there is no garden, bccaulc it is built on the edge ot the rock. This
delce't is ;'u;i|'licd in foine meai'ure by a fine gallery, with a balcony or balullradc, which
fiiiroiiiu!!) tlie buililiii;'. It conimands the road, trom the miildle of which a (peaking
lru;n[X't may be heaul, and you fee all the lower town uiu'.er your feet. Leaving the
tort, .iS you go to-.vards the lelf, vou crofsa pretty large etpLinade, and by an eafy dclccnt
you reach the luiiimit of (.'tif>/ JJuimcnJ, which forms a molt delightful terras. Bclides Caf/D-j-..iJ
the bcaiitvof the prolpect, you breath the purell air imaginable, and may Ice numbers
of porpoilef , white as inow, playiiii^on the turface of tlie water. On this Cape alto arc
lound a kind of diimoiuN, liner than thole of ytkn^ori ; ntid, what is linguKir enough,
loine ot th.in lut by nature every bit as well as if done liv the ablell artill. The great
tjiiantity of iiiele lloiics found here in lormcr times is wivat gave name to this Cape :
At pi lv.nt they are very Icarce. The delcent towards the country is yet more eafy
than tiut on the other lidc of the cfplanade.

The Fathers Recollcts have a large r.nd fine church, capaidc of doing them ho- ^^^■■■'"■^ ""'
ncur even a: / rr/,:i,',',-s. It is neatly wainliotted, and adorned with a large gallery, fome- Kcculieu'.
whit heavy, but ihe work rouml it, winch i-; of wooil, and is the workmaiilhip of a
lay-brother, is very well done. Another brother called Father I.uii' has adorned it with
p.;iiuiin',s, mucii ellcemed by the coiiiioiilcurs who travel this way. 'Ihe c>)nvent is
anlwcr.iblc to the church, large, ' lid, and commodious, with a fpacious g.irden, kept
ill j'ot^l order.

llu- consent of the Urfulin Nuns has fulVereil twice by fire, like the feni.'iary. torn rrt of »
'1 ' ir reveille is betides lo Imaii.and the portions they receive with the young (.'ii//j.//<;n ' V"""^'"'»
Lilic?, I > inconii»icr.d)le, that the tiril time their home was burnt, they were u[xin the
point ot litin^; lent Kick to I 'am;- -, they have, however, touiid mean< to recover them-
Iclves each time, and their chureh is adiiially finilhed. They are all L)dged in a neat
and (. iimmodicjiis manner, the mft reward of the character they Ix'ar in the colony, as
well .1:. their liug.ility, temp«r.i! ..c nd indutfry, in ulcful works ot a gooil talle proper
lor the lex, tuch ai guildin ^nbroiJering, which are their ulual employment.-.

Tlie coILue ot the Jelu.: .\ : .J> has been talked of as a very tine piece ot aichi- GiiVfc jt,i
till-, and po.libly was tho«*,^tH lo with tome grounds, when i^if/>i'i w.i8 no more

til. .11 an at'vinbl.ige of hx .»»> and butts of i.ivage;, lince the city wore lo dijVcient a
ta c, V. 13 become rather .. loil than an >— mtnt tii i^ and threatned to tumble down
every dav. It is now lei^uilt with grci it»..gnilKCiKc, and judly merits the char.icler
it lo bnj L:;rc. Tiie garden is large and well kept, and terminated by a linall wood, the

C .: remains

liurch ..f
lU Jiiu.;-.

^DESCRIPTION

remains of that ancient toiert, whitli once covered the whole nunnit.iin. Tlic cluirch
has notliin;: he.iutitiii without, but a lian.home llccplc : It is covcrcil with ll.ite, in ivhicli
it lias the .iiiv,:nt.i;;c ot all the chualus in Ca't.iJ.i, whicii urc imly rooteil with planks.
Tlie inliiie ct it is lii^hly ornanitnttii, the gallery is li;^ht anii bold, and has a balurtradc
ot iron gilt, of j^ood worknianihip. Ihc pulpit is all gilt, and the wood ami iron work
txquilite. There arc three altars well plated, I'ume good picture, the root not arched,
but its tlat ceiling agrceabl) ornamented. The lloor is of wood and not llone, whicli
make, this the only church where one i^ tolerably warm in all ^flnr.

'.' c'iillLii. The Hotcl-dicu, or hol'pital, has too great halls, appropriated to the diiFtrent fexcs.
The beds arc clean, the lick carchilly attended, and everv tiling neat and commodious.
T.'ie church adjoins to the womeiisap.irtmeiit, ami has nothing remarkable init the paint-
ings of the great altar, which are very line. The houle is I'crvtd by tlu- Nuns hol'pi-
talcrs of St yhi^dllith; and ol the congicgation of the mercy of yr/«j, the lull of wlioni
tame here from Dicp[^c. Their apartments are convenient, and as their l.oules arc lituated
on the declivity ot the hill, on an eminence which conunands the river St U:tjr!c:\ they
enjoy a toler.iblc gocKl proipcct.

1 ;.(■ P,i!acc. The lioule ot the intemiant is called the palace, becaufe the fuprcmc council alleiii-
ble here. It is a large building to which you after.d by a double riiglit of lU-ps. The
tront to the garden, whiLii has .i profpct't to the river St Charles, is much more agreea-
ble than that you enter at. The king's m.igavincs form the right fide of tlic court,
and the prilun lies behind them. The gate you enter at is hid by tlie mountain, on
wliich Hands the high town, and wliich, on this lide, only prefents the eye with a
Aeep and iinpleafing rovk. It was confiderably worle before tlie fire, wliich reduced
it to allies in 1726, for then it had no court, and the building a»ijoined to the llrcct,
which is here very narrow.

Tollowing this llrcct, or, to fpcak more properly this road, you enter tlic countrv,

Ti.- prnrii and about a ijuarter of a le.igue dilhuit you find the general hofpital. This is not

lloipiul. only the fiiiell building in all Ciin.uLi, but would even do honour to any city in
Eurrpi-. Tb.c Ri\clii-is were lormcrly in poHdlion ot this ipot ot ground ; St ( \iiiir,
billiop of ."^//./'.v, Ixjught it of them, removed them into the city, and laid out an
hundred thouiand crowns in the building, furniture, and ciulowment. The only taiilt
of thia edifice is its tnarlliy fituation, which they had fome thoughts of amcndnig by
means of drains cut towards the river St Ch/irla ; a remedy, which thofe wiio have
been on tlie (pot believe to be exceeding ditHcult, il' not impracticable. This noble
llrutture is tor the reception and rcliet ot fuch artilans, hamiicr.iftlmen, or other-,
whole great age or infirmities may have rendered them inc.ip.ible of getting tiieir liviu'.:,
ami luth are always admitted, a> tar as the lounii.ition will admit. This I'oumiation ii
a colony from the Hotel J)itu at i^i<i/>ic, and the perfons admitted here wear a lllver
crofs on their bieall, to dillinguilh them from thofe of the old loundation. Thirty
nuns, who are generally ol gcKnl t.imiiies, attend the I'ervice of this holpit.d, but as
they a-'c often poor, the bilhop tlieir toiinder has given portions to I'evcr.il ot thcni.

.';^/(i7'(r is ncjt regularly tortihed, but tlity have been long at work to render it ca-
pable of lullaining a liege. Its fituation renders it niturally Itrong, .iiid it would Ik;

Fottificiii )i; . 110 cafy mutter to redute it in it> preleiit tondition. The port !■> iLmked by two
hadions, vvhith, at the high tuits ut the eiiuinoxc^, .ire almoll even with tlic w.iter.
A little iiigher, over tlie baliiop towards the right, i- a h.df-bartion, cut out of the
rock ; itnd ;i!ii,ve th.it nearer the tort, i^ a b.ititry o| twentv-five piece, of iinnon.
Higher llill is a Iquare twrt, i.illed the C'lt.idcl ; the way-' th..t communic.te between
thefe forts arc extremely rugged. To the ktt ot the port, ijuitc along the roati, a;
t.tr as the river St Cl.uirlis, .uc llrong b.itteries ol cannon and mortars. On the angle
ot the citadel, facing the city, tlicy liavc built what the tngillecr^ tali an Orf/7/<' ,/,•
iiiiiii'^n, Irom ulu-nte they h.ivc drawn a lloping euitain, whitli joins to a very hii^Ii
cav.dier, on whieh there is a windmil loitilietl. A. \ou come ilown trum tin. ta-
valier, you find, within iiiurtict-tliot. a Utwa lonifitd with a lultiui!, .md, at an ei)ual
liilhiiRC, .1 keoiid. The ileligii sv.i> to c(A'er all tlii^ p.iit \sitli .( tininterkarp, haviii"
the l.ime angles a-, the b.illions, ami tniling at the eMieiiiily nt the loek, ne.ir the hi-
temiaiit's pal.ue, where there i- alie.idy a linall redoubt, as there is another on C".ipo
D:,:)';:>i,t. This deligii has ii'jt, it lcem\ been tarried into exetiitiun, thuuuli for
wliat lealon is haul to Jay.

Tlic

10 Lliurcli
ill ivjiitli
ii plaiiks.
3alullradc
r(jn work
It .uclicii,
wIulIi

of CANADA,

The

The number of inhabitants being conlidcrably intrcafcil, they p-afs tlicir time P'>f"tain
v< >/ iiiTccabiy. The Ciovcrnor-gcncral, with liis houlhold ; Icvtral of the no- J^'',;'J„'I"'- '
b!' re, of fxcceding p'Hxl tainilics ; the otikcra of the army, who in France
a all gentlemen ; the Iiitendant, with a Uiprcinc council, and the inferior m:i-
giib.itcs ; the L'ommilLry of the marine ; the (irand Pr.ovoll ; tlic Grand Hunter ;
till Cirand Marter of the waters and forcft.s who has the moft cxtcnfive jurifdidlion
in the world ; rich Iner^.hant^, or luch as live as if they were lb ; the Bifhop, and a
numerous feminary ; two colleges of RecoUcts ; as many ot JjUiifi ; with three Nun-
neries ; amongll ail thele you are at no lofs to find agrecab'e company, and the mod
entertaining convtrfation. Add to this the diverfions ot the place ; fuch as the aficm-
blies at tlie I .ady Ci(n'ernc(s's and Lady Intendant's ; parties at cards, or of plealure,
fuch as, in the winter on the ice, in jlcdgts, or in Ikaiiing ; and in the fummer in
chaifes or canoes ; alfo hunting, which it is iiiipoiriblc not u be lond of, in a country
abouiidnig with plenty of game of all kinds.

li i> remarked of the Caiuidiaiis, that their convcrfation is enlivened by an air ofciunfler rf
frejdoin, which is natural and peculiar to them ; and that they I'pcak the hrei:ch ,n ''''''"'■'"'""''
the griatcft purity, and without the lead falfe accent. There arc few rich people in
that colony, though they all live well, arc extremely generous and hofpitabic, keep very
gooil t..tiies, and love to dreis very finely. They arc re<.koned well m.ide, and to have
an exceeding fine ompiexion, witty in their converfation, p(jlite in their behaviour,
and moll (/hliging in their manners. The CtnuiJiti-s have carried the love of
arms and ot glory, lb natural to their mother-country, along with them, for which
reafiii, \hx\- have little of the narrow feltilh fpirit ot the merchant in them ; and, as
they never entertain any thought of amafling, they have therefore little to lofe ; lb that
war is not op.ly welcome to them, but coveted with extreme ardor. It i> eafy to ima-
gine the conlequencc ot fuch neighbours to the /?;////'!' colonies, immerled in luxury, and
a prcv to all the palVioiis which accompany cafe and riches, were ihc Curia Jitins lieaded
by fuch gcncr.il.; as }ra>icf has formerly had, with an ambitious and wife prince on the
throne. Or, at liritaiti therefore cannot be too watchful and expeditious to prevent the
danger, whilfl her precautions are of any moment or avail to lier.

Three league.- from i^u'trc is the Loretto o( Aorth America, a village of the Ilurons, ^„,r,ij„u.
in which is a chajK'l, built after the moilel of the Santa Ccfa, in the city of that name in "'"
lta!s\ decoratcil with an iinage of the Virgin Mary, taken tr(;m the flatuc in the Holy
Caty. 1 his feat of the devotion of the Ca'ta.liam is lituated in the moll frightful
wildernels imaginable, aiid funous for the refort of the devotees of thofe parts, wlio,
whether through fancy or religion, arc laid to be lei.xd witii a certain facrcd horror,
which is not to be refilled, as alio tor the piety of the inhabitants. This village was
formerly very populous, but dilcales, or fbme other ui, known caufe, which has almoll
nnniliil.iied all the lavage natioiii of N'^rtb ylnu-rna, have very much reduced the num-
ber of its inhabitants.

Sivcn leagues from the capital is the Pint aux TrcrniHes. This is one of the better riUmmx
fort of parillits in this country. The church i> large, and well built, antl the inhabi- ^'■'■^'"•
tints live very comibrtably. In general, the old fettleis here are richer than t!ic lords
of the manors ; the rcalbn of which is, that thele latter being incapable of improving
their ell.itLS tiieinlelves, as lx;ing heads of comnvariitie^, ollicer<, or gentlemen, who
wanted the ncceliary funds for Inch an undertaking, were obliged to let them out to
other lettlcrs at a very Imall quit-rent, fo that the revenue of a loi-d, who has an cllate
of two k.igucs in front, and an unlimited depth, is very inconlidcrable.

After travelling levcntcen leagues farther, you come to the h.ibitation of a French
gentlem..n in AVw F.nglanJ, lituated on the river liecanccurt, formerly Riiiere Vuante,
or the Stinkii^ River, fo called from the defeat or total extermination of the Ircquet R,\cr>tMi\ u
nation, .meiently called Onncuharonnom, by the Al^cnkins, which happened in this '■'!;' "' "'•
river, tiic waters of vvhicli were infedcd by the great niimlH;r of the dead Inxiics of '■"''*"'
thofe who fell on this occalion. He^anccurt, which is a village of the jihena'jttis, is
far fron* being lb populous as it has been fbme years. Thele Indians are reckoned
the bc'l Frencb partilans in the whole country, and were always very fbrward in making
inroaiis into the inland parts of New K'li^ianJ, where the tcrrcjr of their name has
fonjctimes given alarms to lic/hn iticlf. They were equally Icrviccable to the French
againll the Irccjuois, being not inferior in courage to thofe lavages, and far beyond them
ill point of .'.it'ciplinc. They are all C'hrilliar.s, and were remarkably devout when

I) newly

!•

.-/ DESCRIPTION

} ;

newly converted ; but the ciirhantmcnt of hniiniy, wlilch tlicy never tiriiik but with a
delign to get iliuuk, has not ctily, f.iy the mifiion.iries, ab.itcii the Icrvour of tlicir |'itty,
but made them dr.uv nearer to the iv/q///^' fcttleineiits, sMnon;;!! whom tlic deloiaiity
of this vice huS no fuch tffedts. r,ii»ht leagues larthcr is tlic town called

TROIS RIVIERES, or THREE RIVERS,
in the moft charming fituation that can be imagined. It is built on :i land .

dccli-

vitv, but the whole extent of barren ground is no more tiian that wiiiih v ill Ik; \w\\
fufticient to contain the place when it grows tolerably l.irjc, which i^ not its Calc at
prcfcnt. Excepting this fingic difadvantagc, it is furrounded witli every thing that can
render a city delightful and opulent. A river half a league In breadth run- cloic under
it, beyond that you have the profped oi a molt beautiful country, the fields of whicii
are extremely fertile, well cultivated, and crowned with the noblcll forreih in the imi-
verfe. A little below, and on the fame fide of the city, the river M Lc^'rcncc receives
into it a very tine river, divided into tiirec branches, from wiicncc it takes the name of
Trcis Rivieres.

Dtfcription The city or town of Trois Rhit'rft, contains bnt about fcvcn or eight hundred

"' ""'"""■ pcrfons, and has fomc mines in its neighbourhood, whiili .irc capdi'e of enriching it
whenever they (hall tliink fit to work them. The lituation is wiiat renders it oi great
importance, and it is one of the nnblcif ellabliihments in the colony. It has conftantiy
been the leat of a governor from the firft planting of CnnaJti, wiio !ias a tii .'Ufand
crowns falary for himfelf, befidcs his hoiidiold. Utrc isallb a convent ol Rccolicts,
a handfume churcii, where thefc fathers otriciatc, and a very fine holpital afiioining to
the convent of the f V//.//hc Nuns, in iuiml->cr of forty, whole oilkc it is to attend it.
This is another foundation of i^e St la/irr, liifhop of i^uefier, f.s early as the year 1650.
The fencchal, or lord fteward, of Nnc Frjiice, whole iurifdidlion has lincc been abforbed
by the fuperior council and intend.mt of ii^uiSir, had formirrly a licutciMnt at tlie 'Jlne
Rivrrs. At prefent this city has a court of jufticiary in ordinary, the preliucnt of which
is a lieutenant general of the king's forces. This city was anciently, tliat is in the firft
beginning of the colony, greatly rclortcd to for the fake of trade by different InJian
nations, and p«rticularly tht r'ofl northern, who ufcd t) C(,inc down by the Thif
Rivers. The conveniency of the place, joined to its great trade, was what determined
fevcral French to fettle here, and the nearncfs of Riehelicu River, then called Irc^ucis
River, induced tiie governor general to build a fort, in whicii lie placed a ftron;^
garrifon. This port was regarded in thofe days xs one of the molt important in all
CaUiiJd. But Ibme time after, the I'hiitvj; growing weary of the continual vexation of
the Ircqu'iis, from whole ravages the Ertneh themklvcs were* hardly late, all the p.illagcs
being fhut up by that nation, who conftantiy lav in ambulh about them, lio
that the CiinaJian Indians could hardly think thcmlclves fecurc under the cannon of
the fort, left off bringing their furs. Tlic Jeliiits, with their pn^klytes, retired to Cape
Magdalen, three leagues below ; but, whether by the inconltancy natural to thole In-
dians, or through a long I'eries of wars and difcafts, which have almoft lieltroved this
infant church, this million was of no IcMig dur.ition. There is, however, Hill here a
troop of ///^');;j.v/«i, baptized in their infancy, but who have nothing more of Chritli-
anity about them.

taint Si P,ur Two leagues from trois Rivieres l>cgins lake St Peter, about three leagues IvoaJ,
and five long, fo that the fight has nothing to confine it on that lidc, where tlie l>rams
of the letting fun fecm to link into the water. This lake, which is notliing but the
widening of the river St Lawrence, receives into it leveral other rivers that bv con-
tinual encroachments on the low land^ near their mouths h.lpto form this l.tkc, whicli
no where is fo deep as the river St Laurence, but in the middle, the other part:, being
navigable only for canoes, and that with fomc difficulty. To make amends for this
defedt, it is full of leveral forts of the molt excellent tilli.

Crofs Lake St 'Peter, on the Ne-w England fhorc, lies the canton of 5/ Francit,

ftitUfiiu t/,, ^' '^* Wcflcrn extremity of the lame lake appcirs a prodij-.ious nuiltitudc of illands,
called Richelieu (/lands ; and on the left, as you come from ::^uel)et., fix others on the
coaft of a bay, into which dilchargcs itlelf a very line river, th.it takes its rili* ui the
neighbourhood of A'^rtf Tori, The iilatuls, the river, ami ;'ll the cmintrv whiih it wa-
ters, bear tlic name of St Francis, Each ol thclc illand» is a good ijuaUcr ul a le.iuuc

Ions,

CANADA.

Init with ii

tlxir |iitty,
(icloiinity

nd .' dccli-
V'ili Ik: |u<t
its c.i(c at
: that can
lIoic under
b nt" whjcli
n the iini-
tcc receives
ic name of

It hundred
nriching ic
it of great
coiiftantly
I tii'.".iranJ
Rctulicts,
fijoining to
o attend it.
yt.ir i()<;o.
n abforbcd
t the -Ihrtt
t of which
in the tiril
rent Indian
the Thiif
determined
led Iroquut
•A a llronij
irtant in all
rcxatiiin of
he p.itlages
tlicnj, k>
cannon of
d to (.".ipc
) thole ///-
Irovcd this
till' here a
uf Chrilli-

;iies broad,
tlie I'canis
il; l^ut tlic
t hv con-
st, whith
urts bciii;»
is for this

t l-'finiiis,
of itlands,
rs on the
ilt* in the
H h it wa-
t a le.iv'.nc
long,

lon-^, hut their breadth is various ; tiiofc of RicLvlifu arc the largcft. All of them
lornierly abounded in deer of feveral forts, poats, and ottcis ; great quantities of game,
and a vafl ptolufim of liih, both in the river and in the hike near it.

TIic foil of this canton, if one may judge of it by the trers it bears, and by the
little already cultivatcii, is exceeding good. The inhabitants, however, are far from
being rich, and would be reduced to the lafl degree of it.digence, were tiicy not fup-
norted in fome meafurc by tlie trade they carry on with the neighbouring Indians.

Thefc arc the ^-ihcuaquii, and amongil them ionic j^lgonktns, Sukoiirs, and Makin-
g(ins, otherwile called fCoifs. Their village lies on the banks of the river .S7 fraruis,
about two leagues from its mouth, and in a moft delightful fituation. The French
give them the charadlcr of being _very docile, being all of them Chriilians, and moft
jifleiflionatc to their nation.

This whole country has been for a long time the theatre of many a bloody fccne, as it
was the moft expoled to the inroatls of the enemy, vvhilfl the war with the hoqw.is
laftcd. Thcle Indiana ufed to comedown by the Irc-jwn river that falls into the river /,-.«»; f.rce
St Linarcnce^ a little higlier than •he lake St l\tct\ v.\ the tame fide witii th.:t of St '^":/ :,"'''"''
I'mncis, and for that realon it iKjrc their name ; fince that the I'ri/ub have called it ,,vV:
Sorel, and now linhlicu river. The illcs of Riih/icu \c:\cd them as tit places to lie M" of Riv-
in ambulh, or for a retreat, but fince this way has been lluit up by the Frenib fort S:rc!, '""
built at the mouth of the river, they iiave changed th^ir rout, coming over land above and
below it, principally directing their niotions to the canton of St //w;. /f, where they
found the lame conveniency of plundering and ravaging tlic country, and where tliey
have perpetrated the molt horrid cruelties.

In this manner they over-ran the whole country, which obliged the inh.ihitants to T""P"ry
build a kind of fort in each parilh, to ferve for a retreat in cale of an alarm. In
thtfc forts, which were only (b many large enclofurcs Jcnced with palliladocs, with
redoubts in proper place«, arc centinels, who keep watch night and dav, and fomc
pieces of fmall cannon, to give the fignal to the inhabitants to be upon their guard, or
ii^r afiilbnce in cale of an attack. The church and the manor-houfe were generally
in thofc places of fecurity, the remaining fpace being to receive the women, children,
and cattle. Weak as thelc fortretlcs are, thry have generally aniwercd tiie end they
w:rc built for, none of tlicm having ever been forced by the Iroquois, againit whole
infults and fury tlicy were intended. Thefc favagci h..vc rarely fo much as attempted
to keep them blockaded, or, if they ever di<i, as they have no regular metliod
for reducing any place, it has always been without fuccefs.

The patfigc between ;Uw.'/v..'/ aiul i;V/,'Av is about fi.vty leagues, and affords, the nriightfJin-
nobled and moll delightful prol'pctl imaginable. In the tummer you travel by water l-n- »"•-&<••
in c.mfxrs, at which liatbnthc weather is fine. It is iinpollible ti) exprefs the pleafurc
that arifcs from the fight of an infinity of pieces ot water nd channels, formed by almoft
iiimnnerablc illands, and of the banks of the river on both tides, that are covered with
laige fiirclls, and, like fo many theatrical tcenes, are varying every moment. In
w inter, if the plcalurc of the profpedf is Icliincd by that univerlal vvhitencfs which
covers all nature, and hides that beautiful variety of colours that makes tlie country
fo encliar.ting in the fine fealbn, you have fome amends made you by th.c conveniency of
travelling in lledgcs, auii in the novcltv nt iceiiig this noble liver become as firm and
pallablc as the Continent. Towards ^«(/vc the ioil is very gooii, but the profped c\-
tremelv infipid, and, w hat is an additional dillidvantagc, the weather is in thefe parts
verv Icvere ; tor in proportion as you come down the river, as it runs North, the cold
iliU encieafcs.

:;^;/(7'rt limds in 46 decrees, 4H minute;, North latitude; the city of '7/e/i /?/r/f/-c/, j j^^.^j^, ^j-
in 46 degrees and 24 minutes, and Montrfal in 45 degrees, 45 minutes. The river i^'ikt. li
makct a turn towards the South a little above Like St Peter, fo that you no fooncr pafs
the iil.ir.dsot Kuiiie.u, than you leem tranlportcd into another climate : The air becomes
milder, the land not fo wild and rugged, the river much finer, and its banks much
more charming and delightful. I'rom time to time you meet with illands, fume ot
tlieni inhabited, others in that naked fimplicitv of charms in which nature has Ittt
them, and all forming the nobletl prolpeds imaginable.

1) 2

M O X-

A D K S C R 1 P T I O N

L i:v in gfTiC'
ral ticlcribcd

Il< fortificn:
on>.

A mnrf pr
:. :br .Id
cripiion.

Churchei ir.d
Lui.vcnt

Ne» runntry

/Infplial Ce-
Drr;U.

M O N T R I-: A I, i cr V ILL E M J R J E,

is fituatcd on the ilLiiiil of Montreal, fix leagues aiul a halt" in length from Eaft
to Well, anii mar tlircc leagues ov\.r in the bro.uicll part. The moiint.iin from which
it has its name, and on which the city i^ built, ftands at an equal dillancc from both
ends, and about haU a league from the banks of the river St Z./;-u.r,7;n- on the Soutli
lide of the illand. The city was called I'llle Marie by the foumiers, and that name
it llill retained in all public adls, and by the lords, or proprietors, who arc very jealous
in this point. The Superiors of liie kiiiinary of St Si/ipuius are not only proprietors
of the citv, but of the whole illami. Wherefore as the foil lierc is not only cvcellcnt,
hut all in cultivation, and the city lull as populous as .';^<</'.r, this ligniory, or lordlhip,
may very jullly be reckoned wrrt'.i lix of the belt in (..ww./*/, and in general the people
are very happy under thct'e mallei';.

The citv is extremely well built, the llrects very well difpofed, the lituation
very commodious, and the profpett e.Mceeding agreeable. The view of the adj.icent
country is no lels pleating. It had formerly no fortifications, except an cn-
clofure of a litiglc paliilade with ballions of the fame nature, kept in very bad order ;
and a very poor redoubt, which ferved for an outwork, joined by a gentle declivity to a
fniall fqu.irc, and was the firll objedt that faluted you as you came trom i^ur/>cc: Be-
fore, it was quite defcncelcfs, and equally txpoftd to rhc infults of the Englijh and
Indians, till the Chevalier </(• (.'(7///<rcj, brother to one of the plenipotentiaries at the peace
of Ryfuir, cncloi'ed it in this manner whilll he was governor. Since his time, it is
faid to have been walled in, and made capable of fuftaining a regular liegc, but 1 have
fince learnt, th.it in 17^6 the only appearance of any fortification in this place was a
cavalier without a paiaj>ct, and about fourteen guns without carriages.

Alontrcid is an oblong fquarc or quadrangle, and Hands on the banks of the river St
I.aMtcncf. It is divide! info the High and Low Towns, tho' the alient from one to
the other is fcarcc perceivable. The hotel-dieu, or hof'pital, the king's magazines,
and place of arms, arc in the Lower Town, and moll of the merchants have their hou-
ll's in this part. In the higher arc the feminary, the parochial church, the convents of
the Recolltts, Jcfuits, and the fillers of the congregation, together with the houfes oi
the governor, and moft of the oHicers of the garrifon. Ifcyond a rivulet, which cotnes
from the North Wefl, and bounds the city on that fide, is the hofpital general,
with fcveral private houfes. And tn the right, beyond the convent t/f the Rccollcts,
which is fituatcd at the extremity of the city on the liimc tide, begins a kind of fuburb,
which in time is like to be a very tine quarter.

The Jcluits have but a fmall coiivciit here ; but their church is large and well
built. 'I'he convent of the RecoUets is more Ipacious, and the community more nu-
merous. The feminary llands in the center of the city ; ami it appears that thole who
built it, were more intent on making it foliil and commwiious, than magnificent. Yoii
may, however, perceive fomething about it, which carries an uir of dignity worthy of
the lord of the manor : It adjoins to the parochial church, which has ninrc of the gran-
deur of a cathedral, than that of ^uthiw The noble aii of this temple with the lo-
lemnity and moiletly of the worlliip, inlpirc an awcful relpctf for that deity who is the
objccl of it.

The houfe of the daughters of the Congregatic.n, tho' one of the largcll in the city, is
notwithllanding too fmall for the community. Thi.. is the head of the order, and the no-
viciate of an inllitutc, which hail its birth in Nt-w Franif, and is a very noble f lun-
dation. The Hotel-Dieu is lervtil bv thele lilltr>^, the firll of whom came fn.-in
La lUchc in j-lnj'.u. '\'ou fee nothini' of their povertv, which ii. far from being aflcclcd,
cither in their hall, which is large and well furnilhcd, or in their t.huich, which is
very fine and richly ornamented j or in their houle, which is well built, neat, and
commodious ; but they arc very inditferently provided for in rc(pc(;t to their table,
though they are indefatigable both in the education cf the youth ut their lex, and in
attending the lick.

The Ilolpital (leneral owes its cllablilhment to one Chari'.'i, who had allliciatcd hiin-
felf with lumc perlons remarkabi-- fur their piety, not only for promoting iliis wuik of
charity, but alio for providing the country pariilies with lcll()<)I-^lalU■r^, who iIuniM Ik:
to the boy-, what the Daughters of the Congregation \sere, with uljHct to the youth
of their own fcx. But this allbciation fooii came to nothing, and the Skut t/jr/ ^/z

from Euft
oin wliicii
truin both
the Soutli
that name
try jealous
proprietors
^ excellent,
r lonilhip,
tiic people

e lituation

ic adj.iccnt

It an en-

hdil order ;

clivity to a

uebec. Be-

Etiglijh and

It the peace

time, it is

but 1 have

place was a

he river St
rom one to

magazines,
c their hou-

coii vents of
^c hout'es ot
kfliich comes
ital general,
ic Recollcfs,
J of fuburb,

;c antl well
y iiiort nii-
t thole wlio
iecnt. Voii
y \v(jrtliy of
of tlie graii-
.vith the lo-
who ib the

ithc ilty, is
and the no-
noble foun-
tainc hern
ir^ arteLlcil,
h, which IS
, ncaf, and
tiitir t.ihle,
le.v, .iikl ill

K.iatC(l hiin-
!li^ WDlk of
1) llioiiiii Ik:
I tile yowtii

was

^ J

I.' /-;.•. /'

'■Si^:''.fei;^

t"','i'- >■'•';• .•.•.••"■■■•.■■.■-■ ..■>■■;.■ •■":i
^'^(* S'*'i. • ■■■ ••:::■.;;.. ... •*.; 'I '•;
:\..ij)nl*itAj/:-uti</.'\V.iir
;: II. l%J,'irnirjil :/k rjrjfvt •

V.Jf.'/i<.'f.'ij>jhw7i^t'.T\r7iiir

U..I/.-..'././rynvU'//.ii:.

y../\l.-K .viA u I M.iAr aiMJ •
' ■,; 'i 1. tia ^ J'jrant . ■•.••>•■.".'..■■';''.■.•'•''

I'.NisJu.t hi ill.

'-:'/''

('•••'.riii'ltfi- /,' ///.I Hi'Mit llii^/im'i^' liif /Virh

a;.

. ■ ■ ^

/I'.'iv// /lii'/i/h-f.' ih( /}//!,,■ <■/' h, I /•-.'. •!/ (hdiiM i't\>i.'. Mil ,u' /;

-,.•- /!■. ,

:|:

of C A N J D A.

»3

■ '&■

was Ich by liunieir. This Jul not, however, ililcciira^c liiin j \<< c.vj)tiiJwJ the rc-
inaiiuiLT ul liii iDrttiiic, aiul prociiri.il the alhlLiKc <>t li;iiii.' p.Avciiiil pcrloii.-, anil h.itl
the plcafurc, bciorc lie dieil, to Uc iiis prujcdt jull .ill ilain',cr ul milcaii yiti'^, .it Itail
with relp^'t^t to the Hoipital (icncral, which i) a vciy itiit ItuilJiii^, u!> ij its chuichi
which ■!■ no way iiifcrinr to it.

The great trariic tor fuii, alter the city u( Trois Rivii/rs ccafw.l to he Ircqueiitcd by
the ludiiiui ol the Nt)rtii and Weft, was, lor lomc time, Ci.rricil on at Montreal, whither
tholb lavages rclbrtcil, at certain times hom alt p.ifts ol CuiiaJa ; I'o that there was kept
a fort ol lair, wliii.li drew multitudes ot" 1'iini.h to this city. The Governor-general
and IntLiiilant hunoured it with tlicir prcfencc, and made life ol' this opportunity to
comjujle any diirereuccj that mi;',Iit happen to arile between tlitir allies. Tiic
place is llill rreijuented by tl.t Cur.uiuin Inu'iitin, who often conic hither inrrii!.f,r
companies, but not by lar in hieh numbeib as lornurly, the war of the /A-cyKon iiin- »>"«"' «i«c«v.
dcrini; the great concouric ot tliofe nations. In order to remedy this evil, magazines,
with forts, luvc been ereclcd in moil part-, of the eunntry, with a commandant, and
a garrilbn, ftrong enough to lecure the niereliaiuiizc. The Indiain are always fond of
a gnnfmith, and amongft fevcral ol them tliere arc miil'unaries.

In J 688, fonie chiefs of the Five Nations, fcnt on an einbairy to the Pi\ncb go-
vernor at M'jiirrtiil, were, through his perfidy, intercepted at one ot the fall;, on diu'ttra-
gui River by the Dino/uLiJiis, their enemies. This oulr.igc aiul indignity againft the
rights of amballiulors, anim.ittd the conl'ederatcs to the keeiieft tliirll alter revenge ; and
on the 26th ui "July tliey landed 1200 of their men on the boutli tide of the illanil of
Montreal, while the freiich were in perfect lecniitv ; burnt their lioufes, f.iek.ed their
plantations, and put to the fword all the men, womtn, aiiil children without the Ikirt?
of the town. (3nc thoufand I'mub were llain 111 thi-. inv.ifion, and twenty-fix carried otT,
ami burnt alive. .Many more were made j)rifoiiers in .mother att.ie'r; in Ochh.r k.llow-
ing, when the lower part of the illand was wholly dellroyeil. Only three of the con-
federates were loft in thii Icenc (d mifery and delolation. Ntvcr ilid C</'/.;..0 fuftaiii
fuch a heavy blow, the news of which no fooner reached I'oit /> <,«/( w*;. , than the gar-
rifon abandoned tiiat fort witli fuch precipitation, that one of the battoe'^, with the I'ol-
diers x\\\ crew, weij all loft in lliooting a fall. In this c.ilainity all the LiJijth in .dlianec
with the iv<7/i.7' dclerte.l them, except the two tribes of the A'l/'/ivV/;;/',;/;; m\\\ Kika-
/'..'.: ; the Oulti:.\i!s and feven other nations inilantly made pe.iee with the J'.'r^fi/l',
and, but for the uncommon abilitie.. and addrc^^ of the Sieur I'.mt, the WVdern //;-
Jic/ii would h.ivc murilered every l'reni:bmjn among them. Nor did the iliftrellls of
the l!.:n.:Ji.'Hi '-lul there : numerous parties from the Five N.itions continually infefteil
their ImjuLic., an<l the frequent depredations they committed, prevented them from
cultivating rlieir ticLL. At the fame time, .1 famine raged throughout all dituiJa ; fo
tiiat notliing but the ignorance of the InJiiim iii the art of .ittacking tortified pLices
laved tins country Irom being entirely ruined. It was therefore tortunate for the
J-ri-iii,h, that the luiliuiti had no allulance fioni the J'ji^ii,.':, and as unfortunate for us,
that our colonies were then incapable of aft'ording hiccours to the confederates, through '

the malign uit inrluence ot thole unnatural inealures which were jnirlued under the
reign of King y.u/its II.

Iktween the illand of M.ntri-til and the continent, on the North lide, is another
illand, live leagues in length, and lull one le.igue over in the broadell part. This was
at firft Lulled the Illand ol Moi:::!u:gtt\, in honour ot a Ciovcrnor-Gcneral of C.vuJj,
but was atterwards given to the J;.-luits, who named it the //A' c/ y^lui, which laft |,^. ^^ ., -^
appellatuai it llill keepi, though it has fince fallen into the hands oi tiie directors ul
the Seminary of l^iichi-r.

The channel which leparatcs the two itlands is called La Ri-vinu- Jii Pritirits, or, .'/•.■
Riwr ol .'hi- Miihlu'us, from the fine meadows whiLli lie on both tidts of it. The courle ot ^'""^ ■'■'•• ■
it is a little emb.irralfed by a rapid or ftrong current, callc>l the /•'./// a/' tlw Rt, :11ft
in memory of a M. nk (jf tli.it order drowned in it. The l''>.v.leliaftics of the Semi-
nary of i\Lntrt;il had, for a long time, a minion amongft the liiiliii'h near this place,
whkli ti: V have lince removed.

The t!ii.d aim ot the river is fo taken up with a number of illands, th.it theie is ,. ^^
almoll .IS much land a^ water. This channel is called tbr •Tb'uf.ir.d Ijlc-s, or St yoi-''i'ijj..j"^','/ •
Kivcr. At the extremity of the Ijh- ofjtfus is the little Illand Ih ;< I, lb e.dled from

A t •rm:;r

111.-, /?,l..rrf

L.il.«. of till
'.'■u J .*■ mit

trljinil Ml-

\ir»g.-otUif

I nil.

Vi!I.ijcof/'f
^i.k%laii.

A D i: S C R I P T I O N

a former proprietor, wlio was a Sv;'ij\ oHicer, and a little h';;hcr towards the South, yoo
find the Itl.iiul I'll rof, (o called troin the firft governor of Mintr,al, who was of
tl)is luinc. Tliis illaiid is about one league in length, :ind is very good Und. The
ill.md />;.•;'•./ tcrniin.itcs the Lake of the Two Mountains, and the illand Pi-rrct fep«-
ratcs the lame lake tioin th.it ot Si LmI).

The Liik,' of fli' fzio Mcuntaim is properly the opening of the great river, called
the Rher r,J the Oul,iu'iiis, into the River St Laurftice, which l>ounds CcKitib on
the South. Tiiis Lake in two leagues long, and very near one league and a h.ilf in
breadth. The Like of 5/ L uii is fomewhat finaller, and is inilecd no more than a
widening ul tin- Kiver Ht Liiurirui'. The foil is excellent all thib way.

But the chief defence ot Montreal, and all the country alxnit it were two villages
of I'^oqujit Chii'lians, and the fort of l.hiimH\\ an incroaihment in the province at
New t'ori. The firft ot thole villages is th..t ot the l'\iH ^f St Louis, lituated on the
continent towards the Soutli, and three le.ii^ucs above Montrfnl. Tliis villaj^e is
extremely populous, and has aKviys been reckoned one of the ftrongefl barriers of
the French againft the unconverted I--'^q:ioii, ;!nd tlie EngHp.^ of .Vii. J'ork. The
fitu.ition has been twice removed. Its fecond flation, crt.ihlilhcd in 1708, (about a
league from the former] is near 'i rapid current, called the Ftill rf St L:;.ii, whieh name
it llill prclerve-S tliauj;h it llands at a conlider.dMe diO.uice from it. It appe.irs to be
now fixed for ever, and the church and convent of the Jefuits are, in their kind, two
of tlic fiiKll edifices in all dmitJi!. It^ fituatioii is quite charming. The river is very
bro.id here, luid i$ interl'perled with I'cveral ill.mds. the profpcdt whereof has a very
tine ctTeilf. The Ille oi Muntrenl forms tlie p.*r(peOlive on one fide, the view having
r.othin J to confine it on the other, as the Lake St Louis, whicli begins a little higher,
c.vtends itfelf beynd the fight.

The feioiid villigc is called thccilb^c of tlfTws Mcuntiiim, bccaufc it Hood for i long
time on tlie double-headed mountain, which has given its name to the whole ..: "^d.
It is fincc removed to the Full of the Rciollft ; and it (lands atprefent on the Ttrr,
I'irm.i, near tlie Weftern extremity of the illand. The Lcclefiaftics of tlic Seminary
of Mjiilrcil have the government of it. The inhabitants were once famous for their
courage and piety, till the avarice of fomc dealers introtluced the trade of fpirituous
liquors anu)n;^(l them, which has done as much, if not more, mifchief here, titan «t
the million:; of St Fnrtcis and lif^ancourt.

tjffj'ifi

U Tr,-. Rlt!.

CADARAQJJI, cr IROQUOIS RIVER,

belon;;ing to the Six Nations, feized by the French, and by them called St Lj'uri-nre River,
begini .it what thev call the CitfaiJes, a rift, clofe by the upper end of the Ille Pfrct,
which fepar.itcs Lake St Louis from that of the t-;-o Mounlnins. In order to lliun this
rift, you keep a little to the right hand, and are obli^;ed, in a particular place, called
Lf Trcu, 01 the Hole, to let the canots pals throu^',h it empty : They aie afterwards
hauled on (hore, and carried, with all the baggage, on men's llioulder'5, for about Jialf
a quarter ot a league higher. This is done with a view to avoiil a (ccond ritt, e.illcd
tv/tn n.f: /(• liuifl^'i, the Hujh, which is a fine llicct of water, f.dling troni a flat ruck, aljout
half a toot above the level of the water uniicr it. It is potVible to lave pallcni^crs
all this trouble and fitiguc, by deepeiiint; the channel ot a river, which lalU into
another I xnewhat hltrjicr than the ealcade , an affair of a very trifling expew e.

Above the Buij];'i the river is a quarter of a league in brcadtli, .aid the land
on both fides covered with fine wxjdf, and i", betides, extremely fertile. It is long
fince the grounds on the Northern bank Iiave been begun to be cle;'.red ; and it woulil
Ix: no dilHcult undertaking, to make a high-way tioiu the point lu.ir the illand of
M'j'Hrt'al, a^ far as the b.iy called la Galettt'. By this means forty le.igiies of an cxtiemcly
difficult and tcdioui navigation, occalioned by the ritts in the river, might be laved.

Three leagues hence, from UTrou, is another ritt, lalUd the V.eMv iiil! Ri/:, from the
great quantity of cedars formerly growing near this place. A fourth 1 iff, two leagues
anti a halt hence, is c.dled the ritt of St Fnvuis, from whence tw Lake St I'ni'ui: you
have only half a league. Thii lake is liven leagues in Icni'th, and almofl tlirec in
brcdlh, where broadcll. The land on both fides iv low, but appear- t > be i-^f an

txecllcnt

A new hi;;h-
ujj profolnl

fl Fra'.unih

Of CANADA.

excellent fuil. The rout from Montrfal hitlicr lies a little towards the Suutit-Wcil,
an<l the Lake of iV Fnmcis runs We(l-lijutli-wcll, anil EaJl-nortli-call.

From hence you come to the Chfl'n,iux Ju Lc, tot tlnu arc called thufc than*
nels formcii by a cluftcr of iflands, which take up aimoll the whole bicailth of
the river in this place. The foil fccms here extraordinary good, and never was prol'-
peA more cliarminp than that of the country about it.

The moft remarkable falls here arc that of the Mviliiwr, which is even frightful to
behold, and exceeding dirticult to get through j aiul that called the Lohj^ t'ttti, half a
league in length, and pallabic only to canoes half loj«lcd. The next you cunic to is
cilicd the Flat Rift, about Icvcn leagues above the Long luill, and live below that
called In (iiihts, which is the lull of the falls. L.i iiuUttc lies a league farther, and
one can never be weary of admiring the extraordinary beauty of the country, and of
tlie nolilc forefts, which ovcrlpread all the lands alunit this bay and Lu UuLitc, parti-
cularly the vaft wfKxIs of oaks of a prodigious height.

A fort would perhaps l)c iKttcr tituated, and niuth more nccellary at La Ciulcttc,
than at Cadaraqui, for this reafon, that not fo much xs a (ingle canoe could pals without
being fcen ; whereas at Cadaraqui, they may cafily fail behind the illes, witiiout
being perceived at all. The lands, moreover, about /<; (uiLtti- arc excellent, whence
there would be always plenty of piovilions, which would be no Iniall lasing. And,
befidcs, a velfel could very well go from Ij GaL-tu- to Nl.iguru in two day^ with a
fair wind. One motive for building the fort at CdJiiniqtJ was, the conveniency of
trading with the Iroqu^ii. But thole Indians wouKl as willingly come to b (.laletu a^
to the other place. Their way, indeed, would be much longer, but then it would
ii.\c them a traverfe of eight or nine leagues on the Lake Ontario ; not to mention,
that a fort at la Cialrttr would fecure all the country lying between ths great river of
the Otitiruais and the River St Ltmrtncc ; for this country is iiuecclliblc ua the fuic
of the river, on account of the rilts, and nothing is more pradUcible, than to detcnd
the banks of the great river ; at leatl, thcfe arc the lentiinents of thufc lent by the
court of i'rancr to vifit all the diftant jwlts of Canada,

One Ic.ignc and a half from La Galtttf, on the oppolite ihorc, at the mouth of the
G;\ygatcf)i River, the French have lately built the fort Lu I'riji-ntation, which commands
that river, and keeps open a communication by land between Lake Ctam^lain and
this place.

Four leagues above La Prffentation is the ille called Toniljata, about half a Ic.i^uc in
length, and ot a very gwxl foil. An Iroquus, called by the French writers, for what
reafon we are not toKl, the 'J^faker, a man of natural gootl fcnfc, and much at-
tached to the French nation, had, as chey fay, got the domain of this illand of a Count
of Frcntin.:c, tiie patent of which, it leems, he was proinl of Ihewing to anv Ixxly.
He fold his lordlhip for a gallon ot brandy, relerving, however, the protits to himlelr,
and taking care to lettle eighteen or twenty fimilies of his own nation upon this illand.

It is ten leagues Irorn hcwcc lo ('adaraqui ; and, on your way to this place, you
pals through a fort of Archipel*, called the Thufand Jjlcs, ami there may poilihly be
about live huiulreil. From hence to Cadaraqui they reckon four leagues. The river
here is freer ami opener, ami its brcailth half a le.igue. On the right are three large
and deep bays, in the third of which llands

• s

MtulmilV ii\.
i-jflall

FUl Rifl.
Ill Hull lit

\ fort at U
^luiit:* *iU-

lit Fjit.

■Tir:'.ala\0.t.
Itfmii [TO-

/■?v;. u'^ '■;

FORT CADARAQUI, cr F R O N T E N A C,

Ircd and fifty miles from Montreal, and thncc hundred miles from^^
)y Count Frontcnac, governor of Canada in 1672, at the time

which is one hund

^uciic, was built by v.ount frontcnac, govcrnoi

the crowns ui' England and France were united in a treaty to dcftroy flic Dutch. .At
the fame time the Frach were in amity with tl.e Foquris, or Five Nations, and the
Count prevailed with them to allow him to build a trading houle .\l Cadaraqui, and un-
der that pretence he built a tort, to which he gave his own name Frontcnac. The tort
is a lijuare, with lour balhoiib, built of (lone, and is about a ijuarter of a league in

E 2 circuit.

T/^Ta. fu;

M * /*<^i/'i^«/ i> » truntainl wofJ for Anhifilaii, the mn- vou meet with i clullfr of i(lt-t, tobt callcJ .frc'i^c', »hi..li

Jfrn jpprlluimi of (he .f/^.rum Mj't, .K(.r.ii i/a of the i- ri)inrtiinei alio, ai it u hctr, applnrJ 'O the Jsjjjin; .•«■ ft

.incienti, frpAratmg <,V,vf« from A/ia, ;ii»l lull of ilUniln, ilhiiJ", it> COiilcli!!.
which properly lus ocwiionej j niiiow Tea, i/t limit, »»licre

f> inltftai • 1
i!/rt7 tttt.

f.i i(

A I) r. S C R I P T I O N

i''.rcuit. I'lic litiulion of It i* in latituilc ^4, 17, a.,il hn fomcthiiit; very Agreeable,
bcin

;; on .1 |HiiiiiUil.i, iii.ir^whith i« jl i^oiul luven. The kinks of" the river prcknis every
where a hf.mtilui iaruiicific anil i»t .1 Rieat variety, as docs the entry <j| ihc laite Ou-
tiin\ wliith it at m more than a (liort league diflant.

This place cajinot coinmaiul the entrance ot the I.akc witlinut a Ciipcrior tlocf, brcaulc
flic inii litre i- mtirlj'.rlcil witlj ill.miii of dirt'crcnt fi/cs, all of them t.ovcrcil with
uooil, and arv vi tills iniy (all by iiiulilcDVcrrd. Thus fume of the ^arnim oi Of-ujri^o
til 1735, went in open whale boats into the river St La-u/riHcc, ami returned without
biiiii; annoyed hv the Ficnch. The harUiur it frozen up at Icaft tour months ui tlic

:lv end

riie fifnatioii of

enilan^ereii Iw lec in tlic Ipfing.

cs that luirouiul it, and the ton is ol iiu

ve.ir, and i> l.ui.etiiius cxtrcmcl

this plaic i"- unliralthy by realon of the inarllic

kcuiity toL<»«<;«./, but is advantageous Kir the fur trade with thole ol the i'ivc Nation*

wlu> live near the lake, and is a very important place in an active war with the

I'o'jw.it, as bcin/ pr()p*.rly lituat>;d tor aliembliny; forces delii^ncd to aCl a^ainll them,

and to intercept their hunters as they return from 'UkanitiJctiidr, by the K.ill end of

Lake 0/;/jr; -. The } rtiub jMo liavc, by means ot this fort, oblij;cd the live N.itioni

to retire troin tiicir lands o:j the Nortii Well tide ot the river IrofWjIs, b.-twecn i'/cn-

titiiic and M',ntr:\:l,

The live Nations in tiie war witli the French, in yuly 168S, wlun tlicy lacked
■Tcat p.irt of the illc o\ AUntital, and in Oilobir lollowing tompltatcd the delliudtioii
of the ill.ind, except t.;e city, oecationcd the h'r,>i,-b garriloii at I'ronfrfiiic to dc-
llr.iv the two Iv.rks liicy had on Lake (Jnttim, built by the M. r/c Li SoUe, and a!)an-
ilon tiij lort by tiic pivernur's order. Hut in their precipitate tll.;lit, tlie niatcli tlicy
had l:tt to Mow up the magazine, and one of the b.-llion;:, inili'cd its eitlcl. litty
Ircjuriii entered thi- fort, where tiicy lound twenty eip;ht band, of powd.r, and other
llorct, whn.il tlicy took away, and kit tlic fort a little d.nna'.^ed and empty. It remained
in this eon. iition, abandoned both by the 7 vc//f/> and InJuint, till the re-inft.ilin^ Count
FroHtttidi in tl.e government of CV/ff^/Jj, in 1689. That winter levcral young j^entlc-
mcn an.i In'.iii'i tr.idcrs laiiie from ^iibfc, and extended their incroachmcnts to this
place, and repaired foiiic little damages llic /W/<;;/j had done, and cllablillied thcnilclvcs
in this fort. In i^J99 the toiilederatcs or Five N.itions, concluded a j>eace with the
Count, and tlie I'rcmb have ever lince kept pollcliioii of I'roiUi-mic and the country
from thence to Montrcti!.

I'lie //(/.ri continucil in pofTeftion of this place till 17^8, when M.ijor Cicnc-
ral y/''i;r(7cw,0y, commander in chief ot tiie 7i/7////.' forces in Ncr/b jlf/u'rict, detached
Ideutcn.uU Colonel /Jr(;,///r<t7, with 1 5.1 Regulars, 241^! I'rovincials, 27 ot the Roya!
Regiment of Artillery, 61 Rangers, 30 j IJ.ittcau men, and 70 /«<//.//», in all ^lo; men,
iiieluding oiiiccr', and in\ ytuyu/i 25, he landed his tru(>ps within a niile ot I'oit /•>"/-
f'-'iui without oppoiition, and the garriiun lurreiulered priluners of war on tiie J7th. —
It was a lipure firt of 100 yards the exterior fide, .i\h\ had in it i lo men, tome wo-
men, children, and y«j'/<///i ; 6o pieces of cannon (half ot which were mounted) 16
mortars, and an immenle »]iiaiitity of provitions and goods, for their Wellern gairilonb, the
JnJiiirts, and to lupiwrt their aimies, valued at Koo.coo livrcs. — Nine vcllels trom eight
to eighteen ginv, whicli was all the J-'n'n:b had on the Lake Onttino, one of which
Lieutenant CmIoikI /Jr././//'CiMook richly laden, and lent another UiO/'uygo; the leveii
i.tlier?, uitlithe provilioiis, toit, artillery, llores, is'i\ arc Inirnt .iiul dcllroycd.

Tlii'' tort was one of the principal marts the I'ri'tJj had in Nr/b r/wrr/w; for a
trade with the Fn/iiins, wlio came from the moll remote p.irt\ and took off a great
quantity of coarle woollen goods. Inch as llrouds and dutlils, with guns, hatchets,
knives, hoe-;, kettles, powder aiul (hot ; betides (hirtf, and clo.iths ready made, iron
and brafs work, and trinket of all torts, with I'everal other articles, in exchange for
all torts of fur';.

The foil trom Ln d.-rkft,-, as far as this pi.ice, is but indiflcrcnt, wliich qn.ditv how-
ever belongs only to the lands lying on the banks ot the river, for lir'.lier up, that i*
ne.irer the tort, it is exceeding good.

H-hind the fort i^ a morals, full of all manner of game, which all" >nls plenty of
provilion and amtilemcnt to the garrilon. There v.as lormcrly a great trade larried
on here, cliictly with tlic Iri^uois ; and the rcali;)!! tor building the fort on thi. (pot
wa^, to draw tiiein to the In-ful, to liccp them in awe, and to hiiuki them trom

c.iri)iiig

1,1

1 'I
tl

I'ft.iulc
.1 with

I 0/-;j.-i;o

Without
■■< 111 tlic
iti 111 oi
is ot iii>
Nations
with tlic
111 thctii,

II CI) J <it'
Nations

xii /•>£«-

of C /I N A DA, 1 7

carrying their furs to the Englijh. but this trailic tiul iKJt continue long, anJ the
furt haa not Ucii able to prevent titole Inuiam Iroin lioin^ that nation ahuiuiancc
<it iiiilihicr. I hey have Hill, however, levcral families k-ttleil witliout its walli -, ami
there are alio foine ot the Sij/iliigurz, an ^llpnfuin nation, wliith have a village
Dii tlic W'cllcin banks of the Lake Onfiirr., anuther at AiJ^aij, and j third in
the Aiirroi.t, or Detroit,

In tilt miilille of the river is a very pleaUnt itlaivl, called the liland of Ihgi, frutn Ji'u!,',^\,\
the multitude of thole aniiiuh bred on it. Two utlicr-., named OJar JjljnJ, and Dtrr
Jj/jii..', lie a little IkIow this -, alujut lull a Uaj^ue's. dillaiite from eath other. The Uay
uHtuLir i:ijui is double, uu.tlioncd i)y a Ca|>c very near ita middle, and advancing pretty
fir into the water, under whiili is verv j',o<kI anehorinj; hir Luge barks. M. dc In Hjl.'f,
1() famous fur his dilinveriLs and miilorii iies, who wa» formeily Lord of l!,iJit/nfui,
and (I'overnor of the fort, built three ur tuur barkb here, which have been fiiice funk,
and aic llill to be Icen under w.iter.

The follru:ing Account of the Navigation of the Riier St Lawrence, //w/;
Lake Ontario to the Ijlc o/',\utii:olli, is given by a Gentleman ivIjo lately
made that l^oyage.

FROM \'uicui->ifi- Xo M'jntr,;i/ ()^ leagues navigable only with batf(K's and ca-
lUKS. The river (mm the lake Ontaria to La iitiltttc is llill water, from La
Ciiilcttf to the upper end of lake St ira>!,i>, and from the 1 iwer end of lake St
Jiiiticii to the tluirth ot the Cedir Mills, ate Itvcral Ion;.; rapivl litts, but in moileratc
weather may be palled through without landing, w ith gfKj«l pilots : brom thi thurch of
the Cedar Hills crols the point Li- Trow, there is a carrying pl.ice of about li.\ or levcn
miles in goln;', up they are obligcil to halt unload their battncs, the ritts being very ra-
pid, and, in time of tioods, dangerous. The pilots mu(l Ik; well acquainted with the
channels. Helow the lake St Lruii, about 12 miles above Mcn.'reat, there is a long,
rapid rift, called St Lmis I\t//, it is feveral miles long, they keep near the fouth fide,
and run inallrait line till tliey pals the mill, then they mull make fey«r,ll ihort traverki
to humour the current and channel. This rilt mull not be attempted by llrani^eis.
I'rom .Montrciil tu i^z/iAv (>o leagues, navigable with vel1<:U ot lorty or htty tons.
In this p.iflagc there are ihoals in many places, even tJic battiKS run often a-gruund ; .1
pilot is tliercforc ablnlutcly nccellary. The moll dangerous are li'mc rocky ihoaU op-
polite t.> the church ot St .Intie's IkIow the 'Drcc Rr-.m. The vcllcls mull keep near
ihe fouth lidc, after they have palled the churv h ; many of the rocks appear above wa-
ter in clullcrs, which at a dillance look like llocks ot du.ks.

From (iiiKur.c diAvu the river.

At i^fl'fi ihcy build fevcnty gun ihip. I inimcn nip tides rile li.\teen kct.
Theliirt danger ib in makinj^the travcrfc at the lower end of the Ille oi Orleans, which
mull not be attempted without a f.iir gale, cnniigh of day light, and a good pilot. The
iie.\t danger is at tne It'iir/^yc/, between the illaiid of douJriS and the Continent, where
the tide t)f flood throws the Hiipsaihore on the I nith lide, and the tide of ebb upon the
north lide, I'o that the palling of it muft not be attempted without a fair Kadir.'.; gale,
llrong tiK)iigh to llcm the tide. When they get below tins place the pilots arc dif-
iiiilUd, and wluii they pal's G'l./; illand, they keep within a few leagues of th • fouth
jliore, until ility iiuke the illand of Atttieojlt.

The following Courfe of a Cartel Ship from Quibuc thorough tl^e Traverfes

is by another Hand.

1756, October 4th, at nine A. M. half ebb weighed and lleered about N.E. till a

Iiotnmoek on the fouth llMrc ap[>e.ired in one with the well end of ///V M.iJitrn, then

^c^ring fouthward of the I .. fur the highell of a pared of rocks, till we had made the

li Ui'c of Jjk ,utx Rots, uiul the well end of ///i MiiJiim m one with the low end of the

igh land to the S.VV. at this time haled up N.S. fir a barren high lull in the north

ftc
mi
high

ihore, at Cape "Tormott, lleered thus till we brou'.;b.t the N.Ii. end e>i Orleans in one

K ' .v.;.i.

with

1 DESCRIPTION

with the miiin high laiul, to the N. of the back o( Orli-ans, then failcil tiowii the river
at about the Jillance ot a mile from the N. lliorc. A'. B. 3 tatlioius low water in
the travcrfc, anil riles at 4 P. M.

T/.Y Rkrr S A G U E N A Y

is navigable for twenty-live leagues from TiiJcnJ/ji; where it falls into the River St

Liiu-refnc. It illucs from a lake called by the hjians, I'lt-tciiogunti, and by the I>\fic&
Lake J: 7/-.1* Lake 5/ JrtPi, which receives its waters from three conftdcrable rivers, near the I'prings
Mi/hf-!i, of which arc three great lakes, called the Lake of Mi/faf/ins, the Lake of i^r.- ^/.'/w/;<7,
^^'"'^'/j ^^,^ and Lake Drt;///'/'/. Thcfe three great lakes arc fituatcd in the country belonging tn

Hudfon'i Bay, and communicate with eacli other, and dilcharge thcmlelves into that

Bav by Rupert River.

The h'rcnh have leveral millions on the banks of tlicl'c lakes, as well as of Lake St

yfivi and Siiguoiiiy. The million called Checouttmi lies midway between 'Tiul.iifj'iU

and Lake St jiau ; and at tliat Called M.:itbc:cl.'.uiin, on the banks ot Lake S: Jctjn,

they have alio a Icttlemcnt.

All the country to the North and North-Eall is full of l.ikes and rivers, and inlu-
inManrMMTtf ijjtcd by different nations of Indiam, ?hc chief of which arc the Chfccutimicns, the
imcjcil '"" Pitkouagdmiifis, the Ntlc'^uhu'iijlis, the 0><i// and the LittI, Miil,ijj"m>, the PiipJiucLoHf

and feveral others, all in the French intrrclL

Tk- River U T A W A I S.

rifcs in latitude 4S' ;^o', and after running South about thirty mile, falK inta
the Lake Timi/itimi/ig, from whence it continues its cuurl'e in the lame dircilioii
to latituile 46, where it receives a river that l)as its fource near Lake .\V-
P'J}'"S' i^^lltd by ly Amille, Nif>i-S»rinis, or the S.nerti'i Laie. From tlu> [ilacc tlic
Outacuiiis falls with an EaUern courlc into the Lake of the "Tii'o MiUHttuns, furmeJ

FrttHh Mil'

fions.

Ami Icttlr-
mcni

h'ifijii^ like

by the River St Liiuretut, cnpofue to the illand of MGUtrcal.

Southern
honni'.of Ca-
nada .

The River Outawitis, witi

<'ppo
I tlic I

ivcr we jull now mentioned as falling into it, anJ

fome others running from Lake Nipij/ing into Lake Humn, are to be eonlidercJ a-, the
Southern boundaries of CamiJa, fnicc the Five Nations l.iy claim to all the country
Southward. Hence the h'rcHcb were tlirmerly obligeil to take thi.s way to Lake Huron,
though the navigation is very troublclome, on accmmt ol the: many rifts and portage;^,
or carrying-places, till, after their incroaclnuents on the Brinjh tcrntoric!., they fjiiiid
means, by tre«fling forts at the principal palJes, to Iccurc tlu; navigation of the River
Iroquois, and the Lakes Ontario and l.rw.

lu Ilhl.1l

riv Lake S I' P E R I O R.

Fmentof IS thc moft confidcrablc of the four large lakes which more immcdi,itely co!n-
UU ••-/"•" municatc with each other and thc Rivir St I.,iicrtnee. It is generally aliowcil
to be at Itaft 80 leagues long, {Cbiir/tioix makes it 200) and from 30 to 40,
and even 50 broad j a circumllancc which rendcib the navigation of it extremely dan-
gerous in boiftcrous weather. There are, hiwevcr, a numlx-r of little harbours on its
courts, in which vellelb may find ihilter.

This lake abounds with a multitude of ill.uuls, (onie of whieh arc fcvcn or eight
leagues long, and three or four broad. The inofl conliderabk: arc thole c.iil.d by thc
hremh, Ijle Resale-, Ijle Phetipetittx, formerly IJlc Minong ; Ijle Ponttbtirtuvn ; IjU
Maurepas -, Ijle Hocquart ; and ///(• S.iinte .hine.

A number of rivers, fome of which are vtTV confidcrablc, dilch.irge theinfelvci
into thib lake. One of thcfe which f.dls into it, near the middle of its northern ihorc, riles
about 25 or ; j leagues North of Lake Superior, from a lake called yl.'i'nipei^cfi, near
which are thc lources of a liver that falls into HuJ/\.'i\ liiy. Another river that i.ilU
into Lake Superior near tlu; lall mentioned, i- called, in tlie /■>■/;</' maps, .Wif.i^.t^.jn,
and communicates, if wc may believe thc inlubitants, by a chain of rivers an! fmallcr
lakes, with a confidcrablc l.ikc called Lake Bouihoii, which is made to comimniicate,
in like manner, by Port N,lJon Rner, called by thc premb B'Airhm River, with l!uJ-
fon's BiiyU) thc North-l-^art. The Preni/.' like wife liippofc that it comuuiiiicates Well-
ward with titc great fta, coiuinynlv c died the Sutti Sea 0: /'.;.;/('.• Oieju.

Itiv«.

•f

the river
water ill

of C A N A D A. 19

At the mouth of La Tnis Rivieres, or tlic Three Rivers, in a little French fort, called
Cattuinijiigouia ; and twenty- five leagues to the Weft of tiic laid Ibrt the land begins'''"'^""""/-
to flopc, and the river to run towards the Wcih "^°""'

At ninety-five leagues from this greatcft height lies the fccond ertablidiment of the
Fremb that way, called I'ort St Pierre, in tlic Lake des Fluies. TIic third is Fort St VonSir„rf,
iluirles, eighty leagues farther on the Lake Jes lisis. The fourth is Fort Maurepas, ^: ^'^'"l^'"
■A hundred leagues dillant from the laft, near the head of the Lake oi Ouinipigon, ' """'**
Fort Iti Reine, which is the fifth, lies a hundred leagues farther on tlic river of the fo't/j A^^-rr.
Alluiihoch* Another fort had been built on the river Rouge, but was dcferted on ac-
louiit of its vicinity to the two laft. The fixth, Fort Diiuphin, il.mds on the Well Kort /)d«^,^
fiilc of Lac (let Fmiries, or c/ t/je MeiidoMS. And the lijvcnth, which is called Fort KortirM/i»».
licurbrti, llamls on the (horc of the great Lake Bour/>,ii. The chain ends with Fort
VnJko\iu\ at the bottom i)f a river ot that name, which falib into Lake Hourbon. The Port /•<>./!»»d.
river Pcjkosoc is made by Delijle ami iiuacbc to rile witliiii twenty-five leagues of their
Wefi ka, whicii, they lay, communicates with the Pacijic Ucean. All thelc forts are
under the governor of Canadii.

On the Southern coall of Lake Superior, which extends almoft due Eaft and Weft,
are the Iflcs tie St Michel, and the Bay of Vbagouamigon, at the bottom of which was '<'" <«'' ^'i"
formerly a fmall IiiMiin town, where a mifiiunary and Ibme other French came to ^''''■''■
liittlc in i66r, by means of which this place, at firll fcarcc worth notice, loon became
\ fry remarkable. The Oittagtimi, Saki, Oulauai, Hurou, and Ilinois InJinns, relbrtcd /r,„,/, (^^^\^,
thither lb early as 166H, for the lake of trade, and many of them fettled there ; and menu.
the trafiic is ftill pretty confidcrablc. This fettlemcnt was called La MiJJion du St Du Si titrit
Efpr if, or the Mijiicn cf the Ilcly Ghoft.

Twenty-five leagues to the Eall is a Pcninfula tliat rtrctches a confidcrablc way into Pont and Bay
the Lake, and terminates in a point called the Point of Kioatian. This pcuinfuU f^'""" ,
forms a bay nf the lame name with the point, at the mouth of which lie a groupc oi fraicnii Xu-
illands, cullctl by the French, I/les de St hninijoii Xavier. -•"■■

Lake Superior is very ftrcigbt, full of lands, and extremely dangerous, if you fiiould Navigation of
be taken (liort with the North wind. The North fide, thcrctore, is the bell and moll '-''": ■i"/'" -'■
convenient courfc, being lined with rocks from one end to tlic other, which form har-
bours, that afford very fafc (heitcr. Thcfc harlxjurs arc c.vtremely ncccil'iry to thofc
who fail ill canoes through this lake, in which they have remarked the following
lingular pha-'nomeiion.

When a ftorm is iKooding, they arc advertifcd of it two days bcfbrc. At firft Prognoflioof
they perceive a gentle murmuring on the furfacc of the water, which lalls the whole "' "■"'!'<^""
day '.vithoiit any (enfiblc increale. On the morrow after, the lake is entirely covered
with pretty broad waves, which remain all day lung without breaking; lb that you
may fafely continue your voyage, and, it the wind Ik laviiur able, make good way ;
but oil the third day, anil licforc you are the leall .urarc of it, the lake is all on fire.
The ocean in its greatefl fiiry docs not exceed tlic ngit.uion of its waters ; fo that, if
you arc not near fome place of fafcty, lliipwrcck Ls unavoidable. This you arc always
furc to find on the North fiilc, whereas on the oppofitc fliorc you arc obliged to make
to land us fall as potlibic on the lecond day, and take up your quarters at a confidera-
blc dulancc from the water fide.

In the ehaimcl through which this l.\ke dlfcharges itfelf into that of the llarons, you
nurct with a rift, caulcd by very large rocks, or illaiiJs, which the miilionarici, who 5, ^^^ m,
have a vtry tiourilhiiig church and congregation near it, have called the Fiill of St Mu'
ry. I'herc is likcwilc a French fort here, and fevcral Frenih inhabitants.

( )n u line parts of the coall, and in fome of its illamls, aie found great lumps of copper,
mul the inhabitants fay there was formerly a large rock of tJic lame metal, winch rofe -^ "J^k ff
(t'lilivkLibly abovx- the luifacc ol' tlic water. This rock now difappcars, and has pro-*"""^'
iMbiy lH.en covered with faiul or mud by the waves of tlic lake. It is abfolutcly cer-
tain, that pretty large lumps of it have iKcn found in fcveral plates, without digging
\try tkcp lor it, and oficn .duiofl without any alloy.

Miibiiniiitkiniic is properly the name of a fin.ill iiland, almoti round, and very

high, fituatcd to the Well ot the abovementioncd cluniR-l, at the extremity of

country round it.

Lake Huron, which name cuilom has extended to all the

This iflaiul fcems ab(Mjt three or four miles in circumference, iuid is fcen at

' Tlicfc iliiUiicc; of ilic furtj .irc taken from R,

V«r«-fa

•JiV.tn

the

.far y Bf/i», publilVJit I'jrii, 1-;:

^ DESCRIPTION

II'

\ i

Scf.lcincrt of
Kori l^nalui.

Convcnifi-.cy
of Mid-ilima-

ilHUt.

the diftar.cc of twelve leagues. There are two oilier illamis South ot" it, the far-
theft of which is five or fix leagues in length ; the other is very liiiail ami qukc
roinul. 13oth of them are extremely well wooded, ami the foil excellent ; whereas
Michilittuilnmu- is quite rocky ami l\irreii, without the lead verdure, except uiols, ami
Miiti/imaii- f,„„(. flramilin" blades of irrafs. It is, however, one of the molt celchrated places in
iiloiiA all Ciiiuula, and has been, according t.ia very antient tradition among tiie liiUums, the

chief feat of a nation of the fame name, of whom they rtckoneil to the nuiiilH.r of
thirty colonics, or fcttlcments, on the adjacent continent. They have bc.n dcllroycd,
as it is pretended, by the Iroquois ; but we have no account whtn or wlitre this evenc
happened. Some of the millionaries allure u--, that they had Iceii velliges of this
capital, though Churh-.'jix lays, that none of them were remaining in his tnie.

In 1671, Father McirquiHi made a fcttlciucnt on this itland with a nation of Unions,
whom lie induced to follow him. A fort was built here, and it Ut.iinc an im-
portant port ; but it tell to ruin by degrees, and the million of 6V Jgii.itiiis has been
lincc formed, and a fort Iniilt on the adjacent continent.

The litu,ition of Mic /.<:'/: mjiin.u- is admirable, with rcfpedl to tlic conveniencv of
trading. This port lies lietwceii three great lakes ; Lake MicLi^mi, which is three
hundred le.iinies in ciaumfercnce, without reckoning the great bay th.it falls into it ;
Lake llurai, whicii i-- three hundred and fifty le.igues round, and in form of a triangle ?
and Lake Suprricr, which is no lefs than five hundred in circuit -, all of them navigable
for the largell Kirks, ami the two lirll feparated only by a fmall llr.iit, deep enough for
velTelsof the largclt draught of w.itcr, which may alio fail over all Lake Eiic without
the leall dirficulty, as tar as tlic famous catar.KJt of Niiigiira. It is true, the channel
which (oiiis Lake Huron to Lake Su[>triir is mucli enib.irralfed with rifts, which, how-
ever, do not hinder cinoes from arriving at Michilim.ikiiuc, laden with every thing that
the country about Lake Sitprri'-.r affor.is.
Fiiliin|ltn!y y)^,. chief iiouriilimc lit of the Miil:ilim,ikin,us was filh, there being no place in the
world where they are in greater abundance and v.iriety, fuch as herring, carp, gilthead,
pike, rturgcon, iiliicitmt-\]Uf, or white filh, and elpetully trouts, all in the greatell
plenty, both in the three lakes and tnc rivers whicli fall into tlicin.

The light of the circutniacent country prefenta us with ' • idea of its fruitfulnefs ;
but there is no need to go a great way from the ihorc to lind land capable of bearing
aimoll any kind of vegct.iblc. The (JutiioUiUs, who liave retired hither, low corn here -,
a culhmi wliith they have learnt of the lliircm. Tlic Amik'.uih livrmcrly occupied
thele illand>, whicli nation has lx;cn reduceil to a fmall number of tainilies, who have
removed to the illand Mtriilouuljii, \n the Northern parts of Lake Huron.

Natur.al History of C A N J D A.

WITH refpcil^ to tlii-; article, the reader i< not to expcCl a minute <fetail of par-
ticulars, which are often very little interefting in themfelves, and generally ca-
pable of affording but a very llcnder entertainment; all that is Jicic intendeti being
o give a Ihort iketc' ' " ' - -' • •= ■■ "

tjucr
We

Of the pro
ducc o\Lur.a

iL'tu \ji aiiui iiiiii^ iHll iX >^iy litlliltl I. lUL I i.iiiiiifv,iji \ ail 111. II 13 iibiw iiii.Liii.idi i*(.illi'

only to give a Ihort iketch of fuch parts ol the produce as are peculiar or of inoft con-
fequcnce to this colony.

iwiiivuvL \yt iiii;i cuiwiiv.

We will Ixrgin witli tlie catching and curing if the C'od-filh, fir whicli the illand
q\ Vuipc Hrctrji^ and fomc jurts of Ctvuuia lie fo very tonvcnient. lAery one
knows the excellency of thi^ filh, when frclh ; and it is fcarcc inferior when it has
lain two days in fait : its fleili even ai quires a firmnefs, which is far from being
difidvant.igiTjus to it. Jlut it ib the filhcrmen only who enjoy the pleafure of regaling
theinfelvts with what i^ moll delicious iKlonging to it, that is, the head, tongue, and
liver, whicli, flctpcd in oil and vinegar, with a little pep|>cr, makes a moll c\v.ellent
didi. Hut ai it would oi.ialion tm) great a confumptioii ot fait, to prclerve all tliolc
part\ they arc generally thrown into the fea, at Icaft, all that they cannot make ufc of
while the filhing feal'on lall.
MieUgtr The largtif fort of Cod a' e about three feet in length, ami arc nut with on the
^reat Bank of Nr.rfcunJliviii. There i-. perhaps no filh that has a l.iri'A throat

|>r<)pt)rtioii to the rell of it. bixlv, or that i> more voracious ; all lorti ot' luhlances

coJ

in
Jiavi

ing been f.und in iti belly, luJi as pieces of broken eaithen ware, ir

ron,
and

the fjr-

iiui qukc

whereas

lol's, ami

[il.iccs in

/.'«, the

iinbcr ot

.llroycd,

us evcnc

of this

Unions^

.111 iin-

U!> been

)cn It has
oiii being

of C yi N yl D /I.

.fs. It h.is bit u currently believed, tli.it it cduK! dj-ell fiich trafh ; but t

\\ :M is now ciirc.i of th...t inill.ikc, which had no()tlier ; iiKiation, but

Olll

lie

that tliolc

.^ii.k\s ot inti wc-ic louietiiiKs

half

won) .iwav.

-n

le g(

r,d oitinioii ik)W is, tiiat tlic

Juccd

t'ld has t'le laculty of turning what the l'rcnih ridiemicii call /<■ G.iii, that i^, the fto-
mt!cl\ iniide out, like a pocket, and by this means dilcharj^c;; itfclf of" whatever is diu-
^'.rceable or burtlitnloine to it.

What is t.iiikid in Uy/Itind the Ciihelinu, is a fort of crnl c,iU2;ht in t!ie C'li.innci, and
ill fonie otiier places, which ililVcrs from that of AV//i Anierita in lizc oiilv, beinj^ r.'icMlcrc.«i
iiuich 'els t!MU this l.ittrr. '1 hey are contented with faltint^ th.u of the (ireat Hank,
which Is then calleil wliitc or more comm inly green cod.

Monficur Dinys, a I'rcnch (ientleman, fays, that excellent fait li.is formtrly been . , ,
m.uie in Ctrhulii, evi.n as j^ootl as that of Broinr^r ; but that after the experiment had ,„ (■,.^j^^.')
Iktcii made, the falt-pits dug for that purpofc had been filled up, to the great prejudice
ami dilcrelit of tlie colony.

Tiie dried cod, or what the I'r:nch call la Ali'r/iicr:i; can only be curi;d on the oafts, •^■'';J <-oJe\-
and that with very gie.it care, and after a long experience. Hut what may appear lingu- P""""-
jar enough is, that though this liih abounds on all the coafts of A luliti, or A';*;.,' ':.c-.t:,t,
there is hardly any Frenchman, who has attempted this filr.cry, t!ut ha^ not been
ruined by ic.

The reafon given for this is, that, in order to dravs- any advar.tage from it, the pcrliiii VMja'.nr,.
who undertakes it mull abfolutely refule in the country. I"or, as this fiiliery can only
be evercifed from the beginning of Miiy to the end of A'.rjql, if Tailors were brotight
from Fritnce, either they mufl In; paid tor the while year, in whieli cafe the expencc
will c.it up the profit, or only for the fidiing fealon, on whi(.h liipp.);i:it;n they are fure
to be lolers, fince the only employment they can afterwards have in the Cv)!!ntry is
fawing or felling of timber, which is not fudicient to maintain them; U) that cither tiic
workmen mull llarve, or the undertaker fail.

On the contrary, when the undertaker refides in the country, he is fure to be better Co:r:nrc rffi.
fervcd, audit will then be his own fault entirely if he grows not rich. By this means J;'""-' ""^"■
lie will have it in iiis power to fecurc the bell hands, to feize the right times for filhing, ^^'
to felcd the proper pLiccs, and to find the tilhermen employment .ibout his own habitation
for the rell of the year. Some /•'/vm'A writers were of opinion, and perhaps very iullly,
that liad the people of Aaiiia, or Njvu Sotia, employed themtelvcs in t'lis manner,
for the lafl luindred and fifty years, this province would have In-en one of the moll
powerldl colonies in \;rth yfnrrhj ; and that whilll the people in Frrnce were dif-
creditin; thi> province with all their might, as entiuly ulclel's, and abi'olutcly good for
noiliing, the inh.ibitants of A'<~ii^ E'tguniJ, t!iou;.!h dellitute of many adv.mtauei whi^li
the firll cnioyed, were railing fortunes out of this fuhery.

Helidei the cod, there are many other lort^ of tilh in the parts adjacent to the Gulf
cf St Laur.Ht,-, and on the banks of Xru/oi^'i /i,;ii./, Inch as whales, blo.vers, fword-
fiili, pr.rpoifes, (lettans, with many others ot' inferior worth. Notliing can be more
diverting than the fight between the whale and the Iwoul-tilh. This fitter is of
tb.e li.rc of an luiicr, from leven to eight tett long, tap.ring .ill the way toward the SworJ.fifl-,
tail, it takes i[^ name from the weapon with which nature h.;s armed it, being a '''^•••'''"^''
liirt of tword, about three feet in length, and four fingers broad. This proceeds from
it^ fnnut, on each ti>le of whiih is a row of teeth about .in inch long, and let at equal
liillanccs. This fiih is excellent eating, and will do with almoil any lauee. riie head
ii mou delicious .is well as thicker and kjuarer than a calf'i he.id. Iti eve> .ne of an
extraordinary bigneK.

Tiu whale and Iword-filh never meet without a battle, and thi-. latter i> beli.vtrd to [■,„)„ ^^
be conllantly the aggreiior. Sometime two fword-filhes io'ii tlieir forces againll one i..it.iiup
whale, in whkh cafe the partie-. ate by no me.iiis eijual. Tlu- whale has no arms ci- |''^*j!;'\''''"
thcr for att.ick or defence, but hi-, tail, and before he can allail !iis enemy, he is fbic'.i
to dive with hi"' head fiMCinoll into the lea, when, if he is f irtun.itc enmigh in hi.-, aim,
he i-. lure to dilp.itch his ad\erlary at one blosv. The other is no lets dexterous in
(liiinnin;.', the llroke, and inllantly making at the wliale, plunges his weapon in his
bai... The wound (.ommonlv goes no farther than the f.it, orblublvr, in which cali;
the iiiiury is but flight. The moment the wh.dc lees his foe lance .it him, he dives to
the bottom ; but the other purfucb him thither, and obliges bim to come up to the

C; furf.icc.

anil

f !

1 *

Flfltan lie-
I'cribr.t

Other fidio*
yiiUingpiollt

The f«-»olf

Dcfciibed.

Several fee.
ce.'.

Two of AViu
iprtics.

Srcomi lj>c.
cm.

NATURAL II I S T O J; Y

fiirfjcc. T!ic %ht bcttiiis ag;iin, a'Hl coiuiinits till tlic hvord-fiili luis loll 11.^111 of hi*
iulvcrlary, wlio is imicli tlio better uvimircr on the CurKicc of the w.itcr.

The rifttaii rcrLiiiblcs .i large plaice, and what is callai l-"lct, is |ii-ol\;hIy the dimi-
nutive ot the other. It is grcv on the hack, hut ot a wliitidi colour m der the belly.
Its length is commonly liom tour to live k-et, irs breadth ;it leall two ictr, and its
tiiickncls one. The head is very iargr, anil every jvat ot it e-.'trenifly teniier and de-
licious eating. The juice cxtmdtcd from its hones exceeds the tinrl't tn.irrow. Its eyes
are nearly as large as thole of the (word filh, aiul the extremitii- of the rvvo fides,
which the J'rcnch call the rtllngues, and which I am not well cnouv^h vcrfcd in cookery
to tranlVate, are deemed exquilite morfels. The whole bo>ly is generally thrown into
the fea to feed the cod, to wliich the Flettaii is the molt dangerous enemy, and com-
monly makes but one meal ot three cods.

The remaining filhcf, worthy the notice of the curious in this pro\ incc, arc the fea-
wolf, the lea-cow, and the porpoilc, which, with thole already mentioned, are capable
of becoming the object of a very lucrative commerce in the gulph of bt Lituiiiice, and
even for a conliderablc way up the river of that name.

The Sea-wc!f owes its name to its cry, which i.s a fort of howling ; for a? to its (liapc
it by no means refcmbles that of a wolf, nor ot any known land animal wliatlbever.
Lcfcurhct fays, he has heard thole creatures cry like the mewing ot a cat ; but what he
fpcr'ksof mull in all probability be the cry of tiie young ones, whole voice was not yet
come to its full pitch and Ibcngth of tone, which thefc animals h..vc when mature.
We need not, however, make any fcruple to clals this creature with fillies, though it dif-
fers from that genus in that it is not dumb, is brought forth it land, on wliich it hves,
at leall as nuich as in the water, is covered with hair, and, in ihort, that it is in every
rclped an animal truly amphibious. As it would hc:\ vain piece of lingularity an I pcr-
verlirnc'ls to oppolc the received notions and w.iy> of Ipeaking, the war carried on againll
this creature, thougli it be as commonly o,i l..nd as in water, th^' weapons m ulc
being clubs or bludgeons, is known in this part of the world by tiie name of lilhing,
whilft that carried on againil the beavers, tho' in the water, and with nets, is
called hunting.

The head cf the fea-wnlf fomewhat rcfemblcs that of a dog ; it has four very fiujrt
legs, efpccially thofc behind, and is in all other rel'pcds a filh. It rather crawls tliau
walks upon its feet ; the fore feet are armed with claws or nails, thole behiiui aie made
hke fin? ; its ll;in i>; hard, and cov.Tcd with (hort hair of different colours. There ate
fomeof thole animals entirely white, and .ill of them arc fo when vi ung ; li)mc hccomc
black and others red as they grow older, whilA others aj;;ain are <4 all thole colours
together.

The nilicrmen dillinguilh I'cvcral Ipccies of Kn-wolvcs -, the larpcft weigh two
thoufand pounds, and thi- fort is laid to have miuii lhari>er nolis than the rell ; IImuc
of them are called by the French f.iilors br,i,U:in. A titond fpecics is dillin-
guilheel by fhe name of N,:ii, the rcafon and ctvmolu;.'y of whii h ..re eiiuallv unknown.
A thin! has the appellation of (lri;tt-/.,;iJs. Tiic young on^s are verv alctt, and c.v-
tremcly dextrous in cuitiiig the r.ets that are fpread tor them-, tluy aie ipiitted, lull ol
play, and iKMiitiful, at lealf, f(jr aiiiui .Is of tlv.ir (h.ipc. The I'u/i.nn avcnllom tliem to
t'ollow their lootlUps like liog-, tiio" they eat them v.ith.uit iVruii,: or rc^'.ird to tlicir
fondnefs.

There are two forts of fta-wolves oi the coall;. <if ,W.-.; .SV'.//./, an,i the v> tnv.; oi one
of thefe fpeciesarc as Mg as hogs (if the largelt li/e. This tifhery i>- carried on in the
month ot h\bru.r-y, betorethe young, which are tiie rhict obicct ol ir, have been tnuih
uled to take the water. The old ones tlv at the firll attack, makifi.- a I're.t noilr, as a
fignal tor thcyoniigto tbllow them, which they do with gi^at Ipecd, uniei'-. prevrntcd by
the filherir.Lii, who kill them by a llight blou on the Inout. Thi. i, umber (>f thole ani-
mals mult needs be valUy great, liiice, as t'uine irt'iJj uUth'.rs n l.re, er-jit hundred of
their young have been killed in one dav.

The fccond fortaie very finall, one of them producing ni more od tl-.an it bladder
will contain. They never venture fir from the ih'.re.ai.d have ;dwa\s a (.mtincl iKukI-
ing watch. At the firll fignal he gives, the whole body rufhes into the \c.\, and lomc-
timc afti r they return, railing themlelvcs on fl'.eir hind legs to Wc vvluthei the coall be
dear. 1 here arc, however, great numbers ot th'.m taken, tho' it be only practicable
while the V are on fliore.

It ot hi»

he dimi-

hc belly,

. ami its

and dc-

Its eyes

vo fides,

cookery

own into

md com-

c the fea-
capable

'liii't', and

) its lliapc

liatibevcr,
t wliat he
.IS not yet
n m.iturc.
luii it dit-
:li it lives,
is in every
y ani pcr-
on I'.v'ainlt
}M til iilc
ol tilliini^,
h iieti, is

very Hiorl
rawls tliau
d aic made

Tlitie ate
lie become
oic i.)I;)urs

ivcigh two
reli ; (<)nic
; IS liillin-
' unknown,
.rt, and cx-
tc.i, lull of
in tlitin to
ird to ilicir

v.ivj, ot one
1 on it) the
hccti imuh

iKiilr, as a
: eveiiicd bv
t tl.olc ani-
Iii;."..iied ot

it Maiiilcr
tincl llatul-

and lonic-
lie coad be

I'laClicablc

'I'lir

Oiloftl'.cfca-
wolf

L'f<.of(hc(kin

Tb:in,icr
ftoiic".

0/ C A N yl D A.

The riclh of this animal is excellent food, but their oil turns to much better account,
and is obtained, by a vciy cal'y procefs, that is boiling the rtclh, which dillblves over
tlic fire. And oftentimes no nioicis required than the ul'e of what they call f/w/z/Vr/,
or laige fijuarc of boards, on which is fpiead t!ic tat of a number of lea wolves : It melts
of itielf, and the oil liilciiaiges itfelf through an opening made in the frame of boarilnfor
the purpofe. 'I'hib (jii, when new and frclli, is very good for culinary ules, but that of
the young ones grows very loon rank, and the other fort, if kept the lead while, be-
comes too thin, and in that cafe is iifcd for burning, or for curriers work, It prefervcs its
tlearnefs a long time, h.is no Imelf and leaves no impurities in the bottom of the
barrel.

Jn tl-iC infancy of the colony, the Vrench made ufc of the fkins of the fea-wolvcs, for
mutts i fuice that tliey -sc out of talhion ; tiic (l:ins are cliicfly emj^loyed to cover trunks
and eloak bags } when laiuicd, tliey have a grain mucli like AA//:t\.i3 or "/wy^'v leather.
Tliey are not indeed U> tine, but arc lets apt to crack, and they prcfcrvc their
fiellinefs much longer. Very good thoes arc made of them, and a tort of boots impe-
netrable to the water, not to mention various other uics. They arc tanned in Canada
witii the bark of the Iprucc fir, and to dye them black, they uCe the powder (jf certain
floncs found on the banks ot rivers, called thunder rtonc<;, being a mineral mar-
callitc.

Sca-wolvcs couple, and tlic females bring forth their young upon the rocks ; they
h.ivc commonly two at a time, and tlio' they ionietim.-s fuckle them under w.iter, yet
they more generally do it at land. To teach them to iwim, they take them uj'oii
their ih.nddc's, leave thetn in the water for a (hort time, then take them up again, con-
tituung thia txerciti.-, l;il t'loy are capable ot Iwimming alone ; a verv lin'j.ulai property Smi^ubr phf
iii.in.uni.iticanim.il, linee teirelli.d anim.ds luve iienerally no neevi of this inlhtution, T""" T" °'
molt ot tlum bein.; natuially lwlmmer^.

I'hc lea-wolf has very acute lenles, and tho' tlfu ii the only thing with which nature
hasfurnilhed th-fc animaU fn- their ilctence, they arc however very otten furprizcd, in
the manner we have aliea.ly mentioned, tlio' the m )ll cjmmon w.iy is ilelcribed as fol-
lows : It is ut'ual with thole cre.iturcs to come with the tide into creeks of the rivers.
When the filhcrs have difcovered any of thole creeks where conlider.ible numbers ufed
to haunt, they euclore them witli nets and pile, leaving only a Imall opening for the !ca-
wolves to enter. This opening islhutupat higli water, fo that at ebb tliey arc left dry,
and tiicrc is no further tiouble but to knock them on the head. They alii) give ch.'.cc
to lliein It) the w.iter, in canoe-, wlien the moment thev lift their heads above water,
they file. It tliem. Ii tliev happen only to wouiui thein, they are however calily taken ;
b;it if they arc kill^vl ile.id, they link to the bottom like tlie be.iver. I'he fidiers
have lar/e i^o;^^^, that letch them up iu Icven or eight fathom water. CJ.\:rl":''.x tells
a citcuiiuLiice, which however he vouches not for tae't, and indeed the llory carries *■■'" '6= f^- y«
no; too maiiv m.:iki of prob.dnlity ; th.it a tailor h.ivin.; one A.'.y lur^iri/ed.i pro.iigious
nuinlK-r ot thole animals, drove tluin uU home btf-ire him with a fwitcli, li!;e a herd
ot c ovv.-., an.l that he .md hii companions killcil nine hundreJ of theiti.

'i'iic .S.M-cow ii anotlier m.uiiic animal taken by the French tiiliermen on t!ie coafl
of tlie i;ii!pli ol St Law (lilt-, Imt in fiti.dl numbers, and I am not certain whether they
are to be 1-cii cllLwliere. Tlu: l'ns^l:jl: are laid formerly to have had a lilheiv of this
foit at t!ie illanl .V.'//,' -, but tliis cdabliiiiment was attended, in all probability, with ve-
ry liltle profit tv) the U'id.rt.Uers.

Tiii; .■.iiimtl, in ill ijw difiV;^ very little frotn tiie lea- wolf, but i> ;"omew!i.tt rgcr.
It u provi.ied with ,i vet y lliigul ir I irt of wcap>iii, which i.-, two teeth, iliuk ar.vl I. ng
.l^ .'. mans arm, .i little b;nt upw.Uils, and at a didance appearing like horn*, from
whence it i,^ likely tiiey have obtained the name of lea-cows. The /■'•v»/f^ raitor> know
incm I'Vthe fimple appellation of the lilh ^vith the long teeth. Miis tooth is, however,
a moil iieuititul iw)ry, as well .is all thole in the jaws of this tidi, which aie lour lingers
111 iv-ngth.

Thrie are alfo Porpoiles in the river .^t Laurnui^ and thofe of two colours. Thofc
in tlie lal: w.iter part of the river, whicii re.iches almoll a? high as the lllc of O'lcans,
diffei verv liitlc Ir.iin lueii .is .ire fmiid in tlie lea : In the frelh water part, on the con-
tr : V, they arc cntirclv white, and ot' the ti/e of an ordinary cmv. The firit appear ge-
lurally in tljcks or ihoal-. ; whether the lame m.iy be laid cf the white fut is not ccr-

(f .: tain.

W.iy rf Xi'
kiv.' tlitm.

I'.ic ff IC' w.

IXlmlTJ.

I'ori'.iilV
IW.> kl; .

«+

N A T U R A L HISTORY

tain. Tiicrc arc nunc of tlicin to Iv Wa\ .i!v)vc

, but grcit luimlicrs of botli kin. Is

liff V porpo
fcs eaten.

oa the iM.iils of Mvii SiOfiti; io that the ilitil'rem.e of their colour is not ovvin;: to the
fait or frelh water in wliich they live, ami tiicreforc tliey mull he two »iit]erent
fpicics.

One white porpoifc yields a ho;.',lheail of dil, of much the fame quality as that
extradcil from the fea-wolf. The tklh of this animal is not eaten, but that of
tile fpccies calleil p'^urcelL-f, (Jf the j^rty porpoile, is rcckoneil tolerable food.

They make pudi.linj;;> and laufa;^es of the j:uts ; the Iiarllct is f.iui to be cxeeiimt
fricaileed, and the head, tho' inlliior to a calf's is liowcvcr, cfkemcd beyond that
of a iheep.

The ikihs of both forts arc taiuu-d, and drelled like Morocco leather. At firll it
fecm. iciuLr like hogs lard, and is about an inch thick. They continue (having it down
L'u' of i).< jjii ■^^ l^^^^^■,„l)^.5 tranfparent and very thin, tho' it llill retains a vaft llrcn>;,th, as wh n ukJ
in wailkivitbor breeches, and fome atHrm it mulket-proof. There are many <.t thim
eighteen leet in length, and nine broad, and nothing is fitter, they fay, for coverui.; the
toj>s of coadies.

The French have two porpoife fillierics below ^/hcc j one in the bay of St Paul,
PorpoliV ii;h. the otlicr fevcn or eight kagucs lower, near a plantation called Ctmourufcd, from certan
tries. rocks rifinsr confiderablv .diove water. The e\pencc of this fiilicry is but ni(jder.,tc,

and the profits would amount to a c.)nfidcrable (um, were it not for the inrtini'l or ca-
price of thofe animals, which often breaks the mealures of the filhi.rnicn, by taking a
road vervdifi'erent from the acculb)med, or where the filherscxped them to come.
Twn incor.- This fiiherv is moreover attended with two inconveniencics ; The firll is th.it it cn-
vai.cnccs. riclies nonc but the undertakers ; and in the fecond place, it has conli.ierabiy dinunilli-
ed tliat of eels, which uled to be a very gre.:t rclburcc for the poorer fort ot inlial 'ar.ts
of this capital. For the porpoiks being diiUirbed below ^t-h,-c, have retired clll v. !iere ;
and the eel'; hiuling the p-ll'ige clear of tlioie large filhcs, dcfccnd tlie river without any
obllaclc ; fViJUi whence it is, that between Qiu'/uc and the Trcis Rivieres, where tliey
formerly took large quantities, there are now fcarcc any to be found.

The manner of' taking porpoiles is little different from that of the fea-wolf. W'hea
tlic tide is low, thev fix piles or ftakcs in t!ie mud or fand, at moderate intervals, to which
they tic thread^ in tl'.e nature of toils, tlie opening of which is confiderably largo, in Inch
manner, as that the filh once entered cannot retreat. They take care to garnilh the tops
of the rtakes with green boughs. When the tide tlows, thefe filhcs purfuing the hcrii'ig
HioaU, w!-iichcoiiftantIy make to the (bore, and attrac'led by the fight of the verdure or
boughs, with width ihiV are higldy tltlighte-i, find themrdvcs entangled in the net. As
the tide goes out, tlie filhers have tlie entertaiiunent of viewing their contulion, and ufelcis
efiorts to make their efcajv.-. In tlie end they are left dry, and often he.ipcd one over
another, lb that two or three have been killed with the lame blow. It h.is fwen alferted,
that fome of the vdiite foit have weighed tliree thouLnd pounds.

livery one knows the m.uincr in whidi the wliale is c.iught, fir wliich reafon I (li.ill
fay nothing of it licrc. Tiiey tt!! u<, that the H.i'''jUfi, who f irmerly c.-rrieii on tliis
fiijieryin the river J-'t I.u.ircf:.f, quitted it for the fur trade, which wa; cap.ible of being
managed .,t .i much lefs e.vpcnce, v, ;th ir.llnitely Icf^ fatigue, and with much tjuit ktr .md
.ibund.uuly l.irger profit-, at h.ill .it th.it time. And befidts it mud be .•.cknow!id"cd
tlity w.inted many convenies.ciLs for tiiis trade, which might now be h.ul, by means of
loine fettlcments pretty fir down .dong thecoalls of the gulf With this view fome at-
tempts have bein lir.LC made to rc'.lore this branch of c )mmerce, but wit!):njt fuccel's ;
tlie uniierr.\kers either wanting the nei elLry funds for carrying it on, or not having pcr-
fevtrance or p.ititnce to wait the proper time for the return of their liilhurlemcnts. It
appears, however, that this fiihery nught become a very confiderablc artieic in the tr.ido
ot this ci-i<;iiy, .IS it m.iy l)e ciiricd on witii mu( h lefs hazard and e.vpcnve th.;ii (>\\ the
coaftsril (ir,-t-ii!itti.i; and might even become a lettlcd and, in fume mealure, .i liomeliic
br.iiich ot commerce, acconiing to the iiropjl.d of .M. Dems, a I'retuh gentlcm.iii,
who li.ib w.ijtc on this fiibitvil.

Tiicodier f-.'hes taken in the fait water part of the river St l,ittir,nci\ or from Cape
Tournir-:t to tlie gulf, and wliich ate capable of .idding to the wealth, cnnvcnicnce, and

M.i:':irrof;
kingporp<>;i

ur.f-rofii-b.V

Vi-ict\ i;ff.l!,
mtiic riui

conuneree o

f tl

lb CO

loiiv.

A tl

oth-

as well asol tlie motf'.er c<juiitry. .ire the

f.l

mon, tunny.

ihad, tioutp, luiiipreys, Imclts, lea-eel, muckercl, loles, herrings anchovies, pilcli...ds

tuib^it;

r !

of a y1 N A D A.

tnrbcjts .'ii i aliiioft every filli found in any part of tlic ocean, and among lliofc many
iiltdgitiKT unknown in Ewope ; all thcic arc laui^Iu with dra:^ging or witli nets. In tiic
gulf .lie fcati 1 i thornbacks i and thole of three fortf, the common, the curled, (jf a ktter
talk thin til )(c 'mh'ramr, and that c.illcd tlie I'oll, not mueh valued ; !entornet'-,a kind
of I uttlc fi'li ; the Iiaddock, or St l'etc>'% fi(h ; plaice ; requiems -, l(.a-dogs a Ipccic^ of the
rei]uieiiis, Itls mifchicvous in their lifetime, and much preferable when dead ; and plenty
»)f oyllers during the winter fcafon, efpccially on the coads of Nova Hcotia ; the man-
ner of filliing for which is fingular enough. A liole Im mule in the ice, thro' which
they put two poles tied together fo as to clap like pincers; thcle are feldom brought up
without oyllers.

The Lencornct is a fpccics of cuttle-fidi, tlxj" very dirfercnt in lliaoc from the com-
mon cuttle. It is quite round, or rather oval ; a little above the tail is a fort of bor-
der, or ledge, which lerves him for a buckler ; and its head is furrounded with whil-
kcrs, whicli he makes ufe of to catch other filhes. There are two forts of them, dif-
fering only in magnitude, one as large as a liogflicad, the other not above a ftxjt in
length ; tiic fitter are the only fort taken, and arc caught with a torch. Thev are very
fond of a light, which being Ihewn thum Irom the ihore, they m.ike towards it, atui
run themfelves aground. The lencornct, wiiether boiled, roalted, or fryed, is vciy
good eating, but it makes tlie fauce <]uitc bl.ick.

The Haddock relcmbles a fmall cod, has much the fame fafle, and is dried in the
fame manner. It has two blick fpots, one on each fide t!ic head, and the filhermen
fay this is the filh in which St Peter louiui the piece ol money to pay tlie emperor's
tribute for himlclf and our Lord, and that thcfe fpots are the places by which t!)e
Apolllc held it. Ilencc it has been called St Pttt-r's ji/b.

The If.', plaice has much firmer tkl!), and a better tafle, than thuic taken in
rivers. It is caught, as well as the hoiim.irtj, or lobftcrs, by means of long poles,
armed at the point with a lliarp irop and barbed to hinder the tilh from Uilen-
gaging itfclf.

In ieveral pl.ices, efpccially tow.irvls AVri/ Scjtin, the pools are full of fahnon trouts,
a foot in length, and of turtles, or tortoiitjs, two feet in diameter, the tlelh of which
is excellent, i'nd the upficr fcale (Irijicd with white, red, nd blue.

Amongft the fillies that abound in Lake C.l:*mf>!iiin, and the rivers that fall into it,
Cl.Htmplain mentions one of a very lingular lort wliich he calls 6'/'</c.v/(//£;«, probably the
name given it by the Indians. It is a particul.ir kind ot armed fidi, fouml in fever, il
other parts, pretty much of the form of a ipit, and covered with a fcale impenetrable
to a (lai^ger. Its colour is a lilver gicy, and there proiedts from under the throat
a bony lubftance, flat, indented, hollow, and perforated at the eiiil , whence it
is rcalonable to think, that it breathes this w.iy. This bpiie is covercil with a
tender Ikin, and its length is in proportion to the f"illi, of which this makes one third
part. The InMiVn allured Clam/'/iiin, th.it they h.ul leen of thole fillies from eight to
ten feet long; but the largell he law did not CMced live, and were .iboi:t ..s thick as
a ni.in's thigh.

This animal is a true pir.ite aniongit ot'ier liihcs, but, what is very furpri/ing, he \~>
alio an enemy to the biril>, which, like an expcit fowler, he c.itchcs in this minner :
He conceals hinifelt among the reeds, lo tli.it nothing can be dil'covered but his wea-
pon, nlinj; |H.Tpendiculaily above the furtace of the water. The lunis that li.;lit
near him take it tor a llick, or withered reed, ami perch upon it without the le.ifl
.ipprelicn'.ion of what is concealed beneath. That moment the foe in .mibuih opens
his iiuiuth, ami lii/es !ii> prey with all the rapidity imaginable. Tin t. etii on loth
fides of this bone arc pretty long, and \ery iharj'', aiul, as the hu/i.i'n pittciid,
.ire a lovereign remedy for the head-ach, and that by pricking the p.irt mod .iite.Ud,
the pain is immediately diliipatcd.

The ihit'con lure is both a trelli and a falt-w.iter tilh, being t.iken both in tin. laki's
and on the coalls of Ci'uiJ.i. There are of thel'e tidies fror eight to ten, .iiui even
twelve feet long, and thick in proportion. I omit to ilelcribe this filh, whiili i^ well
known in Euiof^t-. The Iiuiians catch them in this manner : Two nun ll.iiid, one ,it
e.ieh end of a canoe ; he at the llern Ifcers, wliild the other at the he.ul ibuuls ready
with a ilart tied to .i cord, the other end of which is maile fall to tlie bo it. As loon
as he perceives the ihirgcun, he d.irt* it .it him, er.Jcav^aiiinv as much as he c.ii to dirci't

II ^ .t

l.il.i-i

I.oicoriTi
t.ou laughi

lluW.xlc
liciwiibcd.

I'Likc jr,.l
l"liltrrs, ti(j«

Si.mon trout,
luiiln.

Cluoiaaroii a
iing..Ut lilli.

St!i'!;rr-Til' ..
ijiu'Tit,

1,1

N A I U R A f- II I S r O R V

It contrary to

the

iniim

iii.ui il fit tlic iLilcs.

'II

u- mfiiiiciit Ik- jhtci-ivc'

'liiiifcir woiiini-

cJ, he lends away witli all his IpccJ, ilraiigin^ tlit- hoat aUcr hii!i w.:.\ an amazini;

rapidity. Alter running alxnit two hundred p.i.cs in this ni.i:;:r.i, he generally

dies, and is taken.
,,j,, ,„ , ,( In a word, that I may make an end of thi^ artick*, th: river S.' Luircnrt breeds
r'.cniv .ihJ lovtral I'lhis entirely unknown in Fr,iih\ ; the moll cilecnitd <\ th. !>: are t!ie Aehi-
»aiKi/. ^j,j juj (jiltlicad. The other rivers oi CiiidJn, and c1pev.i.illy tholl- ot' A'i^w A\ :.'/^;,

arc no iefs replcnillicd th,\n tlii> river, wl.ich alnunids wirli the ;^ic.ittll pJciity aid

variety of the moll excellent fort of hllio ot any other p.-th.ip? on the I'lobc, there

lealons, liili liilli

1 the inhab'.anti ol the toU

B«vtr, a I'in
gul.ir ijiudru
pcd.

F..r-//.»»

btaver.

jlmfiuonW\-

emg, in lome lealons, liili liillicient to m.unt.iiii aM tne innar:.anti ot tne colony.

As to q'.i.idrnpcds, the molt lintiul.ir, and \shat exeites the c»iri"!ity "f the reader
above anv other in this country, is the c.illor, or beaver. The I'poils ot this .inimal have
hithcito been the chief object of the commerce to th^s colony. This creature is befides in
itlelt a miiacle of nature, ami there is not to be found, perhaps in the whole creation,
(o llrikingan example of lorelight, indullry, cunning, and p.itienee in labour.

The callor, or beaver, was pro!>ably not unknown in Eiirof^c Ixlore the dil'covcry of
Ameina; and there are now to be ken, .iinon|.',rt the ancient ih-rters ol the hatters
oi Paris, repulations for the muuifu'turc of bi. aver hats. The beaver, or cartor, is
undoubtedly the lame animal; but whether it is, iliat the l'.uicf'ii:?i beaver i'. j;rowa
very I'earce, or that its fur is not of lo go(,d a quality as th.\f of the .'iiicrican, this hit-
ter is the only fort now in repute, the other beii j» never lo much as mentioned, except
with relation to the llmple c.dled cinl'.rrum. It i. not improb.ible, that the /i.v ;*r<;«
lieavcr is a l.>rt of l.uui beaver, which i< very ditVerent from the other.

The beaver of Ctnurdii is an amphibiou; animal, incapable of remainiii;.; any conh-
vet deuribc^i Jerablc time in w.itcr, and very ;.ble to Uduill without it, pmvide i it ha'- ii.nv and
then the cnveniency of bathing. The lar;.;ell beavers are lomewhat lels tb..in four
feet in len^'th, by litteen inches in bieadth iM\\\ h nnieh to haunch, anil weiizh :..\:y
pound'. 'J he colour varies according to the liiilerent climates where tlv.y arc found. In
the moll ii;llant Northern parts they are {lenerally quite black, thoui^h white
ones are l.inetimcs to be lecn in the fame rrj'ion. They are brown in more tem[K.
rate climatts their colour growing liuhter in proportion as you adv.mee S.ur,!)-
wards. In the country of the IHnoii they arc almoll quite yellow, and fo:n- ha\c
been found here of a pale or flraw-colour. It h.is Ix'en remarked, t!ut tlie ligluer
the colour, tlie thinner commonly the fur, and C( niequently the black i'^ n\oll clleenv.il,
nature fortilying them in this manner againll the kverity of the weather. Theic arc
two dilierent fort- of tur .;11 over the body, exeeptir.;.: near the feet, whe;e there is but
one fort, and that very lliort. The longttl is from eight to ten lints, and even to two
ineht'- on the back, ilimip.i(}iin;4 toward". ''^' t.dl and head. This fort ot hair is coarie,
thiek, ihining, an I is what gives the animal its colour, .^cen thnmuh a m':cro(cope, t!:c
njiddle is found lels opaque, whence it is natural t.i 1 ip[V)fc it h 'ilow, and llicrefii.e th'S
lort is not in ul'c. I'he t)ther is an extremely fine luwn, very cL.fr, :.\\A an ineh at
inort in length; and thib I'trt i, what i- coiiui-.only uled. It wa.s I'trmeviv known ;;»
I'.ui'jj-e by the name of Mull'.--; ico-J. This i- properly the garment 1 l the bv..vir, ti.j
other ferviiig only lor ornament, ami periiap"; to alTill him in Iwimming.

It has been allcrted, that tliis anin^.al li'.ci frotn fifteen to twenty year--, t!;..t t!ie female
goes with young lour minths an! th..t il.c I'encrally l.i in.!s lorth f -ur ..t a tin.e, attd
lome travellers h.'.ve inirc ;leil the number to ci(?ht ; lait thi', mull hippenv.rv r-re!y.

Thf female
bcivcr.

the lee Kid and thiul

.Aldff.T.V (■
I lie Ix l.-.'I

>..ir (/I 1 mg no^, ,;i.d twjulhen

She has lour teat'-, two between
about lour fingir> higher.

Tlie mulcles of this animal are cxtreiiuly Hron:^, and thick-.r t!i tn i's lu'k iKm. to
require. On the eontrary, its int,-lHnes are exceeding .ielieate. it, boii.;; \iiv iianl, and
its two jaw , wiiiLh ..re nearly equal, li..ve a v.ll loree. K.ieh ;aw i^ le: widi Un
teeth, tw<j ul them ineillvc, or cutters, and eight nioLir, or grin.le: ■. 1 iic upp.t .tu..-
livts are two inches and a hdf long, the low^r iom<th:ng alvjv.- I'lr-ie, Inite.t tJ tic-
intlii;ation (jI the jaw, which give them a lorce aHonilhing in lo :rp,;!l a creature. It
haj been remarked, that the two jaw, are not exaelly c(.rrcf;)oi.de!:;, th'- iij<jvi iiitfin;',
out luyund the lower, like t!ie blade- of a p.n of Iti'lL-s , and, l.-lliy, that tiie laigtli

e\er

y t Kjtl

I is exadtlv one tliird of iti ro' t.

The

•/

C /I N A D yl

«7

Tlic liCiid of the beaver is much like that of the mountain rat) the m\\7.Ac fome- Ext«n»lp»/tt
what long ; tlic cyci httlc ; the cars very (hurt, round, hairy without, hut linooth
witliin i the icj^s (hort, el'petially tlie tore legs, hcini; not ahove tour or five inches long,
iiml v( ry much rckinl>lint; tliole oj the badger. The naiU arc cut lloping, and hollow
like goolc-quili^. The hind feet are quite different, being Hat, and provided with mtin-
liraius Ixtwcen the ties. Hence the beaver walks but aiikwardly, and very llowly,
but Ivvims with the lai le facility as other aquatic anim.ils. In relbeCt of hi> ta !, he is
n peifei-'t tilh, and his l>ecn juilicially declared fuch by the C'ulltgc of I'hylician' at
l\ii ii ; and the lacultv of divinity have, in tonleiiULiKe <<t this declar.uion, piun unccd
it l.iwtul to be c.itcfi o.i day-. t)f tailing.

'Ibis lurt of tood is, however, at too great a dirtancc from the I'lfuch to enable C tifJcica .i
them to profit by this toleration, and they very rarely, meet with any that is cat.iblc. '""^''
Tile I'i.Hj'is keep it by tlicni, ;iftcr cuiing it in the chinnity, but it i', by all accounts,
intolerably bad. And, even when it is trelli, you are (ibln'cil to L'ivi it a boiling, to
make it lole a little of the difa;^rf<-able talle it n.Uurally ha-, alter which it becomes
\cry good eating ; and no !ort ot tklli, they lay, evcccdv i: in dcliiioufneis or li ^litncf";
ot digi llion i it is even iitlcrted to be as nomiiliing as ve.il. When boiled, it wanti
liimetliing to give it a relilh ; b.it, when rmilled, ii i^ very i'"od, without any thing
>i: tli.it kind.

The moll rcmark..ble part belonging to this animal is its tail. It is .»Iiii(,rt nval, a- Snc.i! r n-
I DUt (our intlics b;o.id U'.-.ir the root, ti\e in the middle, and three at its extremity ; but '-i' fi''<'''
ilule inea'.ures aic to be inidcriloixl ot the lari;cll loit ot beavers ; it is about an iiiih
ni thicknefs, and a (■ <t long. Its lubllance is a (iim (ort of f.it, or a teiiiler earfi'age,
bcMig much like e (klh ol a pcrpoile, but grows h.,ri!cr, ulien kc( t tor nny
time. It is tovcud with .i Ic.dy ikin, the Idles of which are f)f an hexagonal form,
h.dt a line in tl'.K.kncf , bv three or tour lines in length, and laid over ouc .jiothtr,
like tli"lc ot all tnhes. A very dilic.ile pellicle lervcs to lupport them, and tliev arc
intciteil in it in (uch a manner, as lo be ea(ily parted from it alter the dc.ith of the
animal.

The true tedides of tliis animal were entirely luiknovvn to the ancients, probably TcftiJ.).
bec.iulc they are very (mall, and miuh hid uniier the liaunches. Thev ga\e thi' pame
ti) the receptacle J of the cii/lor,-um, whiih arc very ditlercnt, and in nnml>er four, l^j;. I'^il'^rr-'".
ing lituated in the lower venter ot the beavtr. The two toremoll, lalled the upper, i,,j.i ' "^ '
bicaulc hi'.!hcr than the other.-, are in the llupe of a pi-ar, and ciniiiumicate one with
tiic other, like the pt.ckcts of a knaplack -, the other two, called the lower, aie rour.d
towards the boltum. Thele four receptacles contain a rclinou», (bit, and adlu live li-
quor, mixed with liiiall iibrcs, of a greyilli colour on the outlide, \e!lo\vi|]i within, <if
a llM'iiy, pmctiatin !, .lUii dil.;grre.diie linell, and very illt^.lmm.d^le ; .iiul lli's i- iIk true
(■(i/idiiirri. Iti'ioW: li.iid .liter being a montli ixpded to the .lir, .mil beo'ines l-rown,
biittle, .iiul iri.diK'. It tiicrc be occalion to h.,riicn it i.uii(.r, it iu,;y bt done bv h.ing-
ing it ill liic I liimn v.

li Is pitlttidcd, tli.it the r li'ifttm which cnnics trom /)i.' ■-'■./.■ is prclcT,d>le to iliat ot
r.;/./..'w. i'lie b..gs ot tlii» l.ill fort are allowed to be much (malk-r th.in the otiu rs , e.;j.>„y.ni
;..id, tv,.n in f '."^^.l.',^ tiie largiil are m;ich more clleemed. It i^ reqinreil bclides in
1,1 1' >(!,;ii, tint the b.i's he he.ivv.ot a brown colour, of a penetrating and llroi^'.', Imell,
an I tii'l ol . I haiil, brittle, and lii.ible m.ittcr, ot the lame, or of a yelU>wilh colour,
iiiii.iv»< vm wiili a viiy (int mi inbi.ine, and ot a lliarp or .icrid t.dlc.

Till, imdinl virtues ol this drug are, to attenuate vilcous m.itter, tortity the brain, '•'•' '"'"-'
dilptl v.i|.,)iii>, |ii,ju.ke tlie iTienlcs, prcvctit mortifu ation, atul evatu.iie ill humours by*""'
ptiipiLitii'ii. it is alio nicd with luncls ayainll the epilepiV, or tallini^ ritknels, pativ,
ai'ojiv.w, and diatiu; ■. '1 he iiiitrior bitis iDiitain an uiu'tuou- ,ind t.ittilh liquor, which
rclciiiblis hoiKW lt-ii)iiiiii i~ .1 p.df vcliow, its (mcll dila;.'reeable, little itlfVerin.; from
tii.it ol the I.;,.'././;, bi.t \s,.aKii than that. It thickrii.i wi:li time, .uui lakes the coii-
('illeiKc ol talliAV.

'I'hc iu-ti'iii <'t thoii" who iKrIitve th.it thi animal, wliiii he i> clnUlv purliiid, bites inmiioti
ot;" tli,;!^. iiiiagiiKil tiliulc--, ubaiid.mi'.i;.', .them to the hunter, to prekaAc his lilr, is an "» cr' ■•^■-
eirni now univeilally c.xplmlcd, the moll valii.iblc pirt ofthisaniin.il Iniiig, beyoiul
C''ioparilon, his tur ; and cvi n the (kin I't the bcvci, ;ilt-:rllie (iir I lis Int. n t.,ken oil,
fc n-H vMiliuUt iliuk-, aiilleivcsto make glovts and Ipattcrdalhei-. .M.;i;y Mtiiti things

Hi ' may

'!t:

N A r U K A I. HIS I O R V

lur ai'iii M ool.

A>'.mi ..l.k-

may k- iii.iiic of if. Init .is it is viiv liilVuiilt tn take clVthc li.iir uitlioiit cntting if, tlir
(kill ot' tlic I.uui Ik.ivci i>()i\ly utcil, ami lor flit piiipDtcs afurtlaiil.
T»f> foil ot Tluri- an- two iDrts oliaOor, tlu' »irv .iiul tin- Lit. The llrll i tlu- ikin offliis ani-
*^'''" nial, btloic any iilt- liab ln.tii iiu>ic ot it. 'l lie utlici, or fat i.idor. is the lame Ikiii,

.alter it has hetn worn by the lihiitins, wlio, .illcr they have well riibhtii ami workcil it
on tlic iiirule, witli the marrow or tat ot lertain animals to rciuler it mure pli.iMc, Tow
fivera! lUins toi'.tthtr, witli wliiili tiny lovtr thtmleKes as witii a h>W, witli the nut-
fiile inwar^ls ; tliis tlicv eonllaiillv wear in the winter, without ever puttini; it ntV,
ni'.;Iu or ilav. Tiie llronj;etl li.ar tails otVpreUntly, Init the liown rem.iins, ami l>y be-
in^ W(.:ii in that m..nner, beeoiias miieh titter tor the hatter's biitiiiets. The dry lathn
cannot be iileii witlioiil the mixtiiie ft" a little fat. It is even preteiuied, th.it to
have the ikins in their utnu-ll perieiti >ii, they on^ht to be worn cijjhteen months
at kali.
*fuff» in.vU of There have alto been ihitVs matle of this t'lir, with a mixfiirc of wool amonjjft it,
lueh a- eloth-, tlanneb, tU)ekin[:s and liieh like, but with very little (iieeels ; and there
if ill In! tills a m.innr..<.tiire <>t this loit in //-//<//;</; but as they are obliged to mix more
than one b altdt wool with the tin, there is little or nothing to l>c gained by it. Tlic
ilothsand drnj^pets wiiieh the Dutih tiiake ot" this lort arc very dear, and do not wear
well, 'the t.alor very loin part^ from the wool, and forms a fort of pile on flic (ur-
taee ot the lUitV, uhiJi entirely fpnils the look of" it ; and the ftockini^s which the
I'l-i'uch make of' it have the lame defetJl.

The indiilbv, foreli;;lit, order, and unanimity of thefc animals arc pcrfc^lv Ciir]^ri-
/inj', exhibiting to m.;nkiiul a kllim ot thole viitiies no way interior to tliat of the ant
orb.is, fo lulllv admired. It is iineertain how they arc governed, whether by a kir.j^
<ir a ijiReii, if it be true, th, it they have any ma;.;illratcs at all ; nor is there any more
j'rounds to believe that tiieie is any one who takes the ihicf command upon iiini,
whi-n tlitv ate at work, to piiniih tin- l.izy. Tims much, however, is undoubted,
that by means of tlut ailmirMble inllinawherewitii providence has endowed them, e.icli
of them knows what he is to do, and every thing is carried on in tJK cxaiiUll order
imaginable, and with'iit the Kail embarrafsmcnt or confufion.

When they propolc to build a new h..bitation, they tirll all'embic, fo the number of
three cr four hiiiuireii in one place, forming a Imall republic, or ikite, apart bv them-
felves. The tirll bill tlicy pals is, to make choice of a Ictflcjncnf, where ;hey
may fuiil plenty of piovifior"^, with all the materi.ds nccelfary tor the infendcii editicc.
The ii!..iii thing iietcllary is to Iccure a tnpply of water ; am! if they arc not happy
encuuh t(j find either lake or p;>ol within their territories, this defect is remedial by
iSippn.g the courfc v\ fomc rivulet, or lir.all river, by means of a dyke. In order to
ctfcdt this, they let about felling of timl^cr, and this always above flic place where they
are relolved to builil, ti the more ccnimodioii'- traiilporting it. Tlirec or four beavers
lit abi.iit felling a large tree, which tliey vcrv loon etVeiit by means of their teeth, whielj
ll-rvc ti;em tcr l.^ws and axes, a; well as for leveral other cirpeiiter's tools. Thev never
lorgef to make it fall on the lidc towards the w.iter, in order to lliorteii the land carriage
alter they ii.'.ve cut it into proper lent"Ii«, which .iie afterwards lolled to the water fide,
and thence lio.iteil to the pl.ice wIm :e tiiey are to be emph/yed.
M.irtirr arii Theic pieces are mr)re or !i i i;i tliicknelsor length, as tlic nature and tituatii>n of tlic
'."'ii'm •' pl-*-*^ reijuirc ; lor thele .:i.l):!cds forefec everything, ioinetimes they m.ikc iiL oi'
trunks of laige trees, wliicii they lav kngthwile ; at other«, the mound is compoleii ot
piece' of timber iiothicr.er than a man"' thigh, and even fometimes not lo thick, wliicli
are I'lippcjted by Very good fl.;ke«, and interwoven with Imall bran>.hes, ami the voi^i
plans .;re every wlicre ffopprd up with a fat or clayey liKt ot eartii,.;nJ that lo well wrou ;ht
.i'^ not to admit tiie Imalleil drop (jI w.iter. This lo.im, or mortar, tlie beavers prep.nc
ami temper with, their toit leet ; the trowels they make iile of are their tails, wl,ii.!i,
hoWLver, are not confined to tliis tile only, but alio Icrvc them as a drav, or wliecllurrow,
t > convey thi ir mortar from pl.iee to p'.ice. As toon .is the*' arrive at the water tide,
they take hold of this clayey matter with their teeth, and, in ordtr to l.iy it on, they
ni.ike ute firlf ot their feet, .uid afterw.irds piailler or Imootli it with their taib.
^ ^ _ _ 'J hcle dykes are gcner.illy ten or twelve feel thick at the found.ition, iliminilliing llill
fhc Jwc ' '" P'oportion as they rife in height, till at lall they come to the thickncl's of two o.-
tlnee. (Icod |>ro|v)rtion ii their paitiiuI.T care ami concern, and every thing is I'onj
with a^ muJi cxacliitf-, as it the ablcfl artill liail performed it \\itli Ins inle ;.iid

c .mp.lles.

Choi'c of !u
biutiun

«/

1 N A D A.

np if, tlir

t tliis ;ini-
iinc llviii,
^M)rkc^^ it
.iMc, l()\s-

tlic ciut-

ini; it .itV,
iiul I>y bc-
iliv i.ilhir
I, fli.it to
II inontlis

mnnj;ft it,

.Hill there

mix more

if. The

not wear

n the (ur-

which fhc

^ly Cuiy ri-
ot" fhc ;iiit
hy .1 kiiij^
any more
ipon (lint,
iniloiihtii),
hem, t.ich
icttU olJcT

niimlur of
t by tlicm-

licrc jhcy
Icil edifice,

not ha[>njr
mciiicii by
In order to
*htre tlicy
luir beavers
■th, wliith
rhey never
lid i.irri.i;;c
water lidc,

f ion of tlic

m|H)(e.! lit
ick, wliii./i

I the Vi.iJ

II wioti ;ht
.Ti prt|vic
lj. which,
Lell'ariiiw,
■valtr lulc,
f on, they
il-.

illiiiig iliil
of two or

rg ib ifoii'j

> riilr ;.iul
.'.inp.lies.

cnmpadls. Hno thinj; remarkable is, tli.it ths lIJc ot the buiMiiii; towariN the w.4fer
is always built witli a l.ilii , oi llippc. th.it oil the otiier biiirj; ex.iclly jK-rpendieulir.
In a word, iiothm^ cm poli'i'.'ly be more lohii or re^;iilar t!i.iii the work^ ul tiiii moll

nous .itiiin.i

The conflriK'lion of thtir calbini is no left wondcrrul. Tliclc arc commonly built
nn piles in the miildlj of thole liiull lakes, wliich are lormcd by the dykes abovtmen-
tioncd, iitivl iitiiiitimes on the b.nk of lome livcr, or at the evtremiry of tome point
that a<lvain.i ' into tlic water. Tlieir ligiire i> round, or (nai, .'iid they are arched in
manner of a balktt. 'I'hc wall' arc two Toot thick, tlic inateri.dj bcmi; the fjiiic as

' )t tli<

lole o

ft!

leir <!am

but 1'. ('. lu'.Mlanti.d. Tlie whole is to well llutco'd witli clay, a-.

not 1) adiiiif tlic Ic.tl I ivatli ot ;:ir. Two thiuK

(Me

IniiK

\\v' aie abrvc w.ites, an,!

in them cv.ry I 'javcr h.is hi', p.irticul.ir place .'il'.;:!.'.! liim, which lie takei care to
llrcv Will with Icivts, or liiiall biaiieii,'. of fir. 'Ihe leatl tnili is never rccn ; (or, be-
livles the common entry ol the cabbin, and anotiivT outlet by which tlioic animaU go
.ittu', there are alio I'everal otlier openii'v;"', bv wliicli they <;,i todikliaii;i' them-

oiit to

Thefe c.;bb

uis are generally c.ij

d>lc ot

nil ei'ht or ten bc.i»>.rs, ainl !i'n

have been oblerved to contain no kli tiian thuty ; but tin-, it very rare. All of tluin,
hov. i-vcr, .irc nt.ir enough to e;:ih other to liavc u very ealy cmmuiiicatinn.

The winter never Uirpri/e thcl>eaver: All tlio works I have mentioned are finilhed "flm p'^v.
-vi bv the litter ti, of iV/'A'w/'i/-, when each indivuiu.il l.i\s up Ins winter P^'ovilion. l^'H'jJ'"'"

% W'hilil tluy confiiiiie to freinient th'. wo(aIs or fitld.., they live on iVuits, and on the

; bark ar.d Ic.ives of trees. They alio cati h cray-(ilh, and lonie other lilh ; and nothing',

y| tome'- umil's to tlicni at that fearon. Hut when the lime come-, in which they are to

provide .:t;,iinll the barrennel-. ot the C(jld leal'^n, tluy aie I'ati-lied wltii wooiij of .i
tender lubllance, luch ab the pc plar and the alp, and the like. Tlielc they lay up in
piles, dilpDiln;: them in luch manner as to h.ive thole pieces uhicli h.ive been fleeped in
\v.iter iieaieii: at hand. It has been oblerved, that tlicfe piles are always j;re..ter or lei's
n\ proportion a^ the enluin^ winter is to \k more or lefs loii^ or levere ; .ind thii i^ to
tiic //;, .v'/j the m(<ll inlallible prcgnollic-tion, which h.is never been known to deceive ,-.,,,
them, with reliKiil to the duration of the cold wc.ithcr. The beavers, before they f .U j,,,,j|i J,i,^.' '
tliis w.jod, cut it into very fmall |Hece«, which thev carry into their apartments ; ti>r
there i but une magazine forth; whole ii»h.d>i'...nts, or f.nnily ot' c.icli c.i!>!>in.

When the melting of the fnow is at the hi,;liell, at which fealon ilicrc arc alw.iys
very U'c.it l.i.'id Hoods, the beavers ciuit their c.ibbin , which arc then utterly uniiii'uhita- ^'"''"" ■ '''ir'
ble, cvciy one goin^; \\liere l.e think': tif. As ioon ,'is the waters are talleii tl;c tem;'.ies ^-,ij,.;,
return, andtlan fi\v bring li-rth their v ung. The n.ales keep the fieKis till tow.wdb
the month ot 'July, wi.cn they all'emblc in or.icr to lejuir the b.cichei ma.le by t'le wa-
ff i. in thiir c.ilbins, or dykes ; if they happen to be deilroyeJ by the hunter^, or it
they aie not worth repairing, to crci'l new. liut they .ire often, and tor vcy good rea-
1<)|•^, obliged to I hani;e tlie nl.ice ot tlitir ..boiie ; Tl'.e moll common ij, the want ot
pr'.vilions ; and fointtimcb tliev are obliged to take ibi> method by the hunters, or cer-
tain carnivi>rou» aniculs, againll which thev have no other defence than tliglit.

There are cvtain pl.ice;. of wl'.ieh tb.e leavers are particularly fond, ..nd will luver .\'m.;,m! w,
2bandcn,even limuKl tiieir I'.ifcty ever lo much leiiuiie it. CMi the ro.'.d ft im :^'r '..''.'•/'• '■'•'i''«»i;-
to!/,ike llwvn, n.ar the j reat river, we never tail to dii'cover a I'ettlemcnt every year in
the very lame pl.ic;, which iheie mimal* repair or re-build coiillantly every I'uminei.
Tor the firft thing the traveller, who arrive cai licit let about i-., to dellroy the cibliin, a.
well ai file dske which convey, the vv..ter to ir \\.\A iiut this dyke retaineil the water,
they wi;uld ne\er 'lave been able to continue their iourncy, but iieccllit.'.ted to take a trip
ovir laud. Heme thofc Ijcavcr'- leem a^ it tlicy had Ici/id on this Ipot oisly to be ot
lervice'o thole who travel ih-.t way. I have been told, th.i' near ."5^><'A-'C there is much
Itii'j an inllancc, where the Ixavcro, by means of their dam, tup; ly water to .i
fcjw-mill.

The liiduwi were formerly of opinion, that the iK'avcrs vcrc a fort of rcalonable /
crcitiirc, witli a l.'.ngua'.'c, l.iws, .ii.d form ot government peculiar to fhemlllves ; aiul
that tlii', amphibiiiU'' commonwealth chole governors, wlule otlice it was to alli^;!! each
private l)caver his lep.irate tilk, pLice centinels to give the alaim on light ot the enemy,
an.! to punini or Iviiiiih the drones.

Thole pretended exiles vvese probably no other than the land beavers, w!v) really live o- :!,-;. ,j
feparate froui the oilier'^, do no manner ot woik, aiul 1 )'J'.;e under ground, where thev ■— i

I ■ hi\e

.' .;•. r..'.t,..n

111 Vi-

-m

N A T L' R A I, HIS r O I'v Y

Ii.ivc nil otiicr c.irc but ti» in.ikc tli.iiitclvc< a Iccrct p.i)l"igc to tlic «.itir. 'rii-.i'c arc
known liv the tliinnclN ot tlic !ur upon their Kicks, wliitli is ik) il.uibt, i>ct.iliiiiicJ l>y
tluir nil'lMiu!: tliLintdvcs tortinii.illy .i;',..iii(l tlic earth <>l' their h 'li » : t'cluics they .irc
uiwjvs lean, tlw natural eunkiuitiKe (I' tluir la/intis ami are iniuli more liniiimt in
lidt than ill cdLI ei<iintrivs. I have alreaJy rcniarkcii, that our heavers here in Eutcpt

ll-ml-

Ic thii latter nuic

h more than the lornur fort, a- ihev retire into tlie hole* and

I ivein> they fnui on t!ie banks ci\ rivers, elpciiiliy in /'/./«./. They are alio loiiiul ni

\ii-'lll,:>fi.

aloni; the EH' ; aiul, in /•'

i>n tile

tlie //(

mitlieO//,', What

is certain is, that yuij lio not ihleovir that \von.l:rtiil (a^acity in the I u,rf\i't l)e.i\ei ,
lor which thufe of Ciiii:.!.t arc (o juftly cclehrnte*!.

It (iocs not appear, that the Ciiii.;.li,i'i InJiti'n v'.avc thelV cre.itiire'i nnuh ililhiilvinec
Cnrr. b:>. t ^"■''"■'^ '''^ an iv.j ot' tiic /•,>/':/■../« i in their countrv. 'I lie Ikiii • ot thile an.iiiais wci

into rlU I in

l,> l!,i- l»

not xh

A\ worn Iv thtm

\ the tUlh ol I'.ars, ami

icn lo iniicli worn ly tiitm n^ tii.y nave mux tv-en,
I'oine otiur wiM h«.-..(l>, \v..s iniicii lUire in reijucll with them than that nl heaver^.
They were, iiowcver, even then acciillomcil to luint tluin, an>l tliis imntiiu', hai it.s
f'lveJ I'eali II ami it-< cllal^lilhcii twrin aiiil ceremony; but as it was only the ittcit ot
pure nictliltv, anil n ;t of liixniy, the h.ivoek iiiaiie by it was very iiili-^nitii mt. bor
tliix rcalon, there was .m amazing quantity ot thole animals wIkii the iroicb lull
ci.tereil C.ii.i.L'.
IliPtr- 'i- 'liie hiintin.; of the beaver is not :.t all ilifficult, :is this animal has neither flrcnL'th to
Lic-i.i ilittml himlllf, ami as the cunning lie liifcover- in lniiliiinj^ hi h..!iitaiion tot .lly I. r-
l.kis him when he is attad.e I by any enemy. The v.intcr i^ the l^alon in wliicii th.'
l:'J.\:fii licilare war a<'...inll iiim, tiuii it iv that lib tiir i^i tliickLll, ami the ikiii mucit
thinmr th.m at any other lealim.

Tlii> hiuitinj; is pert. ;:;icil in four tlitlcrent manners, which are th.it of the ncr, the
Nr- n-..i gun Riin, the tranche, ami the tiap. The firlt is rarely put in execution, ami tlie lecomi
(..u.j.nuud li liioni or never ulnl, as the eyes of this creature, though txtieinely fmall, are (o pier-
tiiv% aiui his htarinj^ lo qiiich, that it is very ihtlicult to j%t near ei)tiiii;h to llioot him,
belure lie ha;, reaihtil the water, anil h-: njvcr piK-s f..r trom it at this leaion, ami plunges
to the bottom the moment he liifcovers any ilan-ier near. Ami cvvii it he Ihoukl liap-
p^ii to be womuleil, the hunter wuuM be ci]ua'.ly at a lots, as lie never tail, to run to

le w.itti, ami K'jvcr cimC' up again a

Iter lie has once liivcil, llioujil he chance to liic

lithe woiiiul. The tranche ami the trap arc thcieforc the methuiis moll in ule in

Ins excrci

fe.

Nijtwithllanding the beaver lavs nphi> rtorc of nrovifion for the winter, he now ani!

lys up

pr(

then makes cxcurlion-- iiiti the neiL'.lib"Uiinj; wooils in i|iiell ot r.utie teiuier ami lieli-
cate f )>)ii ; ami thi< luxury otten ctilU hitn his lite. The [ndnrts liy I'nares in his way,
much relembliii^; the tV.-iire 4, which thcv bait with Imall pieces of wnoJ th.it i^ tin>!er

1 newly cut. The btavcr no fooncr touches it, than his back is bro'se with a hu.'

11)1

o;r wni1.1i

fall

s upon

him.

ami

le luinftr inllantly comiii'.; up, lo'.n »hlpatclies hi

:.il tfjr.c;.

Tlie tr.inche requires (greater prcL.iiiti;.f, and 1 ni.uui;eil as folluw s : w'l-.ii th.
ice is as yet but about half a foi,: thick, an opeiiini; is miule in it with a liatchtt, ami
the beaver makes tu tlii- opcnirii; f.-r the lake of br'-itl.iii'.; a little trclli air ; the l.iirter.
wlio w.iit> for him, ealilv knows wlun he is t^ 111111", aj hi- bre.itliiii'4 cau(e< .m iniulual

notion in the water, and it is verv c.;lv to knock I;

nil on

the It

tcai! the mi.meiit Jic railes

Ni-t hc/w ,

it above it. To prevejit his dilcoverini; the hunters, they llrew over tl.c liolc with
reeds, or with the tars of reed-mace, and when they find the ufunial within reai h,
they ki/.- him by one of hi- feet, ami tlimw him upon the ice, whirc tiny dilp.itch
liiin belore he is recovered from his dirpri/'".

I If the hnrrow happens to be ncarfonic nrcai'i, the bulinefs is full cafier. The way
' is then to cut the ice quite acrols trom lidc to fide, in order to lay a iKt in if, and tlaii
f"dl to brc.kinj; down the ncl< or c.bbin The beavers never l.ol to run to the wa-
ter, wluie tiiey are taken in the net l.iiii for tliciii. There i-, however, lome «l..n 'cr

lett

wiz, It ri.in.iin too lone, in which caie

thcic

c;eatures loon fi:.d means to iccw\er

their lilKitv.

o!e wi.o in!ial>i

t the l.ikes have, at the <iitl.ince of about flirec rir lour himircii

ul .mntii

' pacvs from the w.ittr fide, a lort ot'ciamiry honic , where they retire 1. inctiines ti>i the
"■ benefit ot the .lir. In tliis cafe the Ini.iters divide ir.ti tw(j h'xiics, one o\ which bt.its

tip ti;e iMLUtiT- of t'lolc in tlij count. V whilil thi- others till
tlic luki..

u]'. )!! the habit .tions ot
jV, the bcvtrs in the loiuicr ab.jJe, fur the lp<jriliiicn L'cii(.raily take the

l.ux

; i \\

rf C .'/ A' ./ /)

II ic nre
li.Micd l)y
, tiicy arc

k|iuiit ill
III J.i.rcpf
\h>\i:» and

tiiiiiul ill
•. W li.it

Icavci.^,

.liiibuKC

i:i lU WJIC

ll'', .iiul

I lKavtr>.
lu'l itA

If itttk! Ut

lilt. I'lir
rwA tall

lliviv.'tli to
ti-t My I. r-
wliicli tl)c
ikiii iitucii

ic iicr, tlic
tlic UloiuI
re lo jiicr-
llioot him,
rid [>iiiin;cs
!)u>iilii lup-

I I run to
i.mce to liic
l) in ulc ill

he now ami
L'r .nut ilcli-
in h)'. \v.iy,
i.it i) tiiulcr
Kith a hiii^c
•itclics him.

xs'ilh the
.iCklKt, und
tlic hurtfi,

.III iiiiiilual
.'lit he railcs

hiilc with
ithin rcu li,
i.y iiilp..tcli

Th'v way
ir, .iiul then

i) tlic wa-
)iue (!, n/er

tu iccAcr

iir liiiiiilrfd
ini's till tlic
.viiii.h t>c.i(s
hit.tions ot'
ly tjkc the
I.iuc

lime wlica tlv y arc ..II in th.- country, tiy I >r r.iii.tii,;ry to tlu other, v.licrc tl.cy fiiul
nothiir; hill luiii aiiil a t! i.i I ot «!iiil, i .ilid on jiur|) 1; t'» Mini rhcm, anil tf) make
tlicm an calicr pny to ihcir eiuinic. I.i lomc plaas (hey cuiitcnt thi.mit!v(.i with
tlipj',iii>> a hole 111 their (l..ms hy uhi^li imin. the ilitJi th.it rtirrou.-.ilt ilr.m u fi)on
liiaiiud, ilicii iliaiul i'. rohlvi..! ol it. eliiel' ilttiiite, ami tluy mull liihinit to tate. Or,
in call' they llioiild lUivc to r nicily the evil, a. they otten ilo, the citiie ot which is
ciitir-iy i:,il.iiown to thtni, t!uy tail |j;enerally mt > the hands ct'the cr my.

Ic ha, U\ii I I.I, tli.it vsln.li tlie heavers fiiul tJK-inlelvcs piiniieil hy hiiiittr , or lomc
(if Cliole healls uf prey tli.it g. iieratly nial.e w.ir a ronll tlini:, they riiih int'i tlu water,
whieh th'.y lalli witii tlitir taiU in (iich a manner t!i.it the nniie i-. Iieard at h«lt a Ua4ac
didaiiee. '1 lie lealijn olthi> i> proKihly to j^ivc the .il.irin to th. ir trien.fs, who m;y"hc
abroad 111 tiie lame manner, withuiit kiiowiii^', theii' <laii.;cr. Tli^y aielaiii .'ll'). to liive lo
tliiick a Kent, as toihlcovei .1 canoe at an iinmciile diltaiiec ; bat that, lil;c the li.ire, tlicy
lee only (iJew.iys, which lUlci't ulteii (Kcalionn ilieir Lilin^j; into the hanJs • I thole thry
llrive to llitiii. There ia another |vartn.tilnity rtl.ite.l ot the hcavt-r, whiih would
make 11. believe, that, in imitation ol the turtle, alter loliii ', his tttnale, he never ».oIu-
bils with .iiinthcr ; lo that kcoiul marriu',t\ i' Icem , are .1 much in abomination among
beavds, asthey werclormeily amon^; the piiniitivc Chrillian,.

'I'here is .ilfo another liiiall animal in CuiuiJti, of mu^h the fimc nature with the
biaver, .md which .i]ij'ear.i in lonit relpti'N to Ik- t!ie fame lort ot i|iiai!fiiped, b.;: .n" .1
fmalier liK-cie-i I iiuaii the Mu!l»-Rat. This cieafiiich,i\ in r^i, .ill the ijualitie' uf the
beaver ; the llriieliire of the b i.!y an I tl'iKcially ot the Iii-.ul 1, in both lo very r-.uch a-
hke, that one Would naturally take the iiitilk rat for a fmail be.iver, it the tiil >•[ the tiift
be c\c;prtd, abiti nuicli like tliatof liiirs in /',"/(rf|,', as allothe ttlliiles, which contain a
perlume ot an cMpiilite odour. This animal, which weighs abiiut four pound.;, 'w, very
like tlie Mui yll/nius, of .Mr Riy.

The miilk-rat t.ikes the field in tlic inontii of ,U</'v/', and its noiiri(linv:nt is then
fome pieets of wood, whicli he peel, bef.ire he c..t^ them. After the melting of tlie
fiiijw-. he Ivcjoii toot, ofnettLs, and afterwards re;;.ile. iiiinleh wit!i tlie iknii and kv.vfs
of tlii; plant. lo I'ummer lie tou^Iies notliiii^ but brambles .;nd llrjwberries, to wliieh
fiKcei.d tile oiherliuits pi..iiliart) tlie autumn. I^iirin^ all this time it is very rare to tiiid
the male and female a]\irt trom each other.

At tiic comin;;; on of winter tiiey feparate, each goinj» his own way to take up his
lodi^iii^ in lomc hole or holl.iw ot .1 tree, without any provilion, and the />.</'••/; alfiire
us, that they maint.oii a perfeJt abllimncc as long as the cold iall.s. Tliey A.o build huts
nearly in the fame firm .is the b-Mvers, but far inferi )r workmanlhip. .\i t.j the litua-
tion, it i.:aiv.ays r.e.ir the water, lo th..: they .ire iin.kr no nrce;iity to btiilil dam«.

Jt is laid that the tiiri.f tlie mulk-iat is ule.l in the makinj', of hati mixed with that of
the beaver, without doi.ij; any prt;ii(iice to the maimtadturc ; tlie Helliis t'leralily uood,
except in time of rut, at whieh ie.iion it is impoirible to remove from it lomethiiii; of the
talle ot ni'iik, \\!iicli is by no iiumiis fo .igrecalile to the palate as it is to the fmell.

IheHe.ir was lurmcriy t!ic animal iiinll in vo^ue amoni;tl the /'/,//..•■;; Dt A /•."!• ,/•>;,•-
mi-iicj, lilt the ;iriiv.d of the Kurepi-nr.i turned the kale in f..v()ur of the beaver. Hunt-
tiiij;the bear was a kind d religion; lolemnity, ami liiperllition had a ;.^r'at llure in t!ii>
t.\en:iie, the m.inntr whereof, anions; liichot tlie l'ui:u>i) as have n it been converted to
chriilitnity, is as follows:

It is always loiiie warrior chief, that appoints the time of hunting, and who is to invite
tlie hunters. Tliij invitation, which is perfirrncd with a great deal of ceremony, is fol-
lowed by a f.ill o: ten days coniiiuiaiue, doling whith they .;re not t > take lo much asa
drop of water. This whole time, notwitldhindiii;; the extreme weikne'.s to which
they .lie reducevl by it, isempliiyed in linging. The intention ol this ri;.;o!riis ceremony,
is to obtain of t!je Clen'i, the knosvledge of tlie place where the greate'.l number ol bears
arc to be found. There are fever.il ol them who eiulurc llill more, in order to obt.iin this
gr.icc i aiivl l-Jiiietjf them have been kno^vn to cut their llelh in ditferent part, ol their
Ixjdirs, kvith .1 view to render tlnjle (»enii pnij itions. IJut it is t > be remembered, that
they reipiire no niaiinerof.illillar.ee to overcome thofe furious animals ; it futHces that
they kiiosv the places ol their .ihode.

h I. witii the fame view, they ad. ircfs their vows to tlie manes, f)r ("miIs df tln-defunrt

Pl't-.,' :,

ll;l.l■^i

II.-. .1

C'lb.J

II, (.,.-J.

l.^Ji

I'lV c( in f^t

aU ll.:}i.

■ mi- ct
-.■ tc.r

y rittui.).

bears, which t: cy havi. killed in their former hiiii;in;',s and as this i?. the only

lubii

their mc.li'.ati.ju .i"Jii.. ' thele v

i',v!s, tliev naturally fiuin tlie eim>tinefs of th

i i

:t ot

ti>m.icHs,

dr--.,;il

If"

I 4

Jajit huHlcn.

A-if ifr.t frnC"
ro:'iiy in ilc-

tc-n.

T:..-.» f.i;.

?.T

■ '■(

i..i:;.

N A T U R A L 11 I S T O R Y

ilic.im ofthofi: animuls. This however is not yet enough to detcrtnine them, fur every
in.inot'thc canton, or at Ic.ill much the grc.iter p.irt ot them, mult alio liave tire.unt .t"
keinr; bcirs, and th.it in their own dillri^-'l. Ni)W it ii next to impoliillc lo niany dreams
(houfd agree ; to bring tliis to pals therefore i^ the iic\t cmharrallment, wlni.li is gene-
rally removed, wiien Tome hinmiiua of reputation happens to dream two or three times
fucceiiivclv of feeint; thxfe bealls in a certain place. Whether thro' comi>Iailance, or
hearing tiie fame thing often repeated, they all prelently fall to dreaming after him, or at
lead pretend to do lb, and that quarter is immediately ti\t upon for the place ot iuinting.
As loon as the fall is over, and tiie place ot hunting agreed upon, the chief elect wiio
is to have tlie n;mmand in it, gives a magnitkent rcpall to all thofe wiio are to be of tiic
p.irty, and no pcrlon dares to prelent himfelfat it, before he has tirll bathed himltlf,
which ib generally by lhr;>wing himfelfinto tlie river, provided only it be not tro/cn, let
the weather be never lb levere. They arc not obliged at this feall to eat up every thing,
a« in Ibmc otiurs, and they all obferve great fobriety. I le who does the honours touehcs
nothing, his fole emplovment, wliillt the others are at table, is to make the p.megyricof
ids own feats informer liuntuigs, Thcfeftival ends with new invocations of the m.uies
of the luvr? departed. 'I hev then take tlie field all daubed over witli black in the lame
m.inncr as when they go to war, amidll the .i.clam.itions of the whole village.

Thus hunting i'. in no IciV reputation amongft the I'lMa'r, than war ; and an alliance
with a goo i huntfnun is more coveted, than that of a famous warrior, becaule this cx-
ercife furniilies the faiwilv v.ith all the n'.ccllaries ot lite, at le.id, wiib. all that they
reckon as fii>.h, tii.it is, uit'i iood and cioatiiing. J)Ut this chara>.'tLr ot a gre.it
huntlman is nof ealily acijuircd, for before you arc reckuiied lo, yju mufl h.ive killed
at k\'A\ twelve large beads in one day.

The I'lMti'is h.wc twoconiiderable advantages l>cyond us in Europe-, fur, in the fill
place, no obd.icle is capable of flopping them, neither thickets, ditches, m.iriht', n r
rivers. Their way is aUvay^ tlic nearifl, tliat is, forwards in a ihrecl line. Then theic
i> no animal, how tleet loever, which tliey cannot overtake by mere fwiitncis of foot.
.'Xnd we are toM, th.it it i> common enough for them to come iiome leading a ilrovc of
be.;rs into their village like a llock of iheep ; and that the fwittell deer, thougli I will
not venture this on my-o,\n authority, is hot fwifrcr than they.

Fiwmer'v the hunter had little benefit from his abundance ; every one took what
fli.:re of the fpoil he plcaled, leaving the proprietor little belides the glory of labour-
ing for the public advantage. He w.is however, .u liberty to make his own family
a prelent ot the (iril fruits. Tliis Was tlic cullom (ormerlv, till the arris. d of the Eu-
iri'Ciim^ wliole ill example has in a great mcalurc delhciyed thi> ancient and moll com-
mendable Ipirit of difi'iterefledncfs, leaving tiicm tiuir own fcllillincfs in e\c!iange.

The fealon tor hunting the bear i;, in the wuiter, when thefe aniinah retrc.it in; ) the
iiollows of trees, or, when they find them fallen down, make thcmfelves a den witii the
root, the entry of wiiich they fill with branches of fir, where they arc perfcltly iccurc
fr.)ni the feverity of the we.ither. If they ihould tail nf either of thole onvenitnciei,
they dig thcmfelves a liole in the earth, taking jvirtieular caro, alter they iiavc retired
intt it, to llop the mouth ; and tlii, they do I'o well as 1 imetimcs to elude the cioleft
learch. Hut, liov.ever they happen to be lodged, it is certain, they never once llir out
the whole winter. It is equally true, that they carry in with them ii > manner of pro-
vifion i fo that all thii long feafoii the be.ir neither eats nor »lrink>. .^11 he d.Ks is con-
dantly licking his paws, which are laid by fomc to a fiord a fublbnce trom whence he
draws all ids iiouriiliment. I:, very one, however, is at liberty to jiids^c ot it .\< he thinks
fit, tliou;;h it is undeniably true, that the experiment has been made by chaining up
one of tlmll: animals for a whole winter, wiiliout affoniing him the leall nouriihmcnt,
and at the end of fix months lie has been luuiul a. Lt as in the iKginniiig.

There u no need of much tourling to take the bear ; the onlv thing required is to
find out the place ot tlieir retre.it in an) conliderable number. When the hunters im.i-
^inc tliey have diieovcred their liaunts, they form a large circle of a quartv-r of a league
round, more or lets, in proportion to the number of liuntcrs. They afterward', adv.mcc
«irawing nearer one another, every one making ftriet fearch as he goes tor thv* rctrc.it of
thefe animals. Hence, if there he any K>dgcd in all tliis ip.icc, it is d-.theult for them to
clcapc, the IniH.ini being excellent fjr.'tts. On the nioirow the huiuing begin* after
the l.inie niiii'Ri, and fo continues from day to day while the leafon lads.

, for cvrrjr
liie.imt "t
!iy drcaiiH
.li is gciic-
\ncc tiincs
lil.iiict, or
him, or at
't hunting,
elect wiio
t) be of the
:A hirnklt",
tro/cn, let
very thiiv,%
us toiu'hi's
lue^yriv.- of
tlic mines
1 the lime

\n .illiancc
lie this cx-
th.ii they
ot a gi>..tt
uvc killed

,n the fi-!l
irilit«, II r
riicn thiic
:1s ot foot.
.1 I'row of
jugh I will

took what
ot laboiir-
\vn t.unily
of tile Eu-
moll tom-
!;.ini;e.
Mt int ) the
n wit!i the
Ctly iceurc
ivtnitneiei,
i.ive titircd
the elofeft
ICC ftir out
i;r of pro-

I.KS is COIl-

IV hence he
« he thinks
li,iiiiii)g up
urilluticiit,

juircd is to
inters im.i-
if .1 league
■i'i udv.iace
r rctre.it of
or thein to
icginj after

of CANADA,

As fonn as a Iwar is killed, the hunter puts the end of liib lighte<l pipe into his CCTfmom.iu*
mouth, and blowing at the head of it till the bear's throat and wind- pipe are full of aiicrTu'mtn-
tiie (moke, ccniuies his (pirit not to be anj;ry for what injiiry he has dune his body,
and not to oppolc his fuccels in liis future huntings. 'Die huntfman, to know whether
hisrei]uett is granted, cuts the lUing or membrane under the tongue of the bear, which
he keeps till he returns to the village, when all of the party, after many invocations,
and a deal of ceremony, throw thofc expiations into the fire. 1 1 thole membranes crackle
and iliiink, as how lliould it be otherwife, it is looked upon as a certain lign that the
angrv fpirits of the bears arc appealed j if otherwife, it m concluded they are dill
wroth, and th;'.t the hunting of the enfuing feal'on will he unprofperous, at Icaft till they
have lovind means to retuler them propitious ; for there is no inconvenience which
they cannot remove by lomc religious '.ercmony.

The hunters live well while tiic fcafon larts, and if tlicy have anv fiicccfs at all, they Pr-fiibe
bring home liitlicient to feail their friends, and to maintain their tamilies tor a conii- S""-
dcrable time. The flefh of this animal, Imokcd in the chimney, is cllccmcJ good
eating by the hulioin, tho' it would hardly go down with an European.

The reception the fportfmcn meet with on their return, is every way worthv of the
high notion they entertain of this cxercife. Nothing is to be licard but the praifes
of thole heroes, who wear Inch an air of importance and lelf lufllcicncy, as if they
were returning lo.iden with the fpoils of a conquered enemy. A grand repaft is given Therhfrt
on this occaf.on, and to leave none of the vi.imls lervcd in it, atibrds anotlicr llrong ''"''''^■' ■«"•
fubjed of vanity and panegyric. The pcrlon who hid the honour to be the diredor
of the hunting, is the difpcnfer of this treat, and the f.ril difli is the bear of the largell
fize, which is fervcd up whole, with his entrails, and wi:!iout fo much as flaving it,
for they chufe to diels the tlelh in the ikin, as we do that of hogs. This feall is de-
dicated to a certain genius, whole wrath they believe tiicy (liould incur, were they to
leave the lead mcrkl. They arc not fo much as to leave the brotii in which the car-
cale has been buikd, tho' it be nothing but the fat melted and reduced to a perfect oil.
Nothing can be worfe food than this, which alway-, proves mortal to one or utlitr of
the guelh on this occalion, and man) if them find thcmfclves very much indifpoled
after thcfe unwholcfome rcpalls. ^

The bear is lujt a dangerous animal in C.tinada, except when he is hungry, or after fiwrj not
lie has been wounded. It is proper, however, to be always upon your guartl when ''.■"'*■'''.'"""
you approach him. They are leldom known to attack any perlon, and they ge-
nerally take to (light on feeing a man, a dug being all that is ncce/Taiy to drive them
to a great dilfance.

In the month o\' [fnly tlic bear is in rut, at which time his flelli is fo lean, and of fo I'liti'^ frfh
difagreeable a taf^e and fmell, that even the //;./.■..«*, who have not the mofl delicate T'j''"''^ "
palates, will Ic.irce touch it. He is alfo at this time fo fierce, that it is dangerous to
come near him. After this lie recovers his complexion, by means of t'le fruits he then
finds everv where in the wo(xis, and uf which he is (xtreiiuly greeily. The grape in
;iaitKular is Iks favourite didi, for which he will climb to the top of the tullell trees ;
Imt lliould A hunter perceive him, he u fure to pay for it wiih his lite. Atter he has
fell a conlidcrable time on thole fruits, his Hcfli acquires an excellent rclilh, which it
prcferves til! the fpring, thougli it has always a rcmaikablc licfce'f, from its extreme
oilinels, which, if not ufcd with great moderation, never tails to occalion the dyfenterv.
It is, however, very nou; idling, and a bears cub is reckoned, by thole who have eat
ut thi^ lort o I food, not at all inferior to lamb.

Th.c hhiiii'ii always carry a great number of dogs with tlicm when tliey go a hunting, /,y.„ j,,„
whiiharc the only domcftic animals they keep, and are delliiied f)r this ufe only. <■•■■"•• t"'«
Thcle, in ap[>earaiice, are all of the fame fpecies, with cred ears, tluir mu/zlc lonu-
wh.it long, like th.it of the wolf, and remarkable for their fidelity and atfeition to their
mafler^ who never carets, and, in other refpedts, take but veryjill care of them. Thcv are
trained early to the exercilc for which they are intcndrd, and are indeed excellent h/ntcrs.

The !''lk is an animal formerly common in North ytm:Tiiii, and of as much utility, l.lk licicrlxJ
with relped to tr.ide, as the beaver itlclf, hail they not been extirpated, or at lealf
driven very far iVom the Eiiropian colonies by thole who went to fettle in thole parts.
VVlvit is I, died in L\:niiJ.t the elk, goes by the name of the b.lan, or Ci'rcat Head, in
dtTnuinv, /'ci'.r.'i/, ,iiid Kii/fij. This animal is of the lizc ot a horle, or ot a mule u\ .Iti-
'.'ir^iuM li.tfuc; is Very broad over the hind p.Jts ; his t.;il no linger than one's

K tin::er ;

34-

N A T URAL 11 I S T O R Y

(Iclh

finger ; the haunches very Iiigh, witii the legs ami feet of .i (Ijg ; tlu; wahcrs, neck,
and upper part of the thii;!is are covered witli long iiair ; the licail is more than tvo
foot long, which he ilrettlKS out ltni;thwife before him, giviii'j; liimleU hy tliat
means a wry ungraceful appearance ; tlK muzzle ii thick, and brndb downwards al-
moft like that of the camel ; and the nolliila are f ) prodi^^ioully wide, that you may
thrull your fift and half vour arm into them, liii antkrs are as 1(j:ii', as thok- ot the
ftag, and much more fpreading ; they are ;iat and hjrkeil, like thule ot a doe, and <ljoot
anew every year.
\irtuc cfi' '' '^•*' ^^'■'^" *'''*^' ^''"^^ ''^"^ ^"^ ''^ fuhjedt to the epilcp'y, or tallinii; fickncis, and tliat,
hoot" " when tl-.e fit leizes him, he recovers Iiimlvlf by Scratching his ear with hi^ Icit Iiin.! foot
till the blood comes, Tliis tradition probably gave occafion to believe tJie h(;of ot
this animal a fpccific againll that diforiier. It i» applied to the heait of the patient,
which is alfo pradilcd to cure an extraordinary palpitation. It is alfu given into tiic
patient's lelt band, to rub his car with it in like manner ; though 1 lli.juld tliink it
reijuilite, in order to exped the fame etfect as in the cafe of tiie anim.il, to nib it, as
he does, till the blood comes. This Iioof, when t,.ken in powder, or iniufed in
water, is reckoned very good for the pleurify, colic pains, tiie tUiv, vertigo, and
purples. It is faid, that the Algor.quins, wlio formerly fed on tlie tltlh of tliis ani-
mal, were veiy fubjedt to the filling fuknels, but that they did not iii.ike ufe of this
remedy, prob.ibly becaulc tiicy were acquainted with a better,
fie- nf hii The ikin if the elk is a mixture of a light grey and \\ dark red. T!ie hair of it
hiir,ni:n,.,nJ jjccomes hoUow, as the bcall crows old, and never llieds, nor lofes its tlaflic or
fpringy virtue ; for let it bedcprellld wit'i ever fo much care, it alw.iys riUs up again ; ic
is commonly ufed for matralles, and ftutiing of fuddles. Tlie tlcih ul the elk is of an ex-
quifitc relilh, light, and very nourilhing, and it would really be a matter imicli to be
regretted, did it communicate the king's evil, as loinc have imagined. The Ir./ub
hunters, who have lived whole wiiucrs on it, declare they never felt tiie liiiallell incli-
nation to this diforder. His iTiin is very llrong, and ot an oily fottnefs ; it is drelfeil
like lliammy leather, and makes excellent buli-coats, v.hich arc very liglit.

The In.iitirn look upon the elk as an animal ot gtnjd i/incn, aiui believe that thofc
who dream often of it will be very long lived. They have a very dii^'eient notion of
the bear, except when they arc going to hunt thofe animals, 'i'liey have alfo a
tr.;dition amongrt them, which is angular enough, that there is one of thofc elks fo
much ill fi/e above all others, that, in comparifon ot him, the rell appear like fo many
piliiiircs. ilis legs, fav tliey, arc to tali, that eight feet of fiiow i> no manner ot in-
convenience to him. ilis (kin is proof .ngaintl all forts of weapons, and he has an arm
froceeding from one of Iiis (boulders, which he ul'cs in tiic I'ainc manner as a man.
le is never without a gieat nunilH:r of otlier elks in hi^ retinue, who tuna bis court,
and do him all manner of ferviccs. Thus ihc ancients h.i<l their I'Livnix and Pfgafus,
and the Chiiujc and j\p,iiiije their Kiiin, their lu\ their // j/it Ihit^ci:, and UirJ
(f ParjJif;

The elk loves cold countries ; he grazes the field in fnmmcr, and in winter he gnaws
tlie bark of trees. When the liiows. .ire ileep, thole aiiim.ds alleir.ble in herds in tome
pine wood, in order to lliclter themlelves from the fevcrity of the weather, where
they remain while there is any fotxl tor them. They are calily liunted down at this
time, and tlill more I'o when the fun geti heat enough to melt the fnows : tor, as the
froft in the night forms a liard crull on the liirf.ice of thote fnows which have Ikcii
melting in the ilay time, the elk, wlio is very heavy, breaks it witli his hoot, and wounds
his limbs in it, which lie is fcarce able to extricate fioni the holts ht has made. I'x-
cept at thefe times, and efpecially when tlie Ihosvs are not deep, it V> very ditlicult and
even dangerous to come near him; for when lie is wounded, he is \ery furio'is, and
will turn boldly on the hunters, and knock them down with hiii hoof*. The w,»y to
cfcape from him is ti throw him your c(jat, im which he vmII difclurge all lii? venge-
ance, wliilll the hunter concealing liimleif b.iiind fome tree, takes m\ op|>ortunity to
liilpatch him. TJie common pace (jf the elk is a hard tnit, wliich is almolt as fwitt as
a but^alo can run. He holds out a long time, but tlie I/i.hj/ii are lliil U'tltr runner*
than he. It is laid, tliat he falls down on his knees when he drink-, tats, airl when
he goes to llecp ; and they add, tli..t he has a liiull bone in his heait, which Inriiig
reduced to powder, and taken in broth, brings forward tlur bnih, .mA mitigates
cliild-bcd paint.

Tlic

/>?/■.;» n.i'.'on
01 inccl'.

elk. "

thr.

of C A N yJ D /I.

Tlic mod northerly IiuUaiis oi Cunailti luvc a vv.iy of iuintinr*, t.'ic (.11;, wliicli i; very
^mjilc, ami not at .ill d;ingcious. The Iminirs (iividc into two Uuiit^ j one tmhark:.
on buanl canoes, keeping at (omc didaneo i\um the other, ami <t.miiiig together a

■iiiipic wuy
.: hunii; v.

jiietty

ar;ic

Icmicirtlc, tiic extremities uf which toiicli the bank;; ; the ither hodv

whieh remains ailiorc, range themfclves jirctty much in the lame form, and at lirll
(nrround a eunlklerable fpace ofground. The hunters tlien let lixjfe tiiLir doj^s, which
raile all the elks within ihofc bounds, drive tiieni towards t!ic canoe', and at la(l force
t'x'in into the river, or lake, where they inllantly receive the fiiv.- of all the tanues, fo
tliat very rarely fo much as one of them efcapes.

VLuiiphnii fpcaks ' •" mother way of hunting nut only the elk, but even flaes and
cariboub, that lias lome relation to this. They iaelofe, lays he, a cettain portion of the
forcll wnhllakcf, or piles, interwoven with branches of trees leaving only one narrow
entrance, in which they flretch thoni;s of raw liiJes. Tliih inclofure i.. of a triangu-
lar iorni, anil hom the an^-lj wlv.rcthe entrance is, ar.other triar.glc i, confliucted,
much larger than the fjrmer ; thus thef.: two cficlolures cnrnmunicate one with the
other, by the two angles. Tlie two Ikies of tliis feeond triangle arc furrounded with
piles in the fame manner, and the hunters drawn up in one line, fjrin tire bafe of it.
They afterwards advance, but take caie not to break the li.ic, drav.nig nearer and
nearer to each othen, with loud (hunts, and beating fuuij inllrument which makes a
prodigious nolle. The beads, thus drove from one hde, anv! finding no way of cfca-
ping to the rigiit or left, and belides being dunned and llartled by the nolle, have no
other way left them to clcape, but intu the oths.r inclol'ure, and many of them are
can'.;ht by the neck or horns in this pafiage. They make prodigiou- eltbrts to extri-
r.ite tliemlelves ; fometinns they break or carry away the thongs and fumetimes they
ftrangle themfelves, cr at le.id, die liunters, by this delay, have time tf) (hcot theni,
Tho!e who clcape this Inare are dill in as much danger as ever, and have too little

lii'jii.

room, in this fmaller cne
all fuies.

The tllc has other cncmic
mod dreadtul of thefe is ;' ■
of which is fo long as to w
red. As foon as this huntc

lofurc, to lluin the arrows that are (Lot at them fn i!i

'Hic

tliat make as cruel a war upon Iiim as tlie Indlam. The
ou, or Quinc.ijou, a lpecie» of tlie cat kind, the tail
'•'A times r>ain.l his body ; hi; hair is of a browniili
...ics up with tlie elk, he leaps upon him, fixes on his
neck, round which he twines his long tail, and then cuts hi^ jugular. The elk has but
one way left to ihun t!ii. difader, which is by tluowing himfelf irito the water the
moment he fimls himle't in the hands of this terrible enemy. As the carcajou c.n-
not endure the water, he immediately quits his hold ; but if the water be too f.;r ol't",
he has time to dedroy his prifoner belore lie reaches it. As tills animal is nut en-
dowed with the molt auite I'mell, lie ;;enerallv carries three foxes along witli liim,
which he ieiui:> out on dinoverie.^. As lo;!n as they get fcci.t of an tlk, two of them
place themlelves one on each fi.ic, and the other direitly behind liim ; and in this
manner they manage matters fo well by harratllng the prey, till at lad t!iey ftncc
him to betak-.' himlelf tothe place where tiuylefi tlie Circajon, with whom thjy .'.tter-
wards I'ettle tb.eir liitlVrent proportions of the i'poil. The C'arcaiou has lllll an.:tiier ih.i-
tagem to catch his prey, which i^ to climb a tree, where laying himfelf flat along lome
proj>eraiing branch, he wait; till foine elk p.idcs, and thrown Inmfelf upon iihii tiie mo-
ment he perceives him within reacli.

Tlv; dag al ('.r.'iUj 'w in all rel'pects the fame with ours in pMrcf',-, only 'iimeuh.»t
larger. The lii..';.:r:i however feem not to trouble thcmfclvo much abijut tliein, »t le.id
I do r.o: find th.it they make war upon the dag in form, and with the fame ceremony as
wlitn they hunt the bear and c'k.

'1 he Caribou is ,in anim.d not quite fo tall as the elk, has more the appearance of an
afs than ;i mule, and is as fwilt as tiic dag. 'I'here was furmeily one of them
ieen on Cape Diiims'tJ, near i^t4i!u'c, which had probably been purfued by tlie hunters ;
biit he was not long in perceiving th.it he was in no place <.f l.ifety, fo he maiie but
y'W. leap thence inti the river, which he fwam over with the fame Licility, but all to
no ptirpi fe, being killed by (mne C.,tit,:.i:a':i, who we;e g'lng to war, aiul then en-
cuuimI at l\.ii: L,ii\ on the ojijiulite fide. Tiie tongue of this animal is much
tdeiiMcd. It.', tine country i-. prol),d)ly in the noighbourhoud I'f Ihiafjn'i Biiy ; for
the Meur ^i '''"''"> ^^ho pallLl Icvtral winter-, in thele Noithcm part-, fays, that be-
tween llui'i/l Ki\ei ;uid I'uit Nc/Jit, there are prod.ii^'vu- numb.r.- .11 tl.c fuinmci,

K ^ v,!nc!i

!*1

I 'I

[ I

. n

i-,;

NATURAL H I '• T O R Y

which hclng driven from the woods b tlic (warms of gnats and pu'-riicf, come to rc-
frcdi thcnifelvts by the !"c.i fide, and that tor tlic Ijucc of forty or fitty leagues togc:hcr
you continually meet with licrds ot thcin of a tlioufand in a herd at Icafl.

It docs not appear tliat the caribous have inultiphcd greatly in the mod frequented pla-
ces of Canadtt ; elks, on the contrary, were to be met with every where in prodigious
numbers, and miglu have made a very confidcrable branch of traiic, as well as a greai
convcnicncy to the inhal->itants, had they been better enan.iged. Hut this has been lad-
ly negleded, and whetlicr it is by the multitudes killed, or that by hunting they have
obliged tliem to remove to other parts, nothing is rarer ti>bc met with than an elk.
the In the wcfter I and fouthcrn parts of LtiiioJit, on both fnUsthc Miffifipfi^ the hiwuing
mod in vogue, is that of the Buff' which is done in he manner following. The
hunters draw up in four lines, f( n - ig a very large fijuare : f!cy begin by kttin^'
fire to the graf , which is dry at t'' >r 1 .-afon, and very rank : aftcrwanls, as the fire gets
ground, they advance, conftantly c ' ,ng nearer and nearer to each other. The buffaloes,
which arc extremely afraid of thv iirc, fly before it, till at laft they are pent up in fo
narrow a fpace, that few or none of them cftapc ; Icldom a party returns from hunt-
ing the ButTalo, without, as we arc told, killing fifteen hundred, 01 two thoufand of
thofc animals. But left the different companies of hunters fliould incommode one ano-
ther, they agree upon tlic place of hunting before they fct out. There arc even ftated
penalties for fuch as tranfgrefs thcfe regulations, as well as for thofe who by defirtiiig their

F)oft fuffer the prey to cfcapc. Thele penalties are in general, that every perfon (hall
lavc a right to rii-privc the delinquent of his fliarc of the fpoil, anil even to take his
arms from him, which is reckoned the greatcft r.ffront that can poffibly be given to an
Indian^ and to de(froy his hut. The Indian chiefs arc equally fubjcdkd to tho(e
puni(hment8 with the rert of the company, and thofe who Hiould attempt an exemp-
tion, would probably kindle a war that would not eafily be cxtinguiflicd.
BuffJ.iofCj. The Buffalo of Canada is larger th.in ours in Europe ; its horns are low, fhort, and
naJaitiah'i black ; a long h.iiry beard dcicends trom its muzzle, and another frory the crown of its
head, which (alls over its eyes, and gives the creature a moil hideous look. It has on
its back a bunch, beginning from the haunches, and increafing towards the Hiouldcrs.
The front of this bunch is higher by a cubit, than the hinder part, and three fingers
broad, and the whole bunch is covered with long reddidi hair. Tljc reft of the bo-
dy is cloathed with a bla«,'. wool, which is highly valued. It is faid that the wool of
a Buffalo weighs eight pounds. This animal is very broad ar the chert, pretty flendcr
at the loins, has a very (hort tail, and almoft no neck; but its head is much bigger
tlian the European Buffalo's. He commonly flies the mon»ent lie difcovcrs a man,
and a dog will drive a whole herd l>c!brc him. He has a very quick fcent, and you
muft always be to leeward of him, before you can get near enough to ih.oot him,
withou* being difcovcred. But atter he is wounded, he grows furious, and turns upon
the huntc-; and he is no lefs dangerous when the temalcs have newly broua;ht forth
their young. The flc(h of this animal is very good, but that of tlic cow Buffalo is
only eaten, the bull's being too hard. As for the hide, nothing can exceed it; it is
eafily dreffed, and tho' it is exceeding rtrong, becomes full as Ibtt and fuppic as tlic
bcft fort of fliammy. The Indians make targets of it which arc extremely light, and
almoft mullcct proof.

There is anotlicr fpccics of the buffalo in the neighbourhood of Ilud/in's Bay, tiic
(kin and wool of which is no lefs valuable than tho(c of the buffaloes I have \uA now
mentioned. The account which M. "feremie gives of thcin is, that at fittcen leagues
from the Danijf: River is the River oj Sea IVohes, (o called from tl.e gre.it numlKr of
thofe animals that frequent it. Between thcfc two rivers is a lpetie> oJ biitFahx-s, c.dled
Miift Luffilo Mu/k Buffaloes, from their fmcllin§, fo rtrong of that perfume at a cerciin time of the
year, that their flefli is not eatable. They arc covered with a very iinc wool, and
longer than that of the (heep in Barhary. I carried, fays he, fome into France, in the
year 170H, of which I caufed fome pairs of (lockings to be made, which were even (incr
and more beautiful than thofc of fiik. Thefe buffaloes, though (hiallcr tlian ours
in Europe, have much thicker and longer horns, the roots of which meet on the
crown of their head, and coming down clufe by the eyes, ahnoll as Ijw .is the throat, the
ends of them afterwardi turn upwards, and form a kind o( crckeiif I have, fjys \f.
yeremir, leen a pair of horns which wtiiihtd lixty pounds when (eparated (run the (cull.
They have very (hort Icg^, fo that, when they walk, their wool traih iipuii the ground,

which

C y1 N yl D A.

imc to re-
s together

icntcil pla-
proJii;ioas
as a grcai
bcxii l.id-
tlay h.ivc
an elk.
ic hunting
ving. The
by llttin^'
IC fire gets
; buffaloes,
t up in fo
roni hunt-
loufand of
e one ano-
cvcn ft.itcd
irtiiig their
erfon lliall
to take his
given to an
d to thole
an cxcmp-

fhort, aiAd
rown of its

It has on
: Htouldcrs.
ircc fingers
of the bo-
le wool of
tty flcndcr
uch bigger
crs a man,
t, and you
n.oot him,

turns upon
)ught forth

UuiTalo is
ed itj it is
jpic as the

hght, and

's i?.;v, tlic
fc jurt now
ccn leagues
luinilKr of
l(xs, called
ime of the

wool, and
»«((', in the
; even finer

tlian ours
icct on the

tliioat, the
Vi-, fays M.
n the (cull.
he ij;roiind,
uiiich

.#
'%

which renders tlicm fo unfhapt'.y, lli.it at a dill.nec voii arc at .i I 'I's whcr-- to I'>o!< (or
the he.ui. Ab tiierc is no great number (il thole animals the I'pecies would lorjn be-
come txtiiid, were the buitam to be employed in liuntin;4 them. lUfuk!., tin; lliort-
ncls of ' .cir legs makes it c.ily to kill them with launccs, wlieii tiie Inow is deep, \\\

whitli tale tni.y

cannot t'oliib

.lb

ipc.

\da

the Roe-I)Uck, whieli ditll

•:.i.U<

.dlUlu

ours, 'll.is creature is laid to llied tears wiien he lees himlclt reduced to extremities by the (^^
liunters. Wiien he is vouiv.:, iii» ikin is m.irked v.ith llrijics <^f ilitl'crent colour-. kn;^th-
wile ; alterwaril--, this hair lalK oil, ami in pl..tc ot it ^'lous .uiotlicr lort, whiili i- of
tlie common colour of this animal. He is not ut all fierce, \:. ealiiy tamtJ, and is natu-
rally ioiivi of tnan. The tame females, wlun pr';ud, will go into the woo!-., and, utter
(lie li'.s had tiie male, will return to her ma(kr"!j houle. When llic is rciuiy to brin:;
fortli hu' voiiiig, ihe retires to tiie woods again, whence, after (omc time fpeiit in liick-
lin;'., (li;; comes b.itk in the lame manner. She i>i mnil.uit in her \ilit>. to hi.r oll-
fpring ; t!ie maflcr follows jier vviien lie lee fir, and t.ikcs the young, svhich (he after-
wards nurl'es in the houfc. It is fomethin;.; llr.m.^c, tli.it every houle in Laujilj
is not lupplied witli a lar^c llock of thelc creatar^'' ; the liit'iin:^ liuiit tliem only
occ.ilionally.

There are alio in the forcds n{ QinjJa a grct multitude of Wolves, or r.uher Wild- w.ic •
Cats, for tliey have notliing of tiie wolf, excejit the iiowling of that anim.d ; in ..vtry
other rdJKCt they are of the ieline kind. They arc natur.illv hunter'-, li\'ng loleiv tni
the llclli ot' v.ii.it otlier animal they arc a1 le to catch, and uhlcli they pmlue to the
tops of the tallert trees. Tiieir tledi is white, and good eating; tlieir h.iir and ikin
are well known in l-'r.irur, and make one of the fincll furs of all this country,
as well a^ the moll conliderable article in its commerce, lint a greater value llill i-- put
on a fort of black fiv, that live, in the ;ni)untain>, in the north part of this province. '^"'•^ '^■''•
I iiav..; Iiowever lieard, lay-, my autiior, that the lur of the Ruf/i.in blac!; fox, and of
thole ill the North of L'//rfl/^■, are in llill greater requell. Thev are, however, ex-
tremely rare, even in CumJa, pr.)b..My bec.iule ot tiie di'iiculty of catching them.

The moll common fort,-) here, aie thole who ii.ivc black or grey hairs mixed v.ith ii^'.i- rivj.
white ; others of them arc entirely grey, and others ot a c irrotty red. There is a fort "'-'•'■ '"'"'• ■
of tiiem found about the I'ppcr Alij/i/ipi, the Ikin ot' wliicli is of a lilver white, and
extremely beautiful. There are all.) tige., found in tliete parts, and wolves interior in
fi.'.e to ours. The foxes lumt the w.iter-lowl in a very l.i;.',aeious iiianner. They ad- >; „., .._ „f
vance .1 little into tlie w.iter, tlien they retire, m.ikin.', a thoul.iii.l antic motion-. o;i the :*■■'.■ 'i
banks. Duek.s biilhirds, and fuch like fowl, are t.d^eii with thi.i .unul'ement, an! draw
ne.ir the fox, who, to lull them into a llill greater leeurity, remain^ very qni-.t .it tirll,
only ni.:!;ing a lew luotioii'- with hi-, t.iil to ilraw them llill ne.irer. The moment he
thinks himt'clt lure of them, he flies at them, and rarely fails of luctel-^. Th-.- InJiiim
have brcvl up dog. to the lame excreile, which they perform with admirable dexteri-
ty; thole d; g>, too, make a very cruel war on the fo\c .

'I'here i- .i kind of I'olc-Ct, e.illed, i.'ij.rit ilu duil'lc, or Brtc pUiin!', th.it i-, the i?c- :v;;--ci:
vil's imp, or llinking heall, bec.iufe its urine, which it dilchargcN when punueil, t..int.^
the air for half a quarter of a league round, lor in other relpect-, it i-. a verv beautiful crea-
ture, <'f the li.'e of a finall c.if, Init thicker, its hair ihiniiig or glolly, ot a greyiili call,
with f.\i) llruke> ot white forming an oval from the neck to the t.iil, which is Inilhv
lik, th.it of' a f)\, and carried eiect over the back, jull like that ol the I'quirre'. 'I'hc
fur of tm.-. .-•lim.d, as alto that (jf the Fckan, another creature of the wil.i-e.it kind, al- ,).|.^, |,..;-.
moll of the lame iv/.c with tii.)i'c of /'.'rt/Y/ii', that of the otter, the common pole-cit, t... > .ii..m..L
the llotc, the Wiiol-rat, the ermine, and martin, are wh.it i-; c.ilKd t!ie M'tUi Pi'k'
ti-r:r, or li liir furs. Tiie trmir.e is ot tlie li/e of our tquirrcl, but not to long; the
fur of it i> of .1 beautiful white, and it lias a long tail, the tip of whieh is jet bKuk.
Tlie M.irtin i- not to reil .i.> thole of I-'rirut-, but the b.iir of it i^ muv h liner. Tiiev
generally keep in the mi, Idle oi tlie wood?, out ot whieh they never lUr, but ciiec in
two or tliree veais, .ind then alwava in large bodies. I'lie [•iJijui are perlu.uled th.it the
year in wiiieli thele aiiim.iK are leen to come abroad, will be a good hunting year,
that is, there will be a large fall of fiiow. The ikin of the m.u-tin i-- lold in Cttiiadit

for .1

t->uu crown, even tlic mo;

all Old

111

'our li\ res and upward

iry

foil, for lucli a> are brown I'eteli tweiitv-

rhe

N A T URAL HIS T O R ^

I •;.!

fii'in thf jH)lc-t.
tliii-k

■It in tills oalv, that tlic Ii.iir of tiio former

cr. Tliclc two .u;mi:

i!>

|Mcv upon

tlio biiils ;ii'ii cvc

II upon

WooC r.U.

TIk St.)tc ilirrlr
blickfr, lonutr, .iiul
thul'c oi the lair^lt li/f, .\nd in.ikc v.ill 'ivitrudlion in hcn-ronlls iiiil puii'i-on-houlcs

'Ihc \vo>)ii-rat is twice as large as th<' rat ot /•././ yr. 'i lie tail ot tlii^ cuaturc is bulhy,
ami tlic hairs of it ol a hv.v'i''.:! lilver rrcv. '1 licrc arc tvcn Ionic ot thctn entirely

white, a

mi that nt' an extu'nielv heaiitilul i 'iour. 'I'he Liiiale ha^ a ba;; uiii

iler I

ly, uhich th'- opens ami lliuts at ple.iliirj : In t!.:. l\r^ llie cikIoI.s her \ouiu; when
purine

IC IS

J, and riies with the buntcn for I'atctv.

Sitiirnl.iiiric As for tlic Siiiirre'., there are vall nnnil.ers ot thtm in this c.>\intrv, as thcv arc ne-

ver iiiolc
from ours

vinirre'., there are vait nnnu.ers ot tiitm in this oiintry, as t!
Iclleii. J'liev are ifilliii'.'uiilK\l into lliiei: Illrt^•, the reil, wliieli ilitl

thoic ta

Ilea .V

I ///(■;, w

hich

arc loinewhat Inialler, anii arc lo ea

ITS notliin'/.

Kcaiiic

lied I

their ikin is marked with red, blaek, and wliite ihipes lent-thwire, not unlike the
1 tiie tiyin;', lipiirn., < '"mueh tlie lame fi/e witli the Su-ifs, tlic

it that thcv ac-

Pope's lSu'v/j j;;uard< ; am

(l^iii of" which I'ort, i^ a d.;rk urev. TIk

called tlyinj; Iqunrels

tuallv fly, but from their Ipringin^ from tree to another, at the dillance at leafl

ot tCrtv paces, and when they leap tVom „ (iiperior hci;^ht, they will llioot double
th.:t ^.illaiicc. What uives them this extraordinary at^ility is two membranes reatliiii;:

btt\
tove

the tore and liind kgs of the lame lide, ab:)ut two iiiclies broad, very thin, and
■-d will) a very thin down, iiillead of hair. 'l"ius animal is very ealilv tamei

om, as he makes his lairc
wherever lie can, in your pockets, tlceves, and cutVs of" your toat. He generally gives

ane

1 very lively, when he is not alleep, Uut tliis is very leld

lis ma

iKr the prelerence, ;',nd will rniL'le him out from a Icore of pcopk

Hue .-.r.a
ral'ba.

'I'iie i'oic'.ipii'ic of (.'<.7/./</./ is of the li/e ot" a niiddiiiig dog, but Ihorter, and not (jnitc
fo tall. Its hair is ab.iut four inches long, of the thitknels of"a tlendcr ffraw, white,
liii'low, and very tlrorg, particularly th.t on the back. This hair is all tlic weapons
be has, whctlier of the ottenliv-j or d.etenlive kind ; he darts it at om e ..t whatever
attempts liis life, and if it pierce ever lo little the tlelli, it mull be drawn out immedi-
ately, otherwife it penetrates to its whole length, for which rcalon hunters are very
cautious of letting their dogs come near this animal. Its flelh is very '^fioA eating ; a
ri)alk'd p. ircupine being accounted not .it all interior to a pig.

The ILire and Rabbit ot this country arc exactly the tame with ours in Europe,
evcepting that tlicir hind legs arc yet longer. Their fkins arc of little or no contc-
cuencc, as the hair is always coming o!t, which is a real lofs, as their fur !< very fine,
.\\m\ might be ulefully employed in the making of hats. In the winter i'ealon, tlieic
animals turn grey, and rarely are feen to come out of their holes, wlicrc they live
on the teiidcrelf br.uithts of the birch -tree -, in the luinmcr their hair is red. The fox
in.ikes a continual war (jn tholi: animals ; and the luJuins catch them in winter on
the fnow withgiii', when thcv go forth in qtnil of food.

The U.ittlc-Snake i- the only reptile worthy of notice in this country, but I'o well
knoivn that we lliall pafs it over, and prcKced to the birds that arc inhabitants of dintithi.

The forclls of C'ti'itiJj are by no means lo well pr>iviilcd in biriis either witli
rcfjiect to iiumlH.rs or variety, as the (eas, lakes, and rivers, an* witii filics. Theie
arc I'ome however wliit'i have their merit, and are jK-culiar to h'.rth Amcncj. Here
liofivoarc cigles of two forts ; the largcfl have their necks and heads almoll white ; they
give ch.icc to the hares and rabbits, whiJithey cirry otl" in their pounces to their
nclls. The other I'ort arc Urey, and ]irev u|>on birds only. Hoth kinds are excellent
>K' tiihcrs. The falcon, gofs-luwk, and tallel-h.iwk, are exactly the lame With tliofc in
Eurrpc; tlicrc are bcfuics a Iccond fort of falcons, that live entirely on filh. Tlic
partrid^'cs o\' QitiiJi, arc of three forts ; the grey, red, and blaek ; thele lall are the
Icall Valued of the three, having too much the flavour of the grape, iiiniper, ami fir-
tree. Thele have alio tlie head and eyes of .i phe.ilaiit, and their ticlli is of a brown-
ilh colour, witli long tails, fprcailing like a fan or the tail of a turkey-cock, ami of
an extraordinary Ix-auty, fomc of them iK-ing mivt with red, brown, and grey, and
otliers a ml'.ture of light grey and brown. Ail thefe f.jrts of partridges arc however
larger than ours in hiircpc, but lo rcnurkably tame, that they lutier you not only t"
llj(;ot at them, but to tome very near them.

Ikliiics fni|x-s which arc c.vcellent in thi. country, and the linallcr fort of water-
fowl, which is found every where in the greatelf abundance, you loinetitrcs meet with
wu)d-cocki near Ipringt, but in no great numbers In the country of the Ilirt'ii, and

I'-iftrulirr

tl.ltc !j:t

ill over t'.ie louth paiti oi La/iaJa, they are m greater plenty.

M. D:fm,

Of a A N A D A.

.^0

tiiiincr !•;
even upon
nn-lnuilc-^.
c i^ bulhy,
in cntialy

uinItT lur
iiin^; when

icy .'.If tie-
rs ni)!lun;»
ni Ikc.iuic
iiiiliki- t!ic
.S"«/'/J, the
.It tlity ac-
ILC .it Ic.iil

)()t jlnllWc

:s rc.Khiii;!;
y tliin, luul
ilv t.imcif,
s liis l.iirc
cr.illy gives

d not <|iiitc
.i\v, wliitc,

K Wc.ipoP.S

t wli.itcvcr
lit ii)iiiic\!i-
m arc very
1 cMtiiiji; ; u

ill V.uf'pr,

no tonlc-

< very tmc,

alim, thcfe

they live

'llic fox

winter on

but r.) well

cither with

ics. There

,1. Here

vliite 1 tlicy

CCS to their

re excellent

■ til thofc in

tilh. The

A\ arc the

XT, ami (ir-

)t .1 brown-

>ik, anvl of

\ I'.rey, aiiil

irc however

n"t only t<>

•t of w.iter-

s meet with

Hindi, aiu!

M. Ihfns,

M. Di'tss, a Frrncb writer, who refuieil fonie time on thi. toiiiiiicnt, alTurc

tint

the U.ivi'ii oi' (..iii.iJii is quite ab good eating as a hen ; winth may Ik true of ylaJin, "jvm:
tho' iliiulithii with icl'pcd to other parts ot CiinttJ,!. 'I'lie raveii-. are lometiiing lar-
ger tli.m onrs in i.urr.ji,-, hlatlier, an<t iiave a liitteient cry. 'I'he Olprays, on the eon-
trarv, are Inialler, and their note liy no means fo difau,recal<lc to thj car. The (^wl of
CuiuiiJ tiittv."i from the /Jr-^/'w;;; only in tliat ic lias .i

Imall

wiiitc rnv' round it->

!)«:,

nc'.k, with a pcnih.ir lort of cry, Tlie tlelh nf this Mnl is goud eatiiiL', „iid many
nnler it to a l).uii-iioor fowl. 'Ilie winter proviiion of thefe owls eonlills of fieid-miec,

in whieli tlu V o

)bferv

e a

(in"ul

ar piece oi a'coi.omy in ore.ikina; their ^:g^

;ttcr-

w.mls fattening them for ufe on occafion. 'I'lie iJat of this country is larger than tliolc
tiic iiuuuns and I'vvaliow? iiere are I'irds ot paflage as in our hemilphcrc,

if /•;

Tlie firll arc not black like ours, but of a biov. i!'::ii rod. There arc three lorts ot
Larks, the linuliell of which is of the fizc ot a fparrow ; aiul this lall dittlrs ahi) from
our fp.irrow5, and tho' it retain^ the lame qniliiie';, has iur.vevcr a very difagrecable
aljifct.

Ducks arc fiund in proviigions numbiT« in tiiis c-iuntry ; of tliofe bird,> tliev
reckon two and twenty dirtcrcnt kinds. Tiie moll be.uitiful, and bell to cat, arc
w hat the I'rencb call hrancbiS caminls, from their perching on the branc'nes of trcis.
Their plumage is moll l)cautifully diverlilied, and the colour exticmclv brii'ht aiui
vivid. Swans, lurkies, moor-hens, crane-, teal, geele, tuill.ini^, ;iiid otiur large wa-
tcr-fo>vl, are found every where in the gre.itcll abundance, except in the neighbourhood
of plantations, where they never come.

There are M.igpics of two colours; fomc are all white, .:nd others of alight grey;
and both mikc excellent foups. The Wood-jicckeri are beautiful to a:imir.ition.
Tiicrc arc of tiiem ot all colour-;, others entirely black, or quite ot a dark brown,
except the he.id and neck, which are of a motl bciutiful red.

1 he ThruHi o\ C.'ti.iu'ilLi is very like ours in h'.uro,\\ as to lliapc, but h.-.s (Mily h.ilf
tlie I Iiarins of the other's mniic. Tiic CJoldlincli has n.it near fo br.uiti:ul a head as
the EurcpCiVi, and all its fcatiiers arc ovcripread with ;' mixture of yellow .uid black ;
1 can f.iy little of its note, as h.iving never Jecn one in a cage.

The forells of CitfiaJii are full of a bird of tlie lize of a linnet, which is quite vel-
low, has a very llcndcr neck, and a very Ihort fong, witli little variety in it; 'I'liis
bird has no other name than that of its colour. Hut the iieil mulician ot .ill the
CantiJ.'u.'i groves, is a fort ot ortol.m, the plumage ot which i< of an aiii-coloiir on
the tuck, ..lid a white on the belly, whence it i,-. called the white-bird, yielling nothing
to the pipe ot the thrulli in Eurc[>c ; but the male is the only long-bird, tlie temale re-
maining mute even in a cage. This little creature has a very th.irmin ' outiide, and
for ats rclilh well dclervcs the name of Ortol.m. It is not certain to what (juarter
he retires in the winter-feafon, but lie is always the tirll harbinger of the fpring.
The fno.v is Icarce melted wiien thclc birds are found in great muItitUvics in lonij
parts, at which time you may take what i|uantity you pleale.

About a hundred le.igues Imith of LvamNy you begin to meet with the bird called
Cardinal, lune of which lort have been brought over to I'iirii. The ivveetiiel> ot hi*-
fong, ami the beauty of his plumage, which Is of a tine carn.ition, and a little tuft which
lie has on his hc.ul, not unlike the ciowns wi:h which painters adorn liidian
kings, fecm lutHcient to entitle him to hold the fcejitre amongll the feathered kind.
He his, however, a rival in this country, capable of engaging every vote, were tlie
charms of liii mulic equal to thoie of his outw.iril appe.irance, 1 mean \>. iiat they
call in our country /'Oijtjti AEih/y, or Humming liirJ. Ihi-. name is "iveii him tor two
reafoiis, the lirll is, his diminutive lize ; for with all Iiis feathers, he is no bigger
than a common May-bugg. The lecond is the great bu.^zing noiic he makes
with his wing;, pot unlike that of a large tly. His legs, which a;c an ineli
in length, arc like two needles. His bill is no thicker thin his limbs, and lr^;ni
this he thrulls a tongue, or r,ithcr a lliiig, with which he pierces the flowers, ex-
tra<;ling the iuiee, winch is iiis common nourilhment. The tem.dc has nothing gau-
dy in her outlidc, is (jt a be.iutiful white below the bellv, aiul a light alli colour
every where ellc; but the male is a perfect icwcl. I roin the top of In-, heail riles u
linall tuft of black, the breall is red, the belly white, and the back, wings, and
t.iil of a vivid green, with fpccks of gold diipcrlcd over all his plumag<-, which

L 2 Ui\is

n ,

Svi ill.m.

Lark
Spar.-ow.

I5;n.k-, :wc.i
I; t\» J lyij

\S\iCcr !ua1.

r;c».

(xjMi'ii.ih.

w: w i:,d.

S.ry-; .■» or;o-

C'i.!ln.il lii.-J

i;^;...i)c.;.

v\ 1- •,! ;, .

lir'JUia; I C-. -

f '.'

4»^

Cohi

NATURAL HISTORY

tlvcs it an artonilliin;: IkmuIv in coniunc'linn with .m iinpcrtcptil'Ic ('own tli.it lorriis

tiic (ol'tcll .mil l\vci

ttll ily

IS iiiLi-iinal'lc

J'i'"tlljOf C:

\\:.t tr.-c,
IMU IoUj.

f'' li. Sdiuc tr.ivcUcis liavc toiifomulcii tlii-' binl witli tlic C'oliviy , ..lul iiulccil tills up-
"'■ pcirs tube a Ipccio ol tlioic birii'- 1 Imt the I oliviy ot the illc.-- i^ (umcwhat larger,
has a much brii;hti.r |ilu!naj;e, iinil tlic bill rcciirvcil or bcndinj; downwaiils. Tliis bird
is laid to have a vcrv naKuiious pipe ; which, it tiiic, is a ijrc.it aii\antapc over thi*
()ii'i\tu Mciiif.'.-, (<r hiiniiniiij; bird, \vhiv.h lias mi Uhv^ at all. He has alio a very
llron;4 and ninil^lt tliijht -, now yon Ice him on a (lower, and a moment alter he (jH^ngs
;'.hnolt perpendiciiL.rlv up into the air. He is ..llu a declared, aiui indeed a very dan-
gerous entmv to tiie raven: On leting one ol them he ijuit.^ his food, darts hinilelt'
into the lir like liuhtenln^j., gets under Iiis win;.:, an! pierces him with liis fiing, fj
tli.it, whether bv the tall, or bv the wounds, he tumbles dead to the ground. '1 htl'c
birds arc very tender, and arc thetciojc very careful tv< prevent the firll tominj; ot the
fi<)ll«. Thev prob.ibly retire towariis diroli'uj, wlierc they .ire laid to be I'een only in
winter. I'liev build however in dm.iJ.i, liangini; tlieir neils on the bou_i;hs ot trees, in
I'ueh manner, that thev are llieltered liy their pnlition ("rum all the inclemency ot the
liir. Nothiiv.: can be nc.iter than thole nell.s ; the bottom is tompoled ot little bits of
wood, int^i woven tin;ether like balkct-work, and the inlidc is lined with a lilky
fort of down. Their e;.;;.:^ are of tlie lize ot peal'e, with yellow fpots on a white ground ;
they are ^ener.illy l.iiii to l.iy three .it .i time, .iiul lometim.s they v.o as t.ir as live.

As for tiic forcfls of CtnuiJii, which cover almolt the whole continent, tlicy lecin
to be as .uicienl as the world iti'elt'. Nothiiiij can be nobler than tlic prolpc(Jt
thev atiord, the trees piertiiv^ the very clouds, and in fucli variety, ih,:t there is pcr-
Jiaps no m.\n livini^ aciiuainted with lialt the ilitierent Ipecies to be found in tliofe parts.
As to the iil'es they are eap.'.ble of lervin^, they arc lo many that it is iinpoliible to c-
numer.itc thetii.

'I hole kinds which llrike the eye of a flrangf-r moll, on iiis t'lrll coming into tliij
coiir.trv, are the pine, the fir, and Uie cedar, all which are ot an hicight aiu! th;ckn«ls per-
fectly "oniihing. There are two forts of pines in tliis country, both very proper tor
inakii!^ of pitch and tar. The white pine, at leall, lome of this fort, produce at their
apex, a fort of mulhroom, like tinder, which the natives call (iimricti,', uled bv the
InJiiiKi a;:.iiiill diliirders of tlie breail, and tlie dyleiitery. The red pine is more gum-
my or reliii'^us, and of a drongtr lublKincc, but not io large as the wlnte. The laiidi
which proiiuec both forts arc not the molt tavourable tor corn, being chielly compo-
led (jf gravel, land, and elay.

Tliere are tour lorts ot firs in CaniuU ; the tirll refemblcs ours in Europe; the
three others arc the wiiite-priekly, the red-prickly, and the fpruce lir. The fccond
and fourth forts grow to a prodigious height, and arc excellent tor malls, tfpeciallv
the white-prickly fir, which is alio very proper Ut c.npenters work. 'I'his tree gr<n\s
\Vr.i!<- , ikiy generally in moirt and bl.ick loil«, aiul Inch as alter being drained are capable ot hear-
ing .'.11 lorts of grain. Its liurk is Imoolh and Ihining, and is overlpread with exu-
dations or Imall bliikrs, of the li/c of a kidney bean, which contain a fort of tur-
|K'ntinc or ballam, a lovereign and Ipccdy remedy for wound:, and alio extremely
I'eneficial in cafcot Iradurcs. It has l>een allertevi that it cxpds te^crs, and iiires p.nns in
the breall and l-iclly. The way to ulc it is by mixing two drops ot it with broth or
loup. It h.;s alio a purgative quality; this is what is called '\n Eurcpf w hite l>.ilfam.
The red-prickly fir is nothing like the white; the wotjd n| the ret! is heavy, .md
may be uletully employed in ihip-builJin?, an i in carpenters work. The'e trees
[•row commonly in clayey and gr.ivelly loils. The fpruce fir produces gum, but not
ill any ijuantity worth extratting ; the wooil (it this tree lalts a long time under
grf.iiiui without rotting, fo th.it it i^, extremely proper tor makin;', leiues lor enclofures :
'1 he b.irk ot it is very good lor taiinin;,s aiut the In.ltani dve a cul.ur with it lomc-
ihing like a deep bluv.. The lands where this tree grows arc tor the moll part clayey,
iho' there are linnetiims goml numbers ot them to l»e leen in f.iiuiv places; but pof-
liblv under th„t land m.;y be l..yer, of a clayey, or perhaps a richer mould.

'1 lie ced..r ot diiuititi is ot two lorts, the white and the red. 'llieie l.ill .ire of the
largelt growtli, and generally uled tor paling and [lipc-llavts, on account ot its lightncls.
There is a lort of incenie tiiat diftils from .t, but it yields no truit like the ccilars of

l.r, 4f,:

lifii piicK'r,

.it.U l^(un I.,'

Mount /,;/•,.

Tlv

e ici

I eed

ur IS not onlv not lo

t.dl.

but alio lleiiderer than the white.

ill I'lopo.-tiu.'i to Its hei;^iit. The iiioll rtiiLukable duurtnce, howeur, ii that tiu-

odour

•^rg

of C A N A D A, • +1

r.lnnr of tlu white 'v> entirely \\\ the leaves, ami that of the other which is much prc-
fcireil, in the wo(jil only ; neither of tlicfc trees, anJ cfpctialiy the white will grow
in anv but the bell <-f loils.

'rhtre .\ic twrj forti of oaks foumi over all C<xn(idii, diftinguiflied in like manner in- o»j<. »hitt
to the white ami reil o.ik. The firft are oltcn met with in low, humiti, and fertile*'^
i.mih, ;iiul inch as ar- proper for producing of corn and pulfc. The red fort, the
wood of wliich is aifo Icfs \aUjtd, grows, on the contrary, on dry fandy places; both
(orts bear acorns.

The Miple is alfo very common in Canadti, fomc of which grow to a prodigi- Mjj-le.
ous thickne^, and very good pieces of furniture arc made of the wood. 1 hey gene-
rally grow in hii;h lands, and fuch as arc very proper for fruit trees. What they call
i\v: Rlhiii- in tiiis country, is the female maple, the wood of which is much clouded,
but paler than the male fort ; in other rtlpedh it has the (hapc and all the profierties of
th.it tree j but it thrives only in moill and fat l.mds. This tree atibrds great quantities
of a O'olini; .uid wholcfoMic liquor, from which they make a fort ot fugar by a much
(liorttr prfKcf^ and a lels cxpcnce than that of the H'fjl Mies ; this is alfo reckoned a
good pcdor.il, and very ball.imic.

Tile cherry tiee (bearing a fmali bitter clicrry) found ainongrt maples an*! white wood,
is very proper for furniture ; this tree produces much more liquor than the maple,
but it is bitter, and the fugar made of it, never loles its dilagreeable tatlc. The In-
Jitins uie tlit bark of it as a remedy for certain diforders, incident to the fair fex.

There are three forts of alh trees in Qi^tiJii, that called Fituicy, the lueltizzo or ■'^^' J lo"*.
mongrel, and the ballard alh. The firll fort, which grows amongtl maples, is proper
for the carpenters trade, and for Aavcs for dry calks. The Iccond has the fame u-
fes and qualities, and like the baftard, grows only in low fat lands.

They reckon alfo tlirec forts ot walnut trees in this province ; the hard, the foft, ^^'l'"' "f*.
or tender, and the third fpccics, wiiich has a very thin bark. The hard walnut tree' " "'*'
produces very Imall nuts, plcafant to the tafte, but which lye long and heavy on the
ilom.ich ; the wood of this is only tit for burning. The foft walnut tree has an ob.
long fruit, of the lize of a I'rrfub walnut, with a very hard (liell ; the kernels
of thefe are excellent to cat. The wood is not quite to fine as ours in Europe,
but in return it is almotl incorruptible either in the earth or under water, and ex-
tremely difticult to be burnt. The third fort produces a nut of much the fame
fizc with the Hrrt, but in greater quantities, bitter, and enclofed in very thin rtiells.
Thefe nuts yield an excellent oil ; there dillils from the tree, a water mucii richer
in I'ugar than that of the maple, but in fmall quantities. This, as well as tlie foft
Ibrt ot walnut trees, grows only in the richefl foil.

Ijcech trees abound in thofe parts on particular fpots. Sometimes they arc found ^^|',^,','*,
on landy hillocks and at others on the richetl low-lands. Thefe bear great quantities ii^tci cJ.cir)
of matl, from which it wo.ild be n ) diliicult matter to c.xtrail the oil ; the bears and ""
partridges Uibfill chicHy on this fruit. The wo(mI of thefe trees is extremely foft, and
and very fit to make i ,irs for boats or galleys, tho' oars of canoes are made of maple.
White-w>>od, a r[H;cics of the poplar which grows among maples, and the bitter cher-
ry tree, arc very plentitui. Tliele trees grow very thick and llreight, the woo»l is ve-
ry even, eafily worked, and fawed, makes excellent l>o.ird>., and thick planks, aiul .dlo
(Lives (or calks. The I'lJIjm make ufe of the b.irk to th.itch their cabbins.

The elm is very conimon in every part of thi~, province. The kiiuls are the white, H:m, »hi:e
ami the red; the wood of the red is liariler, anil much more ditlicult to work, but it""* ""^
is alio much more killing. It is the bark of the reil elm ot which the I'lJiuns m.ike
their canoes ; fome of which ntade of one lingle piece, arc capable ot containing twenty
pcrfons. Some ofthcle trees are alfo hollow, and it is in thole cavities that the wiLl
cats and bears t.ike up their lodgings from the month of h'ovi'm'h-r to April. The "''■"'■
poplar is commonly lound al >ng the banks of rivers, and in m.iilhy place-'.

The woods attl.rd great nun.ticrs of phmib trees, loaden with fruit of a \ery ih.irp Pl-imb ;r«i.
acrid taile. Lc I'lnapicr or vinegar tree, is a llirub with a very large pith, which \ Hitgar, pe-
produces a Hiarp kind of fruit growing in chillers, of the colour of bullock'^ blood. """^V*'"*
Thefe are inluled in w.'.tir, .md make a I'ort t>\ vinegar. The /Vw/'/-, another plant fiirubi'
peculiar to this coniitrv, is a liitierent ihrub, growing along the (ides ot rivulets, and in
meadows, wliiih alii) l)j..n, a i.liilUriiig fruit of .i very ill. up ..nd allringent tallc. TIktj
ire lliiee lurtj o; 'o.jil.crry trees, natives of tlii". country, and exaCllv Inch as thole ot/>.."'C(\
" ' M ' ' The

i ll

1 1

' 1

♦a

San llowcr

Of the Ofis^i'iy Langua^Cy Rcligiotiy (townimcnl^ &:c.

The fort cal'icJ Mcuct jiro-.v, here, a< in /•,'/</ '/•<•, in wools (ir ^^rov>'. Tlic Irult !■? a
fovcrcigti and molk ctlic^>.iau!> rciiialy tor the ily tnttry, wI)iJi it rcim-vcs in \iry
little time. The //<•(/. .i'.'i dry or pulcrvi; them in the Uinj lu.iimcf as \vc d.» cher-
ries in Europe,
Atnca, white The atoca is a fruit prowing in po is, of the fi/e of a cherry. Tiiis plant wliich
iliorn, anj creeps along the gronnd in iiurlhy places produces its fruit in t!ic w.itcr. It has a
couun urt. j|^j|.j, j^i^g ^u^j jj y,-^ J j,j tjoiitcdions. The white thorn is fomul on the hanks ot ri-
vers, and pnwlnces plenty ot triiit witli three lloncs, which is the tood of tcvcra' wild
bcalh. \Vh.it they call here the cotton tree, is a plant wiiich fprouts, like alpari^'U,
to tiic height ot about tliree tlet, and is ci owned with fcvtral tutts of llowcrs \ thcli;
are (liaken early in the morning belorc I'le dew is oif them, when there tails from
them with the dew, a kind of honey, wiiich is reduced into lu^!;ar by boiling ; the teed
is c.)nt.iincil in a pml, which encloles alio .i very tine lort of cotton.

The Heliotroj>e, or lun tlower, i, a plant very common in the tields lulon^in^^ to
the I/iJitJus, and grows to the height ot (irven or eiijht ttet ; its tiowcr, which is very
l.irje, rctcmbles very much that ot the mangold, and its teed is dilpolcd exactly in the
tame in.inner.

TIic Indu'.ni by boiling it, cxtrad an oil, witli which they anoint their hair. The
M;i.r,l.iJ:ic> legumes, or greci.', which the ^lu:ri^iists, or ancient inh.ibitants of Cttiui.la moll
commonly cultivate are, mai/, or /"//'/Yv-corn, kiiincy-Ican--, p'unpion", .ind melons.
They have a kind of ponipi;)n much Imaller than ours m Eur ,'", but very I'wect to
the talle. Thcle they bun wh»le in water, or roall in the alius, an>l to c.it them
without any aditional l'eafon;:i;:. The lihhum knew the ule ot both common and
water-melon, before the arrival of tiie Elwop^m in this country. The tirft was lull
as grioil as tlu)le of E'rjti, -, efpecially at CLumbh, where they are in great abundance.
The hop'!, and capilaire, or maiden h.iir, are alio t!ic prodii*llion ot IJHiiJa, and thii
Litter prow> to a greater height, and is much prefcrr.ible to that of I'ljucc.

In tiic Southern parts ot CantiJj, arc multitudes of vin^'; it is ubout the entry of
the Lake Ontario, where you lirtl meet with them, aiul that in luch numliers, that
there is Icarcc any tree without a vine, which climbs to the top ot the liighell of
them. Vines abound as much, we are allurcii, all over the country as tar as Miwico.
The branches Ipring from a very thick Hem, and bear multitudes of grapes ; but no
bigger than a pea, which is owing to their want of pruning and cultivation. When
ripe tliey atibrd a plentiful repall tor the bears, who mount in quell ot them, to the
tops of the loftitll trees, ^'ct they have only the fragments left by the bird«, wh^*
very loon reap the vintage of whole torclls. A> to limples, tliere is a great variety, and
amongll thole many which arc peculiar to Ciinatia ; but to give the detail of them all
would fwell this account to too great a bulk, and would require a volume to thenilclves.

\'.nri ofC

•Mid.

•Ml?

Of the OrigtHy hanguagcSy Religion ^ Go-ccrnment^ GeniuSy
ChiiracJery Alanners^ and Cafloms^ of the different
Indian X<2tions inhabiting C.\n.\d.\.

TII 1". fiift Indiiin lution we meet witli in our voyage from Kur'^pe to QtniiJ^t
is that of tile I'.Jkiiniiux, a people inhabiting tlie inimcnle .uid frightful loli-
tudes oi Ltihrju'.r, litn.ited on t'lc N'orth TkIc ol the (>'ulph of .SV Luurt'Ut,
anii ot the illaiul of Ni\i'j^u'i.l!,iiul, whither tl:cy make unmul e.\curlioin, it
being dtmbtcJ, whctlier tlKre are any other iiili.il)itjnts, bcfides tho;l- ilying coloiiies of
the EfKtir.aux, to l>c found on that ilhii.l. Here they pal. tlic i^rcitcll part of the
year, and eipccially the lummcr, bviiig em})! lyt.l in llic cjiiimon t.xoicilci of
lavages, Jiuiuing ami iill.ing, which cunlUtute ail tlie arts known or praetiicJ
among ihcnj. The l.jkinurux, though Icarcc ninnerous enough to pcuj)'e two or three
lorry villages, polJcIs, or rallier raii,;c t]»rou.;!i, an inimei;lc t.vrtnt ot country, Iving
btztwecii the river .V/ Lawcuce, CaiuJj, and tlie .N'l ithern Ocean ; and lomo ot tiiciu
li.ive I'cen met witli .is tar a> the n\er U:u'Lr, x'.iixli, fi^vvin^ ifom tl.>: NN'cll, du-
charges itivif into ILJj'.'i'ii lJu>\

The

OjtwirJ ilc
lirjptiun.

Tli'lf genlili
.ttisi iii.ii ncr..

Of the (iiffercnl Iiuli.iu Nations inhahiting Canada. 43

TI.c rriiMn olilii-i nam of V.jhmaux is doubtful, thoiig!» the mall probable ctymn- Ofii-ormme
loi^y (it it i. tr.iiii tlic . I /,'ifiin word E/fninitt'if/Ic, \\\.A \t, Eatrn of raw Jlijh, In
la.t, the hJkiHuux .irc tlic only ludiam wc kin)".v, wlio tccil on raw riclli, though they
.UL- i.ot li: v.(,vti, ;;;iior.Uit <■! the tnaniicr ol 1 albiij; it, or, at Icall, drying it in the
lull. It i^ alio (.crtain, tliat ot ail the known nations ol W//;»7/V</, there is none tliat
aniwtr the nofi >ii we in I urcfc at lirft entertain of the inaiiners and qualities ot la-
vi.'cs inoiL th.'n t!ii . 'I'licy are alio alinoll the lute pioplc in /Imciii.i who have any
In lids, wliiih they h.ivc naturally lo thick, that thtir fate is tovercJ with hair up to
the VI ry ivi', and it is with dithtulty one is ahle to dillinguifh the linalleil feature or
liiu-aintnt <m a liiim.in tountcnance in thcin. Tiitir air is, moreover, to the latl de-
gree hi koiis i little \\'m\ haj;i;ard eyes ; black, ami linictimcs flaxen hair, kept in
tlie m i\\ hi;;htlul dilordcr iniayiiuble ; and thtir whole outlidc very much like that
c>t brute annuals.

Thtir manners and tharat'lers arc Uith as, in every refptfl, jurtify tlie iinprtHion
one rtctiv-s of them Iroin this horrible phyfiognoiny ; they .\rc hcrte, I'lvaye,
ttlHtIs, lulpicious, anil extrenitly delirous ol Join;; milthiel to lliangers, who tan
never In; IntHiiently upon tlieir guard a^ainft tlitm. As for their genius, and the
qualiti s of the mini, we have lo little commuincatinn with thi'^ nation, that we are
not luilititnt'.v qnalill.d to make a jul\ cllimate ol them. Thev have, howevti, a-
bui..l.ir,ee of .id.trel's in doin.i miiehicf : 'I hey have been often knu-.vn to cut the cable*
f)f(l;ips at anchor in the night, in order to make them lufi'er ihipwreck on their
toaft, that they might reap aifvantagc Ir.^m rl;cir dirtrtfs, They arc even bold enou^^li
to .'.ttack them in the lice nf day, if they happen to dileowr the crew to be weak.
It has always been impolilMe to civilize them, lo that there is no dealing with them
but at the end o! a long pole. They not only keep at a diilance from Eufl>i\in. but
even rtlufe to tut of any thing prelentcd by them, and in every tiling take lb many
prci.autioiis with rilpect to them, as not only to betray an infinite ilillrull and fiil'pi-
cion on their livle, but alio to give grounds for the fanje fcirs fr un themlehts.
The Ejktmaux are tall of Hature, and indifferently well made, and their ikin is
quite as faii as that of the Eumfeani, owing to their never going naked, fuinmcr
or winter, Kt the heat be never to excellivc.

Some derive their pedigree from (iiiiUlanJ. Their flaxen hair, their beards, the Thnt origin
whitenefs of their ikin, their linall conunerce and refemblance with their neighbours,
leave no nnjin to doubt their having a different original from the other Anienca'n.
This conii'Chire therefore is not improbable ; as we may luppole no nation will much
value thcmi.lvts on the honour of an alliance with a people, who arc as inhofpitabic
and unciiltiv itcd as the coun» ;hey inhabit.

Their i.'>.thes tonfirt of a Ihirt, mavic of the bladders or entrails of fillies cut
inf ) bie.»dlh«, and tdirably well fewed together, over which they wear a fort of
cloik. made of the ft ins of bears, or other wild bcalls, and even ibmetimes of
the ikins of tovvis. A fort of cowl, ct cap, of the fame llufTwith their lliirt, and
lowed to it, covers the head, and from the top of it riles a tuft ot hair, which falling
down hides tluir firelie.ids. The ihirt reaches to ^he loins only, and the clo.sk
hangs down b.tore as far as the thighs, and behind termin.itcs in a point fomewhat
l)clow the wailt. The women however wear it hanging down on both fides as far
as the ii;id-lij:, and fallen it witii a belt, from which hang linall bones. The men
wc.ir biccchc made of' ikiti'-, with the hair inwards, .ind covered on the outlide with
ermine, or fume liich fur. Tiicy wear alto tlockings mailc of Ikins, with the hairy
Ijde invvar^'t, in the lame manner, and over thele, fur-btwts, witli the luir as the full,
then a fecund p.iir of lb)ckin'.;s, and another pair of boots above that ; and tlu)le
lbx.kin^',s .mil boots, it is laid, fometimcs trebled and qiiadriij>led, whith, with all their
fiKiimbr.iiKt, hin-ici" not fhol'e [•iJi^int from l>eing very nimble. Their arrows, which
arc their only arms otl'enlivc or delcniive, are pointed with the teeth of the fiili called
the fea-to'.v, to \\ hi Ji thev alio add iron when they can get it. In lummer they are
kn )vvn to live ni'.;ht and d.iy in the 0[H.'n air : In winter they live in caveins under
gri)imd, where they are crouded one ovtr another, probably for the better keeping
cat the cold.

We are \crv littl." acquainted with the JriJi,i>:<, living round and above ///d.'-
f.:':: /)<.'v. On the Soutlurn parts of that bay ind-.ed they carry on a tr.ide with
the Mjlitjiiii, M njlrii^, Cr:jltna:x, .iiul yliji.'iilxj-:!^, thelc lall he very remote, and

M :. iiihabic

.C'lo.ilhinj.

n.ui K.>.

:.*;

Of the Origin^ Language^ Ri'ligio/i^ Cover ft/ntfi:, &c.

S.i'XtlfCII IVi

«i in.

inhabit the banks of u lake lyin,', to the Nortl), atiJ Nurth-Wcil «)f the Sioux, a
dialcdt of whole language they l[>fak i the tlircc othirs talk the /A,, '"<■''' Ian!;ii.ige.
The Cri>tin,:us, or Ku.ii'.inouf, (.(jiuc Ironi tiit couiitrio l\iiig »iii the Nuith ihure tit
F-akc Suft-rior.

The I'lJijns in the ntighhoiirluKxl of the rivers li'^ur/wn aiul .SV Tlyr/'.i, h.ive no
affinity in point of lant;ii.i);e with cither ; thi v nj.iy pHlihly iiniUrlliml the h.i'/:.i"i,ju.y,
who have been ken very hig!) above the numtii ot tlie tivcr. Thcle Irrlu'is arc
obfervcil to lie extremely rupeillitious, aiul ncvi-r to pcrturni their worihii) wiihout
lome ibrt of (acrifice. Thole who have moll trenuentctl their country, athini thun
to have, like their brethren in Cit'uiJii, notions of ^ooii ami evil genii ; that the I'un
is their principal deity ami that, when they are about to ilelitieiate upon .my atVair of
importance, they caule him to l>e linoked ; a ceremony which is jcif rnieJ in tlic

."iirokirg ihf manner following. They alFemble at liay break in the cabbin of one ot their chiefs,

'""• who, after lighting his pipo, orters or prelents it to the riling fun, then guiding it

with both hands Itum I .ill to Well, jmpl res that planet to be propitioii> to the
nation. This done, all th jU' who compote the alFemljly, Im 'ke by turns \n the fame
pipe. All thcfe InJiiini, tho' there be ae'tually five or fix ilifferciit n.itions of tlicm,
arc comprehended by / 'tWit autlios, under the general ap.llation of »V./au'»c/i, from
the nature of the country tiiey inh.ibit, whiJi is low, Iw.mipy, anil iII-wikhIciI, tliolc
drowned barren laiuN, benig tilled Sjv.irifs in (.,n:tiJ,t.

/•Jijfof'he Higher up the bay Northw.irds, you meet with two livers, one calleil /./ mvc/r
' " DiVtoifi\ or Diiiui rivi-r, the other la nvcif df Loii/> Mari/t ox iint-H'Jvi'i rivfr.
On the banks of thefe live teit.iin I'lJmm, called, tor wli.it reaf m it i^; hard to fay,
by the name or rather by the niciv-n ime of F/uts cJi'f dc CLhch, that is, /,- u/jw,/ D gs.
They arc often at war with the Havitnnis, tho' neither of thefe nations treat their pri-
foncrs with that cruelty, common to the CaiuJun J/iJum, l)eing latislicd with mAing
ilaves of them.

The S,r.itfiois are fomctlmes reduced by famine to inconceivable har.Ilhips, whe-
ther owing to their natural l.izincl^, or to the barrennels ot their lands in fome le.ili>ns,
in which their harvtll fails them. When thcle inconveniences are attended with
a fcircity of game, and a b.id liihing feafon, as they arc then in pcrfei't want of fuf-
tenance, fome have made no ftruple to athrm, that in this con;unC,turc they cat one
another. The coward is g'-nerally the firll vidiin to necellity, and, it is faid, it is

. ijir^'f !'. cullom.iry among them, wlien thev come to fuch an .ige as to Ik- no lonfftr in a condi-

Umt Jinu Ctl* ••■II l""i* * I '*"■ I *

li.t tion to be krviceable to tlieir timilies, tor the jktIom in thele circumllanccs to tie a
rope about his neck, prcfenting the ends of it at the lime time to the child tliat is ddreft
t) him, who flrangles him with all the ijuickncls he can cx.rt, and believes he has per-
formed a meritor.ous adlion, not only in putting an end to the luffcrings of his lather, hut
alio by promoting his h.ipjiinc!^ ; it being an article ol fiith among tJiole I'lJiam,
that thole who die old are V irn .igain, and take upon them a fecond life fin earth, begin-
ning at the ftatc of infancy as before, and that he, on the tontraiy, who finilhc* hij life
betimes, and belorc he is old, b.i. oincs lb on his arrival in the other world, or, .is
thev call it, in the country of lnu!<.

i'he young women amongil the ^nvivrit marry not till their parents think fir, who
alio make choice of him tliey are to elpoule ; and the Ion in law i> oMiged to live
with ids father in law, in entire fubicdhon to his will and plealurc till he has chil-
liren of his own. The young men cjuit their fithcr's houk- bcti.ues in order to lliilt
fur their lively hood. The i'./'.i;/;5/i burn the Ktdiej of their deid, and entlolc their
allies in the bark of tree-, which they afterwards bury in the earth : They thei e-
!e>;t a fort of monument m.dc with |olcs, to which tliey tie tobxC) t ir the u e of
the dccc.:led in the (jther wojld. If the departed were a hunter, \w> lv)W and arrow
are fu!pe:u!ed on it, in honour ol him. The lime of mourning oi .1 mother for her
tliildrcn lurts tlie fpace of twenty f)ur days, duii:;g ivliieh, prclc-i.t^ are made to the
Litlier, who returns thi. compliment by giving a repail. War 1-. lujch leis in lio.
n ),ir among tlicm than hunting -, but, in order to acquire tlie ri-}>ut.it.oii of an able hun-
ter, the c.indidatc for thia dilliiivtion is to tail three d.u^ fiiceeiiivelv, witho;!t t.illiiiij
any thin.T, and to have his lace liaulied with black all the w!;ilf. The fdl ended,
lie (jiTer'i as a l.icrificc to t'le graiul fpirit, a morlcl ot eacli wild lieaft he h is been accu!-
tom^-d to hunt, and it is con.rr.onlv the tongue and the liiotit. or iiuiz/Ie, which,
except on thele otcafions onlv, m; i\\q pirtion >t tlie huritim .:: himf.-ll. His relati'.^n*

touJi

1 M.

Ilurr

kui'.uur

Th
the

Of tie different Indian Nations inhabiting Canaila.

wi
%

ttiuth nothing, ami would fooncr ilic of hunger, than cut of it j he is to treat no
pertuu whatever with it, but his friends or llr.ingcrv

In other relpedts, it iii alhrined, thole ItUiain arc perfcdlly dirmtereftcii, .md of r'u<t> «i'J «
an intorriiptibic hdclity ; that they abominate a lie, and hold all in.iiuier of de- l/J/ ''
ecitiii the utinoil horror and detcftation. Sueli .ire the manners of the Northern In-
iliiim, witlj whom the fn-nJj iiatiuii have never ha.l any eJLbhlhed trade, and eonle-
i]uently arc (greater Grangers to tlieir nunners than thole of the nations toilowing.

Tiiek- may be dillinguirtied into three did'crcnt tlalFes, ■ i iaiiuuagcs, each of which T*"" '»'»
has its [)Ciuliar genius and cliaratler. In aU that vail eAtcnt of country, which is.LS*"
more particularly known by the name of A'lti; rnmn; and whole lunits on the
Ntirth extend to the Hi^hliiii,li near UuJfon'i Hay, which was fettled and contirmd
by the treaty of Utmbt ; and \i Uiunded on the l-'all by the lirilijh colonies ; by
l.cui/iiinj towards the South-call ; and by the Sf'j>ti//j dominions on the Weft, there
arc but three mother languages, from wlience all the reft arc derived ; namely, that
of the Sioux, the Al^onkiti, and the Huron languages.

Tlie full of thcl'e nations is little known, mi more than how far their name or Ian- y„f^ ^f ,),(
guagc may pollibly reach. The hrtucb have as yet had no manner of commerce, 'xcept '"••» Ai .
with the Hioux and the Al/imlnhh, and that not without frcijiKnt interruptions. The "'|"'j^ <>''''-'
iniirionarics attempted to make a fettlement amongll the full of thel'c nations -, but
thu' this cnde.ivour was not arconiplifticil, the people appeared extremely docile. The
ill fuccefs of this entcrprilc is the more to l>c regretted, as no nation could }H)fliMy
i'lTord iKttcr lights, with rel'pedl to the unknown countries lying to the North-wel^ jf
the Mijjijippi, becaufc they tratiic with all the nations inhabiting thofc vail regions.
Tliefe people dwell, for the moft part, in Savannas, t)r meadows, in very c.ipacious
tents, made of ikins, and very ingenioully contrived. Their common fo(xl is wiH
oats, which grow in great plenty in their marlhcs, and on the banks of their rivers •, anu
the tlclh of butValoes, winch arc covered with wckjI, and graze in prinligious multi-
tudes in thole meadows. They have no fixed abode, but travel from place to place in
large companies, like the Tartan, ftopping no longer in one place, than the plenty of
g.mie to be found in it will allow.

The French geographers dillinguilli this nation into the tfandering Sioux, the Stoux p,;},^^,, ,, ^i
of the Si/vannai, the Eaflern, and the lyfliern Sioux ; a diftin«ition, in the opinion ofihe.;«,
fome writers verfed in thole matters, not tcxj well founded. Ail thole Sioux live ex-
adlv in the lame manner, lo that a trilK-, or clan, which has rclidcd laft year on the
liailern ihorc of tiic Miiifipi, will l>e found next on its Weilcrn bank j and thofc j^r-
liaps wh<i h ivc been ken for lomc time pall on the River St Vcter, Ihall now inhabit
lome Savanna at a conli.lcrable diftance from it.

I'he name of 6'/c/-i.v, which has been given by the Fremh t.) thofc InJiiVts, is en- of the rame
tiiely of yvi'ii^ extradion, or rather it is no more than tlic twt> laft lyllables of the '"""^
word i\,iihui;//ioux, the name given tlicm by fevcral nations ; others call them
J\'j.hur//is.

This nation is by far the moft numerous of any wc know in all Canada, and for- Cfopi^nun,,.
iiktIv very peaceable and unwarlikc, till the Hurons and Outaviiis took fanduary a- t..u> aid
iuo:i.;il thcMJ, when they tied from the fury of the Iroquois, or live nations -, thcfe r'»'"''ic
people laughed at the limplicity c*" the Sioux, and foon inllruilled them .i '!.. art
inilit.iry at their own coll.

The.S;5.v.v ha\e a plurality of wives, and punifti adultery with extraordinary fcvcrity. |iy„,|i,
This i:. done by cutting otV the extremity of the nolc of the delinquent, and by cutting tenrj.
the Ikin in form ot a circle on the crown of the head, and afterwards tciiiig it otf.

Cbarl."-josx fay>, he has Ipoken with lomc [icrlons who arc jKrrfuaded, that the
Sicux have the fanjc accent in pronouncing the words of their la igv.age with the Chi- ^^^^^^.^
ne/i', and it would be no dithcult nutter for any Frtncb gcntlcnun, who knew butli ,,t,„ i.^e ,h,
languages, to determine whether this nation derives iis original from that ancient l;^"'/'
oriental people.

Thole who have had any intcrcourlc with the Ajjinifwis affirm, that they are tall <^„^,„-
of llaturc, well m.uie, vigorous, adlivc, inured to cold and all manner of fatigues ; drfcnbcJ
that they pierce their boilics in every part, which they adorn with figures ot I'crpcnts
or other animals ; and that they undertake journeys of a protligious length. There is
nothing, however, in this dcftriptjon much dificriiig from other Indians of this conti-

N nent

aJu*

Of the Origin, Larigua^^c, Religion^ (lover ti»i(nt^ 6ct ,

' !

Rrm.itlublc

nciit known to iis : But tlic grc.it cl;.u.n;tcrillic of tliis nation is, (heir i>hltj;in.itic
temper, wiiich ajuicars loan cxtraoniinaiy ilcgrcc, wlicn toinparcci with the' (>////-
w<;tt.<, with whom they tratlic j who art, on tlie contrary, emlowtil witli an extra-
ordinary viv.icity ami ipirit, always d.incing anil ii^gin;.^ aiul fpeakini; with Inch a vo-
hibility of tongue, and luch a toiriiit ol ixprefli' ii, a^ is rarely to he lunnd in any o-
tlicr Indian nation.

The true r-on!itry of the /IJlinlhcli is ii\ tlie ntighhourhooJ ol a lake of that name
hVe"or"j}i- which is very little known. The common, tho" uncertain opinion is, that this Like is
Kittili. fix hundred leagues in circumference; tli.it ail the roads leading', to it arc altnod iin]iaira-
ble ; that it.s (horcs on all lidcs are moll ticlightfully pleal.Mit ; that the air is very
mild and temperate, tiio' it is commordy placed on the north lide of Lake Su-
perior, where the cold is extreme ; ami that it contains liich a numl>er of itlamls, th.it
its common name in thefe parts is the l.iki- of Ijluhii. Some InJiiins call it Michini-
/>;, that is, the CinJt Witter ; and in taCt it appears to be the bafon, or refervoir, of a
multitude of very large rivers, .us well as fif ail the lakes in North y/mfriai. From this
lake, (.w they, flows Bourhun river, which (alh into Hu/ifr,n's Htiy, the river St l,,iu-
rrrur, which carries its waters to tlic occ.m ; the MiJ/i/i/>i, which empties iffelf into
the (lulf of .Wcv/c". ; the Mi//ouri, wiiich mixes its w.iters with this laft, and is not at
all inferior to it before their juniftion ; and a fifth, which, they tell us, flows Weft-
ward, and therefore undoubtedly difembogues itfelf into the Southern or Pacijic
ocean. It is pity this lake is not known to thole literati who have fearched every
where for the Terreftrial Par.idife, which would have been at lead as properly fixed
■here as in Scuiuiiiut'via. I will not take upon mc to juilify all the accounts which
travellers have given us, and flill lefs wliat certain Inditim rtiate, who pretend, that in the
neighbourho(xl of this lake of the .Ijii'iibwls arc men refembling us Eurrpfuns, and
living in a co.intry where gold and lilver arc fo common, as to be employed in the
mod trifling utenlils. Father Miirj;/,t/r, whodifcovcred the Afi/fi/ifi in 1675, tells us,
in the account he has lc*t us, that icrtain I>iJiiif:s had not only told him of that river,
which takes its rile from this lake, and flows Weftwards, but added, that tluv had
feen large lliips at its mouth. It further appear^, that the j^ljinihicts are the Umc
people marked in certain old maps under the name of Pcuahtks, whofe country, ..c-
cording to lomc relations, adjoins to that of the Crilliruiiix, or Kil/i/linciis.
-1'.' £»< 1 ard ^^^ j-li!^-^^iki>i anil liun.n languages divide almoft all the nations of diriiidtt between
//«rsi.toiig..ci them, with whom the Irt -id' have any fort of commerce ; antl he who ihould be
mad»r of both, might travel over a tr-iiit of country more than filtecn hundred leagues
in extent, without any interpreter, and mi^ht alio make himlelf underftood Iw upwards
of a huiidred ditVcrerit n.ition^ wlio yet li.ive eath their ptculi.ir '.nd liidinct Ianpua'.:e.
The Aigorikin in particular comprehends an iiruncnle Ipace if coiintrv : It bemns
at Aciuliii, or Ncja Sictiit, in the ricighliourlvjod of the <^."iilf of .SV /-<;.vr,7.'rf, and
m.ikes a circuit of twelve hundred It.igucs, fetching a compals frim fhe South-eaft by
the North to the (ippolitc point in tin- .North well It is prLtm.icd alio, that the
H'olf uMow, or Miikingaiii, .uid moll uf the InJia'n of AV"u. Ii.'i["'i;nii .uu\ / /'•^.o.-.-j,
Ipc.ik a diakiit of tlic yJigonUn lani^uage.
/ ,.-..;»r^r . ; . The yl'i'Hiijuii, or C;///.'./!, on thf confines of AVv-/v/if /.;';./, havv.- lor tlicir next
",'"'■• 1;' neighbours tlie /■.■/(•( /'.w/'/j, or Main tn, on the lands adiacent to the river Pi-ntii^^c-
;".".','. ' ft; and further e.idw.ird> .ire the Muz/ith 1, or Soun/u.n, wholv.- onintry is proper-
ly /?(.;(//<; or Novii Scotiii, being the cxtendcil coall along flu- gulf of. S'.' Ljiinni.-
r-.Mching as far as (inf/'r, from whence a certain author has given tl'.ein the name oi
(iii/jh'/itins, and the itlaiuls in its neighbourhood. I'rom heiiee, .is f.ir up the river St
Laurrnce as Siigunuiy, theic is no />;i//(/'; nation to be louiii! , tho' when Cii'htJu
w.is (Irlt dit'covcrcd, and a great m.my years afterward-., they reckoned fcveral nati-
ons within this fpacc, who fpread thcmlelves (jver the ille (jI yl-:lii',jti, towartl^ the
M.nti N'jtri- l)iinn\ and along the Northern (hotc of the* river. Thole nioll com-
monly mciuioiR-d ill the* antieiit leLiiioii-, are the liirfurn::. ., the J'.if'i'i.iihcii, aiul the
M'-'ititgii-.-. They were alio called, and cl[H:cially thelc lalf, the Louyr Algonkin^,
from their inhabiting along the lower part of the river, with relpeet to }^elifc. 'I'hc
others .iTe", for the moll part, reduced to a few (haggling familie:, which wander
from plaec to place, without any fixed rclidcncc.

'I'h:rc were alio lomc InJuin nations who ulcl to frequent CaiaJii, coming from

the

■■*

Iilc.;inafic
lie' Ov///-
iM cxtia-
ui li a vo-
iii nnv o-

thit name

lis I.ikf is

impaira-

iir ih very

Lake Su-

udf, that

Mnfiirii-

voir, of a

From this

St I.au-

itfclf into

is not at

)ws Wcft-

or Pticijic

hcil every

u-rly fixed

ints which

that in the

t<ei:rrs, and

ycd in the

;, tfll'! u«,

that rivcT,

t tin V had

; tilt lame

ountry, ,.c-

i/<; between
) lliould he
Ircd leagtics
hy upwards
I lanpuaj^f.
: It bci^ins
ur^ncf, and
at!)-c.ill by
>, that the

tiicir nc\t

;r rentage-

i- proper-

' L.lll> f/ti :■

K- naiiK- oi
Ik* river Si
en ('</'/</././
cvcral nati-
iiwanli the
moll lom-
cn, anii the
■ ^il^onii/it,
fhc. The
ii-h wander

ning from
the

:i.A

Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 47

the Northern parts, lomctimcs by way of the river ^djttf/zdf)', but more ton\monly ^ '' "■'
by the three Rtxoi\ but it is long fince wc have heard of them. Amonpll "tlicrs, ,':'[,'7^',/,'„"
the AtttkanugHcs, an Indian nation very remote and I'urrounded by otlier nations, n.r.i.
reacliing to the nii'^hbonrhood of Lac Stiinl "Ji'iin, or 6V y^hn's Lair, and even as
far as the lakes ot" the MiJlaJ/ins, and Nemifcan. Almoll ail of tlKiu iiave been exter-
minated by the //-iywi/i, or Five Nations, or by difeales, the cunlenuence of famine;
a diftrefs to wiiich they have been reduced thro" >ear of thofe barbarians. They
are the more to be tommil'erated, if the ciiaradler tiiey bear in the I'rencb writers
be true, that they were witiiout vice, remarkably good naturcd, and exceedingly dif-
pofed to embrace Chrillianity. Their hearty and inviolable attachment to the French,
in wh'ife inttrells they were, and their regard to treaties, arc al!() qualities extreme-
ly worthy c,; our elk-em and commendation.

Between !^(e/>et and Montreal, there are alfo towards tlie 'Three Ri%er<, lomc of -^'(li"'"^ '■•'•
the yligoniin nation, wlio are not, however, incorporated in one village; they traflic '^'
with the French. If what the French writers i 11 us is to be credited, this nation, in
the infancy ot the colony, occupied all the Northern ihore of tiie river, from 'J^uebee,
wiiere C.hamplain found one of their fettlements, and maile an alliance with them as
far as L.ike .SV Peter.

From the illand of Montreal, following always the Nortii coart, you meet with
foinc villages of the i^'ipij/ings, Temijcaniings, Tetes Je houle, or round-heads, Ami- Njtiou» a-
corns, and, laftly, Uutai^ais, or, as fomc pronounce and write, Outuouaks. The firft |'^]]'' ■''''"■"■
wlio are the true Agonkins, and who alone have prelerved the Algonkin tongue in its
original purity, liave given their name to a Imall lake lituated between lake Huron,
and the river of tlv: Ou!„i>.\iis. The Temifcamingi occupy the banks of ancnher
fmall lake, wliieli all.) be.irs their name ; and appears to be the true fource of the
rivtr of the Outaiiuiis. The RMnJ-Hea.h live not far trom ihefe, and take their ^«i'»./<vaj',.
n.imei trom the figure of their heads, wiiicli they Jo elleem a very great beauty,
and, for this realon, it is believed that the mothers take great care to tbrm the
heads of their children uito this Ihape when they are in the cradle.

The Amikouis, called alio the nation of the Beaver, are almoll reduced to nothing; Nitimial-
the remains of them now are feen in the Ifland Manii:,ua.'an, lituated towarcb the '"°' '^^'^'^ '
North part of Lake Huron. The Oufa-nais, tiirmcrly a very numerous nation, in-
h.ibitcd the banks of the great river which bears their name, and of wliich they
pretend to be riglitlul lonis. There are now no more than three villages of
them, anil tln'ie very thin of inhabitants, of whom lome account will be given
hereafter.

In tile .\',irrc\'}, nr llrait l^ctwcen tlie lakes ///(/-« and Superior, and in the place where
one of thele l.ikes, tti.it is, the Superior, empties itl'elt into the other, we meet with a
rapid nit, formeily niei.tioneil under the ap[)ellation oi le Sauit St Marte, or the Jail of
St Mirw I'he n.iv;libouriu)od of this pl,n.e was tv)rmcrly polillVeil by an InJian <:,,!,,„., ,„
n.ition, w!io came, .1^ is laid, from the Soutiiern lliore ot L..ke .S.'//'<7/»' , and were"""
called >S'.,7..'.',w/', tli.it 1- the nation living near the lall ; a iiime wliieh wa> \eiy [>robably
given tiiem t" .ivo.d tiie trouble of pronouncing their real name, which they fay is
impoiiihle to be cxivclfed tuuler two or three brcatliings, lumewhat rclembl;.-.g
rAl'OlRU.UL KIt)l il.AK. No In-iian nation, as i am informed, from the
French .lutlior;, iiili.ilnts the banks of Lake Superior, tho' the French, in the polls or
tort', tiiey have built luar this lake, tratHc with the Chrijtnaux, a nation conving
trom the North-K.il', ..nd I'peaking the A'giniin tongue, and, with the Ajlmthoeli,
fitUittd towards tiie Noith-W'ell.

On t!ic Well of \.:\.^c .U.\ ['iga^i there is a great bay, wb.icli extends twenty eight leagues \,tiom ,.
towaril:. the South, called /./ liaye Jes puants, or limply, the Hay. The entry of 1!' "f /.'•■
this bay is very 4V de, .md tb a fort of archiptl, lomc of the illands ot which "'
are Irnm lilteen to twenty leagues in circuit. Thele were formerly inliabited by
tlw 1' utiuatamn, wliole name they llill retain, exet,niiig a lew which you leave
on yvur right luiul, at preteitt inhabited by certain In.ii.-.m called I^yjUiti. The
I'uuteuatamii now polfcfs the leall ot thele dies, whicli turmerly iK-longcil to tliem,
and h.ive belides two other villages, one lituated on St Jfeph'^ river, and another
at the Xariouf. Tow.irds the bottom o( the bay are the Sakit and Otchagr,ii -, thele
latter are called by liie dil.igicc.d>le epithet of Fuam, S:inka,i>, tlie realon v\ which

N 2 is

^ ,1

■4

Paanj and
nations.

Ktnarjj n.
tiun.

Miami s na
tion, three
caiuono.

Of the Origifiy Language, Religion, Gwcrnmcut , 6cc.

is not as yet difcovercd ; but before you arrive in tlicir cmmtry, you leave on the
rinht, a I'mall nation called Malhomm.i, MooK-cihci, or h'Jla Avoints, tliat is,
JjJIe-Hi'ads.

A fma!! river, very much interrupted with falls, or citaracb, difchargcs itUIf into
the bottom of the bay, and is known by the name of A; /?/;/,><• lirs Rt'i/iirJs, or the
RiviT of Foxfs, on account of the neiglibourhood of the Ou:ti^,imis, connnonly called
Renarih, or Foxes. All this country is ixtremcly ple.ifant, and that whieh llrctchcs
Southward, as far as the river of the J/imis, is ftill more charming. It is, however,
but ill peopled, being only inlubitcd by two weak nations, the Kikapous and M.ifiou-
fins. Some geographers have thought tit to diftinguidi thcle Lill by the name of the
\atior. of lire Nation of Firf, and their country b) that of the L^nd of Fir,' ; an appellation which
owes its rill- to an equivocal term in the language of that people.

It is eigiity years fjncc the M.'.-itiis have l^een fettled on the Southern extremity of
Lake Mic/.'igan, in a place called ChicngoH, from a fmall river of this name, which
throws itfelf into the lake, and has its fource not far diftant from that of tlic liinois.
Thclc people are now divided into three cantons, one of which is on the river St
Jofrph ; a fccond on a river whicli bears their name, and difcharges itfelf into Lake
F,rie ; and the third on the river Oiinluubi-, which carries its waters into the MijUlipi \
Thcfe laft arc l>etter known under tiie name ot Ouyatamiis, Uvm the great affinity in
language ; and there is fcarce room to i]uellit)n that the Ou)atiinoui were, not long
ago, one people with the Ilincis. In lliort, the grcateft part of the yl/j^c';i-in nations,
if you except thofe more advanced towards the South, are very little employed in the
cultivation t)f the ground, but live almoll entirely by hunting and filhing ; hence their
difpofition and manner of life arc far from iKing fcdentary, and yet they are by no
means on the increale ; but, on the contrary, diminilh daily. Not one nation uniong
ail thofe of this tongue is capable of reckoning lix thoufand fouls ; (ome amoui.t nut
to two thoufand.

The Huron language is very far from being as e.vtenfivc as the yfhcniin, an! the
rcafon doubtlefs is, lx:caufc the nations who (jKak the former are not of lo w.inderuig
a difpofition as the others. The Frfnirb writer, whom I follow in this place, tell^ us,
that fome pretend the langiiagc fpokcn by the lyc(juois, or the Five Nations, to be the
mother tongue. Be that as it will, all the InJitins, living South of the river St
Laurence, from tht river .V re/ as far as the extremity of Lake Eric, and even the
confines of Virginia, talk in this language ; and he who knows the Hurci ton^^uc
is capable of underllanding that of all the nations within this extent. There is,
however, a great variety of ditVerent ilialects, even almort as many ;!•. there arc ilif-
tereiit cantotis. The Five Nations, or cantons, who compofe the Irr.ijiwis republic,
have each of them their own jKculi.ir dialedt ; nor h..vc all thole n.ttioiis th.it
l)ear the name of Hurons, always fpokcn the fame language in termer time?.
The fame author fays nothing of the language of the CI er,ikeet, a piettv ninnc-
rous nation living amongll thofe vail favannas that Ive between Lake /'.'/c and the
Mijilipi.

It will, however, be proi'cr to obfervc, that as the greateft part of the ! .Jums v( Ca-
nada have been always from time to time in trade witii one auMtlitr, iKirjg fume-
times allies and ronietimcs enemies, tho' the three mother or (.rlginal l.inguages I ii.ive
been mentioning have no fort of affinity or analogy, thele nations (iiui mc.iii^, ui ipite
of this obllaele, to traffic together, without any nccellity ot an interpreter : whether
it W that long and antient tullom has taugl-' them to communicate their thoughts
hy ligii-, i or th.it tlity have formed a fort ol common jaigon, \vliii.h they aciimrc
by repeated ufc.

I lliall now lay before the reader the nature and charaflcr of the l.inguages of
the India'!:, as they occur in authois mofl worthy ot credit, and on whole iiuigment
we have rcaf(jn to rely, Thofe who pretend to have ihidicd tliole languages, .itiirni
that each of the three abovcmcntioncd has all the chaiaiJteredii^ of primitive or o-
riginal tongues. What is certain is, th.tt tncy arc of a very dittercnt origin.il : This
may be proved from the bare pronunciation. The Si:n Indian rather hillis than
fpcako. Tlic Hurcri cannot pr(jnounce any of thofe lctttr> talieil lahtal, or winch arc
fpokcn only by means of the lips, but Ipc.iks through the throat, and every fylla-
blc is uttered with what the prammarians cull an Afpiratc bclorc it. The Al^cnkin

pronounces

fitrat

Rcmitk) on
the /lijiaii
ol ( anajii.

Three oi;j;,
nal lyt.^ue.

Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada.

n, AwX tlic
w.tiiiicrmg
CC, tcll'o us,
, to be the
lie river S/
id even the
rev tongue
Tlitrc is,
crc arc <lif-
\i rcpiiMic,
.itloiis that

HUT tilMCf.

ctty nimie-
'•/c' ;iik1 the

'uvu ifCa.
riiij; li line-
ages I have
iii!^, ill ijnfs
: whether
ir thmii'hts
ley .iviiuirc

iiv'iiages of
: |iiilj',tiicnt
i^o>, atiiriii
itivc or o-
in.it : This
hillcs tfian
which arc
very (ylla-
le Alicnkin
proiKJUiites

pronounces his wonis with more foftncfs, and fpeaks much more naturally, as well
as fmoothiy. As to the lirll of thcCc languages I have been able to procure but
very ilight information ; but, with refpcct to the two others, as the French mifliona-
ries have ftudicd them v.ith great application, I (hall give what Churlevaix liiys he
had from the mouths of thole who had applied thcmfelves to this ftudy with mod
fucccls.

The Hiircn language, fays tliat learned million.'.ry, for copioufnefs, energy, and no- chanflfr ot
Mcnefs of expreilion, exceeds all the languages in the world ; and thofc that fpcak j'"' "•"■"•
it, tho' but a haiuitul of people, Hill preferve a dignity of foul, and an elevation of ""'^"''8'
fcntimint, which agrees much better with th« m.ijfrty of their language, and, he
might have added, with what they have in times pall been, than with what they
now are in their prtftnt fallen and dirtrefsful condition.

Some pretend to derive their language from the Hcbitii-, which is alfo, as they '" J<;fi*^' '"
fay, the fource from whence the G'/vc^ likewife flows. Every 1. idy knows what to ^'°^7. ^iri"'
think of this etymology, fince whatever is moil ancient and beft, muft all fpring JcJ
from the laTiie fountain, without which there is no peace in Jfrael. The reader
will gain but very little light on this fubjcdt by confulting the vocabulary of Cahriil
Sii^l.\ird, a Recollet of much cflcem, cited by fome in fupport of this moft orthodox
I'vllem ; ;ukI ft ill Ids hum thole of '"Jacqita Vartu-r, and the baron La Ilontjii.
Thtfe authors took at a venture a few expredions, fome from the Uuicn, and others
Trom the ylh^onkin tongues, which they very ill remembered, and which Jiad
often a quite contr.iry ligiiir.c.ition to what they imagined to be the fenfe and
meaning of them ; an error common enough among the fupcrficial writers of travels.
Wc will therefore pal's over the frivolous arguments they adduce on this topic, and
proceed to what is lounded, in my opinion, on much better authority.

Tl'.c Al^^ikin has not the llrength of the Huron tongue, but it is infinitely more Torpn
fmotnh and cle;;aiit. I'otli arc howevir very rich in a great variety and ditferent "'"'"'^'
turns of exprcllion, together with a propriety ar.d rcgul.irity, which are pcrfe(Slly
afionirtiing.

But what is flill more furpiiling is, that nobody (ludies his langu.ige amongft thofe iii,[,mff na-
barb.irian.;, or ever knew the ulc of letters or writing, and yet an ill chofen cxpre)]i- tut.- i(i-,,k
on, or an improper term, or a fault againll the rules of Syntax, is what is never '■""'^'^' -^^
known amonL,ll tliem ; and that children, in their moft familiar difcourfe, fpeak with
the greatert purity and propriety. It is fomething wonderful that this (hould be the
cafe with n.itions very little cultivated ; and the fame, as I have been told by thofe
who are allowed to be good critics, may be l.iid ot the Spuuiardi, and ot thofe Scotch
who have retained their anticnt language, which is a dialedl of the old Celtic ; and
that you can never dillinguilh the condition of the loweft peafant or ihepherd, from
th.it of pcrfons of the higheft ejuality, by his Ipeech or difcourfe.

Hut to return from this (hort digrcllion, the manner in which thofe Iihlians ani- /,y,-.,„ un
mate every thing they (ay, leaves no room to doubt but that they undcriland tiie force '••^ ''-"J ''"•
and value of all the expreflions they ufc, and all the beautj' and ilelic.ay of their """^
language.

The ditVererit dialcets derived from cither of the mother tongues I'avc preferved W.-.UH' dc
neither the K-auty nor force of their originals. The 'Tfrinonthouniti, for inllancc, one ''•''"■ ""l*"^'^
of tile c.uitoi.s of the Ircjic^is or ["ive Nations, .ire thought, by the other ///..''/.;.'.■;, to
IJK-ak after a very rude an<i unpolillied manner.

In the ////'• •; language every W(jril is declined, and tliey have a lingular '"cthod, ^_^^|,j^j^.^
but wlut is at the (ame time very dilTicult to cxprefs, to mark the ditference uf oiti.<- //I
verbs, nouns, pronouns, and the other parts of (jKcch. Simple verbs have a double '^'•'
ctjnjug.itlon, the one a!>('olute and the other reciprocal : The third perlims have two
genders, this larigu.tge having no neuter gender. As to numbers aiul tenlcs, there .ue
the fame dilFerences as in the (.ircck; as, for inftance, in (peaking of going a iourney,
you exprel'^ yourfelf ditlVrently if that journey W by land, from what you do if it
be by water. Theic arc .is many ditfcrent kinds of .idive verbs as there arc things
exprcircd by them -, for example, the word to ciit, has as many vari.itions as there
are ditiereiit I'mts of eatables. In (peaking of any living creature, you e,\pre(s the
verb quite ditVerent from what you do in (peaking of an inanimate thing. Thus,
when yoi. fj-eak of y.v.'«j ti mti/i, and again of fciing tt Jlonc, you make ul'c of two

O ' liitleieiit

Drka of

tlic Indiun
Uligj.,gcl.

Oufn

0;.glnal

t'jtij'ur^ how

Auvanupc-

Ot tflf liltr 1

luiion].

ildVniul,.' ^c

<•«', VklitJKC

Of the Origin^ LanguagCy Rcligimiy Govcrnincnt^ &.c.

ditVcrcnt verbs. To fpeak of uling a thin^ which is your own, aiil of whit lKlu)ig«
to another, the verb is quite difi'crtiit.

There is ibmcwliat pretty nuich hke this in liic Alg'»ikin tongue, tli)' liilKiing in
the tnanner, the detail ot wliich is ut' very httlc confequencc alter what lias been laid
ot tiic Hurcn. If the great richneU and variety of cxprefTion in thole two languages
rendir them extremely difHeult to he learned, there is no Icfs inconvcnienec arifin}!;
from tli'.ir exceeding poverty and barrenncfs in fupplying terms for our ideas and
Cvinceptions. For as thole nations, when the Eurcpuitn firit began to have any deal-
ings witli them, were almoft entirely ignorant of every thini; but what was in ufe a-
mong thcmrcivcs, and what fell immediately under the cognizance of their fcnfcs,
thev wantcii terms to exprefs other notions, or, if they once had fuch terms, they
had by degrees forgot the ufe ot them. Thus having no regidar fjrin of worlliip,
and forming but very indiftimil notions of the deity, and of every tiling relating to
religion, and never making any rtlkxions, except on ' :h things as were perceptible
to the fenfes, or what rcl.itid to their affairs, and the fc very much limited ; and un-
accuftomed to l,icak of the virtues, pallions, and mat. ■ oth- r topieks of common ton-
vcrfalion with us ; being entirely ignorant of all irr except thole that were neccfljry
to their ftate and condition, and which arc reducible to a very fmall number ; having
no knowledge of the feicncc«, and oblerving only what was within their reach, and
being entirely ignorant of the fupertUiities or refinements of polilhed life ; when
there was oecafion to dileourfe o! all thefe points, then it was that tlie vafl: de-
fers of their language were dil'covered ; lo that you were obliged to make ufc of
numberlefs circumlocutions, which were extremely tedious and perplexing to Vou, and
not a little puzzling, not to fay aliiioll unititclligible to Them. Hence you were firrt
of all obliged to learn Their langu.igc, and afterwards to teach Them another, partly
compoied of their own terms, and partly of thofe of the Eurcpfun languages, and thofe
again transformed and nioiielled afier the Huron or yll^^crikin manner, in order to fieili-
tate the underilandiiig of it, as wcil as its pronuiieiation to tliem. As ior letters
they had none, th: want of whieli they lupplied by a kind ot hieroglyphics; and
they were quite confounded to lee the Eunpciini read their thoughts .is quiek, and
explain themfelvcs with the fame f ...ility in writing, .is they could in fpeaking.

If it is alked, how we come to know the Sicus, the Huron, and the Al^oakin to be
mother languages, and not thofe which we look uj>on .is dialeds, the aniwer i*;, that
nothing can polfibly be more eafy : All t!iefe nations have fomewhat of the m.mncr
and genius of the yl/iatics in tir.ir way of fpeaking, which confills in giving a figu-
r.itivc turn to their thoughts an^i cxprelHons ; from whence fome have probably been
led to believe they draw their origin from y//;</, a eonjedurc rational caough, and
deducibie from a variety of ciicuiiillanecs.

The nations of the Hut n language arc always more employed than the other InJiiim
about the cultivating of their LindsaiiJ in country affairs; they are alio lefsdilperfcd abrjad.
This ftate and management hive produced two cffcets ; for, in the full place, they arc
better fettled, Ix'ttcr lodged, better tbrtified, have always a much better plicc, and
a more diftind form ot government, tiie dignity of the chief, at lead among the Tion-
tiontales, who are the true //ur.fr, b:ir,g hereditary. And, fecoiidly, their country, at leall
before their wars with the Iroqwvii, ot which Charlevoix fiys he was an eye witnefs,
was .'Duch more populous, tho' polygamy was never allowed or known among them.
They have ulfo the charadler of being much more indutlrious, more expert in their
bulinefs, and more prudent .md provident in their condu'!t. Ail thefe go<3.i qualities
can only proceed from the fpirit of f )cicty, whieh they have better maintained than
the (jtlier Indian nations. 1 his is chictly obfervable aniongrt the Ilwons, who, tho"
they Icarcc delcrve the name of a i.ation at preleiit, and arc reduced to two indiffe-
rent villages, and thofe conlidcr.ibly ililtant tVom one another, are, iiowcvcr, the life
and foul of all their affemblie. and couiieils, in \thieh the public buiinel's is debat-d.

It is alio true that with all this ditfcrence, whieh is nut pereiivable at the tirtl
glance, there is llill a great refembl.ince in the qualities of the mind, in the manners,
and in the cultoms of all the fnJuni of CunjJ.t, which i^ uiidoubtedlv owing to their
iiitercourfc, and ti the traffic they have conltantly carried on with one another, trom
the remotcft .intiquity.

Thui much may futficc with rcfpeet to the languages fpokcn bv the different In-
Jtan nations in Canada : We will next give, in as tew words as polliblc, what relates

Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 51

10 tluir ni.iniKT of (Icclariii;; ami making war. The declaration of war, according ^"^'^'' I""-
to Chjrhviix i.i ill tliis maiiiKT : About ten or eleven at night, fays that writer, as 1 ring war.'
•was i;.)ini; to btd, I IkiuI a lliouting, which I was told was the war-cry, and foon
after 1 faw a cump.iny of Mi/iifi^ue" make their entry into the fort near the bay
cnlkil ryhfr Je la Fiiniinf. SDine years ago thofe Iiulians having engaged in the war
which the I'ivc Nations nii-lc on the Cbcrokees, a numerous people, occupying a
very fine oiiiitiy to t!ic South of Lake Erie, three or four of thofe bravos equipped
as tor m.uiiidi.lcs, with tlicir faces daubed over, fo as to infpire the fpeftators with
ho.-ror, an 1 loilowcd almoll by all the I/ttiia/is living in the neighbourhood, after ha-
vi ' r.:inbk 1 over every hut or cabbin, finging their war fotigs to the found of an
ii .tuiincnt they call Cichihtu', being a great gourd (iileil with pebbles, came to per-
form the ianic ceremony thiough the diftcrcnt parts of the fort, by way of compli-
ment to the coniinandant and otiier otficers. I njull confefs, fays CharLvJxy that this
ceremony has fomething extremely horrible in it, the firfl time one fees it efpccially,
and before I recollected I was amongil barbarians. Tlieir fongs have a difmal and
melancli'ilv air, with a mixture of horror and affright, occalioned perhaps by the
darknels of the night, and by the pageantry of the fetlival, for this is really fuch
amongtt the Itdiiins. All this was intended ;is m\ invitation to the Iroquois, who be-
ing wc.Mv of the charge of the war, or perhaps becaufc they were not in a huinour for
it, allced lonie time to confuler of it, and [o lieparted e.ich to his home.

It api'i.'.rs tli.it tluy invoke in thele fongs the god of war, called by the Hurcm, ^"A<'''- '•>«
Ai-cjLni, ;uhl by the Ircqucis, AgrtjUue; but we are not informed what name he ^''^"'" - '^ °'
has ain"i;j;tl tlie Jlg'.nkin n.uions. The relation of this name to that of A»n?, the
Greek name for tli.it god, is very hngiilar : I'or Aregzuen in the Huron and Iroquois
langu.ige llj,nitus to make war, and is conjugated thus: Gitrego, I make war; Sa-
rego, thou makcft war -, ylrego, he maketh war. Befides, Arejkoni is not only the
Mirs of thole n.itions but alio the fovcrcigii ot the gods, or, as they cxprcfs them-
felves, f!ie Ciie.it Spirit, the cicator and matkr of the univerfe, the genius who go-
verns all things, but he is chielly invoked in military expeditions, as if the molt ho-
nourable attribute of the deity were that ot being n, titled the G'od of Armies.

The Ihouting of this name is what makes the war-cry before the right begins, as .
well as in tlie heat and fury of the battle ; and it is often repeated too on a march, ""^
as Weil to encourage themlclves to undergo the fatigues with chearfulnefs, as to im-
plore this god's fupport and aflillance.

To lift up the h.itchct is another form of declaring war; and every individual I.ir'dngupthe
h.is an incontellablc ric:ht to this privilege, except amongll the Uurons and Iroquois, J)-^"'";' »
where the matrons make peace anil war at ttieir plealurc. We ihail lee m its proper
place, how far their authority extends among thefe n.itions.

If a matron has a mind to engage any one, however independent of Iier, to fervc Matrmi m-
in the w.ir, whether to appcafe the manes of her hulhand, fun, or near relation, i'sr foUxrj.
or whctJic- it is only that ihe may have fome priliuiers to replace thofe (lie might
have lofl by dcith or captivity, Ihe is tirll to prefent him with a collar of porce-
lain, or fea-lliells ; and it is very rarely known that tliis gratihcation is without

When the bufinefs concerns making war in torm between two or more nations,
the exprenion, or lymbol, on this octalion, is, to hang the cluldron, or kettle, over iiar.gihg tin
the fire ; and this no doubt derives its original from the barbarous cuftom of eating kctiic ovc
their prifoiier^, as well as the flain, after boiling them. They plainly f.iy, in their '^J'^^i^J.'; ,^^,
fimple manner, thattheyarepreparingtoe.it fuch a n.ition, to lignifyth.it they in- bol.
tend to make a cruel war againll them, and they generally fuKil their promife.
When tluy intend to engage their ally in the quarrel, they fend him a porcelain,
that is, a l.irgc (hell, to invite him to drink the blootl, or, as the terms literally import,
the foup IT britli made of tlie tlelli of their enemies. After all, this practice may be
very ancient, tho' it by no means follows from hence, that thole nations have al-
ways been anthronophagcs, or cannibals ; and perhaps it is only an allegorical way
of fpcakiug, of which the fcriptures atford us feveral examples. Disriifs enemies, it
is likely, were not tiled to eat human tlelli, tho' he fays. Dun: af-prcpcrjnt juper vie
twcentn, ut eJiint utrnes weiis. When the wicked, even mine enemies came upon
me to tat up my tUlh. Thus at laft, it fecms, certain nations, grown quite favagc
and brutal, fubtlituteJ the reality for the figure.

O :: Thefe

I 1

i i

Porctl»ii.(!,
their Jcftt p
lion aiij iiif.

iinfj,

t''P 111... ij:.
and jrt' VC1
of the jK.ituni

fu(''-rii:cj lor

O/' the Oy-igif:^ Laii^uiigc, Rcligiuf:^ Cover nmcnfy Sec.

Tlicfc i>orcci.iin«, or w!.a:tliry c.\l. I"'imf>um, x brf'.irc mcntioiul, .;rc urt.iin rtiells
found on tlic c •. fib ot AVw Engliind and I ir^nii,: ; they arc loii^', riuteil or iImmcHciL
of .m oWong ainic hgarr, without i irs, ami mocicratcU' thick. The tlilli of the aiii-
mal contained in th<n» i bad eating, but ilitir ii'. !c i- of lo beautiful j lullrc, ani
the colours arc fo vivid, that art i;. capable of prnliun.ji; nothing comp.irahlc to it.
In thofe times when the Iihiuvn went (juitc n.iliul, th li; llKlI"i fervcii tlicni for the
fame ulcs as yLiam\ fig-'eaf, when he btt.ane fenlible of his ^uilt and (li.inie t^'gcther.
Tlicy alfo wore them at their cars like pendant?, ;ind llill clKem tlicm as their
jrreatcft wealth, and fintft ornament ; and, in (liort, they have exaiitly tlic fame
idea ol them tliat wch.ne of iv-'d, fdvcr, .ind preCiuu.- llon^.':. jt\-jurs Cttrtifr, in his
ncmoir>, (peaks of a fort oi ihidl-work iiiade in torm of cornieci, which lie fayj
he found in the iiland of Montnuil. He calls it /•^i//v"/, and atlirms it had a virtue
in it of flopping bleedings at the iiofe. It i? not in.IilMiy this work conlirts of tlie
fune fliclls with thdl'ehcrc mentioned ; but then.: re non. hieli to be lound on the lunk'j
of the Illar.d of Mofttmi/, and it is not prctemlcd that tlmlc llielis have the vir'.ue at-
tributetl to the Ihcll-work oi dirtier. There arc two (arts of thi is (htUs ; throne
white, and the other cf a violet culour. Tlie firfl arc the moft comni./n, and jHilli-
bly, on that account, lefs valued : The fecoml leems to t..!.i. a fine ptiliili ; and the
deeper, the more vaiii.'.hlv they arc elleemtd. Both vf thciii, I'owever, .i.c made into
fmall oblong or cyliri.i. Jcal bead?, whieli are bored and uriir^ed togctiier, and thcic
urc called neckl.Jctr or belts of Wampum, Tiiefc ntcklace > are no other than \:aw or
five threads or thongs < f iLins, about a foe: in Uni^th, rtrunj, with thoic beads of
}x)rcelain. The collars ;-.re made in torm of tillets, or diadems, compofed of tiiof ■
necklaces, bound together with thicui. fi- as to nuke a contexture of four, five, fix,
or fevcn rows of lieads of a due pi. j'ortion in length. All tliefc circumllances arc
regulated according to the importance tf the f'llinc!"; to he negotiated, and the rank
and quality of tlie perlon^ to whom the .ollar r. to Ix; pieli'uted.

By the different mixture, of th):i; beads (.!t ^.uious colours, they foim any charadlT
at pleafure, and tins often fcrvt: to dillin^ailh the buuncfs in agitation. They
.'c Mb fometimcs painted; '.t \\J\, it is certain the red collars are often lent
whcr. \ ar is upon the tapis. Th',:ic collars arc prefervcd with care, and r,ot only cottj
pofc p.irt of the public treafury, but arc alfo in the n.itureof annals and rcgidcr.-, which
thole t~> whom the care of the archives, which arc depofited in the chief's cabbin, is
ciururted, arc to make the fu! 't of their Ibulif:?. When there h.ippcn to Ik two
chief': of ci) ial authority in one \;;'.ige, the care of the archives and treal'ury devolves
upon them I; turns, and each h.is liis own night, wjiich night, as it is taken at prtlent,
is fupjvjtai to l;;',! a whole year.

None but affair of great confequence are tranf..eleil by means of thofe collars ; for
thofe of Icis inipoft .r;tc, they m.ike ale nf brooches, or necklaces of porcelain, fkins,
coverings, inaiz, or I'lJian corn, eitlier in grain, or flower, and ftich like matters, for
all thefe conilitute part of tlie public treahiry. When the buline^ is to invite fome
vill.igc or nation to enter into a league, or alliance with them, a fl,ig dipped in bl^od is
fometinus lent inflead of a coll.ir. But thi.' e\illum is modem, and there i- reafon to think
th.it the I :Jia>;: have taken the firif Innt cf it from the red tl.igs o;' the E'iglijh. home
alTcrt that the brrtub firfl ul'cd thcfe red cnfi^ns in tranladting witli the I'lJiani, who
fiom thence have taken the hint to fbiin their tlag'^with blood when tliev intend to dc-
cl.ire war.

'file calumet, or pipe, is no lefs facrcd among thofe nations than t!ic collar of por-
celain, and is, accoriling to their notion, even of divine original, for they are uer-
liiaded that it w.:-^ a preterit m.ule them t y the Sun. ThU inffninient is more in ufc
among the Southern and WtlUrn nation , ih.ji thofe of the North and Kail, and it
more commonly ufcd in treatic. of pc.cc than in war. A. to the name of calumet,
which the 1-renrh give it, it is a Norman word, fignif\ing a rvi ,', or />//>• ; and
the caliimtt of the InJitDn is properly the tube, fhatt, m fuiwiei, of a tob.icco-
pijH-, though both the ih.ift and the pi[ie t^yither are eiimmonly meant by this woril. In
the calumets, or pipes, of flatc oi ceremony, the tube '\> very long, and t!ie pipe in form of
one of our battle-axes : It is commonly made o! .i redt1i(h marble, v^iv cny to work,
and is f'lund in the country of the .'/rue^, beyond the Mt/ii if>i. I'he mniiel is of
light wor.d, |'.!ii;ted with dhTerent cohnir-^, and aiiorncd with the hcai!», tails, ami
feathers el tiie mo'll beautiful birds ; but thi> i; probably f .r oir.aiiieiit fike onlv.

' Till-

(»'.1

jrt.ii!i HicHs
r i'!;.mclleiL
of the aiii-
lullrc, an.l
ar.iMc to it.
lom for the
in- tiigcthcr.
cm as their
I tlic fame
rtiiT, in his
licli lie favb
uui a virtue
ilids of tlic
)n tlic !>ank5
le vir'.iic at-
lls i til : (^nr
, and jxi'li-
fli i and the
c- made into
■, and thcic
t'lan i.i'A'C or
Ic bci.h of
;d of <ho( •
ir, five, fix,
iid.'.nccs arc
iid the rank

ly cliarjflT
on. They

often fen?:
3t oiily com
[\a>, which
's cabbin, is

to Ik two
iiry devi lives
n at jTclent,

collars i for
xlain, ikinp,
matters, for
invite fome
\ in hi )od is
don to think
lijh. Some
•iJiwn, who
itcnd to dc-

oll.ir of por-
ley are pcr-
nore in iife
[•"all, and it

ol miunut,
■ I'ip-- i and

a toliatco-
n-i vvorii. In
le in fi»rm of
.I'y to work,
njnni'l is of
, t.iils, and
•.e only.

of the different Indian Nations inhal/iting Canada. 53

*rhc ciiftom is to fmokc in this pine when the propofal is accepted, and it is very l"f«rfdand
rare, or perhaps witln'Ut example, tnat the obligation impofcd by this acceptance has"""""
ever liccn violated. The Indians are peifiiadcd, that the fovercign fpirit would never
futftr fuch an infradion to pais unpunilhcd. It an enemy in the midft of an engage-
ment prclcnts the pipe, it is lawUil to rcjeft the offer ; but if it is once accepted,
the party confentin^ muft that moment refrain from all hortilities. There are pipes
for all the variety of treaties that may be brought upon the tapis ; even in com-
merce with one another, alter the agreement is made, the pipe is prefcnted to
ratify the tranfadion, and this ceremony gives it the rtamp and fanftion of religion.
VV iicn the bulintts is concerning war, not only the pipe tnen ufed, but alfo the fca-
(Ikis vvitl> 'viiich it is adorned, arc red : Sometimes thole on one lidc only arc of this
coloar ; MP.i it is pretended, that by the manner in which the ornaments are dilpol'cd,
yon may di Lover what nation is dcfigned to be attacked by thofc who prefent this
inlHriimei:*.

> ere i- ■)- manner of qucftion, but that the Indians, by inducing thofe, whofc al- Rnfont ami
liancc or coi.imcrcc they lollicit, to fmoke in the pipe, intend to make the Sun the ">•'"' "f ''■n
witnel's and j;uarantce of the treaty ; for they never fail to purt the fmokc towards that P'**""
luminary : but to fay that, from this pradice, as well as from the common ufc of thofc
piiKS, we arc to infer, as fome have done, that this pipe is the Ca.iuccw, or wand
of Mi^:<tr)-, ■ the lefs probable, as this wand had no relation to the Sun. And lince
lliere has nothing been found in the traditions of the Indinns that can juftify this con-
icdurk', uid much lels to prove they could have any knowledge of the Greek mytho-
' ', it -vould be much more natural to fuppofc, that thole nations, inftrudled by ex-
ptrietice that the fmoke of their tobacco dillipates the vapours of the brain, and dif-
polcs the pcrfon that u(es it for debating on public affairs, and has therefore been in-
troduced into the public councils, where they have always their pipes in their mouths ;
they could not imagine a more proper fymbol to confirm what has been relolved, than
this inllruinent, which has hid lo great a iharc in the public deliberations It will
perhaps apf)car more obvious Hill to imagine that thole people believed the moft
natural type of an indillblubic union w.is to fmokc in the fame pipe, and efpecially
if that Iniokc were offered to lonie divinity, to confer on it the landion of religion.
Thus fmoking in the fame pipe is equivalent to drinking in one cup. which has been
an immemorial cuftom among many nations ; and thcfe arc cuiloms too natural to
the mind of man, to fcarcli tor any hidden myllcry in them.

The largcncfs and ornaments of thole pipes which arc prefcnted to pcrfons of dif- ^^^ ^f ,„j
tindtion, and on occalions of impnrrancc, have nothing very mvfterious in them. It (...i,im<t m
is to the Ptviii, a nation fettled on the banks of the Mi[j'>uri, and extending very far '•*i'»«^-
towards the confines of New Mexico, to whom the pretend they pipe was given as
a prLlent by the Sun. Thus this tulloin, which they were the firll to introilucc, has
been railed to the rank of a miracle, and all that can be conjcftured from this tradi-
tion is th.it pollibly the Panis have been more anciently accullomed to pay divine ho-
nours to the Sun, than the other Indian nations on this part of the continent of Ame-
rica, and that they were the l.rft who made ufc of the pipe as a fymbol of the
inviolable obligation of treaties

It ib very rarely that thcfe Indians refufc to engage in a war, to which they have
been invited by their allies; on the contrary, they leldom wait till they are called to liMimmM.
take up arms, the Icaft motive being I'utHcient to determine them to it. But the thirlt '"'"' " """
of venf;eancc is the predominant motive with them, and thev have always (onie recent
or ancient iniurv to revenge, no length of time being capable of healing thoie svounds,
though of the flightell kind. Thus you can never l)c lure of a lading pe-ice between
two nations that have been at variance for any comidcrable time ; and, on the other
h.'ii I, the delire of replacing their dead Haves by taking of priloner^, or of appealing
the manes of the decealed, the caprice of Ionic iiuiivi.lual, a dream, wliich every one
interprets .dtcr his own fancy, with other rcaloiis or prete.vts eij'ially frivolous, oceifion
your frequently feeing a ctjiiipany let out on an expedition to-day, who but yclkrday
had no thought of hollilities.

It is true, th.it thole imaller ex'ieditions, which are carried into execution without wmofmo
the advice of the council, have generally no grc.it conlequences ; and as thy require J-:. fK:g (kc
not .my great prep .1 .tions, thev are not the obi^Vt of public concern But, in .;encr.d, '",j ' \ tl^.
llie i^ravcr lenators arc tar Iroin being diffatisricd to fee the youth keep themielvv-; in y^^-x

P breath,

!■ f^

C'crrrponi''u4

/nil I'l'icvli ol
ihcai:nr^l.

n..;:r.ior^> of

:'!l!'J-:rf,

0/ the Origin^ Language, Religion^ (jovern/fiefii, &c.

breath, aiul cxcrcilc tlitir warlike genius uiui Jicrc mud be very cxtraoriiin.iiy reafons
to curb their natural iirdour, before they arc rcilr.tiiicti ; ami tlic pirnlit authoiity \s
bclidcs very Icldoin cmploytii to this cikI, every one U-iiig ni.itKr ol hi. own rclolu-
tions and adions amoiigll ttic //;</;<//». When they dilapprovc nt thiir project, they
try to intimidate tiKin, partly by Iprcading lalle reports ; idhers they win uver under-
hanil ; and it is no very diilk alt matter to induce the lea»ler to give over the enlerprizc
by prelenti : Sometimes a dream, true or lalle, no iruitter winch, is ail th.tt is wanted
for the purpofc. In lomc nations the lall relouree is to apply to the matrons, and
this is leldoni without etiect, though never nude ul'e of except in nutters of grcjt
importance.

A war in wliich the wlu)Ie nation is intcrertcd is not lo eallly relolvcd, hut weighed
with great deliberation, putting the inconveniences into the Icale as well as the advan-
tages ; and all the while the alVair ik under deliberation, the utmull care is taken to
keep their deligiis from the ears of the enemy. The war once rc;(j!ved, the fiift thing
to be done is, to provide proviiions tor the campaign, anil to equip the w.irriouis,
which takes up no great length of time. The dances, fongs, fealls, together with ccr-
tiin luperllitious ceremonies, which vary conlidcrably according to tlie ul'c ofdifKrent
nati(.ns, require a much longer time.

The perlon appointed to comin lud ntver thinks of levying foKiiers till .ifter a faft
of fcvcrul days, during which he is bedaubed with black, h.is no converic with any
perlon, and calls night and day on his tutelar genius ; but, above all, is very caretul to
Cibfcrvc hie dreams, which the pcrluaiion that he is m.uciiing to a certain vititory ne-
ver fails to render favourable, The tall once ended, he convenes his Irier.ds, und,
with a belt of wampum in his hands, addiclles them in thefe words. " My bre-
thren, the fovereign Ipirit authorises my ileligns, and infpircs me with my prelent rc-
fulutions The blood ot Uicli a one has not been wiped olfj his corple has not been
covered, and I am going to difthargc this otHce tow.inis him." Aher expatiating on
the (Xh.Lv motivci which iiave determined hinj to take up arm>, lie then proceeds ;
" I am therefore relolvcd to march to fuch a place, to take I'calps, or to make pri-
funeis " ; or, " I am going to c.it fuch a nation. If 1 tall in this glorious cnterpril'c,
or if any of thole who ihall .iccompany me lliall lole his life in it, this belt will
ferve to receive us, that wc may not renuin hid in the dull or mud." By this fecms
to he meant, that this l^It is to be the property of him who ihall bury or avenge
the ll.iin.

Having pronf>unced thefe word.., he throws tlie belt upon the ground, and he that
t.ikc5 it up declare* himlelf his lieutenant, for which he rtU'ivcb the thanks of the ge-
neral for the ;ical he thus tefliike to avenge his brtthrcn, or to fupport the honour of
the nation. The company then let al-out heating water, to wadi the chii.1 fioni tho
duubing with which he ha;, beer. Imeartd, alter which they comb and anoint, or paint
his locks. Ui> f.ice is then painted with .'.itferent colours, and he is attired in his mull
Ipltndid apparel. Thus equipped, he chaunts, with a hollow and dilmal tone of voice,
the long ot death ; his lijloicr^, I mean all thole who have otVcred themklves as volun-
teers in the expedition, (for no perlon is comptllcd to go) bawl out one alter another
the war-lung ; lor e.\ch iiulivi.lii.d has one peculiar to himlelt, which no perlon belidcs
i;> permittCil to ling ; and there arc alio longs appropriated to certain families.

Alter this prehminary, which is trunlaCted in Ictnc remote pl.ice, ami oftentimes in
a hut, the chief goes to communicate hi- project to the council, which lit', to licliltc-
rate upon its expediency, without admitting the author ol the lehemc to be prelent at
their debates. Aj lum .is the pr</ieCt ih accepted, the general gi\es a rep.ili, in
v.hich the chief, and lometinKs the lole vLiiKU is a tlo^'. Some pretend, that thu
uniiiul u ot'llred to the giKl ol war belure he is put into the cli.ildron, or kettle j and
tins iniy poliibly be tullomary with Ionic n.itions; What is itrtain is, that on this
occalion tiiey make repe.Util invocations to all the genii, whether gixxl or evil, and,
ubove all, to the gtnl of \sar.

All this ceremony lalU foinc dayn, or rather is repeated for Icvtral days lucccllively ; but
amidl\ this univert.il attention to what palles on this occ.tlion. every iimily keeps light ut"
it^ p.irticul.ir intcrells, jnd is very loliicitous ami intent on takin;; niealures forleturing
its liiaie ot the priluiiers of war, cither to repl.ice the ll.iVe, thev mav have loll b^
mort.il. ty, or to.iveiige the dead. In thi:. view tiicy :;i\e prelent. to tlie chief, who on hi^
part givLs his w^rd as a pledge (ot the perlortn..nce ol his i rvtniie. In the ditault of

piiluiieis.

of the different Indian Natiom inhahUing Canada.
iIk.i IIV.M (i<.in.iiKl ii> to liiivc (clip), wliicli is more eafily granted.

prifoncrs, iIk.i ih.M titin.iiiil i!> to liiive ((..ilps, wliicli is more eafily grarwed. In
loinc I .ijii^'.l.ir i>1,il\', ..s uinonj; tlic //'^yi/'wi, .is llxjn ,i- any military cxptdition has
been I :. il, tlic wu Iscttli; is kt ovtr the fire, aiiil tiic allies are required to fend
(otnc- 'i I Id it| to llicw tlitir .ipprubatiun ot the ciiterprile, and to figniiy their
rcfo 1(1 'II to iicar a part in it.

Ai. tiiiifi' wlir) ini.>ll thcmalvcs give alfo to the chief, as a fymhol of their engage- \^'»' C/mboI.
nunt, a I'if 't wood with their mark upon it \ and whoever after this Ihould draw
hack, vvoiiKl he in daiij^cr ot iii. lile, or at leail svoiild certainly be difgraced for ever.
The party or company, once form.ii, the war-chid prepares a new i'ti^, to which all
the ^•llla^;e is iiivt-d, m\A where, bclorc any tiling is talk-J, he, or an orator for him,
an I III liis n.i'ie pronouiiceb thelc words : '• My brethren, I know that as yet I am al- j'',"^"' ' °'
to^eth' r uiuvurtiij 'f the hi>iiour ot being clleeined a man; but you yourlcKcx can
be..r mc witncfs, tliat I have however feen the tace of an enemy. We have l)een
(lain, t'lt Ivnies of fnch and fiich perioiis remain yet unburiud, they cry out againfl uf,
an I th.v Oiuil have l.i!; I'a- tion. They were men; iiow then were wc able lo (ijon to
forgit them, and to lenjain fo long quiet on our n)atts ? In lh-)rt, the geniu^, who is
watchful for my glory, lias iiupirtd me with theielolution to avenge tliem. Youth!
take coiirij^e, turn your lucks, paint yciir vifage, fill your quiver";, and cule ycjur io-'
rcfts to refuuiul with your w.u-lojigs ; let us relieve the departed, and rticw tlwin that
llieir avcn;4v.rs ure ready at huiid."

After tins havanj;ue, and the applaiifei with which it never fails to be attended, the
chief .1 Ivances into the middle of the allembly, with his battle -av in his lianvi, and
t!i.- c fin;;5 hi-, foiig, all his foldier^ m.ike relpon'.cs fingiir^, and iwear t<j I'eeond him ^^.
til tiie utni )d of their powei, or to J.ie in the caufe. All this is aeeompaiiicd with
gelhrrcs highly expieiUve ot tiieir firm rcfoKitio.i never to give ground before .»n
enemy.

l<ut it is to be ohferved, that n it a word efcipes from any fuldier that difco\ers the M:;:-ryob!i-
leafl dipeiul.aie;. The wln.Ie oi their engagement ciiuilh in proiniling to act with •' ^'^,,^'"""^*
tile moll palect union. An i, bolides, tins very cngavjemcnt rctjuires great returns on
tile part of t:ie chief For ex.im|.>le, whenever any iv. //.;'/, in the public dances, iki-
kiu; with his ;>attlc-a.\ up.ni a pilUr eiedcd for that purpole, recalls to the remembrance
of the audieiKe his noMcll feat- of arm\ tiie chief under whole con.kiel he has
pe: tormed them is obliged to make him a prefent ■■, at leall this is the culluin amongll
fome nations.

The foni^s are followed by dances ; foinctime;. they are only a fierce fort of march, Mumry
but always m c.idence ; :i\\\ at dther time^ very animated motions fi ur..tiec of the o- il^'" -■>: fe.ift
perations cf a campaign, and always too in cadence : In tine, the tciil ends the cere-
mony The war-chiet is no more than a fpeclator in it, with his pipe in his mouth ;
and it is even common cnougli for him who gives the repall, and does the honours of
it, not to toucli any thiii'.;.

Tiie lollowiiig days, .ind till the march or departure of the warriors, arc (pent in
tranladtioiis no way interedin;:;, and not at all uniform or conAant. But I ought not
to forget a cullom whicii is lin;.;iilar enough, and with which the /'^^''^/j elpeci illy /,„,„, r„.
nevcrdilpeiile. It .ippcars to h.ive been contnvcvi to difeov.r tiiofi- who are end.iwcil witli ^-^u ui gooJ
folivi •f^'-^oA fcnle, and who are capable ol governing tliLiiifclves ; fur thofe people ^ horn ^'j^'^*"^^!" ""'
we treat as b.iibari.iii-, cannot conceive that a man cm be animated with true Cwurage,
who is n(jt mailer of his padioiui, and wh j knows not how to be.ir every thing, even the
Iharpeft trval. that can hapfien to him.

The iiLkd w.irriois ot the ompanv dcilincd for the campaign play all the tricks i- -Wm' • •; f
inagina!>le to the youths, and elpccially to luch as have never .ij. yet teen an enemy. ^!_^.","^'^
They throw hot emb.rs on their heads, make them the mo'.l cruel and provoking pn
rcpr,)ic'u-s, load than wi h all manner of injuries ; and even piilh thi^ farce to dre..dtul ' '■''•'*''^^-
extremiti. s. The young vul'nitecrs are however obliged to Kar all this pain and pro-
ven, .tion with the moll perfect inditfcrciice, and even iiUeniilMlitv ; f ir to dilcovjr the
Iniullell li.;!i of impatience, would lie futHcient to expofe them to the ceiifure of
belli; l.xlai el ineap il'le of carrying ariUi tor tlie future Hut. v\heii this cereinonv is
praCbtll anioiij^il ^ktI jiis of the fame age, wiiich very otten haj'p.ns, the au'^relHT
nind take care to do nothing that denotes the leall tendenev lO .m in'.ult, othcrwi'c
it i- lure to b,; reven ;cvl as fion .is the game' is eiuled For all the time it coir.iiiiie ,
they are to bear every tiling witiiout ilie uad murmai, though lli.s pallime " '< n

P 2 gf'f*

ii-:Hf mil

Of the Origin, Language^ Religion^ Govcrtt/ncrit, S:c.

i' I

y>;.i!i.iitio'cma
facfificc.

goes fuch lengths ;,s throwing fire-brands at one another*; hciils, and giving one ano-
ther great Mows with ciidgcU.
Arii(i«» of As the hope of being cured of their wounds contributes rr.uch to engage
Wj.quack'thc br.ivcft ot thcfo youths it expofe thcmlclves to the griMtcIl il.ingcrs, after
what has been related they let about preparing the medicines with winch tlicir phyfi-
cians or jongleurs ;\rc loaded. The wliole canton being alVembled, one of thcfc quacks
declares that he is going to communicate to the riM)ts and plants, of which lie has aniaflcd
a fuilkicnt quantity, the virtue of healing ail (orts of wounds, ami c Vdi of reftoring
the dead to life. That inftant he begins to fing, '!ie other q'.i.icks of the order make
rcfponfes, and it is believed that, during the conceit, which is none of the mod melo-
dious, but accompanied with many grimaces on the part of the aiftors in the farce,
the med'cinal or healing quality is diffuled over thole limplcs. The principal jon-
gleur, which ib the name for thelc quack.s in my authors, then takes upon him to prove
their elhcacy-, and begins by caufing his lips to bleed; on this he applies the remedy
he ha? preparcil for it j immediately the blood, which this liedge -doiJtor fucks with a-
bundancc of art, ccafes to How. on which all the adiAants cry out a mirmic \ This
done, hn takes a dead animal, fets it before the aflcmbly, allowing them time fufficient
to exami It whether it is entirely fuch as it appears. He then caulcs it to move by
means of a canule, or pipe, which he had taken care to infert in its tail, blowing up, at
the fame time, his dofe of the herbs, by virtue of which this mir.u ulous rcfurrccJlion is to
be performed, on which the cries of wonder and artonifliment arc redoubled. To clofc
all, the company of jongleurs make the tour of the huts, fmging as they march the
prailcs of the virtues of thofc wonderful remedies. Thefc artifices arc however far
from impoling upon th? natural good feiifc of the InJiiViSy they fcrve however to a-
mu(e the multitude, and every body knows the force of cuftom.

The following folemiiity, which is c.xtra(fUd from the memoirs of a I'ltnc/j gentle-
man, who was himfelf an eye witncfs to it, is pradlifcd amongft the Miamis, to whom
it is probably common with fome other Indian nations living in the neiglibourhood of
Lcuijii2ih2. After a folemn feaft, the figure of pagods made of bear-(kins, and their heads
painted green, are placed on a kind of altar before which all the hidinns pals, making
genuflexions, their jongleurs leading the band, and holding in their hands a bag, filled
with all the utcnfils commonly ufed in their inv(Kations. He that makes tlic greateft
contorfions of botly, and every one in proportion as he diftinguilhes himlell in this
cxercife, is applauded with prodigious acclamation?. The firit homage thus render-
ed to the idols, all the company dance in great confiiiion, to the found of a drum
and a Chichicoue, during which, fome jongleurs feem as if employed about enchant-
ing a number uf Indian ', who appear to expire under their incantations, but arc af-
terwards luppily brougiit to life again by the application of a certain powdc- to the
lips. After the farce li..< lafled fome time, the prcl dent of the f"caf>, atfctidrd by
two men and two wotntn walking on each fide, partes tlirough all tlie huts,
and advertifeb the Indians that the lacrifices arc ready t'l begin. If he meet? any
one in his way, he places both hands on his head, whilll thi otlur embraces his knees.
The vidims offered are always dogs, and nothing is I.' ird but the cries of thofc ani-
mals which they are flrangling, and the bowlings of t.ie Indians, who feem to m ck
or make rcfponfes to them. Wjicn the viands are ready, they arc firfl offered t > thcT
pagods, after which they are eaten, and the bones afterwards burnt. In the mean time
the jongleurs are bufied in raifing the dead, and the whole is terminated bv making
ptefcnts to thole quacki of whatever they moll dclirc of all that the village or can-
ton affords.

From the time of the rcfolution of making war to the departure of tiie warriors for
the campaign, the nights are pafled in finging, and the days in making the ncceffary pre-
parations. Warriors and others are deputed to fin;.; the w.ir-fong among!! their neigh-
bours and allies whom they often take care to prepare bttore hand, by means of Ic-
crct neguciations If the expedition is to be undertaken by w.iter, they build new, or
repair the old canoes : If it be in the winter fealon, they provide r-.qutts or fiiow-
fl'.oes, and fled*^.

The lirft of dicfe, which are abliiutely iicceffiry to walk upon the fnow, are a-
bout tiirce t(X>t ior.g, and fifteen or fixtecn inches wide where broadcll ; they are of an
oval figure, cxceptuig only that the hinder extremity always ends in a point Small
i\'uik% fjflciicd acrols, about five or (\x. inches from either end, Icrvc to Ihengthcn

them

Pffpantjoin
*f »«.

5r.o» fhoCT
(iefoitcJ.

of the (itjfcrcnt Iiulian Nations inhaMtin^ Canada.

them, tlic forcmoll luiiij; like the llring of an opening in the ni.ijK of ,i how, whidi
rcicivo the tout, ami is tkil down with thongs. Tlie texture of the raquettc or (iiow-
lliiX", tonliils oMlra|(, ot leather ahoiit twr) lines in hre.ulth, hordcrcil with fonic light
wood hardened in tiic 11! e. To walk well on thele rnovv-Oio; s yon mud turn yonr
knees loinewhat inwards, keeping your legs afunder at ih Tame time. It is
diliieult enough to learn the ulo of tiieni, hut afterwards yun w.dk as calily ami
wilii as little tatigue as if you had nothing on yur feet. It i., impulllhle to nuke
ulc of thefc with tonunon ihoes, and you arc oh!igi.d to take tholc of tiie Indian',
which iiic a fort of fi-«.kb made of dried hides, folded over the cvtreinity of the foot,
ami tied with tonls.

The lleds whieh fervc for tranfportnig the h.»gg.igc, and in t iic of need the lick and Rii^'ption
wouiuled, are two finall and viry thin hoards, eaihahout fix inches hro.id, and from"''"'
fix to feven feit in length. Tiie foreparts are loinewhat railed, and the /ides hurdered
with linall tenter-hooks, to whieh arc fixed tlion;j,' lor filleniii.', down wli.itever is
laid on the carri.ige. One huliiin will draw a lied, however lo.uitd, with eale, hvr
means of a long leathern ftrap, which is falleiied to him, coming over his hreall, anil
whieh they call a coll.ir. The lleils are alfo uleil lor carrying hurdeiis, and mothers
make iite of them likewile fir tr.infporting their children with their cr, idles ^ Init in thi.i
lall cafe, they pals them over their foreheads and not over their hualls a., in the
former.

livery thing heing ready, and the day appointed for their departure come, tliey take '•''^"■"'""'"
their farewell with many and (Irong maiks of the mort unfcigiicd atfeiftioii. I'- very tunic' 'nu,ch.
one is willing to have lomethiiig which has been ul'evl or worn hy the warrior-, giving
them .It llic lame time pledges of their own friendlhip, and alliiranccs of an eterral re-
membrance. As for the w.irriors they go into no hut, where they are not (jbliged to leave
their robe, whii-h they alw.iys cvchaiige f;r a better, and never without one at leall
as good. At lall they all meet at the apaitmeiit of the cliief, whom they fiiul armed
as on the day wjieii he full propofcd the expedition to them, and as he appears in
public from that day forwards. The warriors h.ivc their faces painted, every one ac-
cording to his fancy, and all ot tlicm generally lo as to ftrikc terror. Tlic chief, af-
ter a ihort iiarangue, leaves his cabbin, lingiiig the long of de.ith as he goes ; all of
them follow iiim in (ile, or one by one, obfervin-; a prof nind filenee, and the fame
is done every morning when they begin or continue the!, march. Here the women
go bef ire with the provilions, and when joined by the w.irriors, they deliver all the
baggage iiitvi their hand-., tliemlelvei remaining aliiiuU naked, at leall as much as the
feafon will permit.

The weapons of the JfiJi.ins were formerly the bow and arrow, and a kind of iavc- \rnn ri tiie
liii, lidded or pointed, as well as the arrow, with bone worked into v.iri ous lliapes, /"■"■'•' of
and the battle- ax, or, as they call it, the bre.ik-head. This w;..;pon was .i ini.ill club of a ,iVte':iiiA.
very hanl wood, whith had a round head and an e.lgc on one lide. The gre.iteft part of
them hail no deleiilivc arms, lave only that they covered their bodies .dl over with Imall
boards of a light rubibuuc. Some wore a fort of cuirals made ot nillies interwoven,
or of fiiiall pliable roils very neatly worked. In aiitient times they ucre not without
pieces t(jr the arms and thighs m.ule of the l.iine materia!..; but as thi> armour was
fouiul not to be proof ag.iinll fire arms, they have laid it entirely afule, and h.ive lince
liilnUtuttd nothing in its place. The VVclUrn 7';..'';.//.^, however, rtil! ule a tort of bucklers
m.ule (It bull- hide^ which are very light, and, lays my author, mulk;t proof. It is
lomvw!i..t Olid that the other In.lunn never bethought themfelvcs of thi-. piece of
.irni our.

\\ h,;t i very fiiigtil.ir, \\hen they in. ike life of our fword , they haniile them like a
pike: Hat when they cm procure miilket , powvler, ami ball, they lay .ilMe their bows
..lid ..riows, .uid arc excellent mirklmcn. The Ditub of AVu' i'ck, wlu-n th.it colo-
ny w.> ill tiieir ponilii ill, arc laid Ut li.ivc been the firft who lupplied the li.:i,r:s
with tire anils, an 1 to have taught them the ufe of them. The /'>■<■'.•.'' tollowcil t'leir
t \ Miiple, by arming their J'lJijfi allies alter the l'.tir^,p,;:n manner. The I'l. /;.:':■, h.ivc T-' " '!•■&''•
;ill . .1 l.iiii of eiiligns or colour- to dilliiiL'uilh th.cir own people, and to help them to
:..lly: Thcle .ive liiull pieces of b.irk, cut into a round form, which they fallen to the
I :id ol a pole, aiul on which i- drawn the m.uk of their village or nation. If
liie J'.' ty U iiuuKrv us, eery tiihe oi timilv h.i:. i:- own enli^n ^^ illi its dilli; -

(■X guilliing

iti

« »♦

; *-5

I 1^

! i*

March (tf
tht tirkl.

58 0/" /f)e Ori^i/ty Language, Religion ^ Ccver/f/fwnf, &c.

puirtiins mark. Their arms are alio ornamcnfcil with iiitlVrcnt ligiircs, and Tome'
times with the peculiar mark of tlic diicf in the expedition.

But there i-. lomewlut of which they arc (lill Id's forgcttul tli.in even of their arms,
Thnr Miri J ^[jj^lj ^y^^. ^^^ infinitely more careful to prcferve, ami that is their manitous.
uhich .ire to many lymnols rtprcfentiiiR the tutelar grniu^, or t.unili.ir Ipirit of each
indiviilual. Thele they put altogetlier into a b.ig m.uic of rulhcs, jiid painted with
ditfercnt colours ; aiiJ oltcntimes to do honour to the chief, this hig is pliced on the
prow of hi. galley, that it, his canin:. li tiicrc arc too m.iny manitous to he contain-
Cil in I'lie b.ig, thry arc tlirtrihited into fcvtral, which .ire committed to ihc care of
tlie lieutenant, and a guard comi'nled o( the eUlers ofeicli lamily. To thclc arc
joined the prelitnts which have l>cen given in order to receive priloiicrs in cxchanj^c,
and the tongues of all the animals killed in the campai^jn, which arc to be offered
up as a ficrifice to the Ipirils on their return.
Mirk of liii- On a march by land, the chief carrier lu;< own bag, whic!> he ca!'" his matt ; but
unciion. Jjc in.iy lav his burden <mi \^ liom he thinks proper, and this in never fcrupled, being
looked upun as a m.uk ofdillindi m, and communic.iting, in forae fort, a right of
fur\ivor(liip to the lupreme cnmmand, lliould the chief and his licutciiant happen to
fall before the campaign is ended.
!.f When thev are to proceed by water, as (onw as the warriors are embarked, the c.i-
'"noes move gently onwards, keeping alw.iys in a line in clofc order-, then the chief
rifes up, and holding in his h.ind hi. tliichic iiit-, he lin^v alouil the wir-fong peculiar
to himlcif, hi:) foldiers anhvering with three Ifr't, for thit !■ their manner of ihouting,
tttclicd with all their might trom the b.utom of their b:-.,irts. The elders and chiefs
of the council, who remain on the ihure, next exhort the warriors to diuhargc their
duty like me:), and above .dl things to t.ikc care of being furprizcd. This of all in-
juniilion-s i» uhat an /';../.;/» ftand> UKifl in need of, and of which thele people are the
leall mindful. This exhortation iUks nut hf)wcver interrupt the chiuf, who llill con-
tinues his long. Lately, the warriors, on their part, conjure their rel.itions and friends
never to forget them ; then, after fending forth in a botly the moll horrible ihouts,
they fet out ut once, and with I'o mucli Ipced, that they dilapj^ear in an inllanf.

The IIurc<:i and Ir'yjir.ii ufe not the chicliicoue, but give it to their prif uicrs, Co
tliat this inrtrument, which is a warlike fymbol to the other InJiJu\ feems to be z
nvufc of ll.ivery witli them. The warriors never make fliort marches, e;j>ccially
when in any conlivicrahlc body. Kvcry thing is an omen of good ox bad fuccels
with them ; and the jnnclcurs whule ofiicc it is to explain thele omens, haflcn or
retard the marches at their plcalure. Whde they arc not in a fufpcctcd country,
they fake i.o manner of precaution, an I fomctimes they arc fo dilj>erl'al in hunt-
ing, that y la will Icarce find two or three warriors together ; but however fcattcreJ
they may be on their march, they arc always furc to re-alfemblc punctually at the time
and place appointed f jr the rendezvous.
Inrotii.on oi They eiic.imp a conliderable while Ixforc fun-fct, and their way is commonly to
'•'*'""*"""'•' leave a confulerable Ipace betijrc the c.imp, whieh is furrounded with a palil'ade, or
rather a fort cf lattice work, on wliiih they pl.ice their manifous, turned towards
the way their march or rout lies. Thcfc fymbols arc then invoked during the fpaee
of an hour, and the fame aCt of devotion is performed every m>rning bef ire they
decamp. Tiii-. done, they imagine they have nothing to fear, l>ciii.! perfuaded that the
genii or fpiriti take upon them tiic oilce of centincis, and the whole army repnfes
in feturity under their fift-guar.i. No experience is able to undeceive or deter
tliem from this i.'.Ie and danirtrous confidence, wiiich takes it rile from a lazy and
indolent dil'polition, which nothing can overoiiu-.

The watrijrs h:)ld as enemies all tliey meet on their march. If thev lliouId hap-
pen, however, to meet with allies, or with parties nearly of equal f)rce with them-
lelves, and of nations with w.'iom they have no particular quarrel, they make a coa-
lition. It tliole allies happL.-n to hive bctn milling war on tiie ir.n^: nition, the chief
of t!ie ftrongcr bodv, or th.rt whii.h liis tirll taken up arms, gives the other foine
llalp., ot which they never fail t.) make provilion lor thole ■Kcatlons, with thclb
words : " ^'ou arc our air>ciatcs in fiiis caulc ; you have fultillcd your e:)g.i.^emeiit» ;
" your honour is fcciircd ; and yon are Irie to rttiun home," Rut this is to be under-
llood only in (Jl'e n\ an accidental rencMimter, and provi.icd tluv hive not pronuled
to V'l out wit!) tlirtn, .md iliat the others have no need of .iii", le-infh-ieiiKiit.

When

Thnr pro.

Fi 'iciimcta
ef jllm.

of the different Itidian Naiions inbahiting Canada,

When th*y arc on the point of cnterinj; the enemies country, thev m,ike .1 h,i!f,
in ohIlt li) ptrtorm a ceremony which is lingular enough. In tiic cveninj^ a great
Ua\\ \i gi»> n, alter wiiich they go to lleep. When all of them arc awaked, thole
who have hail any dreams go frum fire to fire, Tinging their death lonjr, in which
. "cy take c.irc to inlcrt their drc.im alter .1 dark and cnigmatit.1l manner, hvtry
one docs liM ntinod to cvplain it i anil, it nolx>dy liiccccds, the dreamer may return
homr if lie plcales. After this, new invoc.itions arc made to the genii, and they
aniiiiatc timiUclvts to attempt tlie moft d.ingcrous entcrpri/.cs, (wearing tij each other
mutiiAl altilbncc. At lall tltey Ugin their march again -, and, if they hive bronglit
their cJiiocs thus far, they \w\<t quit them, taking all the cure im igin,>ble to conceal
them. Were all the ininntitions prcltribed on thclis occalions oblicrvcd, it would I'carcc
be iHifliblc to (nrpri/c a party ot IhJim'h whiltl in the tnemits country. After tlii";
they mull make no n\ore Hrcs, and retrain trom fljouting or liunting, and even from
fpc;iking, except hy ligns. Thdc laws arc however very ill ohkrvcd, it king next to
impiliib'e tor an InduH to bear the Itall rufb or relkraint. Ihey iicgledt not, how-
erer, lending out fcouts every night, who l|H;nii two or tlircc hours in travcrfing the
country. If nothing is diicovcrcd, they lUrp in the greatcll Iccurity, leaving the
guant of their camp to the maniloiis.

Upon dilcovcry of the cnemv, they lend fomc to reconnoitre them, on whofc re-
part they hold a council of war. The attack is t;ciierallv m.ide at dav-brcak, the c-
nemy being then liippolcd to be in the moll profcjund lie p ; and all the nijiit they
continue with their laces flat upon the ground without the lead motion. 'IhtV ap-
pro.ich the enemy in the lame pollurc, creeping upon their tret and hands, till within
arrow-lhot. Then llarting up at once, the chief gives the fignal bv a taint hollow
(hout, to which the whole bixly anfwcr hy the inoft hideo'i; bowlings, making, at
ihc l.in>e time, their tirll dilcliarge : Afterward':, without leaving the enemies time to
recover from their liirprile, they fall upon them with their battle-axes. Tlicle ren-
counters, lincc tliey h.ave extliangcd their wooden hatchets for thole of iron, have be-
come much more bloody. The adlion once over, they ftalp the dead ami dying, and
never think of taking any priloners till the enemy has given over making relidancc.

If they tinil the enemy on iiis guard, or too llrongly entrenched tu Ik; attacked
with any probability of I'liccefs, they retire, if they can, without king ihlcovered.
If olhtiwiic thev take a refl>lutinn to conquer or die, and in this calic there is often
much blood Ipilt on both lides. A camp that l)as been lorced i.s the very image of
fiiry ; the lavage tiiielty of rhc cniiqutrors, and the wild ilcl'p.iir ot the conquered,
who know what thev have to e\[Ki;t, flioiild lliey tall alive into the hands of their
enemies, caulcs both parties to make incredible etForts. The tigure of the ct)nd\tt-
f.mts, klincarcd over with bl itk and red, augments the horror of the fray, which,
iiys my author, woidd he a very lively copy, Irom which one might form a picture ot
the IxirriMe condition of the damned in hell. The vii^tory being once lure, the vie-
torn. us firll dilpatch .ill lliolc that would, in their opinion, be cumberlbme to them
in their march, makiii;; llivci only ot fuch as tl>ey imagine capable of underi^oing
tatigiic.

The fiiMiins arc naturally intrepid, and prclerve, in fpitc of their brutal (iercenel's,
.1 treat deal of cool bl(H)d, even in the heat of the combat. They arc never willing,
on anv account wh.itever, if thev can avoid it, to tiigare on open plains. Their
realon is, that they liolil a viotorv purchaled with much blood of the conquerors
niiworfhy oi being called a victorv, and that the glory of a chief conliiK principally
in brin.'jii'^ back uiihuit all who loliow him to the campaign. It h..-; been laid, that
when two enemies, who are at the (aine time acquaintance , meet in the licat ot an
action, they hold conferences with one another like the hcKXis in ll»nct , ..nd that,
on thele oecili n\ tinv cii.dUr.ge or perl:.;ps aiimohilii their .iiit.:.;oi;;il.

Their art of war conliils ahiioll wholly in furpriles, or llratagcm, in which they
are gener.div liKiel'ful enough ; for it the l>hli,!>!S are i.e'^Iigent in t.d-.ing tlie nc-
erllarv prci.uilioi. .•.■^.liiid a lurprlle, tin \ .ire no lil- vi-ilant and dexterous at liir-
pri/C!. in then tiiiii. '1 hev have alio a woiidtrlul fii i!tv of knowin-, whttiicr an e-
nemv has palied any particni.ir way, dikovering by the marks ir print- of their
loot Heps, and the manner of their direction, whctlKT on the gral , nn uid, or l.md,
and even upon rocks theni'eives, whivli way the perlons who h.;Ve travellcil that
wav .ac I,, lie ; luv more they \mII tell voii, Iroiii til.' li/c .aid tu,ure ot li;c fiK^t

niiiiiy uvl
coniluel

Mrthnl of

r.tge (if iu;n«
biuiiti.

Military

1 i- t ■.

I ■<]

0/ tuc Origin^ Language, Religion , Govcnuncnty Svc.

Crurlly lo
pritoiicrj.

hhan tro-

fhits.

U ' '•■;■

fteps, liy their dilLuicc from cich other, by their mnnricr ol trcadirij;, whether lh:v
are men fir women, or of wliat nations they arc who have Ittt thole tracts. 'I'liis
is unanimoully aiVertcil by all who Itave hveii anionj^ll tlie I>iJi(in<, lo tii.it there leems
Uttlc rcilbn to doubt its being tad. It" any ot their piiloners, by rtalon ot their
wouniis, is not in a comUtion to be tr.mlported, they bum them upon tlie fpot ;
ami as this is {generally lionc in tlie firll tranl'ports ot tlieir liiry, anil wiiilll they are
uniler tlic neeellity of rctirini; with c.\[>edition, Inch pridmers meet witli milder tor-
tures, tlian thole who are rei'erved to be tormented at their leilure.

Amoiigd lomc nations tlic cultom is tor the chief of the viotorious party to leave
hib hatchet on the held of battle, on which he t.ikcs care to delineate the mark ot
the nation, that of his f.imily, ar.d his own portrait, that is, an oval, within which are
drawn all tiie figures witli which iiis fice is painted. Others again paint all thofc
marks on the trunk of lomc tree, or on a piece of bark, with charcoal ^xiunded and
ground with other colours. To thele arc added certain hicroglyphical char.idcrs, by
means of wliich, paiVengers may leain the Imallcll circumftancc, not only of the aiVi-
on, but of every particular event ct the campaign. The chief is diftinguillied in this
table bv tlu above-mentioned marks ; the number of his exploits, by fo many matts ;
his foKiiers, bv lo many lines ; the pril^ncrs, by an equal number ot Imall marmourcts
which bear a liatF, or cliicliicoue ; ot the dead, by an equal quantity of human figures
without heai's belides thole particul.iritics which dillingnilli men, women, and chil-
dren. Thele infcriptions arc not, however, always near the fymt where the atftion has
Inren ; for when a party are :.fr.iid of being purlued, they place thefe trophies out of
their rout, on purpole t' le.ui the purlueis out ot the right way.

Trr-itrntni of Thc conquerors arc very expeditious in their retreat out of the enemy's country;

tipiivcf and, leil they lliould be retarded by the wounded, they either c.irry them by turns oil
a fort of litter, or, if it is winter, they tranlport tlicm on lleds. Wiien thty re-im-
bark on biiard their canoes, they caul'e their pril'oners to ling, and this is praCtilcil
every time they happen to meet any of their allies. This honour is pnrchaled at
the expence of a teall to be given by thole who receive it, and of fomething woric
than the trouble of linging to the unhappy captives. On thole occalions they uivitc
their ally to cards them .u they call it, that is, to do them all the mileliief that comes
into their head, or to Ixrat them alter Inch a cruel rate, as fometimes to maim
them for ever. Some chief's are, however, more humane to their priloners, not
filtering them to be quite lo cruelly treated, but they are at the fame lime highly atten-
tive to guard them. In the day-time, they are tied by the neck and arms to one
of the benches ot the canoe, and, if the mareh is by laml, tJKTe is always one to
keep hold (>f them. In the night they are llrctched along the ground quite naked, their
neck and arms tieil duwn, by means of tenter hooks lixeil in the earth, fo that they
cannot mcAC ; their haiuis ami feet arc moreover tallened by means ot long cords,
in fuch manner as to prevent their making the linallell movement, without awakinj;
the I'luiiins who llecp on thele conis.

Wlicn the warriours arrive within a tcrtain diilancc of tlie village from whence

,1,^ (i„,pj,„„ they let out, they make .1 h.dt, ami the thief fenvis to j^ive notiec ot his .ip)'roach.
Aniongll lomc nations the melleiiger, as Unjii as lie is come within trv, makes liitierer.c
fliouts, fo as to give fbme nction ot the luccels and principal ailvcnturts of thr cam-
paign. I'irlf, he lignilies the number of their killed, by lo many death-lJiouts.
Upon this, the youth approauli liim to g.iiii more certain inlormation, .ind lom«.times
tlie whole village pours on' ; but only one perlun accolL the melieiiger, to learn
from him the particulars he brings. As the former rel.ites cath liiigle adventure, the
odicr turns himlelt and re|>cat:> it aloud to the company, who anhMr him bv lo many
acclamation'-, or cries (jf lainentalions, a. the news he relates hajipenj to be ioytul,
or otherwiu;.

I.»mcr'»'i.jr» The envoy is then coiukK^ted into a Init, where the tliitrs put tlie lanK qucllions

;.« i:.. 1...11 .!>, }ij(J \it:ci\ already .liked. .Alter thi, a put>lic crier iinitf. tlie whole body of
tlie youth to go fijith to meet the w.irriour , and the women to (.iriythem rtlrelli-
mtnt-. At tint tluy aie entirely taken up with lamenting tlic tl in, the invoy conti-
nually repeating tile tieath try. No jX.'rlons is lutiereii to ai'|iroath Inin 1 but when
he enters the vilLigc, he finds the jK jple alVemble 1, he rel.ites to them in Iwicf, all
that ha. hippenc i, and tlicn retires t > his hutt, w!i; re th.y bring lum 1 jiiiellun", to
cut, and t Ji I iiie time all ire employe! in bewailin.; the dectaieJ.

The

qJ the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canadii

-ty to leave
c mark of
I which arc
It all thole
)iiiuicii and
ir.idcrs, by
lit' the a<fti-
iliiii in this
laiiy matts ;
ni.irmourcts
man figures
I, and cliil-
e action has
iliits out of

's country ;
In' turns on
tlity rc-im-
is praiitilcil
nirilialed at
thini^ worlc
. tliey ujvitc
t that comes
£s to maim
riloncrs, not
»i^lily attcn-
'ins to one
,vay.s one to
naked, tiicir
fo tlut they
ioni^ cords,
ut awaking

om whence

ib api'roach.

,c5 duiVrer.C

\ \\\: cani-

ieaili-liuiut-i.

i lonutimcs

i.r, To karii

Iventurc, the

bv lo many

o be j'.iytui,

lie iiuitlions
lie bniiy ot
cm rtltelh-
iiMiy coiiti-
; but when
Ml t'licf, all
jiii'.lhiii", lo

The time allotted for wailing being expired, tliey make another cry to denote the
vidory. Then every body dries his tears and nothing is to be fccn but univerlal joy.
Something like tliis is pruCliled at tiie return of the iiuntcrs : The women, as fojn iis
they have been advcrtiled of their approach, go out to meet them ; ai.d, before they
inform themlclves of the fuccefs ofthe hunting, lignify. by their tears, what perfons have
died in the village fince their departure. To return to the warriors, from the moment
the women have joined them, the punilhmcnt and I'utTerings of the prii'oncrs com-
mence. When any of the captives arc to be adoptcil, which, however, is not curt ;m-
arv among all the Indian nations, thofe wh-^ arc to become their parents go, after notice
given them, :o a farther dilJunce to receive them, but take care to conduct them to their
c.ibbiiis by fomc round-about way. The captives arc generally long Ignorant ot their fu-
ture fate, and ttw efcape the tirtt traiilpoits ot the fury of the women, to which all thofe cruelty of
who are doomed to liie are entirely given up. The courage with which t!icy receive 'tii"""'"""
this IbMin of barbarous rage and cruelty is quite aAunilhing. Above all ihould a- *''' I"'"""'
iiv one of tliefc furies happen to have loft a fon, a hulbaiiJ, or any otii-r perton
who w.is dear to her, were it even thirty years ago, ihe dilcharges her vengeance
on the til ll the meets ; and it is quite ineoncfiv.iblc to what hei^;ht (lie will carry her
rage. No regard, either to inodilly or humanity, has the Icall rcllraint on her, and, at
every blow Iht fetches, you would certainly conclude the vidim muft fall dead at her
feet) and it is to the lad degree wondevlul, with what ingenuity they prolong the
moft ihocking torments. The wliolc night is pall in the camp of warrijrs in this
manner.

The next day is appointed fur the triumph of the conquerors ; the Irequnis and ''"■i"'^!'' "f
fome otlic-r Ii.iln'i \\.\Uot\% atTtCl r.ieat mo.letly, and ftill greater dirintcieliednels on ' '"^ ""*'"'"
thofe occalions. l lie cliiet'^ tirll mak(! their entry into the village alone, without
any otlitr marks of viiitory, obleiving a protound filence, and retire to their cibbiiu,
without fignitying that they have the leall right or prctenl'.on to any of the piiloners.
Amongll other nations the cuflom is entirely ditVcrcnt ; the chief marches at the
head of his corps, with the air and port of a conqueror; next follows his lieutenant,
jireccded by a crier, whole otiice i'i to rt4iew the death cries. The warriors follow
two and two, the prifoners in the middle crowned with tiowcrs, their hair and vii'age
painted, holding a llalF in one hand, and a chichicoue in the other, their body al-
moft naked, their aru.s tied with a roj-e above the elbow, ot which the w.irriors
hold the ends ; lin);ing incellantly tin ir deaih-lbi.g to the found of the chichicoue.
This mulic has lomething nv)nnitol i;nd dililainfnl at the f.une time, the captives
dilcoveriug notiiiiig th .t h.is the leall air ot a piifoiier, nr of .i perfoii under atHiiilion.
Tlie toliowing i^ i. early the pur[>ort ot tlitir fongs. " I who am brave and undaun- ?<ing o(tn-
ted, fear neitlicr death nor the criiclell tornuvts. Let cowards who arc Ids than""''*'
women dread them; the brave hold life in no lou '>f ertcctn, in comparifon of ho-
nour. M,.y liirv anJ litip.iir chuak my enemies ! Why cannot I dev^jur them, and
quatV the l.id li.f p of their blo(;d."

The priioncrs arc inadi- to halt trom time to time, when i!ic I'lJiam crnuil round
them, dancing, and cauliiig tiie captives to dance with thciii : "^lielc I'etin to ilo it
with grc.t chf.irtuliie!-, relatii.ir, .it the l.ime time, their moll remirkable exploits, .jid \],.\\cr\- r(
mtntionin;', by their ii..mes, all thole who have been killed or burnt by their h,iiid>. 'h« P'H'""-
lint, erpccially, tiiey take cue to reiiiaik thole who have bctn moll de..r to the allil-
t.int'., and one v.ould conclude they were lolely intent on provoking the fury of the
toimeiitois. 'I'lule bravados have toiillaiitlv t!ie ctltcl that ought naturallv to be e\-
jH.\'tiil lioiii tliini, exciting the utiiioll triiilpoits ot rage in all who her tlum, fo
th.it their vanity colls tluni extremely dear, though, by the manner in which tliey
rcittvethefc toiluies, you would ima'.;ine, that, to put them to tb.e moll exquilite
piin, were doiii;' iheiii tlie moil Icniilile ple.iliirc.

.Som .limes they oblige them to run between two rows of J/nintris, who are anr.cil
with ib.ir.ti .111;! iiui'.'.eis, and l.iy upon them a.'^ if they woi;!tl liilpatih tluin at the i ii
lull b! 'W. Thev, however, arc never known to fall under this ojKration, tlioie lava-
ges, even in their gi'eattll r.ige, taking ere never to ihike on .my p.irt where the
lilow might prove mortal. In tins cntnie, or march, any one has a light to llop the
fiiriVrer, who is alio permitted to ad in his own lieience, though generally to no
luijioie. On the arrival of the c.iptivtv in the village, thtV aie cciuUk'IciI trom
ealiliii to e.ibbin, and every wheie iiuile to |>ay loi theii iceepti' n in tlie l.iiiu-

R !;'iiii.ii,e

t r. tpi.cM

, hi

Their ilil'.;
buiion.

Their fnle by
ilcjih. fll.i\o
or idoption.

Of the Ori^ifiy L(H!gU(tgi\ Riligi'jn, (j(,ivr;:;/:c;i.'y 5ci-.

Iium,inc nunncr. In one tlicy pluck ort' a nail ; in a Kxoml tluy take oiF a tiii.;cr.
cither with their teeth, or will- a knife that reteniWes a l.i'.v, rather t!i in an cth;e to.il.
An oKl man then tears otV tlieir llelli till the very Ii.uks .i.c leeii ; a chiKl pieree-.
thcni with an awl where he can ; a woman leour^^es them with the moll inlenlihlo
brutality, till her arms arc weary with whipping. Hut all this wliiie there is no
warrior, not even their mailer^, -a ho lays a han.l upon them. TIkv are not, hi>w-
ever, pcrmitteil to maim ti.em, without the permiiilon of tlioie whole property th.y
arc, wliich is rarely i:;ranteil. Kxceptin^ this, they have a ri;^ht to intliCt what pimilii-
nients and cruelties they think fit, ami, it they are led tlirou;.;h feveral vllla,L;es, wlie-
thcr of tluir allies, frieiuii, or ol their own nation, ami at their ileliie, their rte.ptian is
every where the fame.

They next let about dividing the captives, whole fite depends on the will ar i
pleafurc of thofe to whom they are linlributed. As fiKin as the couneil, in wlui.li
their fate is decided, breaks up, an lierald, or crier, invites all the jHuple to ailem-
ble in the fquarc, where the dnlrubuti' n i^ alsvay- made without the lealt clamour or
difputc whatfocver. Thole women wli.' Iiavc lull their children, or huil^and^, in tlie
war, arc commonly the firil provided. Afterwards thry take care to dil'char;.v their
promiks to thole who have v;iven them collars ; if there .irc not a luiFaient number
of captives for this purp /Ic. the deficiency is made good by fcalps, vviiich
are worn for ornament on tdlivals and reioycing days, and afterwards hung up
at the doors of their cabbins. If, on the contrary, the number of priloners exceed
that ot thofe who have any pretenlions, tlie furplus i, lliit to their allies. A chi-.f
is made good only by a chief, or by two or three llave«, who are aKvay> burnt, even
tho' the chief had died of lickncf-. The Injusis never fai^t^) fct apart a number of
their prifoner? for the public ufe, in wliich cafe the council difpofcs of them as they
fee fit ; th'i' the !iiother> m.iV yet annul their feutence, as being ablolute fovereijns
of the life and death oi thofe who have been conilemned or abfolvtd by the
council.

Amongft fome nations the warriors never part with the right of diipofing of their
priloners, and thofe in whole favour the comicil has dillribuled them are obligeil to
deliver them back into their hands, it lo required. Hut this i^ leldom done, and,
when it happens, the vvarriours are obliged to give up the pledges of thole to whom
the prifoners had been given. If a warrior, on his .nriv.d, dtcl.ires his intention in
this point, it is generally not oppoled. The greatell part ot the priloners of w.ir nrj
ufually condemned to liic, or to a flatc of llavcry, wIirIi is extremely rigorou-, their
lives ilepending on the plcafure of their mailer'^. Sometimes they arc adopteil, in
which cafe their fituatioii ditlcrs nothing troni tli.it ot chikhen of the nation, ot
which they are Income members, they enter into the tuil eniovnuiit of all the rights
and privileges of thole whof« pliers they lupply, and ottentinits they become lo verv
zealous on the behalt of the nation that ha'- adviptcd them, .is to go to w.ir againfl their
own country. The /roy«//j iiave hitherto been fu|iported lolcly by thi^ piece of policy ;
for as they have been in war, tor tune unmeinoii.il, .igainlt .ill the ciuiiiiiuKent /';..';.;'.'
nations, they mull have been long lincc reduced to nothing, had they nut taken c.irc
to naturalize a conliderable number of their priloners ot war.

It (ometimes happens that inllead of fending the furplus ot their pnlimcrs to then
albc;, they LeHow them upon private perluiis who made no demaiiii.-. of th.it f-rt, ia
whicli cafe, they are either (jbligcil to alk the opinion ot the chiefs ot the council
what they arc to do \sith them, or othcrwife they are under the ncceliity of adopt-
ing them. In the full cale, lie to whom a llavc has been prelcnttd fenils |. ine
perfon uf his own f..nuly to bring him home; he tliei- tic:, him to the do>r ot lii,.
cabbin i this done, he allembles the chiefs ot the couiriI, intoiins them ot hi-> own
intcntioni, and alk-- their opiiii'in, whith !■> commonly agree, ible to liis wiihes. In
ihc I'econd ciicumllance, the counul, alter placnig the priloner in tho hands ol hiiii
for whoiii they intend him, addrtK jum m the lollowing m.imiei. " It is now .i
loni' time li.'ice we have been depiived of huh a one, your ulitnm, or t'liciul. wliu

was

the fuj-port of our villa'ije

Or, " W'c ie;;rtt the ipiiit ot liuh an <jne v. liom
you liuVe loll, aiiil who, by hi:, grc.it wiulom, m.iint uned the public repole .iiui tr.inquiii-
ty ; he mull t''.is »l.iy Ik; m.uie to appeal ag.iin ; he \\ ms t'jo li.-.ir to w, in I t"0 v.i-
luable, to defer any longer tlie bringing iiiiii a^aiii to lite, v.e tlieiet >re lejil.ice hiiii

unoii tils in.itt I'l the

rton ot this cat'tivi

Sa:k

of the different Indian Nations inhabititig Canada. 6j

Some privMte pcduiis, on account of llicir fupcrior crciiit and cftimation, have ;l
pritoncr j'ivcn tlicm, without any reilridioii or rclcrvc, and witli full power to dif-
jKifc 1)1 hiin at their plcafurc. In this calc the council in delivering him into their
li.nu!:-, exhorts tiiein in thefc words : " Behold wherewithal to repair the lofs ')f |,3i ?n
fucii an one, and to ^iad tlic heart of thy father, of thy mother, of thy wife, imwiig pn
and ot thy chiKlrcn, whether thou Ihalt choofc to caufc them to drink of the broth of '"''"■•
thi^ flelh, or that thou lovefl rather to replace the departed upon his matt in the
pcrfon ol this captive. Thou mayell difpofc of him as fcemeth right in thine own
eves."

When a prifoner has licen adopted, they condud him to tlie cabbin where he is to re- fi'-nffiti of a

lin, and he;.^in bv loolini; his bamls. Next they fet on water to warm, in order to walh '"'!"""
Jiiin ; then tliey probe hi'^ wounds, if he lias any, and lie is foon cureil were they even full
of wonii'i, Nothin;^ is forgotten to m.ikc him lofe the memory of what he has undergone i
they then fet meat before him, and, lallly, they cloatli him in good and decent appa-
rel. In (hort, they do all that could bo done lor a child of the nation, or even for tiic
verv piifon he brings to lile again, as they exprefs themfclves. Some days after a
feall is madv-, i[ .vhicii the name of the pcrfon he reprelentb is given liim with a-
bundancc of folemnity -, and he then not only enters into full polieliion of all his
rights and privileges, but alfo enters into all his contra(tts or obligations.

Amongli tl'.e Ir.jir-is and lln/o'is, thofe who have been delfincd to the flames arc C-'piivcs ."r.
fometimes treateil at firlf, and even till the moment of their execution, with as much g,Xc>.°'
Kiiitv aiivi indulgence as thole who have been adopteil. Thefc are probably vidtims
which they fatten tor lacrifice, being actually olfered to the god of war. The folc
dinerence b^twciu thefe and the otlicr captives is, that they fmear their faces with
black, txcept tliis, they give them the b-if locxl, fpeak to them with an air of huma-
nity, and even friendlliip, giving them the title of ioiy, brother, or nephew, according
lo their relation to the pcrlon whofe manes is to be appeafed by the facritice ; and
fometimes tliey give them their pleaiure of the women, who are in the nature of
wives to them during the time they have yet to live. To prevent their endeavouring
to elcape, they conce.il a-i much as polhble the fate they are to undergo.

The moment every thing is ready tor the execution, they arc delivered up
to a Woman, who, from a mother degenerates into a very fury, pall'ing, from
the teiiderelt and moll endearing carclies, to the lalt iranfports of r.ige and mad-
nefs. She begins by calling upon the (hade of him whom (he is about to avenge,
in terms Inch as tliefe : " Approach, whilll I am .ibout to appeal'e thee, and S''""'"''''')'*
wliiill I prepare thee a repall : i)ruik large draughts of this bn;th which is ready *^^^.|";J,"'„|^',
to be poured out Ix tore thee: Receive the viCtun which I prepare for thee in the to c\<.c<aion.

Iierl'on of this warrior: Him will I burn, and put into the ehiUhon : Uarning
lat.hets will loon be applieil to his tklli : They are ready to tlea of)" his hair: They
will drink out of his ikull : F.ea\c, therelore, thy complaining : Thou ilialt hive
thy vengeance fullv I itisfied." 'I'his f )rinuia, which i.-. properly the ienteuee of d-:,ifli,
Varies conlider.d)!/ m the expredion, but ia always the lame in (ub(\.ince. A rrier
then caulei the captive to come from the cabbin, proclaiininj' aloiul the intenfio.n'j
of him or her to whom he belongs, and clofes the proclamation by exliorting
the youth to ilo their part- well. Tlevt .idvances a fecond herald, who .utdrelles
himt'elt to tlie luii'erer in thcie terms. " Take courage, brother, thoa ..r; going to
be burnt." lie ag.nn anlwcrs coolly ; " It is well, I thank thee." Then the whole
villr.;e let up a lliout, ;'iid the prifoner is comlucted to the place of execution.

The c.ipuve is connnonly tieil to a pott by the hands and feet, but I'o as t*)
I'u.'.-T him t I turn ipnie round it. Sometimes, however, when the execution is to
l>c 111 iotue cbbiii, whence their is no danger of his elcapiiig, they omit tying
Iiiin, and Ic.ive him to run tr in one end of the hut to the other. Hetiire tbev be- „ ,.,

1 II- 111- -111- 1 I 1 ' I .-Kfl.iliiti "1 rl

gin to bum lum, he ling-. In-, de.itn-long for the i.ilt time ; next lie m.ikes tlie reeit.ii ol lUciurt-ict
iiH vail lilt le.it., ..nd .ilmoll alwavj i:i the manner that ia iiiuif iniuitiiv.; to the b\-li.iiid-

urt'.s.

t then
I

beleeehcs them not to (pare him in t' e k.ill, but to remember he is
w.irriour. Tlui!. he goes on tinging chearluUy in the midll ot torment-,

a m.iii, aiii'i .i

inluUiii;', and ilet)iiig his exck-utioner^ to the l.ilf groan.

The tc. mentors .lie generally as many .is there are tpectators or inh.d'itants in the
Vill.ig.", iiv.;i, W)men, .iiul children, who leein to we with eacli other who ih.dl ex-
k...l in .1.1 maiii-.v-r ol cukltv. Tlie inhabitants of the hut, in wliivli the piiioner

R .: has

Eurnt in the
moll tortu-
tin^ miuncr

Of the Origin^ Language, Rcit^ic;:, Ljcfjrj:;::::::, &c.

has been kept, arc the only pciroii> wlio h.ac id h.ui.l in tlalc .uh ot hnitalitv ;
at kail this is the piadicc amoni^d lomc n.itioiis. '1 hey >.,i.iicr.iily begin witji
burning the feet, then the hinbs, akx'ii iiiii; by li.^rees tu du iieul; .u\d lometimes
tlicy protract thole lutVerings tor a wlmle week, a', it happ.Mie.l t.t .\ Luruiaijii gentle-
man wJK) had fallen into the hands ot the Iroq;i:is. TIid.j wlio .ue tlie leall lp..rcil,
are Uicli who, after having been ailoptcii, or fet at liberty, have riuKie their ele.ipc,
and have l^en taken a iccond time : Thcle arc lookeil upon as unnatural children,
and as ungrateful perlons, who have made war upun tlieir relati.ins a^id iK-ntfaClors, and
to fuch no fort of favour is li.wn. Sonictmies the liilVertr i> kit look-, even
when the execution is not in a eahbii., and he i.-. alio allowed ti il..n 1 upon liis own
defence, which he docs not fo much from any hope or profpect d L.ving iiis life, us
to avenge his death iK'forc hand, and to iiave the glory of dving like a man of cou-
rage. There have been many iiillancc^ to prove what a i)ro.li;^i;iii ,i..:ri.e of llrcngth
and fortitude fuch a rel'olution is capable ol inlpiiin^:, ot which tlie tollowm^r, .inci-
ted by perfons worthy of credit, wiio were eye witndks, la on^ v^iy leinarkjble :

An //-cjwc/i captain of the canton calk\i O/v.'vs.v.'/', chufe r-itlur to cX(iole hnnlilf
to the word that co'jld happen, than to dilli inour hinikli b/ li.iir.', winch he f;o!.-
cd upon as Hill the more unworthv ol a hero tnin t! e iil ex.,n.|k- iie mull there-
by give the youth under his command, lie tcught a long time li!<e one rcfoivcJ
to die with his arms in his hand,>, but tlie Jiuicns Iiis cneimt s, v.e.c rcliilvnt on
taking him, if poiiible, alive. Ue was con(i>i..ted fo.:etlier wit i llio.e who were
taken prifoncrs, at the fame time, int^j a canton where they were converteii and bap-
tized by fomc iWwtZ' milhonaiics, and all burnt a few d.iys after, 'jjving marks of
an adonilhing conllancv. The Ircfucn cuniniaiulcr b, licvLd lie mi-iit l.iwhiilv do
his enemies all the milchiet in his power, aii.i ritaril the hour of his de.ith a^ much
as poiiible. They had caulc»l liim to alcend a ihigj or theatre, where tluy began
by burning his body in every member witliout the leall mercv, himlilf .ippe.niiig
us much inlenfiblc as it he were not in the kail Uiikrin'.;. Hut on peicivim^ one o. hit
companions wlio was tortured )Ull by him, iliicover lome lign of we.ikiiels, lic tcl-
tified much uncafincfs at it, omitted nothing that mi:;ht em our.iia- him to Ixar up
under liis calamities, from tlic hopes of a liappy iinmort.tlity in heaven, and lliewed
vaft fatistac'tion to fee him die at lart not only li!^c a br..' . u.iii but .i Lhriftian.

Hi« patifncr. Tiiofc who had thus put his Companion to death fell up>n him witli lueh r.ii'e,
allonilhiiig ,. , , , ,' . . ' , , , ' , , , . •' ;

vivjciiy and as It tiicy Would tear hin) to pieces. He apj^ared net at all moved at it, and

tcuihuxcind they were now at a lofs to find any jwrt o) his boJy that wus kniibk- to pain, when
**•*' ' ■ one of his executioners, after making an incilion in the ikui quiie roiiiul tlie heail,
toic it entirely off", by mere t'orce and violence. Tiie pain made him t.ill iiiio
a Ivvoon, when the tormentors, tK-lievin^ him dead, kit li:m. A moment after
he recovered from his fwoon, and feeing nothing near Itini, but the cor[>s (it In-,
friend, he tiwk up a fire-brand witli both hmdN, kiiched aii.l fie.td a^ tliev were,
defying his executioners to come nigh him. Thi^ uncommon r. l.ilution Ibuek terror
into them, they ni.idc hideous lliouts, ran to arm^ fome Lwinr ii.)lii of burning
coals, and others fei/ing red-hot irons, and all at oi,tc poured ujkmi him. Mj iIikhI
the brunt of tlicir fury with the ouragc (/f delpair, ,vi\ iv n m..dc them retire.
The fire that furroundcd him fcivtii him tor an intrenelimtiif, wbw^'hc compieafcd with
Kidders they iiad ufcd to aleerid the leatV.)ld, ..nd thus f*rti<yiii/ /,,,)iieit, and ma-
king a fort of CrTadcl of his fmur.il pile, wliieli 'vas nnw betoiije <(ie the ilrc of his
bravery, and armed with the inlhuments ot liis torn, re, he w.l^ for a ei>iMi.!er.di!c
time the lerr >r o* a wlmle canton, ^n i not oi.c had tl.t JK.iit 1 1 .ippro.u li him tho'
he was more than halt-burnt to death, and (h. bjood Ifiekied hoin .ili p,iu ot his
b:>dy. A Ilip ot tlie foot in ihunnn.i; a tire-brifi<< <li/f d »i \t\m, delivered him cnec
more i-.to the hand^ </t hi' enemies who, a* yoi> Hiif ".t\ irn..;;ine, m.idc liiiii
pay cxtftiiieiy dear f<r the f; ar- lie had oceahoned flieiii. Arl.f Wtarviit', tlicmicivei
with torMC'ifing him, they tlirew him iiito tlie iioddlr n\ .i c'cat coal-fire, in lull
confidence that he would never rile from it. i.'ut thiv were dccnvcii , for, when
they Icart thought cjf it, they beheld him .-..'.on, ..tmtd wiili , r liraii.i- ;iinmng tow.nds

the village, as it he were g'/ing t.j kt it on fire All h

when, iu<* as he h

Wen-

.ozen w

and n ) perlon »l.ired to face h

ith k

'nii>(l rrached the lirll

ibi

I aholli^

a tiiek thrown at h

im,

gi'jund, and they laid h'-ld .jf ]»im bJoie h

.r.d lallin/ btt/riii hi l>

him

tj the

himielt. Here, tirrt

1»

itu V

tm.iikjl)!c :
xpulc iiiiiiklf
licli lie li,()l:-
■c nuill tlicrc-
unt: icfoivej
c rtlwlvcti (ill
c wlio Were
rtcii ami bji)-
/iiis; nurki of

l.iWlllllv do

futh a^ much
c tiny iKgan
U If a[>]H\iiii)g
ins; one o. hit
kiKls, lie tcl-
im to Ix-.ir ii(>

I, and ihcwcil
Lhrillian.

ith Iuv.li r.ii^e,
■cd at it, anJ
I) pain, when
iiiil tlic hcail,
iiiin tall info
moment after
corps (j( Iii',
a-. tlu'V were,
1 itnitk terror
il ol liiirniiig

II. Hj II.khI
: tliciii retire,
[upleatcii with
lelt, anii iiia-
Ik lire ot his
1 i.iinri,ler..h!e
) u 11 liim tho'
i j'lH^ ot hi-i
.reil iiim '••ux
le, made hiin
n,; thcmlclves
il-tire, in lull
i! ; for, when
lining towards
en with h-ar,
died the lirll
t liifli tj tlir
f. Here, tirlt

tluv

of the different Indian Natiom inhahiting Canada.

they cut olT his hands and feet and rolled him upon burning embers, and thert threw
him below the burninj; trunk of a tree, the whole village gathering round him to
enjoy the fpcdtacle. Ik loft fuch a quantity of blood us altnoft to extinguilh the
lire i lo that they h^d now no manner of apprehenfion remaining of any future at-
tempt, lie made, however, another, which ftruck terror into the motl undaunted.
He crept: on Ms knees and elbows with fo much vigour, and with fuch a thrcatning
countenance, as aftonillied, if not affrighted them. In this ftate, the milTionarics ap-
proaching him, in order to dilpole him to bethink himfcif of the ftate of his foul,
at that drcadlul moment whicii was at hanii, tic icemcd to liftcn with attention,
and to have his thoughts occupied folely with I'uch meditations, when one of his
executioners, taking his opportunity, ftruck off his head.

If thotc nations make war like barbarians, we muft, however, dlow that in trea-
ties of peace, and generally in all their ncgociations, they dilcover fuch a dexterity,
addrefs, and elevation of I'oul, as might do honour to the beft policed nations. They
never think of making conquefts, or of extending their power and dominion. Some
of thofc nations know no manner of doininion or fovtreignty ; and thole who have never
Ict't tlieir native country, and who look upon themfelves as the lords and lovercigns ot the
foil, are not fo jealous of their property as to hinder new comers from fettling on it,
provided they attempt not to moleft them. The points which arc the only lubjccls
of their treaties, are, to make alliances againft powerful enemies ; to put an end to
a war which may have become burthcnlome to both parties ; or, rather, to treat of
a fulpenlion of holluitie--, lor every War or diflention is everlafting amongft the In-
tiii:ns, when they fall out bttwein different nations. Thus there is little ftrets laid
on a treaty of peace, v,h;lll any ot the parties are capable ot molcfting or giving unca-
fincl's tM the other.

During the whole time of tI)C ncgociation, and even before it commences, their Arfui
chief care is, that tii y may not fecm to nuke the tirft advances, or, if thcv do,
tliev u!e all their adiirels to make their enemy believe that the overture; proceed not
from fear or neccliity ; and th^ latl is managed very artfully. A plenipotentiary
keeps up an air ol haiightincfj, even when the affair ^ of his nation arc in the wr-.it
fituatioii; and he is guierally lorrunatc enough to jHTluadc thole with whom he ij
treating, that it is tliur intereft to put an end to hollilities, however liitc.rful they
may have l-^rn. (Jii this account, he avails himfclt of every thing that may contri-
bute to his lucceli., employing all the eloquence and addrels imaginable. For il.ould
his propofals happen not to be relilhcd, he is obliged to keep well on his guard, a blow
of the hatchet being often the fol;- reply made on fuch occalions ; and it is not even
cnougii to have clcaped the tirft furprile, he has alio grounif, to tear being purliied,
and burnt it taken, if any pretext can be found, as, tor inllance, tliat ot lepriials,
for fuch prcKceding. Thus it hapjicncd to fomc French amongft the I'C(fuois, to
whom they had been lent oit the part of the governor general ; and the Jeluits who
refuied amongft thole InJiiins, and were a fort of agents for the colony, were always
expecting to be faenhced fo fomc ancient grudge, or milundcrftanding, or to the re-
monftranccs of the governor of AVii' llrk.

It is furpriling, in ihort, that nations who never make war from motives of intc-
rcft, and who even carry their dilintercftcdncfs to fuch a height, that their warriors ne-
ver load thcmfclves with the plunder and fpoil ui the conquered, and, it thcv bring
home any booty, abandon it to the firft that picalc:s to take it, and, laftiv, who take
up arms for glory, or to revenge thcmldves on their enemies ; if is, I fay, ijuitc afto-
niftiing to fee them lo well verled and pradtifcd in the greateft refinements and in-
tricacies of (late policy, and even fo as to keep minifters, refuting amongft their cne-
mit?, at the public cxpcncc. They have one cuftor.i with rclpetit to theic a-
gents, which appears futficientlv extravagant, though it may be reckoned prudent
enough, at the fame time, which is, that they never lay any ftrels on any in-
telligence they receive from thole penlioners, il the advice Ik not accompanied
with fome prefcnt. Their policy here ariles, no doubt, from this conlidcration,
that, in order to give an entire credit to any piece of intelligence, it is n t only nc-
eelLry that he who comiDunicatcs it have nothing to h<)pc from it, but even that
It lliould be attended with fomc cxpcncc to him, both becauie the public, and not
all) private intcrcft, ought to be his only motive for lending it, and alio that he may

S not

Tj >■ iofiht
Indian, for
iii(;ixi..tlyn'.

Artful in3»

(IrfKlfnli
hi4int.ui'c4 1
maiiKeiitlHi^i

C\M c.iltom

10 thcni

0/ the Origifty Language^ Religion^ Government, 6cc.

»H

Dimri of J

nimali

not ralhly, or before he has well weighed the importance, trouble them with trif-
ling and fupcrAcial matters.
Government Thc nations on the continent of Ncrih ytmcrica h.ive, for the inol> j).irt, a kiml
ofilie iniumi q{ nridocraticiil form of government, thc mo.les of which are alinolt intinitc. Vm
ofG«»«*i. jj^^, ^^^,|^ canton has its own chief, indtpcndant of all thc other cantons of tiie nation,
on whom thc fiibjcds have full as little depcndancc, there i<, however, no matter of
importance tranfac'tcd without the advice ot their ciders. Amonpll tiiolc nations that
live towards ^caJit:, or Nox'a Stotiu, their fauamos were more abf( lute, and it docs
not appear that they were obliged to make largcll'es to their people us the chiefs arc
accurtomcd to do almoll every where ellc. On thc contrary, tluy levied a kind of
tribute on tluir fubjetft^, and their grandeur did by no means oiilill in their dilir.tc-
rcftedncfs, and in keeping nothing for themfelvcs ; but it is probible that thc difper-
fion of thc AcaJian hJians, and it may be tlieir commerce witii the French, may
have contributed much to thc change of their ancient form of government in this
particular, the detail of which m.iy be fouml in Champlatn and Lejiurht.

Amongft fcvcral nations there are three trilK-s, or clans, which arc reckoned chief or
ChnMitlo, fupcrior to the rell, and which arc probably as old as the nation itfelf. They have,
»nd d^tJin- however, one common fbxk j but there is one of thcle three brandies which is held
mifk»* the rirft in rank, and has a pic-cmiiienic over the other two, and thofc of this tribe, or
family, have t!ie quaUty or honorary title of bicthren given them, whereas tiitv give
others only that of coulins. Thefe tribes .ire mixed without however being
confounded, each iiaving its particular chief in tlie village, and, in atTairs whiih
concern thc who!' :r'»'on, thefe chiefs allcmble, and are thc council which dclibcr,»tes
upon them
Njiinr.Mr.J Hach t' r^<" bears tl'e name of fomc anim.-il, and thc nation in general has one of
it;bc<ukcthe i(5 Q^yp vlii> ! .liCii .guiihcs it from others, thc rigure of which is its mark, or,
what is th, : - thing, its enlVins armorial. When they (ign any ticaty, thc figure
of thisar'mal is U'. . ^■< drawn on it, except, in fomc particular calc;, when they make
ufc of different 0:' ^ti.utfs. Tliu5 thc ////r<;/; nation is the nation of the Porcupine :
Its firrt tribe bear* »nc nunc of the Bear, or thc Roebuck, for authors are not a'rccd
fin this point i the t.vo next in rank have taken for their animals thc Wolf and thc
Tortoife ; in (hort, every canton has its peculiar animal, and it is this variety which has
probably milled the writers of feveral erroneous relations. It is alio proj^r to t.ikc notice
that, bcfidcs thefe diilinCtions of nation*, tribe?, and cantons, by dirfcrcnt animals,
there arc alio other ditfertiices which arife I'rom certain events, or from lome p.irticu-
lar cuftoms. Thc Hurons cjlled Ti'-nnontatt-z, for inOam c, who are of the firii tribe,
are commonly (iiftinguiilicd by thc title ot the nation oi Pctun ; and there is yet in being
a trcatv <'f thole hiiiiam with the Frmch, to which they iiave affixeii as their niark
the figure ot a Heaver. The hoqwJi, or I'ivr Nation?, have thc fame animals with
thc Huron Indian^, a colony of whom they havp been reckoned by fomc Frc:-hh wri-
ters, with thi: difference, however, that amongft the former thc fimily of the Tor-
toife is divided into the (ireat and the Little Tortoile.

The cliief ot each family or clan bears it? name, and is known bv no other title
in all public tranfac^tions ; thc cafe is precilcly thc lame with thc chiefs of villauies.
But helides this title, which i« only, as we may fay, a Ibrt of rcprelentativc one, they
have another which dillinguirties them more particularly, and i^ in thc liaturc of a
mark of honour. Thus unc is called Mofi No/>I', -Aothci Me.lt y!'iil<nf, .uui I'l of thc
reft. Laftly, they they have a third title, whic'f is pes?'(na! ; but this is probably
in life amongft thofc nations only where the qualify of chief is hcrediary.

Thefe titles arc conferred with a yrr-.it deal of ceremony : The juw chief, or,
if he Hnjuld not be of age, his n prcfenfative, is to give a repaft, tu l>ellow lar-
pefTes, to make thc clogium, or panegyric, of his predeccftor, ■.iiid to fin'^ his fong.
There arc, however, inftances where .- ccrt.iin name i:. haii in lui h veneration,
that no perfon afterwards (i..rcs to f.»ke it, or .,t icail, not befon ii is in a man-
ner antiquated, in which cafe they call it, rclViring tlic per: i; uiio formerly bore
it to life.

In the Northern parts, and in general wherever thc Ah'tkin lanjui'.'e prcv.ii's, the
digiiitv ot thc chief is eledivc : Hut then the whole ceremony (jf cledtion ;:nd in-
ftallation confifts in featling, accompanied with dances and foiigs. The chief cledt
never jinit* to make the jiancgyin. ut his |-rcdcceflur, .nul Ui luvjke his genius.

Amongft

lilicl .f
ciiieh ot fj-
niiliri And

i i;lf> con
fcfftJ anj
rcvi.cii

'■!..c(rlc;in'C.

• 41

of the different Indian Nati9ns inhahitin^ Canada.

Amon",il the Huronf, where tliis ilignity is hereditary, the fiicceflion is thro' the
/eiu.iks i iuiicc, on the death of a thief, it is not his own fon, hut the fon of hi, firter
who fiiccee.ls to the cliict-diip ; or, in default of fiich ilFue, the ncareft of the female
line. If th;: whole br.ittch, or line, Ihould happen to be cxtind, the nobleft matron
of the tribe or n ition makes choice of the fubjett who is moft to her liking, and
declares him chi<.f.

In cafe ot a minority, the hcrctlitary chief has a regent appointed for him, who
exertiles all his uuth iiity, but always in the name of the minor. Thcfe chiefs are
dillinguiditd by very little external marks of refped, and if they arc generally obeyed,
it is becaufe they know how to confine their commands within the limits of their
power. ThuN they rather fignify their defirc, or fimpiy propofe what they would
navf done, and as their authority is very limited, and their power is hut of fmall
inriuencc, thev arc very careful not to ftretch them beyond the bounds of modera-
tion. Thus the rcafonablcncis of the fervicc, iiml not the will or influence of the
chief enforces obedience ; and this is always more chearfully j>crformed by the fub-
jects, as their adioiis are free and proptrly fjKaking their own, and as they can have
no iipprchenlions of the degeneracy of their conftitution into tyranny and arbitrary
governmcnr.

E.ich famil/, tribe, or clan, (which are names for the fame thing) has moreover a
right to choofe a C(nincellor, and iin aluftant to the chief, who is to watch over their
particular intert lb, and without whole advice the chief can undertake or execute no-
thing. Thefe councellor; are efpecially to have an eye over the public treafiiry, and
it is theirs particularly to aflli'jj the ufes to which it is to be applied. The formali-
ty of their reception is prefcribed in the general council, but the Iiuliirns never ac-
quaint their allies with tiieir adtnidions, as it is ul'ual with them in nt)titying the elec-
tion and inft.illment ot their chiefs. Amongll the Huron the women name thofc
councellors, a.id they oiten choo("e perfons of their own fcx for thefc employments.

This bodv, or cojlej'e of thict'\ is the firft in power above all the others : The
fecond is of the elders o; I'cnator'-, i ■nfifting of fuch as have attained the age of manhood,
the prccife ye.u of which is ui.cortain : The third and \.\{\ is that of the warriors,
which comprehends all capab'-; of bearinir arm«. This binly have often the chief
of the nation, or canton for their liead ; but before he is capable of enjoying this
honour, he nnift have (li(lin',;uillied himfclf by (onve remarkable feat of arms ; othet-
wife he \i, obliged to ("erve ii; quality of a fubaltern, th.it is as a fimplc ccntinel ; for
there is no dillin^tion of rank or quality in the IiJiiin militia.

In effeft a large bo<ly may have ibvcral chiefs, this title being common to all who
have once commanded ; but thefe chiefs arc entirely fuhiecit to the orders . t the com-
mander in chief of the party, who is a fort of general without rai k or authority,
Ix'ing neither capable of rewarding or puniihing, for even his ("oldicrj may quit the
fervicc at their pleafurc with impunity ; and yet this lliadow of a general is almoft
never dil'obeycd : So t. ..e it is, that amongfl tncii who arc govened by rcion, and
condutttcd by a principle of honour, and the love of their country, indepem!cncy
and lubordination arc jK-rfcOly confiftcnt, and that a free arid voluntary cbciiience is
the bell fupjwrt and lecuritv to a general. The other qualities aciuilltc to acconipiiih
a war-chiet, arc, that he Ikt brave, ilillnfcrelled, aovl fortunate ; .;iid it is no wonder
that a general endowed with all thelc qualities lliould be well olxryed.

Amongd all the nations of the Hwfi'i tongue, if ytni except the Iroquoit canton of
Ortftfyuth, amongll whom the power rcfiiles alternately ii either fcx, the women
have the chief authority. But tho' this may p*>iribly lie their origin.ii conllitution.
It is f nind, however, to be very leldom true in pr-Ctice : For the mdc-, contr.iry to
the original contr.id, and to the M.igna O.uirta of free-N)rn Mi,ri\ never acquaint
the other fex, who are the barons of the Uurons, with anv but trilling affairs, t!io' all
is cariirtl on and executed in thr ;r name, and bv the chiefs, who are no more than
their lieutenants. Thus the ai:tnal authoritv of the Ilurcn tuir is little more than a
ihadow. It is, however, ailir- td by fouu, that the women are the hrll who Ut upon
whatever is propoled in coui. I, and that they fend down their rcfolvcs to the chiefs,
who make the rei^irt to the council general, that is, the council of elders or icna-
tors , tho" all this probably ferves (jidy for torm lake, and with the rcllrielions iull
mentioned. The warriors alfo hold conlultitions among thcmlclves on atl'.iirs of their
own province -, but nothini; of importance, or which concerns the nation >r canton, can

;, :. be

Dignity lic-

t ililary de
1 mill bj Ic-
i.ulcs.

State of .1 rr .
gent in a nii-
norii) .

C'ouf cel!nf*
ainihnt to

l^irl . ildfti.

nfltf.'u-.cr-f
nl fd 1-: tc to
a(;tr,cij:

Chitt' ajtho-
iin xt Jei ill
women.

!!'

68 Of the Origin^ Lattguage^ Rdtgian^ Government^ 6tc.

be rcfolved in this council. All is I'ulijc^l to be reviled and contiinicd in the court of
leniors, whole dctcriiiinations arc dccilivc.
t^ifJom, pri. Some writers make no Icruplc to allure us, that in thole aircnillit^ every tiling
vicy...rij jo ij nianagcd with to much wiliiom, mature dcliliciation, dexterity, ami, in general,
oui m'pubiic ^vi'l' '^'^ much probity, as would have done honour to the Roman Itnate, or to the
aireuiblici. Areopagus of Jld'Oii, in the happicll and bell times ot thole republics. Here no-
thing is done precipitately, and tliolc violent and tyrannical pallions ot private ambi-
tion and interelt, which have i"o much changed, or rather distigured the face ol go-
vernment, and public bulincls amongll thole who call tin mlelves polite nations, have
not, as yet, prevailed, am >ngll thole whom we very unjuftly call lavages, over the good
of the common wciltli. Thofc who are conccrneil in the event ot thole dtlibtr.itions
nc\er tail to let abundance of fprings in motion, and employ lo mucii addrcls and
luch a fine and lubtlc kuid of politics to accomplilb their dcfigns, as are perlnltly
alloniiliing in men of to limple and an ahnoll barbarous appearance. I'iiey
are particularly great m.illcrs in the art of dilllinulatiiJU, and no people exceed
them in an artlulnel's, which is peculiar to them, of covering their defigns ; and,
what riows from the lame fountain ot natural lagacity, when they take the fu Id,
Motivo tn in concealing their march lron> the enemy none arc to comp.ire with thtni. 'I'lic
*■"■ point of honi,ur, aiui the glory of tlic nation, are the chiet niotivcs ot gi'ing to w.ir,

joined to, what is much kfs extuiablc, an iiMatiabie and moll ung()vernal)!e tiiirll <.f
revenge, for in this they believe their honour is concerned in a peculiar manner. They
may think perhaps too, that good policy ant! lelt prclervaticin require that they
ihould not teach their en^-mies to ialult or in urc tliem, by lutl'ering tlieni to do it
with impunity.
Public onton Each tribe has its or.itor in the \illagc or canton, who only has a right to I'pcak
in the public councils, .ixl in th.ir general all'emblics. Thele orators arc obltrveJ
to fpeak always well, and to the poi.it in liebate : And, bclides this natural elov]uencc,
which no perlbns, who have trequ„nted their meetings lias ever denied tliem, they
have a thorough knowle^ige of the intcrcfts of their conllituents, with an inexprcl-
(Ible and hngular talent ..t letting tiiem in their bell light. The women have al-
fo an orator on fume occ.lions, who fpeaks in their name, and as if he was only the
interpreter of their fentimcnts.
Bifytr^P^r One would naturally imagine that nations who may be confiilered as in fon^c fort
oii:,eJ«j;,iv without property, whither public or private, and who have no ambition to extend
their territory, would have few differences to unravel with one another. Hut the relt-
Icls nature ot the human min i, which is incap.d>lc ot fublilling without aCtion, is
ingenious in finding out ma'.ter ot employment. Thvis thoie lavages arc eternally
buli'id in treating, and are never without a multitude of affairs on the carpet, luch
as concluding new or rencwuig old treaties, tenders ot lervice, mutual coiigr.ttulati-
ons, new alliances, invitations to become parties in a war, compliments on the death
of I'omc chief, or great pcrlonagc, and other matters of the fame nature i all t!iis
bulinefs is tranfaclcd with Jtw attention and capacity, not only in every relpect capa-
ble of managing tlie moll important adaus, but alio oftentimes much greater than it
appears to be ; thole who arc deputed tor this purpuie being frequently ciiarged with
fccret inrtructioiis, the apparent motive of their commilVions being only a veil to cover
their real and more leridus defigns.
\'.iiour .t..! Tlie Ircgucis nation, tommonl}' called the Five Nddim, h.is made the greatcft
iiiicv ot ihf figure for two centuries in thi* part of Xcrlb America. Their fucctfs in war has
"'"■' given them an incontelled fupcriority over all the others, fo that iioin quitt and pa-
cific, as they formerly were, they arc now Ixrcome to the lall liegrec turbulent and
intriguing. But nothing has more contributed to render tliem formidable than their
advant.igcous lituation, <jf wliith they were not long infcniible, .iiiii which they have
.'urncd to tluir Ijcft adv.ii:tage. As they are fituated wiihin the c<i!onRS of (Jr,a: li>i-
.iiin, near thole of Frcuf, they were fotni coiilcious of their being nccrlFary to both
nations, and both, in efl'eilt, have ulcd their utmoll efforts to engage them either to
come over to their own fide, or at ieafl to remain neuter. Pcrluadeii as they were,
that fhould either of thcie nations hap(>cn to fupprefs the other, tliemielves mud
l>ccoinc the tlaves of the conquerors, they turned all their tiioughts to prelervc the
balance between both, in whicii we mull confcfs they have luccecded to a miracle, if

.c
the court ui

every tiling
, in general,
tc, or to the
Here no-
irivatc ambi-
c tacc ol go-
nations, have
)vcr the good
(k'libir.itiuns
1 .iditrds and
arc pcrliLtly
nee. Tlicy
:opli: exceed
tfigns J and,
;c the fiild,
thttn. i lie

'lllj» to VV.iP,

ible ti.irll <.f
inner. They
re th,it tluy
leni to do it

ight to (peak
arc oblerved
al eloquence,
them, they
an inexprcl-
ncn have al-
ivas only the

ill Ibnie i'ort
(in to extend
Hut the retl-
iit aCtmn, is
arc tternally
carpet , I'uch
Cdiigratiilati-
on the death
lire i all I'lis
rclpcct capa-
eater than it
charged with
veil to cover

tlic grcateft
i in war has
[uiet and pa-
Lirbuknt and
le than their
lii ihcy have
t Gnut B'i-
Fary to both
■in cither to
IS they were,
niclvcs inuft

prelervc the

I a miracle, it

of the different Indian Nations inbabit'vig Canada. 69

wc conluler tiiat all their forces conjoined have never exceeded five or fix thoiifand
combattant'-, and tliat they have long lince beon diminilhcd above one half,

As tu wh.it concerns private perlons ami the infcrii^r govi.rnnient of villages, their af- ^'"''"""""
fairs are reduced to very lew, and liiole tranl'aCted in very little time. Tlic authority of ' "''"'
the chiefs leldom or never intcrnicildles with then), li) that, generally l{>caking, perlons, who
have any degree of credit, aie entirely taken up wltii the management of public affairs.
One liii.'je point, tho" of fmall importance, is lonj; undej ileliberation ; All is conclu-
ded with wonderful eoolnels, and nothing is liccideil till it i- fullv underdood by all
who are pleafed to atillt in it, On making an elder a private gratification, you are al-
ways Uire of his vote, if he accepts the prelent, tho' they are not ealily brought to
receive fuch fivoiirs, and there is learce any iidhince ot an liulian wiio has failed to
perlorm his obligations in tlii.> refpeCt ; nor are they ever known to receive with
both hands.

The youth become early aequ.iintcd with public affairs, whence they Ucomc grave y,„i-hf,r'y
and ripe, .it an a;j;i; in which Euripca'i nation, arc Itill ciuKlren, as having leldom foiiiti-n-
an opportunity of being fo much as l(ieCt„tors ot any thing tliat relates to public bu-
finefs. This adniillioii gives tlicm a ftrong love for the pulilic good, even from
their carliell youth, and infpires an einulatiuu which they are very careful to fo-
ment, and from which every thing may be hoped.

The gre.iled dete^lt of this government is m\ almoft total want of criminal jufticc \v,.-i nf .m-
in this country J this dcfed, however, ij far bum being attended with the lame con- nu ... jmS: .
icquenccs it mull certainly be ammgll l'Mr;p,'a'ii, as private iiuerell, the great fpring
of our p.iliiiin';, and the chiet loiirce ot all tliote dilorders which are fo peinicious to
fociety, has no p(jwer uvcr men v.ho never think of growing rich, nor take any care
for to morrow.

We mi^;ht alio fiii i fiidt with their manner of cdue.iting tlu-ir children, rr their iiuinV.cn! e
extreme indulgence will w.x lutler them to be chaltiled on any account. Wliilll 'i-'cation.
they are chiloien, tiuir exculc i«, that they have not the ut'e ot reafon, and the In-
diam arc of opinion that the underdanding is never improved by punilhment. When
they arc grown up, their anh.er is, that they .ire mailers v\ their own actions, and
theretbrc iclponfiblc to none. I'licy even carry theic two maxims to Inch an ex-.
travagant length, as to lutfer tlKmlelves to be abiifed by j>erl')ns who are intoxicated
with liquor, and without f > much as delending themlelves for fear of hurting them.
*' For why, fay they, ll.ould one hurt ptrions who know not wh.it they do."

In Ihort, thole .l>u-ri,\iris are perfectly df njtiiuiin, th.it man is born tree, th..t !-''•"> o'./.
no power on earth has any right to infringe his liberty, and that nothing is capable "',,'tr°, Jif,
of compenfating the lol's of it. Tiitir delircs arc more bounded than ours becaule o.-icr,
their fprings are lo too, and as they covet only the nccelfaries of life, with which
future has abundantly pruvidevl them, they learce io much as think ot its liipertlui-
tie". This toleration .nJ. ini[>;uiity is, however, the ovciliiin of great dilordeis, and,
i$ itfelf no fmall one. They have almod no lubordin..tion in public, lliU lefs in
private life, every one living as he lids, f.ither, mother, and chilvlren, cohabiting like io
manv iH;rU)iis who had come together by acciiient, and .is it they were linked by no ties
of nature, t!ic chiKiien ordeiing the affairs ot the tainily, without lo much as con-
fulting ihcir parents any more than if they were utter Ibangers, brought up in a
total independance from their intancy, and unaicutlomed both to the voice ot nature,
and to the moll iiuiilpenf.ihle obligation ot human lite, and of civil locielv.

The moll honid ciimes, even parricide itfelf, are I'uffered to go iiiipuuidRd, fj that I torrid c-in5«
when they liappen, they are ki's, in tome mcaliire, to be aleribed to the perlon who 'J"'j^^^|^|
commits tlicm, tlian to the public which fuffcrs them. There arc, however, lomc ex-
ceptions (rom this cudom, which is perhaps the greatetl piece of barbarity that can
be objected to the natives ot this part ot .irrKri.a. i am mylelt inclined to think
that crimes perpetrated by perions intoxicated only meet with this indulgence, and
the realon they give for it, is, that Inch pcrfons know not what they do, and tlierc-
forc arc to be tieated as lunaticks.

They I'eem to rank women and children in the lame cl.il's with perlons in liquor, [''.'"Jl^"''™
as they hold it unworthy of men to dcteiid thcmlelves againd them, provided al- ,n,.';cj
ways, that no attempt be made againtl their lives, or that there Ik no danger of be-
ing maimed, in wlfu !i cafe they endeavour if polTible to avuiil the danger by flight.
Uut diould an I.'iJtun kill any perlon beloiiiiing to the lame cabin, i; he be tbiind

> n

■■■H

r.iniiVmtn«
1(1: to rcU
tion .

M.Tilrr how

Of the O'igriy Lanr^uagi, A/Vt/*/;, Ijovertifttcnl^ 8cc.

luce been in liquor, wliicli the criminals olfirn feign, when tlv v mcHititc an affi'Ii
nation, t'svy content thcnilclvcs with lanuiitin;< the fate of i).. ilclnrKJt as yii un-
happy auivlcnt 1 Mr a"! to the poii m who t.rnmituil the inurviir, he kn.-w ot, f.»y they,
what he diii. In > ale it ih iiM happen that the mnrilertr were \'omv\ t ■ have done
it in coil) blood, they make- no hciitai m to < .cniiitc or rather ilelenil the crime,
by living, he n^tift certainly have good groumls l(ir I'o doing. It' it be proved that
tjjc aggrclTor hail no caule of complaint a ;ainft the Jci.\,ifed, tlic pnniilimcnt of the
muider is left entirely to thok- ot h s own cabin, wlio h >ve p.iwvr to jud^'t- him to
death, which indeed iold >: ■ happens, wit, out any form nf juftiic, whence thi> pn-
nilhment has more the air of piivatc revenue, t! m of tiie execution oi' public
turticc. And fomctimc- the chief is plad of any op, urfiinitv to vxt rid of a froublc-
fomc lubiech In ftiort, cn:iie^ arc Piinill-.ed in fuch a way, - ncitiicr to fatisfy com-
tiion and natural juflicc, nor to cilabliih the put \k peace anil kcurity.

The murder of* a perlon who ha"^ a nuiTicp is kinJrcd, committed by one who
has tlic lame conncftion^, is always attended with imhippy tonreqiicnct':, .\n\ is
fomctinies capable ot" railing a lombulfifin in the whole canton, or even in the en-
tire nation. For tlii'> realon, tlje council ot iVnioR i, very attentive, on fiicb occ'li-
ons to accommodate matters l)Ctmics an i the piibhc generally m.:k'-: the pre ents,
an»i pcrl.jfm cecry orher necit]ary formalitv towards the offended fimily. T l-.e imme-
diate punilhtnent of the offender would br Ir. ■?icient to appcafc the whole rtnrm, and
the rviations of the deccal'cd h ive a iij^ht to ;-Hi*t whit punillmient they thin^ pro-
per, provided thev pet him into tluir pow r. Hut his own cabin think it a difgracc
t.) thcmfelvcs to liitfer him to be •mnilhed, ..n.l the vill.r^'c or c.i'K'in frequently re-
fute to Ci)mpcl them to civc Inm n;' t > itillic-.

The Hurns arc laid by fome mil]io.i..ries who l;.'.d long reli.ie.: in their country,
i-uiihr.! bv (u punilh murdcr in the following ma'Mier : They tlrctch the dead brxiy upon poles
in ttic up|">er part of ll>me cabin, and obli.';c tlie alfiiiin to remain under it for le-
ver-l divs togtthcr, and to receive n t n\\\\- n-\ 'I'mlllf, but alf) on %vhat i<f allowed
him im his luftenante, all that '.ill^ fri'rn ti.e putrid carcals ; nnlcfi he i.an prevail
with the relations of the dcfun«it, by mean"- of a certain gratification, to have his
iiiod picferved from the putrefu'tion. Hut Fath.r ilrl'mf, from whom this ac-
count ia e-rraclcd, docs not lay v, iu thcr this pun: Ii:ntnt was in confcpiencc of the
fcntcncc o; the laws, and an cxerti )> of the p I'llic iutlics; of the n.i"io:i, nr intli^'teJ
by w.,y of reprifal ( ,i!y bv the relation* A tfu' dca I, in the cafe of the mur!crer'»
failing into their hands
Pe/on. r.'.n Vi-: this as it Will, the niai> c.Trr.rrion r .fhod of in^lemnifying tli? relations of the
r.-pi...ii b) jl.iin, amongll thole /v./m'?', i' to rv;pia(. him by a pritoner of war. In this cal'e the
captive is generally adoj^tcd uito the phcc if the party th.it has been killed, when
h< enters into the full en'ovment of .di his .1 1 vantages, fo t!iat both the dead and
ihe quarrel are foon fiTgotten.

There arc, however, certain oiious crimrs which arc punilhed with immediate
Ocath, .' Icaft amon^ill l'>mc nations; Inch a*:, for inflancc, wiz.-.irds or tna^icians,
for ill otiices, which they arc fuppofed to cxercifc toward, certain pcrfons by means
ot certain rts. Whoever is fufpcifted of witrhrr tft or magic, can never be fafe any
where, t.hey even compel them to un krjto .i kind of rack or t.iitirc to make them
dilcover t!»cir accomplices, after %vhich the criminal is condemned to the fame fort
of death as the priliincrs of war, but the ronfcnt of his '.'.mily mutl firft be liad,
wiiich i» only for form i.kc, or in compliance with ancif"t cuf^nm, for they dare
by no means run the rifk ot a refnt'al, Thofc who are Icaft tAinoxious arc commonly
lUinned before they arc burnt.

'I hofe who diflionour their familie-', fh;t »', w.'io are gnilty of theft, are al fo to
underlet* the fame punifbmcnt ; and it is commonly the family who executes the
fenteiiee, and riufits fheinfclves in that m.:nr,er.

Amongfl the Huron;^ wli > were formerly much ad<h(fled to thieving, and who perfor-
med it with a dextciity an I addrei's wliieli would have done honour to our moll ac-
c.implilli-.M pick-pocket , it w-,s lawful on difcovering the thief, not onlv to take
back what he ha<l robbed, but alio to carry off all the gootis and chatties of his
cabin, ::nd to llrip his wife, thiiiirn, and himfeif ftirk naked, without their daring to
fliakc the Icaft rtilfla'ce.

tSt^uon.

W.tcfc

.A..

:c an afl":*!!
t as all III)'
'>t, lay tlicv,
have tioiic
the crime,
•>TOved tli.it
ncnt of the
nl^'r him to
ncc (hik pii*
1 oi I'liblie
f a fmiiblc-
fatisfy coin-

y o;ic who
ict', ;iriJ is
I in the Ci\-

liclj OCC.i'.l-

[hc pre cnts,
II If irnmc-
' norm, and
f thiii'v pro-
it a dilgrice
cqiicmly rc-

icir country,

f upon pules

Icr it for Ic-

t if allowed

<.jin prevail

tD hjvc his

im this ac-

rncc of the

nr inflii-'ted

murJcrtr's

rions of the
!ii« ciCi- the
illc>1, when
le dead and

HTimeihate
ir ma'^itians,
s hy means

he lafc any
make thctn
ic fame fort
firft he ]u^.
or they ilarc
c commonly

arc alfo to
executes the

who perfor-
(iir molt ac-
iilv to take
lattles of his
:ir daring to

p/ tht (different Indian Natiom inhabiting Canada.
In other caks, in ortUr to lliun all »lifp«te» on IikIi occa!ion«, they agreed on ccr-

t.an nuxiin\

horn which they never ileparteH. I'nr example, every thing loll, if 'Ti"! ,'"'*'

but all inHaiit Ik tore, became the property "f the (iiiiler, if the lofer h.id not alrcadj
m.'aiiii«l f liiit the ieadfrand on ihe p it of the former, was (ulficicnt t > founil
a claim I lediUition, which occulioncd lumctime-i vcliement and molt TcxatiuiM
contillitiv, «.

I mil 'I lot omit one particular, with refpeift to x\vi crime of murder. It has been '•'■''

'It them, Cr iro mnin

's of the '>'"■•''> P'

I n ih' J in for-

'. ■' par- |„j, tinitj.

r,d

.iiai«

utch-

how

riatc'. aUive, that, in order to prevent (Ik fatal erfeif^ts <.f fuch crime?, the public J,^^",'J,'y,j„

lo<ik itMin iticif (he charge of making the ncceirary lubmillions, and paying the pre-

iVnts lir thr llayer. Hut what is 'irprilirrg enough to us, thi^ very cir<.iimlVancc is

inoit elliiicious to prevent murder, and all its fatal cdiiiequences, in this country,

than tl-.c It viieft liws. and the molt '•ximplary ptinilhment^. F'or a« thole Irirts

ot lafi factions, or compenfation'<, aie ixtremtly chargeable to thole h-iiany, whofe

extreme hnightinefs Itirpallcj all imagination, the criininal is mnrc uftct'Kd by this

burden, ..lul l>y the iKiin to whidi he fiibjccfts the public, then he couM p"il'.b!y be on t.

his own account ; and their zeal ftir the honour ot iheir country, lays a greater

rff'raii't upon them thin death, or f!ie criicllctl tormenf.

Th •- impunity, however, feems to be but of .i later original ar

fificc the tirit miirion^ricH who went amonglt them found nisny ^

antieiit levcrity, and of the rigiur with wliicfi criims were pun ihe

tieiilar, has alwaV'' been deemed an iiulclil Ic ll.iii on the homur

any one had a right to \v ih It out in the blood ot !ic offender

milhonarie":, Father H'-fkuf, perceiving on'.* day, a young Uursn w

in-T .1 voiin'.; W'lmaii, ran towards h:in to prevent an a.tion whicli ai oc.ired lo atro- """• '"''
• '"■'.II- 1 II 1 1 • 1 1 I . . I '"« fill" '«"

nous, alkuig hiin \vh..t coulil prov ikc nun to lo noMul a vmlence. ' -^hc is my luii

Ijllcr, laid tlie other, an.! a thief, and I am r.ow 'j: oing to e.vpiate the iniury done me
'and all our family, by the death of the wretcli wI;o is the occafum of it."

'I he Iri.liiitt), at lead amongll fcveral of tli: yi'^orir'! nations, allow of a plura-
ralitv ')f wives, and the irencral cuftom is to niarrv .:ll the tillers toeethcr, from a'*"'''"" °'
pcrlualion that lilUrs arc more likely to agree to.tether, than mere drangers. In this huiUiJ*.
cafe, all the wives arc of equal rmk, and < •. the Lux footing ; but among the
true AL\i>ihns tht'y arc of two dittercnt ranks the Iccoiid being mere llavcs to the
other". Ill lome n.irions the filh'on i*; to \\,\\< a wiie in every qiiartcr where they
UJinmonly refort in the hunting lealon ; and, thi-. cuftom, we ..re tolil, ha« been l.itely
introduced ainongrt the Jlurof, who, in former times were known to have been
tontenteil with one wife. Hut there is a much greater diforder ftill which prevails in
tlie Iriqtioif canton ot Tfi'ttnontbotuin, who allow nf a plurality ot hulb.iiul':.

lloth Hii't'u and /•• furis are, however, remarkably I'^rupiilous as to the J.cgrees r>f \„op«n
kiiulred or atliiiity ill their man iages. They toltr.itc not the rcmotcll devrcc of con- *fu! (f uim
fiuiguinifv lietwicn the partic-, in which reipcCt .idoption h.is the lame torce as atli- '""'"&"' "
iiitv. The htil''and, however, in c.ife of the death of hi', wife, is obliged to marry
hrr lider -, and thi wife is obliged to oblerve the lame nile with refpei^t to her huf- ^^ ,"',"'^','
Kind's brother, in c.ifc of his deecafe without ilViic by her, and provided ihc is itill obigaiun
c.ip.ible ot bavin;; children. The realbns thev allcdge are precilely the lame with
thofe of the /,r-.7>;i('/ law in D'lit. xxv. <;. i):i;< !\:f>it frmtn friittt fu'). The hulhaiul
who refules to c'mp'.v witli this law of mirrving the lider, or near relation tif his dc-
ccaled wife, lubci't^ hrml'elf to all the outrages ot the partv re;ected, and he is i.b'.i^eil
to cinhire all without murmuring. When, throtigh any deficiency of relations, the
widow is [Krmitted to marry out of her hulband's family, they arc obliged to make
her prrfentv, as a ['iibhc acknowledgement and teftiiiv ;iy of her pruileiu deportment ;
and thi> is what the may lawfully claim, provided ihe has beliavcd herlelt difcrcctly
and virtuoullv .11 the time ot her marrieil Itate.

Amoni'd all thell- nations and pa ticularly amongft the /i/^or.kri<, arc certain f.imi- \(,„, ^^rh.a
lies ot eminent rank and cp.i.ditv, whiih arc not .it liberty to ii.te; marry with any others, m »»" "',
The thite of m.triiagc is generally held lacred and inviolable in this country, and con- J,'^^ '"^,1J
cubin.ige, or mirri.igcs contrae'teil for a cert.iin Ipacc of time only, are commonly held gKtiui.
as tranlgrellions ag.iinit good order and found policy. A hiilband who llin\dd aban-
don his wife mull expect m inv ill offices from her relations ; .aid a wife who Ihoiild
ablent herlelt from her liu!l\;nd, mult be content to ensure tr.iich more of the liunc
fort of treatment.

T 2 A mo n^ it

^^.^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

II I.I
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I/.

-2 Of the Orighiy Language^ Religion, Goverfiment, &c.

Elopement, Amongft the Miantis it is cuaomary for tlic hulband to cut ofl" tlic nol'c of a wife
andfcpira- ^j^^^ clopes from him; but with the Hurons anJ Iroquvis the mimed couple may
Il^iJnfcnt; quit the Ibciety of each otlicr by mutuJ conknt. This is done without any noifc,
and the feparatcd parties are at liberty to cuiurad new cngagemc-nts. '1 heir rcalon
for this condma generally is, what one of tliem faid one day to a miirion.iry, " My
wife and I cannot agree together ; my ncigiibour is cxaiftiv in the f.me litiiation ; wc
have changed wives, and now we are'all four content. VViiat can be more reafonable
than to make one another mutually happy, efpccially when it can be done at fo little
cxpcncc, and without the le dl detriment to any one ? " This cullom i>, however, re-
garded both as an abufe and a novelty, which laft it certainly is, at leaft among the

Iroquois. . • • i

Jealoufy fre- But the great difturbcr of domeftic peace amongft the InJinns of C:nada is jeaJoufy,
quent, and of which commonly rages amongft both p;irtiis alike. The Ir:,/ji(ois, however, uled to
quencf" boaft. ^^at they are free from this evil ; but, belides th..t lomewhat (.t"t!,is f.rt is in-
fcparable from human nature, if both parties h.ippen t.) love each oriier, tlK)rc who
have frequcntw-u their company alfurc us, that they arc ;io lels fubj.-d to thi"; p.cfllon,
than the reft of their countrymen on the fame continent. \\'hen a woman li lovers
that her huft)and entertains any liking to another, the rival mull be very much upon
her guard, and the rather as the hulband, who is guilty of this adt of inhdrlity, li-res
not ftir in her defence or protcftion. A hulband who ihould ule Ivis wife ill on that
account would incur eternal infamy.
Cuftomsreh- The parents fettle all m.irriages between themfelves, the parties never appearing in
lingtomar- them, but abandoning themfelves blindly to the will of tliofe on whom they depend.
"**'• Nothing is, however, concluded without their confent, though this be a mere piece of

formality. The tirft advances are made by the matrons ; but it is never known that
the friends of the future biide make any overtures. If a young woma.. has ftuod long
in the market, it is not uimfual for the relations to try what they can do to get her
a man. But this muft be done under-hanJ, and witii a gieat deal of cunning and ad-
drcfs to cover their defign. In fom? parts the girls are never forced to marry, and arc
permitted to m..ke as many ellays o( marriage as they think proper, previous to a
ihte which the ceremony, tlicy think, fervcs only to render the more iniupportablc,
Remnrkable The behaviour of tiie young folks di;.in, the courtfhip, or rather the bargain, is for
continence of (j^g ^^q^ part extremely modcft, though the fame, it fecms, cannot be faiil in praife of
ancient times. There is one circumftance related by good autliors, wiiich CJjarlevcix,
who (Iiould be a judge of what men arc capable in point of continency, thinks abfo-
lutely impoflible, which is, that in feveral places the new married couple cohabit a whole
year without knowing each other, fo that a woman with child, in the firft year of her
marriage, would be looked upon as a perfon who had loft her charader } and juftly,
becaufe, fay they, perfons ihould marry out of fricndfliip, and not to f.itisfy their paliions.
Hence Platonic love feem^ not confined to our continent, and thole pure riamcs of
that refined and celeftial partion, which is, however, much more talked of every
where than felt, make themfelves perceived, even among tlie lavage philofophers of
America. We will not enter into the detail, which, as that goo*.! father, to whom I
owe this particular, thinks, rather weakens than augments the probability of what,
is here affirmed. After what has been faid, wc ought to be Icfs ferupulous in believ-
ing what is related of the behaviour of the young couple during their abode in thofc
places, where they arc permitted to convcrfc together in private. For tho' cuftoin
allows them much fecret familiarity, yet in thole habitations where modcfty is expo-
fed to the grcatcll dangers, and ever under tiic covert of the night, it is pretended
that nothing ever paflcs that is capable of wounding the chafteft imagination.

The future bridegroom is to make all tlie prefents, in wliich, as indeed in every
other particular of his behaviour, he takes care to (hew iiis intended fpoufc all the
refpcft imaginable. In fome places, the young man is contented with lilting down by
the fide of his beloved in her cabin; which, if Ihe liiftcrs, .md rcinain.s in hir place,
it is taken as her confent, and the marriage is concluded. However, amidft all this
outward deference, he gives her intimations that he is veiy ibon to become her lord and
mafter. Amongft the ptcfcnts he beftows, fome are rather to be regarded us io ma-
ny marks and fymbols of her future flavery, than as tcftimonies of the refpeft of a
lover : Such as the collar, the chaldron or kcitl.-, and the t..gi;ot, which arc brought
jnto her cabin, to flicw that it is her part to carry burdens, to provide fuel lor
> her

couflej.

I'tcfents pre-
liminaty lo
oartiagc.

of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada.

biouglit

her houfe, and to drefs licr hullumi's vid)ii.-ls. And it is even ciillomaiy, in fomc
parts, for the btidc to brin^ into '.he cubiii beforehand all tli^' wood to be condimcd in it
the following wintir.

It is rcniaikaWc bi fides, that in everyone of tiie above particulars there V-. no man- Rrmml: r^'^
iicr of variation between fiich ni'.fions where the women have all the authority in their '''_'""'"■•'"'"
hands, and thofl- where they a'e of no wciirht in piblic bulinefs ; for even the women '■
who are, at l:a(l in ap|icarancf., the millrcircs and 'bvcreigns of the ftatc, and make the
thief body cf tlie nation, when they have reacheJ a certain aiKC, and have children ca-
pable of caiiling them to be refptdtcd, yet hav.- no manner ot deference paid them be-
fore, and are, at the fame time, the very (laves of their hudxindi, in what relates to the
management of their don'cftic affairs.

There is perhaps no -.uition under the iV.n that, in general, dcfpife the fex more ^ '''';''• =*>■''
than the InJiam ; and {o call one of them a woman, i.s the greateft infiilt. The chil- ,■""',']' ^'v,.
drtn, however, which is at the fame time odd enough, belong only to the mother, andar.diiio:hi:
acknowledge her autliority alone. The father is regarded as no more than an alien,
in relation to them, with Inch reftri<!tion hovvevtr, tliat if he is not treated as a
lather, he is always ref'pe<Lted as mafler of the cabin. It is not certain whether this
be uiiivcrfally tlic cafe in CanaJti, no more than what is found in good memoirs,
that tiie young women, iH-fidcs what Itrvitts their hnflMtuis have a right to demand of
them, with regard to their domeflic affairs, are alio obliged to provide for their own
relations whit h is probably the cafe, when futh relations have no other perfon left to
do thcfu fervices, and when their great age or infirmities ha\c rendered them inca-
jMblc of helping thcmlelves.

However this be, the new hulband has alfo his peculiar functions. Bclides hunting Officci and
and fiihing, obligations which lall as long as hii lit:-, he is firll of all to make a ma- ""(''"> ""■»'
trals for his wile, build her a taliin, or elle to repair one fur her reception -, and whilft "'''"''''■" '^''
he remains with hi;, tiithcr and mother in law, he is to Ining thither all the produce
of his hunting. Aiiu)ngll the irc/iioi!, the woman never goe-s out of the cabin,
becaufe flic is deemed the miflrcf's, or at leall the h^irefs of it. Amongfl other
nations (lie goes, two or three years after their marriage, to live with her mother
ill h\v.

'V\k Citrtittiitiii women arc commonly delivered witliout hard labour or afiidancc :, ^^ „r
Some are, however, mtich longer in travail than ( tht.rs, and fuiTcr extremely. WJieii no.m., jm ;.«-
this happens, tlie yciith arc hrtt acquainted with it, who, all of a ludden, and when '"""•'>'':'"'
the (ick woman leall of all hifpcct- it, fet up a loud (bout at the door of her cabin,"*" '""•'■ '"S"
the liirprife of wliieh c.miIcs a (peedy lielivcry. The women never lye-in in their
own cabins ; they arc ficiuieiitiy liirpiifed with their pains, and delivered wiicn at
work, or on a journtv. As fur othcr"^, who take more care of thcmfelves, they gc-
nerallv build them a hit without the viii i;.;e, v/hcre tliey remain forty days after being
brought to bed. This is, however, faid to be piatititcd only when they lye in of
their tirll chiM. This term being expired, all the fires of the cabin to whicli
they arc to return are eytiiiguiihed, all the baggage (liaken, and a new (ire kinJied
on their entrance. Much the fame tbrmalities are obfervcd, with refpeOt to all the lev,
at cer'ain times, which ai^' peculiar to them, and not only I'o, but alio whilll they arc
pregnant, and in time nt luckling. 'I'hey commonly fuckle three whole years, du-
ring wliieii, and their pregnant y, their hulbands never approach them. This ctiilorn
<x;cafi.>ns lieipient infulelities on both fuies ; and it is attirmed, that the wnmen in
thotc toinitries make common ule of certain /imples, wit!j which they ;'.re .icvjiiaiiUed,
to prevent the eonfeiiiRnits ot thole irregularitic.

Noihiiij; can exeeeil the fondnefs of mothers tt)wards their children, whilll in the m ,;;,,., i .,jv
cradle ; but, from the moment they are weaned, they abandoi; them entirely to their t"'^' 'htn
own condu;!, n"t Irom .my indilferencc, or hanhiels of hc.irt, fur tluy never lolc"^'' ''"
thcii miternal tenderuels while they live, but, fr.)m a perlii.ili')n di.it ic \i better to
let nature work hei will in tiiem, and th..t ihc ou.rlit to be red.. lined in notliiir.'.

11.- ac 1 by uliieh i!iey conclude their ag'.- ot intaiiey i> tl)e givin;', them their (.■>,<■„•.'•'-)■ '<■
nanu-, which, amongll thefe nations, ii a thing of ihj (n>all impoit.mce. This cere- *>"'"!; '*"•'=
moiiy i~, performed in .t teall, at which aie prefent none but jurkm. of the lanx- le.x'"''
with the child to l>e named. During the repail, the child i-- hcl I on the knees ot his
father or mother, who never ceafe invoking and recommending him to the rxuli,
and, above all, to the genius who h to In; hi' giiaidian ; f'>r tiicy believe that everv

l' one

74-

Of the Origin J Language, Religion , Go-vcrnmenty &c.

iuliUations.

Motives for
revival of
names.

one has his own tutelar fpirit, though not when he is born. They never invent new
names, but each family has a certain number which are properly its own, and which
they ufe by turns, and in rotation. Sometimes too they change them as they grow
older, and Ibnie may not be born after a certain age, though this cullom is lx:licvcd
to prevail only amongft certain nations. And as it is ufual amongfl fomc nations, on
taking any name, for the perfon who takes it to fucceed in place of liim who USk
bore it, it often happens, that a child is treated as a grandfather by a perfon who for
age might very well be his own.

They never falute or accoft any perfon by his own name in familiar difcourfe } this
would be a great piece of unciviiity. They always give him the quality he bears with
refpedl to the perfon who addrefles him ; and if there be neither affinity nor relation
between the two, they falute one another by the name of brother, uncle, nephew, or
coufin, according to their age, or the degree of ref[ie<Et they would (licw the periba
to whom they fpeak.

If may be further remarked, that it is not fo much with a defign to perpetuate
their names, that they chufc to revive them, as from a defu'e, that thofe on whom
they are beftowed ihould imitate the virtues and exploits of thofe who bore them,
or revenge their deaths, if they have been killed or burnt, or, lailly, to comfort their
fami''es for their lofs. Thus a woman who has loft her hutbjnd, or fon, and fo be-
comes deftitute of all fupport, delays not to beftow the name of the deceafed on fome
perfon to fill his place. In Ihort, there arc feveral other reafons why they change
their names, which it would be too tedious to mention ; a dream, the prcfcription
of fome quack, or fome other reafon equally frivulous, being futliclent fur that
purpofe.

As dancing is an aft of great confequencc amongft the n.itivcs of Canada, being
an eflential in treaties, and feveral other matters of high nionunr, a dcdription of
fome of thofe moft noted may help to convey a more liiftiiiii^, as ucii as curious
Dtnce of the ''"'^ entertaining idea, of the nature of (thofe people. Of thtll the thief Icems
Calumet, or to be the dancc of the Calumet, which is performed with abundance of viination,
Pipe. according to the occafion and people who exhibit the fulcmnity. It 1* properly a

military feftival, in which the fole adors arc foldiers, and one would imagine it were
ouly a contrivance to give them an opportunity of difplaying and defcanting on their
exploits. Some have believed that this ceremony had its rife from the wand of
Mercury, and that in its firft inftitution it was eileemed the fyinbol of peace. All
who danced this dance, fays Cbarlcjoix, an eyc-witiicfs ; all who fung, and wiio beat
the drum, and played on the chichicouc, were young jicrfons, equipped as when they
go to war. Their faces were painted with all manner of colours, their hcails adorned
with feathers, which they alfo held in their hands, like fans. The calumet, or pipe,
was alfo ornamented with them, and fct up in the moft confplcuous place, which was
furrounded by the band of mufic and dancers. The fpedlators were divided into fe-
veral groups, or feparatc bodies, the women apart from the men, and attired in their
bcft apparel, which at a diftancc made a very pleaCuit fight. Between the orcheftra
and the French commandant of the poft where this ceremony was performed, who
was feated in the porch of his own apartment, they had fixed a poft, which, after
every dance, one of the warriors approached, and ftruck with his battle-axe. Arter
this fignal given, there enfucd a profound filence, when this hero relatcii r.louJ
fome of his principal feats, and thofe for which he moft valued himfelf, and, after
receiving the cuftomary applaufc, went to uke his place, and then tlie play began
again in the fame manner. This ceremony, which was perll.nnctl iiy ihc Hakii
and 0£fcbagras, two Indian nations, lafted two full hours for each nation, in which,
fays Charlevoix, I took very little delight, not only Ixicaufc of the monotony and
difagrecablenefs of the mufic, but alfo bccaufc this dancing confiftcd only in fomc
contorfions of body, expreflive of nothing, and void of all meaning, and very far
from being any way diverting.
Remark!. This feaft, that writer proceeds, was made in honour of tlic new rremb com-

m.indant, in which, he fays, he faw none of thofe ceremonies nicntunicd in ibinc
authors, fuch as placing the commandant on a matrafs, making him pieknts, placing
a crown of feathers on his head, and prcfinting him t!ic calumet ; nor were there
any naked men, painted all over, adorned with feathers and collars ol porcelain, and
liolding in their hands the calumet. Perhaps this is not the cuftom oi thule particular

fav.ij;;cs.

Oince of the
Difcover)

Ibnce of the
C,i!uin«:, or
I'lpc , witli
vitiouvtigJtei

of the different Indian Nations inhab. :ng Canada. -je

favagcs, and perhaps alfo M. de Mentigny had difpenfed with this part of the cere-
monial. I oblerved only, that here and there all the afliftants made great Ihouts of
applaufc in honour of the dancers, and efpecially during the dance of the O&chagras,
who, of the two nations, diverfified their play more, fticwed an extraordinary agility,
are lighter and better made, and, in fhort, bore away all the honours of the day.

The dance of the Difcovery is probably more entertiining. It hat not only more
adtion in it, but is alfo n>ore exprelVive of the fubjedt, which it reprefents, than the
former. It is properly a lively rcprefcntaticn of all the particulars of a campaign ;
and as thefe Indians turn all their thoughts to furprife their enemy, as before ob-
fcrved, their whole art military confifts only in (tratagcm ; hence, probably, this
dance has obtained the name of the Difcovery. Be this as it will, one man alone
dances ; at firft he advances flowly into the middle of the place, where, after remain-
ing fome time without motion, he reprefents, one after another, the departure of the
warriors for the campaign, the march, their encampments, the fetting out on the
difcovery, the approach towards the enemy, and the halt as if to recover breath.
Then, all of a fudden, tranfporting himfclf into a fury, you would imagine he were
going to kill all the world ; after this, recovering from the fit, he feizcs on one of the
aff^ftants as if he were taking him prifoner of war > ihews the manner of ufing the
battle-ax with regard to another ; takes aim at a third ; and, laft of all, falls a mn-
ning with his utmofl fpeed. He then paufcs and recovers his former coolncfs, whicii
fignifies the retreat; then» by different cries, he exprelles the various fituations of hi«
own mind during his la(l c?.nipign ; and, laftly, clofes the fcene with the recital of
all the fine actions he had performed during the war.

When the dance of the calumet, or pipe, has, as ufual, the conclufion of fonic
treaty, or the making fome alliance againft the common enemy for its objed, they
engrave in that cafe a ferpent on its funnel, or ftcm, and befide it they place a
board, on which are reprcfcnted two men r,f the two confederate nations, with ..n e-
nemy under their feet, who is known by the mark of his nation. Sometimes, in
place of the pipe, they make iife of a battle-ax. But if the bufinefs be only a fimple al-
liance, they reprefent two men holding each other by one hand, and carrying the
pipe of peace in the other, and each having the mark of their own nation befide
them.

In ail trcities they give pledges on both fides, fuch as collars of porcelain, calumets,
or pipes of ceremony, (laves, fometimcs deer-ikins or elk-lkins, well drclfed, and ad-
orned with figures made of hair of porcupines ; and '*. is on thofe fkins that the a-
bove-mentioncd reprefentations are made with this hair, or elfe with fimple colours.

There are other dances of a fimpler kind, in which their fole view is to give the
warriors occafion to relate their exploits. The Indians are particularly fond of this
cuHom, and never tired of it. He who gives the repaft invites all thofe of the
tame village by tuck of drum, and they aflcmbic in his cabin, if it be capable of
containing all the guefts. The warriours dance one after another, then ftnkiiig
on a poll a filence enfues, when every one (itys what he can for himfclf, and now
and then ftops to receive the congratulations of the audience, who are far troni be-
ing fparing of their praifes. But /hould any of them be found bragging of a feat
which is not true, any one prefent is at liberty to fmear his head with earth or allies, or to
play him any other roguifh trick he thinks proper. The general way is to black his
hace, faying to him, " What I now do is that 1 may hide thy Hiame, for the firlt time
thou feeil an enemy thou wilt certainly turn as pale a^ allies." Thus all natiotis agree
in the opinion that no boaller can poifibly be a brave man. He who has punilhcd
the vain-glorious in this manner takes his place, and if he falls into the iame fault,
the other is fure to have his revenge in kind. The grcutell chief amongft them would
not be free from this cenfurc, and muft endure it with patience ; this dance is always
in the night time.

In the Wcrtcrn parts there is a different fort of dance which they call the Buffalo BuITJo Ja. c«
dance. The dancers form themfelves into fevcral circles, ami the fymphonv, which is
always compoled of the drum and the chichicouc, is p!.iced in the middle of the Ipacc.
They uke care not to fcparate thofe of the fame family j and never join hands, Init
every man bears his buckler and arms. Thole circles turn not all the lame way, and
tho" they caper very much, and fpring to a great height, they never lofc the mcafurc
nor cadence of the nuific. The chief prcknts his bucklci from time to time,

U 2 each

TmtifS at-
t.i-.Jtd n::h
pledg«.

Onl'nary
liwce ol the
»irrior».

D.inc« (or
divTrliuii).

0»»ni; of the
I'lattcr,

OJ the Origin^ Lafigunge, Religion, Govet'fwicnly c<c.

each of the alVnhmts ftrikc on it, ami at every blow tlity rcpc.it loinc of their war-
like exploits. He then cuts ibmc tobacco from a poit, where it is ahviiys cartfiilly
hung on thelc occalions, and prcl'ents it to his friepvi-. If any one of the rcll can
make it appear tliat he has perforineil rincr things tli.in tlic prclciit preteriiJcr,
or that any part of the praife of the lieeds he has bo.iiled belnnj^s |iri)])triy to hiin-
lelf, the chief has a right to retake tiie tobacco he has cut aiut prefenteii, mul to be-
llow it on fome other. The dance is accompanied or f.illowni with a le.itl. The
original of the name of this fcftival is quite unknown, unicls perhaps it comes, as
Charlevoix conjedures, from the bucklers they carry in it, which are nude of hides
of buiFaloes. I (hould be apt to imagine too, that the circles were ori^^inaily intend-
ed to reprcfent the manner of iiuntin;^ thofc animals, which are incloi'ed and taken
by. hemming thenj round.

There arc alfo dances prefcribcd by their phyficians or quacks, as a cure for cer-
tain difeafes ; but thcfc excrcifes arc commonly performed after a very wanton and
lafcivioLis manner. Some dances are intended merely for diverfion, and relate to no-
tiiing clfe. Thcfc arc always in a round form to the found of the drum and cliichi-
couc, and the women by themfclves. Tiie men dance with their arms in their hands,
and, tho' they join not hands, take care not to Ipoil the figure, which is a circle.
The mufic of the Luiiaris confifts only of two or tlirec notes, on which they arc per-
petually chiming, fo that one of us foon grows weary of fuch entertainments, and
cfpcciallv the firll time, both on account of their extreme tedioufncis, for they laft
very long, and alfo becaufe one hears nothing but the lame founds repeated with-
out end.

Amongft the games of the InJinns one of the moft frequent, and to which they are
moft addiftwd, is called the Game of tiic Dilh or Platter. This is moll in vogue
amongft the lliiroiis, who are fo bt-fotted on it, as to facritice all the peace of
their lives, and reaion itfelf, to its allurements. They often u\k their ;.li at if, and
cannot be perfuaded to leave it otT, even after loUng all their gnoils and furniture of their
cabin?, and ftripping themlelves naked. Some have rtakcd then* liberty for act-rtain time,
a circumHance, which fets the ardency of their paflion fur it beyond all doubt, lince no
people under heaven fists a greater value on their liberty than thole nations. This
gan;e, which we (liall call the game at the I'latter, can only be pl.iyecl between two
perlbns, each of wliom has li\ or eight little bones, fomcwhat relembling, both in
iize and figure, the floncs of apricots. Thelc have (i.v fices of unequal ilimcnlions,
iJie two chief of which are painted, the one black and the other of a pale vellow,
or ftraw colour. Thefe bones arc made to l)op or leap into the air, by ihiking
the ground or t.iblc with a round hollow dilh, in which thefe bones arc firll
placed, and then Ihaken or rattled. When they cannot get a pl.itter, they are for-
ced to be content with tothng their bones with their hands. If on f.dliiig tJiey all
prefent the lame colour, he to whom it falls, gets fix points. The p.irty is torty, and
in proportion as the other gets, the winner difcounts lo inanv points from thole
he gained before. Five bones of a colour give only one point for the firlt time, but af-
ter throwing them a fccond time they fwccp the board, any lefs number i-; reckoned no-
thing. He that wins the party continues the game, but tiie lokr yields his place to
k)mc other, who is named by the pcrfon who marks his party. I'or they all take their
ditFcreut p.irties from the beginning, fo that the whole village is often concerned
in the game, and even fomctimes one village plays againll ancithcr. Ivieh party choo-
ics its own marker, who gives up at pleafure, which happens only when liis own
lide has the worft. Kvery (Irokc that is plaid, and elpetially it it he detiiive, is
attended with a prodigious ihout. The players leem as if traniported, and the fyvc-
tators are feized with the fame fren/y. All of them make a thoal.nui ditfcrcnt con-
tortions, befpeak the bones, and load the genii of the oppolitc party with impreca-
tions, and the whole village relounds with hallooing and bcllouing. If all this be
not enough to recall their luck, the lolcrs have it in their power to put oft' the party
till the morrow, on paying the cxpence of a very li)rry tre.it tr) the i oinp;;i;v.

They then prepare to return to the fight, each invokes his own uu-;ri*iin ueniu'-,
throwing at the fame time tob.icco into the lire to his hoiinir ; ab.jvc all thcv beg
ot him to grant them happy dreams, and, as foon as day appears, they reconiinenco
the game. Crc.it parties lall generally five or fix davs, anil ofren-tinKs the iiitcrve-
liiiig night gives them no interruption. In tiic mean time, as .ill the aiiill.mts, at

hall

of the different Indian Nations Inhabiting Canada.

Icaft thofc intcrcftcd in the game, :irc triinf|iortc(l witli cagcrncfs and as quarrels fre-
quently arifr, wliicli arc never knr.vn to happen ainongll the ludiiins^ but cither when
riicy arc drunk or at play, it is ealy to gucls how much botii parties ftand in need
of reft at the end of a game.

Thcfc parties at play, are fometimcs ordered by the prclcription of fomc phyfici- ''y'^°"o"
an, or at the prayer of luinc fick perlon ; and a dream ot either is furticicnt for that lo ij.e tunc
purpofc. This dream is always taken for the command of fomc genius, in which
call- they prepare for the game with uncommon care. They alll-mble fevcral nights
fuccctiively to make a preliminaiy trial, and to fee who is like to have the happieft
fortune, or luckieft hand at a throw. They conlult their genius, they faft, and, if
they arc married perfonj, abllain fiom their wives, and all this to obtain a favourable
ilrcam. Every morning tliey relate ihole they liave had, and amongft all thofc tilings
they could polfibly have dreamt, and which they inut,inc to have Ibmc lucky intcr-
jjrctalion, they make a colledidn which they indole in liitchcls and carry about them.
if any one has the reputation of beiui; more fortunate tlian another, which is equi-
valent, in the opinions of thefe people, with havinj^ a more powerful genius, and
more diipofed to grant them his protection, tluy never fail to make him ftand ne.ir
the perlon who holds the platter. They will even fometimcs go a great way to
feck futh a perlon, and if old age or fonie other infirmity (hould happen to dilablc
liim from coming on his own legs, they will carry him on their llioulders.

They have often invited the mitrionarics to be prtlent at thole p.rtief, out of a ^ "ry of a
belief, th.it their genii were more powerful tlun their own. It happened that a lick'"'' """^
woman, in one of tiie Ilurcii vi!i..gts, having called one of their pretended phylicians,
this quack ordered the game of the platter, directing, at the fame time, another village
for the Icenc of this tranfadlion. The patient lent without delay to afk the per-
iniliion of the chief of it, which was granted, and the game being finiftied, the
woman made tiiem a thouland acknowledj.'ments fur licr cure. She was fo fir,
however, fiom being recovered, that flic w.is much worle llian ever ; but they arc
obliged to counterfeit an cale and latiifadion, even when they have Icaft grounds.
The ill nature of this wench, and of her relations, difcharged itfcif on the mllliona-
ries, for rcfuling to be prefent at the game, reproaching them, for that fince their
coming into the country the gcni" of the InJians hail no longer the fame power as
in former times. On thefe religious rcmonftr.iting to thcin the weaknefs of their
pretended divinities on this occalion, they anfwered them cooly, " You have your
Gods, and we have ours ; only we are the worll oft" of the two, becaufc ours arc not
lb powerful as yours."

i'hc game of Straws is another InJiiin diverfion, pradlifed amongft the Miamis Gum of
and F'j'ifmitituuiis. This is pl.iyed, fometimcs at Icaft, in the chief's cabin, and in St""*.
the tquarc K-fore it. Thefe tlraws arc fmall tuHks of the thicknefs of a ftalk of
com, anil ol the length of two fingers. They take a parcel of thefe, containing com-
monly two hundred and one, and alw.iys an old number. After they have fhufHed
them very well, niakin;:;, at the i.une timff, a thoulaiul contortions, and invoking their
genii, they divide their, by a lort of awl, or pointed bone, into packets of ten ;
every one takes one at a venture, and he to whole tliarc the packet with the eleven
falls, gains Inch a nu:iibcr of points, according to an agreement made before-hand.
The party is lixty, or tiur-fcorc.

They have alio dili'erciit ways of" pl.iying the fame game, ia which it is obferved, /'•//j-.
that dexterity h.u full as large a Ihare as chance ; that the Indians arc, in general,'^'''','' '
great cheat-; in all forts of games ; that they are (o entirely addidted to g.iniiiig, as to "
fpcnd winkle iliys and nights at it, and oftentimes continue playing till thcv have
lirippcii thciiilclves quite naked, and luvc nothing left to lole. They have .mother
divcriion lliil, which, if it be Ids detrimental to the fortunes, is quite as dtftrudivc
lo the ii)oral> of thclc nations. Of this we have the following account :

Tovsaids night they let up, in the middle of fomc great cabin, a uumbcr of ports, '^ ""■
plaad in a cireiilar turm, in the midft of which are the players on inftruincnts. On !„'|""'j[/jn
each poll is placed a packet of down, amongft which are lome of all forts of colours.
The youth of both I'exes dance round thofc polls, the girls with packets of down
of the colour they lancy molt. <.)nc of the young men advances, from time to
time, to Liv hold of a packet of that colour which he knows is agreeable to his mithctii,
and placing it on her Iitad, dances round her, intimating, by figns, fomc place of

X meeting

.1.1-

gin

Of the Origin, Language, Religion^

Gover/ifucHt, 6cc.

the fi all k

the girls, ill I'pitc u\

G:\mt of ihc

Gr.mc of
'I'uls-bali.

Rf'ipion of
tiic inJidni.

Three gods.

Origin of

111'

meeting, where he ivould be glad to ke her. Tiic dance cnJt-d,
and latts the whcjlc day. in tlie evening every one retires, when
the vigilance ot their inotiicrs, find a way to the place ot allignnticn.

The Miamii have two games betides, oni; of which is called the Game c/ tbi' Crfs^
This is played with a ball and (licks bent, and fmoothed like racquets. Two p<jki
arc let up, which Jervc as boundaries, at a certain dillance, in proportion to the lunn-
bcr oi players. If there are fourlcorc players, hall' a league is allotted iov tlic (pace
between the poles. The players arc divided into two bands, who have cith their
pole, and the ftrife is, who ihall drive the ball to the pole ot the other partv, with-
out (ullering it to touch the ground, and without touching it with their hands, la
either of thefe cafes the game is loll : at Icall, lie who liiifi rs the ball to drop, or
who touches it, can only repair the fault by driving the ball to the end at one blow,
which is Icldom pollihie.

The otlicr game is much like this lull, and not in the leaft dangerous. Two
boundaries are marked off, as in the former, the players filling the fpace betwceo
them. He who is to begin, toffcs a ball into the air perpendicularly as he can, that he
may the more eafily catch it, and throw it towards the boundary. All the reft
have their arms lifted up, and he who catches it, gives it a tol's, as before, or, at lead,
throws the ball to one of the fame fide, whom he believes more expert than him-
felf ; for, to gain the party, the ball mull never fall into the hands of the adverdiry,
jll it has reached the boundary. The women too play at this game, though but
fcldom, and their parties are of five or fix of a fide, and the fide that firfl fuffers
the ball to fall to the ground, lofcs the game.

I ftull next lay before the reader what I have been able to coUetJl concerning the
opinions, traditions, and religion of the liidiiim inhabiting this part of the continent
of North America. Nothing is more certain, than that they Jiave an idea of the
fiipreme l^ing, though their notions of his nature arc, at the fame time, very confufcd.
All of them, however, agree in rcfpcding him as the fovcrcign fpirit, the maflcr
and creator of the univerfe. They have alfo feveral other opinions concerning his
nature, but they are fuch incoherent fyflems, and blended with to many wild ima«
ginations and ridiculous fables, and all with fo little uniformity, that nothing very
f-uisfadlory can be laid of them. It is pretended, that the Sioux approach nearer to
our notions of the divine nature in this hemilpherc ; but the little commerce the
French have hitherto had with this people, has rendered it impolliblc for them to
give us any tolerable account of their traditions, or that may be, with any fhew of
grounds, depended on.

All the Algonkin nations fecm to agree in giving the fiipreme being the title of
the Great Hare ; fome of them call hin» MichaixM, and others give him the name of
Atahocan. Moft part of them too aflcrt, that he was formerly born upon tJie wa-
ters, with all his retinue, conlifling of quadrupeds, like himlclf ; that he created the
earth out of a grain of fand, drawn from the bottom of the ocean ; and, laflly,
that man was formed by him out of the dead botiies of the other animals. Some
of them alfo fpeak of a God of the waters, who oppofcd, or, at leaft, rcfufed to
lend his afiiftance to carry the defigns of the Great Hare into execution. This God
is, according to fbme, the Great Tiger. But we arc to obferve, that there are no real
tigers in Canada, fo that this tradition, in all appearance, coHiCs from fome foreign
country. Laftly, they acknowledge a third God, called Matcomek, whom they
invoke in the winter fcafon, of whom I have been able to learn nothing worth
mentioning.

The Arejkoui of the Hurom, and the Agrejkmi of the Iroquois, is, according to
the notions of thofe people, the fupreme Being, and, at the lame time, the God of
war. Thefe laft give a different origin to mankind from the Algcniius, and carry
it much beneath the creator of the univerfe. They will have it, that fix men
firll of all made their appearance on the theatre of the world. If you allc thcnij
wlio placed them there ? Their anfwer is, they cannot tell. They add, that one of
thefe men afcended into heaven to fearch for a woman, named A!ahe>i/t\ whom he had
knowledge of, and afterwards proved with child by him } that the Lord of 1 kavcn, on
dilcovcry, thruft her down from the height of the empire of heaven, and that ihc
was received on the back of a tortoife ; and that flie was afterwards delivered of two
children, one of v.hom killed the other.

Tlic

of the different Indian Nations inhJ/uiiig Canada. 79

There it no more mention made of the nthcr five men, nor of the hun>and of A- j^'"«* '•'"'
hthfitfic^ who, as loiiic lay, lud only one duughtcr, the mother of Tbaouilfuron and ""' *'"*'
JouJIicka. Tliis lalt, who was the elder brothtr, killed the other, and, in a lliort time
oftcr, his jjrandmotlicr dilcharpcd on him the care of her government of the world.
They fay too that yltabenjic is the moon, ami 'Jcujlrka the lun. There is, however,
little coherencL in this, as in too many other fyflcms of religion, the fun being
titen licld the fame with Arejkoui, fo far as he is efteemcd the Great Genius.

'\'\\t idea they have ot Ijiirit is that of a beinjj of a more e-viellcnt nature than ^ -'""' "^^■
othtio, ,ind they have no terms to cxprefs any thing that exceeds the compafs qj"""''^?""
ihtir own un.lcrllandings, which; if wc may rely on good authorities, are extremely li-
mited with fLiju^ to incorporeal things, or futh as are not witiiin the cognizance of
(.'x\x femes. They attribute, however, a kind uf im.nenrity to their fpirits, believing
tiivin every where prelcnt, and invoking and addrelling them in all places vvherc-
evcr tliey happen to be, taking it for granted t!i.it they hear tliem, and art according
t tiivii delirc*. It you prcfs them to give you a farther account of thofe matter!',
they 1 11 you that this is all tlicy have been taught ; there arc even none but cer-
tain ola men initiated in their my(lcries, that knew fo much.

According to the Iroquois, the poOcrity of "I'ujkcka became extinrt after the third "•''»■'■■ ^»
generation ; after that happened a deluge which not jne furvived, fo that, in order to " ^ " *
r- .people the earth, it was neccfliiry to transtoiin the brute animals into men. Thus
all nations fecm to have this tradition of a deluge ; but tiiis is no miracle, it wc confi-
dcr the number of them which luvc happened iii different periods, and in various
parts of the globe ; and tlicrc is fcarcc room to doubt of one peculiar to America,
and much more recent than fome of the reA.

Bcfidcs the great, or fovcrcign fpirit, of whom, as well as their other principal di-<i'»' ="' ^
vinitics, with re(jK<it to the orij^in of the world, they have a thoufand ablurd traditi- "' ^"""'
cut, which it would he too tedious to relate in this place, they have alio an infinity
of good and evil genii, or intcri our Ipirits, who arc the folc objedts of their private
worOiip. The Iroquois place Atabcnjic at the head of all the good, as they make

2'i?z^(-i>; the chief of the others, and fometimes confound him with that god who drove
is grandmother from heaven, lor fuffcring hcrfelf to Ik feduced by a mortal. Tlicy ad-
drels thcmfelvcs to their evil genii only to prevent their doing them ill turns, and they
believe the others deligncd to be the guardians of mankind, each of whom has his own
tutelar genius. Thele arc called in the Huron language Okkis, and in the Atgonkin
Maiiitous. To tlieni they i ave recourli: in all dangers and undertakings, or when
tliey want any extraordinary tavour. I'hcrc is even nothing liowcvcr unreafonable
or contraiy to good manners, which they think they nviy not lawfully aflc of them.
They are however far from believing they have any right to their protcrtion at their
birth ; in order to merit it, they mud tirll of all be expert in the ufe of their bow
and arrows : This favour is even received with much preparation, and is properly the
mofl imprtant article in their whole lives : The chief circumftanccs in this ceremo-
ny ure as follow*.

They bt-gin with blacking the vlfagc of the child ; then they caufc him to obt'erve Ct,.inony oj
a fail of eight days, without eating fo much as a morfel of any thing, in which <rng.g>ng the
time of purification lii» genius is to appear to Jjim in his dreams. The empty 8 °* t-^MJ*.
brain of a child canuot fail of producing fuch dreams, which they are very
careful to make him repeat every morning. They are however obliged to put
an end to the farce before tiic lawful time, few children having lUength enough to
fupport it Co long, tho' this caufcs little inconvenience, as thcli: folk arc not like fomc
others altogether unacquainted with the commodious methods of difpcnfatioiis. Tlic
tutelar genius is always, or at lead for the mull part, th« fubjc*^ of the infant's dreams,
in which every p'lantom or im.ige is regarded as the fymtxil, or figure, under which
tlic fpirit appears. Tho' it happens to thofe Iniiians as it does to the grcatell part
of mankind, to attach thcmfelvcs to the figure, whilfl they entirely lole fight of the
fubilanie.

Thefc t'ymbols, howe\er, have no fignificition by thcmfelvcs ; and rometimes the S)n'i»ji>of
fynibol is a bird, fometimes the foot of fjmc unim.il, or a piece of wood ; in (horl, "" *"'''"
the moll common and worthlefs thing in the world. They arc, Iwwcver, preferved
with the fame care that the ancients h.id of their <///' fmnates, or houfl^ould gods.
There ia even nothing in all nature, if we credit thofe Indians, which has not its

X 2 fpiri',

Koilting

without ill
ipiril.

Kdigioiu im
potton.

Worftiip of
t'.K liildir

Geniin
ciungn.

l.A;.

0/ the Origin, Language^ Religion, Gtrcern/nenfy &c.

fpirit, tho' thefe fpirits arc of all ranks and clalTcs, and all of them have not an eaual
power or virtue. When they find themfclvcs at a lofs to cumprchend any thing, they
attribute it to fomc fuperior genius ; and then their way of exprclTing thenilelves is,
by faying, Thii is a j'pirit. The fame is faid, and with more grounds, of men of
extraordinary or of fuperior talents, or who perform any tiling beyond common,
they art- fpirits ; which is equivalent to faying, tlvy have a tutelar genius of an crJcr
fuperior to the common run of mankinJ.

Some of them, but efpccially their quacks, endeavour to perfuade the multituiij
that they fuffcr tranfports, and are in extafies, or, in other words, that they arc fil-
led with a divine enthufiafni, the parent, fays Cluir/.-^rix, of all f.ilfc religions. And
the natural vanity of man, or, what might l)e faid with more juftice, their fclriflincl:;,
has not been able to difcover any m.ichine more capable of governing the ignorant,
and the multitude at laft draws thofc who value thcmfelves moft on their fuperior
underilanding along with them down the ftream of popular error ; an obfer-
vation juftified by the experience of all ages. The American impoftors are
not beholden to any other nation in regard to this point, and none are better
acquainted with the fecret of drawing every poflible advantage from the holy craft.
The quacks above all take care to make the people believe that, in thofc exta-
fies, their genii reveal the fecrets of the moft diftant events that lie hid in the womb
of futurity. And as they fomctimes have the good luck to guefs tolcrablv well, they
by this means acquire infinite credit, and arc believed to he infpired With fome
genius of the firft order.

As foon as they have declared to a child what he is to look upon as his tutelar
genius, from that time forth they inftruft him carefully with rcfpcft to the obli-
gation laid on him, to honour him, to follow all the advice he may receive from
him in dreams, to merit his favour, to put his whole truft and confidence in him,
and to dread the effeiXs of his wrath, (hould he ncglcfl to acquit himfelf of his du-
ty. This ceremony terminates in a feaft, and it is alfo cuftomary to prick on the
body of the child, the figure of the Oltii or Manrtitou, to whofe protcdion he has
been recommended. So folemn an engagement, the mark of winch can never be
erafed, muft needs, one would imagine, be moft inviolable ; tho' a very ti irte, they
£iy, is fuiiicient to deftroy it.

The Indiant are not eafily induced to allow themfclvcs to be in the wrong, even
in affairs in which the honour of their gods is concerned, and make no manner of
difficulty of juftifying themfclvcs at the cxpcncc of their divinities. Thus, on any
fault committed, the blame is always thrown upon their tutelar genius, fur which
too they look out for fomc other without ceremony, which is done with the fame
precautions as at firft. The women have alfo their Mnnitou^, or Okkis, but arc
far from paying them the regard which tlic men ftiew them, hccaufc perhaps they
have not fo much bufinefs for them. They offer up differtiit forts of gifts, or, if
you will, facrifices to thefe fpirits. They throw into the lakes and rivers tobacco,
or birds, firft ftrangled, in order to propitiate the gods of the waters. In honour of
the fun, and fomctimes of inferior divinities, they throw into the fire all manner
ef things ufefiil in common life, and what they believe they derive from thofc infe-
rior beings. This is fomctimes done out of gratitude, and by way of acknowledge-
ment, but oftflcr like fome others, from views of intereft. And even thofc acknowledge-
ments are made with an eye to fomc advantage, thofc nations being entirely unac-
quainted with fentimcnts- of bve towards their gods. We may obfcrve alfo a fort of
libations amongft the Indians, and all this accompanied with invocations, couched
in very myfterious terms, whkh they have never been able to explain to the
Europeans, whether it be that they have really and at bottom no meaning at all, or
that the fenfe has not been tranlmitted in the fame tradition which conveyed the
words > and perhaps tlicy arc willing we fhould never comprehend the meaning
of them at all.

Some pretend that their fails have no other end iKfidcs accnftoming thcai to en-
dure hunger j and probably this motive may have fome influence cm tlicm. But
every circumflancc with which they are accompanied leaves no room tu doubt
that religion is the chief thing regarded in them. We need nothing clfc to
perfuade us of this, bcfidcs their attention to obfcrve their dreams at thole times,
fuch dreams being confidcred as fe many oracles and revelations of the divine will.

Vows

. of tb* different Indian Natkm inhabiting Canada.

Vow( are alfo afli purely religious amongfl thofe nations, in which their CuAom ^"^•
correfpondi exadly with thole of the other parts of the world, its, for inftance, in a
(carcity of provifions, a circumftance which often happens in their voyages and hun*
ting?, they vow to their genii to give to one of their chiefs in honour of them, a
pro[H>rtion of the fird beau they (hall kill, and oblige thcinfelvcs not to eat meat till
they have performed their promife. If the thing becomes impoHible, on account of
the too great dillance of the chief, they burn the part allotted for him, and thus it <
becomes a fort of facrificc.

The Indians, in the neighbourhood of Acadia, had formerly, in a particular part of Venenbv
their country, which borocred on the fea, a very old tree, of which they relate very '"*
wonderful things, and which was always loaden with oflTerings. The fea having laid
open all its roots, it fupportcd itfelf a long time almoil in the air, againft the united
violence oi winds and waves, which confirmed tiic Indians in the notion of its being
the reiidence of fome great fpirit ( and even its fill was not capable of nndeceiving
them, for fu lung as the end of any branch of it was to be teen above water they Ail!
continued the ufual offerings to it.

Mofl part of their feifls, fongs, and dances, have alfo probably their origin in rcli- MJian,
gion, of which they preferve fcvcral traces, which has induced fome, tho' upon very d«»n'«i •'"■.
flight grounds, to believe the Indians defcendcd from the antient Hfirevts. There are "hJ'^iiX^ •.
in faft fome of them who never ufe any knife in certain rcpafls, and are very care-
ful not to break the bones of the bcafls that are eaten on thofe occafions. Some think
too their living apart from their women, in the time of certain dilurders peculiar to
their Hex, and the found of a word often ufcd in fome of their fongs which is the
fame, or very near it, with that of the alleluja, are fo many arguments in favour of tliis
pedigree. But it might, with equal reafon, be alledged that, the cuflom of piercing
their ears and noftrils is obferved in compliance with the law of circumcilion, the
ufe of which is known to be much more ancient than the promulgation of the Jaw
of Mount Sinai. The fcaft, on the return from the ch.ice, in which nothing is to be
left, has alfo been taken for a kind of holocanfle, or for One of the rites of the Jew-
ijb palTovcr, and the rather, as it is ufual with the Indians, when they find themielves
unaole to manage their fbare, or portion, to make ufe of the (lomachs of their
neighbours, as the Jews did, in the cafe when a family was not fufficient to con-
fume the whole pafchal lamb by themielves.

An ancient midlonary, who refidcd for a long time among the Outaouais, writes, UnjuAiy
that an old man ofRciates as priefl in the feftivals of the Indians jufl now men- "^^^ *''''
tioned. He begins with offering them their thanks for the fuccefs they have had "' ^^
in hunting, after which fome other Indian takes a loaf of tobacco, breaks it in two,
and then throws it into the fire. From hence, my author concludes, that thofe who
have cited this nation as a proof of the pofTibility of atheifm, prqperly fo called, are
really ignorant of their manners and notions. They never indeed difpute about re-
ligious matters, and their extreme indolence in this refpeft, by which I fuppofe he
means their unwillingncfs to enter into fuch difcufllons, is the greatcfl obAaclc that
hat obflrudted their converfion to Chriftianlty. But it cannot, with any juAice, be con-
cluded from this circumftance that thev are void of all not-on* of a God. Indolence
is (aid to be their predominant inclination, which is even invincible in their moA in-
tereAing afFairs, tho', in fpite of this vice, and even of that fpirit of indepcndancc, in
which they have been educated, there is no nation that live in a Aatc of greater dread,
confufcd as their nations are of the divinity, never afcribing any thing to chance, and
determining every thing by certain omen?, which they look upon as fo many warnings
from heaven, and revelations of the dinne will.

It has been affirmed by feveral writers, who have left memoirs of the natives of^^^, f,^,
the continent of North America, that there were formerly amongA them certain young
women, living apart fi-om all commerce and knowledge of man, and who never
married. Thefe veAals, fay they, were held in great veneration, tho' the mo A anti-
ent mi(fionarics take no notice of them. There have adlually been amongA the >-o-
^iiois and Hurons, and that not long fince, certain rcclulcs, who prel'erved their virgi»
nity. And thofe Indians, to this day, flicw you certain plants, which, according to
them, have no manner of virtue or efficacy, unlefs employed by virgin hands.

The belief of the immortality of the foul is moA firmly rooted amongA tlie Ame- t'lUni be.
ricaiu of this part of the continent. Thev conceive of it however not as a fabAance !'«*• '•'*'«'

i purely

8 2 Of the Ori^iM, Lati^uagc, Keligior., iiovenuneufy &c.

purclv fpiritiu!, iv. more tlun their genii, being inca})ablc of giving any clear an J iliflinrt
notion of cither. When they are alkol what they think ot louls, they anlwer, that
they arc a kind of living lh.ia.)Ws, an I inujjcs of the body, aiui by lonkquciKe dc-
rived from the fainc i>rin».iplc. They believe that every thing ni tlie univenc u ani-
mated and informed with a loul. It is there ore, Ironi tradition only, they hold that
the foul never «iies. In the dirtercnt ways of cxpreliing themfclvcs on this head, they
often confound the foul with its facuhiej, and the faculties with their oj>erations,
tho' they arc not i;;norant of tlie difference between them, when they plcafc to ex-
prcfs themfclvcs witjj greater cxadlncfs.
Notion, or They arc alfo of opinion t!ut the foul prcfervcs the fame inclination! after it has
fcpalattfou'j. beetJ feparatcd from the body, which it had betbrc the feparation, for which rcafoii,
they bury with their dead every thin;; made ufe of by them when alive. They are al(«
pcrfuaded that the fouls hover about the carcife till the feail of the dead, after
which, it goes into the country of fouls, or tranfmigrates, according to fome, into a tur-
tle dove.
T«o fouli in Others of them acknowledge two different fouls in man, to one they afcrlbc all that
cntb^iy. has been juft now mentioned, and pretend that the other never quiti the budy, except
to inform or animate fome other, tho' thi;, according to their fyflcm, hapiicns only to
infants, who having enjoyed but a fmall portion of human life, have leave granted
them to begin a fccond courfc of life. For this caufe they bury children along their
high ways, that the women may collcdt their fouls as they pafs. Thefc fouls, which
are fo very faithful companions to their boilies, arc at the lame time to be fupported
and fed, and it is todifcharge this pious duty, that they carry vitituaU to their tomb;
this pradtice, however, is ot flmrt continuance, whence the fouls are to accuAom them-
fclvcs by degrees to longer fafts, fincc they often find it dilllcult enough to provide
for the living, without fupplying tliofc who" have left their focicty lor that of
the dead.
Prtfcntimade Thcrc Is onc circumflance which they never forget, even in the grcatcft extrcmi-
to the ilcul. tics. As it is ufual with us for the living to ftrip the deccafcd of every thing, the
InJians, on the contrary, not only carry every thing that belonged to them to their
tombs, but prcfcnti are alfo made them by their relations and frl.nds. And tliis is
the reafon they were fo much fcandaliled at the Freich, who opened their Icpulchers
in order to rob the dead of their beaver robes. Tombs arc held io ("acred in thia
country, that to prophane them is reckoned onc of the grcatcft adts o( iiortiiity that
can be committed againfl any nation, and tlic moft undoubted proof, that they arc
refolved to obfervc no mcafurcs with them for the future.

The region which, according to them, is to become the evcrlafting abo.le of their

fouls, after feparation from their bodies, is lituatcd at a great dif\ance Wcllw.irds,

fo that their fouls are fevcral months on their journey thither. Tliey have even (ur-

priling difficulties to furmount, and are cxpoled to prodigious ha;;ards, before they

are able to re.ich it. They take notice above all of a certain great river they arc to

pafs, on which fevcral have been (hipwrec'ied ; of a dog, from whom they have

much ado to defend themfclvcs ; of a place of futiering, that is their purgatory, where

they expi..te their faults j of a cave, in which the tluls of thofc priloners of war who

have been burnt are tormented, and where they arrive after nuking all poiFible delays.

This notion is the caufe why, after the death of thofc unli tpny pcrions, they are

"jndfah'.es very careful to fearch every place, ftriking inceifantly with rod;, an I miking at the

of the other finic time hideous cries, to drive away tJicir fouls, which they are ulraiil would o-

therwife continue to hover about their cabins. The IroqwAi fay, th.it Jui/.Y/i/ic makes

his ordinary abode in this Tartarus, where his conftant empluynient is to fcduce

fouls to their utter ruin : But that Jcu/keia leaves no ftonc unturned to tl)rtify them a-

gainfl the wicked defigns of his grandfather. Amongft the fabulous flories of wlut

pafTes in the other world, which arc fo like thofc of Uomir and I'irgil, thcrc is onc

(i:ems copied from that of Orpbtm and Eurydke, fo much to the liic tlut tlicrc needs

nothing but changing the names to make it exadly the fitme.

hdiM p»ra- Moreover, the happinefs with which the Jniliam flatter tiicml'tlvc> in their ely-

**"*• fium, is not cunfidercd merely as the reward of a virtuou'^ life i lor to have been a

good hunter, brave in war, happy in all undertakings, and to have killed ami burned

a great number of enemies, arc the folc titles they plead to be admitted into their

paradife, the felicity of wliich confids in an unexhaufliblc plenty of game and fidiing.

Kteion of
(auT>.

V»in opini-

cf the different Indian Nations inhalithig Cmada.

»3

of their

llw-inis,

even ("ur-

forc they

K-y arc to

icy h4ve

where

w.ir who

e delays.

ihty are

: at the

Would o-

I//1' makes

to i'cJuce

th'jin a-

of wlut

z is one

crc needs

itir cly-
/e been a
1 burned
nto their
1 filliing,

an eternal fprinp, vafl al'iindancc ui all things, without licini; obli^^cd to work, and
the tuli and mml ivquilitc {(rjtiAcation ot all tlij Icnlcs. 'I'hus tlic foundations ut
tviry nation's l>clii:t, in regard to a future ftatc, are, we fcr, cxaiMly the fame, even
(I tlicic lylU-ms which are held moll metaphyfual, propping all lo.ts of luppinefs
»)t which wc have any idea, or perhaps arc capable, and that, without end, tnr tlu*
pood ; and, for the vicious, every thing that is the reverie of this felicity. Nor i' \W
oblervation of LLuirhvoix oerfcdtly juft in this place, where he fays, that a virtuo-is
\\k is not 'vhit gives a title to the Indian clyfium ; by which, I foppolc, he means
the virtues of piivate lile ; for fifliing and hunting are a-cunomicai viitucs in thi'^
country \ ami as fiir the merit drawn from the number of enemies killed, ever) body
fcx'S the coiuicd^ioi) this has with the public i;ood, and the defence and 'ccurity oi
the community.

Thelie tcmpor.il bkflings arc alfn the folc objetft of their prayers. All their Oliri. gi
fongs, which arc originally their forms of priyer, turn only upon the guod things I'"*"-
of this world, there being no mention in them, no more than in their vow?, of .my
thing relating to another.

The fouls of hearts have alio a place in the lower, or rath;r ,n the Wcftern re- sojiioibruu-
gions of the Amcricufts, and arc full as immortal as ours. They alio allow them a immoiu!.
kind of roalon, and not onlv every fpccic , but even every indi^'idual animal, has,
according to them, its peculiar giurdiun fpirit. In ihort, they make no ditfe-
rente between the brutes and men, c.\».(.pt in degree only, man luing, according to
them, no more than the king of animals, who luvc all the func fac'ltie?, though he
polTcircs them in a (ujxrior degree. They hold ulfo, that there arc in lu-il motlels n
fouls of all forts, though they trouble themfelves very little with diving tcvther .nto
iholc matters, as well as with every other topic ot pure fpeculation.

As to ilreams, they vary very much in ilieir manner of explaining themfelves on thisoftl.enture
tiipii-. Sometimes it is the reafonabic foul, which walks abroad, whilft the fenlitivc foul "f J'O""'-"-
continues to animate the botly. Sometimes it is the familiar genius, who gives wholefome ([,'j /^5,,„,
advice with rcf|>cdt to what i.s to happen -, now it is a vdit paid by the foul of the perfon of
wh-m they arc dreaming. But in whatever way the dream be conceived, it is always
regarded a.s a thing facrrd, and as the means the goils moO commonly ul'c to make
kiio'vn tlieir will to mankind. They cannot conceive it polTible for the Eurot>fani to
m.ikc fo light "f them, and, for the moft part, look upon dreanu as the dcfircs of
a foul inlpirevl by foine fpirit, or as an order from him. Hence they make it a reli-
gious duty to comply with it. Thus an /Www having dreamt of cutting off a finger,
uufcd the fame to be .u'tualiy chopj>ed ofl', after having prepared himfcif for this im-
portant adlion by a feaft. Another feeing himfelf, in A dream, prifoncr amongft his
er.cmie'!, was much perplexed; but, after confulting the quacks, he was, by their
attviiv, tied to a poll, ami burnt in fevcral parts of tlie b«dy.

TIk- Indians have happy and unhappy dreams. To dreum, for inftancc, of feeing
a great number of elks, is a lign of long life j but to dream of bears, is a fign of dy-
ing loon, except when this happens, -m has been faid, at the time when they nrc
(ctting out to hunt thole animals.

Ti) llu-w to what an cxtrav.igant degree they carry thcfe fuppofitions, I fliall lay
before the reader a 'fifX attellcd by irreproachable witnelfcs, who were themfelves
fptdatori of it.

Two miffiorarics were on a journey with fomc Indimii, and one night as all were S:or> rf m
iifleep, one of their guides ftartid up, quite out of breath, and trembling with fear, Iiv|hk. ocJu.
nuking ciForts to cr> , and Iwating himl'clf, a$ if polTeded with a devil. Everv body '"^
was <oon awake with the noife ; at firft they believed the pcrlon feized with fomc
frenzy ; they laiil hold of him, and tried every inctlK>d that could Iw thought of to
reduce him to a fettled temper, but all to no purpol'c ; the madncfs getting the better
of Iimi more .ukI more, fb that being unable to confine him, they were obliged to
hide all arms from him for fear of fomc accident. Some time after this it was
^3^o|Hlkd to give him a potion made wiih certain herbs of great virtue; but when
tluy were Uail aware of him, the patient leapt into the river. He was immediately
dr.i\vn our, and tho' he could not conceal what he (uffcred from the cold, he could
not be pcrluaded to come near tlic fire, which was kindled on purpofc, but tat himfcif
down at the font of a tree, where, appearing <omewhat calmer, they brought him
foine bntlr wliivh they had prepared fnr him ; he told them they muft give it to

Y i this

Method of

Obllg.Tiionj
of dicams.

Of the Origin^ Ltwguagc^ Religion, Gwermncnt^ &c.

this child, by which they meant a bear's Ikin which they had ftufFfd with ftraw ;
they cumphcd with his requeft, pouring the broth down the tliroat ot that animal.
Tlitn th.y alked him the occafion of his diftcmper. " I dreamt, i'aid he, I had a
fcrcv.ch-owl in my belly. " They all fell a laugliing, but however the bufintfs was
Iiow to cure his dilordercd imagination which was done in the Jollowiiit; manner :

They pretended all ot tnem to be afflidted witli tlie liime dilorder, and c ying out
as loud as they could, that they had each fomc animal in their belly, adding that tlicy
did not like throwiiig themlelvts into the river to unhoufc the crciture becaufe ot' the
exceinve cold ; nnd that tlicy thought fweating much the belti r way of the two. The
Hspocondriac relKhing this propofal, tliey immedi.itely fct about ercdting a ftove, which
they all went into with loud crie<, and afterwards fell every one to imitate the animal
lie pretended he had in his belly, one ccunterfeiting a goofc, another a duck,
this a bii<lard, that a frog, and the dreamer his owl. But what was pcculiaily
divertin"' this tarce was, that they all beat time on the back and lliouldcrs of the
patient, j!i order to weary him into a fleep, tho' the fame prefcrfption wouKi keep a-
iiy but an Indian from clofing his eyes for (evcral days to come. Tlity fuccttded
however in their intention, the patient fell into a fleep, which held him a confidcra-
ble time, and when he awaked found himlelf perfectly cured, not perceiving the
fvveat, which mull certainly have cxhaudcd him, nor fenfiWe o\ the blows and bruiles
he had received, having loll all remembrance of the very dream which had coft him
fo much terror and pain together.

But not the dreamer alone is to difiharge the obligations to which they imagine
themfclves fubicifted by their means, ani it would be highly criminal for any perfon
confulted by the patient in this cafe, to refufe performing any thing he may require ;
a circumftanre, which, amongft any other people than Indians, might have very trou-
blefome conftquences. But as they are pcrieelly free from views of intereft, and are
all equally fubjcd to the lame inconveniences they abufc this cuflom lels than an/
other fort of men would probably do, where the fame frets prevailed. If the thing
required be of fuch a nature as that it cannot be afforded by the perfon of whom it
is demanded, the public takes the burden on itfelf ; and if it (hould be necelTary to
go Ave hundred leagues to find it} and let it cod what it will, it mull at all events
be had. This boon is preferved with the utmofl care, and if it be an inanimate
thing, their anxiety about it is but moderate, but if it be fomc animal, the death of it
fills them with the mofl dreadful apprehcnfions.

Difficult afe Should an Indian dream of killing another, the affair becomes ftill more feriotis,
for he will certainly in that cafe be the death of him, if he can accomplifli it by
any means whatever. But wo to the dreamer, fliould any other take it into liis head
to dream that he revenges the deceafed. With a little precaution, however, one is
eafily extricated from this cmbarrafsmcnt, and a dream which feems to opj^jfe and
contradid the firll is all that is requifite for the purpofe. In this cafe he wliofe
dream is prior, fays, " I fee and am lalitfied, that your fpiiit (or familiar) is much fu-
perior in ftrcngth to mine, for which caufe wc will infill on it no longer." Some
indeed arc more difficult to be fatisfied on this head, but there arc very few who
may not be contented, and their genii appeafcd by fome prefcnt.

Mad fian of Whether religion was ever concerned in the fcftival called tht fea(i of dreams^
or, which the Iroquois, and fome other nations, have much better termed tb: fca/i of the
turning of the iraia, cannot ealily be afcertaincd. This is a kind of Bacchanalian fetliva?,
which lafls generally fifteen days, and is celebrated towards the end of winter. There
is no fort of folly which is not committed on thofe occafions, every one running
from cabin to cabin, difguifcd in a thoufand ridiculous manner';: They break and
throw down every thing, and no body dares to hinder them. If any perfon he de-
firous of (hunning this confufion, and to get cut of the reach of a thoulani afirontj,
which mull othcrwifc be endured, there is no way left for him but to defert the
village for a time. On meeting any perfon, the firfl greeting is to give him fome
dream to interpret, and if he can unravel it, it is to his cofl, fur he is t(j give the dream-
er the fubjcd of his dream. On the conclufion of the mafqucradc, every thing is
reftored, a great fcaft is made, and every one thinks how the lad cffcds of their
madnefs may be repaired ; atid this is often attended with no fmall inconvcnieneies,
or rather milchlcfs, at time an(l ottilion, which was longed for in filcnce, in order

(itumi.

of the diffcrciU Indian Nutiom inhabiting Canada.

V ) liavo .iiuciuls of thofc who might have given thcin an abufc, now offer themftlvcs ;
Imt all is to he t'orgntlcn as iboii ,is tlie fca(t is over.

I'iic (icCtriptioii of one of tlicfe tc.ills, from the memoirs of a miil'ionary who was Dcfctibcl
pirkiit at it lore agaiiill liis will, is as follows : It was held at Oumtitague, and pro-
ti.iiincdhy the fenators, or ciders, with the fame folcmnity as if it had been an
al'tair rclitiiii; to the Hate. Scarce h.ul they returned to their different places of abode,
V. Ik 11, all of a luilden, men, women, and children turned out naked, notvvithflanding the
txtrinie cold. At firil they vifited every cabin, after wliich they Arollcd about from
I'Licc to pKice, without knowing whither they went, or wh.it they wanted, and a
Ipedator would have concluded them pcrfons tra ifported bcfides themfelves with
ihiinkennrfs or madncfs. Some confined their extravagance within more moderate
hounds ; but otherj were for making ufe of all the indulgencies of this c.irnivai, during
which they are reputed mn compoi, and, by a fundamental maxim in the Indian laws,
il( cmcd not relponfable for their adtions, and at full freedom to revenge their private
inuilges. On lome they threw buckets jf water, which freezing inflantaneoufly with
the intcnfc cold, ftruck to tlie very heart of thole on whom it was throrvn -, others
they faluted with volleys of hot embers, and filth of all kinds ; fomc difchargcd fire-
brands at the head of the firfl pcrfon they met ; and others again broke and dcmolillied
all the turniture of the cabins, and tailing upon thofe to whom they bore any ill will,
lo,uki.l them with blows. In fliort, there was no deliverance from this fort of perfc-
cuti.m, but by interpreting their dreams, which were abfurd and inconceivable to the
Kill, degree.

Tiie miil'ionary and his companion were upon the point of being fomcthing more
tiian mere fpedtators of what paffed. One of thcfe furies entering a cabin, in which ofdrefimers
tliey had fccn them take fanduary, at the beginning of the hubbub, and had iuft left,
.;i!d not finding them there, cried out to explain his dream, and, upon helitation, faid
he would kill a I'renchmati, when immediately the maiter of the hut threw a fuit of
I'rou/.' cloathes upon the floor, which the dreamer again and again ran through with
a (word. Upon this, he who had thrown down the rloathcs, falling into a fit of
tranfport in his turn, faid he was for revenging the I'rcnchman, and that he was
going to reduce the whole viMage to allies. He began by actually fetting fire to his
own cabin, in wliich this fccne iiappcncd, and where, after every body had left it,
he fliut himfelf up. The fire was alre.idy kindleil in feveral places within,
but did not as yet dil'cover' itlllf without, when one of the midionarics returning,
and being told what hail been ilone by his landlord, made what hallc he could to
break open the door, lli/ed the Ithliiiir, whom he thrufl out, extinguilhcd the fire,
and ihut himlelf up in the cabin. Hi-, holt, in the mean time, ran over the whole
vil!a;;e, crying out that he would let fire to every thing -, upon which they threw
out a dog to him, in hopes he wouKI glut his vengeance on that animal ; but he in-
liiKd, that the olVering was not futlicient to expi., _• the death of his guefl, who had
I>een murdered in his houle. Then they threw him a fecond dog, which he tore to
jiieces, ami then all his rage fubliJed, and he recovered his former tranquility.

This Indi.in had a brother, who was alio willing to bear his part in 'e play. He
tirellld himlelf in nuich the lame manner as we reprefent the Satyrs, covering himlelf Rictlunalun
lioin hc.ul to loot with the Icives of niaiz. lie cuiled two women to be attired^™'"'"'
like Mi !(•/■, !s, or I'urits, their faces blacked, their hair dilhcvellcd, with a wolf's ikin
f\er tluir bodie>, and bills in their hands. Thus clcorted, he vilited all the cabins,
i.iAling and ilmating with all hi', might, climbing on the roofs, and playing a tliou-
i.imi ..nlii^, v.itii an a;4ility ecpial to that of the moll famous rope-dancer; then ma-
kiiig huleou., cii. i, a:, it loinc vail misfortune had befallen him, he at lall ilelcended,
.md walking with a tolenvi pace, preeeiled by his two Bacchanalians, who becoming
ti.mrpoitid in :neir turn-, overturned with their bills every thing tliat came in their
way. They were lv..!ice recovered from their trance, when another woman took
tiicir I'l ICC, and Liitering the Imt wlicre fat the two Jeluits armed with a mulmiet
the ha>l jMit by canliii;', Ionic perlon to expound her dream, lung the war-long, making
a til. inland imprecati.ms npnii herlelt, it llie diii not bring home pritoners.

A warrior followed dole after this Ama/oii, with a bow and arrow in one hand, (,,|,^j .j.,,^,
and a bayonet in the otlur. .After he had iiKule himlelf hoarle with hallooing, he M .iiib. oiun
f^ll, all I'f a liidden, 0:1 a woman, who little thought of any liitii attack, ami"'

'11

lokiin'.'.

'Of the Origin^ Language^ Rcligiofiy Governtncnt, kc.

Witchcraft in

holdin<» his bayonet to her throat, ami twiftin^ liis h.iiv.is in her hair, cut f)ff one of hcf
h;mds, and went liis way. One of tlic jongleurs then made Ills appearance, hearing
in his hand a flaff adorned with feathers, by means of whicli, he boalleil, he coulJ
divine the moll hidden lecrcts. An InJitut woman attended tliis pcifona^^', holdin^^ a
vafe full of a certain liquor, of which ihe now and then gave tiie quack to drink.
lie no fooner taftcd of it, than he fpit it out, Mowing on his hands and (lalF, ar^d at
each time he explained fuch riddles as were propoltd to him. '1 wo women followed,
indicating, that they wanted fomcthing. One Ipread a matrafs, or covering, by which
it was conjedlured, that flie aikcd for fifli, which were accordingly given her. The
other having a hoc in her hand, they concluded flie wanted a field to cultivate ; (lie
was therefore immediately led out of the village, and ftt to work with lur iioe.
A chief had dreamt, it fecms, of feeing two human hearts ; his dream was ditHcult to
interpret, and this caufed a general uneafincfs. He maiie a great deal of noile ; the
feaft was therefore prolonged for another day, but all tf) no purpo(e, ami it was ab-
folutely ncccflary that he Ihould be appcafed. Sometimes were iccn b,.ndi of armcil
men, who threatened to come to blows ; at others, troops of buffoons, playing all
manner of farces. This madnels Lifted for four days, the games being reductil to this
length from the accullomed time of fifteen, probably out of rcfpedt to the Jefuits,
towards whom they carried their complailance lb far as not to moleft them, nor the
Chriftian hulians, in the ex'-rcife of their lundtions and religious duties. .

The InJLvis have recourl'c to none but the good genii ; the wizards only, and thofc
bhorrenc"."' who are .addiclcd to witchcraft, are thought to be in compact with the evil genii j and
the women are chielly fufpccted of following this abominable practice. Their jon-
gleurs, or pricfts, who arc alio their phylicians, not only refrain from it, at Icall open-
ly, but make it a particular part of their protetTion to qualify thcmlelvcs for difcovering
tho?OTgle°r' witchcraft, and preventing its pernicious effects. All that is related to this purpofc is
mere quackery -, for fometimcs they make ulc of the venom which they cxtiait from
ferpcnts ; fometimes of herbs gathered in certain fcalons, and whiKt they are muttering
fomc particular words ; or, laftly, of certain animals, which they ftranglc, and of which
they throw fome parts into the fire.
Mianj in Amongft thc Illinois, and fome other nations, they make an odd kind of human fi-
dread of ma gure, to reprefent fuch perlbns as they intend to deflroy, and which they pierce to the
heart. Sometimes they take a rtone, and, by virtue of certain incantations, pretend
to form fuch another in thc hearts of their enemies. Thc IniHans have fuch dread-
ful apprehenlions of magic, that the flighteft fufpicioii of pradifing it cxpofcs one to
be torn to pieces ; and yet we find every where perl'ons who follow this dangerous
employment.
r>etf nfions of "^^^ quacks of Canada make profef]ion of correfpondiug with the genii which
tiiijoiigiiun. they call ^cw;ftY;<7, and pretend to know, by their means, what palfes in the moll
remote regions, as well as what is to happen in the moll diffant futurity ; tliat they can
difcover the caufc and nature of thc moll hidden or complicated diftem|>cis, with their
method of cure ; determine what is to be done in the moll difficult and perplexing
affairs ; explain thc mofl obfcurc droms ; procure fuccefs in the moll ditlicult under-
takings and negociations ; and, laflly, render the gods propitious to their hunters
and warriors. They arc even faid to jicrform things capable of impoling on more
than the multitude ; and when they ihut themfclves up in their llovcs in order ti>
raife a fweat, one of their mofl ordinary preparatives, they relenililc c\:ii.'tlv what w;.-
read in the poets of tlic ancient Pittias, {Pnejle(fi's of ylp'.tlo) nn the tiipod, (nterin.',
into all their convulfions and enthufiafm with thc lame tone of voice, and performini',
adtions fecmingly beyond human power, and infpiring the f|HCtatois with an awe and'
terror which they cannot relill. Thel'e jongleurs are alio the only ptu'ons to \\\wv.\
it is lawful to conjure or raife up fpirits on occafion of public tr,iii!ach<)ii«.

Thcfe quacks arc not jx:rmittcd to cxcrcifc- their prolcliion, till they have firll
cmrimmM';'' '^'^*'-'''^'^ '"'" •' ''^''^ of treaty, or compat'.t, with the genii, f.r which thev qualily
thcmlelvcs by long and rigorous fafling, during which they are contKiually weepin;/,
Imoking, howling, lingin;^', and beating t!ic drum. Thi> initiatit.ii i> ajtcrwards ptr-
lornied in a l()rt of IJacchanal, with extrav.igant cercmonie.-, and a tlr.iii;;c ciithulialiii.
Their otlice is reflraincd to propfiecyin;,', or iriteri>reting the wills of the ^'^ods, the
chiefs being their lolc pricfls, who otfer lacrifice to tiie go>ls in .ill jhiIi1:c cei-emoiiiis,
and thc mailer, orfaniilit. in ikjuicilic WuiJiip. The clin.t', oi at leall iiii>ll prolit.iMc

einploviiiel.t

EnthuCafj.

Prt-ynration,
init

of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada.

«7

cmpioymcnt of their qiULks is that of phyfic, the principles of which arc founded
nil the kiio\vlc(li!;c ot fimpics, on experience, and on the diifcrent fituations of the
I'iti.iit, Init always with a cunfiderable mixture of quackery and fuperfli:ion, at the
(.xptncc ot tlic vulgar.

i lie chief u(c they make of fimpics is in woun;' fradtiircs, diflocations, luxations, -riuir pnc
iuul rtipturcf. They Maine large incifionf, an:- ft not only the pus, but even lucofiurgcry

Ipliiiters, ftoncs iron, and all other noxious mattei en wounds, by a mixture of the
juice of ditftrent plant.-., which is alfo the diet of the patient, till the wound is cured i
anil he who prolns it, fwallows fjnic of it before he proceeds to fuck the wound,
when there is a neecllity tor this method ; but this is feldom done, the moft common
way being to injedt the juice into the wound with a fyringe. They are allowed,
however, to have excellent remedies, and very valuable fecrets, for the cure of certain
ililkmpcrs, and particularly for the pally, dropfy, and venereal dilcafe.

In lome countries, as foon as the ficli pcrfon is given over, the way is to difpatch Diircrfm
liim, that he may not languilli. In the canton of Oumntague they bury children un- •"•\'""'"' "f
weaned with their mothers, from a perfuafion, that no other women could bring ^ ^' ^"'
them up. And fome nations, when their fick are in a defperatc (late, are faid to
leave them to die of hunger and thirft. Others, we arc told, (hut the eyes and mouth
of the dying perfon, that they may not fee the diftortions of their features in their
laft agonies.

When the fick perfon finds himfclf going the way of all flclli, he aflumcs a ftoical b laviour in
hcroilni, and beholds himfeU on the point of feparation from thole who are deareft to ''"^ '»i' " <>•
him without the leail emotion. As foon as the fentencc of death is pronounced by """"
the mouth of the quack, he makes an effort to har.!ngue the by-ftandcrs ; and, if he
happens to be the head of a family, he makes a fort ot funeral lermon on himfelf bc-
fi)re-hand, which he clofes with his btll counfel to his children ; then, after taking
leave iA all the people, he oiders a feaft to be given, in which all the provifions in
the liuufe are to be fcrved up, when he receives the prcfents of his family. In the
mean time, they cut the throats of all the dogs they can find, that their louls may
cirry the news to the nether world, that fuch an one is juft upon fetting out for thofc
rcjjons all the carcafcs being thrown into the chaldron, to incrcafe the repaft. The
fead being ended, the tears begin to tlow, which are afterwards interrupted to bid the
lall farcwel to the fick man, to wilh him a happy voyage, to comfort hinj for tlie lofs
ot his friends and relations, and, lallly, to allure him tiiat his children will fupport the
glory of his great adlions,

'I'hc coot blood with which they f.ice the kinc; of terrors is perfedly admirable, no /■'""" "n*
hhtiiin luviir^ ever Ixicn alarmed to hc.ir that he had oidy a few hours to live. Noticing jj^l^!" ""
i-. to be leen but danei)ij, linging, invocations of the g^nii, fcafts which are prclcribcd
by tlie piiyficians, and remedies, according to our way of thinking in liuropf, more
likely to finilh than cure a fick pcrfon, who, if he happens to recover, alcribes all
the honour to the fpirits.

Their gctieroiity and alTeiVion towards the dead arc no lefs wonderful. Were you ^'"■'' 7''^'*
will lee mothers prelerve the bodies of their children for whole years, without lieing '" '"^ "*''
able t ) ftir Ikuu them, and others drawing the milk from their brealb, and (hcddint;
it upon the tombs ot tlieir infants. In cafe of a fire in any village, where there are i.\y.\\d
bo^lif-, they are .ilwav-^ tlic firll object of their care. They even llrip thenilelves ot their
lieiiell i^aiments to elo.ulic the dead, uncovering their tombs, from time to time, to
renew tiieir elo.uiu'-, and depriving themlclvts uf their neccirary food, to lay it on
their lepulehres and i:i j^i.'.ees where tliey imagine their fouls arc to haunt. In Ihort,
tiie expjnce they ar^ at tor their dead far exceeds what is bellowed on the living.

The lick man Ins no kK)ner yielded up the ghotl, than nothing is to be heard but iimoutipiU
w.ii'.iii^s, which lall ai long as their lamily are in a condition to upiiold ihe expence " ""' '^•
ol it, tor thev are obiijfcd to keep open table all the time. The corps of the de-
ve.il'ed is cNpolcd at the door of the cabin, attired in iii^ richcft robe, his vilage
painted, his arms and all his eqnip.iv'c bv his lide, and la the pollure he is to l>e in
V. lit. II l.ii.i in tlk" tomb, whicli i;, according to Ionic, the l.imc with ilut ot a child in
til,' womb. There .iie women inrcd, whole buliiiels it i- tv) lament the decealcvl, who
.;re l.ii 1 to be very e\jHit in their profcliion, lin.'ing, weepin.:, and ttancing continn-
.Jlv, but fo as not to kiKii the loirow of the relation.-i, which is real and unteiiiiie I.
.Alter the interment, \\\y.J.\ u in a tort of cell, hunj; with hir. intkad u! tapelhv, and

Z 1 much

Of the Ori^'ni-, iMK^ui^gCy Religion^ Government^ &c.

much neater tlian any cabin, they creilt a pillar, or pile, on the tomb, on vvirn.Ii \s
hunix cvcrv thiiv.'; tliey conceive capable of doing liononr to the dccealcil. Sometimes
too diLV allix in- portrait, with a iuit of lulli) relievo, informin;!; the p.irren'j;c'r who lie.i
interred there, wiih the particnlars of his life moll to his advantage. 'I'hither they
hrinc; frelh frclh provilion every morninp, an^l if any animal eat ot it, they believe it
to be the I'oiil of the dead, who appears in th .t (liape. Tlie interment i:. followed by
niakini; prelents to the f.imilv, in the name of the villaec, and fomctimcs of the whole
nation; even the allies feiul their quota when the deeeafeil happens to be of diftin-
guilhed rani;. I'nt before tiiis tiie family give a rcpalf in the name of the defnndt,
accompanied with games and pii/os for fuch as diftinv;niih thcmfelves in tlicm.
Thcfe panics are a kimi of inll<, or tourn.iinents, raees, and lho;.tin^ at a mark, the
whole ending with fongs and eries of victory.

The family of the deceafed bear no part in the divcrfions, and arc obli^reil hencc-

MiurninR o( , , , . ' ,- ,- i ■ i • ■- i • ,t • ■" • n-

the famiij . forth to oblcrve a iort ot mourning, which is very levere. It conlilts in cutting orr
their hair, blacking their face?, and keeping thcmfelves ftanding, with their iieads
wrapt in a covering. At the lame time, they are to look at no perfon, make no vi-
fits, eat nothing hot, ablliin hoin all manner of pleafurcs, wear no cloatiis, and ne-
ver to warm thcmfelves bv tlie fire, even in the miiifl of winter. After this mour-
whicii lalls for two years, there is a fccoiJ, lefs irkfome, wliieli lafts two or

Singul.'.r no-
tion of ihc

Fcaft of the
dead.

" I,

Tiic ua ti!.

ritril ptocci
lion .inJ If.,
tcinic'i;.

IlUlg,

three vears more, and is ,dlo c.ip.ible of a little relaxation. Uut no abatement is to bo
made without the conlent of the c.ibin to svhicli the widow or widower belongs,
and fuch indulgences are never obtaineil without the charge of a fcafl:.

The hiJiinis iiavc a very lingular notion, that fucii pcrlons .is die a violent deatli,
though in tiie fervice of their country, have no communit vjii with the tj\ in the
other world, for which caufc, they burn or bury them tlu moment they cxpir;., A
fometimcs even before, never laying their bodies with tliofe of their other dcail, nor
allowing them any Ihare in their great ceremony, wliich is renewed every eighth
year amongft fomc nations, an.l every tenth ainongft the Hiirons and Iro/juois.

This is called the feaft of the dead, or of fouls, and is by far the moll celebra-
ted and folemn aft of religion known amongft thofe nations. Tlic firfl thing is to
fix the pl.tce of alfembly, and then to choofc the king of the feall, wlio is ta
prefide in it, and to invite the neighbouring villages. The day apjiointed being
come, they meet together, and march in proccllion, two and two, to the bnrying-
place, where, after digging up the dead bodies, they remain fomc time in dumb
contemplation. TIic women arc at firft to break in upon this religious lilencc,
raifing mod lamentable cries, which augments the horror of the fpcdtacle. TIii> firll
aifl over, they take the carcalles and gathering together the f.attcred and loofe bones,
l.iy them on the Ihouldcrs of thofe appointed to carry them, taking care to w.ilh ..ml
cut otT the '.otten parts and other impurities, from fuch bodies a.^ are not intirely putri-
fied, wrapping the other remains in new robes of beaver. They return to the vil'age
in the fame order they came out, where every one depofits his load in his own c.iblii.
During the march, the women continue their wailings, the men difeovcring the
fame marks of fadneis, as on the day of the death of the perfon, wliofe remains they
are carrying. This is followed by a feall in every cabin, in honour of their dead.
The next d.iy is rllotted for miblie feafling, accompanied as on the tl.iy of interment,
with dancing, games, and c Jinb.its, for whicli there are alfo pri/.ea proptMed. Vu>\n
time to time, they utter certain cries, called the Cries of Souls, giving and receiving pre-
fents of the llrangcrs prcfent, fome of whom come from a great lii'.lanee. On tlicli;
occafions they treat alio tjf other atlairs, and l()metimeN elect their chiefs at thele
meeting'-. .All this is performed with remarkable decency, order, and moiielly, every
one .appearing filled with fentiments proper for the occ.ilion, the very kings ami d.iii-
ces infpiring a certain fadnefs, and the whole fpett.icle being cap.iblc of filling the
moll infcniihie hearts witli lorrow.

Some d.iys alter they rep.iir in procellion to the great council-ronni prepared on purpole,
where they hang up the brines and carcitles agiinll the walb, in the lame order .is
whent.iken from the burying place, and where thev expule to public view the jirelenti
tleflinetl for the dead. And if, anvjiigd all thole lail rein.iins, there h.ippeii to liu
thofe of II thief, his Inctvllir gives a gre.it rep ill in hi.n.un.-, .in, I lings his Ion;',.
In fevcral places the carcalles are carried from c.iiiton ti e.intuii, and eveiy where te-
ceivcd with vre.it ilemonllrations of the iivjII lively furrow, always ac>.oinpanicd with

pre lento.

of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada.

prcfcnts. At laft they carry the relics of mortality to the place where they are to rc»
main for ever. All thcfe procclllons 1 )vc along to the found of inftriimcnts, accom-
iv.nicd with the tinctt voices, the attendants all obferving juft time and meafure in
every ftcp. This laft and general burying-placc is a large vault, lined with the
tineft furs, and every other valuable thing. The preilsnts (or the dead arc placed a-
part, and the families in the fame order as the proceiTion arrives take their places
on a fort of fcaftolding creftcd round the vault j the moment the corps arc depolited
the women let up a frclli wailing and weeping ( then all the attendants defcend
into the vault, and every one takes a fntall quantity of its earth, which is preferved
with great care, as fuppofcJ to have a virtue of procuring good luck at play. The
bodies und bones being laid in order, covered with new lurs, overfpreau with the
birk of trees, on which arc laid, ftoncs, wooti, and laftly earth, every one returns to
liis own home, only the women continue for fome time to vifit this maufoleum of
the nation, watering it with their tears.

There is no difference in the drefs of the Indian nations, in the hot feafon, their fole Dref-, of in-
garment, at I'uch times, being generally a fort of frock, or banyan. In the winter they '''""'■
wear more or fewer clothes in proportion to the climate. TJicy wear on the feet a
kind of focks, made of doe-lkin dried in the fmoke ; for Aockings they wear alfo
ikins, or pieces of ftufF, wrapt round their legs. A waiftcoat of fkin covers their
bodies down to their middle, and above that they wear a fort of cloak when they
can afford it, if not, they make themfelves a robe of bear-fkins, or of fevcral fltins
of beavers or otters, or fuch like furs, with the hairy Jidc inwards. The tunics, or
veils, of the women reach below the knees, and in cold weather, or when they are
on a voyage or journey, they wrap their heads in their mantle or robe. Some wear
Imall bonnets, and others a capuchin joined to their vefts. They have alfo a piece of
Auff or <kin, which ferves them inftead of boddice, and covers them from the
waift down to the mid-leg. They are vaftly fond of white fliirts, which they wear
over their vefts till they arc foul, and then only next their fkin, where it remains
till it falls off with rottcnncfs. Their tunics of (kin are generally prepared in the
fmoke like their focki, wiiich is done by iirft fufiering theci to be thoroughly fcafon-
cd with the fmoke, and afterwards rubbing them, when they wafli like lin-
ncn. They are alfo drcffcd by fteeping them in water, and then rubbing them till
they grow dry and fupple ; they arc, however, much fonder of our rtiirts.

Many of them, as the Viils did formerly, paint, or prick their bodies all over, Painting of
others in fome parts only. This practice is not only for ornaments fake, but is al- ''"" '"*''"•
l"o a very good defence againft the cold, and the biting of the gnats. In Canadit,
however, thofe who live near the Brisijh fettlemcnt, inftead of painting their bodies
all over, arc content with making the tigures of certain birds, or fcrpcnts, or other
animals, and lumctimcs of leaves, and fuch like, without any order or proportion,
fonietimes on llic face, and fometimcs on the eye>lids only, each according to his
particular fancy ; and many women paint their checks over the jaws, as a prefervative
from tlie tooth-ach.

This operation, which is not very painful, is performed in this manner. They How rtr-
begin by tracing the contour of the figure they intend on the fkin, ftretching it well at |,'',7^j|:,,""*'
the fame time ; then with the bones of the lins of filhes, or with needles, they prick
it in lines till the blood comes ; and, lallly, tlicy rub it with charcoal and other colours
pounded very fine. Thcfc powders infinuate themfelves into the (kin, and can ne-
ver be extracted. The (kin afterwards fwells, becomes iniiamed witli an itching, and
if a fever hiinvns, which is common enough in hot weather, when tiic ojK-ration is
tarried too far, they arc lometimes in great danger of tlieir lives.

The colours with which they paint their (aces are ("aid to produce the fame ad- '" "f"" ""^
vantages in rcl'pciit to the told, and are no lefs ornamental than the j uiicture. This"^"
opcr.ition is perturmed by the warriors on fctting out for the campaign, to tlrike ter-
ror into the enemy ; and by the youth, to give themfelves the lame air with the ve-
terans, a^i well ub to heighten the charms of their (aces ; in which laft calc the co-
lours arc more vivid, and in greater v.iriety. The prifoners who are to die are alfo
piii.iihcd in tliis manner, probably, like the antient>, to adorn thole vidlims of the
go.l of war. L.ilUy, they paint the tiead, in order to *\ii honour to them, when
tlicy expofc them cloathcd in their btft robes.

A a The

Colours anJ

ornamental

drefit

Ornamental
tircl's of wo-
men.

'•i/i:iia huf-
bandrv the
etnploymene
of the we-
ll er;.

Bear;, pc:r
jj.O'i', ii!e!on

C.i':uri of
maiz.

Of the Ongiti, Language, Re/iglov, Govermficv.t, &c.

The colours ufeJ oi\ thofe occafions, arc the dime they employ In ilrciJliig thcif
iliins, being either cxtr,iCU\i from tin; bark of tert.iin trees, or from earths of vari-
ous forts, which if not lively are at leuR extremely ilurablc. The men mKl to thc(c
ornaments down of fvvans or other biiiis, witli whiL-h they powiler their hair after
it lias been anointed with fat. To thcle they aiid fcatlicrs of various colours, and
tufts of the hair of different animals, all arran;^eil in ;i very fantaftical maimer. The
difpofition of the hair, fometimes briftiing on one fide, and (inooth and Hattcncd on
the other, and frizzled in twenty diftcrent manners equally extravagant j pcntlants in
their cars, and fometimes in their nollrils ; a great lliell of porcelain, or, as they call
it, wampum, at their neck or breall ; crowns of rare and curious feathers, witli tht;
claws, talons, feet, beaks, and lieads, of birds of prey ; with the antlers of flags, are
fo many parts of tiie Indian drels, and the furniture of their wardrobes, tlie mo(l pre-
cious and magnificent part of which is employed in adorning the unliappy captives
wlicn led to execution, or on their 'iw'iS. entring the village of the conquerors. It is
obfervable that the drefs of the men is for the moll part connfined to their heads.

It is quite the reverie with that of the women, who bcftow on their heads liardly
any ornament at all, being extremely jealous of the beauty of their hair, and deem-
ing it an intolerable difgracc to have it clipped. Thus on the death of a relation,
the greateft mark of forrow they can flicw, is to cut off part of their hair in token
of honour to the dcceafcd. To preferve its charms, they frequently anoint it with fat,
and powder it with the bark of the fprucc-fir pulverilcd, and fometimes with ver-
milion, wrapping it afterwards in an elk's or ferpent's flcin, and forming it into
trcfTes, which hang down to their middle. The ornaments of the face confiil in
drawing fome lines on them with vermilion or fomc other colour. They never pierce
their noftrils, and it is only cuftomary with certain nations to pierce their cars.
When this is the cafe, they infert into them or hang beads of wampum at them,
like the men. When they have a mind to be very fine, they drefs themfclvcs in
robes with all forts of figures painted on them, with fmall collars or belts of wam-
pum faftened to them, at random, without order or fymmetry, and a kind of border
worked tolerably neat with hair of porcupines, which they alio paint with different
colours. They adorn in the fame manner their childrens cradles, which they load
with all manner of gew-gaws.

Befides the care of the houfliould affairs, and the providing wood for fuel, the
hufbandry falls almofl: entirely to the fliare of the women. As foon as the fnows
are melted, and the waters fufiiciently drained off the lands, they begin to prepare
the ground, by burning the ftubble of the maiz, or Turky corn, and other h«'.'ba<»e,
which has remained fince the laft crop, and then till it with a crooked piece of wood
which has a very long handle. Belides the nature of the corn that the Indiam
cultivate, which is all fummer corn, the p;irticular nature of the foil will not per-
mit their fowing any thing before winter ; though the true rcafon feems to be
that their corn will never fprout if fown in autumn, bccaufc the winter would kill
it, or it would rot on the melting of the fiiows. And it is alfo conjedlurcd that the
wheat of Canada, though brought originally from Old France, may have acquired
the lame quality of fummer corn, which has not ftrcngth like that of Europe, to
fprout Icveral times when fown in the months of Seftemln-r and Oilokr.

Beans, or what the French cd\\ fivetoks, [a fmall round bean] is a favourite article
in the Indian husbandry, the flcm of which ferves to fupport tiicm, and is exactly
tl;e fame with thofc of France. They make no ufc of pealc', thoui^h they thrive
niu«;h better in Canada than in Europe. Tcurn-fols, or fun-flowers, water-melons, aUii
ptuiipions, areplanted apart, and, beft)re tranfplantirg, are nurlcd Jor fomc time in
a kind of liutbcd, made of a light and black mould.'

In the Northern quarter, they ftjw but little, and in fome part:; none at all, and
what maiz they ufc, tlicy get by bartering for it with other commodities. This kind
of pullc i'^^ very wholcfnme, light, and nourilliing, though fomc an; of opinion, th.it
the liquor in which it iS boiled, at kail wli-it the French ufc, gives it a corrofivc
quality, the ctTeds of which are f-nind in time, When the maiz ib in the ear and
green, lumc roaft it on the grid-iron, when it is very plealant to the palate ; the
Canadiam call it Bled Grcule [hufty torn]. There is a particular kiiul of it which
opens as fx n, laii on the fire, calle.i />'.' J //c.-; .• [blown corn] and is very deliciou.?.
This is prtentcd to penons of dill.i.ti .on u.i >'. eir .;i rival in uuy vil!.;-f, with much

th;

«/ the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canacla.

t'le rune intention and formalities as when they prcfcnt them witli the freedom
ol' a town in Europe.

Of t!ii< vegetable is made wh.it tlicy call fagamite, the favourite food of the s,.gjniiif. nri
huiid'ti of Caiuiila. This is prepared by firll roalling tlie niaiz, tlicn beating it and '''■''" ^''"'
peeling off tiie huiks, after wiiicii it is boiled, and makes a tallelel'-^ kind ot broth,
when there is no meat boiled with it, or fome plums to give it a relilli. It is fome-
timcs m.ulc into flower, called fitrine Jroid [taftelefs meal] in thefe parts, and
\i the bed and moll commodious provilion for thofe who undertake long journeys or
voyages ; thofe who travel on foot carry no other. Mai/, is alfo boiled in the hulk
when it is yet green and tender, then, after roafling it a little, they peel off" the
hulks and dry it it in the fun ; thus prepared it will keep a long time, and the l.i-
g.jmitc made of it has an txccllent relilh.

The Indiiin women make a kind of bre.id of maiz, which though it be nothing BrcaJoJmai:^
but a lump of ill-kneadcd and unleavened dough, and roaAed under the embers, yet
is reckoned a delicacy amongft thefc people, and ;is Inch is prcfcntcd to their friends ;
but it is to be eaten Iiot, and will not keep cold. Jiomctimes they ini.\ with it
beans, different forts of fruit, oil, and, what they love moll of any thing, fat.

The tourn-fols, or fun-flowers, fcrve only to produce an oil with which the I/iJians^f"^^'"'^-
rub thcmfclves. This oil is oftncr extraiited from the feed, than from the roots of "
this plant, which are fomewhat different from our ferufalem artichokes.

The conrtant ufe which all the JtlJinns of Caiuulu make of a fort of tobacco,
that grows n.uurally all over the country, has given rile to a belief that thefc people iub«co cr
fwalluwcd the fmoke of it, and lived upon it j a miluke owing to their long faf- ^'""'''''■
ting*. They prefer, however, the tobacco which the Frcncb and Englijh cultivate
to their own, and Canada, by a proper choice of foil, is capable, as I am informed,
of producing it in great perfedion.

From what has been laid of the food of the Indians, it is eafy to gucfs they are far
from being delicate in this particular. Tat, or greafe, is their chief delicacy, and /»<*«»» \a-
the principal ragout in all their feafts, when they can get it. And fome pounds of*'^''"^'"*
candles, in a chaldron of fagamite are, in their opinion, a vafl improvement of the
charms of this difh.

The utenfils of the kitchen among the Soutlicrn nations were only of earthen
ware i in the Northern parts they make u;e of wooden kettles, which they cauful to Culin.iry u-
boil by putting red-hot lloncs in the water. Both however now ufe iron pots, wliic.'i '"""'
is one of the bcfl articles you can bring to trade v.'ith them.

.\mong(l tiic Wcftern nations wiKl oats fupply the place of maiz, and are equally
whijlcfomc, and, it lefs nourilhing, tlie buffalo hunting, which is plentiful in thefe parts, wiu am,
more than comj>cnfatcs that defect. f"°^

Amongll the wandering Jtid.-a'is, who cultivate no land, under a fcarcity of fidi
and game, their whole refourcc is a fort of niols which grows on certain rocks, ex- ^'"'^ """•
tremely infipid, and far from being nouriihing, but jull fiitficient to keep them alive.

What ib more flrangc, we arc allured by pcrfons worthy of credit, that the Indians
arc peculiarly fond of mai/ laid to rot like lieinp in Handing water, where it becomes ^,^|jn,jcj„.
black and llinking ; and that they will nut l"o much as lole one drop of the water, itJ,->J'li^if)'
or ilime, which drops from it, though the very fmcll of it be fulHcicnt to turn an
ordinary ilomach.

The Icller employments of the Indian women, which comoionly take up their at-
fcntion within doors, are making a fort of thread of the inner membranes ol tlie bark j,;,^,,,^;,'', (^
oi a tree calkd white wood, which is drclTed mucii like hemp with us. The wo- v "...„,
nien alio dye tiicir lluli";. and other things, anil make feveral other works of the
bark of trees, as well as feveral pieces of embroidery with the hair of the porcupine,
IvliJcs cupi and other utentil. in wood ; they alfo paint and ciubroiJer their deer-
ikins, and work belts ami garters of the wool of buffaloes.

The men, on the contraiy, feem to glory in their idienefs, palling more tlian half
tikir time without any employment whatfoevcr, from a jKrlualion tli.it contlant la- tj„.,|oya„n,,
blur degrades a in.m, and is properly the province of the women. It is flis bu* oi mm
lineN, lay they, to lilh, hunt, and go to war. It belongs to them alio to prepare
all the iiccellary utenlils tor thole cxcrciles ; fueh as arms, nets, all the hunting c-
quip.ige, together with their fil^iing-tackl.:, their canoes with their furniture, fiiow-

fhoes,

/•</f<f K harvcll
and bam.

lmSa» car-
pentry.

InJian archi'
cedure.

Fortification.

trtfmfii belt
architctls.

Hardn-.ipi of
the Ittdiant in
a hunting
voyage.

Of the Origin, Language^ Religion, Government^ 8tc.

ftioes, and the building and repairing of the cabins. 1 hey arc often indci-d aftifted
by the women, who in Iil<e manner, th-.)' in their country aii'iirs they toniinoiily help
one another, yet in reaping time, have fomctinKs ivcourCc to the men, wlio never
Icruple lending a hand.

The harvell ends with a fcftival and a rcpaft, which lafts a whole niinhf, the
corn and other fruits being laid up in iheir propo rcpolitorics, wiiich arc hults dug
in the earth, and lined with large pieces of the bark of trees. Many of thcrn make
the fame place a barn for the maiz in the ear, which they make ii.to hiinclus
like onions with us, and lometimes fprcad tlicm on loni» poles over the entry of c.i-
bins ; others chufc to threlli ont the grain, ond lay it up in large hatlvcts m.iilc of
bark, bored on every fide, to prefervc it from heating. But when th-.y are afraid
of an irruption of the enemy, or lictermined to be long abfcnt from home, they
fecrete it under ground, in large quantities, where it keeps perftdlly well. The Ciirif*
tian Indiam arc indeed a little more indiiflrious, but one may eafily di'cover by the
air of penitence, which appears in their faces, that they work againft the grain, and
from a fortx put upon nature.

The Indiam were formerly at a lofs in the felling of their timber, which they did
generally by letting fire to the rtwts of trees ; and to cleave or cut it, they made
ufe of hatchets made of flints, which were not cafily broke, though it coll them
a great deal of time to grind them down to an edge. To make a handle to them,
they cleft the head of fome fapling, as if to graft upon it, and infertcd into the
fiflure the head of the hatchet : Hence when the tree came to grow aJMint the head,
it was fo firmly fixeil, as to be perfcdtly immoveable. Then they had no more to do
but to cut the ttrc to the length requircti, and the inftrument was quite finilhcd, and
ready to be ufcd out of haiwl.

The Indian villages were formerly of a round figure ; at prefent they are no more
than aconfrifed number of huts of bark, fapported by pofts, and vnrying much in their
form, and, in Ihort, built with much lefs art, neatnels, and folidity, than the cabins
of the beavers. The Indian cabins or houfes are from fifteen to twr nty feet broad,
and fometimcs an Itundrcd long, in which cafe they have fcveral fires, thirty feet being
the fpace allotted for each fire. When the floor ii incapable of cont.«ning all the inha-
bitants, the young folks lie upon a fort of bulk or ftall, carried quite roimd the ca-
bin, about five foot from the ground ; and over this bulk arc the moveables anil pro-
vifions, laid upon boards placed acrofs next the roof. Before the cabin is common-
ly a kind of porch, or lobby, where the young people fleep in the fummcr, and
which fcr^•es alfo for a woodhoufc in the winter. The doors arc pieces of bark, hung
like window curtains, and never Ihut clofe. Thcfe palaces have neither chimney, nor
windows, but only an opening in the middle of the roof, l>y which part of the linokc

J;ets vent. This hole however they are obliged to fl>ut, when it either r.iins or
hows, and then, too, they arc forced to put out the fire, or be choakcd with the
fmokc.

The Indians undcrftand military better than civil archiieilure, their villages being cn-
clcfed with a good paliflade and redoubts, where they always take care to lay up good
ftorc of water and ftoncs. This paliflade is fometimcs double, and even triple, the
laft row of piles being commonly adorned with battlements, rhefc piles arc inter-
woven with branches of trees, which leave no void fpaces. Before the ufe of fire-
arms, thefe forts were capable of holding out a long time. In every village tlierc
is a place of arms, though generally in bad order. The Iroquois formerly excelled
the other Indians ip the architefture fit their cabins, as well as in what they build
themfelvcs at prefent. There were figures of relievo, thoui^h of a riiJe manner, to
be feen in fome of their cabins. But as all their canton.? have been Ibr the moll
part reduced to aflies in fcveral campaigns, they have never lincc tlioui;!it of refto-
ring them.

If the Indians are little folicitous al)out the conveniences of life in the ordinary
places of their abode, they arc ftiU more unconcerned with rcfpedt to their winter
quarters. Their own country is rouj;h and wild enough, but th.it where thev i ■- t*
hunt is much more uneven and dilinal. The journey thither lofls the.n a 'on.^
time, during which ihey are obliged to carry all ncccflaries fi)r five or liv moutiis,
through ways fo rugged, that one woidd wonder how the wild hialls could
make their pailaj^e over them. The bark of trees, with wliitli they are under an

iiKiilpenlablc

vliu never

icr r.iins or
d with the

<tj the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 93

{lulirpcnf.ihlc ncccfllty to provide themfclvcs, is ail thrir fliettcr from the rain and
mow. They Huft better wlicn .. y have rccched their journey's end, that is, they
arc not for ever ex poled to all 'w. fcvcrity of the weather.

Every one is obliged to lend a hand to build the cabins, the miiTionaries them- ^'on^fyft'on
lelvcs not being allowed a fcparatc one, but forced to take up their quarters in the abi". " "*
lirft where they are made welcome. Thefe cabins, or huts, are moAly of a round form,
and terminate in a cone ; and poles fixed in the ihow is all their fupport. Thcfc are
tied together at the extremities, and thatched with bark of trees very ill joined, and
ns badly fadencd, fo that the keen wind penetrates on all fides. In little more
than half an hour the edifice is finiflied, branches of pine-trees fupplying the place
of carpets and beds. They have this advantage, however, that you may change them
every day. The whole is furrounded by a wall of fnow, which helps to keep out
the wiiia, and affords a Hiclter, under which they fleep as found as on the fofteil
of down.

The fmoke is a fad mortification to fuch as are not accuftomcd to this fort of /\oncynnf«
life, where you cannot fland upright without having your head wrapt in a cloud ?' '"'"'" *''*
of it, though the Indiant are not in the Icafl affedled with it. Thus one fide free- '^''
zcs, whilft the other is broiling, and there is no breathing, nor often feeing any
thing above three feet from the ground ; and if you have a mind to breathe a little
frclh air, you muA ftand without, expofed to a continual fnow, and to a dry and
piercing wind, which peels the fkin off the face, and caufes the trees in the forcfts
to crack. To all thefc perfections, that of the dogs is no fmall addition. Thefe
are always in great numbers to fupply fuch as are killed by the wild beads,
but lean and ill-fed, and thin of hair, which renders them very chilly, fo that
they are always about the fire, which is little enough for themfctves. And
when they cannot get near that, they will lye upon the firfl pcrfon that comes ia
their way, and it is not an unufual thing to awake almoft choakcd with three or four
great dogs lying upon you, and in the day time it is flill worfe, for they arc ready
to fnatch (he morfcl from your mouth, and ten or a dozen great curs are leaping o-
ver and trampling upon you continually.

This is but a fmall part of the miferics which attend this way of life, for there {,„„„, ,(,j
is a worfc too, and more infupportable than all the reft, which is hunger ; it is no uonfof »vii>,
uncommon thing to be in want of provifions, at a time when no game is to be
found. The Indians are acCuftomcd to long falling, and proportionably negligent in
making proper provifions for thcl'c rude campaigns. The millionary who gives the
account of it was reduced to the necefllty of eating the fkin of eels and elks, with
which his veil was lined, and when they were fpcnt, to feed on the (hoots and the
foftcft parts of the bark of trees, and what is furpriling enough not only furvivcd
thofc hardlhips, but kept his health well all the time.

The Indians arc very nafly in their cabins, and never change nor clean the furniture i,Ma„(oiM
of their beds till worn to tatters. In the fummer they bathe every day, but at the '» ^"'ft
fame time take care always to anoint themfclvcs with oil or fat of a very bad fiavour.
In the winter they remain wrapped in their coat of greafc, fo that nothing can be
more naulcous and abominable than the fmell of their huts.

They arc fo lldvcnly in eating, and the fight of their meals is fo fliotking, that pou^e r»
one would wonder at the difference between their palates and ours. They have, ^"
however, improved in this article lincc the arrival of the French, cfjiccially tliol'c who
live in the i^olony. The gnats arc fo troublcfome and vexatious in the fumnier, that
the inconvtiiii-ncies of the Imokc arc the leffer evil, and they are often obliged to raife
it to g'.t tree fom the llings of the gnats.

'I'he tare whitli inotiiers take of their children whilft yet in the cradle is beyond rtnJcfnnv
cxprcirmn. They never leave them, but carry them every where with them, and '^^ Moihm.
wlicn they are ready to fink under the weight of their burdeni, the additonal load
ot the child not only goes for nothing, but is confuicred as a kind of relief and com-
fort in their fatigues.

Nothin;^ can he more neat than thofc cradles, which are both foft and commodious.
The child is fwatlied only from the middle downwards, whence the head and body
bend forwards ; whith, contrary to what one might naturally imagine, renders their
l>odics both adivc and well ihajKd.

B b Children

/"./.'tfUcJtlCJ.

lion.

JuJiaii of a
lobJll h. bit

r.atty in.!iirfd
to h»ioi;,.| ;,

E.vrtl fun-
fnuii iu a-

culcr.ti'i nf
fcnlo aijil
fixuUics.

Their iinitc
qviali.') Ill re-
mtmLi.ri^

0/ the Of,^i//y Lflf!g/.'im', Religion, Cover ni/ienty ice.

ChilJrcn :'.fur quitting tlwir p.iftiu- ;irc. wmlcr nn (urt of (.( ntimincr.f, luit Itft frt
civ.v.l oil liar.iia ..\u\ kct, I'lrijiij^h wihkL, water.-, miic, ; ml liiiw, iluia rcnilciiiij*
their ln)i!ii.s proot' .ij;.iinll nil iniutics til' .lir and wcn'icr. ) lie «lilorilas intiilent Iu
tlic brcall uiui llonucli .lU- tli^'U^lir liowwv>;r lo piutiu r..»in tliis ovfr-li.ir,!/ w.-.y of
cdiJc.itioii. Iu tlic luinmcr tluy arc ciinhmtly Iwimmiii;.; or pdiHing in tiie w.itcr.
They arc early taiiglu the ulc ot the bnw and arrow, whence they l><tomc excellent
iiurkrincii. U'rcllliii^ it- alii) a favourite excrciic amonoill liicm.

The rirll ami almotl fole ohicA't of in lfi,iu!n\ eiluc.ition i» to inftil into the tiiinj
a principle of honour, wliich lalls as lc>n;; as life, ami i'l tuitlvateil hy the p.iri.'nl»
With the greatcif care. Tiiis is ttllvlUd always in atJ imlireil njr.iiner, liicl) i,t
ulatin{j the noWe rxploit» of their eouhtrynitn or anceflni*. The youths take tire at
the recital, and figli for fome occafion to imitate them. To correct their fiult:; they
employ tears ami LU.re.it.^ -, .i|id iKver ii.fii.'.(.cs, wliieh ha'.o no etfect on the iniiids
of InJidHS, it being a maxim with them, tiiat none has a ri^ht to ul'e t!ie lf.:il coerciv*
means tow.irds tln-m, and challifcmcnts are never pradlilcd, but by fuch as have
become converts t.i C hiiiliaiiitv. I lie tears . nd reproaches ol' a mother, by Lyiii;?,
i>,r inlbnce, to her d uipliter. Thou art a li/Jgrac- to ttw, are more prevalent than .my
punitlimcnt, the hi^lielt tiegice of which is thuAviiig w.itcr in the lace of the child,
wlikh iii looke.l uiTon as an heinous otVence. blight a- thele challilementN Uem to
i!s, vet lb !;reat is tlwir power over fuch mindf, tliat a dau<j^httr has been known to llr.ui-
gle Ixrieif out of .*loni.icIj and refcntment for a lew droj>s of water call in her licc
by her mother, ta!;ing her linal leave with tlufe tlueatniiu; words, llu jii:il i'/mi l/e
rid cf y.ur iV.ijA/t, . From fuch an education we ihould be apt to | rotiiilt but
little good i but cipericnce, the belf millrcfs, ihevvs us its l.ilutary clUcls. The
InMaui by this means become early compofeii and mafters of tiiemliKi ;:, riMli)n
being {;eneialiy their guide, and they arc by no nieanj propcnfc to any l;i;id of
Icwdnels or debauchery.

The laJiiiiii of ( ',i/uJ,i are generally well made, and tall of ftaturc, and a ticformcil
pcrfon is rarely to W fccn amon;j;ll them. They arc alio of a robulf, vi;.;cvous,"and
healthy h.ibit of body, and n.Uurally very long livers, though their forced marcbes,
and lon^j lai'liii;;?, luin many naturally excellent eonllitutions ; and the ulc ot braniiy,
which thev drink aiway:. with a view to intoxicate themlelves, has contributed not a
little to unpeople this country, the inhabitants of which are now reduccil to Icls
than one twentietli part of what they were one hundred and fifty years ago.

Their botlies ate not fwathed and ftraitcncii in the cradle like ours ; and nothing
in more proper to pive them tii.u wcnderlul agility in all their meml>crs than this
lilx;rty, imd tlic cxcrcileB to which they are accullo-ned from their earlicll infancy.
Their m</.herb. fuckle them fiimetimes fevcn ye.ir^, though they nc^ledt not giviiv^ them
other food iVoni the tirll ye,.r. They are aimoft continually expofed to the open
air, and made to undergo the greatclt tatigues, but gr.idually, anti in projxjrtion to
their ftreM:;th. Their food i<: limple and natural, whicli, with the relt, contributes to
render their l>ody robull, and cajvablc of enduring incredible lurdlhips, though many
of them die under this management Ivfore tlKy arrive at their full giowih.

Anyingft the advantage.; they Iiave over u;, the tirlt and elii^f is the acutcnefi
and fxrletlUon of all Iheir fenfes anil tacultics of mind and body. Their fight, a-
midft the fnow which dazxlcs them, and in fpite of the fmoke wliiJi Minds tiicni
for fix months ot the year, is (harp and llrong. Their heaiin;; is c\trenu-iy epiick,
and their fmell fo delicate, that they perceive tire long before tliey are capable of
feeing ir. Hence they cannot endure the fine!! of mulk, nor of any niher perlumr,
and ft;!ne amang tliein pretend that every fineil di|^>u:l:j them except tlut cf
tatiible"?.

Their imagin.uion is amazing, and if they liavc once lien a pl.ico, they retain
the idea of it in perpetual remembrance. They traverle the v.uled and molt
uiil'requcnted (ortlU wiihout ever milling their way. And the inhalntant'. of ^/.
ill, lid, or N'A'i! Scoliti, li.ive made voyin^es of above forty le.i.iuc'j in the open lea,
without chart or comp.ifs, in dnofs of bark, to find out tlie hfiimauK with win nn
they were at war. The mod exact (|iiatirant is not c.ipa'.ile of ihewiiv; tlie
fun's hei^iht with greater txaanel':. tlun they will v.itli their naked eye ; and
no Or.ita'^'.in e nild ever make ilieui lolc then wav in any pait of tlie continent.
They are born with tint quality, whicli i-. conimun' even f the very elnldien, who

travel

of the different Indian Nations inh.'J.iting Can,u!;i.

.ti.tvcl with tlic i'ainc I'urciKb lu the moll ajult, fu tlut this property m.iy be juA-
ly l^tiil to l^c iiiii.itc ill thcin.

rlic Iwuuty of their iuuginatioii I. equal to it:i livelini(«i, which appcan hi all r>;r lively
their ilirc'Hiirc. 'I'licy arc qiiitk ;'.t repartee*, aiui all thiir harangues iuc hill of.n'^i'-'ion
ihiniiij', palliigcs, which wuuUl have hccu applaudcit at R'ue or yltltsi. 'I licii do- ' ' ''""'^*
(jiiciicc lub a Urcngth aiul ncatiicls, ami a virtue nf moving the pat]i(jii,, wlijch flovws
troin iiiturc, aiiil not from rules of art, aud which the (iVic/i lo miicli acimircii in
the Ji'J>'>*t''i'i"'-

I'hcir memory i» no lefi womlciful ; their way of rclitiiij; things is neat, cmcifu,
;inil, amidll the nun»hcr oJ alieii.orie'-, and other figures wliich they utc, c,\tremcly
aiiiinatciJ, and uiiihclhll'cd willi all tho beauties ut v.iiiih their luugiiu^cs aro luw
ctptiblc.

Their jiiiliimiiit is. juft ami foliJ, tcmiirjg alwayi towards the chief point under df- T:,ti.- jj'jr.
liberdtion, witJiout dcviatiuji hum the proper obiedt, and free from hehtatioii or fick- '"'";•'"'''''•

. • • 1 A 1 1 I 1 II ■•II • • r>'^li in mac-

Kiicls in deteiiniiung. As they hoM ail manner ot laiN>ur in contempt, except what is ^,,„: i./crtii

abluluteiy iiccellary to their fubfidcnce, and limplc way of life, it it no wonder they

.ire backward in learning; tho arts. And even as to (piritual knowhJi;e, which has

littl<3 01" no coniicCliou in their opinion witii their prcfcnt flat;, they give thciulclves

not the leatl troulvjc. As to what abfolutely concerns them, there a no natitJii more

lliarp lighted ; itt futh ii juiK^turc they neither nc;^Ie>lk nor precipitate any ineafurc,

and if they ure Jlow in rcfolviii;^, they di(i:over no Icfs quickneiii in the e\eciition ;

a quality, which is remarkable ainongil the llunns and tnqwiis beyond others.

They liavc i^eneially a grcutnefii of foul, ami an elevation ot ii:nti:iient, together with M gunimr.)
a conftancy of mind, whicli wc, witi» all our religion and philulopiiy, hardly ever
attain, and, in the mod fudden Ihocks, they are always fo much mailers ui thcmtelve*,
that you cannot dilcovcr the Ic.ift change in their countenance.

Their conllancy in torments is beyond all cxpreiiion. A young woman Hull be CmflAncy
a whole day in tli* pains of child-birth without fo much as u (ingle ihriek ; and 'j|"'';' '"'• ,
the lead wcikiieU would caulc her to he thought unwortliy of the name of mother,
and capable only of bringing cowards and pcjltroons into the world. Nothing is
nicrc common than to fee perfoiis of all ages and fexcs endure, not only for hours,
but alfo for feveral dayn together, all tiic tortures wliich tiro or their tormentors arc c.-
pable of intlitltini; without a groan ; anil tiieir only thought during their I'uffcrings is,
liow thty may c.xalperate their executioners, by the moil: galling reproaches.

With (b nmch I'ainncrs ol iotil, and Icnlinicntj fo noble, it is no wonder to find I'ohUjJi?.
thoiii tahi) and unmoved in the grcatcil dangers, and endowed with a courai^c proof
ir^iinil every trial. In the wat», lunvever, they expofc thcinlelvcs as little as polhbL',
at. tiicy placi: iJitir chiel glory in never buying a viiSlory t(X) dear -, ami it is a maxim
with tlKMU to weaken them'.clves as little as poiliblc, fince their n.^tioob arc tiir from
being numerous, iiut when there is any nccejiity to give battle, they tight like liiuu,
and the fight of their Nood ferves only to incrcifc their nrdor in the combat. And,
in dioit, all who have fe«n tJicm engage m.Jiw high encomiums of tiieir behaviour.

Hut, wh>it is abundantly furpriiiiv', under an outiidc which puimi.es none but tlK (ji\ii;;.,, ).<■>.
moll barbarous manners, tjuy treat one another with a civility and a re;|)i.Lt un- 'i"l';> ."■•'»
known to the mod civililed ii.,ti<Jii?. Such a carria[^c proceeds from their w.mt "• ',".,"^,,t.'v ^
piiiperty, wIrtc the words ituinn and tuiirn h.ive not cvtiiiguilhed leiitiinent- < I charitv,
and bciievul'Jiicc, and hum.inity in tiieir breads. The cafy and unatiectcd gr.ivity whi^ii
appears in every aillion, and in tiieir wJiole behaviour, even in their divcrllons, the rc-
l;HLt thi y ihew t() their tqn.iU, and reverence toward-, old .icjc, arc equally admirable,
'i lie maxuii, iluit every mm is iiHk'pemlaiit of any otiar, makes thcni cautious not t >
injure any pcrloii I'ricmUhip, coiiqufiion, gratitude, their care of orphans, widow:,
ai.d iick pertutis. and th.it moll admirable hofpitality they exercife towards one ;'no-
ther, arc not m much, in thcin, the et't'ects ot inllinct or ieiitimei:t, a;, ot a periiialion
that amongll men all thiiu'.s ought to l)e in common.

In a people ueilitutc oi all manner of- cultivation, it is no wo*ider if we find Kimc
bleniuhei, wluie wv. niuil acknowledge fo ni.iiiy thini'i truly wsMthv of co»iinu-nda- i','"
tion. Ainoi)-;il tiieir vices, driinkenuels may be f.iid t'. hold the luiV r;'.iik. 'J hey
llC^er drink Imt willi dcligii to get drunk, and then tluy aie UMiljortid with fiiiy.
and canicd to luvh c.^.ctlje^ a are tri;4htiul to behold. Thu Kiiicpt\ins, hiUvcvt'r,
arc the caulc of tins evil, which ha; .ihnoll lienopulatcd thi^ ccntincnt.

I:i

ri..i. \l<:e-
1 ij.-.

Language, Religion, Cwermnettt, Sec.

Lafciviouf-
ncfi.

Piidc, difli
mulaiion, re-

96 Of the Origin^

In the Southern countries of CiWitda, men and woinen promilcuouflv ire givfn trt
the mod (lumcfuJ Icwdncls, ami the contapion h.is even IprcaJ itll-ll ainongft tin
InJiant of the Northern parts. Tlic Iroquois, in particular, once a li)bcr |>coplc, aiul
far from incontinence of tliat kind, Iiavc tincc caught the infcdion by their commerce
with the Ilinois and other nations bordering on Louifiana, amongll whom, it is faid,
their lafcivioufncfs flows from a principle of religion. It iii indeed no wonder that
their country fhould be thinly peopled i for, iKlukj thii reafon, though the women
are healthy and robuft, they are, however, far from being fruitful. If we confuicr
alfo their cuftom of long fuckling, of abftaining from the company of their hufliamis
during tlut time, the hard labour to which they are fubjedled, let their condition
be wliat it will, the cuAim of proftituting the young women kfore marriage, whitli
prevails in feveral parts, and the extreme diftrefs to whi^ih they arc olten reduced,
which makes them far from dcfiring children j all thefe caufes, in conjundion with
the ravages made by the fmall pox, and other difcafes. imported amongft them by the
Europeans, contribute to deppulatc the country.

Pride and haughtincfs is another vice natural to thofe people, and almoft infcpara-
ble from them. Thofe nations which we look upon as fo very contemptible, have yet a
fovereign contempt of all others. The Huron:, before they were humbled by tlw
fptA 10 (M- jrfqftoi$, who fucccedcd to their pride, as it were by right of conqueft, were the
'*""*" haughticft of mortals. And they ftill retain their pride, which was always their pre-

dominant vice, with a certain mixture of brutiflinefs. They arc alfo extremely fufoicious
and mirtruftful of the Europeans ; a fault which may admit of fomc alleviation, conlideriiig
the treatment they often undergo from them. They are great makers of the art of
diflimulation, and chcrifh a third of revenge, which, like an inheritance, they re-
ceive of their fathers, and tranfmit from generation to generation to their lated
poderity, or at lead till an occafion oder to fatiate it. The difrcfpcdl too of children
to their parents is wLit judly Ihocks ,all mankind.

The colour of the Savages is a uwny red, or copper colour, efpecially that of
wim'of'iuir t'>c nations inhabiting the Southern parts of North Amcncii. But this complexion is
of ^«t»n>«/, not natural to them,' but acquired by frequent rubbing with undghtly colours^
howcaufaJ. jjjjj their continual abode in the fmokc, or cxpofing themlclvcs to the hotted rays oi
the fun. It is not fo cafy to aflign the caufc why they have no hair, except on their
heads and eye-brows, which is always jet-black, a didinguilhingmarkofallthc.,'/;;A-r/V<7n;.
Some of them pluck out the hair of their eye-brows. What makes this lingularity
the more remarkable, is, that their children are born with long titiii hair all over
their bodies, which falls off" at the end of eight days. There is alio a down on the
chins of the old men, fuch as that of fome women with us after arriving at a
certain age. Some afcribe this property to the purity of their blood, others will
have it produced by their condant cudom of fmoking tobacco. Whatever be the
caufe, the want of hair is cdcemed by all thefe nations a principal beauty, fo that
as foon as any appears they pluck it out by the roots, and they could not help look-
ing on the fird Europeans they faw as monders, and with a kind of horror, becaufe
of their beards, which it was then the falhion to wear bng. The white complexion
of the Europeans is equally difagreeable in their eyes, ami it is reported that the flcrti
of the French and Englijh ha<^ a difagreeable reliflj, becauf*-, it kcnu, it had a faltifli
tade.

If the lives which the Indians lead appear at fird fight to be fomcwhat didonanc
to our manners and conceptions, we Ihould confider that all happincis is relative, and
depends more on opinion than on any thing without us. Befides cuftom, which is a
fecond nature, the liberty which they enjoy is more than fufticient to compenfatc for
ail the inconveniences they fcem to us to fuffer. The condition of drolling beggars,
as well as that of mod indolent people, who prefer this darling of mankind to all
the conveniences of life in exchange, proves, beyond all quedion, that men may be
happy in the very arms of indigence. Tiic Indians arc the happied of all mortals,
and that for thefe two reafons : I'ird, becaufe they believe thcmlclves to be fo ; and,
fccondly, becaufe they arc in full and ;:.;:'' .;ble poflcflion of the mod valuable thing
in nature, which is liberty. To thefe > c 1 1 ,y ar- a third, which is, th.n they nei-
ther know, nor defirc to know, thofe iJfc cni-. yn-»cnts wliich we purchafe with fo
much pains, and with the lofs of tha. \\\\\i.h is iolid and rcaV And th^-ir mod .admirable
quality is that truly philolophical way of th: iking, wiich makes them contemn all

the

hJiam why
hippjcn ol
mofUli.

tf/ the different Indian Nations inlxi^ifing Canada.

die par.ulc of our wealth anJ ma^nitkcncc, fo tlut l«)mc of the Iroquois, alter thry
haJ btcii (hewn all the Jpltmlor ot the royal palates in I'ruiiLC, prclerrcil their loreds
unJ ii)lt.ki;e!i to all the/ h.ul teen -, admiring nothing in Paris tu inuih as the
})len:y of ..II (ortu ot vitltuaU they law in the ihops ot the cxiks in the (Irect Je la
huibttt<\ Ilcntenot ignorance, or want of experience, a-, trial ..ixl cbfcrv.ition indii-
ccil thtm to tit.it our in.mnti and way of living with the ntmoll tofif "mpt.

There is, perhaps, no liil more curious, or what ha.s more emplycd 'he re»().,j„f,f 7
leiirchcs of the learned, th.iii the origin of the iiatioiu inhabiting th ° ditfcrcnt par*' of ""'(^'i
the New World. And here, as in all fuhjcils of this nature, the ?reat diffi-
culty is I ) ren'ncilc the various conjcdures on this point witli the account ,\ things
in tin- l.icred '.vri'.ings. Without entering into that toiitroveil. , lonccrning wlmli
many book; have been written, foinc deriving the InMtim of America Jrom the anti-
ent Ccltes, others from the Lhinrff, and foinc from the Ifradites, and, l.ilHy, Ibmc
from iscafti inaviti, an abridgement ot which would fill a nKxieratc volume, 1 will
t intent myfclt with giving what, in my humble opinion, is the moll pr(ibai)!c con-
iciJturc concerning the origin of the InJiatu \\\ that part ot /Jimruei I have been juil
now defcribing, which is, that of our countryman Br,ri-u;ocil, who derives their pcdi-
;;icc from 'ftirt.iry, and rlixt laily, if it be true, that the continent of /trncriiJ is fc-
paratcd from that of the .'I'ancT.u t iry only by narrow inlets of the fe;>. I'he proofs
with whitii this Ijarnc.! ;;cn(leinan Uipports his hypothefis, arc fuch as iluw from a fund
ol fa^V'city, and li'lidgo<.d fwi.O The firll is, that this continent has always been better
peopled on the lidc towards W/ij, than on that towards Euro[>e, In the feco.id place,
llic genius and ri,;.' crs ol the ^Imcriitvis, in thelc parts, have agrcat and rtiiking refem-
blaiice witl) tliole of the 'Tur:ars, and all of them have the lame contempt tor me-
chanic arts. Thirdly, their colour and complexion arc almuft the fame, and what
little difference there may be, proceeds from that of the climatcr, and from the culloin
ot the Americans in rubbing themfelves with dit^crcnt ointments. In the fourth and
l.itl place, the wild brails lnund in Ameriea could only have come frtim T^artary, as
it is impollible that thcfe animals lliould travcrfe the ocean in their way to the new pini f.^n
world, and Tariiiry is tlie only country from whence they could come without this T't'i'n-
travcrlc. The dirierente in that the 'Tartars circumcifc themfelves is no material
objcvflion, thofc people having never known the ufc of this rite, till they had en>-
braccd tlic doctrine of Mahomet, Kvery one i> free to think as he pleafcj, but, for
my part, if we mud derive thtm from fuincwhtre, inftcad of what is perhaps the
beft conjedlurc of all, which is, that they arc Ahorii^ines, I cannot lee what can rca-
ton.ibly be oppoled to circumlianccs lb lull of conviction.

Hijhry of the Difiovery ami St t tit went of Canada.

Tn O U n 11 the Engli/b claim a right to all North America, from the Dil-
cne'y of it by Ca/Kt in 1497, to which he gave no name but that of tiic
N\:fct4nJla/iJ, yet the Fretich pretended claim of this part of tlie worKI ir, /"''»'/• f l
fdiiiidcd as eaily as the year 1504, when, as they l.iy, the fidierncn of
B.nonue, NormunJy, ;;ik1 i)retag>u; ulcd to ttlh for cotl on the great bank ol A>u'-
Jiuniii'iinJ ; and, to con'irm it, that in i 501 'Jfejn Denys of //'//(.v/r made a map of
the i^'ilph kiK VM at this day under the name of .SV Laurence.

ic. 150S, -I'Lm.n Auhert, a pilot of Diefife, brought ibme of the hiJians of North
ylmericii to ln:/ue. The kings of France, however, leem not to have turned their atten-
tion tov.Mr.L -^wiv/ij till the ye.ir i5::j, \\licn Francis I. dcliious to promote tlic n;:covcrfio:
tia;ic a:.d n;.u^.ition of his kinv;ilom, oulered 'Jchn I'rrazaiu, who was then in his '■""•''"
Krvice, to lail oo dilcovery of thufe countrKS, .i which much talk bej;..n to be m.ule
at this time. Icrazani let out, in I'z-. Ux Nor/b Amerini, with lour ^lip^, but
with what fucccfs we are not told, t.\ii. t only that he broUi;ht Kick his four (hips
fit'c into pc>!t. Towards t!ic end (•! • Mar I'ollowin;^, he atmeil a ihip in order
to lOiiliiuie lii> di'Covv.rics. In the t; ii «>f Mareh be dili-ovtreil the land ol 1 !c-
'iiia, and, i.fur courtii>.» nlong (lioit 50 league*' \u |le Jj(iutl"w.\idi, found himtclf
in i.[ i!*;;. Noith l.iti;udc ; then, turninc; Noithwauls, hv. charted tlie continent

e c vf

cover ic'!.

T:h{m;a!con
ttiiuted vice-
roy of Carta
da. i&c.

j)f la Ridi
<ail> to fettle
a colon}'.

mjloiy of the Difcovcry and Scuicnicnt

of Ncrtb America as liigli as an iil.ind, which the ircncb writes t<II ns had I Cf n
dilcovcrcd bv tlic inhabitants of Brrfa^n:-, an-l is prob.Mv the- Cmc vlth A ,■:./■.//«,/-
/,;,-/,/. The- itKccfsof his third vdvajjc i'^ ndt (o well ki>(.\vii, th()ii:'!i tlic »s;,V//7/// wri-
ters will haw it that fWaziPii was taken near the Cinarirs by tlicir countrymen,
and hangrd as a pirate.

Ten years afterwards, /'/'///> Cbaiof, aomiral of I'r.nri', rngagcil the kinp: to re-
fume the defign of fetthng a colony of IWnrh in Afnrnar, and prelcnte.l Captain Jac-
curs dirtier of S( Mah, as a fit ptrfo.i to eondiiit th.it atf^iir. The kinj, yielded to this
rcqncfr, and, in April \^Xif, Carticr fcto'it on his expedition. On the joth i.i Miiy he
had light of Nnvfoii'i,//.i>i:/, whore he could not land for t!.t' ire ; wb.cre:'ore, ll'.ering
Southward ten degrci-s, he. came to an .mchor in a port which he called ^t Ctilhirine'i,
Thi;nce, afcending Northward, he made the Ijin drs Oif-iuis, or Bird Ijhn.is. After
coafting moft part of AVu'/s.'/.v^.'/.; ■.•,/, he ilccred his courle Southward', lunl alter vifi-
ting great part of the co.ills of the gnlpli, and taking'; ponilhon in the n.iine ut' his
mailer, he returned into I'rctncc, full of the a(lv;inta;^cs his country woulii pn,!- My rc,i|»
from his difcovcrics. '1 he moft ztalou.s pcrlcn for tl.e IcttUnunt ol a col»;pv in
thofc parts, at the Fronb court, was the Sieur ./(• /.: Mai/krtty,; This pcntk man obtain-
ed a commifTicn for (jr//'<r, who fct o\it with three (liips, accompanied hy fev^;..!
young gentlemen as volunticrs, and, on th? tenth oi Augu,/, entereti the ;j,ulph, to wiiich
he i^av^ the name of 6V f^azi-rc-nrr, from the Saint whotc fcflival is ccltliratcd on that day.
This name has fmce been given to the river that dlicharges itleU i;;ro it. wiiii^i; 1 etorc
that time had always been called CiifwJii by the natives. He I'.i'.ovtrcd the illand
of AnticolU, or Niitifiotck, which he called the illand of A[jtinr'ii'.n ; .md iifcend-
in" the river 8o leagues as hic;h as the Sa^unniy, and continuing hi^ vuvage 90 le.i;.;nes
higher, as far as H'.chhgn, a large village of lihc I/hliiins, i,v.ve it t!-,c name of M./it-
rr.il, now called Mrntn-a/, as well cs the whole ill.uui in which it ll.mds. But
the names which Cfticr gave to the iflands, rivers, capcs and places, in tlie maps
he has left us, arc hardly intelligible, and even tlic terms he mentions are no longer
to be found in the languages ot CaimJii.

For fome time .-iter this Friiiiic icemcd to luvc no th;)u;;hts of CvinJd, till i ^40,
wlicn Fra'ifis itr la R-qui\ Seigneur de Rohcrvn', at his own rcnuell, ol't.iined a
commilhon, and was afterwards, by letters patent, created lord i.i^'jiiinivu^, and
viceroy and king's lieutenant general in Cii'uuLi, UcchrLi^.r, i:,:^ii<-ni!\\ hi-.i-famJ-
land. Belli- ijlf, Ciirpon, LahaJir, tl:c Cnat Ba\\ and Bacu'-.s, Ne.\t year R-lnr-
I'lill'ct fail with five Hiips, on board of which w.is Ciiriicr, ir, quality of firli [dot,
and built a fort, according to fome, on the river of St I..L::,r:r:ci\ or, as others fay,
on the illand of Cipv lh;t^ii, leaving Carticr as hi^ lieutinant with a iiumcroiu- ^'arri-
fon. Roiit-rval made fevcral other voyages, in the lall of which he penllnd v^ith
all on lx3.ird, and with them all the hopes of l-'ru'.u'r of llttliiig tlli^ part of the
new world.

After fifty years of civil wars, France fccmcd to relume her farmer intention of fct-
ling colonies in America, and, in 1 ^9^, the .M.irqai^ ,!e l.i R'iche, a ^entlen; ii of
Brefagne, ohtaincil of Hnry IV. the fame powers and commiliion win. ii M. Je
Roherval had under Francis Land HerrxlW. The full land iseai lived at, was
IJle dc Sable, or Satuly IJIe, a barren and inhcjl'pitablj illami, where, if v.x may
believe the French accounts, the Baron </<• Lery had tnde.ivourcil to kitle .1 c ilony
as early as the year J50S. Afterw.irds M. tie la Rube vidtcd tlic coafl of Aca.iia on
the neighbouring continent; and, after making what (jbilrvations he judged necLlfary

.t V.I make 1: .uc-

C'oirptiny
fotmcil, aiJ
diicovctits
jjrofctuteil ty
Priti dk
(Sua!, &c

for hi.^ defign, lie let fail for France. The gict e\ptnce h- v.',
cctd proving fruitlcis, he is laid to have diid of grief.

The ill luccefs of the tnarquii hindered not an eager folliiitation for hi-; cr.m-
miliion. M. (le Cl:auvi<j, and Si. de (lb.;\'e, fuccecdiiig each other in tliia krviee .i-
bout 1600, ifi02, and 160;. .About this time a geiitlem.in of S.:j,:r:'r.r^^ a grave and
c.vpericnccd captain, at tlie f illicitation of Ciovernor de Chat:.-, made a voyage to Cj-
nada. He failed up tliL; river S: Laurence as far us Sariit S.'. Lrans, where i'artler
had been beiorc ; but the vdlage of llcchela^m was no\.' no more. On his r.tiirn
to Frame he found th.^t de Chatte was ilead, and a new governor .ippointcil in his
room. Th;^ was Fittr du (.iua'l, Sieur de M.'its of Sai'ifc/:;^'^ >\ i,tliiii..n «' f the

.xJulae privilege
of

kiii'^'i btd-chanibcr,

..iid governor of /'c;r, who iiad obiaiiiai the

of CANADA.

email (ioc.;i!i-

CM.-.-f-

(^\ trailing for furs from 44 to 54 degrees of North hititiidc, with power to grant
l.imis as iiigh as 45 degrees, and with letters patent creating him vice-admiral and
jictitcnant general over all tliis trad. Dc Mottts was of the reformed religion, and
the king had granted him the full exercile of it in y/merica, on condition he fliould
tx-ople the country, and Icttle the Roma/i catholic religion amongft the IrMam. Thi.i
•gentleman, who was a man of honour, and zealous for the fuccefs of the Icttlcmcnt,
IiaJ maintaiiieil the company formed by his predecelFor, and alto drengthentd it by
the accellion of tcveral merchants of the principal jwrts of I-ninc-, efpcti-iily tholo
of A';./v//<'. The armament fitted out on this occafion furpallcd all that had been
Uforc, but Iiis exclufive privilege raifed him abundance of enemies, who travcifed
all his dcfii-'ns, and ruined him at lalK However he, tocjetlicr witii Samwl U\!>ip~
/din, and "/t'<in df liii''uoti>\ afterwards his lieutenant, finiOied their incroathm(.iits in
Aiiiliii, begun by the Marquis dc la Reck; and next in that part of the continent of
ylmeriitt, lying to the North-Weft of the Riis> Fninfji/l; which tiic French pretend
t.) be a part of Canada. The fame year, 1604, they nude a rettlcmcnt \'X the itland
of St (>o'>, and the winter following Chaniplain extended his incroachments as fiir
lis the River of Penohfcot, where Pi-nta^vt was built.

In 1605, the fame gentlemen intruded as far as '^inilif^ul, now known by the
name of kmiwhrik River ; thence to Cajye MaUbar, near the Cape called by the
h'\nd\ Cr.pf BLvic, and by our writers Gz/V ('w/, in the ncighbouihood of U-iftoii.
The l-'renib writers alio tell us, that Cbamplain nlaiited a crofs on (.'«/><■ Malchar, -^[^!^'
and took pofl'ellion of it in the name of his mafter. Three years afterwards, that A//i.
i<!, in 160S, the fane Champlain founded the city of >^«c^r, the capital of A'ru'
France, on the third of "July, on the Northern bank of the river &t Laurence. \\\
161 1 Cbamplain penetrated into the province of M-w Tork to the country of the Iro-
tju^ii, and, in his way, fei/ed on Q,'-leur Lake, and changed its name to that of
Champliiin. In the winter of |6|-^, he ran over the country of the Huronf.

The firft hoftilities between the E'l^iijh and French nations, in thcfe parts, commen- cmmf-ce-
ccd about the year 1613, when Captain Samuel ylrgal Icning fail from f'irginia t'oi mca<>nv.-i\i
the Ncu-fiund/aiid hlhcvy, about the 7/7c of /he delart in',uvtains, heaiin'' that fome 'l'";'''""']
flrangers had fettled near Ventagoet, attacked and carried that fettlcnicnt ; and fome i,^/,/.
time alter the governor of Virginia fent out Arga!, with a commiiiion to drive the
French out of ylcadia, or N'A'ii Scotia, in conftijuence of the grant of ytuncs 1.
He proceeded to Penttigcet, which he found abaiuloned ; from thence he went to the
llle of St Crrdx, where he dcmolidud the plantation of de Monts, and thence fleer-
ing for Prt R')\al in Nor-a Sc^/ia, ict fire to it, and in two hours dellroyed what
hid coll the Irc'hh more than a hundred thout'and crowns, belides the lol's of three
years labour.

It was alxiut this time, in i^i?, on ChamhLin's return to France, that Canada obtained - . ,

' , , . K.UHH ,'ii now

the name of AV::' France, Charles de R:ur/>r,„^ Count of Soil/','!!, takin;; upon himfllt nicJ ,v, ,.
the prote<'tion of the colony, m.idc Cl.'amplain his lieutenant, who, after the Count's '^'"
death, was continued in his employ by his fuccefllir in the chief direction : This was
the I'rince of Co'ide, umlcr whole aufpices he returned to f^^uehec, where he found
every thing in a very li.iuriibmg condition. Some time .ifttr, tl.e court';, netilecling
tlie col')nv, and abandoning the proprietors and |\;rlons intcrelied in the company
to their own narrow vievvs, and the troubles, which arote in Fra<icr, cre.iteii many
obllructions to its growtli, li) th.it Champlain loll moll of his time in voyages to F.u-
rope to (oUieit luccours, wliich were leKiom or iU'V».r granted him in Icilon, when
iijiportuiiity or need requircvl. The ieaKiul'y of the merchants was no I'mail addi-
tion to 'liole evils. The I'lince of Ccnde, in 1620, viclded his vicerov.ilty of Xcw
ira'.\e to the .M.irili.! (/■■ Montmorencs', and Cham; tain flili cjntii.uid in the go-
vertniKiit of the coloi.v as liis lieutenant.

The year foliowln,' the lr,'jii'jii att itkeil the f'/r;?.-,!! fettkinents in tlircc b" lies, (-.,;,, „y ...
one of whiih cirrieil fire and (word to tiie gates of r^uehc; this confidenition, '■"■'''> ■"•
with a rumour tliat the flurt>ii were on trie point of brt. iking t.'ieir alii.iiiec witli "'""'
the I'rcnch, an. I joining the I'C/u'.ii, iiuuie (..banipliU'i loilieitous /or lUurin;' the- ta-
pitil, tile inli.ibitants of which, at this time, thou.Ji I'o niueli h.ut been lion.: to
[Mij'le liie C"'.e>!iy, I ,.in ali'uted, did not txeeeii tifiy peilon-', including women and

li.ilJreii.

u
6-

CirJinal
KiJ'iiiudvm:
a r-,f\v compa
11)

lOo IJlJIory of tic Difcovtry mu! SetiLmcnt

children. Ami commerce was lar from being oji.ii, tlioiuih tlicic w.is a very ll. ij-
riihing tr-.uic at Tihhu[!ac, and a good mart attlic7/w(V Rivtr., i; Ick^uc--, .ibovi;
f>u:!\x. For tilde reAioD^Cbitm/y/ain, in i6:!;,caurai tiic frMtiticatius ul tii.tt capital to l;--
iniilt witli rtonc ; this done, lie returntil into I'hinrc- with ids tandiy, where lie Knin 1
the Marlhal iL' Ah'itmoirncv engaged in a treaty witli his n.jjhevv t!ic Duke Je
Vi'iitdJour tor fiirrendering to him the viceroyalty of AVw /vv/wc, which was looii
alter concluded. This year, or the year bct'orc, on rcnionllranccs made to tlie kin.^
tliat the company iicgledeJ the colony, their privileges were taken tiom them, and
given to two private pcrlons, //////<//« and Emcnc ite Qun.

Four years after this, Caniinal RichelifU, defirous of advancing tlic I'riiicb com-
merce in Qmihlii, lincc the Sieurs dc Caen thought of nothing but cnricliing thcm-
' fclves, like their predccellbrs, formed a new company, on terms which the ircnch
writers extol as highly advantageous to that colony, and whicli would have render-
ed it tlic moft powerful I'ettlement in Anrrica, iiad they been carried into execution.
The firft year of their privileges, which was 1628, they were to carry over two or
three hundred workmen of diticrejit trades, ami, before fittecn years llioulii expire,
they obliged tliendeivcs to augment the number of inhabitants to lixteen thoulaiui, ta
provide them lodging, and a futhciency of all nccellaries Itir three years, and, after tliar,
to aflr'n them as much land to clear as would be lulticicnt to ful)lid them,
and to furnifli them witli feed to fow it. All the labourers were to be natives of
France, and no foreigner, or heretic, was to be fuffered to fct loot in tiie C(jlony. In
cacli fcttlement were to be at leall three priefls, whofe cxpcnces, as well as tiiofo of
their fundion, were to be born by the company during fil'tecn years, after which
they were to fubfift on cleared lands to be alVigncd them.
Priv.li-gfs To indemnify or fatisfy the company for this cxj>cnce, the king granted to them

ijrjntcU to it. ^j^jj jQ jj^jgi,. aliigns for cvcr the fort and fettlement of i^uehec, ail the country of
iSVic? France, Florida included, the whole courfe of tlie great river, with tlie other
rivers which flow into it, or which difchaige themfelves into the (a within this
tradt, together with all its iflands, ports, rivers, fiflieries, i^c. conformable to the
ordinance : The king only prefcrving to himfelf the duties of f-alty and homage,
with a crown of gold of tlie weight of eight marks, at every fucccliion to th.c
throne, and the falaries of the odicers of juflicc, who ihould lie named and prefeii-
ted by the company when they ihouiu tliiiik (it to appoint any fuch court. They
had ahb power to cart cinnon, build and fortify places, make all Ibrts of arms and
weapons offenfive and defenfivc, and in general to do every thing ntccllary for
the defence and fecurity of the colony and its commerce ; alfo power to make
grants of lands in fuch quantities as they Ihould judge proper, and to qualify them
with fuch titles, honours, rights, and privilcgrs, as they (hould fee fit, and accor-
ding to the rank, condition, and merits of the pcrfons to whom they ihould be
granted, and with fuch incumbrances, refcrvcs, and conditions, as to tJiein llundd
fccm meet j except only that in cafe of creations of lands into dutchie-;, manjuilitts,
earldoms, <jr baronies, they ihould take out letters of conlirmation on the prei>.nt..tioii
of Cardinal Richelieu, grand mailer, chief, and (upcrintendant of t!ie navi.'jatiorj .inA
commerce ot I'rdiice. His majefly alio revokes all former concoliicn , granting ti:u
entire tr.ule t )r hirs, hides, and other peltry, to the alTociates for fifteen years onlv,
to commence from the ifl of '/,;'///<;/ v 162S, till the laff day of l)ecew/hr lU^;, witli
all other commerce, whether by land or lea, within the laid cviuntries, in the moil
cxtcnfivc manner that may Ik-, refcrving only the covl and whale liihiiiej, which the
king leaves free to all his lubjeds ; and proviiled, alfi, that all I'lc/ico fettled in thole
parts, and not fubhlled .it the company's expence, Ih.dl be entitled t.) trade for fur.
wit':) the Indians, on condition that they lliall only fed lucii hii-, to the company's
faiftors ,it the general rate of lurty lou-. tournoib each. Tlie km.; further prfteiits
the company with two ihips of w.ir from two to tliiee liundred tun, burthen, wlncii
the company dull be obli^^ed to indntain, ami in cafe of l.-f^ to npl.ae, cvcep:
tluy ihali h.ippen to he taken by hi, r.iaiclly'.-, encmie, in open war. Tlie Ci.<nip.inv,
•n cafe of tailure, by not carrying over fitteen huivlred perii.ii^ of liotii I, \e, in tlu;

firit ten years, were oliH;;ed to relund the cod of t!ie t.v.) lliip, ot w,.:
cut; ' f fiilure, by not tr.infporting the like number in the five Kiji,.i!iii-. •,
turlcit th.lr clurter. Tiie conipaay had leave to tiaiilport 0:1 tlie l.ii I ih

i.l,

l!t

'",

tv)

ul,

iici

i >

»/ CANADA,

101

c Vrcneh Gfini-
iiicliiii)!, tlicin-

ofTifcrs iiriil troops they fliould fee fit, provided only that all captains (b tranfporttd, ai
wtl! us CLMnmandcrs of places and furts, which now arc, or llull hereafter be built,
lh.ill take his majcfty's commiflions or provilions.

In or^lcr to induce perfons to fettle in Nc%> Fiance, and to crcd all forts of r;r,cour.->7e
nuiuilaCturcs there, it is ordered ; that all artifans who (hall engage with the company, •n<-""' ; ffcrpi
an.l who llull follow their profclHons there for fix years, on returning into f'/v/wr, "^ '"'*''
fl).ill he ficc to follow their levcral trades and crafts in /Vm, and other cities through-
out tlic kingdom ; that all merchandize, and cfpecially fuch as Ihall be inanutac-
tiircil by the Irench in that province, Ihall be exempt from all impolts and duties
vvitliin tlic kingdom for fifteen years to come, as well as all llorcs, provifions, and
warlike ammunition, which fliall be deftincd for the faid province } that all perfons,
of whatever rank or condition, may enter into the laid company, without deroga-
tion to the honours or privileges annexed to their order?, his majefty engaging to
grant letters of noblefs to twelve of the company, in cafe (o many Ihall be found who
Ihall not be of that rank, the which nobility or honour Ihall delccnd to all their
lawful ilTue ; that all the defccndants of Frriicb rcfi.iing in N^'iv Franct-, as well as all
I'lJiiins who llull he converted to the faith, ll.all be held and reputed legitimate French,
With power to inhabit, acquire, devife, fuccecd, and accept ilonations and legacies, in
the fame manner as natural French, without nccellity of taking out letters declaratory of
natiM.ilization.

Ihele articles were figned the 19th of ylpril i6iy, by Cardinal Rubelieu, and by Comrmy «.
thole who had prcfented the projeiit, and approved, of by the king, by an edidl in the '"i'J'''^'. "-
month of .1i<;v, of the fame year, dated in the camp before Rochclle: This done, the f'^,"-^ ' '"
Duke Je I'enliukur religncd his place of viceroy. The company took the title of the
LcinpiViy of Ne^v France, amounting to the number of 107 perfons, whereof Card.
RicLclieii and Marflial Drfiut were the chief, lx;ing joined by fcveral other per-
fons of quality, and the reft conlifting of many of the richeft merchants and citi-
zens of Piirii and other trading cities. Thus thir, colony was likely to become
worthy of the public attention, being fupported by fo powerful a company.

The beginnings of this eftablillimcnt were far from being fortunate. The firft vef-
fels lent by t!ic company were taken by an Englijh fleet under the command of Capt,
Kirk^ who alUT a firfl attempt witliout luccefs, and making himftlf mafter of a French
fquadron, which carried feveral French families, and provilionsforthc garrifon, paid it an-
other vifit in i(>2y, when he took Q^iihcc, by which he made a conqueft of all Cufuu/ii ;
and it remained in thf hands of the Englijh, the French inhabitants continuing in their Canal: cnn-
habitations, till 1632, when it was rcftoreil to France, together with ylcaJiii and thei'iirr.'b;. :h«
illand of Cape lireton, at the peace of .SV Germain's en Laye. IVom the death of ^^'j^'-'j- ^"'^
CJwnpLun, which happened about this time, I find nothing very intereftirig, excep-
ting that the company of the hundred alfociates, following the tootlleps of their pre-
dctelTors, luffered the colony to languilli ; and that the milhonaries were btificd on all
hands in converting the liuliam ; and that the irruptions of the Iroqucn made it ne-elfiry
for the new governor to think of fecuriiig the colony againft any futuie attempts. This
was the occafion of their intrufion in building Richelieu fort at the mouth of the /-
yoqu^ii river, liuce called Richelieu river. That Indian nation ftill continued their ra- ^^^ ,"<■' '» f^«
v.igts till 1645, when a pe.iee was concluded with them, and ratifi^'d by all the can-
tons. In 1647, the Chevalier ^/i- A/<;/;.'w.;jj-wv, C7ww^/(;/«'s fuccell'or in the govenuiient
of iVrii) France, was recalled, on account of a new regulation made by the court,
that no governor of any Frenib colony llu^uld continue above three years in otHce,
tlic otcali n\ of which waii the refufal of a governor general of tiie lllcs to admit a
Uicccllor, and his maintaining himft-lf in his government.

M,rit>r.agn<i was fuceeedcd by M. d' yliHebouj}, who h.id commanded at the Three _i:;,!,^ji
Rrcers. lie refcinbled his predecelVor in his prudent adminilhatiuii, in taking pro- t 'C""'.
prr miufures to gain and prelerve the atVeCtions and eftcem of both French and In-
diat!, and ui a pcrkilt knowledge of the province and its necelhtics.

%i7v<-, as well as the otiier French fettlements in Canada, now enjoyed a calm, and all l mb.-.ir> from
the Indians, who were accuftomcd to live among them, partook ot the fime tiaiuiiiillity. ^"'^'<"'"'
Tiic trade conlilled chietly in furs, and was carried on principally at the 'Three Rivers
:..id Taioulfac, whither the bidians rcl'ortcil for that purpole. The Irci^ucii continued
tiieir incurfioiis ujhju the Hurc-is, allies of the French, vith their wonted fucccls. But
i.ue of the moll extraordin.irv events was an cmbally from New England, propofnig
a [-crpetuil alli.uice between tiie two colonics, indcpenJent of any ruptures that might

1) d happen

102

■ iW 1

Whjffuidcfs.

Huron! bro-
Itai by tbc /■
rtjuui.

Ravage!, Je-

folntioiii, and
cruelty of the
fame baibati

Ic-j/in go-
wriigr.

Hljlory of the Difcovcry and Settlement

happen betwixt the two crowns. The French governor was hiijhiy plcafcd with
this propolal, and for that purpofc, with advice of the council, lent I'athcr Drcui'-
lettci to Bojtonf in quality of plenipotentiary, to conclude and fign t!ie trc.ity ; but
on condition the EngHJh fliould join their forces ,with them againft the ImjUDis.
The fucccfs of this firll negociation is uncertain ; all that we know of it is, th.ar,
after languifhing for fometime, it was refumed with more warmth in 1651 ; and that
it came to nothing, becaufe the people of Ni'io EitgliinJ were unwilling to agree to
commence hoililitics againft the Iroquois ; whether it was, that they had nothing to fear
from them, or that thofe Indians were then in alliance with them, I ki.ow not.

This year too the Huron nation was almoft entirely dcftroycd by the Irc^uois,
particularly the cantons of 5/ Ignatius, and of St Lrwis, with ir.iil part of the
warriors of St Mary. And, in about eight days time, moft of the cantons in tlic
neighbourhood of this laft were abandcicd, the inhabitants removing to the little
ifland of St yofefh, where, negledting to fow the land, and their hunting and firtiing
falling rtiort, they fuffered inconceivable hardfhips, being reduced to the ncccflity of
eating dead bodies, which they dug up after they had been half confumcd with
rottennefs.

The hiftory of the remaining part of Aillcknft's government contains nothing re-
markable, except the deflrutftion of the Hurcns of St J'thn, a populous canton, con-
taining not lefs than fix hundred families, with the death of their twomitlionarics alfo
by the Iroquois ; a confpiracy of the llurons of the canton of St Mattbcw, cfptcially
thofe who were (till idolaters, againft the French, from a belief that they owed all their
mislbrtunrs to them, and to the new religion introduced by thtm, and dilloncerted by
the vigilance of their milTionaries ; and the dcfcrtion of the Ille of St J'f'ph, occafi-
oned by the famine above mentioned, part of the inhabitants tranfportin;^ thcnifolvcs
to Slii/kr, and the others retiring, lomc into the countries of other Im/ian nations,
on whom they brought the arms of the Iroquois ; fomc taking fandtuary amongll
the Englijh of Petifxlvania ; and others, again, particularly the cantons of St John
BiJptiJi and St MichatI, taking (helter amongft the Iroquois thcmfelves, who, contrary
to expeft.ition, gave them a good reception ; thofe, in the laft place, who continued to
wander through woods and defcrts, being all taken and butchered. From thcfc
events it was, that not only the Hurons trembled at the name of the Iro.
qunis. but alfo, from a like terror, all the banks of the river of the Oitta-jis,
which but the year before were fo full of inhabitants, were almoft totally abandoned,
none knowing what became of thofe Indians ; and the French tlicmfelves were
fiUe'l with no lefs dread of thofe mercilefs favages. We find, ulfo, an expedition
of the Hurons, who had taken fiindtuary under the cannon of i>wiM-, againft the Ircquois,
which mifcarried, moft of the party in it being either killed, or taken and burnt. And,
laftly, we find, recorded the progrefs of the miflionarics in converting the natives in
fpite of all obftaclcf, death and the cruelleft torments not excepted, the chief intention
of France being evidently direded towards that end, from a notion that, in order to
fecurc the affedions of the Indians, they muft begin by infpiring thetn with an ardent:
zeal for their religion.

About the end of 1650, famous in the annals of Canada for the deftruiftion of al-
moft all the Hitrcn nation, M, de Laufin, one of the principal members of the
company of Canada, was named to the government of New France in the ro mi of
M. d'Aliebouft, whofc three years were now expired ; but did not arrive till the
year after. This gentleman had always been uncommonly adtivc in the affairs of
the colony, and it was owing to him principally that Slucbec was icftored by the
EngliJ/j to the French. He had heard of the decline of the colony, but, on his ar-
rival, found its affairs in a worfe pofture ftill than Iiad been rcprcfentcd to him.
The Iroquois continued their ravages, and being grown fierce by their victo-
ries, fio longer refpcded the French forts as checks to their incurduns, but fprcad
thcmfelves over all the country, fo tluit no pcrfon could think himlelf fafe in his
own lioufe, and the IWnch governor of the 'Three Rivers wa^ killed by them at the
head of his troops, and in his own poft. The Northern country felt the fame fury,
and Sylkry, no lonirer accounted fafc within its retrenchment of palifadcs, was intlolcd
with a wall mounted with cannon.

The country in New England and No'ca Seotia, occupied by the yti>enaquis
nations, where Father Dreutlkttes had f.jwn the feeds of the R'.viai c.ithulic reli-
gion.

of CANADA. 103

gion, and gained them over to ilic French intcrert, were the only countries

wliitli the Iroquoii never dared to invaile. The people of Nrw EngliinJ felt in ^."^ r"l'C) "f

the Icquel the ill effects of (uffering the F/yw/j to gain and fccurc the fricndliiip of '^" ''"'

thole Indium by the tics of religion. About tliis time I find a niiflion cft.iblilhcd

amonglt the ytttiiamfgues, the mifllonary appointed to this work being killed by

the Iroquois, who were bloody enemies to tnem and their caufc, fo that kartc a

year paffed but one or other died a martyr to his proltfTion.

Moiitrciil fuffered no lefs from the incurfions of the Iroquois, than the other quarters of ,._ ^. ^
New France. And M. de ALiifonni-uve, after going to Paris for fuccours, which he could rci:iH.,ii'ore
not othcrwife obtain, refrncd in 1653, witn a reinforcement of a hundred men, and, •''^ '"?•" •
what was reckoned a greater ucquilition, with Margaret Burgefs, a native of Lan-
grrs, foundrefs of the iiiftitution of the Daughters ol the Congregation, and famous
throughout all the colony fur her eminent virtues. This year alfo a peace was con-
cluded with the Iroquois, though not long kept, being broken and cemented again a-
frerti the year following, and inillionarics fcttltJ amongft feveral of the Iroquois
cantons.

Much about this time the Iroquois compit.ited the deftrudlion of the Erics, or Fm of ih?
Cat Indians. After driving the Hurons from their country, the Iroquois next march- 0"'«ita.
cd againll their allies, and particularly the Outauais, who finding thcmfelves not
in a condition to rellft thofe who had conquered the braveft and moft powerful na-
tions of all this continent, thought proper not to wait at home till their throats lliould
be cut, and their villages reduced to afhes. Some of them had therefore already
retired into to the b.iy of Saguinan, others into the ylnfe de Tonnerve, both of them
in lake Huron, and numbers into the ifluuds of Monitoualin and Michillintakinac.
But the bulk of the nation had remained on the banks of the great river, which
bears their name, till the total deftrucftion of the Huron cantons. On this they
ioined themlelvcs to the Hurons culled Tionnontatez, with whom they penetrated far
into the Soutlicrn countries. At firft they made an alliance with the Sioux, with
whom they afterwards quarrelled, and, thus, trained up to war, at their own coft,
that nation, hitherto regarded as very unuvu-like, and fcarce ever heard of on this fide
the Miliijipi. Then, feparating thcmfelves into feveral bands, by the mifery to
which they were rcdiicid, they carried every where the terror of the name of
the Irquots ; and at length after many wanderings, and reparations into fmall bodies,
feveral of which have never fince been heard of, tlicy have diminifhcd to futii a degicc,
tiiat there fcarce at prefent fubfirts the twentieth part of what they formerly were.

The g<iod underftanding between \\\c Frettcb and the Upper Iroquois was of no Warrentwrd
long continuance. For, in 16,7, they had come to a rclblution to extirpate the *^J'J""' ^"'•
French, by a general maflacre of all that were in their country ; but being difco-
vcred, the whole nation took off the mafk, and the war began with greater animo-
fity than ever.

In July, of the year following, the Vifcount d' Argenf:n, the new governor ge- rccifri..«if
neral, landed .it ^uehcc ; who, by his vigorous meafures in reprelfing the infults of "^'''■'"""''
tlie Iroquois, fettled the rtpofe of tlie colony for fomc time. In 1659, we .ire to
pl.icc the arrival of I'ran^ois de Lav.il, titulary billiop of Petrea, with the Pope's
brief as apollolical vicar, and with him feveral other cctlefiallics, who were kttied
in the feveral curacies, whicli had been till now fcrved by the Jeluits, in order as
they arrived. Tliel'e curacies were at firll fcrved by connniflwn, and were remove-
alilc at the will of the billiop, or fuptriors of the feminary of ijj/<i^i', but now na-
med by the directors ot the foreign millions. Since that there has been an order ot
the court t.) have all the cur.icie.s fixed like thofe in France, though this has not been
entirely complied with, and efpecially in the illand of Montreal, where the curacies
are under the direclioii of tlic I'eminary of >^e/'ec. The feminary vl St Sulfu^us
had, tw(j yc.irs Intore this, acquired all the rights of the firll proprietors ot this illand ;
and, in 1062, M. de Pcrrca obtained letters patent of the kirg for the erc«ltion ut a
kniinary at ^'.. /'< i', whi>.h was to furnilh pallors to the whole colony, and to the di-
rtrtors of winch the tithes were to be paid, and the whole to be taxed at a thir-
ti :..th lor the revenue of the church. But the kttlcrs ctiniplaining of this burden,
t..e Inprenie council of AV;.' Irani e ilTued an arret in |(i6;-, ordaining the tenths to
be ta.ved at the twenty fixth part, to be p.iid in gram, .uul that new-cleared lands
llijuld pay nothing' ; wliic'i arret was accordingly put in execution. The colony .if-

tcrw.iiJs

104.

Hofpital,
toundr.'.jua
for gills.

Difcovfrics,
wars,(j'f.

Account of

adrcitifut

Ciilbquakc.

Tlijlory of the Difcovery on J Sell lenient

terwards incrcifing, new curacies were cftablirticd, and the titlies clainicJ as their
rigiit, wliich was fettled by a royal cdidl in Ma^ '679- I'vc years alter, twelve wan
ercdcd into a bifhop's lee, confirming the provifional arri.t of the fuprenjc council
with rcfpcd to cither, and provided that, if the tentlis lliould be found Infuriicient
for the maintenance of the curacies, the deficiency fliould be made good by the lurds
and inhabitants, which has, however, never been allowed, the king granting^ out of
his own domain the fum of 7600 livres yearly towards the fubfiliencc of curate*
The fum for the maintenance of a curate was afterwards regulated by the king at
400 livres yearly; and, in 1707, his majefly, befides the above fum of 7600 livres,
grants the additional fum of 2000 livres yearly, for the lupnort of futh as, by the
rcalon of their great age, or other infirmities, were unable to fervc their cures 1 which
fum was to be divided into fix portions, of 300 livres each, and one of 200. There
are moreover two funis of 1350 livres each, one for the benefit of the faid curates,
and for building parochial churches, the patronage of which was to rcfide in the bi-
fhop, and not, as hitherto, in the lords, which churches were alfo to be bnilt of
ftonc, and all thofe funis to be in the difpofal of the bifliop. The chapter of the ca-
thedral is compofcd of a dean, ahead chanter, or precentor, a chief archdeacon, a divine,
and twelve canons. The king nominates thofc of the firft rank, and the bifliop the reft.

To return to Montreal, the dircftors of the feminary of 5/ Sulficius firft of all
fet about building an hofpital, to which feveral pious perfons largely contributed,
to be ferved by the daughters of the Hotel ilieu of the fame city, an inllitution lince
creifted into an order. At the fame time was founded the inftruilion of the dauirj)-
ters of the congregation for the education of young perfons of the tender fcx of all
conditions, which equals any thing of the kind in Europe in every refped. The firft
defign was to make rins of the pupils, but this was laid afide on the edift in 1709,
which forbids their entering a cloiftcr, or taking any vow. They rcmonft rated,
defiring to be permitted to take upon them fimple and not folemn vows ; but thi«
was alfo rejected by the council as a thing of ncraiicious confequencc to the colony.
The Urfelins of ^cbcc had the fame objedl in their inAitution, though with little
effedi without the walls, all their precepts vanifliing out of mind and memory, m
foon as the pupils get amongft their Indian relations, where they take to their old
Way of living.

Wc are to place here alfo the difcovery of fomc Indian nations about the North
and Weft of Laiie Humn, as well as fome new miflions amongft the ylbrnaquis,
and Ejkimaux, and the firft vifits of the French to the Sioux, a wandering, but
very populous nation on the banks of the MiJJifipi to the weft of CanaJii, from'whole
mild difporition, and natural good fenfe, they promifed themfelves many advantage*.
About this time I find the French colony reduced to great extremities from the horti-
lities of the Iroquois, and the want of fuccours from France, fo that none durft Air
from the forts without an efcort. Thcfe evils were ftill augmented by the accelTion
of an epidemical diftemper, which particularly carried oflf a great number of young
children. I pafs over many particulars relating to the hoftilities of the Inqucii,
and the negociations for a peace, with the various turns and hopes occafioned by thoic
tranfaftions, the fuccefs and fate of the mifHonaries, bufied on all hands in conver-
ting the Indians, at the hazard and often with the lofs of their lives.

I cannot, however, help taking notice of one of the moft extraordinary earth-
quakes that has happened almoft in any country in the memory of man, whether
you confider the valt extent of land which felt its fliocks, or the fiiigularity of its afti>-
niftiing effeds. F. Charlevoix's account of it, is what 1 am about to give, and that chieHy
lor the lake of thofe who arc fond of the marvellous. He introduces his relation witn
remarks on the pernicious influence of the trade of felling fpirituous liquors to the In-
dians, the cffeds of which were a total dilTolution of manners, and a diiregard to
the remonllrances of the bifliop, preachers, and confelTors, as well as to the tnunderi
of the church, and the mcnacings of the divine wrath. The bifliop of ^lebtc, by
an application to court, put a flop to this infamous traflic, which produced fuch
horrible difordcrs ; hut, fays that learned miflionary, heaven had already prevented his
cares, and, by one of thofe events which ftrikc terror into the moft ubtiurate and li-
centious, the grcatcft part of the colony were brought back to the rii^ht way from
wliicii they nad wandered. The matter of lad, fays he, has been attcfltd by the con-
ftant and unanimous tclUmony of a whole colony ; and the ctTcdh^ which ftill fub-

fift.

of CANADA.

»05

m convcr-

(ift, put it beyond the cavils of the moll fceptical. He does not, however, pretend
to vouch it in all its circum (lancet. After this he proceeds as Ibllowi :

Duiing the autumn in 1663, a number of bodies of fire, of diflvrent figures, but
all of them extraordinary, were fccn in the air. Over ^ebec and Montreal appeared
in the niglit a globe of hrc, crarcmcly fluning, only at Montreal it fecmed as if it
proceeded from the moon, and was accompanied with a noife, like the dilcharge of
a cannon, and after gliding through the air for about three leagues, it vaniihcd be-
hind the mountain whence the ifland takes its name.

On January 7, the following year, there arofe an almnft imperceptible vapour from
the great river, which, after it w.ns ftruck with the fun's rays, became tranfparcnt,
but with body fufficicnt to fupport two paraliclions, wl\ich appeared by the fide of
this meteor. Thus ap|H:arcd at the fame time, three funs, in a line parallel to the
horizon, fome fathoms diilant from each other, each of them with a rainbow, the
colours of which varied every inftant, now appearing like an ordinary rainbow, then
of a bright whitenefs, as if there had been a great fire behind it. This fight lifted
two full hours, and was repeated on the 14th, though Icfs perceptible.

In the beginning of I'tbruary, a rumour went, that an earthquake would vcrv Kinlqnte
foon happen, fuch as had never happened in the memory of man, taking its rife P"**'""*
from the admonitions of certain perfons eminent for piety, warning every foul to make
their peace with God, and try to appc. i'c the divine wrath, juftly kindled againft
Nt-w France.

On the night of the 13th of the fame month, an jUgonkin woman, a very fervent v^-ice fore-
thrillian, being awake, and fitting on her bed, heard a voice, faying, that within two days *•"""*
wonderful things ilioulJ happen. Next day, as flie was in the forcft with her filler,
making her provilion of wood, (he heard the fame voice, predicting that on the
morrow, between four and five in the evening, the earth would quake in a terrible
manner.

A young maiden of the fame nation, whofc piety had obtained the miraclous cure '''"" ^"^
of a difcafe, dreamt on the night between the 4th and 5th inftant, tliat the rirgin" ^'
Mary appeared to her, and told her the hour, and all the circumflances of this earth-
quake. On the evening of the 5th, immediately before the earthquake began, (he
appeared as if (he were befidcs herfelf, crying out, with all her force. Now it is juji
coming, to the great aAonifliment of all who heard her.

LatUy, on the fame day, mother Mary of the Incarnation, the illuArious foundress of the vitionorMo'
Urfuline nuns of Kcv) France, who was far from being a weak perfon* after feveral '"«' ^^-'}-
warnings from heaven of the impending event, which (he communicated to F. hallt-
maiit her diredtor, about half an hour after five in the evening, as (he was in prayer
tliought flic ("aw our Loid wroth with Canada, and that flie was moved by fome fuper-
ii.iuiral power to demand juftice of him for all the crimes committetl in this pro-
vince \ and tliat all (lie could do to obtain fome mitigation of this punidiment, was,
to put up fervent prayers that the fouls might not periih with the bodies. Immedi-
ately afterwards, (lie (lit an inward afi'urance that the divine wrath wis on the point of
breaking;; out, and that the contempt of the ordinances of the church, w; s the chief caufe
why it was kindled. She perceived almofl:, in the fame iiiftant, four devils at the
lour corners ot the city of i^ebtc, agitating the earth with great violence, and a ncr-
loii of a majtrtic prefcncc, who from time to time let loole the reins to their tury,
and then withheld them.

At tlie lame moment, the heavens being perfcdly fcrenc, a noife was licird all o- rvfiriptlon
ver the city, like that of a great fire, which frightened all the people out of their "^ 'I'""""*'
liwelliiigs. Then all the houl'es were fhaken and rocked to (bcli a degree,"""
that they aliiioft touched the ground, fometimes on one fide, (ometimes on
tlie other, the door^ opening and (liutting of themdlvcs with a mighty noife,
ail the bells rini;in^ without hands, and the timber of the )>alifadcs bounding to
.iiul fro ; the walls were (plit, the beams fell out and were bent, and the donicliic
;imiii.ils nuule the moll frightful bowlings ; the (urface of the earth had a motion
like tlut of the (ea, the trees were twKled together, and many of them torn up
hy the roota, and tolfcd to a great diftance. VVith thcfc fights were heard all fortt
'I noiies i lomctimcb of a raging lea breaking its ilykes, fcMiietimes of a great num-
Itr of cli.ii iotj and carriages rolling over the pavement, and lomctimes of mountains of

i'- c rock

io6

Vfiouj phe
nomena.

ben, and du
ration o"
ihocki-

iiitpnliiigcir

cumllanco

i).JclFc:h.

Hifiory of the Difcovcry and Sctileinctit

rock or marble opening and fplit'ing. A thick diift arofc like (moke, fo tli.U ruj
univcrfal contlagratioii was apprehended ; fomc imagined they heard the cries oi l-i-
dians, and apprehended the Iroqw^ii were falling upon all parts of the colony.

The fright was fo great and general, that both men and animals appeared as if
ftruck with thunder; nothing was to be heard but llirieking k.-cntations ; people
ricd every where without knowing whither they went ; and on which fide foe-
ver they pafled, met what they drove to fliun. The fields prefentcd every where
precipices and gulph-, and pc'ople exjxrdled the earth to open under them every mo-
ment, whole mountains were plucked up by the roots, and thrown to a diftancc and
plated in new fituations ; fome were carried into the inidft of rivers, and ftoppcd
their courfe, and others were funk fo deep tliat the tops of the trees on their lum-
mits were not to be fecn. Trees were tolled upright irto tiic air, as if a mine had
fprung under them, and fomc rc-pUntcd with their branches in the ground and
tneir roots aloft. There was no niore fattty on water tlian on land. Several
fprings and rivulets were dried up, the waters of others were impregnated with liil-
phur, and the beds where fome had flowed could no longer be leen. Here the wa-
ters were turned red, there yellow, a. J thofe of the great river from ^lebcc to la-
Jouffac, that is, for the fpace of thirty leagues, were grown pertedlly white. Nothing was
to be heard but a continual din, and people im.igined they faw goblins and phantoms
of fire with lighted torches in their liands. P'lamcs arofe which touk all forts of
Hiapes, as of pikes, launccs, and burning brands, and fell upon the tops of houfcs with-
out fctting them on fire. Cries of wailing and lamentation augmented the horror
from time to time, i orpoifes and fea ccws were heard to howl near the Three Ri-
vers, where never any (uch fiflies had been feen •, and thcfe bowlings had no rclcm-
blancc to the cries of any known animal. To conclude, for a tnidl of three hund cd
leagues from Eaft to Weft, the earth, the rivers, and the fca-coafts were lo: g, but
at different intcrvr.ls, in the vaft motion mentioned by the prophet, fpeaking of the
wonders which accompanied the coming up out of Egypt.

The cffedls of the earthquake were various to an infinite degree, and never wai
there more reafon to fe.ir that nature was deftroying her work«, and that the end of
the world was at hand. The firft fliotk laflied half an hour almofl without interrup-
tion, but began to abate after a quarter of an hour. Towards eight in the evening of
the fame day, there was another (hock, equally violent with the firft, and in half an
hour two more. Some reckoned to the number of thirty two the night following,
fome of which were very violent, h is poflible that the horror of the night and the
general confufion might increafe their number, anl caufe them to appear more confi-
derable than they really were. Even in the intervals of the (liocks people were in
the fame condition as in a velTcl at anchor; which might alio be the ctlcot of
a difordered imagination. What is certain, is, that many pcrfons felt the lame
fqueami(hne(s and giddinefs which are ufual at fea with fuch as arc not accuf-
tomed to this element. On the morning of the fixth, about three of the clock, was
a very rude and long (hock. At Tadoulfac it riined artics for three hours together ;
in another place the Indiam, who had left their cabins at the beginning; of thtie a-
gitations ; on their return, found a large pool of water in their places I lalf way be-
tween 'siuebcc and TadoujJ'ac ; two mountains were laid level witli the grouml, and the
earth that fell from them formed a cape projccUng h,il( a quarter ot' a league into
the great river. Two Frenchrm'n coming from (Julpe felt nothing of it till they tame
over againft the 5';^«c«(7v, when, thougli there was not a breath of wind, their (haU
lop was toftl'd us it on a ftormy (ea. Not ocing abl; to coniedure wlience this could
proceed, they caft their eyes towards the (bore, when they pcrccivcil a mountain
Ikipping, in the language of the prophet like a ram, and winch, .ifftr (omc time,
whirling round like a whirlwiiul, funk down, and at laft entirely dil'appcarcd. A
Hiip, which followed the ihaliop, was no Icfs agitated, and the oKiell tailors could
not ftand but by a hold, as it happens when a (hip rolls greatly ; ami the captain or-
dering to call anchor, the cable liiuke.

Within a (mall .iillince of %/^r, a Ire, a full kai^ue in length, appeared in broad
day-light, which comini' iroiH the North, att.rw i\i>, erolle.l the rivcr, and iliiCiO-
pcared over tJie Lie of OrUam. Oppo(i:e Cai>c 'Jlurmme floods of lUbterranolis

war.Ts

of CANADA.

107

wAtcr<! rulhcJ from the tops ot' the mountains, anJ carried all before tlicin. A-
b.ivc r^ihi-c a river left its channel, part of which became dry, its highcd banks in
ionic i)arts (inking to a kvcl with the water, which continued mixed with mud
ami ot the colour of fulphur above three months. New England and New liollami
fii,)W Nno fork) futftrcd in the general contufion, and, as did all this vaft extent of
country, with this particularity, that in the time of the grcated fliocks they perceived
a kind of puirati>)n like that of an intermitting pulfe, with unequal tx.-atings, hut be-
ginning cMry where prcciltly at the fame inftant. Sometimes the rtiocks were a fort
of clevatin ;. at other times a fort of balancing motion, more or lefs violent ; fonie-
timcs very brilk, an<l at others increafmg by degrees, and none of them ending w itli-
out loine fenlibic effcdt. In places wlxrc the great river had rapid falls it became
perfectly ftill water, and in others the revcrfe. Rocks arofc in the niidll of rivers,
and a man walking in the fields, perceived all of a fudden the earth opening behind
him, and as he Hed, the yawnings feemcd to run atter him. The agitation was ge-
nerally lefb on the tops of mountains, but an incclTant rumbling was heard in thulc
places.

What is perfe*ftly aftonilhing, is, that amidft fo dreadful a wreck, not a loul pc- ProJ,iflion»
rilhed, G(xl being willing, (ays my author, not to dellroy, but to convert fmncrs. °''"^f«''- •••
Thus nothing was to Ik feen but an univcrfal repentance, every one making the ex*
amen of their conftience with tears and coinpundion of heart, the mod fcandalous
fmncrs declared openly the abominations of their pad lives, enemies were reconciled,
all criminal fimiliarities were at an end, and the trattic of fpirituous liquors, the tirfl
fnring of all the evil, aband.)ned, falling, alms, nilgriniagcs, with the frequenta-
tion of the facraments, were ail the Audy, and, in uiort, nothing was omitted to dif-
arm the wrath of iieaven, which at at laft relented.

The fears of a general flerility and epidemical diforden, which many apprehended, Things rn-o.
were foon found to be groundjefs, and the earth by degrees recovered its former |,"/','iX''"^
ftate, where the appearance of it had not been totally changed by fo many violent
conci'flions. The Iroquois ftirrcd not all this while, and when the confufion ccafed,
they made new propolals of peace, which were interrupted by fome evil reports, that
had got footing among the cantons.

The bifliop of Vilrcn, and M. Je Mefy, appointed to relieve the Baron d" Avaugour \cw ^nti-
in the government oi New France, had newly arrived at i^wt-^t'c with troops, xhey ;'"'^"'*""
wc.c accompanied by the Sieur GauMiis, appointed commilfary on the part of the king "^'
to take pollciiion in his name of all Ni-w France, which the company of Canada had
yielded up to him February 4, 1663 '» ^X ^ hundred families to people the country;
and by leveral officers civil and military.

The commifl'ary Ingun with taking the oaths of fidelity of all the inhabitants, and ['■' '''"i'"'-
ufterwards regulated the police, and made fevcral ordinances with regard to the admi-
nillration of jufticc. Before this time there had properly licen no court of juilice in
CanaJa, the govcrnours general judging caufcs in an abfolutc or fovereign manner.
No body ever thought of appealing from their fcntcnccs, but thefe were ftldom
pronounced without a previous rccourfe to the method of arbitration, and their deci-
lioiis were always dictated by that bell and nioft fupreme of all laws, gooil lenfe and
tlic law of nature. Bcfides, the natives of Canada were far from being litigious, and
chofc rather to lolie fomcwhat of their right than t!»e': time and money at law. At
firit indeed they feemcd to have every thing in common, at Icart it was very long be-
Jorc any thing was known to be kept under lock for lecurity. Thus the precautions
which the prince took for the eflablilbing of juftice were the cjxich of its ruin, by
ir.triKlucing the fpirit of cliicanery, and the love of law-fuits.

It is true thai as early as the year 1640 there had been a Grand Scnefch.1l of AVw f-<""»^ <*
Jr^ ICC, and at the Three Rivers was a tribunal fubordinate to that of the military magif- '"' "■''
trate, who, however, appears to have licen wholly dependant on the govcrnours ge-
neral, who were always invclled with the right of adminiftring juftice in their own
pcr(')n«, in cafes of appeal, whic!: were common enough. In matters of moment they
.ilieniblcd a kind of council, compofed of the grand Icnefchal, the fuporior ot the Jc-
luit<, who, before ti. * arrival of the bidiop, was the only fupcrior eccleliallic in the
iDuntrv, ar.d lome ot the principal inhabitants, to whom they gave the quality of
n^uiilelluii.

Tluis

iBteniUiitt
office and
digniiy.

New com

IcIlor'i&U.

ric9.

108 Hijiory of the Difcwery ami Settlcfuent

Kn.ibiiftimm Thus, in 1 651, when the Sicur Godefroy was fcnt, with F. Dreuellldti.'! to AVw
"uf'c /• i^tglii'^i <o *■■"* about a perpetual peace between the two colonies. He had the tific
' of councellor in the council of New France given him in liis letters of credence,
though this council was not permanent, but cdabliHicd by the governor general, by
virtue of the power given him by the king, and by him changed as often as he
judged proper. It was then in the year 1663, and not before, that the king cau-
fed the council of Canada to be fixed by an edid in March of the lame year, order-
ing that the council fliould confiA of M. df Mtjy, governor general M. Jt Laval,
bilhop of Petrea, apoftolical vicar of Nrw France, M. Robert, the intcndant, and of
four counfellors to be appointed, continued, or removed, at the plealuie of thcts
three miniders. M. Robert, counfcllor of flate, had been named this very year intcn-
dant of juAice, police, finances, and marine for iVt w France. But, as he never went to
Canada, M. TaloK, who arrived here in 1665, it the firfl who excrcilcd this ortice.
M. Duchefntau, who fucctedcd him in 1675, brought an order uf the kintr, by vir-
tue of which the intendant was to officiate as firfl prelident in the council, leaving,
however, tlic firft feat to the governor general, and the (econd to the bilhop. Two
more counfellors were added at the fame time, and all the members of th ; council
had commiflions from the court.

This empowering the intendant to aifl as firft prefldent, was much rcfcntcd by the
governor general, whofe rcmonilrances on this lubjedl were not regarded. And, by
an arret of the council of (late in 16S0, it was ordered that in all deeds and writings
of the council, the governor and intendaitt fhould afTume no other quality befidcs that
of their office. In 1704, four new councellors were created, one clerk, and three
laymen : So that at prcfent they are twelve in number, including the billiop. The
perfon intitled the firft rouncellor, has double the falary of the other.<:, he is named by
the court, and his place is only confidered as honorary, having no particular fundion.
His annual falary is eight hundred iivres, the five oldcfl counfellors have four h.'n-
'^red, and the reft nothing, and they take no ka. The procurator general, and hcHw
Rgifter, have alfo falaries, but very moderate.
?^'l^^f The council is held regularly every Monday in the palace, which is the rcfidcrrce
KcuAiioo?" °^ ''^c intendant, whofe office it is alfo to fix the day and hour of their meeting, on
extraordinary occafions, and to notify the £tme to the governor general by the chief
n/her. JuAice is adminiArcd here according to the flatuses of the kingdom, and
cuftoms of Paris. In June 1679, the king made fome regulations in the council by
an edidt, whkh has fince bore the name of The ReduSJion of the Code, in that coun-
try. Some new difficulties were afterwards ffartcd with refpedl to judging in cafes of
challenges, or exceptions at law, which were explained by another editt of March
1685, in which it was further declared, that the adions in which any officer of the
council was intcrefted, fhould be removed at the requeft of one of the parties, be-
fore the Intrndant, who fhould determine, in fuch cafes, with judges fummon^d by
him for that purpofe : Laflly, by the fame cdiA, the council was autiiurifcd lu judge
criminal cafes, and five of the counfellors were to make a quorum.
Irfrrior There are moreover three inferior courts of juflice in Canada, which fit at ^wc-

courts of juf. bee, the Ibree Rivers, and Montreal. Thefe arc compofcd of a lieutenant general, a fub-
'**• lieutenant, and the king's procurator. Their appointments were nude by a declara-

tion of May 12, 1578. The notaries, ufhers, and feijeants, have alio (alaries, without
which they could not fubfitl, their ices being next to nothing in lo poor and thinly
peopled a colcny.

Till the year 1692, the criminal jurifdidlion of Montreal belonged to the fupcri-
ors of 5/ Sulpicius, in quality ol the lords of the foil. But then they yielded it up
to the king, on condition, that they fliould continue the fame power withim the
precindts of their fcminary, and their Lrm of St Gabriel, with the fx-rpctual and un-
aliable property of the regiflerfhip of the royal crimiiud tribuml, which fliould af-
terwards be c-ftablifhed in the illand, toijcther with the nomiiuti.in of the firll
judge. This had the royal affuu fignifitd by the edid^, which tfl..b!ilhcd the new
court, dated in March the year following, except the l.id article, which was pro
hoc tnnpore for this time only. The Cup'eme council of %'/•'•, Icrved for a
moHti to thole of the iflands of MurtLico and i'r Domingo, and ot the country of
LtOUtfiana.

Ctiiiiida,

SucccrUeil to

tlic king.

of C A N A D A. ,o.^

\Vc have fccn in what a weak ami l.ingiiilliing condition tlic colony w.is left by tlic '','""r»''y <>'
fnmj'.nvol tiic hiimlrtil allociitcs iiicoriiurattii, 111 162S, tor the llttlctncnt (it (V///./- '■"'"■'■' '■"'''
,/,/, tliKiiyh orient the mi)(t powtrtul tli.it evtr wis formcil, whether witli rtj;arii to the
luiiiihtr ami rank ot its mcmbsrs, or to tlic privilcf^cs ^'r.mtc.l them. They foon grew
wi.iV ot tlie ex}K'ni.c j ami, Iroin the year 1644, thiy alumioncii the fur trade,
winch w,i>. alin^ll the only advantage t.icy reaped lioin it, to the inh ihitar.ts-, reCer-
vinp to thcmlclvcs, lor thtir riglit ot lordih.p, an annual homage ot" a thoiiland
lit.ivcis.

At lart, fiiuiing themfelves reduced to the number of forty five a(T)ciatt<;, they tnade RrC^n ihur

rjhDiotJ-s
king.

n tiif.il rtlieniiicn of all their rights in \t.i)Z to the kiii,r, who lonit; time atter m-

, 1,

eluded A/!.' b'ranci' in the grant wliiili he niude of the hrnich colonics in ^•mrii/t,
in tavoiir of tlic //>// f»Jiit tomjwny, with the right ot n.iming governors .uid other
I flkers. It is true th.it, ..s tins new eonip.iny were not acijuanittd witli perluns
proper for filling the chief polls, they requeued the king to providi- thein, till they
iJKiiiliI be in u condition to make ufe of the privilege he had granted the in ; in
iDu'eiiiience of which reipiotl M. df AUfy was named governor general, and M. R,-
lu-rC inten.lant of AVw France. De Mrfy Wn8 uccecded by M. de Cturcclh-!, who
h.ul niilers to traiifpnrt inhabitants, and the rtgimttit d Caricnan Sn/itns, in or-,.,
ifi r to rcdiiee the I'oquon to rcalon. A gnat number ot tamilies, with a great inul- ctvo lut-
titii 't of mechanie';, and hired lervants, the tiill horfes ever feen in Cittuuh, with r''"
Little, ihcep, and, in fh'>rt, a more coniiderable colony than that which they were
g(>in'j; to fupply was trantported on thib octafion.

1 He viceroy loll no time, but pUciiig himlelf at the head of the troops, led them ,
toil- entry ot Kubilii-ii, in tiie province of AVic I'ork, where he employed thtin tonsbu.u.
in I'i'ildinj; three levcral forts at the l.iine time. The hrft was placed on the Ipot
v/lurc th.it of Richelieu had fomurly flood, fmce called, as al o the river, by the
n.iUie of Sorel, from a captain of the regiment ot Ciirignnn, who had the charjtc of
biii"'in^ it. '1 he (econd was eree'led at the foot of the rift, or water-f.dl, fornitrly
nuiitioned, as you tail up the river. This w.is called h\>t St Lrivis \ but M. Ji'
Cititnhh, captain of the lame regiment, having fince bou;';lit the land on which it
was iituatid, the whole canton, together with the Hone tort fincc built on the ru-
ins of liie old tort, \xar the name ot Chiimh'y. M. ,!,■ SoUeri-s took tipon himlelf tlie
condue't of the third, called 5/ Tl.rrrfii, trom the t'cftival upon which it was tinlfli-
cd. It llaiuls three Kagiies higlicr than the fie mil, and ihis the colonel ehnl'e fir
his own put^. Theic woiks were compleatcd with great expedition, aiul the Ire-
qiiris were at full greatly territkd at their treelion, but loon recovered from their
conlkrnation -, and though their paflage into tiie colony this way was intercl.'.ded, they
prcle-ntly o[>encd tlitmfelvcs fevcfal others. 'Ihat ot (.i!»rtwM', however, covers the colony
of ('.iiHiidit Uithciently on tlic fide ot AV«' lork, and the lower lrc(]U'Js.

I I'ind alujut this time a remonllranee of M. Ti/hn, the intendant, to the king, Ren.orrtran.
eotii(l.iining of the mi(i:hiefs th.it the colony underwent by lenving it to the- man.:gi-f' ■ <"''•'"•
tin lit (if a company, and declaring the advantages that would relulv from the king's j,'',^"],'""'
rclumptioii ot it into bis own dilpnfal j as alio an order trom court, by M. i. Ihert,
for keeping t!ie habitations as dole together as p^liiblc, in order to flrengthcn tlie cv
lonv, whieh was weakened, ;'.s they imagined, by (eparating them at too great a diilanee,
ami reducing the dwellings as inudi as pollible into the t(>rm of the parilhes of Old
li.ime ; ai.d, lallly, the- dileovery of two iron mines in the neighbourhood of (.> ump-
Lun and i'ii[«- A/tigJtilfn, two p.irillies litiiatcd beyond the 'Tl.'ri-r Rirfs. They had
i'.eat expfi'tations alio, trom a t.innery, the tirfl trial of which was :;biind.:f;'!v (uc-
eetstul. Hut what motl flattered their hopes, was, tiie freedom of commeree puWiiheel
in the year 166S. Thi>- year is alio famous lor a number of millions lettled amongll
fl'.e ditlVrent luiliart nations, |>artieularly the Irnjw!!!.

A'li' h' ttr.it' now enjoyed pcrleift repolc f( r tf.e hid time fince its fettiement, itsoior.y at
goveinurs negle(?ling nothing that might contrdnite to its .idvaiieemenf. The lu-ll part \^' <• •"!
of the regiment of (7rtr/^^^/(/« Stiiifn-t had rem lined here, and alinoil all the ii idiers '"'""'"■
Were become planters, having h.ul their dillharge on that condition, bi.x c< mpa-
ni s v{ the l..mc regiment, which had returned to I nirtr,- utfer the Jcfucit war, wire
ordered batk, not only to fln ngthen the mod important ports, but to inereaie the
number of inh.ibitants. Several ot the oflietrs had grants of lands, with the right of
lordlhip. Almoft all of them Icttlcd and m .rried in the cnuntry, wheie their pol-

V f teiity

liO

I biiliii|iic.

CitrM moria-
liiv from l.t
iin^li pox.

/rtfuiii mif-
fion.

P,rr,l

frrnrl- agent
Villi li.e It-
diutti.

Fnnih take
f"'m«l polTcf-
l.on of ccun-

fott Ficnii

rat ku:li.

llijlory of the Diftnvirj cud Sctilcircr.t

tnity flill AiI>I1Aj. Mud part of tlicm were gciwkmcn, wlicncr A'l » F'.iur' lu' i
inoic luimtrous noblcls tliaii any otlKi I'roub tdloiiy, :iikI pfrli.nps more th.in ail
the rtll taktn together, Lallly, tlie luuls in every part where clejrcti, were fbiiiut
to \k very rich. Thub the new inhabitants, vyinj; with caeh otlKT in virtue, imlulliy,
anJ tlie love of I..luuir, were lion in a con.lition Vt lublilt, an^l tlic colony received
great acccllluns ot' llren'^lli, an.l munUers ot iniiahitantii.

In 1670, the chnrch ot i^//,/vi. was cri.i.tcil into a liilliopric, 'Ilie pre.t (iilputcs
W'liith arolc about its inirntiliatc ilipemiancc on the holy lee, on wliieh tlic Vtj\K
wxo intlexible, oecalioneii that atVair to remain lo ionj; uniiefernune<i. 1 Itis, however,
liii;i!ers not the bilhopric ni i^rbci Uom heinj; like that ut /Vv, whieh lioMs iinme-
diately "t ihe Vow, in fomc lort unitcil to the etelefurtical eftabiiihiiK-nt of I'rj'ur.
The kin;;, lor the endowment ot the new bilhopric an I chapter of' the cathedral,
united to tilt m two months, or one lixth ot the revenue ot tiie abbey oi M,iu/>ic ;
anil M. </>■ .SV I'lil.ifr, hiccellor to M. </(• I.avn/, has lince I'niilicr obtainetl there-union
of the abbey of Ihtncfitum, partly to the billiopric, and partly to the chapter.

The lame year an cpi«iemical dillcm^Kr made lad devallation in CtitiiiJii, and nl-
moft totally ilepopulatcd thole vail countries. The yl.'/iianii'^uis particularly have ne-
ver appeared lincc, and if any of them remain, they mull have mixed with othtr
nations with whom the /'nv/t/' are altogetlier unacquainted. At tl »; l.ime time 7<;-
Jou/fitf, wlierc had never appeared fewer than twelve hinulred InJiain in tr-ulinj
time, began to be totally delerted, as well as the 'Thice R.vin, whence the Alvon-
qu:fii removed to Ciif'v MiJgtltiLn, where the Ftc/ub liave Ihll a port, tut 'TiukulJuc
remains dcfolate, and entirely abandoned. Tiie fmall pox was the chief caul'e of this
mortality, and feveral years afterwards the town of HylUry was quite depopulated.
Of fifteen hundred perfons feiicd with that iliflemper, not one cfcaped. In this
year alio we arc to date the foundation of the llurcn village of Lont/o.

In the followinc; year was fettled the Ircquoii mill'ion of the Fiill of St Lrwis, a
colony of that nation converted by the lirmb millionaries, and dclirous of fettling a-
mongll them for the iikc of religion. On the other Iiaiul, many nations of the y//-
go'iquin lang:;age, who had formerly been protected by the i-'ri'iuh colony Irom the
ravages of their enemies, cxprelliDg their gratitiulc and attachment to them in u
more extraordinary manner at this time, that politic people, always awake to their
own intcrcrt, laid liold of this opportunity to cllablifli the rights of that crown over
the mort dillant parts of CanaiLi,

With this view one Pfirot, a man of good family and lenfe, .ind fomc tini'lurc
of learning, and belidcs accuftomed to travel, was lelce'ted to execute this important
commilVion. His nccellhies had thrown hun into the fcrvicc of the Jefuits, which
gave him frequent opportunities of de.-ilii ■; with the Indiam, and learning their lan-
guage. }Ic had acquired their eflccm, and by degrees fo ertedtually inlinu.ited Jiimfcif
into their afiedions, that at lafl he could pcrfu.-»dc them into any thing as he plcaled.
After he had got the ncceifary iullruiltions, he took his progrels and vilited all tliu
Northern nations with whom the I'rench had any commerce, whtjm he invited !>►
come in the fpring following to the /•<;// cf St Mary, where the great Oiion/iij of tl.c
French was to lend them one of his captains, who Ihould declare his pleaiure.
They all gave confent to fend deputies, according to his ilelire. He then proceciied
further VVeilward, and turning towards the South purlUed his journey into the liiiiil'j
territories as -far as Chicagou at tlic bottom of lake MiJ.igtin, where the Muiniit In-
diam then lield their relidcnce.

The chief of this people, who was able to bring into the field an armv of between
four and five thoufand men, gave him a goixl reception, and prelented him with the
pipe, employing the Pout ewat ami i, another Indian nation, to act as his deputies in the
general airembly, at which mod of the Indians, at lead thoie in the Fr,->itl.i inter-
cd, appeared by their deputies. On thi;. ocealioii the Sieur <.V .S.' Lufjln, as lubdelegatc
of the iniciui.mt of New France, by virtue ol" a f})ecial cummiliion, prcteiuied t'>
take poirellion of all theic countries for the French king. Next year was built the
fort at Cataraqiii, otherwife Fort Frontauic.

Two ditVerent bouies of men, the lall of them conliderable, had been tranfporteti
from (lid France, though not enough to fecure the Canadiarn from the lears of the
I'ive Nations. The I'ort des SahLs, and tiiat at Siapara, were built on this ocea-
lioii. Ihe Ircquon however began their ul'ual iiieuriions next year into tanadti,

Iprcading

of C A N A D A.

J 1 1

fprciiiiig every wlierc (iith terror anil defolation, that the French governor, in a

l.'t.r ti) till- Mirijiis//.- St-ig't /iiv. (.iVN tli.it luithiiv^ but tli: cxtr.uinliiury pr^'vi- (iia t,y'nu;'

jiiiRC ol the Aiiiii.;uy t'liilil pi.Iihly hivc l.ivc^i CtiniiJii iiotn dcftriidtion. I hiid w.»ik>.

that the whole t.jrcc whith Qi'i.iJa w.is capable ol raif'm^; thi^ year, was only cii^ht

hiiiulicil iHjn, bcli ics tlic regulars, t>f whom tluy nude but frnall account, as tlicy

w. re utterly uiiacquaintcd with the lnJiti/i mmnL-r (H h/jitiu;,', which coiitltlcii in aii-

mivin^ the iiiiinv, whilll thiy Ucurcil thcnilJvcs troni thiir (liot, \y Ikulkin^ bt-

hiiiii trees an.l thickct>. I'licir niilli inarics, liowcvcr, Ji>l what all tlic l'n/ul> in

N^rib Jhh: uj could never have eftedcd, by diUrminj; the fuiy of the Five

Nations.

The revolution happcninp; in the mean time, war was declared ngaind Fntncf, FrmehJitU'ijii
where a tkli'ii was lorimd to begin hortilitics ii Amtiicii with the coriiuKll ot MrjiK*"^^/:'"
itfk. For this tftlilt Count /•'cw/r/wr was made j;ovcrrior i;eniral ot l.juti.lti, the ,,"(.,
projedts then in agitation, and the Hate of atVair^ in that country, nquiiin;; at their
ticail a ptrlon of expciiciicc and relolutiun, ,u(piaintc.l with the places, and fit to
tranladt matters with the Indiant. His indru.tions related to the driving the En-
glilh tiom Huii/iii's B>iy and AcaJia, but chietly to the enteiprilc a^ainft Sew
}i,rk. This plan, otlierwilc in all appearance to<j well digeflcd to have failed, was
hmvcver dikoneerted by two things, which it is impolViblc to guard againft, the in-
conlluiuy of the winds, and the uncxptded obllacits occurring to thole who were
to execute the ditTercnf part' of it, which prevented them from bringing things to bear
in goovl time, i'o as to ae't with u:'ion.

Ilothlitie- llill continued K-tween the French and Iroqufiiu though with moft advan- $-,fl:j exj<e
tigj on tlic lidc ol the toimcr, till \()()o, when Count Frtnteriac was infirmed that an ^ °' '8"-''
lofioif and Englijh army was employed at Lake St Sacrament, in making preparations "'
to attack Montrciil \ on which advice nothing was omitted to put the place in a go(jd
pillurc of ilctencc. AInioll ut the fame time news was brought, that a fleet of thirty
lliips had fet lail trom Ih/i','!, in order to attack S^itehec by the river of St Laurence, and
Jiad been out upwards of /i\ weeks, which caukd the more lurptifc, as the French liad
never (o much as heard of the tiiuipment of an armament at that place. The governor
Jiad Icarcc embarked, when he was acquaintcil that the E'igUjh Hect, to tlic number of
thiity four fiil, w^re already at the Ilk oti I'ouJres, fifteen leagues from S>u-l)ec. And
fonic /n;/tZ'autlv irs are of opinion that had the governor delayed but tJirec days longer
his dirival at that capital, he would have lound it in the huiuis of the Engli/h j
or, that, if their Hect had not been iletained by contrary winds, or had been better
proviikd with gonl pilots, that city had certainly been taken before they could have
any inf)rmitioM at Mintreal that it was Ixlieged. If this be true, as there is all tlie
realbn in the woild to iKlicve, we are not to wonder at the encomiums which
t!ic I'rencb writers bellow on Count Frontenac j and it is laid, with ureat iullicc, that
never did I'urprife do greater houijur to a general, or cover with more ihamc thofc
who ought to have made their advantage of it.

The hril thing the governor did, after the confirmation of this news, wa? to or- I'rfpmiion
der the Chevalier ile Citillii-res to haOen to 'J^ehrc with all pollible diligence, with'' "'<
all his troops, except lomc companies left lor the defence of Montreal, and to caiile
all the inliabitants he could pollibly get together on his way to follow him. Tlio
conn: then marchevi without lulling to ii^ii-hec, where he arrived in the nis;Iit of
Ociober 14, aiivl learnt th.it tne h.w^liil: fleet wa; at the lower end of the palKige of the
///<• &/' Or/eiSfi<. He w.iS entirely f.itistied with the dilpofitions the fort maj >r had iiLule,
an t tlvj condition in which he had put the pl.ice. 'Ibis ollicer had got into it a coiui-
derable iiumluT of iiilutiitants in the lie ighboui hood, who tellihed much courage ami
rclblution, and, though he had no more than tivc liavs to repair the rortitications, he
h.ul, however, left not one weak place in all the city, which he had not fecurcd
agaiiill any luiprile. The general caufed lome additional intreiicliments to be in -de
where nccellary, and re^)cated the orders which the miior had fo iuJicioullv i;ucn,
for a body ul militia, which covered ^/r^v towards the ro.id, not to ijuit th'ir
polls, till Inch time as they Ihould lee tlie tnemy mike a defcent, ami att.ick the-
iv)Jy of the i)l.ice, in which cale t:r.v ihoiild hol.i tliemfelves in rea iinefs to inarch
upon the full notice. M. </c l/'r^utt/ hid been lent, with a bo>iy ot l/iirim and
Abenaqiiis InJiain, to oblervc the motions of the tiect. All the upper banks of
tie liver of St Laurence were well lined with troops, the inhabitants ihewing

veiv

112

rrtnih rfcoii
lioine thi£/i
^i:jh lltct.

Augment

ITijlory of the Difcovcry n;u/ Sc!:larr!;f

every wlierc a firm rtioliition to eM.rt tluMnUlvcs with vi;',oiir. Ti.us tl-,^- /v.;? '.',7'
coiiKl not icmi lo imicli as a nn(:lc b<ut to IIidic, witlioiit Ixiii- c\-|inti,i to the
fire ot their iimfqiiJtry. Ami, lalUy, bodies <it militia were coiillaiitly .irrivinj; fr<«m
Moiifn\i/and tlic 'Tbm Rnrrs, and' all eii'ially reloliitc with thole in the nci-^hboiir-
homi ot the eapitai.

On the titteenth, the Chevalier (/<■ i'<iu.i>;iti/, conimav.vl.-r ot th- tr.iips fa out
earlv in the morinnij, to [^o on tiie dileovery, and to ehar'je the eiumy il th-v ihnnM
make an attempt to land, with txprets injunctions from count I-)cftt,:i/!i- i;ot t.) lole
iiuht of them, and to lend him advice continually of ;dl their motions ; all wliivJi he
executed perleCtly well. As they cNpedeil tome ihips Irjm I nimv, and as it w;.s
viry rcafonably apprehended that they might in.ulvertt-ntly till into the hancis cf tin;
enemv, the governor ceneral dilpitched, tlic fame day. two cino'.s well manned
throut-ii tlie'leller channel of the ///<■ of OrLuuis, with onkrs to fail as tar down the
river as poliible, to meet tliofe ihips, and to warn them ot their danger mi the prc-
fcnt conjunc^ture.

He cauled men to work, at the fame time, with all c\prdition on a battery of
ihrntcnifia ci^ht pieces of cannon on the eminence near the citadel, which was finilhcd on the
'""■' morrow. Hence the fortifications, begun at the palace, on tiie banks of the ri-

ver St Charles, atcended towards the higli town, wliich they inclofed, and emled at
the mountain on the tide of Cifr Diiimc.J. There was alio railed a palilade, w!iic!i
rciched (rom the beach to the doyller of the feminary, where it was terminated by
inacccllible rocks, called flv Stiikr's /rap, near which was a battery ot three gtuis. A
fecond palifadc was alio crciJlcd above the foimer, and ended at tiie fame place, in
o"der to cover the mutqucteers. In the lower town were two b.ttirics, each ot"
tiiree eighteen pounders, difpofed in the intervals of tlic batteries of the hi;.;h town.
The avenues of the place, not defended by pates, were barricaded with matly
be-ams, ai 1 gabions, mounted with pattcrcros. 'J'lie road which winds tr(in the low
to the high town, was cut by three ditKrent intrenchments with j'.:bions, and a kind
of chevaux de frize. In the courl'e of the liege a tecond battery was ere(Jled at the
Siii/or's li\ip, and a third at the gate which leads to the river .SV (.7, ;r/,'j. F.atlly, fe-
veral pieces of cannon were dil'poled at proper diilances round the hij^li town, and
particularly on the mount of a windmil, wlii.h fervcd for a cavalier.

On tlie morning of the fixteenth Vau.ircuii returned to y^/rMr, and reported that
lie had left the Englifh fleet three leagues from the city, at anclior, in a place callcil
the liithcrcd tree, and indeed it was plainly li^en from the hci'^hts after day light. It
confilU'd of thirty four tail, of different force and liimcniions, and, according to re-
port, had on board tJirec thoufand land forces. In advancine; up the llrcam, the
fmaller vetVels t^retched along the Ueoupre fhorc, between the illc of Orhcn and
the Lejjcr Riirr, the others keepinjj the middle of the channel ; and about ten
the whole fiect came to an anchor.

Immediately a boat was dilpatched from the tkct, carryisig a white llrj:, anil a
trumpet, who was met half way, blind-folded, and in that manner conducted into
the fort. He was then, after being uncovered, led into a magnificent apartnunt, in
wiiich were alTembled the governour general, the billiop, and the intendant, tur-
rounded by a crowd of oflicers, which threw the mellcngcr into tome cont'ufion, oc-
calioncd, according to the I'Vench writers, not only by the light vt to brilliant a com-
pany, but alio on teeing a place in fo warlike a pofhire, which, fr >n> t!ie r.port of
tome prifonen;, had been reprctented, but a few days betore, us with mt citiier gene-
ral, troops, or fortifications ; lo that Urigadeer I'bipps nvule n > doiil-t of lleepin.' in
iiue/>ec the night after calling anchor Iwforc it, as he cxprellld himfcif to his men
with abundance of prefumption. liut it ought to be ohu rvtd that the trumptt, be-
fore lie arrived at the place where the governor was, had been c.irned quiii r )iin 1 the
place, where every one was thoroughly bulv, and hard at work, to make liiiii con-
ceive the higher opinion of its llrer ,rli. 'I'he lummons, requiring the liirrciider of
the place, was delivered in the name of their mai«l>ier, King li'ilii.-.m „nd (>ueen

Mtiry.

Anuvfrofiiie Tic anfwer was in temu telUfying the higheft indignation ; and fome of ti;- lom-

ot!i..i,.i^,i pany were lor treating the bearer ot the lummons aa the mclli;nger of a pirate, not

Koveii'ji, only, laid they, on accoimt of Phippi's l)cing in .iMns againft his lav.fn! fovcrei;';!!,

meaning Jame^ II. but alto as that general had violntt^ the capitiil.it;.)i« of l''rt

K:;.l/,

Efi-n/i fi.-tt

in Ijjilit ot

l,gl,t

Admiral f'jm
Bioiii Uie
place.

cf CANADA,

Rnal, which he \\:A lately taken, by retaining prifoncrs fomc of the garrifon, contra-
ry to liis tilth given, and to the law of nations. The anfwcr of Count Frontcnac,
tluni^li mure luo.lc.atc, \v..s no Id's linart. Ami turning to the trumpet, who had
givtn liiiH an hour to m.ik.c his anlwcr, " I will not, faid he, caufc you to wait long
for my ..nlwcr, which is this : " I know not any king of the name of William ; but
1 know t!ic Vniic: of Orange to be an ulurpcr, who has violated the mod facrcd
rights, both of bloo.l and of religion, by dctiironing the king his father-in-law. I
kiiuvv no other lawful fovcreign in EnglanJ, but James II. Sir If^illiam Phippt ouglir
not to be lurpril'ed at the hoililitics committed by the Frenclj and their allie<; ; as he
ou,:ht to have known that the king my mailer, having received tiic king of Kiig/auJ
unii>.r his protection, woultl order me in confequencc to make war on a n:ition who
huvc rehtjUed agjinll their lawful fovcreign. Could he think, had lie even otTertd mc
more tolerable terms (thofc were to linrcndcr at difcretion) that 1 could have lietii
t.ipal>lc of accepting them ? Could lie believe that fo many brave men would have
tonlented to them, and advife mc to trutt the word of a man who has violated the
capitulatiori made with the governor of yLinJia -, who is wanting in point of fidtlitv to
his lawful prince ; who has forgotten all liis almoft tiumlKTlefs favours, to follow the
caulc of a foreigner, who, whilll he would pcrfuadc the world that he has no o-
tlier view than to become the deliverer of EngLinJ, and the Defender of the Faith,
has dellroyed the laws and privileges of the kin^^iom, and overturned the Church of
R'lgliinJ ; and which I make no doubt but the divine juflice, which Phipps calls to
witnef;:, will one day punilh with fignal fevcrity ?" The trumpet dcfiring to have
this anlwcr in writing, I'ronteiuic faid, " I am going to fend your mailer my anfwcr
frotn tlic moutlis of my cannon ; he Ihall know what it is to fend a man of 'onour
fuch a fummons."

Wlien he had ilone fpcaking, he made a Itgnal for blind folding the trumpet, who
was inlbntly difmilled, and the moment lie had got on board began the fircing
from one of the batteries of the lower town ; fo that the Englijh general faw him-
Iclf obliged to bcliege a place in form, which, he concluded, would not have had
the boldni-fs to make any defence. What might be looked upon as an ill omen, the
full Ihot ftruck down the admiral's flag, whicli being born along by the tide, fome Cana-
dians threw thcmfcKcs into the river, and fcizcd it, in fpite of a continual fire made up-
on them Iron) the fleet, and carried it in triumph to the cathedral, where, if I am
rightly informed, it Hill remains.

The chief objciit of the governor was to draw the EngliJJj to crofs the river S/
Clti'/is, in hopes of attacking the place on the only lidc which olfcred any probabili-
ty of lucccls. The realon of his policy was, that as this river w.is only lord.ible at
low w.itcr, when once the Englilh troops hat! paflcd it, they miglit be engaged in
order of b.ittle without any great luzard ; and, (hould they be obliged to give ground,
they could never be able to rally, being under a necctlity (jf marching half a league
up to the knees in nuul, bclore they could get to their boats. Should the I'leiuh, on
the other hand, crols the river to attack the enemy, they rauft, as the governor well
faw Ik cxpoled to the fime diudvantagc and hazard. The former realor.ing might
alii) be retorted, by luppollng that, h.id the Freiub been Iw.iten umier their walls, and
on the fide luxt the city, the conquerors might have entered it pell mcll with the
runaways. 1 he general, however, was fo confident of the bravery of his troops,
that he never apprehtiuled this inconvenience ; bcfides, as he did not intend to leave
the place intirvly witliout troops, he would always be able to fupport Jiis own peo-
ple, and make gooil his retreat under any dif.ulvantages. What hapix:ned foon alter,
jtilliiad his opinion.

On the eighteenth, at noon, the boats with .ibout fifteen hundred men rowed to thr
fli )rc, and l.mded them without oppolition ; on which Count i->c v/i .;<.•(■ lent a dct.ich-
nicnt of the militia, fo tlie nunilier oi about three hundrtd, to h,;rals them. A> the
ground tint w.iy is Iwampy .unl boggy, and int.uigled with ihrubs and ur.deiwood,
and rough with rocks, as the tide w.is out, and they mull march through the mud to
pet at the enemy, they totdii only attack them by platoons, and by way ot ikirmilh-
ing ; The fame inconveniences lay in the wav of the Enghlk. Hoth lides theretore
were obliged to fight in the Indian manner, whicli, as J am told, not a little cmbar-
tafled the troops which had l.nuled, the Fraub (hitting and Ikulking troin riKk to
lock, in plices whicli were perfectly familiar to thcni, and mightily galluig the Engli/h,

(; ^ who.

1 I

The trutr, :t
difmiffoti-

An ill oir.cn.

Stratngrm of

the f/,".-9

genera! .

r-:i/7 1.11 J
W ikirin !h.

1 14

lUjloty of the Difcovety and Settlement

ricct nnno-

Aclion< of

I'lc lai.d
Iprccj.

who, as they were drawn up in b.itullions, could not Air from their [>l.icc, wliilll f?ic
oti.Lr-, who tuoi< jim, and Icarcc ever milled, coulil not be lecn. As tliis kind ot fi;;ln-
iiv h,id rut the tmops ot the invi.dcrs in U me dilorder, it was judged proper to beat
tile ri.tre.it lor tlut d.iy. Tiie Frcthh, however, were not without ioine lols of men,
aniongtl whom were lume pevtons ot'eoniiderable note.

The lame evening the tuur largcll ihips in the navy came to an anchor bcfi)rc
the titv. The rear-iidniiral, with tiie blue ri.ig, was Rationed on the left, oppolilc
to the Sdihr's Id.p, the admiral to the rii^ht ot him, and the vicc-aiimiral fomewhat
lower, while the i'ourth, with the Hag ot admiral in ehiet, advanced towards Cafx
Diiimihi On this a great fire enfued on both lides, the ri.et directing their cannon
chi(.Hy againrt the high town, but with little damage. About ci;;,ht o'clock at night
the tire ce.il'eil, and begm ag.iin the nc.v:t morning, though with lei's briiknels on the
part ot tiie fl-et Some time after the Ihip of the rear-admiral had been fo dama-
ged by the b .tteries at the Sailor's leap, and the battery under it in the lower town
towards the left, th.it (he was obliged to witiidraw. The admiral was n;jt long behind
her, liaving received leveral lliot un.ler water, and above twenty in Ikt hull,
her rigging cut to pieces, her main- malt almoll carried away, and many of her peo-
ple kilkd or wounded. Ihe tv\o ether (hips held rut (on c time after, but at
noon iliey gave over firing, and at five in the evening drew otV to take (lielter out of
the rcaih ot the guns ot the tort in the bay of j\.ctf.'rrs, behinil Qi/<e DiamcnJ,
TIiv.y itiii not, howevLf, remain long in that ftation, wlieic they were cxpoful to the
fire ot tiie mu ijnetry, which killed them a gre.it many men, and obliged them to
withdraw to a greater diftancc.

The Englijh troops remained quiet in tlieir camp till the twentieth, the Firncb
cealing to niulell them, when, after beating to arms, and remaining in order of bat-
tle till two in the afternoon, they made lome motions a-; if they would march to-
wards the citv, with platoons on their wings, and InJiiiiis in their van. They coafted
for lome time the River St Charles in good order, when they were oppoled by a
body ot volunteers, who cut them Ihort, and fk. nullied as they had done on the
firft attaek. 1 he fire of thefe troops made them retire to a wood, whence they tired
very brilkly, and the Frei.ib retired ii. good order, but witli the lofs of lome of
their bell ofiicers. Dunng this atlion Count Fro/,7f//rtf advanced t the head of three
batallions of his troops, and drew them up on the banks of tiie ielfer river, determi-
ning to crofs it, if the volunteers had been too much prelTcd. Tfie Rfiglijb received
five field pieces from on board the fliips in the night following, and the next cay they
%//,Zatt.Kk moved forwards with a delicn to batttr the city in breach, but were met by Icvcral
bodies of miiitia and volunteers, wlio, after feigned retrcits m order to draw tfiem
into ambulcadef, which they h.id laid for them, at lafl took pod in a houle which
had been fortified with palilades, and was advantageoully leated on an eminence,
where they made lo brifk a fire, that the army was obliged to halt. The Englijh
then fet about battering the houfe with iheir artillery ; but tiicir cannon, it Teems,
were fb ill fervcd, that it did little or no damage. They continued, liowever, firing
till nig'it, both with artillery and Irnall arms, during whicli time they were anl'wer-
cd by the bittcry which commanded the lelTer river. After thib tliev retired, and,
as wc are told, with conlidcrable lots, and at lirll in tolerable good order, till the
great bell of the cathedral ringing as if it had been the lii;nal tor all tlie troops in
the place to fally cut upon them, thiy were Ui/eii with a p.'.nie, and made what
hafte they could to regain their tamp. \\ hillt thile tilings palied on the fide
of the little river, two men of war that were above Quebec fell (iown with the tide
to tlitir old rtation, and as they palled the city exchanged f(;me ll-.ot with it.

On tiie night of the twenty firll the E'i:^ljJ.' made ule of the extreme ilarknefs,
and the r.iin wliich then fell to break up tlieir camp, dwd get on bourd, leaving
their cannon behind them.

What probably dilconcerted the E/iglijlj general, was his leti'ig all the troops of
the colony allemhled at i^iehec, whereas he had greatly dipeiuled on a Uiong di-
vtrfion in his favour on tlie lidc o{ 'vhiitrcal. lie had lome groun-ls for this cx-

in vain.

Ucc^unp.

Cr.ofi;! of a
'111 pi-'ijirt
mciii dtic t

p|;^I." "'"'''' pei'.ition, fincc there was a bi>dy of three thouland men, coiiliding of Enytil) , Iro-
quois, and Miihiiii^ai:!, appoint^-d to fall upon the terrifoiy ot Mcntreu!, wliilll i;^//f^cf
was bcfagcd by the E'lgii/ii fleet. There was reaion Liiough to eone u !e tha' Cana-
dn, wealieuedby its grt^t ioiUs tiic preceding years, would be forced to ykiJ, to two tuch

puwcital

of CANADA.

»'<;

f)owcrful cfTcirts, ;in.l vvc may Gfcly f.iy that nothing but providence prevented its Pal-
ing into til- ii.iii .^ ot tlic E'iglij!:.

The c.iilc ol till, d'l.i_»|':)iiitiin.iit was afcribed to the fmall p , which got among
th-: A/.////y."; '.•;,/..//.< wiinll they w^rc nurchini; to the place of rendezvous ;
wh^i.cc ill ; 1 jf]:i<..i, diiginKd with the dcl.iy occiiioned by it, and dreading the cf-
fcU o:' t.v : iatal ihit.ni >cr, witich was ahnoll new to them, left the camp. And
their ..,;>; viictilions vseu hat t x) well foumied, fincc they loft above three hundred
or tlieir people who iiaii tontme'ted the inleittion, and hence it came to pais that the
whole army was dilptrlcd. Another caiile is faid to be occafioned by the refu-
sal of tile E'i:Jijh to cmbarii on burd the cano>-s of the I'c^juois, whicii arc made
of lli.::it in..tcrials, as ot the bark ot trees, for fear of drowning. The hcvr/'^ re-
proach..! them with cowaidite, and retufed to have any furtlier dealings witli fuch
dalLirds. The true cauli:, however, fetms rather to be the policy (^f thofe Indians, i>„:\^. ^i j.,
who would willingly hold the balance between the two great Euffean power?, ?«:"■
whom they equally dread, and prtvci.t as much as poflil>Ie the one tiom entirely
exterminating tiie other, juftly concluding that they themlelves mufl become the next
viiitims to tiie ambition of the conquerors.

The!e dilappointincnts, with the tailing of a divcrfmn on the fide of il/>'?/, .■.,•/, siege ^f::^^.;.
and tiie im[iraCtic.il)lent(s ot torcing a w.iy to i^/c/w crofs the river .S7 Chiiilcs, made ^'« '» •cvT'
General I'hipps think of raifiiig the fiegc, which he did, and fet fail, on the evening
of the twenty tiiiid, having loll in the three actions, according to fome accounts,
near fix Inmdrei of his men, and exhaullcd all his ammunition of every lort, to-
gether wltli moll part of his own fortune.

The year following the linglijh of Nnv fork made preparations for attacking Mont- Afo„tr,ni(n:'..
rCiil, whiclj was now in a condition to defeml itfelf, by the raihng of the liege of """"°"'^"''
.<iV/ '.V. This fort flood thirty paces from the river, on a fleep rock, (ituated betwixt""''
two meadows, one of vvhicli is cut by a hnall river within gun fliot of the f)rt, and
a little further by a hollow; and between them there is a llream, with a mill on it.
On this li le, to the left of the fort, the militia were encamped, with fome Indians,
who then happened to be at Montna/. The regular troops encamped on the right,
and the oihcers had pitched their tents on a riling ground oppofite to them.

About an hour before day break the enemy were difcovercd, by a centincl, falling ^^,^^^ ,^^
in between tiie firll river and the hollow ; but after this they luid gained the banks oVihc fr^y'-
the river, and finding the quarters of the militia unprovided, had driven away the
few that remained in it, and taken pollcllion of it. On the alarm made by the cen-
tincl, t!ie commander m.irchcd at the head ot the troops, one part of wlunn took the
way of the beach, ami the other that of the meadow, marching round the fort. The
battalion commaiuled by the oKicll olHcer arrived hrll in fight of the qu.irter of the
militia, and as he lufpedted all was not well, he halted in order to make what dii'co-
veries he could, when he received a dileharge of mul'quetry, in which he was mor-
tally Wounded. The fame inllant the other battalion came up, and fell upon the e-
iiemy, who, after a vigorous relillance againfl luperirr number^, made their retreat in
good ofvicr, with very inconliderable lofs on the part of the Eng/i/f.\ but more
on that of the /•/■.v. '> who had the advantage. The firmer perceiving a linall
Fn-ncb detachment, which followed them pretty dole, laid an ambufeade for tiicm,
ui which every man perilhcd. CJrowii more confident with this tuccel's, they took
tiie fame w.iV by v.liieh they came, when their Itouts difcovcred the advanced guard
of a body of tr.'op« coming •" '.he relief of the pl.ice ; and, coiieludiivj; they Ii-id no R^i-jiW hy
n-i'ire tlian the handful they I v to deal with, they tell upon them with >ut h.-litation. '''" ^'■"'*-
'1 here happened to be the trunks of two large trees lying on the ground, behind
which the Er.-'ich oriicer, with much lagacity, drew up his men, ordering them to
li tli' on tlieir facc^ till the tirll lire of tiie enemy was fpent. Then riling up, ho
t.irmed them into three IvKiies, and charged the enemy fo fiercely, that thev were c-
vcry where obligCil to give w.iy. After, however, rallying twice, and returning to
the light, which lafled an hour and half, they were forced to Ixtake themlelves to llight
in great conhilion, leaving lix-fcore dcid on the I'pot, and twice that number wound-
ed, with the lols of colours and baggage. The I'ri.'u/.i allow themlelves to have had
;i\!v killed, and as many woumleil, in this ihor: but iharp adlion.

Thus was Ciin.idu rendered piwertul ami flourilhing, in compariton of what it had
be.n but two years ago, through the vigilance, activity and liimncis of Count /•>?'/-

ii6

Hijlory of the Difcovcry otul Se!t!a!i>:;it

ted,

tciiac. Tliere fcciiiLtl but little caufe of apprehending any attempt from Ea^lu/J,
and the incurfions of the Irojuois rather m.uli; the inli.ibit.mts uuc.ily, tli:in did them
any real detriment. In the year 1695 arrived a deputy fioni tlii- Hr.ux, dcii'.indii ;<;
Addrcf<rfa jj,^. protetit'on of the governor gentral, the tcremoniai ot whieii is wortli relating.
UiT"w°'" Apprciching the Count with a very dilmal air, and placing both liis hands on his
knees, he conjured him witii tears in his eyes to have eonipuinon on liiin j aiiding
that whereas all the other nations had tl)eir tatlier, yet he for iiis part had none, be-
ing in the condition of a child that had been abandoned and dtfertcl by it;; pan-nts.
Then extending a robe of beaver-lkin on the ground, he placed on it two and twenty
arrows, and, taking them up one after another, n.uned at each arrow the name of
feme village, for which he, at tlie fame time, demanded the general's protection.
The Count confented ; though no care has fincc been taken to prcferve that nation in
the French interert, and though a great profit might be got from the hidcn and wool
of the buffaloes, with which their vaft plains liavc been already faid to abound.
J. J In 1696 the /rt'w/) formed a projedt of invading the provinces of AVv liii^lanj

fchcme of in. and Ncw 2'ork, By the plan of operations, their army was to march fiom Mjitrcal,
vafion ffuitra. 2p J {j].g yJHnjny, and from thence proceed to New I'ori, and, with the allinance ot a
French fleet, to reduce Bo/lon, the chief ditliculty of which they feemcvl to pl„cc
rather in the extreme uncertainty of the jundtion of all the troops neceflary for fuch an
undertaking, the vaft expence of time requifite for fuch a delign, and, laftly, the
difficulty of carrying provifions for an army onboard of canoe?, whieli was looked
upon as almoft uniurmountablc. The fleet defigned againit lic;'on was to c:)idi(l of
ten (hips of the line of battle, one frigate, and two fire lliips, commanded by the
Marquis Je Normand, who, after joining with a fquadron fitting out at Rd hforl, lui-
der the command of M. de Alugnon, was to proceed witij all diligence to the B..y of
Piacentia, in hopes to be early enough to prevent the ^Lnglijh from recoin|ucring
what they had loft the year before in Neii:Jou>idland, And if he found them be-
fieging riticctitlii,, his orders were to attack them, and, in cafe of fuccels, to fet lail
for PcHtdgoet in Acadia, and thence to difpatch a vclfcl to ^lehec, (o haften the de-
parture of Count Frontenac, who was to repair to him with 1500 men. This junction
made, and the troops embarked, they were to fail inftantly for Bolton, and, after taking
it, to fcour all the coaft as far as Pefcadoue, ruining all the plantations as bij{h up tht
country as pofTiblc. If this fuccccded, they were to attempt Mawhatts, if tiie lealon
permitted, and, after reducing that city, to leave beliind the troops of Caiiadii, who, in
their return homr, were to ravage the colony of New 1 ork. The failure of carrying
this vaft projeft into execution Father Char/n<oix afcribcs folely to want of dilij^ence.
But an Engii/kman will take uccalion, from this bold and milchievous, and, as it ig
imagined, well laid fchcme, to refleft with joy and trembling on the late danger of
his colonies from the much more flourilliing and ti)rmidable (late ot CanaJu in theic
later times. But what has he ftill to expcdt, if tiie French be (uftered to poilc('s and
people Louifui'.a, a country larger than Ewope, fituatcil under the fintft climates, and
at the back of h.'s plantations ? He will fee no way to remove his juft apprelumiuns,
from the thriving progrefs of the enemy in thofe parts, but by the conqutil of di'iiiiia.
To this we have now an open door, which the French will never he able to thut
while we have Louijhurg in our hands, the reftoration of which li.n lince appeared
only juftihable by the neceffity of extricating our faitiifiil allies l:oin their viirhvuities
and procuring them good and iionourahle terms ot pe.ice.

A peace having be-cn concluded in Eu>opc, conimi(rio!ijr<; were appointed to fertls
the limits of the territories belonging to the two crowns in yltirriai, which ii.id be-.-n
the occafion of much wrangling and bloo'ihcd. According to thi, icttlcimiit, tlie
limits of Canada, in which AaJia (cems to h ve been coniiiehen led, wire aili.'jietl ..t
the river ot St George, fituated almoft at an equal did.nice Irom hi ..1) 'jui .,n,l i\n:j.
goi't I wiicreas they had formerly been extended as fir as the firil of tnole two places.
Nothing was determined with refpea to the country of the In'/uv, tho'.e Iniius'h pre-
tending to an abiohite independancc 0.1 eiiher n tion Ail /•'/(./, •.'- B.i\' w.ss ,ii o let't mi
the hand* of the F'cich, who were in the ai'tu.d putFcfti >n ot it, as well - of the ijl.a.d of
Ca/e B'lto:, being then of fmall coiit quencc, and ih. l^t 1 inci't t'lere Ininji too nicon-
fidtrahle to give any caufe of unea(inel> t'^ the /•>,•"./(/'•; t)uttiie ^var, wliicli broke out
foon alter between the two crowns, reiiuttcd the d'.-cili jji oi boundaries to tiie -ate of ara)3.

M. de

''fliriits.

of C A N A D A. ,17

^f /• Cailllcrei Aicccciling Count Vrontcnac in the government of C<//w</./, was '"'"<•' n
wiliiiiii to t..i.i: advanti^-jc ot the favourable difpofition of the Iroquois towariis a peace ; l/;«',/,,"l,j^f
an.i, 111 Ipite of the oppotition ot the j^ovcriior of AVw 70)1:, he fiicceedcd fo well, that, lot p»acf.
in 1 7>)i, the ikpiities of i\\c Cuiir.gouins, Tfomiontlrjnins, Onn'jiiteigues, OnneyoiMs, and
v^C rj, the five nations included under the general name of Iroquois, in the
Jiri'i/ij colonics, and better known by the names oi Senfcas, Qiyu^a's, Ononiia^ocs, O-
linUi'i; and Molmwh, arrived at Montreal. They were foon followed by thole of the
InJitft nations in the l-'rcu./.' intercll, when the Raf, who was the orator and chief of
the deputation of the Huroimii Mnhiliinnkinac, made the governor a very fine com-
piiiiiciit in the name of all the r-.ft.

This treaty had hetn effeflcd by t!ie ncgociations of the Sicur <lc Court rmatiche, and r^'"''""'''' ''>
of FathL-r /in^i-h-dii, who had been fent with a commifiion for that purpoCe. In their atkn/"""'
proprels, on their aiiival at Mirbilimakinac, they found aiino'l all the luJinns abfent
lit lumting ; whcicfure, after dil'patching nieireni^ers to inform llicm of the caufc of
their arriv.il, the Count left his colieguc to tranladt matters with the Huroiis and Outa-
icais, and repaired to the river of i/ 7?/''/'^'> where he met the Mifimis, and parties of
tiie F ./i.'iwiifcimis, Sokokis, Outiigatnts, Hurous, and Mj'.ingan Indians. Hence he
proice.led to the Ji'inoi', and, in his return to Ckicagou, vifited tlic Oyuitancus, a nation
cf the Miamis. In Mav follow Iim^ he took a progrefs to the country of the Ma/'ccu-
ti'is, and, continuint; liis journey towards Hu Ipri's Bay, met fcveral bodies of the Sakis,
Otcbagras, Mtill.oiiiiiics, Outngamif, VouteTvatamis, and Kikuf'cus. Thence returning to
Michilniiakiniic, he foii'ul the negociation happily concluded by tiie /cal and addrefs
of Father y^/'qi/'vr/. On the Count's arrival the father fct out for Montreal, leaving
the Count at Machiiimakittac, where his prefcncc was neceflary for removing fomc
fciiiples that urole with refpcd to the reftitution of prifoncrs, which thofc nations had
t.^Iion from the Imquoi', fomc being defirous of retaining them, in order to treat fc-
parately with the cantons of that people, vvhilft others wanted only to embroil mat-
ters, tourtmid'hbc hid many ditlicultict to encounter, moft ofthofe nations being
in arms againlf the Iroquois, and m.iny of them one againft another ; but he had the
good fortune to furniount them all, and at laft embarked for Montreal, with a fleet
of I So canoes.

Before the meeting of the general alTembly of the Indians abovcmcntioned, the go- niff;cuii;«s
vcrr.or lieKl priv.ite conferences with the depv.tits apart, though there had been alrea- '"""" •
dv a preliminary iieh.ite, in which the deputies thieriy infilled on lowering the price
of commodities, anil purehafing all their ledlr peltry, braver Ikins beginning to grow
fauee. At l:ill eviry thing being fettled With the deputies in particular, it remained
only to (l^n the articles, and proclaim the pe.;ee.

For the performance of this folemnity a lui^c p!:in w.^s cliofen without the city,
furrciunded with a double inclofure, at one end ot which was crcdted a canopy for the r/vr./govci-
ladie-i aiu! principal pcrfoiis of the place. The troops were drawn up round the liib, '" , H'«i-i>
rod mc I'liii.ns, in numtxr 1300, were drawn up within them ni ueautitul order, put.c.
'J'lic r.ovcTnor, attended by M. ./c Cbampig>!\, the C'hev.dier </<• /'audri-uil, and the priii-
eij\i! iiliieers, placed hiinlelt fo as to be feeii and heard by all the people, and aJdref-
fing hiiiKelf to the Indians told them, in few won'.?, that he had the vear before e-
llabhdud a peace between all the nations. But as none of the Northern and Wef-
tern penple, except the Hurcns and Outimais, had btc.'i prelent at tlie tieatv, he had
aequairi'.' 1 thr others with his delire, that they (IkhiIiI fend deputies, at whole ge-
neral ani;;-.My he might fokninlv t,;ke the h.itchct out of their hands, and declare to
all thofe who Ihould ackiiowkdj;^" him for their father, that he tui^k upon him to
be, fur the time to c(<:nf, the arbiter ol all their liiflercnces. He thercture advikil them
to l>)r.;et all th.it was pill, and iiitruft .dl their concerns to his maii.igenieiit, in \^lneli he
would Like care to fee ibict julHce done. He addc.: 'hat they had r-almi to be we.irv of
tlie w.ir, v.hieh liad been equally unprofitable to a.i of them ; and that therefore he
doubted not to receive their thanks, as foon as tliey lliould have tailed the iwcets
cf peace.

This fpcicli of the governor, being rcpMtcd to the fcveral nations by their int^'i'-SoVninde-
prtter.s, wa'. infwered with general acclamations, and belts, and robes, were at the j ,,,fi.tot
fame time dilhibutcd amf<iii» the chiefs, who rifinj; ii[i (Hie after another, and march- ■'■■•''•"■
ing with a pr.ive .md folemn pace, clothed in their robes of beav lt ikins, prelen-
tcd their prilnuers to the governor, together with belts, the meaning ot whiih was
explained to Imii. All ot them Ipuke with great politcnefs, and in a very Icniibii. nian-

H h ncr;

iiS

Hijlory of the Difcovcry and SetlkinoU

DreflTcs an-i
(ftcches.

if!

HHIt'sJl

Im ill

but their principal aim was t;) inforcc a belief tlut tlicy wcic (acritlcing their own 'u\\z-
rcft to the luve of peace, ami to their greatiicfcrer.ee to tlie will of their father, at the
fame time iiilinuating how little they had to fear on the part o\ the licjuois, tho'
thiy hail fmall rcafon to depeml on their fincerity.

This icrcinony, ferious as it was, afforded matter of much merriment to tlic French
fpciflators, many of the hidian nations appearing in a very ridiculous drcfs, wliich
eontrarted with the folemnefs of their deportnui.t, excited laughter beyond all fup-
prelhon. The chief of the yilgo'iklns, a tall handlumc youth, was drclFed like a
Ci]>iaJia>i traveller, with liis hair done up with red feathers, which formed a fort of
crown rclembling a cock's comb. This hero, who had performed fome admirable
feats againft the Inquois, advancing towards the governor, with a noble and unaffec-
ted air, f.iid " My father, if my reputation as a councellor is but iinall, let it be rc-
niembrcd tlui I have ever made it my maxim to obey thee in all things ; and fincc
thou h.-.ll fettled peace, I bury all my refcntmcnt in oblivion". The chief of the
Poutt-ouati-.mis wore a fort of bonnet or callict, made of the (kin of a bull's Jicad the
horns hanging over his ears. This pcrfonage paffed for a man of folid judgment
joined to great fveetncfs of temper, and a llrong affeiflion to the French j hii ipccth
is faid to have been well fpokcn, and in a very obliging manner. The Outagamian
orator had his face painted red, and on his head an old fcare crow wig, of which he
leemcd p.irticularly vain, all covered with powder, but fliockingly dreffed, which
gave him an air at once ridiculous and Iiidcous, As lie had neither Jiat nor c.ip, and
was dc/irous to falute the governor after the French manner, he pulled off liis pe-
ruke, on which tiie affembly broke out into a peal of laughter, at which he was not in
tl)e Icaft difconcerted, but probably took it for applaufe. He told the general that
the reafon why he had brought no prifoners was becaufc they had all made their
efcape, and that his principal hoftilitics had been committed againft the Sicux, and not
againll the Iroquois. The Sanlteur chief had on his head an ornament of leathers
formed into a kind of rays relcmbling the flowers of the auricula. He f.iid that he
had already givjn his prifoners their liberty, and that he conjured his father to grant
him liis friendlliip. Tlie Iroquois inhabitants of the colony, and the Algonkins fpokc
Jaft, expreffing much zeal for tlic growth and profperity of the French lettlements.
Then all the f{>eftators, carting their eyes on the orator of the Iroquois cantons or
Five Nations, who had not as yet fpoken, lie faid, in brief, that thole he had 'the
honour to repreftnt, would foon convince all the other nations of the wrong they did
tJiem by their diftrult, and that they would fatisiy the moft incredulous among them
of their fidelity, fincerity, and rcfpcrt for their common father.

The treaty was then produced, and figned by 3S Indian deputies, after wliicli the
great pipe was brought forth. The governor firft fmo:J;ed in it, then the French
J. ^ officers of greateft diftindVion, with all the Indian chiefs and deputies in their turn
'^ after which Te Deum was fung. Three whole oxen were boilccf in their caldrons'
and every one was ferved with his portion, all pafling with much order and decency.
Thefe tranfadions were followed by giving audience to tlie Upper Indians and Iroquois-
Subffqutnt the accelliun of tiic Agniers otherwifc Mohawks to the treaty ; the fending milliona-
iranUUooi. jjgj to the Five Nations at their own requeft, not to convert but to watch over their pro-
ceedings, and tofruftrate the negociations of the Fjiglijh; the hoftilitits of the En^^lijb
in the breaking out of the w.ir; their threats againft Avii> France; the projid for fettling
a miffion in Acadia ; fome proceedings of the Indians in the French colony prejudi-
cial to their intercft ; the death of G;/7/;Vr(i fucceeded by I'auJreuil -, a deputation ironi
the Ffonnonthonans or Cayugas ; and, laftly, an expedition into A'c~u' England by the Sieur
de heaubafjin at the head of a body of Abenaquis, with the llaughtcr c-f alwut 100 of
that province, which was revenged by an inroad into Acadia, the- country of thuic In-
dians ; and laftly another furprife of Nt'iO Englanders by the lame hJiuns in
which many wet c killed, and 150 taken prifoners.

In 1706, the governor of Canada propofeil to the king's council a pcrmilTi n for
the inhabitantb to cultivate hemp and flax, and to manut,.(;iure them in tiiut coun-
,^bliih^T*'^>'' ^^•^'^'■^ "°' ^'^y '""-'"s. hut even wo<jllen ftuffs, were ri,cn to fuch an adv.uiccJ
c«»w.,w. pricc, that the p-oorer lort were obliged to go hall" nake.i. Tiic ,\u\\sa of the mi-
nillti- WaS, th.'i the king, his inaftcr, was extremely pleuie.i to find tli.it lii> lubicdts of
Lan.hia had at iaft .'cknowledged their fault in ncgledting the iiiltivaiion ol their
lands for the fur trade. And particularly he approved of their dtlign of growing

liLinp

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cii from the North, and North Weft winds by" the mounuins which lie towards
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All

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A T^EW Map

Nova Scotia.

and

I .;..^/.>^/''"

CuiuiJa had at lart acknowlci
lands for the fur trade. And

of CANADA.

\U)

hfinp ami fl.ix, hopin;^ that in time they might alio come to l)iiiKl lliips in duuiJ.i,
.iiul thole i.iucli diLipir than in OU I'rurut, as well 4s letthni; filh.ries (o udvanta-
gioib to tl-.c nation. Wlicrct'orc nothing ihoulii he oniitttil to tncoiirJi^e ami aliill
tfKiii, hilt th.it it was not tiir the intercU oJ Old Irance k\mI nianuadlurt). (lioulci he
(ft lip III A'liiicj, thoiij;h he was not abiolutciy a};aii)ll lurtering Tuch as were of
I'm.l, lonltqiKiite, Jor the iclitf ot the poorer inhahitants of the colony. This pcr-
iiihiivin lla^ hceii liiitc employe 1 to clLiblilh inanuf'adtures ot linen ami ilrupgets, which
ail. very ailvaiit.incoiis to the country.

> .11 after, the En^lijhy with a ho>ly of two thoii fa nd men, ftt about crcdtingancw
f , t at the extremity of Laki- S^.rrjment, {iww L,ii:- GfOf gf) ami f'ortityi-^' i port on Lake Vain utempt
i.htiwpLiin, witfiin two days iiiaiLh of the i rtmb fort at {.Ltimhly. But .ocy were oblii;ed "f '•« '■ V'/*
t>i iiUirt and decamp, after deltroying their works., and loling a great part of their mi,^ ,h,'ir
ti.)ops bv the treailiery of tlic I''.(/irii, who poilbncd their water. i^oii^ir

1 he next thini; we fiml in tlie liillories of CiinaJii worthy of notice is the expe-
dition a^ainll i^.v<Ai, in 171.!, by an Englijh fleet under Sir HovfiiJin H'nlkcr, whilll
General Aictc'ilfi, with a coiilidcrablc hoiiy of troops, was to make a divcrlion on j.-^ .. •
tne fuie of Mjitii.il. The milcarriai'ie of this cnterpri/e Iccnis to have been entirely an^iml
owing to the ill condu*;t of the Englijh admiral, who kept failing on towards the Seven ^■'"' ""'^■
IJltiiJs, on the North (hore of the River of 57 Lawcncf, and, throt»h the ignorance'^''"'"'
of the pilots, was cill away on Egg I/lini, with Icveii others of his largeft vcl-
Icls, in a hidden Iqiiall of w'uid, in wi'ich, bclides the lois of his lliips, cannon, and
other effects three thoufand of liis men pcrilhed. The land army, after the hear-
ing of this ili:.ilfer, had nothing more to do but to make their ivtreat.

In the year following, the ^•.nglijh av ain menacing i^ttfii<'r, the nici chants of that ,,
capital made a voluntary pre. t of fifty thoufand crowns, to be laid out on additional lUongfr.
fortifications.

The negociations for fijttlin^ the peace of Utrfcht were not yet concluded, when
the gos'crnors of AV'ic E'.'glj^J and AVw Eranir received orders from their rclpeflive
courts to cealc hoiliiities ; and Li-^xis XIV. yielded up jicadiii, Tsc-jvf^undland, and
lludj'jti'i Bjy, together with ill hi> pretenfions to the country of the Iroquois, or Five
Nations, to the crown ut (Ifnt lint,un. And as there now remained nothing to
h'lancf in thofc feas but the il'aivl of Copr B>ti:ii, which they relerved as proper tor ^''^' ,"' °'
eftabliiliing a fiflicry, a piiiicipl ohjcd with the Errntb about this time, a dcfcription of (,-,', Sri.
this important fpntof land, on account of its clufe relation \o Canada, will not, it is pre-'-"-
fuineil, be altogether unacceptable to the read^i, aii.i njiV very properly be introduced lure
before we concluJe our delcrption and hillory of the N jrtliern part of AVii' Erivnw

■CAPE D R ETO X, called by the rnml, VIS L E RO rA L E.

Is fitiiattd between 45 and 47 degrees of North latitmlc, and forms the Weftcrn coail c-oj-aphy
of the entry of tlie gulph of SV L<iur,-ric,-, as the illand of Ncwfoundund docs that on "• '••'/•' ^'''•
the EalUrn, the dilUncc between them being lixteen kaj^ties. i he flrait which fcpa-'""
r.ites it fiom Avidia, or Nrv Scotland^ is about five leagues long, and one broad,
and is called the gut of CMiifo, or I'afs of Erorif.u-. Its Ungth fiom N, K. to S. W. is
not quite filiy leagues, and its grcatetl breadth from E to NV. not more than thirty three.
Its figure is very irregular, bcinj; fo intcrleded with lakes and rivers that the two principal
parts of it are only joined by ai ifUimus eight hundred paces broad, whii^h feparates the
bottom of Pert 'TUukufe froir fcveral lakes, calleil by the general name of Liih<\idct\
Thefe lakes fall into the lea by two channels of unequal bieadth, formed l)y the
illand of I'erdercnne, or </(■ la liourlardcrie, (even leaj^uts in length.

The climate of Ca^f linton is muth like tliat of i^u'ii-t, and though fo^s are much
nwre frequent in the former, there are, however, few complaints of its Minvholc-
fomer.cfi. The land is gener.dly unfetile, yet pr^Kluces trees of all kinds ; fuch as
o.iks of a prodigious fizc, piaes for malls, with all lorts of timber tit for buildino;.
T!ic moft common are the oak, cedar, all), maple, plane tree, an i p.>plar. Fruits e- Wgrallf*
HiecLdly apples, legumes, or pulfe, wheat, with all other lorts of uleful grain, hemp,
nax, though in lefs quantity, are, however, equal in go<Kinel's to tlMle produced in
CuUiid.t. It has l)cen reinarkcil that the niountaiiis are cap.ible of culture,
even to their top^ ; that thi* garxl l.nvk lie <>p<-n to i\w .s;iuith, nn.f lire cover-
ed from the North, and North Well winds by the moutUains which lie towards
the gulph of St Laurnnci.

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Port of ti
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A»iowi». All forts of tlomclHc animaU, horfcs, horncJ cattle, liogs, ilicfp, ilccr, and pouU

try find abundance of provender. Hunting and fidiing arc alone nble to maiiitun
the inhabitants for a conlidcrablc part of the year. There arc alio fcveral rich mine*
of excellent co*), and thofc lying high on mountains, and therefore may be wrought
at a fmall cxpence i there m alio found plafttr like that dug up near Pjris. It i»
atfirmcd tliat no part in the world affords greater plenty of cod fidi, and, with more
conveniences of all forts for curing them. This iiland was formerly well ftockcd
with wild game, but it lias lately become very Icarce, efpcciallv the elk. TJic par-
tridge is of the fizc of a pheafant, refembling it alio very much in the colour of its
feathers. Laftly, no place can be better (ituated for the fidiery of the fea wolf, por-
poife, and whale, which arc found in great plenty in tliofe feas.

All its portsare optn towardsthe call, fomcwhat inclining to the South, within the fpacc
of fifty five leagues, beginning with Porte Dauphine as far as Porte Theuhuf; fituated
almoft at the entrance of the UraiM, or put, of Fronfac. Everv wliere elfe you hard-
ly find any anchoring ground, except only for fmall »efrcls in the creeks and between
the iflcts. The whole Northern coafl is very high, and uimoft inacceflibic ; and it
is equally difficult to find any landing place on the Wcf^, till you ccimc to the ftraits
of Fronfac, i.i your courfe from which you immediately meet with Port Thoulouff, for-
merly knovm by the name of Porte St Peter, and fituated between a fort of gulph,
called LittJe St Peter, and the iflands of St Peter, oppofitc to the ides Mad,m; o-
therwife Maurepat. From thence returning towards the South Eaft, you dilcovcr
the Bay of Gaborout, the entry whereof, which is abott twenty leagues diftant from
the iflands of St Peter, is a league In breadth, lying between ifl.inds and rocks. All
thefe iflands may be approached, and fomc of them rtn out with capes a league and
half into the fea. The bay is two leagues deep, and the anchorage very good,
and The harbour of Louijbourg, formerly Engli/h Harh-.ur, is no more than a league
%)'ll°l^l*. diflant, and one of the principal ports in all Amerktt. It is near four leagues in cir-
t)ed. cuit, and has every where from fix to fcven fathoms witer. The anchorage is excel-

lent, and fhips may be run alhore on the mud without danger. The entry it no
more than two hundred fathoms wide, between two fimll iflands, and is eafily known
at fea by Cape Lorembec, fituated near it, towards the North Eaft. Two leagues
higher is Porte de la Baleine, or IVbales Port, the entry of which is very difficult on
account of fome rocks, which lie hid under water when the lea runs high. This
harbour is capable of no larger vefTels than that of three hundred tjn, for want of
deeper water, though it be very fccurc when once cnterrd. Two leagues hence is the
Bay of Panadou or Menadou, the entry of which is about a league in breadth and the bay
itftlf two leagues in depth. Alniofl oppofitc is the ifland of Scatari, formerly Little Cape
Breton, abovi two leagtjes in length. The Bay of AfW is fcparated from it only by
a very narrow iAhmus. Its entry is near two leagues broad, and the bay itfclf eight
in depth. It contradls as you advance within it, and fcveral flreams or rivulets dii-
chargc theml'elves into it. Large vefTels may fail fafi:ly till they arc got fix leagues
within it, where is good anchorage, and fiiclter from winis. Befides the iflands of Sca-
tari, there are fcveral lelFer, as alio rocks, which are never covered, but difccrnible
at a great difbnce ; the largefl is called the Forilhn, The bay of Meriennc is higher,
and fcparated from Mr/ by Cap Brulif, and higher flill, is tljle Plate, or Flat I~
fland, otherwife IJle a Pierre, that is djufat, or Flint- fiont IJland, cxadiy in forty fix de-
grees eight minutes North latitude. Tihere is good fheker amongall thefe iflands and
rocks, and they may alio be approached without danger. Thence aflending three
leagues further towards the North Weft, you come to m cxccllfnt harbour for finall
vefllls, called I'Indiane.

From I'Indiane to the Bay ties Epagnoh, or Spcnijh Ihiv, are two leagues ;
this bay has alfo a very fine harbour. The entry of it does not exceed one
thoufand paces in breadth, growing broader by degrees. A league from its en-
trance it divides forming two arms of a competent depth thrcri leagues higlicr.
Both arms make excellent harbours, and might tie much improved at a tridinp; cx-
pence. From this bay to the Iclfcr entry of Labrador you have two Icaj^ucs, and to
tlic ifland which divides the IclFcr from the larger entry two leagues more. Labra-
dor is a gulph of ubovc twenty leagues in kngth, and from jhrcc to four fcagUCS in

breadth where broadefl. They reckon but a league and half from the great entry
of Labrador to Port Dauphin, or St Anne, The anchorage il an open roid be-
tween

A..

A N A D jf.

xtx

,«•

month of the harbour, leaving only room for one (hip to pafi at a time. The port li
two leagues ill cin iiniftrcncc, in wliich vclFcIs hunlly ftel the wind, bccaufc of the
height ol° the lundii .irut luoiinlains with which it i* fiirroumlcd, iho' thry may ride
ai clofe a« they pleafc to the (hoie. All thefe harlvnirs ami port^ lie in contiguous to
one another, tli.it it wotiM be very caly to cut roads between them, which wonld
be ot infinite fcrvicr to the inhabitants, in facilitatin;; their mutual correfpondencc, and
lave them the trotillc of fetching a conipafi by lea in the winter Icafon.

Whilft tlic t'rfmh renjaiticil in polUliion of ylc.iJia, or Nf Scetltind, and the Sou-
thern coift of h'rwfounJltiiKi, they made little uccuimt of the ifland of Cape lirelon.
The Sieurs Rinnuiht were the firH wiio took upon them to recommend it to the at- Mrmoriilof
tention oi \\\t I'rfncb minillry in 1706, on accmint of in utility to Nnv France, i^'^^tvn
For this purpofc they tranfmitted u memorial to court, in which they iiitim-itc that ''"">^'-
fiiKC the chief and almoif folc view in cHablidiint; the colony of (.'afuiJti, at lead
of thole c<)ncerned in it an memliers and proprietors of a company, had been the
tralhc of furrs, principally hcaverlkini, thofe intcrcllcd ought to have reflc(ftcd
and Ibrefeen. that one day this commmlity muft be in a great mc.ifure exhauHcd, or
cllc too common, and, confequently, ftr from lufficient for the fupport of a colony
of fo much conlcqticncc 1 that the Inll of thefe evil<, the low price of bcavcr-
ikins, had at.'hi.illy *ome to pal*!-, and that thole who had got enough to live at
c.'.fe in OU France were, for that very realon, Icfs concerned what became of Ni"W
France. Then they obfcrvc that this trade can never employ any confiderable , fuffidrrc^
ouml)cr of people, and never can lulhcc alone to maintain or enrich a whole colony ; ' '"le •«"'
and that, even fuppoling the conl'imiption of thofe crnnmwlities certain, the evil laft "■^"'
mentioned could only be avoided by running into the tirlt ; for want of making thefe
rcilexions, tlie inhabitants ol Xf-u> Fraiue had almolt entirely addiOled thcmlclvcs to
tlus commerce, never confidering the impofTibilifv ot finding a general falc for beaver,
as they nught undoubtedly for cod and other fifli ; that they had been fo accuftom-
ed to long and fatiguing journiys, and :o a lite of wandering and ftrolling through
forcds and wootls, and eroding of lakes, that tho" the value of bearer wis funk fo low
as not to be worth their pains, they could not yet, without great difficulty, be brought
to fiibicd themlclres to any iivxe pKMltabIc but more confined way of life.

'1 he E.igli/t, on the contrary, lav they, have obkrved quite another method, and, in- indunnoftb*
i^cad ot amufing thcmfelvcs with lonj:; and uncertain peregrinations, have made it their ^'X 'A-
bulinels to cultivate their lands, have elhblilhed manufiiftures, erected glafs-works, dif-
covered iron mines, followed Ihip-buildiiig, and have never regarded the furriery but
as an .icccllary and not a principal article of commerce.

Indeed necelTity has at la!l opened the eyes of the Citnadians, and they have been f^„j;j„
obliged to turn their hands to cultivate hemp and flax, to making of fails, and of fome (orcni upon
ordinary druggets of the wo<il of their old cloaths mixed with thread ; but the '^"g !nj"''"'„'^c
habit ot doing of nothing had not as yet fulVcred them to overcome their la/y indo- (!.,„.
i> nee. That it all of them had corn and cattle lufficient for their ftibfiftciice, yet
Hill niultitiulcs want clo.iths, and arc under a ncccirity of palfing very long and (harp
winters with no otlur than Inch as are made of dotflcins.

The king it- at a yearly cxpence of a hundred thoufand crowns towards the s;,x|{ in ir»de
fupport of this colony j the ikiiis, or furrs, amount to about two hundred and four . ;•- >.i c.;, i*
thoufand livres ; oiN and other inierior articles return about twenty thoufand iiv. ;
the ptnlions which lie upon the royal frealiiry, what the king allows private pcrlons,
and the revenues of the billinp ;ind (Vminaries, paid by OU France, amount to fifty
thoufand livres more; making in all fix hundred and fifty thoufand livres, ' ;.ckoning
three livres to t'.ie crown] which i:i tlie whole of the v.'.luc or lloek in trade, of the
whole country. ,\ very mconfiderablc matter indeed, witli retpcdt to tii.. fubliltcnce of
five and twenty thoufand Unils, niid providing them alfo with all nccelTarics from the
mother country.

Formerly the king bellowed a much greater fum fin the cnlciiy, the returns then CoiofyJmin.
amounttd to nc.;r a million in be.iverlkins, and at a time when thai province was not 'J"' •>«"••,*•
near fo pc^pulous -, but as flic was never able to make returns equal to her receipts from
FMrope, her credit diminiflicd, anvl at \.\i\ lunk entirely, lo that no goods were to be
had ill France, till the merchants had paid fur them with ready money, or by a con-
fiderablc conligiiment. Thus, as well as by the fall of the price of beavcrfkin<;, all
the money of CanaJa was drained into France-, whence h has been ailkmed that at

1 i, cert.ii4i

122

Canaja im-
provei] by
Left Brilajt.

IITiril conve-
nient lor

liULggllllg.

Choice of

haibo'jr, and
iifegf thecit)-

ceJeii u>
i'ranit.

Hijlory of the Settlcr/:en! of the IJlanJ

certain times there were not a tlioufand crowns in (jiccic to be found in the «hoIe
colony.

Tiius f.ir tlicy proceed in rcprefcnting the ftatc of aftairs in ('iiiiiiJ.i. Tlicy next
take the liberty to otFcr propolliis to render the colony njore Hourilliin^;, and to prevent
or remedy all future complaints.

CiitiiiJa has, fay they, luHicicnt commodities to drive on a very Uicrativc commerce,
fuch as ialt riedi, mails, deal boards, fide-planks, fmall and great timber for lliip-
ping, pitch, tar, whale oil, and oil of porpoifcs and fea-wolves, codfidi, liemp, Hax,
copper and iron. All that is necclTary to be done, is to find a market for the confump-
tion of thefe commodities, and to lower tlic price of labour, and of the commodities
of Old Fi-iVtcc. Cope Breton was therefore Judged the propereft place for a mart, or
ftaplc, between France and Canada, for carrying on the mutual conunercc of both coun-
tries, as well as for a nurfery of feamen, it being the inoft advantageoully fituated,
and even abfolutely nccelfary for the cod and whale filhery, as well in the gulf of iV
Laurence, as elfe where in the neighbouring fea-.

Such was the fubftancc of the memorial and of the propofals it offers. Hut there
was another advantage which the French promifed themlelves from fettling Cape lire-
ton, refulting from its moll commodious iituation for fmuggling brandies, wines,
linen, filks, and other French commodities into the Fn^lijh colonics, not only of North
America, but alfo of their illands, which mull be a conliderable diminution of tlio
calh, ind detriment to the manufadures, of Great Britain. The illarid is alfo confidcr-
able with n fpefl to the value of its n.itive produce, as coals, plartcr, codlilli, oil?-,
timber and lumber, as well for ferving France as their illands in the H'eji Indies ; and
as a convenient llielter for flups in diftrcfs, and a r^-fuge under purfuit of an
enemy.

On fettling this illand, wliich the French had refervcd to themfclves by the peace of
'Ctrecht, after they h.d renounced all claims to ylcadia am\ Nc-.rfcundland, the tirll
thing under deliberation was to make choice of a harbour on whicli to build a, city. The
opinions were a long .'inie divided betwixt Ent^iijh Ilarhcur and Port St ylnne.
For the former were ur^;ed the vafl quantities of cod which frequented it, and might
l)C conveniently caught from ylpril to the end of December. Uut this argument in
its favour feemed counterbalanced by the want of a beach, or convenient iliorc,
for any great number of fnhing-veirels, the barrennefs of tJie country round it, ami
the inunenfe fums it mull coft to fortify it. Tlicy who were for the harbour of Ht
ylnne, belidcs the rtieltcr it affords to (liips from the height tl its b.inks ami the neigh-
bouring mountains, and the eafy accefs of all forts of veifels near the beach, added,
that it might be fortified at a trilling cxpencc, (incc as much work might be done
here for two thoufand livres, as at Englijh Harb'.ur for two hum, red thoulami, becaul'c
it afforded all forts of materials proper for builiiing and fortifying a great citv. Be-
lidcs the beach was as large as that of P/acentia, and no lels the quantity of tiih. To
thofe advantages might be added the vail variety uf timber, fuch as maple, beech,
cherry-trees, and, above all, oaks for fhip-building, and malls, marble in great (|uan-
tity, tlic lands excellent, elpecially thofe of the greater and IciXcr Labradcr, which arc
alio capable of maintaining a great number of inhabitants ; and that it ih no more than
four leagues from Upanijb Bay, an excellent harbour, the adjacent lands of a rieli toil,
and producing much timber tit for lliip-building. There was, however, one main
and overbalancing inconvenience attending Ht yln'u's JIarhour, and that i?, the ditli-
culty of getting into it, which, alter much wavering between the two, gave at l.iil
tlic preference to Englijh Harbour, fince named Louijhourg, on account of its ta-
ly acci.fs.

We think ourfclves obliged, l)cfore we conclude our account ofthi- i:;i[virtant fpot of
earth, to give an hiflorical relation <jf the feveral revolutions it h.is ol late veau un-
dergone, which the reader will find in tlie following (jrikr.

Viipe Breton, and the other illands in the bay of St Laurence, wliitli, together with
hc-.a Scotia, haii been reduced by the Englijh m 1710, were, bv (lit: ptaee i I I'tr.Jjt,
given to the French in exchange lor P/acentia in A'en/cundiand, ind all (jtlicr light and
title to that illand, with a relerve, however, of iiheity, f .r the Frimh and Sfa-
mardi to catch and cure lilli in its Northern harbour^. My the lame treaty, Ac-
-.a Scotia, called by the ireneb Acadia, whole undetermined bcun.ls, together with
otJier claims, unfettlcd by that and other fucceeding ncgociations, have given occaliuii

cf C yl P E BRETON.

'^^

to tlic prcfent war, were loft in p(jni-nion of the En^lilh. W'liilc this peace w.i^ iin-
Jlt Jibatc at tl;e En^lilh hoard of trade and plantations, and the importance of Ccpe
lbi.'..-i was ftrungly uri;;td, y/. A/ — ;v, one of tiie commillVjners, took up the matter
lliorr with u d^-C'live (incllion in favour of his good friends, faying, " And what lliail
the /■'<■'.'( /> then have nothing?"

In 1717 the breiicb of CdnucLi, alarmed at tlic advancement of the E::giiJJj fettle-
mcnts towards tlic Nortli of AVw {■Ing/nri,!, follicited the /llunaquii Indians, by Father ,hc"f /,,))""
A'.;/v, thtir Juluit uiiliiunary at K:-ricl>ic, to claim fome lands occupied by the new M.i hmi.iNi.
kttLrs. Inriucnccd by his pcrfualiuns, and afiuriiui; them that thcle lands were given
by Ciod, unalienably, to the Indians and their feci lijr ever, they began to murmnr, and,
alter fume time, i^.ive the Eng/ijb formal warninfi; to leave the lands within a fet time.
When that ter..i was expired, they be;;an their depredations by dellrnying cattle and
other flock. However the finall pux, wiiich the Indinns, with good real'on, dread,
prevailing in Nfw England, and the governor of Canada'^ expectations of particular
iiulrudtiuns concerning the alia ir from E';i)ut\ previ^iitcd a declared rupture. In 1731
M. C:oi.:.cs from Caiuuta, M. St Ca/lirn from Pcnobjlct, Rolle and de la i'.haffe, Ercmh
iiiili'ionaries, with about three hundred Indians, mudc a general appearance at ylrrmi'/ick,
an iiland of SagaJabcck, threatning, that if the Engiijh did not remove from the claim-
ed Indian lands in three weeks, thev would kill the people, burn their hcnifcs, and
i!i.llroy their cattle. AccoiJingly, at Merrymci'ting bav on Kcndn'c river, June 13, 1722,
t!ie Indians made a beginning, and took leveral captives. 'July 5, 1722, the governor
oi Mallthbiifctti Bay proclaimed the Indians enemies and rebels, and ordered ico/.
]>er I'calp to volunteers fitted out at tlieir own charge, and afterwards 4 j. per day be-
ii^lcs. The mofl conlideraMc aClion againll them was at Noridgwoag by Kenehec ri-
v.r, Augtt'.l I.:, 1724. Their figlting men being jull returned from fcouting, Capt.
llavman, with 200 men in 17 whale boats went up the river and furpril'ed them,
biinging otV 26 Indian fcalps, and that of Father RalL- ; the killed and wounilcd a-
mounted to eighty. On the other hand. Captain Lo'-jl-I, a volunteer, who had done
gieat fervice, was intercepted in his svay from Ojjipi pond to Pigockct, by a party of
;ilK>ut 70 Indians, and killed with 14 of his men volunteers out of 44, befides many
wouiulcd. N'.wmbcr 17, 1723, arriveil in H:;!cn a captain and lieutenant of ma-
rines, with a UKllage from the governor of Canada. And in yanuary, 1725, two co-
1 ;ne!s .uid a gentleman were lent from AVi;- England witli a metlage to expoflulato
with the government of Canada, concerning their inviting and atlllfing the rebellious
Indians. After much Ikirmilhing and blood ihed, the Indians begged and obtained a
tellatiun of arms, 1 iiii-nihcr 15, 1725. anil in May following, a peace was concluded,
I'v which tlic Indians of Nondgiccag, PfU'j!>lcot_ St 'John's, and Cape SahUs, who fign-
c.l the treaty, were lecured in the polUliion of all their lands not hitherto conveyed,
with t!ie privilege of liunt;ng, fowling, and fiihing, as formerly.

in 1^.;.), the v..'.r declared leveral years before between England ?nd Spain, after ^^'•"' '!'t'"f<i
lii;;- niiluiuierllandnig, ,iiid I'ome previmis adb of hollility, drew on another of England f'^",\^
with I'.uur, which .i[ipeared to have taken ^/<;/// under her proteifion. I'rancc pro- h^^UnJ.
claimed war Marcb zU, N. S. and England April 2 ; but at liofion, in AV-ii' England,
war w.is not proclaimed till ,"/««<' 13. On May 24, Da I'liitr, a Erench otiicer,
\\!io h.id early intcll;^','.ive, with a few armed Imall velieli, and about 900 regular
tioop.-. aiid militia from l.-iiiilhourg takes Canfo in A/;.; ScJia without relitlancc, and
L.nies the garriion .ni.l inhabitants to that fortrel's. After this he blockaded y/'/';.//'';//i
h.r leveial Week-., but on the arrival of fuccours from AVw England retired to .Minas,
a town i.! the liean ul thj.t country, peopled by the Iirmi' in fubjcdtion to the En-
j '', Init liilpo.td, I'll all occalions, to favour the attempts of their countr\'men.

On Edni.ary ^, 174;;, N'. S. at an alli-inlily of the reprelciitatives ot iU<//A/(/f//iV/r siege and
iifV, the moll puw^rtui and leading of the four provinces of AVii' /•.'/:;/.'//(/,'* it w.is ^>" 'i"*^'- "f
cciitluded, by the majority of one vote, that, conlidering the imminent danger and an- ""' "'^
;ij\.:nce to iii. majelfy's Northern coloiiie,--, in time of w.-r, tr nn the neighbouring
Ihuiig and inuil comiiiodioullv lituated Errnib harbour ami garriion of Louiji'^wg^
M attempt iImhUI be riaiic to r«duce that tortrels. The governor of Nt-iv Ei'igiand at
tint time was Mr Shirl.y, a man ot the law, of great abihties and merit, and in-
timately acij[uainted with l.'uljncl I\-ppiri-U, chief otiicer of tlie militia, one uf the lar-

III ir^j.

' 1 i.i v'.lier (ruvMuei .uc cVi*.-. ...-/, Stui lUmf/l in, uvi RLuU IJltiiul.

gefl

I 24. yicco:mt of the taking of the Ijhnd of Cape Breton /;/ 1 745.

<:!cfl tniii.rs in Bclicii, aiui linivcrllilly beloved for his infcc^iity and affability. In confiilcncc
ot his tiicndihip and cxtcniive inttrclt, the g.jvcrnor propulcs to him the com-
in.md ot' the expedition. Tiie colonel, after much Iicfitation, and loni^ declining the
ortlr, .'-. requirins; a pciiun of great niilit.ny knowledge, at Lift yields to the
inll.:r,ccs of the governor, and intiealivs of his Inends, and aicepted the charge.
Wherefore, on Fchruarv i ^, iniillinents began for volunteers, and fucii was the inriuenee
of tlie popular afletftion ami rel'ped to the general, that the levies foon ninountcd to
%()oo cftedHvc men. At the end of M'ii\-b the Heet laded with thefe lorccs to Canli,,
where it remained three weeks, bccaufe the ihorc ot (,',//,• Hrctcn was all that time
inacceffible through ice. M.:y 10, the tiect proceeded from C'j;//'/, and next day an-
chored at Chiij'Ciiu Rouge or Gtilnroujc Bay, a little S. of Louijhour^^ where the troops re-
puhcd the French, who (ippofed their landing, with the lols of eight killed and 20 pri-
fontrs, witiiout loling a mm. .\ dct.ichment burnt St J',fcr'>\ a Imail I'rench fettlcmcnt.
A day or two alter a battery ot lome t-w fm.dl cannon, and three mort.irs of i ^, 11,
and i) inches, was erctted on the green hill, at 1550 yards diftance from the king's
Iviilion, called the citadel. Mii\' 13, 4000 men marched, under covert of the hills, to
North Kaft harbour, and burnt the (lore-houlcs and filh-llages, on which the troops
on t!ie gr.iiid b.ittery retired into the town to llrcn;;thi.n the garrifon, after nailing their
cannon, in numl^r about ^,0, of jf) and 42 pound balls which were foon drilli^d, and fcr-
\ cd againll the place. The beliegtn, tiragged their heavy cannon upon dodges over moraf-
fes, impradic.d'le by horli-s or uxen. No legul.ir approaches were made by trenches carri-
ed on bv parallels and zigza_;s, but the town was bombarded and battered at random, by
which the houils were nuichdam.igeil, and the Weft lide oi the citadel, with its ajoininp;
Jiank and curtain, was r.reatly del.iced, but no practicable breach made, i^/vv 1^, a
battery was eredetl at 900 yards tiirtance, and the town was fummoned. Next day
the beiieged made an intignitlcant fally. A body of lY'^nr/.i liutiiws did execution
on a party of llragglers. On the i7t!i, ico'mcnin boats landed in the night, near
the Liglit Hou!e point, to furprilc thole erecting a battery to j.lay upoti that in tlic
illand, but were timely difcovcrcd, and purfued to the woods, where they were joined
by ibme hJinfis, and had feveral ikirmilhcs with the outguards (jf tiic bcficgers! On
the 2Sth, a battery was advanced to Cijo y.irds diftancc from the Well gate^ On the
•;oth the t-'igtLintt\ a Ircnch ihip of 64 guns for Luiijhourg, with men and llores,
was taken by Conuiiodore H'arr,-ii , who, with the S:<pcilyc ot' 60 guns, and the Lnri-
ccihn and Memuiid of 40, covered the liege by lea, and was afterwards reinfotccd by
two fiiips of ^)o guns, one of futy, and three of lorty. On the ;^ifl-, wasertCted, on
the further lide of a creek, a battery of five 42 ]ioundcrs, called 'Tuicomb'% batterv,
to play upon the circular battery and nr.i.'a/in'.-. '[fw.c <;, about ^00 men in wh.ilc
b,)ats made an attempt on the illand b.-.ttery whcc was bad landing, ■^o cannon z^
j\;uuv!ers, ..nd I'oo men in garriluii, and were repiilicd witiifhc lofs of 6o men kilivd .md
Wuun.icd, ■r.\\ 116 t.iken priloners. '/.'..v/ : \^ tiie Liin'n hurv and S;niL-tLiKd ai to
guns each arriving, it was refulved with tliefc and the reft there before, c )nliftin"-
of one 6^, two 60, one ^o, and three 40 gun lliips, to ftorm the town tb.e .-^oth by
lea, while the lorces from the camp m;.dc .m attack by way of divcrlijn on tlie land
though tlie ditch was ;o feet wide, the rampart eighty feet high, ;;nd the fc.din"-
ladders lo teet too ihort. But the garrifon, compolcil of (; 00 regul.irs, uiih about, ^ oo
;nilitia, jjcrctiving the preparations, thought it bell to capitulate on tlie nSth, and wem
allowed the honours of war, not to ferve for twelve nivinths, and to be tranlpnrtcd tci
Fmnce at tlie charge of iMgLvi.i. The 1-' ruch had cxpcndeii two ir.iilions of livrci
in foitifving the place, and it had when taken, cannon mounted on the town walls 6.j,
and on the grami and ilL.nd batteries as before mentioned, and no want of ammuni-
tion and ftorcp. Tiic lols of the beliegcrs liid n(.t cxcecvl 150 men,

Thii- expedition refultcd gre.itly, and almoft folely, to the honour of the people of
AV:c' En^ldtiii, " When i retieCt, lays a writer of th.it time, on t'le fi.^ieitv and
bravery of Mr Ptfperill imh of the A'cT^ /v/^f////' engineer who kit ll!^ ihop. board,
liud the intrepidity of tjir reft of the A'.w E'lyjilbnft in thi^ liiidjrtikin": ; wInn I
conlider the c(K)lnc!; atid bravery with wdiich tliey marched to a.tiJii, anvl their re-
turn from victory to their feveral oecupatioi,', I form in mv min»i the image of tin
antient K'.>:j>n leaving the plough lor the field ol battle, and retiring alter their c m-
qiiifts t) the plow again. " And a i>v'/dZ> oiiiccr obferved that in all hillory he hi I
never met with fuch a b'dd inllancc as of .ip-j raw undifciplined men laying li go

'-*>W-

i Plan of f/if

^ Hariioith ^y^ Louisburg

rticli Bat trill's M/U//fff»i/ea f/\
///'KiHi;lilh.t»^^//vfA'/ //ui/yf/trr]^
i Vi\Y, fft //'A/r/i ////■// Jumped, \^^
n'/uc/i /wz/EiJcampfd Yr
Siege /// ffl^S. IfcJ

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JURYING

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• 757 it wa« rcl.ilvcJ tn give a dccifivc blow, and the ralii«flioii of dtpe Rrdun
projTokd as tliL- firU ikj), ami moll lilcely to pruiiucc cither an hoiumrable [>tai.c,
k total rcdudliuaot Qi'iaJj. Ihc lixtl ot' LvuJouu was appoisitcdC.'.ntjiu (jciicril

A * of

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li«nii II .Siirvov made l>v Ui< uahh (iniDLr.Y.

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;.\BAHr.s Hay, /„ //-///*/, t/ift/ liauded.VrA
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iiLVci iiii-t Willi ludi a bold iulLrice ai of ipo rr.v uiiiJitup!iiK\l men l.i)in^ llv^

CAPE BRETON reftored to the French in i 748.

125

to fo ftrong and well furtificd a city, with fuch a garrifcjii, batteries, &c. as he thought
iniglit have held out atjainll an aitny of 30,000 men ; that Iv.- never lieard of fuch
iiitrcpidity in men, who regarded neither tire nor bombs ; was quite furprifed to fee
batteries rnill-d in a night's time, particularly the fallinc battery, within twenty five
roods of the c'.ty wall, to which guns of forty two pounders were dragged by the bc-
fifgers two miles thrnuph a very rough road.

The ncw;. of this futcefs was received with great rejoicings \n Knglund, and the Otbate md
conijucft w.is thout'ht fo important, that at a court of aldermen of London it was mo- '^'^"''^ '" *
ved bv aldtniien R—n that it (hould be an inftnidHon to the conunittcc for drawing 'yajdVei.'"^
up ai, :';'drcl;; ri c()n;:;ratulation to dffire his majcjty that he would mo/{ gracioulh ki' pUaj-
id not to fujKr it to he givrn up h a general peace. But to this it was objedcd by Sir
7---'' ti—s t'*it it was quite improper to the miniftry, and more unjult ftill to tic
♦.; un '^ -wn in 11 liing a peace. At laft it was agreed in their addrefs, after grateful
rrtu'.'is to heiv',"!; for the conqueft of Cape Breton, as Iccuring to his niajclly's fubjedls
a free and unintL-rrnpted trade to Ainerua, and protedting them from the inlults of a
dingcrous and ravenous enemy, to exprels their minds in the f jHowing mod refpedt-
ful aild unexceptionable claulc, And we entirely rrly on pur royal patronage and pro-
tc51ion to fecure *o your kingdoms thr prrpetua! rnjeyniint cf this ".aluable ac'jui/iti'jn.

The pi: JC ho.vevcr was, with infinite regret, elpeeially of tlie Englijh Northern co-
lonics, re(>ored to the French by the Vth article of the treaty of W/.v /'./ Chapelle in
17.;^, by v/hich it was provided that all conqueft. made liuring the war, fliould be
reeijV.-cally rcftorcd ; and by the IXth, two is"//^///* noblemen of the tirlt dillindtion
was Tent to iraiice as hoftages with certain advice of their evacuations. In v.iin had
the troops of the colonies which Jud been levied by onler of the fecretary of
flate, kept the field all the next Uunmer of 1746, iii expedation of a fleet and army
for the redu(flion of Canada, which they were imdc to licp.-. Very probably the
Engiijh miniftry might, upon deliberation, conlidcr fucli an expedition, befides the ha-
7srd, of no benefit to the common caufe, finer, if it fuccceded, they would be un-
der a ncceflity of reftoring fuch conquefts for the lame re.ili)n as they did Loui/bcurg,
in exchange for the Aijirian Netlvr lands antl Madrafs. Wherefore orders were re-
ceived in O&ohtr \y^J for dilbanding the troaps of the colonics, an^l the Englijh
navy and land forces made an unuicj-jitul attempt upon Port L' orient. We
pais over (lightly foine Intermediate events of icfs conlequence, as loine ft"uitlcfs at-
tempts ot the French upon Annafi^jUs ; tlie furprilc of a party of Neiv F.nglijh by a
body of French and Indians in Minm, through the treachery, as it was laid, of the
F>ench inhabitants, with the lois of Colonel Noi>ie and many <,ither private men ; the
expedition cf the French admir.d d'Aniil/r, with a ftrong fquadron againft No'ju
Scotia, which, through ficknefs and other difappointmcnts, proved alxirtive ; and the
mifcarriagc of another French fquadron defined for No^'a Hatia and Canada, which
was intercepted by the admirals Anfci ..nd IVarrcn, May 3, 1747 ; iuft to mention the
fix other men of war t.iken by Admiral Hawke out of a iquadron of eight, on Oclo-
k-r 1 4, uf the iimc vear.

In 1755, the holhlitics committed the year before by the French near tJie Ohio,
made the preparation of war on caeii fiile quite necellary, though as yet without a
dcilaration, wherefore in coi;fequcnce of advice that a French fleet w.is failed with
men and ftores for CanaJtr, Admiral B'.fcawcn was lent with a Iquadron to intercept
them. He came up with them the 10th of y^Ki', and after fomc rclillance took tlie
Akide of lixty four guns and tour hundred and eighty men, and tlie Lyi pierced for
lixty five guns, but moimted only twenty two, aiid carrying eight ivioi panics of land
forccf, both lepar.'.teii frctn lb', fleet by a i\^^, under favour of whii.li the relt efcaped.

On Sept<'m'>t-r <>, orders were ilfued by the Br 1 1 ijh coait to all the t^v.ets, fquadroiis,
and fingle lliips then out, to make reprilals of French ihips. On May 17, 175O,
England ded.ucd w.;r a;,^.ui;ll Franc,-, allcdging for motives the encroachment of the
French, particularly in AVwV Sceiia, the dejioll'einng the Fnyji/h of a lort on the O-
hi'', in April 1754, the reparation of Dunkirk, and t!ie invalion o^ Minorca. This
was loon followeti by the French king's declaration, in which he labours hard to prove
Ei^'.wd xhz aggrtlVor.

In 1757 it was rerv)!ved io give a decifivc blow, and the redudlion of Cape liretu/t
was propileJ as tile firll Hep, and moll likely to produce either an honourable peace,
or the total reduction of Canada. The E.»rl of Lvudoun was appointed dptain (Jcncrai

A' k of

?.c

^'im

Cm-dafl cf
tlirtom-
nni.der: jof

! .itlW.

COIl'.jLC.t i.f
itUljhirr^ in

Account of the Siege and ReduSlion

rtf the AmcricjH forces, wlio, iiftcr having made proper cfinvcniiiiC(.i .\t Halifax,
(or the recovery of the fick and wounded men, in tale tlic attatk of Louilhourg
ihould take place, on July 9, Admiral Holbourn iirrivcd with tlic forces from En
sr/unJ, and now there was'a glorious appearance at Ilaltf'tix ; for the whole armament
y\M coni;Miied at eleven thouland, cffcdlivc land forces, fcventccn Ihiiw of the line, four-
ici'ii frigates and floops, two bomb vcflels, and one tire (liip, hefuies about one hun-
dred and eighty tranfports, with three general officer and two admirals.

The land forces were divided into three brigades under Majors Cicncral Abcycrombu,
Hipfin^ and Lord Charirs Hay, and fmcc it would be iiniulliiiablc to carry the forces
.•jiiinil Louijbcurg without proper intelligence of the enemy's llrcn^.ili, ar.d whctlier
1 dcftcnt was pradicablc or not, the Captain Gcncr.1l, in order to enure the men,
cxcrcilcd them in fham fights and mock fieges. But it fecms thefc mcafurcs were
;ondemncd by fomc •' as keeping the courage of the loldiers at bay, and cxfx^nding
flu- nation's wealth in making (ham fights, and planting cabbav-ta when they ought
u) have been attacking or fighting the enemy of their king and country in reality."
A council being called y///y 31, and the tendency of fuch public rcfledtions on the
f.onduft of affairs well cnnfidered, it was thought fit to order Lord Charla Hay to whom
tJiey were afcribcd under .uTtil. However on Auguji thefirll and fecond the troops em-
barked, and orders were given to rendezvous at Gabarous b-ay, two leagues Weft of
Leuijbourg. Uut on the lljiirth was brought in a Fnncb prize fchooner, on board of
which were letters dircded to OU Fnmce, with an account of the arrival of ft large
riect, and that there were then in the harliour fcventeen ihips of the line and twelve
frigates, with tour thouland regulars, bcfides three thoufand men belonging to the garrifon.
A council of war being called, the former orders were immediately countermanded,
all the talllne iViiji^ were fent to St Cn-orgr's ifland to unload -, Btiikeiiefi, Murrijy'i, and
KcnuiJs's rcr/nents were ordered to the bay of I'uJiJy under the command ot gover-
nor La'^raicc ; all the reft had orders to return to A'r.t' 2 'ork, except tlic firif and Ic-
cond battalion of R'yal Sects, wliich, with Bn:gg's regiment, were left at Nuli/aM.
The Earl of Lauhu/i Ulkd with the rclt of th: troops from Halijiix on Augujl i6,
and receiving on his paflligt the unwelcome news of the lofs ot fort fliliium Hdn-
ry, arrived on tlic thirtieth at Ncm' lltk, where the men were immediately put on
board finall vcfllls, and fent up to Aioavy. Admir il Holbourn lalled to block up the
harbour of Louijmrg, in hopes that as the fcaion was approaching when the Innch
fleet wouLl be obliged to return home, he (huuld be able to gi\c a go hI account of
them. He icmainetl off Louilhcurg till September 2j, when his fleet w.is dilperfcd
by a violent florm, with the l>>l"s ot the 'Tilburv of lixty j;uns, and moA of her men.

Thus ended this unfortunate cainpaiun to the Kngiijh in Scrtb Avirriia, not without
the rtfentnunt of Ibmc great pcrlons againl^ the commanders for not attempting a
(icfcent on Cape Breton. Hut it (uight to be conhdcrcd, that, behdes the ihong garri-
fon at l/>uijlcurg, the naval force was not only at l>ef\ but little fupcrior to the h'reiuh,
as ijidil [Hit ably appeared aiterwards by the «rrival of feventeen (hips of the line, tliough
indeed with very tickly trews, on Xt/iember 25, from Louilbcurg at Brejl, but was alio
dilpatchtd too late in the year ; whereas all hojx-s of fuccels in an attempt iijxin Lcu-
\jhourg mufl depend on attacking it early in the tpring l>efbre it can receive fupplies
hom Europe or .'iluebrc. This allertion feems fufficiently iullihed by tJie fuecel'sful
lieges of that fortrels in 1745 before dclcribcd, and of 175S about to be related, botli
11 dtrtakcn as early as the ftalbn would admit, and with the advaiitages of numljcrs
by le-a and land. To this we might add that the firft was unexpeiled, and the place,
in a manner unprovided for defcnoe ; in this lall the naval force in the harbour, though
not one third of what is now cortidcrcd, was yet futlicient greatly to annoy the men
in the trenches, and obffrud the progrcfs. What then could lie expe<iled Jioui to for-
midable an armament but repulle witli lliame and detriment, and conlcqucntcs not to
he imagined w.thout horror ?

In 17^5^, after extraordinary preparations, which from part experience appeared to
be nccclfary, during the winter. Admiral Bo/iati/eti, apjiointcd to eomm.if;d iu a new
expedition againfl Cape Breton, failed lb early as Eebriiary ly, with five laqje ihipt, of
war, three friga/es, and two fire Ihips for North Am-nni. Mtirch i.-», a general em-
bargo was lai>l on all fliipping at New fork ; the Earl of Louden was luj^erlcded i:i
his command by Major (Jencral Abacrcmbtc, and, on Jur,e the iirtf arrived ut
Pcrtfmcutb. About the latter cad of April a t'reihh man el war, two frigates, and

tw.

' m

ucuccs not to

of CAPE BRETON, if, the Year 175?.

two pinks, with a battalion of foreign volunteers, ammunition, provilions, and ftores,
arrived at Louijbmrg. On May 28, Admiral tiolcauen failed from ILiliJaxWwh the fleet
and troops, and was met by Major Cicncral Amber ji, appointed to the command of the
land forces. 1 lie whole fleet tonfifttd of one hundred and forty Icvcn fail, and on
"^une 2, came in fight ot Louijhourg, and anchored in Gabarcfi bay. The French had a
chain of ports from [.x)int I^oire to the I/at Point, jind ported irrcl;tJllu^ from thence
to the bottom of the bay, and thrown up wurk^ at all places where it appeared prac-
ticable to land, and fomc batteries. I'rom the lcc(jnd to the futh the hi^h wind and
furf, or a great (well and fog would not fuffer tlie troops to attempt landing, during
which time the hrimh reinforced tlieir polls, added to their works, and cannonaded
and threw fbells at the ihips. On tlie eighth the troops allcmhied in the road before day-
break in three divilions, and Commcxlore Durtll giving his opinion that the troops
might land without danger from the furf, the left divifion began to fire, and was Ibl-
lowed by the centre and right. When the lire had continued abcjut a tjuartcr of an
hour, the boiits on the left rowed to the rtiorc uiukr the command of Urij;adicr Gc-
neml H-'olJe, whole detachment conlilled of tlx four oldeft companies ot grenadiers,
followed by the light infantry (a company of five hundred and fifty men, chofcn as markf-
nien from the different regiments) commanded by major ^ictt, and the companies of
rangers fupportcd by the Ilighlond rej;iment, and that by the eight remaining compa-
nies of grenadiers. The diviUon on the right coiii:nanded by Brigadier General fvlit-
mre, and compofed of the royal regiment and tiiole of La' files, Mccnckton, Forbes^
Anjlruther, and tyebh, rowed to the right by the II hitc Point, as if intending to land
there. The center divifion, commanded by Brigadier General Laivrmcr, and formed
oi Amber II' s, Ihpjon'i, Ofway'b, Limrcnce's, and »^'<;ri^//r/(/«'b regiments, m.-ide a (how
at the fame time of landing at the tVbite Co'-je, This drew the enemies attention in
every part, and prcvcntetl tJieir troops, pcKcd along the coad, from joining them on
their right. They very wifely fived tliuir ammunition till the boiits were near in fhore,
and then directed the wlulc tire of their cannon and mufquetry upon them. But in
fpite of this, and the violence of the furl, Bri.'.adier //'://,• purfued his point, and landed
juft at the left of the cove, took j'olf, atta. kcd the enemy, and forced them to retreat.
Many boats ovcrict, Ic-veral broke to pieces, and all the men jumped into the water to
get on lliorc ; about one huiulred and ten boats were loll in landing the troops and
prosifions. As loon as the left divifion was landed, the center aiui rii^ht divilion rowed
ailb to the Ittt as t.ill as the boats could fetch tlicm from the lliips, and got (iii Ihorc,
which H)ok lip a great deal of time, 'ihe lofs of the Fjigltjb was a captain, four
litutenantf, an cnfign, four feijeaiitK, a corporal, and forty fix men killed, among
them twenty four grenoilicrs of Amberli'i regiment, eight of whom were rtiot, and
the rcrt drowned in trying to get afliorc. The wounded were five lieutenants, four
Jcrjeants, a corporal, and fifty two private men. Ihc tnttib had an officer with an
InUian chief, and leveral others killed ; and two captains of grenadiers, twc lieutenant?,
and about fevcnty men taken, with three twenty four |X)undtTS, levcn nine pounders,
kvcn fix pounders, two mortas, and fourtcxn fwivcis, with ammunition,
tools, and l^ores of all kinds. The priioneis gave information that the garrifon con-
firted of five regiments, betides leven hundred i'MnisJitim. The ninth and tenth tltc
weather proving b;id, and the furf great, only ibme tents could l>e got on fliore.
On the i ith the light (ix pounders with foinc.-irtdlery llorcs were landeil. On the i 2th, on
intelligence that the Fnncb kid dellroycd the grand biittery, and called in their out-
[X)rts, Brigadier IVulfe was lictached with twelve hundred irien, four eompanies of
rreiudiers, tJirec companies of rangvrr, and lixuc light infantry round tlie North Ivafl
larbour, to the lighthoulc [xjint, with an intention to filcnce tfK illand battery, and
attempt to deftroy tht- (hip., 'm the h.irbour ; but the enemy had .ib. iiiloned the light-
houlc |X)int, and all the polls on that lule tlic harbour, leaving leveral cannon lendertti
ulelefs, with implements, and a grcit qu.intity of firti at Lof^m/'tr. On tlw i ?th the
lieficgers began a communication from the right to the left, and to crcit three redoubts
nn the niort ailv.mtagcous ground in the front of tlieir camp. The beliegcd made u
fally but 'vere loon rcpullcd with the lofs of live men killed and forty wounded.
The I4t]i, the licet under iJir il^irJes Hardy, which had apjx'ared tiic day before,
was in the night blown oft" to lea. 'I'he i 5th, four more mortars were fent to the
lightlioule; and the 16th, being the hrit fine weather, tw.Kc days jKovilJon, and
many other things, but uo lUtillcry were nor could be yet landed. I'hc 17th the ge-
neral

117

ia8 j^ccoNttt of the SUge and Rciiu5iion

neral, with Colonel If'iHiam/on, Ma]ox Mackrilar, ■mmWo\. luiiiuu^ \:\\\c( ex\pnctr,te-
connoiucd the grouml, and lia/iiJe was itctermineil in hiii opiiiK-ii ot making upprotu he.
by ihe GrcrnbtU, anii confining the demolition of the (hip-> in the harbuiir to' tliu
lij^ht houl'e batteries ; on which cipht one incli niortu^, ami thrrr royals were aildcd
tu them. The 1 8th fine weather, the /;;</i</«i toolt three of thr tranlports mtn, who
had landed at the bottom of Gaborou bay contrary to « niir; ; tlic road tor the artillery
war. puihed on, and three twenty four pounders were got on ihoro. On the 191!), tfic
Eibo, a French trisatc of thirty two guns Ixiuii ' to ^ehi\\ was brought in j llic had
got out un the 1 3tn at night, and informed us that the LUziirre frigate had got out
the day the troops landed, and the Lomrfft- frigate fincc our airival ott the har-
bour. On the 20tn, the ifland battery, and (hips, begin to lire at the batteries on
the ihore, which had begun their fire the night before; the bcticgcd I'.irnt an old (hip
at the bottom of the harbour. On the 21ft, the brcmb canona(',cd the bclicgcrs, ma-
king the road for the artillerv, and threw fome ihot into the ii.tt of the i..tmj) ; an
advanced redoubt towards GrcenhiH v/is thrown up at night. '1 he 2 2d was employed
on the roads, and getting up a block houfe on the left, by the Miray roail, tu fccurc
the cooimunication with the North Ead harbour , and lighthoulc point, and to hin-
der any parties from getting into the town. On the 23d tlu beficgcrs had on ihorc
twelve twenty four pounders, and fix twelve pounders. Coli iiel M^fj'ervty and mo(t
of his carpenters were taken ill of the fniall jxjx, to the very great detriment of the army.
Gabions and fafciiics were landed to make an cpaulnK-iit on Gre.nhill. On the a^tli
the bcfiegcd played on the lighthoufe batteries from the town ..lul (hipping ; and, doni
the town, on the advanced redoubt which was finilhed. On thj ^;tn, th-j cam.ona-
ding continued night and day. In the evening the lightho.uie batteries (ilenccd the
illand battery, its own fire helping to break down part of the works ; fafcines and p,a-
bions were forwarded to Greenhill -, the b<;Heged tired much at the advanced rcdoiibf.
On the 26th the garrilbn fallicd, and got up to tlie block-huule not quite finilhed,
with a barrel of pitch to fet it on fire, and two of the nun got into it ; but a dcrach-
mcnt was fent out fo quick to fupport the guards th.it they were forced to a precipi-
tate retreat into the town ; three huiuired pioneers were ordered to Gri',!ikill . Ad-
miral Befcawen landed two hundred inaruies, wliu tuokpoll at tuiiuingtcti tovc, which
was a great eafc to the arm y ; four tiiirty two poumlerp, and two twenty tour piHimleu
were de/ircd of the admiral (and landed the night of the 27th; tor' the lii'hthoiife,
to keep the ifland battery in ruins, tiiat Brigadier IP'olf'e, having a yto^-xt luuidxr oi'
men there intrenched, might with his detachment be .iblc to come round the harbour
bringing his artillery with him, and try to lictlroy the (hipping and advance towards
the Weft gate. On the 27th a brat's twenty four puunder was lo(l in twelve fathoiTi
water, by Hipping oft" the catamaran (a kind of laft m;. Ji ufed at fca). On the iStli
the port at Greenhill being covered, .iroad was iKgun over tiie l>.)g bv throwing up an
cpaulment. Colonel A/'y/^/'i.r_y and his Ion both ilied, and of his conipany of one hundred
and eight carpenters, ail lay ill of the linall pox except lixtcen, who .Attended the (ick.
On the 29th the frigate fired conlKintly at the epau'i ,ent ; the -vorking on the road
which coft much hibour was purlued. At night the beficged (ui,k four (hips in the
harbour J the ^pdio a two decked one, la /•/,/«•//<• thirty (ix gui :s. .md /,; Chnr and /,/
Bicbe of fixtecn guns each, and cut off molt of their malls. (;n the 30th the frigate
fired all night at the epaulment, as the men worked in the nigiit-timc On 7w/v i the
beljeged fallying out in the morning to get tome old palliiades and worn), were' puihed
\n by Brigadier JVolJc and Major Scotf^, light intantry with a very i)rilk fire The
brigadier took poA on the hills, from wlu^ncc it u.is intended to trv to deinnl'ifl, the
Ihipping. The trenches were adv.uiccd to the right, and the betitj-ed forced back to
Cape hoire with a fmart fire. On the 2d the epaulment and rc^d wcnf on heavily
from the extreme badncfs of the ground. The bcfiegcd continued their cannotKidin-'
and threw lome (hells, iltirminiing all day with parties out ot the town On the 'd
a great cannonading from the town ..nd Ihipping on the batteries Urigadier «V/V.
was making an advanced work to the right, at lix hundred ..nd litty yards l.om tiu-
covered way, f-r credling a battery t- dcllroy the delences ot tiie place On the ith
a great fog ; w;icn there was any gl.um of light the c.umcnading was reiu;wed • Uk
Hundred men kepf continually making talcines The 5th very bad weather tlic e-
paulment (wallowed up an immcnfe number of faleincs, and eo(l lome men is the
Ingate cannonaded it luceffantly, On the 6th a Hoop lulled out ot the haibour with

a llxz

CAPE BRETO N, in 1758.

flijT of truce to fir C/itrl s lljrjy, to carry ('>mc things to their WiiundeJ otFicers and
lirilunerj. 7. Very fogi-y weather, cannonading all day. S. An afiick, int< ndcd on
loine advanced poll at i,a/>f Noir, did not take place. Cul. Ha/liJc- "or a contiilion
by a mulkct bail on his hoo^, whicii laid biin up in tlie (:out. 9. ,\, aight the lie*
i!ci;ai made a (ally tri)m i^pe Noir w.th 5 picijucts lU(ipi)r(cd by 6;o men, upcn
jirig. LrfWYmr'i quartets, and (urprilcd a company of t'orhci's grenadiers, command-
eilbyCul. J )unJtntiiJ, vviio was k. lied, with one corporal and 5 men. Lieutenant Trt¥
vva» wounded ami taken priioner. C'apt. Ilont.tn ni the cn>»;ncr« wa. allii taken pri-
limcr, 17 others were wt)iindcd, and a Cerirant and 1 1 others miiim;^. Major /V/r/rn^v,
who commanded \ companies ot grcnniiiers, immediately detached one, which ealdy
rcpiillird the enemy, wlio hid one captain, chcvali.r «/«-tiijmv/;«, and 17 men kilLd,
a lieutenant and 4 other, wounded and taken pril'or.ers, btfides what they carried away,
ot wiiom a ciplain died iinmcili ittly. I'iie beiieged lent out a Han of truce to buy
their ilead, which done, the i.a nonadin.^ was rciicwcd. 'I'Ivj tri^a c was lo hurt that
llie hauled dole to tlu- lliui\ ; ihe (hipj lired very muih agiiiill l>rigaiiicr Kll/c'a b.it-
tcriei. JO. The attack at tlic epiulmcnt went on a linle brttcr. 11. A waggor.er
was carried oU' by Ibmc ///./;,//;j between the blockhoule, and the left of the N. K.
hirbour. n. It rained ve/y hanl all night, an aiiv.n.ccd woik V> (JmnUll was
n.ade-, the waggcmcr m.ulc hi> eltape , the citadil ballmn fi.ed very finarfiy. i;^.
The beficg.d threw a number of llieiis, an.l workcil at ( <;/>f vVj;r to keep poirclliuii
of that jioft, which was of no coiiiciuenie; the bc;i(.,;crs pcrfcf^cd their work":
with all poliibic fpeed, had rainy we.tl.cr. Dc!tr:crs int. nacd us tb t a party from
Miruy had get in 3 days ago. 14 Uaiterics hail been irjced oit ihc night before
fur placing twenty 24 poumlers, in lour ilivifDus, to dcliioy the i\ fcntcs, and a batte-
ry of 7 mortar> with fomc 12 poun lers, to ricocliet * tlic w. rks and the town. 1 5. The
kiicged tried to throw f.iiiic Ih IN into the camp, intended agiiiid the powder maga-
zine. At 10 at night the ligbtliuulc battciy fired feme rockets as a llg:ial of lliips lail-
inji out of the liarbour. Sir (hiirti aniwcred it j b it a fii/itc got out, and liiidy'i
fleet got under lad and went to fea. Iklore davt>reak C!apt. Sutherland, pulled at
the end of N. h. harbmir, was attacke.i by ii o nirn from ;l/.'-.;v, where they left
}»\. df Bcijhert, who liad on the other livic of the water :;i o 11 eu with boats ready
to pafs. The grenadiers of ffo'/'e's corps, and all the bi;ht i.ifantry were fcnt lo
lutlain him, but the aClioii was over before th(V could c ;m? 1 p, the geneiai cn-
cain(>ed a eorp.s foiwaid. 1'. Towaul^ niglit biig^iiier ir^lj: tot k polUllion of
the hill, in the front if the IIikj/'Y, ard made a luili'inciit there ; the enemy fired
very biiikly Irom the town and llnppiiii',. 17. It was refolved to extend the pa-
rallel from right to left. |M. All lad night the enemy fi'ed tnufkctry from tho
c \ered way, and tried to tiitow ili-d^ into the camp. \n ihc trenches were
relieved by 14 b;:ttaliiins forming 3 brigades; a Inuit iirc frum the overt way;
tile bat'ciies on tlic left played upon the ladion Danpliine with great luccefs. 2i>
Uiic of the lliips in the b rlitiur liad ll'tiie pr-wdcr blown i:p in licr, which iiiade «
treat explolion, .lul let her on lite. '1 he fl imcs lb m c.U/ht the l.ils of two ll<:ps
III re, and they burnt verv fa'l, ui.ile the I ifie^jers kept firing .it th in to hinder .-.fiit-
tiuee fiom the town, 'liie 3 burnt lliips were the Entrrpn'i.snt uf 74 guns, and the
(,j/r/V/tv<x and (.V/c//r^of 64 guns each. 22. The batteri-v on the right opened with
thiitecn 24 pounders, and anntiier of ;^ mortars, and fired with great fucccls ; the
cniny fired very well horn the town fur !■ me tune, and threw ihells int.) the
\Mirks of tile camp J the lliells of tlir licliegeis put the citadel inflames, 'Ihc ge-
nual ordered Cid. /fV//;.;M/'/« to CJiitinc his lire as muJi as potViblc to the defences,
Ipaiiiig the houles. A lieutenant of the Wc^iv;/ ,V«?'/i(J«i going his rounds, on an
;i(ivanccd port, lolf his way, and was taken prif<ncr near l,</>c' S ir , a battery was
ftguii on the left lor four 24 [louiuicrs. 23. 'I'he c(diorns and /rfT/rjt mortars fcnt
to throw flonet into the trenc es were u fed at night. The beliegcrs fired all forts of
(Jd iron, and IhifF they could piik up. Col. W,////,/!' w.i>. out t t the firtl time li nee
lie received the contulion , at night the ll) lb let tire to tie barr.cks of the ganilon,
aud they burneil with great violence. 24. The tire of the i>eliegers wais very brilk,
aii.l that ot the garni ii decre.iled. The admiral lent 400 men t > help work at the
b..tteii..s, and 100 miiicr^ ».'j be added to a corps of lOo already elhbiulied, in order to

0^11 llic Frtnt'i won! RiiSil/t, " j rtiipplnp or Imundin::," ii 10 ihimv a tall wliiif iiitfiu
III,', ji, I liouii.iiiij:, J) J (Kit llorK liutir.l jll.iiit lki|'»i)i thr luiLucol w.itrr, oeejIioilcJ I'v a I'cti

tag

alter

tieiitclui^c dl luvvJ^r, iLii^iu-J Iji liiiliiin; .111 ubjci:! 11 nut uuiiiicf

I. 1

iivake

lilifjjcr*.

1,1

Acount of the S'wgc and

make k)ulck work. 1 he four gun batrcrie^; opened, ami uni>ilier of live wj» on crcOion,
The bitiif. tlunt tired on the iicnthci at hi^h water, ami t!u- ni.alcl and ilie bull, on
Daiiphiiii: hrtd A'^t\\\\\ the tivc gun hattrry i but the men iirinn liujll arms into ilic
embral'irts, beat the hcCicj^cd otV thtir i;iin». 25. 'I'lic miiierb ..nd woil.mcn went n
very well wit!) ihcir approaches to the tovcitd way, thi)' lluy liml a mniinucil .nul
vtrvCmart l;tc (ron\ it. with j^rapc lliot, and all lort* ot old iron from the i;niii ul the
raniiMits. Tiie bcliciTS kept an inctllant fire and ricoihcf. In tlic ni;»ht lietwiin tiie
2ctl» and 2ift, tlic aiir.iiul detached tlie beats ol his liiua^lron in f.vo divilions. iniiicr
Ciptainsl. '/onv anJ/ii/.yci<r auainll tlic 7 VWcmv ot 74 i^uns, and liie litinfaifunt ol
64 ^uiis, tlic only remaining btencb Ihips in the harbour. I hey luccecdc-d lii wcllaj
tv) biun the / 'r//<jV/.vt", it being aground, and to tow i.tKthe l\:iiil.:ifant into the N. h.
harhciir, witli the lolk only ol 7 men killed, and 9 wound .1, though exjHjicd to the
lire ol the cannon and mulketry ol" the illami battery, being lavnuiiil bv a daik night,
and an inceHant tire tVotn all the battel ics in;o the works, to keep the incmy'» at;in-
tion to tlic 1 md. 2(). The ydmiial came on (hoie, and intiinatcil his iiitcnlioii to
lend lix lliips into the liatb' ur the next day. At this iidlanf tlic j^ ner.ij rticivcd ,1
letter tiomilic L'lic\alier Jhuaur, governor of the town, otferiiig to capituliic. An,!
they ii greed to luireiultr to Admiral BJluu-fn and Maj. (icn. j'J/n/rr//, the town ol
Lc' ijl'.ifi^, and the illmdsof Lupe Brdoii and St Jcbn's, and their api urtcnaiu.s,
with all the artilleiy, anununition, arms-, and provilionsj the g nilon of LotmM.r^
t<j be prifoncrs of war, and traniported to En^lund \n Iinti//.< (hips ; the govcrm.r 10
g've his word that the troops in the illand ol 6t. Join's, and its appurtenances, lliall lo
ol) ard Inch Ihips as the admiral ihall fend to receive them ; thegitecarcd icrie
DtvipLine to b> given up at « o'clock the next morning, and the garrili.n, inciiiiimg
all that carried arm?, to be drawn up there 1 n the el'pl.mailc, or gtt.it hjuarc, wh ic
ihey (ha.l 1 y d..wn ih-ir arms colours, implements, and ornam.nt;, of war, and ;',j
on board in or>lcr to be carried to Englami, at u convenient time ; the (.in)c care to be
taken 1 1 the tick and wounded in the holpitah, ;is i,\ \\\ Ac Ik-Ii ngiiig to his Uritanmc
nLiieOy ; the meuhants and their clerks, win haic not carricJ arms, to be lent to
hnnicc in fuch manner as the admiral lhall think proper.

The number of the garrif'on, including ::i4 ollicers, and 44; fick .ind wounded,
amounteil to 30^1; and of fcameii and marines, iiiclufivcol i^^ olficers, and 1^47
fuk and woundi'd, was i^ofi; total 5<'37. Of the l?elirgers were killed, 2j coin-
million and non-comii iiru)ncd olliceis, 146 private men, i gunner, and 3 matn li.b;
W'urided, -^o commiliiun and iion-comn)itiiofi orticers, 2 drummers, and 31 j private
men; (if the artillery, i corporal, i gunner, and 3 matroll'es.

In the f irtieis weie found iron ordnar.cc, conplea'.ly mour.ted, from 36 to +
pounders, 2iH; hrar> mort.irs, in led";, 12 and half inches, ^; 3 inches 1 j 6 arid 4

iialt 3; inn mortars, on be Is 12 and a hj|( inches 6, 11 4; y aid a half i;

mjH|uet8 with accoutrements, 7:00 ; powilcr, whule barrels, (.o- ; lartri'l/cs, }io,oo ;
hjlh, 131011; (hells, 1053; of which 850, 13 ii.ches; round ih't, froii) ,6 to 6
pounders, 9602; grape (hot, ditto 733; call- (lu.t, 24 pouideis, ^^ ; licnibic he..> cd
24 p(.un',(rj, 2.5; 12 piiiiiuieis, 1^3; lead in pig and ihci t, 22 ton ; iron <.f idl (crts
6 ton ; vvhc(lbarro«s, 600 ; (liovels wootlcn, 6go, and iron 400 ; pitkaxes, 822 ; w.th
plenty of nther w.irhkc im| lemfins, bclides 11 colours, whole and toin.

This lievr, co:iiii'.(.ring its chllaclcs appears to have been condui.frd with the gr?Jt-
rft lliiil, and v^g ur ; and the news of the ca|turc of" this inipoiiant pl.ice, the 1 wi-
/;>/• of y/.7;cr/Vtf, ihtiuf li an univerlid ioy throughout the /^////7! liomiiiions. 'Ilie
colo.iK, alter lume time of cxpot'al to publick view, were carried in triumphal procefiinn,
to the cathtdial of St. I'tiul's, and there hilpendcd, abiding to iis fpUndcr, the ho-
nour and (,'rnamcnt of a trupiiy. And addrelles (.f coiigr.itnl.iiioi) ^arnc pourinq m
upcii the throne, from every ijuartcr; in (bmc of wliicii, particularly from Le/iJen jiiJ

(i')i]i llli^ ifl.iiKl \hv. Iniiiini li ul CJtricJ t.n &.<: iiilunnn |i!.i.'!icr i,t killiii ', \\\e h-,;l,p iiili.,bi'jni, >•(
A'itu Sut.j, fir ill • lalcc of liriinn^.' their fca!,!s to the Frrmh, v. !wi paul incin for the (jmc ; and (.vc-
ral fcaljii were fouiiJ in th; givcrnos'* qu.irters wlicn L^cut.C'ji. Ki.'J. t-y.iti p:>tUitfj:\ ■

}WA» onfrp<!>ion.

I and (he luli un

II arms into the
voikmcn uciu ti

it iotitiiutcii ,ii<4
I the ^iiiii ui the
ifjht hctwicn the
I ilivilidiis, utiilcr
ic Bimfjifunt of
cccilr<i l() well jj
nl into the N. h.
;h cx(K)ic(l til the

bv a lijrk nigiii,
e incmy'» attiri-
I ills iiiiciUJori lu
.ner.il ret civciJ i
> tapitiiliic. AikI
r/l, the town ot
ir a| I iirienitiu.^,

the governor to
enaiiies, lliail vn
gitc cal'cd / crif
rritxn, inchntinj;
.11 lijiiare, wh tc

cif war, aiui ;',v.

1.1 rue tare to he
; to his llrilunnii:
tiu, tu be lent to

k and wounded,
Hters, and xTi^^y
k.i lev!, 2 I coin-
md j; nmtnlLii
und J 1 5 private

Truin 36 to +
hcs I J 6 .ntiil a

it a hall \,

til l;'cs, }(o,oo ;
t, frum ,6 til (^

ifcublc lie.;, (d

iluli 1 J'.ill lifts,

IXtS, 822 ; W.th

III).

with tlic pr.'at-
'l.icc, tlic 1 rri-
iiiiiiiotis. 'I lie
l>hal proccfiini),
indcr, the lio-
imc p'Uirii.i; in
ruin Lomlon m\A

a ft It lli.it dcfrnl.-il

I. Cil. /v'»y/;, Iriit to

I'tU'i --0, Noiih

lll'l' Itlll to /'YIB.V,

:<Mii and brfl lYfi

11*111! mil I .n •>'

S ! u Stsiiii ; .III. I

:/:/> Mill, bi'.ini> i-i

r (inic ; and l.vc-

t'v.Y.r

RtduSllon of ^U EB EC, in 1759.

pMlf^t ''•« It'y^' Vdtarici tduld not forlwar, in the fulnels of their hrartt, to expref*
, I dnlilul manner, iticir liunctl wilhei, tu Ice thu invaluable acqudition made
!i iiileivrablt part of the iiritij/. empire.

T)'. gr.iid olijcct tit the /{mrrnitn war being now atiaincd by theconi]ue(l of the
.luiid ut ( ('^'' li'ifen, und iht ca{Hure of the enemy'i priniipai furt» on tlic conti-
iiii.r.t, we <Iiail coikIuiIc thi» hillory oiCanada with an account ot the liege oi i^ffSfc,
the iapital u( all their Icttiements in that part of the woild, and the iiiagu/inc from
whence the rclt of their forircdts derived their Acres ^ (o memorable an event cannot
be I'all over svitliout the moft p.iriiculjr notice, as every flcp was taken to ci\'e<L\ it,
ant every diliicuhy that threatiud to retard its accoinpliihinent cannot but be inter-
clliiig, as Well a> to tliofc who eoneertcd the enterpruc, und directed the execution,
jttii every lubjettt ot Ureal Britain.

The fifih of /\/</v 1759, Adinir.4l Durflh rqu.-idron, confifting of fcven fail of the
line, failed frmn L./iiikurg tor the river ."it. Laurrncir j tlie palli^c of which wai found
nut nijjh lo ha/tui. 11, as was generally imagined, tluy arrived at the IJlt a\ixLouJrei
the 27lh, and tlicre came to anchor.

Ihe Admiral lent C.'..pt. (iorikn in the Dr. orjlirt, with two more fail of the line
jni a frigate, to go through the trav. tie ,tnd anchor between the ///< of OrltatiiAnA
lilt Miii'i, an 1 llatioiicd the Irinceis ot Duin^e nt the ///<• aux Vcuihei.

On the 23d. ot Junr, (icncial //'c^. arrived with great part ot xhtGrand FUft, and
went up iminidi .tely lo ()> Uain,

Vox the temainder ef the prcc cdinps of the Britijh fleet and armv, we (lull refer
til tlie lev.ral letter, written by the ccininriiider' i;i chief .in tli.it expedition, beginning
Willi the celebrated letter liom M. j. ^Jen. //V///, brought by Lieutenant 7Vri;iW of the
/vWmr cutter to Mr. Secretary iVr/, perhaps ihcbeft written performance of the kind that
hj> ap^ieareil till* war. Ihe clearncis with which it is written, the difliculties that
arc iiirelcen and rcprelentcit, tiie manly fut.tude that is notv. uhllanding exprcfled, in
(irci.rto lunuounl ihcic didiculiics, and the rrlignatinn witi\ which the general per-
liiis ill rifpiing the greaiell dangers for the h< nour of hi country, will leave a monu-
ment to hi> memory, m< re durable than nvirbic, and more Ipiendid than titles. His
death, in leading on Ins valiant troops, in the lall aOiioii th.it dctermuicd the fate of
M..r in that country, is a circumf lance greatly to be deplored.

lL,:d ^mUert at Montmorenci, in the Kiifr St. Laurence, Siflemfier 2, 1759.

S 1 R,

IWilh I could, upon this nccafion, have the honour of tranfmltting to you a more
i,.v iira'ulc .^.xoutit ( f tl.e pingtels of his i»iai(.lly'b ariiib •, but t'lc obilacles we have
i: c\ with, Hi tl.e opeiatiuiis 01 the campaign, ure mucli greater tt.an we had realon lo
c\peil,or u'uld lorlee ; iMn lu muih trum the iiuniKr ot the enemy, (though lupcrior
to uk) as fiom the natuiai Urciigili ot the country, which the Marquis de Montcalm
I.eii.s wifely t > I'.eptnd upon.

W hm 1 Icariitil tint Iulcwius of all kinds had been thrown int 1 Slijcbtc ; that live
Klta.ic'iu of tegular trocYs, compleatcd Iroin the bell inhabitants of the country,
I nic ot the troops of the cof/iiy an i ev>.ry Liinudian that was able to bear arms, be-
ii.i! tcvcral iiatio.s o: Uvi;;es, bad taken the ticld in a very aiivanta|;eous fttuation -, I
uild rot tlitti.r 1; yclt th.u 1 lluuild be ubic to reduce tiic pl.ice. I fought however
.11 Ui.ealion to attack their army, k:iwwin;4 well, tlut with thcic troops 1 was able to
tijhf, and h'ping tli.:t a vivtlory might dilpcrlc them.

We loiiiid them incampcd along the lliorc ot IWiiufort, from the river St. Charles
t'tlielalls of M->it/:iyit'>!ii, and intrenched in evi.ry actclliblc part. 'Ihe 27th of
7../.C' we Liided ti["(ji) tlic ille of UrUjin; but receiving a melVagc from the admiral,
liiat there wa!> real .11 to iliink that the enemy had artillery, anil a force u{X)n the point
cf L». /, detached brig. Muickton w ith lour liattalioiis to lirivc them from thence. He
^..litd the liver tli^ 2(^th at night, an.i marched the next day to the point; he oblig-
tii the enemy's irregulars to letiic, and pollelled himlelf ot that (XJlt : the advanced
I arties up 11 this occifion had two or tlirce skirmillies with the Canadiiim and In-
Juin>, with litt'c lol! on lithtr lidc.

Ci I. Cd'/i; n marched wiih a detachment to the wcllermoA point of the ille of
0'ii..ns, tiom whence o.ir operations were likely tu begin,

131

133

Account of the Siege mul

It wns iibfolutcly nccciT.iry to pnflcfs thefe two points, and fortify tliein, liecai;l;-.
frim cither tlie one nr tlic other, the enemy might nvik- it impi.li'iblc (or any iliip to
lie in the halon of ^vi/^cf, or even withm two miles of it.

Hatttrics of cannon iind mortars were credkd with great diljiatch near the point
of Ltii, to bombard the town and magazines, and to injure the works and battcric: :
the enemy pen eivini; thefe works in fome forwardnel's, pall"d the river with i6 o
men to attack ;ind dtllroy them. Uiduckily they fell into confudon, firc.i upon one
anotlier, ;ind went bnckag.iin; by which we loll an opportiiniiy of defeating (li,»
lari;e detachment. Thj ttiedt of this artillery hid been lo sireat, (though acrois ti.i;
river) that the upper town is confidcrably damaged, and the lower town entirely tic-
ftioycd.

The works, for the fecurity of our hofpitals and ftorcs on the illc of Oilean^, bci:i'^
finilliid, on the 9th of '////v, at night, we p.iflal tl;c N. channtl, and incampcd nej'r
the enemy's left, the river Montmor end W\.wc€n u«. The next morni: g, C'apt. Dank i
company of rangers, polled in a wood to cover fomc workmen, were att.ickcd and
defeated by a body oi In.iiiins, and had io many killed and wounded, as to be alnioll
dii'abl-d for the rell of the campaign : the enemy alfj luticrcd in this affair, ani
were in their turn driven oti'by the ncarell tro. ps.

The cround, to ti.e tallward of the f,dl>-, lecmcd to be (as it rcallv is) liiglur
than that o\\ the enemy's iidr, and to ommand it in a m.inncr which ir.ight he m .de
iiltful to us. There is bcfides a ford below the fills, which may be palled lor f .nir
h; urs in the latter part of the ebb and beginning of the flood tiiie ; and 1 had hopes
that polii'ily means might be found of p.illing the river above, lo as to figlit M. M nt.
crJi;!, upon terms of lei's diladvantagc than dirct'tly attacking his intrem hmcnts. In
reconnoitring the river Mciitwcrenci, wc found it furdabl'; at a pl.ice about three
miles up; but ihc oppofitc bank was intrenched; and lo llecp and woody, that it was
to no pui pole to attempt a paflagc there. Thccliort was twii.e attacked bv the
hhtians, who \\ ere as often repulfcd; but in thefe rcneounters we had 40 (oHictrs
and men) killed and wounded.

The i.Sth ot y/</v, two men of war, two armed floops, and two tranfnorts wiili
fome trf)ops on lioard, p..fred by the town without any lol's, anil gtit into tlic up; cr
river. Tl;i^ en.iMed me to reconnoitre the country above, wlierc 1 found the lair.c
attention en the enemy's lidc, and great dilFicultivS on our's, at iling (rom the nature
(;f the ground, and the oblhclcs to our communication witii the Heet. Hut wii.t
I fc.revi in 'li, w;.s, that if wc ihouKl land between the town an.ithf rivcr T,;^',- R-.^c,
the body full landrd could not be remtoiccd before they were attacked by the tiic-
my's wlu-'.e ..rmv.

Notwitlillanding thcfj difncuitic«, I thought once of attempting it .it Sf. AfiJ-:,\"<,
abf'Ut 3 miles aiiive the town; but perteivini', that the enein . \\\.r/ 'eilons 1 1 ti.c
delii'n, were preparing againrt it, and liad .ielu.iUv briaight aitiili-rv .I'li a nv it.i.'
(wtii.h, be 114 1.1 near to i^'/'c, they coukl nurcife a', thev pleat d) to play ii;-
011 the lliipping: and as it mull have been many hour- belorc «e eiuiM atttk tin in,
(cve.i iiippofing ,1 fivo ir.tble niglit for the boats to pals by tiie toAn uiihurt) it Ic.in-
ed lo ba.'ardous th.it I thought it bell to dcfill.

However, to d'.vi.ie the enemy's force, and to d'aw their att -ntiivi as high up i!ie
river .is poii'jb'e, and to proct.re lomc inlelligcnce, 1 lent a liet uhmci.t un ier the cc in-
mand of Col. {arl,t'j<i to land at the /'(?/«/ Jt- '//■.r;/'.-, to att.ek u!i .lever he in . : t
tind tin re, liring off lome prifoners, and all the ulefiil pajirrs he- khiIi] i-ct. I ii.iJ
been inhjrmed that a nuiube'r of the inhabitants o\^,iha\ !i id retiied to' tlut i^L;,.,
and that probably wc ihaild tind a maga/ine of prv.vilions thee.

'I'he colonel wa- fired up-.n bv a body of Iri,luin< he m\ >ment he landed, but tl iv
Were loon dilperled aiui driven into the wo<jds, he Ic.ircI.ei for m.ga/incs, but to i.u
purpofe, brought off fume pnloner., and returned with li"L- I I.

Alter this bulinefs, ] came buck to Montnwrcmi , wiiere I ii.nnd tli.r brig. Ti;.' -
henJ hid, by a Uiperior lire, prcvi ntc i the hrench from erecting a bat'r'y on the bn v
c-l the riv^r, from whence they .itended to cannon.ide our cimp. 1 lunv icf'.lved i>
tik- the full opportunity winch p cicited itklf, of attacking the cciny, thou.'h
'..oiled to gieat advantage, and every where prep red to leceive us.

As the- III n ft war ca.inot (tor w.mt ol a lutlivicnt ikp'h o: water) come rcir
cnoiig'n to iho CI emy's intrcnthmenis, to annoy ihcm in the le.ill, ihr ailmiral liil
pieiMitii two n,iiiliorts (ilra\\ing but little water) whcii iipt n oee.ilioiii eoul 1 be run

) tratifimrts with

CI I itiiiie icir

Of ^U E DEC In T750;

;i.'"-linc1, to r.votir a ilcfcmt. Wiili tliv hcl;i of tlicf.; vcOels, wlilch I unHcrrtond
voiilil W c.uricd l)y the ti;ic dole in (liorx, 1 propokd to make myfclf mailer of a
d'.taLlicd n.ii..iiln near to ilie water's cilgc, aiui wliofc fitiiation appeared ro he out of
nr.^r-.ct lliot of theintreiichnient iipor tlic hill : If tlu- enemy (upportcd tliis de'ache<l
I i cr, It would iK-( eff rily bring on an eng.igenunt, whatwc moil wilhed Irr ; and if nor,
I ihoald li.ivc it in iny power to examine thtir Aiuation, l"u as to be able to determine
vJv.re wc co-dd hA\ ;ittaek them.

Prtparaiions were accordini^ly made for an cnga'.rcment. The ^ift 7///v in-the
fircnooii, the boat;, uf tiie tlcet wire fdleil with qren.dicrs, and a part of \\n'^.' Mvuk-
fi's brij.ui- iVom the point ot /..r/; 1 lie two brigades under the brigadiers Jc-u-n-
j'.n'J and Murray, were ordered to be in readinelb to pais tlic ford, wlien it Ihoidd be
t.'i .ught n.cclT.iry. To f.uilitatc the pali:,gc('f this corps, the admiral hud place.!
the L\i:f!inc/i in the channel, I'o that liie might check the fire of the lower battery
v.Iiich comm.Mided the ford: Tiiii lliip wis of great ufc, as her fire was vrryjudici-
(j'.iily directed. A great quantity of artillery was placed upon the eminente, fo as
to batter and infilade the left of tlicir intrenchmcnts.

I-rom theveUel wb.ich run a-groonil neartll in, I oblervcd that tlie redoubt was too
ruieh ci inmanied to be kept w ithout very griat lofs ; and the more, as the two arm'd
ll.ip? couKl not be bro'iglit near cnoii ■!» to cover both with their artillery and mulk-
ipietry, which I at fiill conceived they ndght. IJut as the enemy feemcd in i'ome
conKifion, and wcvvere prepared lor an action, 1 thought it a proper time to make an
a'tenij t npm their intrenLhnient. Onler-, were fent to the brigadiers general to be
reiJy with the corps untier their command. Urig. MofuktontokuyA, and the Dries.
Tiwnjli'iid .\\\i\Mun\it to pals the l''ord. '^ "

At a proper time of t!ie tide, the iignal was made, but in rowing towards the Hiorc
rviny ot ilie boats grounded upon a ledge, that runs off a coiilidcralilc dillance.
Thi-- uecidint put u'. ir.to (oujc diiorder, mil a greatdeal of time, and obliged mc to
fjivl an (.tlker to (lop Hrig. Tkcw/ZcW s nuich, whom I then oblervcd to be in ino-
t: ;i. Willie the feanien were -etting the Iio Its otT, the enemy fired a number of
llicl!, and ihot, but did no conliderablv dam.r.'c. As foon us this diforder could be let
a little to rights-, ami the bo.it> wcie r.!n;',ed in a proper manner, i'ome of the otiicers
of the navy wei.t in with me to fnul a better place to land : We took one tlat-hottom-
ed boat with iis to make the ixpeiiment, and as forn as we had found a fit part of
the ihore, the troc^ps were ordered to dilcir.lurk, thinking it not yet too lite for the
attempt.

The \\ cnmp.^.niiSo.f gtcn.-.ille' -, n: d nr • of the f.conil rov.il y7//A77V<7/; battalion,
g',t full I n Ihore. 1 lie grenadiers w<ie ord-r-d t(, ♦'■,rm thcmfelves into fourdilliiuft
1 odlcs and to b.uin the attack, iuppnrted I y l!ii.',. M' ::J:'onl (io\-\->%, ns lo(>n a-, tlie
tr.,op. h.\d palled the told, and were at hand to .iliii» , Hut wl'ethcr from the nolle and
I'.uriy at l-iidii-,.;, or from i'ome (Jther caule, the grenadiers, inU.ulof foroung tliem-
lelve^ as tluv were direClcd, ran on impt t'.ojily tovv.,rils the enenv's inticiichmcnts
in the utmolk diu ider and eontufion, without uaitiiig for the corp-. which were to
I'lillain ihem, and 'loin in the atiai k, lliig. Mc/hL'c-j was not landed, ;,Md Ihiiv Tr.in-
1'. 'h! was llill at .i confideialle diftance, tlio' ujwn his marcii toioin u;, in verv "reat
( rder. The grenailiers were checked bv the enemv's firll fire, und obliged to (Ik Iter
tlund'tlves in our about the rtdciilit, which the I'rviuO abandoned upon t!;eir an-
piv ach. In thi lituatioa they continued fi r i'ome time, unable to lo:m UKiie: Ij hot a
fiic, ai.d havir.g many ;'a! a;,t oliic.rs wouiukd, who (caielefs ot their perlon,) had
been folely intent upon their dutv. J law the ablohtte neccllity of calliiiL! them otf,
that they might torm thcmfelves iKhind Brig. A/w/cX/ca's corps, whit h was now land-
e,l, and drawii up on the beach, in exKeam good order.

L5y this new a(.cuicnt, and thi^ lecoiid ilel.iy, it was near n'wj)*, a fuddcn llonn
came on, ami the tide begin ti> make; i) liiat I thought it moll .idvileablc, not to pcr-
Itvere in I'o ditlicidt an altaek, lead (in calc of a repulle) tie retreat of Uri'^. fi.wn-
Ji-nJ's corps might be h.i/anlou': and uiieertain.

IJar artill'.vy h.id a great td'eCt upon th;- eiicniy's loft, whore Hrlgs. To-wn/lrnJand
Miirniy v.eie to have ait-tl-.u! ; aiul 11 i probable, that if thole accident.-. I have l"po-
ken of, had not happened, we lliouki h.wc penetrated there, wlnlll our left and center
[mux: runute lioin tnsi ait;!kr\ ) mull hasc boie all the \i.leiite of their mulqnttry.

I2()

L 1

The

ij;o Account of the Siege and RcduSUcn

Tlic Frcrrb dii! not attempt to interrupt our march. S nnc o'i tlu-ir S.w.ijcs came
tliHvii to snunicr liich \voui;dLd as could not be brought olF, uiid to ftalp the dead as
t'.uir cuHiiin i<.

Thj jil.itf, where the attaci; w.is iutcndcJ, h.is thcie advant.u;c> over all otlicrs
l.c:i..:bour. Our artillery could be brought into ufc. Tlic greatclt part, or even tho
wIk'Ic of the trcopf, ii.i^Iit nCt at once j aiul the retreat (in cal'e ot u rcpuile) was
i'ccure, at halt fo; a ccrt.iin time of the tide. Neiiher one or other of thcfe adv.ui-
t. '.^e.^ can anv wlicrc eiie Ic tound. Tlic enemy were indeed p(j(le,i upon a coin-
m.inding eminence. 'I lie beach upon which the trv;op.<i wire drawn up, w.i^ of deep
mud, with holes, and cut by f^vera! gullies. The lull to be allended, very deep,
and not every wlure pracUt.iMe. The eiiemy numerous in tb.eir intrendimcnt-, and
their fire l.vX. If the attack liad fiicce.iied, our lof; niiiil certaiiil\ have i;cen j;re,.t,
and theirs in^onliderabie, from the ihelter whitij the nei •hbouriii'.' woods afforded
thiin. The liver of t>l C.Liihs flili remained lo be paffed, Leieire liie town v.;.b in-
veiled. All thefecircumitaiicesl cuiilidcrcd ; but the delirc to adt in cinformity to
liic kin^'.'. iiitcniion?, induced mo to make tliio tii..l, pcrfuaded that a \iiloiit-..'o army
linds no diiiieulties.

Immedi.uely after x'lr.i check, I fent I3rig. Murmy above thet'ivvn with i2co men,
■di:ci.'ting him to allill rear admir.il Ihiiru-s in the deiln.clinn ot tie /V./.r'i ihipi, (ifc'
tlav could be got at) in crdertoopen a communication wiih CJeneud A;:ilciil. Tlic
Kii;;. wab to fc(k every favourable opiportiuwity of fi^iuiiig f >me of the cn.iny's dc-
t.ichinent,-;, provided lie couki do it u[K,n tolerable tcims, and ;o uleall tlie mean> in
his power to provoke tluni to attack him. lie made too dilllrint uttempti to land
i;p(>n tb.c ncrih (l.< re wiihout fuccefs ; but in a th'rd wab moie fortunate. He landed
vuiexj Cvledly at dc CtiUnlutuJ, and burnt a n^a;».:/.ii'.e iherc, in whieh were fime provi-
ijons, fijme an.munition, and all the Iparc ilore-, clodiing, ami.:, and ba^'ija^e, of
ihw-ir army.

I'hc prifuners he took informed him of t'le lurrend.cr of ti-.e f.rt uf Xiiiz'itm ; and
we difcovercd, by intercepted letters that the enemy had abandeined dn-illon and
C.roicn Voint, were retired tu the i)Ie ,-^.v.v A''>/.v ; and tliat (..'en.ral Aaibci-jl was mak-
ing preparations to p;:!!, the lake LiiunpUiin, to fall upon M. h'-nrlcmaquc' ■i corps, which
couIilL^ of 3 bat;aliui:s of ioot, and as many C.<i>uiJiiiiis as m.dec t!ie wli.lj amount
tj •^cco.

'I'lie admiL-d's difp.itchcs ar.d mine would have gone eii'jit cr ten li.vs f. oner, if I
h ,.! i;iit been prtve-nted Irom writing liy .i lever. I found mylelf fo ill, and am Hill
Id wi ik, that I begged the general oliicers to confuh to,';elher lor the pid)iic utility.
They are all of opini^m that, (as more (hips and provlhons have now j-ot above the
t(\v!i) they (hould trv, by conveying; up a corp, of 4 nr y o.^ men, (vvhic'.i is r.e.irly
tlie whole ftienj^th ol the army, alter t!ic points of Lt\i aid ()rl,ai:s are left in a pro-
per ;V.te of dcleiiee) to dr.iw the enemy from their p:el'ent fitnation, Und bring th'vUi
to an action. I have ae.juielccd in tlieir p;op: l.d, and we arc pre] .uing to put it in
t..ecu.';on.

The admiral ..nd I have rvamined tlic town, with a view to a gcner.d all': dt ; bnf,
i\rier coiilulting witii tb.c chief engineer, who is well acquainted with the interior
parts (,f it, and, afer viewii.g it with the utmoft attention, we Kuiiul, that t!iou^;:i
tr.e battcrv-s 1 f the lower tow 1 mi dit I e eafily fdcnceil by the men of war, yet the
iMifiiu'll of an ad".ult would be iitde advanced by tlut, fnice the few paffigi ithat lead
lioin tiic lower to the upper to.vn, .ire carehilly ii, trenched ; ar.il the upper batteries
Ciunot he atiected by tlu lli:p:i, which mull icceivc conlidcr;d)lc d.mage from them
ar.d from tlie mortars. The admir.il would readily join i,i this, or in any other mea-
luic iur the pid)lic lervice ; but I could not propole to him an uiuLitjki;i;j of fo daa-
gerous a nature, and proimnn,', f > latle fuccefs.

To ti,c uncommo!) Ilren/,t!i it tlrjc) :ntry» the enemy ii.ive added (for the defence
of the river) a great number ol ik atim; batteries atid boats. l!y the vigdance of thcfe

it h.is been impodi'iU' to exec ite ;'.nv llfni'.

a .il the Indhiui riunJ our diff :ca: ^

b_v fuipii/c. We liivc hjd aim >ll duly ik riniih.-' With tlieli. fav.igc-, in vviiieh th.y

a.e ('cnetally defc ited, but not witlu ut l.^f, on o.ir li ic.

liy the lill ui viitablcil litiicers (ni.ny ol' who. 11 are of rank) you may perceive,
!^..i, th,t the armv is much weakened, by the nature of the river, the ti.okl formid-
kLlepiit ui liii, ..;,-ii..nicnt is de^ ri',\d of tl.j power of .le'.ii'j, y^t w. h.ive a!;n 'd tlv:

\\ 1 i ' •■

S.iv.i^cs came
.'p the dead as

icr all others
t, or even tho
rcpullc) was
; thcfc .idv, Hi-
ll pen a coin-
', w.ii oftlctn
I, very fl '.'.■-.
iliinciit, and
u- i;cLii ;^ic,.t,
Duds aiiijriicl
town V.'..!) iii-
ajiiloimity to
iitoiiu..^ army

th I2C0 men,

i>xh lllips, (il-'

hiUri!. Thj
; cn.iny's dc-
1 tlic nican^ in
cnipts to land
:. Ik-laiukd
;c (Ijnie piovi-

Kiazdnj ; and
d CitriUon atul
iv;/ wab ma! -
b corps, which
\li-L amoant

^'S r oricr, if I
I, and am flill

piibhc utility.

j'C't ahjvc the
vliicli is r.c.irly
c left ill a p:o-
nJ Ining tiiini
11^ to put it iil

I ail:-. ;lt ; b'.if,
1 the intcriur
I, that thcni-!i
:' war, yet x\\c
fii^i bth.it Icul
upper l)atti.ries
•'e I'roin them
[jy other mea-
i:i'' ot lo di;i-

lor tlie defence

;ilantc of tlufo

•c ite anv l!ii:i;;

in wlii.h tli.y

may perceive,
e tiiOtl f.'nnid-
,)a\e i!;n 'd the

]

,!'i

' !

■ ' :!

"il

' I'i

AND rillNl'irAL SKrUKTARY OF STATK Af

' y///.i ///,//r /,< ///fifi/ f ^O/tn/'/uf /i>/rt/ -/y/vv/

Dljt'KNlIlN ..I U»h;H»
H.iiii'rii'M A"»l <iiii«. Al

II. ih< </.v.ri, ,/t liii/fttf u: . J
\' . Sillt.'ti lt;tf 7. . .'

ll». I /I, H.-.:ftt.t/ -i . <1

'li. .1V«' hiUlerv ,11 llu ll/'/'fi

f.irt !•/' r/lihin,),' l/itiJ J
H. .!',•// lUitteru M Ih,- 1. 71 w
j /-.f// >y' itv Alti»f.> ir.in'. jf

An Al •III^RITIf I'l.AN

,///>,■

Hi i I: n S ri .11 HKSC A

//i 'w

%Mrtf l«ilu'F.illorMoriliiuMi'ru i

// /// //- /'/ ,r,i//, //.I , / //,

K I KO K . I Ql KHKC

////./ / /// /<'//////«///,/(•/ "

ViiT A<liii'>H.iiiiiil<-r«i' Major (u-n'U'iiUi'

,/ '//•// // //, , '.'y '// , ,y .
I>r,i»iiln it /tl'IAlN ii.Wm, %|.ti,'llM-itN.ivv _

Of ^U E D E C

tn X

7.59-

whole force (if r.;;;.i./<? to nppolc. In ilii'; ritt'ntion, there is fiich a lIk/icc of diilicul-
t-.s, tlr.it I own iiiylclf ar a lola liow to littcrminc. The alLirs of Hi \;it Britain, I
kiiiiw, r^'-l'iirc the ir.oll vigoruM nualiirfs ; but then the toiira;;e of a hancif'ul of
Ywwx mvii iho'.ilil be excrteil only, where tlicre is I'omc hope ot a favourable event.
jj,,vvcv<T, yiHi may be airureti, Sir, tli.it the finall part of the campaigii whith rc-
niaiii'^, lliall be eiiiployetl (as. fa- as I am able) for the honour of his maiefly and tlie
jiitiiell of tlie nation, in \vhi(:ii I am Uireoi being wvil letonded by the Admiral and
bv the (I'ener.ds. Hippy it our cliorti here tan tontiilnite to the luccefb of Ids ma-
; ily'r ;nm^ in any otiier parts rf Amiriia. I hi .ve tlie iionour to be, with t!ie i^rcat-
dt icUkcI, bir, yt;ur mull obedient, and mud humble lerw.nt,

J A M i; s Wo I. F r .

Rt.'uni cf t!:-: HI!.,!, li-cwuL'J, ami mij/ing.

KiH.il. jroundfil. M'J/ing,
Ofuccrs — — — — — — II 46 o

tcrie.nits — — — — — - 9 26 o

Dnimmers — — — — — o 7 o

U..!ili and li'e — — — — — 162 572 17

* 131

T<..'j/

1J2

<'5'

S.'irJjfig CaJIf, cf fcii:.' Levi, Srpf. 5.

SIR,

N my litter cf the ^th of yn'tr, T acqminted yon I was then ofr Scntiiri, fland-
iiV!, for tb.e livcri^t I.,iiircnci\ On tl.e 26th, I had t;ot up. with the hrll diviiion ot
iT: tltet ,\vA trarfports

w^ far as tlur middle of tlic ill.' of Oritjus, where I i

mrnec

cpari,d to l.iid the :r,>.)ps, whiJi I d;d nest morni

Tli'- fame day the fe-

eo;"i

tro(^

dth

■•i \erv

divil'

0:1 ea:

c i.n, ai.i the tf':

.}i

H.Mii tiuin were

dcd 1

d;ewi(e.

ir Willi' ut .TV I I 01

• twhativer; bu% dirc>lt!y after landini; the

hard galoot wiiul tune on, by which many anchors anvl fmall boits

i.l KiUtli d.im.'.ge reci.iv'd amo:, • ihe tr.inl'poit;, by dnvin.; <jn bo.nd e..ch

Th'.- slips that loll molf.-.ixli .s I I'lippliid fr -m tiic men -Ji n-jr, .a^ f.ir a^

',.

in a

11 i-.h.

r vi

i.in

tliL- bill .id'i.iancc i

n my power.

On il

cnr liiip:

d t!

ilMn
t;.)in

i-.ei, wt t-.v'd tli-

it midni^l'it, tlic entiiiy fen: <lnv. 11 from .'^^-/'.v 7 tircfhip"^, and thn'

flaiily fpiead fo_.:reat a part of t!

fpi vts

were !o r.umtMHi'

1 til a

K-m.

ilic next ni.

ht (

• and ,i-;m ;; d, \\i;hoiit receiving tlie le, il d.am i-ji
Jen. /./j-, ' </ u' "l-d t!ic rivcT, '..nd landed wi;h hi;

:i'^.u,e on l.ie

S. (hore

and t'ok pv{\ at l\.i.".t L. :•', and Ccii. //

■il^

IOC

kl.

on ViW

.dtrmoft point of the itle of Orhii'i:.

On the l.A\ of jjuly \ moved np bctwtrn tlie p -ints of Oiiuins and l.cvi

liijvtdto land on the N. ll.ore, bi'ow the lalU of M'..

•;ri, I I I,k:

tlij ;;th iiillant, the I'-.nuf-i

111

\:i

::i Oii.or.i aad llic N-!lii iho;

,nd il-.e li4l.
iCr thi.

'.rmed vefici, in tile

iidin

whicli twu!'

tiiat

■ hr.

Oa the 17th. I o

('apt. A'>«s of the S il'::>-!.i>ul, to proceed, v,:t!i the llifl

f.iii- wind..nd iiivht-tidc, ali.ve i^fl.c, an.i t) t.ik.: the l)i.

'ta aiu

I .S-,

ith t

\\\>

■MIVC

d tloors, and tu'o cut"- allied an.i Ic.-,. ltd with provilions. On the iSthatni^;lit

ih-.A all •j,.'t lip, lAL-ept the J)

, nve tile tciwn ; llio!.:
The Diil.'i.i r^n adi

Orp !;

. (Jeii. nUii' an opportunity of reci'ruu it-
liwd lon-.e troops with them lor that pur-

polc

d.ima"e that I luue fcnt her tvi /;

ti.e r. vks of r. ir.t Lili,

til

full ot ^fl

wldih itc

moll dan;. I

d received I
•1 tranlport?

o mueu

thuk

.1 t,

' • .if t!ie artli of .7"''' ) where they are to be
dilLJiaij'td ; ..nd the y>/,v,\;, lun;r. • r, p.ii c.l hci damn;'.-, i:i to pr, eeid to I "glami.

t.iki. H

vi 1, iur tlie n: .ll-lhi

On tl.i
.i;„d.

at iiiK

.l..J»:

ht, tl

e!u

.:. a .ly I I- ■•-
: di'wn.i a!t
.1; llu li. .-ill

Iv t ' aeu.mp'.nv iier.

Ill

-i, vi i;c«r a htiit-

■-«*1

AND rillNril'AL SKTHK TAUY OT Si'ATK Xtf

r>/"

H.tll.Tios A'"o/ (iiui. Moil''^

X.lTti I itj./.i o <■

i* .'«m/.';;- /r-^y - f • ■ ^'

ii». /;»^ H.s^i'ir.ii .«...< 1

K..'.ri'/>- /ktttfru iivf Mf : ji«'"'' '"•

p<trY .•/' r/jt' hlfUK< if.ti J J

If. .V, /I /I.I ff,r I, ,u r/i, /•itt-i ^ ••"••,',!!>

/■.Ill .t ih,' kiitj.i i'.ii\* ,1 -' „ *■ *«

l.li.ii.il H.ia.iii A' . t"

\K. fltitfhifi fi.ta.rtf

11.

f> 4ii Chitrli'hniii'U (»r

•M. J-^ •••

'."'• I,"

. fr

'D^-^

^^^^

ji>

.Vf »/ Htittt'f'u

^^ ,*«.. #*i '..'.•1.- (, ^. v^V ".I^V^ ''««,

.'1. h\ .1^.- •: N.- /^m %i'-^. /- ■^-^. •.-.

'*>«.

' /Yrf. ?=

I*. 7* / ^

tiJtm.'

■,J>l■^•.^ n ..i

IJ.OH-I

i 3l^"}-& • 1,^°^' " ""^ " -' *

■r.>,A,.AfA/l.',M:. J«»

. rirmt/u/t.i/!.' 1S»
.■tf,>,.i>,i,it:.

t It .H I H A

v. I / A

,Ili< I.M K .V v

,sr I, A r n »•: N t i;

/»y ri ■■< t o -v

, X -t It .H I H A t.

—r.-'vc.v;. •••■... ..JIL.

4;^»>i*?<*<>/.v/- /.All

,.'2^^ '■•.u»*''>-' ■■. V%.« ^' >tr— :----* -^ •-'•■• i Jb^

P.II1 olihv

I'fifH-rKivfrof

jc , ;i n 4^ ChiirlohoiiPf^ ur
" "^lo I'l-lit VilUgr

.il'lUM-^f'lfl,-
ACHtiN );,iiiM-<llivllii'KN«il.l.SH

■ ''/ ':< '"'/ -"'■'"'
(| I' K I» V, f

Hv:iiiOKpi«'Kknri)illiiirliuii

4<< ' -l.tt^K

"*^.

.1.-. /(M..., .., J all
•f'"»/ fi:,., ^ -^

■ ■ '?/»'-/,. /„.,, ... S_X/ TH /,

SI,,,., I n ■*.■'"- ''■•^>5.—-li 'S^fc. V,„^

W M

Vmt ui tJ

t'l'.tiiliitirls III Amiii'f

«3Stv*w

lV*«*'^--

N S

iji

Account of the Siege and Rcducliun

X)\\ the ^ill, Ccn.n'ot'/'r ili.t(.'rmincil to l.iiiil a iiuihIkt of tr;'(>;"s a! ovc the falls (if
Mont/mrruit, in oriltr to attack tlic enemy's lines ; to cover \s liich, I pl.iceil the Cf/i-
tioicn in the channil, Ixtwten the iflc of Orlcitm ami tlie I'.ills, aiul ran on ihorc, at
Jii:;h water, two catts which I had armcil tor that piirpolc, a:;,iinlltwo linall batteries
aiui two rciioubts, wheie our troops were to land. About iK in the evening they
Jaiiiled, but the ;;eneral not fhinkin;^ it proper to perfevirc in the att.'i k, part ot them
tiuin after, re-embarked, and thereftcrolfed the I'.ills witii Oen. U'dfr-, upon wliich,
to prevent the two catts from falling into the enemy's hamls (they being then dry on
Piotc) I gave orders to take tlic men out and fet them on fire, w hich waa accordingly
d jne.

On the ^t!i of yfi/sru/i, in the niglit, I fent 20 tl it-bottomcd boats up the river, to
the ^.'<^/v' /.".''/, to embark iidoot the troops with Hrij;. (ien. AIiirr,?Y, fiom a poll
we had taken on the South llu;rc. I lent Admiral Ih/mcs up to the St/{/:ri/a/iJ, to
inf> in conceit with him, and give him all the allillance the Ihips atid bc.ts cou! i
atioid. At the fame time I diredKd Adm. 11 inirs to ule hi- bell einieavcvu;. to j;ct a%
:,nd dtHroy tire enemy's (hips above the town; and to that inirpofe I ordefLd tlu:
L<Ai\i!tfj'f, and //////rcr Hoop, vvi;h two armed Ih.ops and two catts, with proviliou',
to paf- .';^/i/'(V and join the Sitthfrhaul ; but the wind holdin;;; wedeily, it was the
2 7ih ot ylu^.-i/i beiure they got up, wliich was the fourth aittmpt tluy had made to
j.'ain iluir p:r'.f.ige.

On tiie 25th, at night, Adm. Il'lmcs and Cm. Murmy, with j-ait cf the troops,
tcturr.cd ; tluv had met witli, and dt.llrf>yed a ina;;;/ine ol the ciieiiiv's cl; atiiin';,
lotne puiipi wdcr, and other things ; and Adm. //;/wjha.i been ten ( r tutlvi. kaguij
;-,bovcUie town, but found it iii'pr.icticable at th.it time tot^et fmtlur up.

C!en H'cijr being rek.lvcd to i^uit the camp at M-Jitircrctui, and go above the town,
in hopes of getting between tlie cnctny and tiuir provifions, (fuppoi'ed to be in flio
Jl.ips there) and by that means force thcin to an aclioii, I fent uj>, on the zi/Ii at
i.iLiht, the S.-tthirfc ai-.d two arn^ed (loops, v. ith two catts lailcn with ( .ovilions, to
join the red above %i/'it-; and having taken ofV all tlic artillery trom the camp (<f
J^[ iitf/icirfici, on llie 3d indant in the forenoon the troops embarked t\om thence an^l
Jandcd at Point Z.ii'i. The 4th at night I fent all the tlat-botton\ed boats up, and
iliis night a part ot' the troops will marthup the ."^nuth fliore, abj\c the town, to be
tmbark.'ii in the (hips and vefllls there, and ti -mermw night the rcil will follow.
Adm. Ilolh.is is alio gone up again to adifl in tluir future operations, and to trv, i(,
with the idTidance of the trtops, it is p;aiticuble to g.et at the enemy's (hips.

As tim. //■(;//)• writes by t'.iis opportunity, he will give yi u an .account if hi part
of the operations and his ihoughts wliat further may be dom; for his miile.lv's Icr-
vice. lire eneiv.y appear numerous, ai.d kem to be flio!;gly poflid ; but let the
event be what it will, we (liall remain liere as long as the fcakm of the year will per-
mit, in c rdcr to prevent their detaching troops fn n» Iience agaiiill d'en, y1:':l.\yll ; and
1 (hall le.ivc crnizers at the iiK.uth (\ the ri\ei to tut c ft' any lupplie- that m.iybeier.t
ihcni, wit!) (hid orders to keep that thitiu.T as l.>ng as poliiblc. 'I'lietown of i^/.vAi
is not h.d'iiable, b-.ing almod tntiuly burnt a-id iiellroytd.

Twenty ( f the Viv.lu:illers that lail'd irom Eng/ii>h/, with the Eif.c, arc anived hero,
»;nc uido.u'i,i ,it I.ruillurgb, basing riteiv'd damage in Iser paifai^e i ut, and aiv thcr
1 have herd i.i^thiiig of. N'o (hips of the enemy have come thi w.iv, that I h.ivti
]i.id,iny inicllireiue of, (irce my a:riva! in t!ie river, except one, I \iea wy'th liourar.d
l\andy, which C'apt /J'/.'/vof tlu /,,.•,;;■(.'' took.

Before Adm. 7J/</c7/g.jt into the riser, 3 frigifc--, and I7ful, witli providons,
d( res, and a few recruits, g(jt up, and arc th le we ate lo anxious if pwdible, to
liohdv.

^'ellerday I received a letter t'rom fJen. yliiiherjl (to wliom I hive h.id no opportu-
nity of writing llncc I have been in the river) liateil, tamp at L> ic/i Point, Ai.^. 7.
wherein he only deliixs I would (end traidportb and a ■ onvoy to S'tw I'ark to catry to
L%li:ntl 607 priloners t;dven at \'i.:^^i!>-<t.

1 (hall very (ojn fend home the gie.it (hips, and have the hi nour to be, wiiii tl:c
j;ie,itcU tefptd,

S I R,

I'mi imjl obiditnt and moll humhk S,>\\ifit,

til \K L K i Sau.N 1; L I< S.

r.v3

Of ^[7 E EEC h, 17-0.

Two days after this excellent letter vv.is received at court, ami vvliich |Hit an end to
nil our hopes of complcating for this year the conqucll of Cantula -, to the allonidi-
uicnt of the world and the inexprellible joy of the nation, another cxprefs arrived
with an account of a fignal victory );.iincd by us over tlie French in that quarter of the
wtirld, which was attended with the rediid\ion of ii^w/vr, and confequcntly with the
abfoliite ruin of the I'rcnch upon tlic American continent ; the fatibf.iition witii which
tiic news infpircd us was damped by our being told Central H'olje fell in tiie adlion,
h.iving received 5 fliots in dit^ercnt places, and left behind him a chaiailer both as a
man, and an othccr, that raifes him to a level with the mull renowi.ed commanders.
CJciicral Moncktcn was alfolhot through the lungs, but his wound was not mortal. We
wdc happy in having the command devolve upon (Jcncral George TowfiJicnJ, whole
kai.r will here fpcak better, than any language wc Ihould attempt to ufe.

Letter from tlv Ihywurahk General Monckton to the Right Ihmuiahk Mr. Secretary
I'itt, </<;/<•</ Cam/) at Point Levi, Sept. i 5, 1759.

5 / R,

I Have the ple.\furc to acquaint you, that, on the 13th inftant, his maieflv's troops
j-,aiiied a very fignal vlch ry over the French, a little above the town of i^MtA\ .
C' 1, It'olje, exerting himf If on tlic right of our line, rcctised a wound pretty eaily,
ol which Ik- t-ied loon alu;, and 1 had tnylelf the great mi' fortune i/f receiving one
ill my right brcall by a lull, tliat went through p.iit ol my lungs (and which has been
cut out under the blai'e ! one "f my Ihouldtr) jjit a. the French were giving way,
which (ybliged me 'o quit the lieM. 1 have therefore, bir, delir-.d (leii. •Jlic-illynd,
who now commai.ds the troop.-, before the town (nul of which I am in liopes he will
be foon in pollellion) to acquaint you with the particulars of that day, and of the
"^ I have ihi L^ncur to th\ i^c.

Ron, Monckton.

'33

c}->cration'j carrying on.

r. S. His ma'iefty's troops hthavcd with thcgrc.ueft ftcadinefs and bravery.
As the furgeons tell me there is no danger in my wound, I am in hopes that I ^lall
be foon able to join the army before the town.

Lttter from the lloncurabk Brigadier G(7;cr<i/ Towndicnd to the Right Honourable Mr.
Secretary Pitt, JateJ. Camp befort (^ebcc, tcpt. lo, 1759.

SIR,

I Have the honour to acquaint you with the fucccfs of his maitfty's arms, on the
13th inftant, in an adicn with the French^ on the Heights to the weftw^rd of this
town.

It Ixing determined to carry the operations above the t^wn, the pi.fts at Point I.r.'i,
and /' 7//t' / Or/c<;;M being fecurcd, the general marched, with the lemaindei ol the
force, from Point Leri the 5th and 6th, and embarked them in tranfpoit-^, which
h-id pafled the town for that purpofc. On the 7th, Sth, and 9th, a inovtmeat of the
Oiips was nia»!e up, by .Adin. Holmes, in order to aniulc the enemy now polUd :.'ijng
<he north (horc ; but the tranfports being extremely crowded, and tiie weather very
bad, the general thought proper to cantoon half his troops on the S. nth ihore ; wher.'.
they were retrcflied, aiul r^.imbarked upon the 12th at one in the morning. 1 he
light intantry, cciiiiioandcd by Col. //.^iv, the regiments ot lir.igg, Kennedy, Lajcil-
/(•;, and AnjliutLr, with a detaehineiu of Highlanders, and Aneil.an grcnadiei<,
the whole hein;; under the cumiiiind of Hrig.uiiers .A/;;/!.^-.''; an.i Murray, wir;put
into the tlat-bottomed boats, and alter lomc inovemeiu oi the lliij's made by .\dm.
Holmes, to draw the attention of the ei.cmy above, the boats fell down with the tide,
and landed on the North ihorr, witlnn aleagucof Caf<e Dsam-jiJ, an hour bct'orc d.iy-
break : 'I'he rapidity ul the tide v\ <bb carried tlu-m a little bi.low the intended place
of attack, which obliged the light iniantry to Icranible up a woody precipice, in order

M m • to

W>'

lit*

»3+

/Iccounl nf the Siege and ReduEiion

to fccre tlic l.inJinn the tr. ops, by ilillodgini^ a captain's {Vjil whici ilcfcmicil the
linall intrciu Ik<1 pith the tin,)ps were to afccml, After a little m iii'T, «' " lii<lit infan-
try i^.-.iiicd tlic t'lpot the | rccipicc, iii J dilpcriid the captain's poll i l>y hich means,
tlutroops with a vciy 'iitlc lots froi i a few ( .mcuUain and Indumt in the wood, got
i;p, and were immediately ("lined. The lx;ats, ■. thcv cnipticd, were lent hack tor
tiie fecond einbark.itimi, which I iminciiutely n\.i.:e. l!rig. Mwnry, who had betii
detached with A'/hutf:i'\hMi\\vr. to attack the I. uir gun battel \ upon the left, was
recalled by the f!;encral, who now /aw lie ieucb army trolling the river S' Claries.
Cen. H'll/'r theicupon bcj^.n to f'rm his lire, havi'"c his rrjht covered by the Loui/'-
h'Mrz,h {grenadier- ; on the right vf ihell; again he >>.rward> brought Otwafi, to the
left ot the grenadiers w. re jfj/.yq's, Kennedy^, L.i/ifi/ti'..., lii^blimJifs, .ini\ yliiflru-
tbir\; the right of thi.> body was cominandc I by Wn-^. M.i.ikton, and the left by
Brig. A////7v;y ; his rear and left were pri tcdtevl by Col, W:«v's light infantry who
vaj returned from the fi iir gun battery befon nienti'MKil, which was foon aliaiulon*
td to him. den. AUntai/m having colleekcd the wlioie (.>f his force from tiic Bcnuport
lide, and advaiuing, (hewid his intention to tlank onrkft, where I wis imnudiati-ly
ordered with CJen. y/wAvy/'s battaliuti, u hieh 1 formed iv; /Vi'WA My numbers
were loon after ineieafed bv the arriv.l of the two biltalions of Rrynl /Imcricam; and
Wil'h'i wa^ drawn up liy the ri'tncial, , s a - el'ervc, in eight llibdivilions with large in-
tcrvalf., 'Ihe enemy lined tin. bullies in tin r front, with i ^co /'/..'/./rt and L.inadians,
and 1 dare lay had pl.iced moft of their bell marklincn there, who kept up a very
galling, though irregular, fire np'n our whole line, who bore it uiihthe greatert pa-
tience, and good order; refeuing their (ire for the main bo , now aifvaneing.
This fnc of tiic enemy was however cheeked by 'Hir poll'., in ou front, which pro-
tedcd the forming our own line. Tlie rieht of tiic enemy was comi" kd of half
the trooi's of the colony, the batt ill' us of La Scare, Languedac, and the remainder
of their dniadians and Indians. Tluir centre w..s a colimiii, nijd formed by the bat-
talions of Beam AnA Ghioiri; Tiiiir left \\ compofcd ot the rcmainii g troops of
the colony, and the battalion of A'mv;/ Roii/ii/ot. This w as, as near ns 1 can gucfs,
tlui; line of battle. They brougjit up twcj pieces of fmall artillery againll us, and
ve hnd been able to bring Uji I iit one gun ; whiih being admirably will ferved, gall-
ed ilieir column exceedingly. My attention tr the left u ill not permit me to be vtry
exadl with regard to every tirciinuiancc whith pilled in the center, much lef-; to the
right; but it is molt ccrrain that tlic e ictnv formed in gooil order, and that their at-
tack was very brifl nnd rininiated u.i that lide. Our troops rellrved their tire, till
\' ithin forty yariis, which v.m. To v.x\l continued, th.it the enemy every where gave
way. It was then our Cci cral le!l ;>'. the he,.d rf I'ra^g'f, and the l.tujjhurgh '^xc-
nadiers, advancing with their bayonets : About the fame time, Wxi^. dew, Monckton
received Jiis wound at the head of Lafcclus\. In the front of the oppolite battalions
fell a!fo M. A/:'/;/< <;//,; ; and hi vcoiitl in coinmand is lii.ce dead of his wsainds on
board our fleet. I'art of thee;;' .iiy made a (ecoiid faint attack. Part took to fome
thick (. ipfc wood, anei Kemcd to make a llaiid. It was at this moment th.it each
corps feemcd in a manner to exert itlelt", with a view to its own peculiar cluratlcr.
The grenadiers, Brti:^^''-, and L(.'/ri7/a's, prelled on with their bayonets. Urig. Mw-
ray advancing with the troops under his command brilkly, com; Uated the route on
this fide; when tlie Ili;^ii:aiu'er-., fupportcd by -7;;///7///v;'s, took to their broad
fwords, and druve part iiito the town, and part to the w-.tk^, at their bridge on the
river St Charles.

Theatflion, on our 1-ft arid rear, was not f!) fevcrc. The hoiifcs, into which the
li^lu infantry were tli.^own, v.ere well lUfeiidcd, being fupportcd by Col. Ihuie, who
taking poll with two comj'anies behind a fmall copfe, and frciinently fallying upon
the tlanks of the enemy during their attack, drove tiicm olten into heaps, againfl:
the front of which body I advanced platoons of Amhcrll'^ regiment, which totally
prevented the right wing fromeAccnling their full intention, liefore this, one of the
Wyal Amcriam battalions had ln.en detached to prelerve oiir communication without
boat:, ..nd the other being fcnt to occupy the ground which Hrig. Murray'^ move-
ment liail left open, I remained with yl/nlvr/l's to liip[)urt tiiis difpofition, and to
keep the ciieiiiy's right, and a Ixjdy of their Savages, which (vaitcd llill more towards
our re.ir, oppulitc the polii of our li^ht infantry, waiting fur an opportunity to fall

\iPou ijiir rear.

This,

Icfcmlcd the
' lij^Iit infan-
hith means,
c wood, got
I'tiit buck lor
lio had been
the left, vvai
;r 5" Charles,
y the Loui/:.
uui/f, to the
and yliiftru-
d the kft by
fantry who
oil alKtiuion*
tlic Rcauport
immtdiati.ly
Ay luimhcrs
i'lcma; ar>d
kiih large in-
id idtudians,
t up a very
•■ greateft pa-
V aiiv.incing.

whicli pro-
( led of half
ic remainder
d by the bat-
i' .; troops of
I can guels,
liiiil us, ami
Itrvcd, gall-
iie to be vtry
;h kl'-i to the
that their at-
heir fire, till
.' where gave
iijhcurgh grc-
L-ii. Mcnciton
ite battalions
IS wt.unds on
)ok to Ibmc
:iit th.it each
ar charader.

Urig. Mio-

the route on

their broad

ridge on tlie

o which tlic
Jlywf, who
dlying upon
:aps, againft
.rhicij totally
i, one of the
ion with our
''fay's inove-
:ion, and to
lore towards
tunity to fall

This,

Ariiaa

'll^

^\m

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

1.1

1.25

■^ Uii 12.2
■^ 136 MnE

S 1^ i 20

"/a

'^;.

Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N,Y. 14580

(716)87^-4503

H>ii i.iuii'-iiiiif** o^iiii r.>

iK'i

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, .. "-•••6 'viii i'» in.v.iij.v iiic gitniii'i vrrntfi iiii.;. tytrirriiy s iliove-

niciu luul Idc ojK-n. 1 remained with Ww/.,r;^s to liijsv,,rt this riiri.oruicn, and to
t;<.x,. ihc ciicny . n :ht, nnd a body of tiieir Savage., which <vjitcd ll.ll uiorc towards
on rcr, oppulitc the [^ulh ut our h^ht iiitaiitrv, waiting tor an onportunitv to fall

iijioii our fL.ir. ' " '

This,

Of ^U E B E C in 1759.

»35

This, Sir, was the fituntion of thini^'s, when I was toKI, in the aL^lion, that 1
coniiii:indcci : I immichatcly rcp.iiral to the centre, and finding the purUiit luid put
iv.itol the troops ill dilnriiir, 1 lorincd them as loon as poliible. Scarce was this
ttlicKil, wiien M. dc Jku^t:i/,'vii7i-, witli liis corps from Ci!/>r Rcu^r, of 2CO0 men,
appt-ared in luir rear. 1 .ulv.intc'ii two pieces of artillery, and two battalions towards
liiai ; upon whii.ii he retired. You will not, 1 Halter iiiylelf, blame me for not
ijuittiiig fiich advanta;j;eoiis j.roiiial. and ri(kin;^tlie fate < 1 fodccifivc a day, by feeii-
:iir; ahcfn enemy, polled perhaps in the very kind of ground he cuul(i uiih for, iv';;;.
woods and Iwamp?. We to;)k a great number of hrcncb otlicers upon the field of
b.utle, and one pietc of cannon. 'I'licir lols is computcil to b^ about 1500 men,
\sliich tell cliit'lv upon tluir re^'.ulars. I have bien employed, from the day oi ac-
tij;!, to that of the capitulation, in redoubting our camp b.yond inhilt, in making a
I .ill up tiie precipice lor our canno'i, in gcf.in.; up tile artillery, preparing the lutte-
li'j;;, and cutting off their communication with their country. I'he 17th, at noon,
bcttire we liad any battery created, or could Imvc any for two or three liavs a tiag of
tiLiee came out with propol.ds of capitulatio:i, wliicli 1 lent back again to liic tuwn,
alli wing them tiur hours to capitulate, or no fartiier treaty. The admiral had, at
thi- time, iTotigiit up his large lliips as intending to attack tlie town. Tiio i'mub
oiHcer leturne.i at night witii tcrmsot capitulation ; whicii, with the .Admiral, were
cmiidtred, agreed to, and llgned at eiuht in the morning, the iS'th inlbnt. Tlu
terms we grained, will, I flatter myfelf, be approved of by liis miielly, conlidering
tiie enemy all'embling in our rear, anil, what is far more formidable, th>; very wcc
and cold Icafon, which thrca:eneil our troops witli ficknels, and the fleet with fome
accident ; it had made our road fo bad, we coaUl not briiv^ up a gun for fome time ;
add to this, the advantage of entering the town, with tlie wall,i in a defenlible ihite,
and the being able to put a garrifon there llrong enough to prevent all I'urprizc.
Thcfe, I hope, will be deemed futhcient ccnliderations fir granting them the terms
1 have the honour to tranfmit to you. The inhabitants of the country come into us
faft, bringing in their arms, and taking the oatiis of fidelity, until a general peace
determines their fituation.

I have tir: honour to indofe herewith, a liA of the killed and wounded ; a liil of
the prifoncrb, as perfedl as I have yet been able to get it ; and a lill of the artillery and
ftorcsinthe town, as well as of thole talleii int) our liands at liitjufox in confeijuencc
of tlie victory, liy deferters we learn, that tiie enemy are re-alicmbling what troops
they can, behind the Cape Rougr ; that M. //c Lmy is come down from the Monttwil
lide to command .hem; fiiiie lay he has, brought two battalions with him; if fo, this
blow has already atVuled (Jen. Amherjl. Uy oilier delerters, we learn, that M. ..v
U'tigainvi'Ir, with Soo men, and provifions w,;s on his march to dim; himlclf into
the town the iHth, the very morning it capitulated, on which day we had not com-
pleated the invelliturc of the pkice, aj they had broke their bridge of boats, and liad
detachments in very iVrong works on the other iide tlie river Si Cki'/ts.

1 iliould not do juflice to the Admirals, and the iiival lervice, if I negleOled this
cccaliun of acknowledging how much we are indebted i'ov our fucccfs to tlie confi.i! c
alVidancc and fupport received from them, and the perre(;t harmony and coriv'.v 11-
dciice, which has prevailed throughout all our operations, in the uncommon diticul-
tits which the nature of this ci'untry, in j>articular, |'>relents to military operati^ais
(jf a great extent, and whicli r.o army can itielf folely lupply •, tlieimmenfe Idunir in
artillery, iVores, and provifions j the long watchings and attendance in Imii ; the
dr.uviiig up our artillery by the feamcn, even in the heat of the action ; it i-- my duty,
lliort as my command has been, to acknowledge?, for that, how j;ieat a Ih.ire the
navy has liad in this fucccblul '.ampaign.

J have /':.■ L'i:ur tc Iv, Cw

do. TowNMirsi),

A'tiila

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F R E N C

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136 ' j^ccount of tht Sitge and ReduElion

Articles cf Capiluhtim agreed en, between General Townfhend anJ M, de Ramzey,

Commander of Qiicbec.

Art. I. M. de Ramzey demands tlie honours of war for his garrifon, and that it
fliall be conduced back to the artny in fafcty by the fliortcd road, with their arms,
baggage, fix pieces of brafs cannon, two mortars or howitzers,, and la rounds.

Tie garrifon of the toun, compojed of land forces, marines, andfailors, Jhall march
out with their arms and baggage, drums beating, lighted matches, with two pieces of
cannon, and twelve rounds, and fiall be embarked as conveniently as pojfible, in order to
be landed at the firjl port in France.

II. That the inhabitants (liall be maintained in the poiFefiion of their houfcs,
goods, eflfeds, and privileges.

Granted, provided they lay down their arms,

III. That the faid inhabitants ihall not be molefled on account of their having borne
arms for the defence of the town, as they were forced to it, and as it is cuftomary
for the inhabitants of the colonies of both cro.vn$ to icrve as militia. Granted.

IV. That the cflfedls belonging to the abfent officers, or inhabitants, fliall not be
touched. Granted,

V. That the faid inhabitants fliall not be removed nor obliged to (^uit their houfcs
until their condition Hiall be fettled by a definitive treaty between their moft Chriftiun
and Britannick majefties. Granted.

VI. That the exercife of the Catholic Apoftolic and Roman religion (hall be pre-
ferved, and that fafe- guards (hall be granted to the houfes of the clergy, and to the
monafteries, particularly to the Bifhop of ^ebec, who animated with zeal for religion,
and charity tor the people of his diocefs, defires to refide conilantly in it, to exercife
freely and with that decency which his charaifter and the facred myHeries of the Ca-
tholic, Apoftolic, and Roman religion require, his epifcopal authority in the town of
Sl^ebec, wherever he fliall think it proper, until the poflcHlon of Canada Hull have
been decided by a treaty between their moft Chridian and Britannic majefties.

Ihefree exercife of the Roman religion. Safe-guards granted to all religious perfons, as
well as to the biJl;op, who Jhall be at liberty to come and exercile fredy and -with decency
tbefunSlims of bis office whenever bejliall think proper, until the pcjfejion of dmda Jhall
have been decided between thiir Britannic andmojl Chrijlian majejtits.

VII. That the artillery and warlike ftores Hiall be ^-.-livered up bonaJUe, and an
inventory taken thereof. Granted.

VIII. That the fick, wounded, commiftiiries, chaplains, phyficians, furgeons,
apothecaries, and other pcrfons employed in the hofpitals, (hall be treated agreeable
to the cartel fettled between their moft Chriftian and Britannic majefties on Feb, 6,
1759. Granted.

IX. That before delivering up the gate, and the entrance of the town, to the
£nglijh forces, their general will be pleated to (end fome foldiers to be placed as fafe-
guards at the churches, convents, and chief habiutions. Granted.

X. That the commander of the city of ^ebec (hall be permitted to fend advice to
the Marquis de Vaudrueil, governor general, of the reduction of the town ; as alfo
that this general (lull be allowed to write to the French miniftry to inform them
thereof. Granted.

XI. That the prcfent capitulation (hall be executed according to its form and tenor,
without being liable to non-execution under pretence of repriuls, or the non-execu-
tion of any preceding capitulation. Granted.

^he prefent treaty has been made and Jet tied between us, and duplicates fign^d at the
Camp before Q^hec, Scpr. j8, 1759.

C. Saunders, G. Townjhend, De Ramejay.

Killed.

Of S^U E B EC in 1759.

137

Killed, Wounded, and Miffing, in the Battle of the \itb.

Killed Wounded. Miffing.

Officcn •——."» — — -i« — g ^3 o

Serjeants —. — — — — —.i— 3 35 o

Drummers — — b^— .—. — — o 4 o

Rank and file — ^» — — •--. — 45 506 3

rotal S7^ 588 3

'jlrtillery.

Killed. Wounded Miffing.'

Engineers — ~ — — — ^ — o i o

Gunners — — — — — — — 1 1 o

Bombardiers — —•—'—.— — o f o

MatrofTes — — — ~~'~"~~r~o 5

Total 18 o

^najlde, and an

jIn yiccount of the Guns, tSc. found in Quebec on its Surrender to bis Majeftfs Troept.

Brafs guns

Iron guns

6 pound.

Braff mortars 1 3 In.

Do howitzers 8

Iron mortars 13

Shells 13 Inches

2
770

Sand?
6 S

ISO

Braiii petards z

with a confiderablc quantity of powder, ball, fmall arms aud intrenching tools, 6cc.
the number of which cannot be afcertained.

There have been alfo 37 guns and one mortar found on feveral batteries between
St Charles river and licauporl.

Letter from Vice-Aimiral Saunders, to the Right Honourable Mr. Secretary Pitt,

Sept. 20, 1759.

SIR,

I Have the grcateft pleafure in acquainting you, that the town and citadel of 's^uebec
furrendcrcd on the 1 8th inftant, and I inclofe you a copy of the articles of capi-
tulation. The army took pofl'cflion of the gates on the land fide, vii<. fimc evening,
andfent fafc guards into the town to prcfcrvc order, and to. prevent my thing being
dcftroyed -, and C^pt. Pallifer, with a body of feamtn, landed in the lower town,
and did the lame. The next day, our army marched in, ami nc.ir a thoufand /Vcva/j
ofticcrs, fuiditrs, and feamcn, were embarked on board Ibmc Englijb catts, who (hail
luon proceeii tor I'riincf, agreeable to the capitulation.

1 h.id the lionoui to write to you tlie 5th iiillant, by the Rulney cutter : The troops
mentioned in th.u letter, tinb.uktd on board the {\\\\^^ anJ vtlTcls above the town, in
the ni;jlu vi tlie fcth inllaut, and at tour in the morning ot the 13th bci^;an to land
on the north Ilicre, about a mile and a halt above the town. Gen. Akiucalm, with
his whole army, lett their camps at liiju/iort, and marched to meet him. A little
before ten both .uini.-i were toiiiici, and tlie enemy higan the attacH. Our troops

received their lire, aikl rcltived th.ir own,

p.eintr till tlicv were I'o near

.IS tu run
in

• 1 38 Account of the Siege and ReduSliony Of ^U E B E C if: i- 59.

in upon them, and purti them with their bayonets ; by which, in a vciy little time,
the French gave way, and rtcd to the town in the u'nioft difordcr, atul with ^rc.n
lofsj for our troops purlucd them guitc to the wails, and itiilcd many ot" lUem ujxjn
the glacis, and in the ditch ; and it the town ha.i been further oft', the whole I-'raulj
army mud have been deftroyed. About 250 Frciuf' prifoncrs wav t;ikcn that day,
among whom are ten captains, and fix fubaltcrn oUiccrs, all of wliom will go in the
great Ihips to England.

I am forty to acquaint you, that General tf'clj'e was killed in the adion ; and Gen.
Monckton fliot through the body ; but he is now fuppofed to be out of danger. Gen.
Montcalm, and the three next French officers in command, were killed ; but I mull
refer you to Gen, Tvwnfiend (who writes by this opportunity) for the particulars of
this adtion, the ftate of the garrifon, and the meatiires he is taking for keeping pof-
feflion of it. I am now beginning to fend on (liore the ftores they will want, and
provifions fur 5000 men ; of which I can furniHi them with afuHicicnt quantity.

The night of their landing, Admiral Holmes^ with the (hips and troops, was about
three leagues above the intended landing-place: General It'olfe, with about half h.s
troops, fet off in boats, and dropped down with tlic tide, and were, by tliat men;,
lefs liable to be difcovered by the /rcflf A centinels, polled all along the coafl. Tl.c
ihips followed them about three quarters of an hour afterwards, .ind t^ot to the l.uid-
ing-placc juft in the time that had been concerted, to cover their landing ; iind con-
fidering the darknefs of the night, and the rapidity of the currant, this was a very
critical operation, and very properly and rucce.''stuUy condudlcd. When Gen. tf'cljt\
and the troops with him, had landed, the difticulty of gaining the top of the hill is
fcarce credible : It was very Iteep in its aflent, and high, and had no path where two
could go a-brcaft : but they were obliged to pull themfclvcs up by the ftiiir.ps and
boughs of trees, that covered the declivity.

Immediately after our victory over their troop", I fcnt up all the boats in tlie fleet
with artillery, and ammunition ; and on the 17th went up with the nien of war, in
a dilpofition to attack the lower town, as foon as Gen. TciiJifl.ctiJ llundd be ready t)
attack the upper ; but in the evening they fent out to the camp, and offered tcinis ut'
capitulation.

I have the farther pleafure of acquainting you, that, during this tedious campaign,
there has continued a pcrfeft good underftanding between the army and navy. 1
have received great affmance from Admirals Durell and Holmes, and from all the cap-
tains ; indeed every body has exerted themfelves in the execution of their duty ; even
the tranfports have willingly aflifted me with boats and people on the landing the
troops, and many other fervices. 1 have the honour to be, &c.

Charles Saunders

It appears all through this expedition, that great part of its fuccefs was owing to
the patriot unanimity that fubfided between the land and fea othccrs. None of thole
bickerings and difputes reigned among them that had been the ruin of many well
concerted fchemes in a former WAR, and if there was any contention it was in who
(hould be foremoft to fliew his love for his country's glory, by being forcmoft in his
duty. Admiral Saunders who commanded at fea, was always ready to aflifl the ope-
rations by land, and he was nobly fecondeii, by the Admirals Holmes and Durell.
The death of the brave General IVolJe, abated nothing of this confidence, and indeed
futh was the tenor of all the officers condudt through the whole, that the wildom
and valour of the britifh councils and arms, by their intrepidity and courage have
been cAabltihed iu the capita^ of A>^ France.

A Description

Description

Tbc French attempt to retake S^U E B E C^ in 1760. 139

A DESCRIPTION of the further progrds of the Brifi/h arms (hall now be
entcrcil upon. ' fter ^ebi-r, the capital of Canada, had thus fallen under the Englijh
monarchy, in ..>.. ,.;lorious KM, 1759. An event fufticiently furprizing, in whatever
circumftance we regard it ; the great fupcriority of x\\t French over our troops, as to
numbers, the manydifticulties the latter had to encounter even to come to blows with
the enemy, occafioned by the inequality and commanding ftrcngth of the country
about the town, which was occupied by forces much more numerous, highly en-
hance the nrwrit of this atchicvcment : but what ftill more claims our wonder and ap-
plaufc is, that (b fmall a body (hould perfift, without relaxation or confufion, after uvi
fall of its gallant leader It^olfe ; who had braved every danger at their head, and
when general Moniifon, ihat fuccedcd to the command, had in appearance fharcd
tlic fame fate, not only to oppofc this formidable foe, but to repel, rout, and purCue
the fcattcrcd remains, even up to their city ; which, Anicic with dcfpair at the light,
Airrcndered to them in four days after, lliltory can boaft but of few adions parallel to
this; and indeed, providence feems to have more cfbecially employed its agency to
infpirit xh^cEnglilk, and confound t\\c French, in the above mentioned exploit.

Being thus mailer of the town,thcnext tbingthc conquerors hadtoconfiderwas, how
tliey (hould bcft fecure th-s important acqutfition againft any fudden attack,or furprize »
this loudly demanded the moft ferious exertion of their care und management, as the
enemy had ftill a much larger fcrcc in t!ic field, than theirs amounted to within
the walls, far lefs fatigued, and in better health: added to thefe advantages over them,
they had alfo a thorough knowledge of the country, and a conftant fupply of frelh
provifions in abundance, from the lands to the fouthward, which were hitherto un-
der their dominion, l^iehcc, that was to be the winter quarters of our people, lay
moltly in ruins, and thofe houfes which remained ftanding, wete fo (hattercd by the
batteries as to be fcarccly habitable ; the fortifications in a ruinous condition, and in
Ihoit nothing before them but a profpeift of the extremity of harddiips and toil.
Thefe dirficuTties were however in ibme mcafure furmounted by the unwearied rcfolu-
tioii and perfcverancc of the foldicry, and the place put into a pofture of defence, the
mod pmmifing affairs would admit of. By feizing two ports orjc at St. Foix, and
the other at Lurcttr, the garrilon mailc Hiift to fiirnirti iti'elf with wood for fuel,
of which there was great want; and afterwards a deta;.Iiment marched to St.AuguJi'mt
made the encniie* advanced guards prili)ncrs, and difarmcd the inhabitants. Theie fuc-
ceftcs were rtrokcs of great moment to the Englijh army, as tliey afforded them op-
portunity of watching the motions of the French, covering at tlie fame time their
own, and likewife obliged the pcalants to furiiilh them with frefl) fubfiftencc during
the winter. Things now ihewing a more agreeable afpcd, and terror being baniihea
a little farther from home, a party was font out to the fouthward of the river &t.
Laurence, that ftript the inhabitants of their weapons, and obliged them to take
opths of allegiance; which ftcp was likewife the means of procuring them great
q-iantities of frelh provifions. The French generals who had cantoned their army in
winter quarters about the neighbourhood of Montreal, having received intelligence,
that our army daily diminilhed through ficknefs and inevitable diltrefles, came to a
rcfolution of attacking the town in the depth of winter, hoping to carry it by a fud-
den cftort of their whole forte. For this end they made a great preparation of fiiow ihoes,
and fcaling ladders for ftortning the place, which they iiaJ agreed, Ihould be put in
cvecution about the middle of February following; till that time all pofiible precau-
tion was to be ufcd in order to conceal their dcfign, which ncvcrthclefs did not prevent
our army's bcmg apprized of it.

The more readily to compafs tlicir intentions, the enemy difpatchcd a body of
forces to port themfelves at point Levy, to augment their army by collecting together
the fouthcrn inhabitants ; and to form there a magazine of provifions for tne trcwps
xvho were to follow. This point they had now been in poilclTion of for fcveral days,
which time they employed in amafiing a large quantity of Hour, and in killing cattle
for the fuftcnance of their forces during the projeded expedition : they were however
•iifturbed in this work by our people, as foon as the river was fufiiciently frozen to
let them crofs it, and driven ofFin lo percipitate a miuuicr, that hardly any thing, ex-
cept their own perlbns efcaped the hands of the Englijh. The enemy afterwards at-
tempted to regain the fame fituation with a greater botly, but were (lill bafHed, and
obliged only to the nimblcncfs of their flight for fafety. Defpairing therefore of

being

140

CANADA Conquered by the

being able to carry their dcfign into cxcmtion, of taking the place by a fiKldcn onTet,
they rclblvcd to nuil^c all the ncicflaiy ililpofitions for a regular ficgc, to be toin-
mcnccd as foon as ever the breaking of the froft had rendered the river 5/. Laui\iue
navigable. The Chevalier de Ln'ii, wl»o cominandv-'d the whole, near 1 5000 men,
of whom about 7000 were Canadians of Montreal, 1 200 Savages, and the remainder
regulars, had formed tlicm into twelve battalions j tlic Englilh garrifon, which at firil
conliftcd of about 7000 men, wa: now greatly reduced by death and fickncfs, ijifo-
much that the whole number fit for afliuu amounted to Uttlc more than 3000. Now
as i^icii'C was very far from being in a condition to fuilain a long liege. General
Murray, to whom, upon the departure of General TownJl-nJ, the comini<'-'l devolved,
rcfolvcd, with his little army, to feizc thcheights oi Abrabam, which overlook the town
at the diftancc of 800 yards, and intrench himfelf Arongly there; but bcto.-e
he could compafs this fcheme, the froll broke, the enemy's fliips fell down the river,
and landed their army at Point ait T/vwM-, whence they marched diredUy toLorettAi
order to furprize and cut off the advanced ports planted in thole parts. But totheiruttcr
difappointmcnt, thcfe were all properly fuccoured and withdrawn with very little lofs.
Affairs being thus circumdanced, and the enemy at hand, there was no other choice
left, but either for the Englijh to fliut thcnifclves up within the walls, and rcfjft tlic
foe from thence, or with very inferior numbers to meet them in the field, and try
the fate of valour oppofed to multitude; General Afwr/v/y rcfolvcd upon the latter,
as confidcring his troops habituated to conquer ; and that if he mould not fuc-
cecd in this he could ftill have rccourfc to the former. He marched tliercforc with all
that could be muftcrcd, and drew up upon the heights in ord^-r of battle. During this
interval, he took avievv of thccnemy who were upon the niiirch, in a column, and tliinking
it now the proper jundturc toattack with tlie greatcft advantage, before they had formed;
he preflcd brillcly upon them, and after fume difputc, puflied them .Vom the riling
grounds they were in pofieirion of. Tiie van of the Frcmb being thus put to fliglit,
their main body advanced a pace, and their wings began to form with that a fcmicircle
upon the flanks of the Engiifj, which was now in danger of being furroundcd by
their whole force, and having their communication with the town cut off. To pre-
vent therefore a calamity, that might have ruined not only the army, but all the ad-
vanta^;cs acquired in Canada, they were compelled to retreat, and retired back to tlic
town in fuch good order, that the enemy ventured to purfue but flowly. The rough-
ncfs of the ground, and wreaths of fnow, rendered it impradlicable to bring otT their
cannon, which fell moftly into the enemies hand. The lots of the Englifj in this ac-
tion amounted to about 1000, that of the Frcmb to 2500 men. The night follow-
ing the battle, the befiegers opened their trenches againft the town, and the garrifon
fct as heartily about forti^ing it within, to enable them to hold out as long as pofliblc;
they had with vaft labour mounted i 32 pieces of cannon on the ranmarts, and made
fo vigorous a defence from them, that the fire of the enemy daily Iclkned. Notwith-
iVanding thcfe efforts, it is imagined the place mull have yielded, had iXxcFrcmb been
powerfully feconded by a fleet; but inftead of fuch an appearance. Lord CohilU (who
had received advice of what was doing) arrived in the river 1 and on the 1 5th of Mu^
ij6o, having anchored before the town,difpatchcd immediately two frigates to attack
the Frcnc/j fqiiadron, all of which prefently run afljore and wcredellroycdi this tranf-
adtion threw the befiegers into the grcatell panic ; fo that they inftantly railed the
ficge with fuch precipitation, as to abandon all their cannon, mortars, baggage, llores,
ammunition, and provifion, and retreated to "Jaqucs Cartivr. Thu;. ended alio, glori-
oufly to the Englijh, the fecond ficgc of ^cbcc.

Tiie French having been now every where routed in North /lim-ri.a, their ftiongcll
forts, and the capital o( Canada taken, there remained to them no plate of confequcncc
in thcfe regions as yet unconqiicrcd, excepting A/(3«/ri.'d/; the redudllnn of which would
render tlie fubjcdion of this country to the Britijh crown complete. Tohaftcn its fall,
Gcncvj\ ylnil\jj! was making large ftriiics. During the interval between the furrendry
i)f Loui^iurg and the time we arc now treating of, he had been employed in att.icking
tlitir feveral ftrong holds upon the 7.(i/:'f, which had all yielded to his arms fucccllively,
not'.vithftanding tne oppofition of the Fnnt/j to preftrvc them. It had beep concertcil
between him and General Mwrra/, that asfuon as pradticable for the former to ad along
the lakes, the latter rtiould meet .tnd join him on the river St. Laurence before Alon-
treal. Our other forces under Col. iftft'//j««', MCrown Point, Sir HWiam Johnjhn aty^A

bany.

BRiTisir XuMtfeA /// 1760.

h:n:y, I^orJ RJlo at Loui/hourg, were likcwifc to draw together towards him, from their
llvcial Uations. On the 9th of yufy 1760, General Amberji arrived at OJwego from
oii<i/xCltit!y ; off tlie harlx)ur of which place, two French fliips prclciitly after mado
their appearance : the Gcncr;U thought to have decoy 'd them into the hands of Capt.
Loring at Niagara, by engaging them in a chjfe after fome boats (ent out for that pur-
poll-, hut without rucccfs. Soon after two EngliJJ) vcHcIs appeared upon the lake, and
went ill qucil of the laid Ihipo, but they had, notwithflanding, the good fortune tu
cluipi*. Troops were now daily arriving from Albany and other plates, particularlv
Sir IVilliam'Jobnfon with his Indiani; and the General began to made the requifite dil-
jiolitions for embarking them in order to proccde to Montreal; and to faciliate that du-
ll;.;!), lie dctarhcd a body of light infantry, grenadiers, and highlandcrs, to po(l thcm-
iLlvcs :it tiic lH)tt(iin of the Lake, and allill in finding a palVage for the vclTels down
the river to /// iiallettc. Schuykr\ and Murray's regiments being now arrived, and the
K'lt of the forces fli.u were t(» join the Ciencral at Ojivego, he gave orders for the whole
to embark. This being uccDmplilhed, tlycy all proceeded down the river; and not long
after palled the two fnows whieh had been dii'patched in queA of the French veflcls
abovenuntinned; tlieyhid lonv; how miffed the right channel, and could get no
lower. Here they received intelligence by an Indian, that one of the faid French
velllls was afliore, and fo much d.mtagcd, that (lie could not get off, and that the
ciher lay ull Giil-'.'fc. I'pnn this, the General rel'olved to lofc no time, but hal\en
down the rive, to attack a poll of the enemy at IJle Royale : in his way he difcovercd
one of the FriKc/.> vclfels, whieli tlic row gallies puflied after and took. She mounted
ten twelve pounders anil four fwivch. The lame day the Englijh army took poffcffion
ijf S-uefgatchic, and General Amberjl fent engineers with proper parties down towards
///' Royale to view the coall and fituation of the iflands near it. The report of the
engineers caufmg no alter.ilion of the difp^Utions alre.idy formed, the General leav-
i.ig I'ome provincials and the heavy artillery at Swetgatcbie, taking with him three
row gallics, a body of regulars, the lii^ht infantry, the greatcff part of the Indianst
ail J lome light field pieces, rowed do wn by the north (hore, palled the forts, and took poffcf-
lion of the ilLinds and coall below it, while Colonel Halilimand did the fame on the
lauth ihorc, and took poll oppolite to the fort, but out of the reach of its guns. The
i''nr:l.> veffel wliich h.id been taken, failed down the river between the gallics that
e.'.rricd the trooj^s, to anchor at random Ihot from the fort, which was cUcdlcd with
the lofs of otic galley and a few men, by a fmart cannonading as they paffed. Thus the
place was completely invcllcd. Two of thele fmall illands were found abandoned, and
our Ifii'i.ms meeting w ith fome fcalps, wliicli the enemy in their hurry had left, were lb
enraged, tli.it fliey burnt all the houfes, and a chapel, to the ground.

On the 19th day of AngiijI, a battery was fixed upon each of the illands that were
iieareilto the fort, and a third on a point of land upon the fouthern Ihorc; ground was
broken, I'lkines prepared, the heavy artillery and provincials left at Swetgatcbie
were lent lor, and the liege begun. As loon as the tiring from the beliegers com-
menced, the two fnows beforementioned being now arrived, were ordered, with the
prixe, t<i till down, clofe to the fort; and with a proper number r)f markfmen aboard,
to keep the enemy from their batteries. Dilpolitions were alio made for ftonning,
but tlie vellVls nut proceeding as the General could have wiflied, that defign was de-
terred for tlie prelent. Tlie tort in the mean while fired a great deal, but did very
little execution, and our batteries by degrees dilinounted their guns. We continued to
[ilay upon them till the 25th of Augujl, when the garrifon beat a parley, and capitu-
lated. W'hilil (Jencral /Imbiiji was thus opening his way down the river to Mon-
tVidl, General Miirniy was aitvancing on the other hand up the river to the fame
place. The maiiifellocs he publiflicd as he went on, drew the chief part of the inhabi-
tants on the fuuthern lliorc to fubinit thcmfclves and take the oath of neutrality. He
heard nothing of Ciencral Ambe'jiy and was followed by M. de Levis with the bulk
ot his army in tlic rear; therefore Lord Ralla received orders from him to dilarm, and
make the inhabit ints of the northern lliorc fwear, whenever it could be done without
retarding his progrel's, which brought on likcwifc a fubiriiliion of that fide of the river.
He much regretted the necetlity he was under of burning the dwcllingsof anumber of
thole unhappy people, who had deferted their parilh called Sorrel, and were in arms ;
but the execution of his duty demanded this piece of Icvcrity. On the 24th of Au^ujl
he arrived witiiin nine miles of Montreal, tlie very day before fort Louis lur-

rcndcred.

141 *

143

C A N yl D A c^nqucreil hy the Britilh Arinks^ in 1760.

rcniU-rc(l, of' uliich rt< yet he liul no iiutlligetuc. (Jcnrrnl /fw^T/l/ fiiicc that time,
hail been employed in repairing; the liUil (ort, anil rcfiuiiig hisb<mts ami vcllcl", and in
whatCNcr die was reijmlitc tor eonvcying the army down the rivff. lie n.iflej
through (he rapids, and tJw long lidl, to the ilk- iiu lU'itf ; thence rowed down lake Sr.
h'ra/idi M'd encamped at titJk'iif. The next day ibmc lois wan fiiftained hoth of men,
artillery, and Ixwts, owing to the violence ot" the rapids in palling to illc IKrrot ^\ here
he encamped that night with tlic regulars, while, as it was too late for them to pro-
ccde lb {.\f, the train and provincials did the lame on the river fide. The inhabitants
vf the illanul had all flown to the wooiis 1 hut many were taken again, or came in.
Aftc- giving tJicin the oath of allegiance they were reindnted in the peticcablc pofllf-
Ikin ot their houlirs ; which imex|>edted lenity of treatment gave them no lefs fur-
nrize than joy. On the 6th of AV'/v/<Wvr by break of day, all the troops were cm-
barked on board the boats, and proceeded in four columns by the right, the CJcncral
intending to land at laCbint on the illand of Mintnal. He met with no oppolition
at his landing, except a few (hot from foine flying parties, which Immediately ran
towards the town, havine broken down a bridge in tneir way ; but that was fiM)n re-
paired ; and after a march of two leagues, the army was formed on a plain before
Montrcul, where they lay that night on their arms. They brought with them twelve
pieces of cannon, moflly of light artillery, and left the iV<if Tork troops, and two
Conncilkut rcgimentii.to guard the boats at la Cbinc.

The nejct ilay a letter was brought to the General by two oHiccrs from the gover-
nor, the marmiirs de FnuJreui/, whicR referred him to what one of them, the Colonel
liougaiHvUlf, had to propofe. The converfation ended in a celTation of arms till 1 2
o'clock ( when articles of capitulation arrived from the Marquis » to thefc the General
returned conditions of his own, and wrote to the Marquis. This was anfwcred and
replied to again. Letters alfo paflcd lictwecn M. Je Levis and tlie General, relating to
the fame affair i which was concluded, and the terms of capitulation agreed to on
the 8th of Stptt'm6iTt the day after General Murray with his troops dom^ebei:
Iwd landed below the town. The CubAance of the articles were, tnat the troops
ihoulii lay down their arms, and be fcnt to old France at the expence of the Britijb
crown, within I c days, not to fcrvc agairv during the prefent war j and that the in-
habitants, now the lubjedls of Great liritnin, lliould continue to dwell in the peace-
able poflertion of their houfes and property, with the free excrcife of their religion.
The lurrendry of this place fully completed the conqueft of CanaJa from the French,
which vaft country was thus wholly fubducd in '.'is than tlucc years after the reduc-
tion of Loiiijbiurg.

A DESCRIi'TION

■f

DESCRIPTION

O F

LOUISIANA.

T\ IE province of Louifiana, or the Southern part of Nevt France, extends, ac- |„u„j, of
filing to the French gcogruphcrs, from the gulph of Mtxico, in about 29 de- Ln>Junm.
gices, to near 45 degrees of North latitude, on the Wcncrn fide, and to near 39
drgrecs on the EaAern ; and from 86 to near too degrees W. longitude ftom
I.ciiilo.i. It is bounded on the N. by Canada i on the E. by the Britijh colonies ofNtvt
York, Pcnjikania, Maryland, Firginia, North and Hcuth Carolina, Georgia, and by the

fcninful.T of Florida ; on the South, by the gulpli of Mexico ; and, laftly, on the Weft
y Ni-w Mexico. It contains, properly, the French fcttlcments on both fides the MiJKj-
fpi, anil is, by fonic, faid to be the noblcft and richeft province of all North America.
In that part which lies between the fca coaft and Point Coupf, a traA of about eighty
two leagues, the air is not very wholcfome, bccaufc of the inundations of the MiJ^pi, J'"^^'*
which overflows regularly every year from the end oi Marci to the beginning of Jufy, du- (ttiam.
ring which all the country near the river is entirely under water. It has been remarked
that the winters have been more fevcre, for fonic years paft, than they were commonly
known to be at the time when the French f\rii tettietl here, occafioned, as is thought,
by clearing the lands (,f the vvtxjds, or perhaps by Come other unknown caufe. The win-
ter logins in this country alKiut t^c end of November, and lads till the end of Febru-
ary. During this feafon there blows a Hrong and piercing North Wind, and, whenever
it changes from this point, the ccld is interrupted by fomc intervals of moderatt. wea-
ther, and the durpnefs of the winter begins to diminid). They remark three forts of
clini-itcs in this country : Towards the capital, and as high as Point Coup/, it fome-
tinies freezes very hard, but feldom or never fnows : From Point Coup^, as far as the
Country of the Akanfas, the air is milder and more temperate ; but towards the coun-
try ot the Vinois, at al><)ut five hundred leagues above New Orleans, the cold is ex-
trcjinly piercing ; the river MiJ/iJJipi, and otheis in its neighbourhood, are generally frozen
to fiich ;i dcgrirc as to be p.iir.ihle by carriages. Hat, though the winter be fcvere, it is
ly far tlic moll preferaln. feafon in this province, becaulc of the great plenty of wild
c.ittk', goat"!, and game ( all (orts ; whereas, in the liinnner, the inhabitants .ire forced to
be conttiittil witli tilli, uiiith is however exceeding plentiful, as are alfo tiuits and greens.
Tins feafon i.db in Lcuifiana from March to S.-ptemler, with ixccllivc heats, and thofc
oftiii followed by prodii;ious hurricanes. ThelL (lomis are conunonly accompanied with
lull .md tluiiuier, anvi, m 1 country compufcd if wo )d-i, lakes, hills, and valleys, the
continual echoes :\\r verv terrible. In the ye.ir 1737, at AVw Orleans, on a Sunday,
tell a (huvv'er ot i..ui'-'; s. tome ot which were as larjjc as hens tws. Another incon-
vniicncc atteiuUii{» tli. .11; ner in tins country is, that in this te.ifon tne nights arc as hot
as ti;c days, and the j' - iplc are iLibicc't v^ Inch terrible runlniiiis as have been known to

[irovi.- nvrt.il, or c!(> ^uil'e a pcclin^', olilic Ikin troni the whole part afleiflcd. Loui/iana
la"* Itarcc any .ii" -1 , .md the burning heats of liimmcr are immediately fucceeJcd
by white froiif, wJ .ii aj i>car towa'^ 'mIic nii.Ullc of ^V/^/cw/^cr, and yet, what is more

finoiiiar, obllruOt uot in tiie leall
in tii.i: iw..:Lii.

liiw jjro\u!i of lalLids and other garden llutV connnon

Th.-

l[ I

134

Climate diff;-
rent from

thole of .-r'/V;-

I a and Eurcfr

DilTcrcncc of
clinviic Irom
caules.

Ilcnce its f.i-

lubiiiv-

Gf the g:iit
riviT MiJ:/
fit'-

Vain atcmpti
n* difi.ovc.*r

Hijlory of the Dijcovcry ami Settlement

The climate of Lcui/iana varies in proportion as it extends towards the North. In
general, its Ibuthern parts arc not fcorchcd like thnlb under the fame latitudes in ylfriai,
though its northern regions are colder than thofe ot FMiope under the fame parallels.
A'tw Orleans, fituatcd in thirty degrees, whidi is the latitu'.k of the northern coalls of
Barhary and tLgypt, enjoys the f.'.mc lempemtutc of climate with Lipiguciioc, Two dc-
grces higher, in the country of the Natchez, the climate is much more temperate than at
Neiii Orleans : And in the country of the liinois, which lies in thirty five and thirty Tlv de-
grees, the fummer is no hotter than at Roehelle in France, ihougli the ice is Wronger, and
the f..l!s of fnow much greater, in the winte^

This difference of climate from what is found in ylfriea and Etircpe is attrihuted to
two CAuR-s : The firfl is, the great quantity of wood, and the number of rivers in this
country ; tlic former of which prevents the fun's heat l.'^tjm reaching the Autace of the
earth, and tlie other occalions the great humidity of the atmofphere. To thcfe wc may
add the vaft extent of country llretching tow.irds the North, thole winds which traverle
large trades of land being found by experience to he much colder than fuch as come
from the fea, or meet with large portions of that element in their pallage. Hence it
is no wonder that a North wind lliould caufe the inhabitants to put on more cloatlis, even in
the fummer, or that a South wind in the wir.tcr ihoukl have a contrary effect. Several days
often pafs in Loui/iaiid without feeing the fun. Tlierc is no rain, hciwcver, but violt-nt
fliowers, fuch as accompany thunder ; but this bad wcatlicr never v,ontiiuies long, and in
half an hour the heavens refume their natural fcrenity. The dews are in luch abun-
dance, as to fiipply the want of rain in this country.

Hence wc may eafily account for the extraordinary whokTomnefs of the air, and con-
fcqucntly for the iuft temperature of the blood, and that the inhabitants enjoy perfect
health, free from acute dileafes in their younger years, and retiining e.vtraoniinary vi-
gour in old age j fo that the (pan of life is no where extended to a greater lengtli, nor
with a happier lUte of health, than in Lcuijuma.

The fame order will be obferved in giving an account of the nature and fituation of
Louifiaiia, z.%'m\.\\\\. ai Canada. The defeription of this province will therefore properly
begin with the country of the Sioux on the banks of the MiJjiJJipi, and by giving the
moft fitisfaftory account of the country on both fides th.it noble liver to its mouth
that can be found, not from hearfay, but from fuch as have travelled over it, and who,
as they lived upon the Ipot, had ail the necellary opportunities antl advantages for that
purpofe, and wno have made it their bufinefs tc examine and illuftratc the fubjed now be-
tore us.

Tiic MiJjIJ/ipi, the chief of all tic rivers of L'-ui/iana, which it divides ainioft into
two equal parts, was firft difcovcrcd liy Col. U'coJ, who fpent almoft ten years, or frum
5654 to 1664, in learciiing its eourl'c ; as alfj by Capt. Bolt m 1670, and in 169S Dr
Cox of New Jcrfey fent two lliips, t'lat difcovered the moiuh of this riv.r, ami failing
up 100 miles, took polfellion of tl'c country, and called it CaioLin.i. In' 1699 the
French firtt found this river, and called it C/.lbn-t River, in honcjur of their great minif-
tcr, naming the country Louijiana. Some of the buHau nations in the Nortlicrn parts
term it Mejhaffepi, or The ancient Father cj Riters, whence comes the name of Mi//j//ipi.
They who iniiabit the lower parts of the country call it, for what real'on I know not,
the Balhaucha or Barbaucha, but the name wiiith the French fometimcs give it, is the
St Louis, and, by way of pre-eminence, Le FIcu-ce, or The River.

Several attempts have Ik-cu made by travellers, to difcover the ft)iirce of this river.
Some voyagers, fent by M. de la Salle for this puriiolc, fay that it takes its rife bevi n,l
the ijoth degree of North latitude

the country of the J/fafis an fmlian natioh,
whofe country lies to the Weft of Canada. Accoriiing to them, it Iprings from a large
fountain, fituated at the top of a riling ground, and by junction ui the waters of live
or fix other rivers is incrcaled I'o as to c.irry boats at no more than four or five leagues
from its head.

Hut the inoft fatisfaftory account of it is that of M. de Charlevidc, a native of Cina-
da, and nephew of M. de Biainville, general commanilant in tiie colony wIkii the
French firfl fettled it. This gentleman, move! by curi<jllty u!une, undertook to trace
thi.s river to its I'ourcc. For this purpole he fitted out .1 ciikk', and let out witt. two
of the natives tor guides, ibme Wures for tratfic, provilions tijr the voyage, and .uiunu-
nltion. Tiius equipped, he failed up the Mi 'i//tpi, three hundrtd leai;iies .ibovc the
Ilinois mxi; .is far as the famous catarad, called the /,'/// 6/\sv .lahy'tyi. 'l'!,i, c.iu

of LOUISIANA.

135

c.ide is f )rmed hy a fl.it rock, whicli crofles the river from lidc to lide, and is from

ci tht to ti'n t'eet in htri[;l)t. Here Cbarlevilte was obliged to carry his canoe and effects on

lliorc. VVhen lie had paflld the P'all, he rcimbaritcd, and continued his voyage up the

riwr a hundred leaiiues higher, and arrived ainongfl foinc hunting parties of the Si'

fiix Inn'ia'TS, inhabitin;^ both lides of the Mijjijjipi, who told him, in their manner, thai

from the F.sll.ot St Anthony, to the fource of the Great River, the diflancc was as great

i!s from thence to the Grctit ff^ater, meaning the Sea ; adding further, that the countries ifej J of, U;<-

whic!) lay in his way thither, were quite barren, and wholly dcllitutc of game or aay/'^f'^")""

one tiling necclfary for the (upport or convcnicncy of Jiuman life. This conjedture """"^

with rcl'ped to the remotcncfs of the fource of the Miffijjipi, is the more probable, as

(cvpral vrry confidcrable rivers difchargc their waters into it far alx)ve this Fall, and be-

ciiili.', even hif',her than this place, the river is found to have from thirty to thirty five

fiithom water, and breadth in proportion ; a ctjuvincing proof of its coming from a

ver)' confiderable diftance. To this might be adiled the opinions of the natives, who all

agree in this opinion, and, no doubt, have it from other Indiain living neareft to its hcad<

Though this gentleman could not vilit the Iprings of the Mijlijiipi, he learnt, how-Reaiveia
ever, that many rivers fell into it, even above th<- fall of St Anthony, and law feveral "'"''""''•' "'^
ot tlicm hinifelf, which, after a courle of a hundred! leagues, and more, difchargc'"''"'
tlicinfclves into it on both iiiics.

A"! little is known, belides this general account, of the rivers vhich run into the
jt///?;///// above the Fall; we Ihall therefore content ourlelves with giving a defcription
ot tiie thief of thofc which difcharge themtclvcs into it, from this famous catara*.'t,
downwards to thf Rj. The firft of thefc, on the Weft, is St Peter's Ri'vcr, the banks "^" "'■"'■■'
ff whith arc inhabited !>y the Sioux ; and it enters the Great River, near the fall of "' '
St /h:thc'!\'. Soinc Ic.V'iU"*; further, on the Eaft, is La Riviere de Sainte Croix, Holy s, CoSz river
i.i'ls ri\'cr, coniiiig from the neighbourhood of Lake Superior ; near its mouth copper
is r.iid to have lx.-cn found. Three leagues farther n IJle Pelee, or the Bald Ifianil, foA.V/ifl,:.
t,i!lccl from its barrctmcis of :.\\ forts of trees. I/nvcr down the river widens, forming
a l.ikccalU'd Liic i^r Jici S^'c'nirs, or Lake cf (kid Help, one league broad, and feven in '■''•''' ^'•>
circuit, furroundeil with meadows. On the Well lide of this lake Nicholas Penct^'''"'''
built a fort, in a very picafant me.idow, which the Irencb liave often made the center
(if their c >:n:nc;Tc with the Weftv'rn qniirtcrs, and where they have even wintered,
ihc couiuiv al! round it uifording plenty of all ('>irts of game.

On tiic VVtft, 2 leagues lower, is the Oiii/ioning, and on the fame fide with tluto.,:,„>j
r!vcr begins a meadow, lixty leagues in kiigtli, and furroundcd with mountains, '"•'^'^
\sliich afV'Mil a mort dviiv'Juful prolptift. Tlicrc is fuch another on the left lidc,
Init nut <]iiitL- (■) cctonfnc. Ijy this river 1'atTiv.r Marquette and the Sieur foiiit entered
the Milfi/fipi, when thev mailc their Hrft dilcovcry of that river. Here dwell the Ai-
^■'(■:-z Jndiiini, whul'e cuinitry lies in 43 deg. 30 min. North latitude. They arc reputed Jnutz/n.a.
t(i be great travcllrrs, and will march, as it i« atiirmcd, from 20 to 30 leagues in one""
iliv, when free i<nn tlic incuinbrancc of their taniiiies. 1 lulc Indians f'ay that at tliree
J IV? iourr."v farther are the hal>itations of the Orians, a nation of a fair complexion, ora-i/m'/.'/.j
efpccially the W(jmcn, and with light hair. They likewife tell us th.it chefc Ini!i,:ns
■:w always at war with the Panis, and other Weflern Indians, by whom they have been
iiitormcd of a i.'jent lake at a vail dilbnce, in the neighbourhood of which live .1 peo-
ple drcllcd like yv/zo/ifw/^, with buttons on their clo-iths, inhabiting cities, cxerciicd in
:tic thace of the buffalo, nvuntcd on horfes covered witii the ikins of tlioic L<...ifi',
Init without the nfe of any other arms than bows and arrows.

'I'eii leagues below the Ouifeoning Avt: the le.id mines, formerly diii.ncred by tlie '"J mi<i«.
S'.otir Perrct, aiivl iHll l>caring his name. On the Kail lide \i xhc Aihnilipt, by tlie .^'„,v,,ivi:r
Iremh called la Riviere a la Rod',; R^nk River, lo named troii\ a mountainous rock op-
pnlitc to it, which Hands in the channel of the Mu,i//:pi, aiul is laid to contain a quar-
rv of rock civflal. Seven leagues lower you meet with two falls in the Miji'Ji'l'', niaking
!(i m.-nv carrying pl.ices -, and ei.;ht k.igues lower, on the W. lide, enters the . .' ni^^an ri- \f,,^f,.„a
vtr, iil'uing from a valf and noble meadow, al>ounding with InilKdocs and otlni wild iver.
;mm,;\ This riv^r is but Oiillow at its entry into" the M;j/i//ipi, and bJides very
iiarr ,.v, notvvitli'.l.ir.din:; its 1 mg courle of a hundrcii and htiy leagues Horn the North
We't. It is hid to t.iki- its lile from a like, and to lorm another alter it lub run a-
hout lif'ty Icaj'ues tiom the tirfl. I'rom this lecond lake it runs towards, !j Rivierr I'er.
.'.-, a bi.aahuf .'-■/ liter's Rr.\r, and lo n.imed from the Krecn colour (^f its bottvun.

The

ji I

136

Bkffalt river.

ChiatgoHtwcx

Courfe of ihc
Thtaiiki.

Tlic Firh.

I'iH.ii river.

PijUccui river
ca'^racl.

'lot Rti>
Fort o( .1.',

Hijlory of the D'ljcwery and Settlomnt

The banks of the Moingona are well ftorcd witli coa!. At fifty leagues from its moutli
IS a large cape, or promontory, near wliich the waters arc red, and of an offenfivc fmell,
owing, as it is f.iid, to the large quantities of mineral ore, and, in particular, of anti-
mony, found near this cape. At fome diftance from the Mcingoiia, on the Weft, is the
Rhieir au Bocufs, or Buffalo River ; between this river and that of the Ilinoii, on the
Eaft fide of tlie Mifjiffipi, have been difcovcrcd fome very good fait mines or fprings.

The next conliderablc river running into the MiJIiJjipi is the Ilinois ; but, before this
is defcribed, it may not be improper to fay fumewljat of thofe otiier rivers which fall
into it in its courfe.

In travelling from Oimtda to the country of the Ilinois, by way of lake Michigan, there
are two different routs : The firft is by coafting the South lliore of that lake, and then
going up the Cbicagon river five or fix leagues, whence paflengcrs get into the river Clici-.
gou^ a branch of the Ilinois, after palTing two carrying places, over land. The longell of thcfe
is not above a league and a quarter, but as the river fometimcs in the fummcr has not wa>
ter fufiicient to carry a canoe, the other way is generally preferred. In this, leaving
the fort of St Jofeph's river, fix leagues up the flream, and then lantling on the Ibuth-
ern bank, is a carrying place a league and a quarter by the water fide, and afterwards
a vaft meadow is to be crofled, beautified with groves of wood, which render the pro-
fpeft extremely pleafing. This is called Buffalo's, Head meadow, from the head of one
of thofe animals, of an enormous fize, found in it. A league farther over the meadows is
a kind of mere, or lake, which communicates with fcveral others, the largelt not above a
hundred paces in circuit, which are the fources of the river Theakiki, from TLwak, fignify-
ing, in fome of the Indian tongues, a IVclf, becaufe the Machingans, or IVolf Indians, had
formerly taken thelter here. The Theakiki is fo narrow and full of turnings and windings
that canoes are often in danger of breaking, which makes the navigation of the Theakiki very
tedious, fo that after failing ten or twelve leagues very little progrefs has been made. The
banks are covered with game, and every where produce vines, which bear great quanti-
ties of very large grapes. The courfe becomes gradually (Iraiter, and at fifty leagues
from its fourcc, though ftill very narrow, the (bores on both fides (how wonderfully plca-
fant, being covered with lofty trees, which, when they happen to fall into the water,
obftrudl the navigation. A little beyond this it widens into a fmall lake, the country is
one continued meadow, to which the eye can find no bounds, where wander infinite
herds of buffaloes, and nothing, in general, can furpafs the richnefs of the profpetft.
The Theakiki lofcs in depth what it gains in breadth, io that travellers arc often obliged
to carry their canoes over land, where, without a guard, they run great rifqucs from
the Siaux and Outagami Indians, drawn hither by the mortal hatred they bear the Ilinois.
What makes this fmall dipth of water in the Theakiki the more furprifing, is, that it re-
ceives confidcrable rivers in its courfe, and particularly that called the river of the Itcqucis.
At the Forks, or the jundlion of the Theakiki with the Ilinois, the former lo(es its name.
The realbn of which is, no doubt, that the Ilinois river takes its name from an Indian
nation fettled on its banks.

Few rivers in Europe, the Rhine and the Danube excepted, excel the Ilinois after
this jundlion, and no where can there be fecn a finer or richer country than that which
it waters, at leaft as far down as Pimitoui. Fifteen leagues below the Forks, it acquires
a depth proportional to its great breadth, and in this fpace receives the waters ot fcveral
other rivers, the chief of wnich is called Pijlicoui, flowing from the fine country of the
Mafautins towards the Ncjrth. Tliis river has at its mouth a tataradt, called the Coal-
pit, from the vail quantitits of that mineral found in its neighbourhood. All this way
arc vaft meadows, interlperled with groves and thickets, and covered with grafs, fo vcrv
rank, th.it the pallengcr is in danger of lofing himfclf in it, were it not for a multitude
of beaten p.iths made over it, by the numberlel's droves of buft'aloes .iiid herds ut deer
which travcrft. it.

A league below the Coal-pit, on the right, is a round rock of a vafl lieiu;ht, and its I'umi-
mit in form of a terrafs, called, frum a village of thofe Indnws iie.ir ii," the Fort uf the
Aftamis ; and alxiut a league further, another on the left, called finipiv tlic A'./t. 'I'lii,
is the extremity of a riling ground, wIhlIi runs winding about two luiiuln.d p.^cis ..lon;'
tlie iu\c of the river, grown conliderably wider in this place. It i:, iKvp fit all lides-^
and at a diftanee has the appearance of a fortrels. Here aic ftill to he ken the re-
mains of the palifaile of an intrenchmcnt made formerly by the Iii/<:r, ,\v,d talV to he
lejvircd in cafe of an irruption of enemies.

Their

cf L U I S I /I N A.

>37

The lihiiitn vill.igc if. (lateii at the foot of the Rnck, in an iiland, which, with fcvrral
(ithcrs, all womltrtiilly iiuitlul, ilividc the river into hroad ilwnnels. The top of the
pioimtain is a lovcl terrals, wiieretcn men witli arms might hold out againftall tlie Indi-
um of Qinadii, were it but provided with water, there being none nearer than the river,
wiiiih it is iinp.)irible to come near, without being expoCed to an enemy.

Ti»e country Ikic ubnunds with parrots, being the mort northerly place where thefc
birds are to be ft;;n, an^i if they are foinutimes found on the banks of the Tbcakiki-, it
is in the fummer only. Hence Co I-uke Pimitioiti xf. 1 2 leagues, which is only a wi-
tiening of the river, is .thout tlirce leagues long and one broad. At the weftcrn extremity
is .mother village ol tlie lliirJs, ab.)ut lifteen leagues from that erf' the Rock,

From hence they reckon twenty Ic.ifjues to the AJi//ifii/ii. The firll of thefc villages '-'""ffeofihe
is in forty one decrees of latitude, and the entry of the J/inois in forty. I'Vom the Rock""""'
the river runs wcitward, and lumevvliat iouthcrly j there are alfo fc/cral illands, fome of
them confiderably large. Tlic banks are in I'evtrai places very low, lo that both lides
are under water in the fprii'vr, and afterwards covered with very long grafs. The
»vliole courfe of it is faid to abound in (ill), and in the adjacent nieailowsare va(} num-
bers of deer and buffaloes, which latter make nodifticulty of fwimming the river, when
nurftied by the hur.terr. The next river which falls into the Ilinois downwards is the
Utij'uimoni, a large river flowing fnnn the South; and five or lix leagues lower that of '.■,7;t/m,„/
the Mu.iphic!:, c(jming trom the (ame quarter, but not quite fo large, and taking its '''""/'"
name from certain roots fo called, which, if eaten raw, are a rank poifon, but boiled'"""
over a gentle fire, for five or lix days or longer, have no noxious quality. Between thofe
two rivers you (ind the marfh called ilA/t/'CY/Z/w, cxadly in the middle, between the ;;,,,/.„,,^
vilLi^c of i'i'niti'oui m\A the Mijjiiiipi. Here may \k difccriied, after palFing Mucopiw "^'^t^-
river, the banks of the Great River, which are very high, and fituated at about
twenty four hours fail from tliis river, tiiis delay being occalioned by the winding of the
Ilinois river in this place, where it alters its courfe trom Weft to South by I'^aft, and
ti:tnce to llall i>uuth I'.iif , in wliich direction at laft, after abundance of meanders, and
w ith a feeming reluiilancc, it mixes its waters witli thofe of the MiJ/i//i/>i.

In this country, which belongs to tJie confederate Indians, and is etleemed by the Tamanm
Frcihh ccoi'raphei s part o\ Lcui/uvni, is a I'n-m/j poff, or futtlement, at the village called vi!"g«
Tiimivci.js'l^ The country of the Ilinois is ■■:n excellent Ic.il, abounding in buffaloes and F,,r!:i;-v if
cfhcr r.une. And here vou meet with tiie firlt elks to be feen ia this part of the ''"■ "'""''
\\>)rld.'' Swans, and all other fi)rt of water fowl, arc alio in great plenty in thele parts. '''''" *''•""'"•
'I'liis is ilkemed tile b<(l of aii the I'muh kttlements in Louijiana for producing
I' rn, Kulev, ami Inch fort cf erain. Ail the luilKiiuiry required, is to flir the ground
lli'htly lu-fore it Ik: ibwn, which will aKme luihce to pr()duce an excellent crop ; and
it has been atlinned, th.it in a fcarcity of corn at AV:i) Orleans, which happened du-
ring the lilt w.ir, the Ilimii imported upwards of eight hundred thoufand weight to
tl',.it c.ipital. Thev alfo cultivate tub.icco ; but this thrives but indifferently, and ri-
tK'iis with ureat diilieiiltv. .-Ml the plants which have becri carried over froni Franc,;
as alfo airmanner of European fruits, luccccd to a miracle.

The fiill l'r,!uh dilcoverers v( I/ui/iana came down by the river of the ///'//c/V, inUnd r.u,-
in their W..V from Canada to the Ai/>/if,'.pi, as all thole who have any bulincr^ in i'."'''"',''"'"
the country <.f the /.//;5/i- only ihil do; but I'uch .-.s intend tor the Lryicer L'.iiii.i'ia, u„/i,ua.
i,r the ll.r's, ilekend, l>v the river ot' the Muvnis, into the Wahiuhe, and trciu that
thron,;hti;e Olic, into the Mri'liipi.

There .ire leveral li ver mines in this country, particuKirly one c.dled la Mine de la Motte, Siivr- mires
v.hieh h.is been ..i!.ived, «» li.ive alio twootiurs ct lead, fo plentiful in ore, tl)at
thev ve';;e!.'.te wi'i'in .1 ! i.it .',!ul hdl' of the furf.ice. I'he country North of the ///-
r:il \> laid to h.ue a ;',reat many mines.

Near th,- nv>iith of the /.'.••/'./j, on the right, is a vaft favannah, or meadow, which ^;^pj,„,^;|,,_
is laid to c()ht,.in cup'vr in ^ne.it (ju.intities. 'I'his coall is pcrtectly charming, and very
dull rent from that 01 polite to it, wliieh is a high ridge of r'>eky niountaiib, adorned
wiili ied.r\ tli..t hi. e t!ie view of tlie be.iutihil meadows behind them.

It i> t) be reinaikcd further, with reipeCt to tlie /-/v 'i. to often mentioned, that Onsn of the
f line have .'.liLite', \vh it :eeln^ c mri.r.ievl by the i:if .rniation oi i MijJ'.urile woman, '^•""•
th ;t thofe Ii'.diaih, .is w II as the MiJ'ni<, <;onic orijjiii.illv truin the herders ot a tea
very t.ir diltant toward^ tlie Well, where it has been prellimed they hail their firll iXi-
li.in, AwA IkI-'.-c thev caii.e down jnto the country they now inhabit, on the banks y^i

No the

138

Hi/lory of the Difcovery and Settlement

i \

, i 1

I !

the Moingona ; at Icaft it is certain that one of their tribes liears a name of this importance.

A Miamis woman, taken by the Sicux, told Father Pc, fupcrior of the miflioiis of Niiv

France, tliat (he had lieen condudcd by the Sioux to a village of her own nation, fi-

tuated very near the fea. The other tribes of the Sioux arc known under the name of

the Peoutjrius, Tamarouas, Cahokias, and Kajkaijkas \ and the two illages which bear

their names confift almoin entirely of Tamarouas and Metchigamiaf, and foreign nations,

coming from the banks of a fmall river falling lower down into the Mijlijjipit and adop-

ted by the Kajkajkias.

c^of '^^^'^ colony of the Ilinois, and the French port or fettlcmcnt, among them has two

the fr/nfifet- advantages, one of which no other poft of this country can dil'putc with it, and the o-

clement in then renders it neccfl'ary to all the reft of the province. The firft is its commotlions fitna-

a country. ^.^^^ ^^ mcans of which a communication is maintained between the colonics of Canada

and Louijiaiia, equally beneficial to both. The fecond is its fertility, which renders it the

granary of Louijana, and capable of fupplying it with corn i.i abundance, were it e-

ven peopled to the fea.

The foil here is not only excellent for bearing wheat, but other neccffarits for the
fupport of human life. The climate is mild and temperate, being in 38 dtg. 79 min.
North latitude. Cattle might here be reared with the greatcft cafe ; and evtn tlie vaft
herds of buffaloes tamed, and the flelh, hides, and wool of tlioic bealls ni.ulc a vt-ry
valuable article in the commerce of the colony. The air is healtliful, and the difeiifls,
which are fometimcs known to prevail here, may, at leaft in part, be owing to the in-
digence and libertinifm of the inhabitants, and perhaps to the new breaking up and
clearing of the lands ; an inconvenience, which can have no long continuance. Anil in
a colony once eftablinicd, the climate can have no fort of cffcd upon luch as arc born
in it, though of European parents. For thefe rcaibns the French have found means to
attach the Ilinois to their interefts more than any other Indian nation, the Jbev.aquii uf
Acadia only excepted. They are now aimoft all chriftians, tliat is, zealous Roman ca-
tholics, and are faid to be of a very mild difpofition.
Tttnperaturf "^'^^ voyage down the Mi£:Jjipi is very tedious, and the inconveniencies of it not a
of the dunate little heightened by the extreme cold in the winter feafon, even in the Southern parts.
The windings of the river make this voyage a courfe of four hundred Icaguts, and tho'
there are no ftlls or rapid currents, as in the rivers of Canada, it nectftarily takes up
much time, and paflengers make even lefs way than on the lakes where they are ndt
favoured by any current. The caufes of the cold are much the lame with tI;o(c in
the EngUjh Southern colonies.
Confluence of ^' '^^ leagues below the conflux of the liinoii river is the mouth of the Mi/Jouri,
the Miffouri by which it difcharges itfelf on the North North Weft into the JMiJ/ijiipi, nwking,
with the iV,/. perhaps, the noblcft junction of two rivers on the face of the earth. Both are ne.irly
■^^'^'' half a league in breadth, but the Mijfouri is much the more rapid of the two, and Ittnis

to enter the Miffijjipi with the air of a conqueror, carrying its white waters iininixcd to
the oppofite ftiore, and communicating its colour to the other, wliich ret.iins it all the
remainder of its precipitate courfe to the fea.

Near this conflux is an Ilinois village, inhabited by the tribes of that nation called Ca-
hokias and Tamarouas, which form one very numerous canton. Jt ftaiuls on a iinail ri-
ver coming from the Eaftern parts, and is without water, except in tiie Ipring at the
diftancc of half a league. The reafon they give why they built their town in lo incom-
modious a fituation, is, that when they firft fettled iicre, the A///////1/1/ wafhcd tlie w alls
of their cabins, but that in three years time it had loft half a league of ground, aiiJ that
they were then thinking of removing it to fomc other plate, wliich, with the Indums,
is a matter of no great diihculty.

It will not Ik improper to mention the other rivers which fall into the Mijjcuri, to-
gether with the Indian nations inhabiting the adjacent country, and the qualities of the
fl)il. 1 he Mijjhuri receives leveral other rivers in its tuurfe, partieuiarly tint of t!)c
Cr^'Vnivcr Canfes, which has a courfe of above one hundred and fifty leagues. The ojienin;^ i;f tlx
Mifjouri into the Mijlipipt is faid f - lie five hundreil If.igiics fiuni the fea, lliiee hun-
dred from the Fall of St Anthon\, and from the mouth or opening of the Ohio into
the fame river one huiuired leagues.
V.a'umi live leajiues below tiie Mijjouri is the river Mararmj, wiier^, alter i;i.\ny trials, the

nvtr. mine company of this place diltovcrcd, in 1719, a vein ol lead two f(jot 1 ciovv the

lUlf.iCC,

of LOUISIANA.

139

furficc, anil running quite along ii tliain of mountains, with foinc hopes of finding fil-
vtr ; tlic event of wliii.li is yet unknown.

Among tlic nations injj.ibiting tliofe countries arc the Ofages, a numerous people,
(Iwclung by the banks of u river of the fame name, which falls into the Mi£ouri at fur- ^"''"""'i"'
tv leagues from its jundHon with the Mijjijjifit and who fend regularly once or twice a vcar^^l." "
to ['trtorm the ceremony of the pij>c amongft the Kafkafkias. And fourfcore leagues
from this opening ib the nation of the AIt//dnri/es, from whom the Frmch have given
iwine to this river, for w.int of knowing the true one. Higher up, is the nation of the
G;/;/ii', then the Octat/is, by fome called the MaSiotataf, afterwards the Aiouez, next to
tlk-ni tlie J'lim's, a very numerous people, divided into leveral cantons, bearing very dif-
ferent names. The MiJJ'ouri is faid to take its rife among very lofty and bare moun-
t.iiiis, behind which is another river, probably flowing from the fame, and running
Wcilward. This account ought to be of the greater weight, as no Indian nation is fb
much a Jdiifled to travel as the Mijjotirites. All the nations now mentioned inhabit the
Wclki n banks of the Miljburi, except the Aioue.c.y who refidc on the Eaftern, and arc
nti;ihbours and allies to tlic Sioux.

Ihe foil through which the Mijjouri flows is faid to be meadow, for the mod part Soil,
level, fat, and without a llone, which is the caufe why its waters are always thick and
imuiJy, whereas thofc of the MiffiiJipi, flowing through a fandy firm foil, are pcrfcdly
tranlparent. The Mijjouri is faid to be altogether unknown to the French any higher
than two hundred leagues from its mouth, and mod of the countries about
it, and rivers which fall into it have Ucn but imperfectly furveycd, and the country
North of it is taid to be wholly undifcovcred.

The Frauh had formerly a fettlemcnt on the Eaftern point of an ifland fome leagues F»rt OrUmtu
long, oppofite to the chief village of the Alijfouri, called Fort Orleans ; and the Chevalier
Bourgmont, who commanded in it, acquired the eftcem and confidence of the Indians
ill the ncighbourliood of that river, fo us to reconcile thofc who had before been all of
tlicm at enmity and embroiled in wars one with another, Amongft thefe people, thofe
who inhab-'.ed the Northern parts had the gieatell reputation for military prowefs. Af-
ter the departure of this commillary the natives cut tlie throats of the garrison, fo
that not a Frenchman efcaped.

Some authors mention, in their account of this country, fevera! olhcr Indian nations Other nations
on the banks of the Mi/fcuri, which arc, according to them, the Mi£dvrians, from
whom the river takes its name, the I'.iiiijcs, the Othoucz, the two nations of the Panis,
wliite and black, the Panimnkus, tlie Ataoucz, and the OfagtS, and, laftly, tJic Pa-
iloucas, by far the moft conlider.ible of them all, as the Othoues, OJiigeSt and Aiouez
arc the Icaft numerous, and the others but inditilrently powerful.

The Spaniards, jealous of the iieiglibourhood of the French, formed a defign to e-
ftablifli themfelves on the Milfouri, at about forty leagues from the poft of the Ilinois,
on purpofe to (Iraiten the FnnJj tjuundarics on that fide. In purfuit of their plan,
tiicy had determined, with the alliflancc of the OJiiga, to exterminate tlie MiJJourians,
to whom the others arc mortal enemies. With this intent they aifembled at Santa Fc
a body of men, with families proper for a fettlement, and provided them with a
Jacobin for chaplain, bcfides liorles, cattle, and other neceflaries for an infant colony, Sfsmjt mio.
the whole under command of an engineer. The multitude fet forward, but iniiiiiig ")' """"^creJ.
their way, inftead of their allies the (J/iigiS, fell in with the Mijfourians, to whofe chief
the Sptiiiijh leader, taking him to be the head of his own friends, without fartlier
fcrutiny, addicllcs tiie liarangue he intended, and probably got by heart, tur tlie chief
cl the OJ'iigrs, acquainting him with the caufe of his coining, which was to cllablilh
a lulling peace with the (K-oplc, and with their alhrtance to deflroy the Mi/fcririans.
The Mtjjourian chief, dilicmbling hi.s real dcligns, fceincd to accept oi the offer with
great alacrity, propoling even nu-aiis fur the accomplilhment of tlic delign, and at the
lame time inviting the Spaniards to indulge themfelves with two or three days red,
after the fati;;ne of tlijir journey, before they attempted to put it into execution, a Iding
that it would be ueccliary tor him to cuntult with his warriors and feniors on the mat-
ter propoled. During this interval the Mijfourians gave their guefts the moll mag-
ritkent entcrt '.innunt in their power, and in the night, wiiich was tt) h.ive been the
eve of their departure, fell upon the camp of the Spaniards, and cut tliem all otT,
null), woman, and child, only fparing the Jacobin, whom, whether out of rei'pcd to
Ill's condition, or liom the fingulai ity of his habit, they laved from the general carnage,

anuitin;;

140

Htjlory of the Diftovcry and Settlement

I \

|lt:l

O'.ig's nnJ
lmk ri rivert.

bulTjlu.

nmufing tliemfclvcs afterwards, in good we.ithcr, witli cuuliin; him to (licw his tlcxtcrity
in hoilnnanfliip. But the Friar one liay, t.ikin;; his ailvanugc of their fcciirity, gal-
lopped olf towards the SpMvJh fcttlemcnts. This (lory coiucs from the AJiJ/ourians
themfelvcs, who afterwards fold the holy inftruinciits ami liabits, and other fpoil a-
inongll the Ilinois,

Anjongll the rivers which run into the Miffcuri the inofl known is that -of the
Ojagcs, io called from the Indians of this name, inlubitin;; its banks, and near nci;;h-
bours to the confluence of this river with tiie Mi//ot<ri. Uut the moll aKifidtTable of
all is the river of the CmJIs, which runs a courle of two hundred leagues through a
mofl: pleafant country.

Before we leave the Mijfouri, it may be proper to add fomcwhat relating to the man-
ners of the Piiii'ouctis, the moft powerful InJian nation ilwcliiug on this river. Thofc
of them who live at a diftancc from the Hpjnitirjj cultivate no lort of corn, hut live
by hunting, which tlicy follow wijitcr and fninmer. They have large vill.iges compo-
fed ot great cabins, capable of very numerous and almoft patriarcluil tamilies. Here
they make their ordinary abode, and hence you may fee ilfuing forth at one time, a
lluniirganJ hundred hunters on horfcback, with bows and arrows. Aliout four day.s journey lioni
curing of the thcir dwellings, they meet with large herds of buffaloes. They carry their l).Jgj;aire,
children, and tents, on the fame horfes with them ; "a man on horfeback Ic.idini; the
convoy, by which ijieans men, women, and cliiUlreii, travel light, and without em-
baraffment or fatigue. After their arrival in the hunting country, they encimp ncara
rivulet, and always in a woody place, where they tie their horfch to a long rope whillt
they graze. Next day th-y mount each on his horfe, and make to the lirll herd nt
butifaloes, and always from the windward, th.it the bealls may lincll them, which they
never foil to do, having a moll exquifitc fcent. The hunters purfue them on the
gallop till the buffaloes arc fo fatigued as to loll out their tongues, ami fail from run-
jiing to walking, when the hunters leap from their horfes, -nd let fly their arrows,
each killing his heifer, and fometimes more, for they never de...rov the males. Then
tying thcir Jiorfes to fome tree, they flea the prey, take out the entrails, and cut
the body in two, leaving all the reft, as the head, tcet, and inwards, to the wolves
and other beafts of prey. The fkin is laid npxt tlie horfe, and the carcals upon it,
and the reft, if any, over that. Part is drefled on thcir arrival for immediate ufe, and
the reft broiled, in order to be kept good for fome days after. In twi) days the fame
tiling is repeated, and then they bring back the meat with tlie Iwnes taken out to the camp.
The women and young people dry it in the fmokc, whilft the men continue their
hunting in the fame manner as before. This meat fo cured is brought l.iiUv to the
village, where they leave their horfes to reft for three or four days, when fome other?
who had remained at home whilft their fellows were on the hunting party, take their
places. This manner has given occafion, to fome niifinformcil }>erfoas, to contlude the
Pdticuca: to be a wandering nation. As this peojile knows nothing, or very little of
hulKindry, the SpuniarJs, who lupply them \Mth lurries, bring them alvvavs loaded
with tobacco, garden ftuft", and Indian corn, which they barter for butf.ilo ikins Ic"--
ving them tor coverlids.

The Vadouca Indians are a very numerous people, inhabiting a country near :!Oo leagues

•«• ' extent, their villages reaching as far as the Spuniih fcttleinents in ^cic Mexico. Theyr

arc acquainted with the value of filver, and, aaording to what thev told the Fn-ncbon

fome occafion, they a<!Uially worked fome mines ; jnd, at the fame time, they informed

them in what tnanner they procectled. Thole dwelling in vill.igcs, ;,t a dift.ince from

Flint hatchets the Spaniards, have hatchets and knives made of flint ; with the Liigeft of the former

andkn.vcj. j]j^,y j^jj jy,_,|i j^^^^ ^^j unilcrwood, and with the others they ilea and cut up the hcafti

ivopicof they kill. Thcfe people arc far from a favagenefs of dilpofition, and it is no ditiieult

rn^Mdiipofi- matter to get acquainted with them, as they have Vwi, frequented tfu- Spaniards, and in

the fhort acquaintance the I'rcncb have hail with tluni, tdey have become very tami-

liar i and in one of their vilLige?, compoled of I40 co[tag> s the dwellings of about Si-a

warriors, 1500 women, and at leaft r.ooo children, in whitli the y-'/rw/' concluded a

peace with leveral Indian nations of tlvJe part', the inh.ibit.mth were delirous to have

lome ot that naiion amonj^ft them, piomiiin'.'r to t.'.kc crc.it i..re of them.

l*olyg.uiiy fcems to be in ul'e amoir^ the t'adoiir,:i, ;ni 1 lomc of them have to the
number of four wivei. When they want horfLs tiiey m.ike ufe of great d( gs, l>roiii;ht

PaJcutK luili-

Potvffi-

up on piirpofe, to tranfport their baj;

I'Ik men for th.- mofl pait wear breeclif;

I^i

of L U I S I A N /:,

of (IrclTcJ fkiiis, with (lockings of the fjmc piece, like the Spaninnh. The women alfo Dref:.
wear lH)d<1iccs, tu which tlicir wairtco.«s, which arc made of the ilrclled fkins, arc tied :
Thtir waitkoats are adorned with a fringe of (kins.

Tiiis nation is at prcfcnt ahnoft entirely dcflitutc lA Europfan gootls, and feems to have
but a very iliijlit knu\vl(..li;e of them. The people were wholly unacquainted with fire- fi'c'arni!'^
arn- J, till tlie French firrt brought fome amongft them, and are extremely fearful of
thtin, fo that they will tremble and crouch on hearing u miilket lired.

Tliey commonly go to war on horicback, equipping their horfcs with lltins prepared
and hung round with pendant ., to lave them from the (hot of arrows. In other lefptds
their manners are entirtly tiie fame with thole of the otlicr Jndtans of Lcui/iiwa, in
which they diii;ovcr nothing barb.irous, except in war, but are endowed with greater
niagiunimity, gratitude, and oblerv.uice uf their word and niinillcrs, and are lels trea-
cherous, and fimplcr in their diet. th„ii tl.olc others.

As to the foil ot tills country, our .lutlior, in this place, fays, that from its excellent
qualitii.-s that ot Lcuifhiihi, even to its utinoll boundaries, may be feen. The commerce
th,it migiit be carried on by mcjiis of t!ie tur trade, which is at the fame time highly
lucrative, and without ha/,-ii\i, is very great.

From the manners md i.ii,iia(itcrs of thofe nations this writer concludes, that thofc Mannen.
Northern Irhii.iiis of Amirku mull certainly derive their origin from the country of the
'c,c)thiam. For if wc -n) l-..ick two or three thculand years, and look into times of ic- Amicnt^f,.
niotc antiquity, we ni.ill lind a perfect fimiiitude of cuiloms and genius with thofe ot the '''"Y™"}"-
antitnt Scythians, liiice called tait.irs. An anticnt C/Vir-t author, who had frequented N,',rlhcr'n ,■/•
their country, .md was cert.iinly a judge in this point, tells us tliat the Scythtaris ac->^" ••'""•
knowledge one fupremc (ioil, tlic creator of heaven and earth, to whom they offered
lacritice, and worlhipjxd under the image of the fun. They live, fays he, in pcrlciTl
innocence ot manners, anil are v(.ry unjuiUy deemeil barbarous, fince they follow the
pure did.itcs ot nature, and know no other deiires than fuch aa are capable of
being lati^tkd with the fruits c f the earth, and with fuch anim.ds as ferve them t<jr food,
ktcjiing their promiles to each other inviul.ite, maintaining great kindnels and mutual
altcdion in their families, cxerciling much hotpitality towards llrangcrs, and an unbound-
ed humanity towards all mankind, and jullly preferring that liappy limplicity to our po-
litenels, or rather falfe reiinetnent;, and thofe ancient and beneficent manners, which they
derive from the firfl mortals, to all the enjoyments of that luxury and efleminacy whic/j
have corrupted the other countries ot yl/iti. Frugality with them is the parent of jul-
lice, and as they are void of covctoufnels, they never make war to invade the property
of others, and having no need of gold and lilver, they have no pallion for thole lalle
riches. Nature, wliich is their miilrels, tj.iclics them lellons of morality, to which all
the pride and arrogance of the Gra-k philoloplurs could never attain ; ignorance
of vice performing more in them tliaii the fpeculative knowledge of virtue in nations
under a better pohty.

To return from this beautiful lellon of moralivy in Herodotus, the father of hit^ory, to rr». ■miiri-.
the delcription of Loui/iona : The next place worthy of notice from the MiJJburi down^r"^','""
the Mijlillipi, is the village of KiUkiijfjuias, where tiie Jeiuits have a very flourjlhing niiiii-
(111, now divided into two, fince the Icparation of this canton into two villages. The inoft
numerous is that next the MiJ/i/fipt , under thediredlion of two Jetuitsin fpiritual matters.
Further down is fort Cbtirtrcs, at about a muiktt ihot from the Great River, and the
whole (pace between the fort and river is now fettled with French families. I'our leagues
Hill further, and a league from the river, is another large French town, almoft en-
tirely fettled with Ca/itidit!>is, with a Jeluit fur curate. The fecond Ilincis village is
Icated two leagues further up the country, and is alto under the dirciftion of a Jefuit.

The French here are in good circumllanccs ; a Flemings who was a domeAic to the
Jcluits, (hewed them how to tow wheat, which tucceeds very well ; they have allo|,,'!;|,ftj!„'',"^
both horned cattle and poultry. The Ilnwii likewile till the ground tlicir own way, and are ^wl
Very iiiduilriou.-, breeding gie.it numbers of poultry, which they fell to the French.
Their women too are very dextrous in (pinning the wool ot tJie buffalo, which they
comb to an equal perfetilion with the Englijh wool, and work it to fucli a finenefs that you
would be apt to t.ike it for real (ilk. Df this they make (luffs, which they dye black,
yellow, and of a deep red, and make robes of tluin, which they tew with the guts of
deer, worked and liniii into thread in a very limple manner. Alter the gut has been
Well cleared ot the tlelhy parts, they lay it in the lun lljr tome days ; when it is dry,

O o they

«<t.a

»f

K
I'
I

142

Fnnc'' town

Pirogujs.

Short fummcr

Cano.

Ilijiory of the Difcovery and Sctilcment

thev beat it, and out of it very eafily make a thrcail, equal in tincncfs, and inucli fupc-
rior in ftrcngth, to that of Mechlin.

Tlic I'lniib town is bounded on the North by a river, the banks of which arc fo
hif'h that, though the water fomctimcs rifcs twc-y live feet, it fildom ovcrHows. All thij
cotnitiy is open, confiftingof iinmcnfc meadows, fcparatcd only by fmall tults of trees,
all excellent in their kind ; but the nioft common is the white mulberry, which, to the
great detriment of the colony, the inhabitants are fiiifereii to fell for building their lioufcs,
though they arc in no want of other timber, equally fit for this ufc.

The river here has been known to freeze fo hard as to carry waggons though
rirgfrou* jj jj^. jj( 1j._^(^ .j fj,i| it-itruc in breadth, and more rapid than the Rlonr. This
M/Jf*^ "*'=• ve-.y fiirpriling, as the winter in this country is fcarcc perceptible, except fome (light
frofts, when a North or North Well wind blows. Tlie change of climate is not ve-
ry quick, on account of the How navigating here, which in a bark canoe becomes ve-
ry dangerou-s from the great quantities of trees falling from this and the other rivers
that run into it, whicli are often ftopt againft fome points of land, and thereby inter-
rupt the courfc if this river.

Hence it is thai inftead of canoes, they make ufe of pirogues, that is, hollowed trunks
of trees, wliich, though not fubjedt 'o thefe inconveniences, arc, however, very hea-
vy, and not eafily managed, and fome of them arc fo narrow as to be incapable of
a i,\\\ i befides, the rowers, accuftomed to paddle in canoes, arc not very dexterous at
that cxercife. And again, if the wind ever happen, to blow high, which is general-
ly the cafe in winter, the boat is always in danger of filling with water. The rivk.r
of the Kiijkafquias is very fma!!.

The leaves fall fooncr in this country than in Europe, and arc much later in buil-
ding than with us, not beginning to flioot till towards the latter end of M;v. The
caufe is by fome afcribed to the number of trees which Hiade the ground, and inter-
cept the rays of the fun, whence it is long Ix-forc the earth acquires heat enough to
caufe the fap of plants to circulate, and fprout forth in buils and leaves.

Eight leagues lower, on the left, is dipe St yiiithony. Here are feci the firft canes,
which arc much like thofe that grow in Europe, only longer and thicker. It is af-
fcrted by fome, that thefe canes grow only on good land ; but moifture likewife is re-
quired, and fuch lands are more proper for rice than whe;it. They are not at the
trouble to grub tlicm up when they defign to clear the grounds vvh>. .c they f^row,
which woi'ld be a very ditiicult talk, bccaufe their knotty roots are very long, and
Ipread to a great diflance. Thefe roots have a fine natural glofs, or varnilh, like the
bamboos of Jiipan, of which thofe fine canes uic made which the Dutch fell un-
der the name of rattans.

When therefore they intend to cultivate a field covered with thefe canes, they cut
and manui in£ them clofe by the root, and leave them to dry; when dried, they fet fire to them,
■ •~^'^- and the atlKS ferve for manure, "iid the fire opens the pores of the earth, which is
firrt nightly broken, and then Town with any kind of feed they think proper, fuch as
rice, in.iiz, water-melons, and, in general, all forts of grain or pullc, except wheat,
which in thofe fat lands run, all to llalk and leaves, producing no feed at all. This
(lefed might ealily be remedied by fpreading the ground with a good quantity of fand,
and fowing maiz on it for the firft two or three years.

As for high grounds, and fuch as arc not cxpofcd to the inundations of the river,
they arc in a condition to bear corn ; and if the firft attempts made to cultivate wheat
have failed by blights, it muft be afcribed to the negleft of cleaiing the country of
the woods, whence the air could not have free accefs to difperfe the fi)gs which en-
gender thofe blights. In proof of this may be (hewn the country of thcl/i'iois, in which
lx;ing generally meadow land, the wheat fprouts and ripens as well as in any part of
Europe.

Seven leagues further, after very dangerous failing, on account of the Cherokees,
Outagamis, Sioux, and Chicachns, which infcft it, who arc encmit^ to the French, and
have never made any peace with that nation, is the fine river Olio, which may be
navigated as far as the country of the Iroquois, when the waters arc high. This ri-
ver at its entry into the Mijjijfipi, is at leaft a quarter of a li a;Mic broad j and no
place can poiVibly be more projK-r for a fettlcnicnt th.m wlu-ic iIkIc rivers meet.
A fort here, Charlevoix fays, would cffcdtually bridle the Chenkces, at prcfent the inoft
populous nation in all this continent.

Six

Uciring

Woods occj
fion blighu.

Ohi} liver.

of L U 1 S 1 A N A.

'43

(liciiKiI

llUt'tU'CI.

irelU

Six leagues froin the 0//o, on the Eaft, is a very hijh co.ift, which is of a jcllow 'fo" minei
cart!), ixiul f.ii 1 tu cont.nn iron mines. It is infLlk-d with u kind of wiiii cats, called Wiidcit..
riptu, very hkc ours in F.uropr, but ljrj;cr. 'I'hcy arc rtinarkcii to have fomc of
tlum lliortur, and otlicrs much longer and thicker tails. They are alio of a very fierce
.i[M)i.Mrance, and arc laid to be very carnivorous, and excellent hunters. The forefh arc
full ot" walnut-trees, fucli as tholb in Qinoiht, the roots of which have fcvcral iTojicr
ties juculiar to thole of thi;. country. They are very tender, and the bark of then,
is ulcd for dying black j but their principal virtues arc medicinal, as they are good for
lloj'pin^ a llux, and an excellent emetic.

It is to be remarked of the MiJj'JPl'i, that the fiirther it runs the more winding tt Mr^jr^i
r/ows, and, what is lingular enough, the wind fjliows the dire(ition of all thofe wind- wn'in's »i J
iiigs. They reckon f )urlcore leagues from the narrow river of the Chictichas, on the Eaft *"^ ''"''
li !c, to the Kiijktif'juiiis, though by land the diltance is not above one half. The river
is divided, from fpacc to fpacc, by a number of illands foinc of confiderable bignefs,
into many beautiful channels, where the j'/eatelf (liips may paf;. ; and it is aflirmcJ
th..t ihey find 6o fathom water, at a hundred anil lilty leagues from the fea.

i'he river M,irgrt runs into the MiJIUJipi on the Kail. A French general comman-
d.i:,t, having landed in this river, in his expedition againft the C/.icaJ<ruS, built a fort on
it called AJumption Fort } but it was ra/ed next year, when a peace v ith thole InJi- y^^„f,„„
am was concluded. fort.

On the Well fide the river S/ Francii enters the Mijji/Iipi ; here tlic I'rctich, when F.tnch Von.
at war with the Nntcbez, built a fort to (ervc for a florehoule to their troops, which wcie
nurcliing againil thofe liitUans.

As to the forelts of Lcui/ittna, with which this vaft province is almofl entirely coverC(',
there is nothing in namre comparable to them, whether we regard the bulk and height ^("^uJjilna.
of the trees, tJie variety of kinds, or the ufes which may he made of them. For,
excepting the dying woods, which grow only in hotter climates, and between the tro-
pics, wc cannot mention any fpecics of timber which this country docs not produce.
There arc woajs of cyprefs from eight to ten leagues in extent ; and the height and
bulk of this fpccies are always in a due proportion, and both exceed the dimenfions
of the largeft timber in Europe.

It is no: long fincc the Europeans obferved an evergreen laurel, called the Tulip-
tree, from the figure of its flower. This plant rifes to a greater height than our In- "'P"^"*
dian chefnut, and is adorned with more beautiful flowers. The Copalm-tree
is higher and thicker than the tulip-tree, and diflils a balfam, very little inferior to
the Pe.uviiw. All the known fjiecies of walnut-trees, and all forts of trees proper pi^jv ^f
for carpentry, or joiner's work, abound every where. But great caution is to be ufed in limOer.
the choice of timber, not to chufc fuch as grows on the banks of rivers, nor in any place
fubjcft to the inundations of the Mi//i//lpi, fuch timber being not only too heavy, but,
from having its roots always in the water, is very fubjed to rot, and decays prcfently.

The next place is the firfl village of the ylkanjas, built in a fmall meadow on the viiligcs „r
Wtftern banks of the MijfiJ/ipi There arc three more within the fpace of eight ■^''■"•"•
leagues, each inhabited by a particular tribe or canton. There is a village which
contains two tribes, but however dif[><ifcd, they all go by the general name of ALni-
las. One of thefe tribes is particularly didinguilhcii under the denomination of Ouui-
pei, or tViapcu The French ff'e'' India company liad Ibmc time ago a, warehoufe f,.,,,^ ^^^,r.
ncrc, with a clerk, who pafled his time in a diimal lolitudc. houii-

The river of the Akanjlts, which, as is pretended, come? from a very great diflance, Aiaya, rivci
and at 120 leagues from its mouth is faid to precipitate itltlf from a high chain of
mountains, making a fall eighty feet high, which M. Dunrjit advilcs as a proper and
convenient place from which to let out in 01 ikr to dilcovcr the Welterii ocean, which he
fays is but 120 leagues dillanr, difchargcs itfclf into the A////////// by two channels,
tour leagues from each other. This river takes its rile, as is laiil, in th.^ country
of the Piivis, probably the fame with ihofc called I'tiiiis ticuras. The navigation
of the Akiin'its is very diflicult, iKcaule of its frequent fall>, and rapid currents, its
fmall depth of water, and great numlKT of carrying- place-.

The /'/r/tof the two branches is leven leagues dillance from the fecond opening, and
but two from the til ll. 'I his is the rivtr to whiih M. ,/i Aj //*;;/•(• was lent to make the
dikdvery of a lock of emeralds. It receives the wafers of a iKMUtitul flream
coming from the cauntry of tlie 0/<'^'.'t, called Lit Kiiiere liliinche, or H'bite Ri-ccr. „/,^^ j^-^,^^

Two

M^'

'■>

Jlijlory of the Difcovcry ntiil Scttlcmct::

.'< ifi/jt

li.inJt'onir

144

/«./<.i/in»t,oni Two Icigiics higher arc tlie Torinus aiul Tnf>ingtts, m.ikin;; Ikiwccii Ivirli Init one vi!-

, lagc. Tuv) leagues above this arc the S-jh-.u-f, aiul a little tiirth.r llill the A' /•/•„,

a natitdt veiy numerous in the time of Firtli>ui>i>i Scto, ami even In late a;, when M.

</<• /i/ .v.///.' was here. Dppolite to tlitir village may he fecn ti.e liul remain.-, ot" Lwa'.

La-y,gum. ^^,^^^^^, yf,\{i^U fi.ll to tlic Iharc ot the company. One hnmlreil aiul twenty k.igue.^ ti^.ni

the I-'nui/j purt is a navigable river wliieh the i'niii/.' have laileil up, ami where the Sieui

,A' I'illeincnt, wh<> eainc hither by the way of the HLi.k River i>t'thc .Ik.inldSy iiaila grant.

To thclc parts nine thoiilanil (Itrm.im, railiril in the l\i/iilin,i[t; were ileligned to

fmnrt/jof I'c lent ; but, to the great pr.juilicc of the colony, thetc indulhious peafants never diil

Pa.aiiiii arrive. There is, perha|>s, no country in all Loutfintui, next to that of the liitton,
more proper for railing all forts of corn as well as fi)r rearing of cattle.

JhthnJl™!?' ^" '72' 'he village of the K'uifus \s.i& fallen to utter decay. Some tunc before a
'"" Fiml:mi:>i palling this way was fei/cil with the fmall-pox, which l'ooi» intevlled the
flroi<i;tft natives, and I'preaii itfelf through the whole canton. The burying ground ii.u!
the .ippear.mce of a forcft of poles and ports newly ereited, according l» tlic Imiiuii
manner, and hung with all manner of trinkets. This is alfo reckoned the proper place
whence to let out in fearch o( the place marked in Dc I' IJh-s maps, as being fituated
on tlie Wellcrn ocean.

The Ak.ifijds p.ifs for the tailed and handfomcrt of all the InJiaui of ylvinci, and
are therefore called by way of diftindtion dv HanJjlmc Mot. For this rcafon they
are thought to have the fame tiriginai with the Caiija on the Mijjoiiri, and the /'s-u-
uii\it,imis oi Canada. The firll branch of the river Akaiijus Icems not above five
huiuired paces in breadth, and the fecond is much narrower.

P'j'mtc Coupee is a high promontory, advancing into the river from the Weft. Ir h.is
been cut by the river, wIkucc it lias obtained this name, and fo is become an iilind ;
but the new channel is not as yet navigable, except when the water is much Iweileii,
The diftance from hence to the greater branch of tlic Akan' i is computed at two .ind
twenty leagues, though the direct couric be fcarcc above ten , for the MiJiilUpi rarn^.
and winds, in an extraordinary manner, iKtwcen the village of th.. H'yapci and the river
of the Tazou I/iJmns, whicli is 70 leagues diftance.

I'jiJK river The entry of the 7ax:ous river lies North Weft and South Eall, and is about 200
feet in breadth. Its waters arc red, and, as foine pretend, give the blouily Hux ; and
the air in the neighbourhood is very unwjiolcfomc. Tlirec leagues hence is tlic InnJ)
fort, which was fome time fincc intendcil to have been tranf^xj. ^■d from this place ta
a more healthy lituation, in a fine meadow, dole by a village i.;*ub:tcd by a medley
oi I'tizcus, Courous, md (y'ogouiu MiiJiis, wiio together may be able w mufter about
two hundred warriors. The Frcnih ;ue, however, very diftruftful of thole J/iJiiiris, on
account of their connexions with the Englijh, Six leagues from its mouth, is the
Grant of M. le lilanc, who had a fort and garrilbn here, deftroyed by the InJidin
in 1730. A league from this place is an Indian village, and near it an hill, on
which arc to be fecn the remains of an Engli/b fort. This river is navigable 45
leagues above its mouth, after which it divides into two branches, and abounds with
croccxiiles, from twelve to fifteen feet long. They are never heard to cry but in tJie
night, and their bellowing lo exactly refcmbles that of ahull, as to be ealily miftaken for
it. The I'rcttih, however, bathe here with as much fccurity as in the Sdnc at Paris-,
and though thufc animals never fail to furround them all the time they continue In the
water, they are, however, not in the leaft apprehcntivc of them, as tlie crocodiles
never attempt to moleft them while they arc in the river, only watching the moment
they come out of it to furprife them. The way to fave themlelves, in this cale, is to
beat the water with a ftick, which they never omit to carry with them, and by this
means are in jKrfed fccurity.

The company have what they call a warehoufe d'Attent,- [that is, an occa-
fional one] in this fettlcment, as well as in that on the Akunfui ; but the lore
and ground on which it llands belonged to a fociety of Fri-ni': gentlemen. It is not
eafy to guefs what made them chule the river of the )aziiis t<-r tlieir (irant, when th;;y
had it in their power to fix on a Ipot of iKtter land, as well as a more proper lituati-

F««/;m;,pr. on. What probably determined their choice, was the iniport.uice of ci'mmanding this

tjitiiJ *" river, which riles in the Etiglijb colony ol Carolina, lor keeping a bridle (jn the 2 j-
zous, who arc allies of the C/jfrokfCi, an Indian nation under tlie protedlion of the
crown of (Jnal Britain,

Ueluw

/nJlitn

\ ll.lgCS.

Ctocodiks

of L U I S I A N /}.

'4S

is about 2oo

Pcluw til" ?;- vf is a gulf, or whirl-pool, fo dangerous that Father f/ •' v*l
f;..j s tiiat, had it i.ot been tor a Natchf Indum, the only pcrfi)ii with h. >

kiiov any tliiii;'; ol it, he luil been certainly loft in it. For, Ijcfore you can pcixcivi ,
ye 1 aiL lo fai lOT^ptJ as to be under an utter impofiibility of extricating yourleit'.
Tli s i! npcrous ^ulf lies under a high cape on ihc left, containing, as they fay, good
(]ii nits of ftonc which, in general, is fcarcc enough in Lcuifiana ; but that dcfedl is ^Js*"'"-
ainpiv I ippii^d by the pireat convcniency for making brick.

'ilic next cuuntry is that of the Natcbi! Indium, the moft beautiful, fruitful, and j^'*'''" '"
populous of all Loui/iana, forty leagues diftant from the Tu:'ou\, and fituated on tlie ""
Uine fide of the river. The landing-place is oppofite to a high and ftcep cliff, at the
fodt of which runs a ftream navigable for pirogues and rtiallops. After this firft height
is a llcoiid tolerably eafy, and on its top, a lort of redoubt indofcd within paliladcs, R«Joub(.
which, in this country, is called a fort.

M. (ic Iber-jillf, the firft Frftichman who entered the MlJJiJfipl by the fca, failed up as liigli "^'"^ ""''">•
ns tlic country of the Natchez, and found it io delightful, and advantageoully fituated, that
he concluded it the fitteft place that could be found for credling a metropolis of
the whole colony. Wherefore he drew the plan of a city, to which he gave the
name ot Rcfalii-, after the lady of the chancellor Pont Chtirtrain, This prcjedt, how- *•''.'-» name
ever, appears not to have been carried into execution, though the name of this ciry is re- '"'*"""'•
tained in moft maps, and particularly by D' Anvitle is called lort RofaUe. ' '^ '

Father Charlevoix, though of opinion that the cliief emporium in the firft times, of
tlic colony, at lead, would be more properly featcd nearer the fea, yet thinks that in cafe
the colony which he believes likely enough to thrive, flu.uld ever arrive at any high de-
gree of wealth and populoufncfs, this place would lie as fit a fjtot as any to fupport a ^'" \'^
capital. It is nut fubjedl to be overflowed by the river, the air is pure and wholefome, ''"'^'
llic country cxtenfivc, fruitful in all forts of grain, pulfe, and herbage, and, what is
of vaft advantage, extremely well watered. Befiiies, it is at no fuch immcnfc diftance
from the fea, but that fliips may cafily fail up to it. And laftly, it is within a proper
diftance of all tliofe places on which the Frt-nch propofe to fettle, which he fecms to
tliink a principal point. The French had here, in 1721, a warchoufr, with a chief fac- ^''*'**^*
tor, who had no great bufinefs on his hands.

Amongft the many Grants in this territory, which, at the time now mentioned, were Fr'nd- gmnti
alrcai'y in a good way, we find two of a large extent, confifting of a fquarc of four '"^ p'j'aau-
leagues. One of thcfc belongs to the people of Ht Makes, and the other to the com- "" '
pniy, who have fcnt labourers hither from CUrac to plant tob.icco. Thcfe two Grants are
litu.ited fo as to form, with the fort, an equilateral triangle the fides of which arc a league
ill length ; half way between the angles is the great village of the Natchez. The gran-
ted lands arc both watered by a fine river, which difchargcs itfelf at two leagues
(iill.incc into the Cireat River ; and a noble wood of cyprefs-trecs fervcs for a fcrcen
to tl'.c company's plantation. The cultivation of tobacco fucceedcd perfei^ly well,
thoui^h moll of the workmen of Clcac are long fince returned to France. The cul-
tlvatfon of indit'o and cotton was undertaken much about the fame time.

The great village of the Natchez has been long fince reduced to a Tcry fmall num- ln£jnc.ip-a\
kr ot cabins ; and the reafon given for it is, that the great chief has a right to feizc at ^'"^ *^-' '""=
ple.u'urc all the tffcif^s of his fubjeifls, who, to avoid his rapine, take the firft opportu-
nity t.) dcfert him ; the rcvoltcrs forming fcveral hamlets, or cantons, at fome diftance
lioin the great village, which, as it is iKfides the refulence of the court, is refnedkd as
the capital of the nation. The 6V9//A' Ituiians, allies to the Natchezind Frcihl', are al-
r.) fettled ill a canton in the neighbourhood.

Four leagues from the Natchez is a fmall river, where the Mijjiffipi makes a circular
fwtip ol fourteen leagues. Forty leagues farther down is another river, where the
1 jati lie to in the night, and where the noifc of the multitudes of fi(h that gambol in
the river Is protilgious. Two leagues farther is the river of the Tunicas, which, though
luit a rill at its mouth, at the diftance of a mulkct fliot up the country forms a con- River of r«
liiierable lake. The river of the lunicas is reprefentcd by D'Amille^s. crofiing a neck "••"
of land, and, by joining with the Mijjijjipi, (hortens the p.'.ll.Vj;e of that river jo leagues.

1 he village i^i the Tunicas llands on the other fide of the lake, on a confider.ible e- V.Uagf of
i.iiiiencc ; the air Is laid to be but indifferently wholefoine, which is afcrlbed to the quality '^'•'""
it tile water, or, perhaps with more juftice, to the ftagnatiun and putrcfaftlon of the waters

F P of

1\(j

Hiflory of the Difcovery tinii ueltlctficfit

of a round form, with a l.irf'c (liuare in the mi*!-
iiiihffciciitly jKopIi.ll. The tltid's labin is highly

drris and
chariOcr of
ihc chief.

of amillio
nvy.

A carrying
place.

Red and

of the lake. Tlie village itfclf
die, without walls, and* but

ornamcntcil on the outfide for tlic rcfidciitc of an ///<//</« : Thtic arc figures in relief
graven upon it, and of more tolerable vvorknianfliip th.in one would naturally cxptiJt
in luch a place. The infide is, however, but ill ligntcd, and without any of thole (.of-
fers which, as fomc travellers tell ui, were filled with {\iif\y. atid lilvcr. The chitf ap-
pears in i l''renfh ot European drefs, with an air perfe(!Hy free and unaftcflcd. llic
French ofRtcrs in Louifmna place their chief trull and conrttiente in this pcrl'on.igi-,
who is much attached to that nation, which, on the other hand, rtrlves to repay his
good fervices with intereft -, a juft piece of policy, ami wortliy the imitation of ull
who would do their country any fcrvicc amongd the natives of ylnifrica. He trafhcki
alfo with that people, furniHiing them with horfcs and poultry, and is laiil to iiavc
good notions of trade. He has alio learnt of the Kwopftiin to hoard up money, and

f>afles for a man of fubftance in that part of the world. The otiier cabins ui this vil-
agc are partly of a fquarc form, like that of their chief, and partly round, in imita*
tion of thofc of the Natchez : The fquarc on which they are all built is alK)ut an
hundred paces diameter. Two other vilKigcs of the latne nation, at a I'mali diltancc
from this, arc all the remains of a nation once very numerous. The -Tunii<n
Pruiilcfi «,il had formerly a mifilonary amongft them, of whom they were extrcnu ly fond j but
drove him out after fomc time, for burning their tctiiple, which, however, they have
been at no pains to rebuild, nor have they rekindled their lacrcd tire ; whence we may
judge of their zeal for their own, or indeed for any religion. Some time afterwanls
they recalled their millionary from his exile ; but their native indolence j.'ot lo much
the afcendant over all his preaching, that he was obliged to abandon them in his turn.
At the bottom of the lake of the Tunicas, is a carryini;-place of about two
leagues, that faves ten leagues of the way by the Crtat Kivcr. I wo Icajjucs from the
river of the Tunicas is the Rio Co/oraJo, or the Riil Rivtr, formerly called /</ Rivu-ri-.lf
biJck riven. MJrnr, the Oumas, and /</ /J/r/Vrc Sahloniert, as alfo the Rivfr ui' the Njfcbitocl't'f, alter
the Indians inhabiting its banks ; but it retains only the name if RcJ River irom the
colour of its fands: The French built a fort here in 1745, }<> leagues from the M/J/'ij-
fipi. The InJitins fay that this river runs from a lake, on which they never lail on
account of the great fwelling of its waves. From the fame lake proceeds the river Noire,
CT Black River, which, after a courfe of 120 leagues, difchargcs itlelf into the AVu' Ri.
ver. It was hither the Nafchcz Indians retired in 1730, after having dcllroyed all the
French in their country.

The i?f</ river is only navigable for canoes, or pirogues, for forty leagues, afterwards it
is notliing but unpalT'ble moraflcs. Its opening apjvars to be about two hundred pa-
ces broad. Ten leagues above its mouth it receives on the Well la Riviere Noire, or the
Black River, otherwile called the River of the Ouatchitas. This Hows from the North, and
is quite dry for leven months of the year. Though here arc fevcral grants, yet not one of
A«f* grami '^^"^ appears in a fair way of thriving, fince their only motive was the ncighbourhcKKl of
»iia hopc». the Spaniards, at all times a fatal bait to the French of Loui/iana ; for, in Jiopes of car-
rying on a trade with that nation, the bcft lands are uncleared and uncultivated. Tlic
Natchitocl.vs arc fettled on the Red River, and the French have thought fit to build a
fort in their country, to prevent the Spaniards from fettling in the neighbourhood cjf
the colony.

Twelve leagues below the moutli of the Red River is a fecond Pointe Ccupee, or Nfu:.
Cut IJland ; the Great River makes a large winding in tliis, place. Some Canadians,
by opening a fmall gut that lay behind a point, let in the waters of the Mijfiffipi, which
pourmg thrr)ugh it with great impctuofity finiflied the canal .diout thirty feet fathom
Rcnijtk on dccp, by which travellers fave fourteen leagues. The bed of the river is now become
Ihc M.Mp'- quite dry, except in time of an inundation j a manifeft proof that the Mijjijjipi prelles
towards the Eallern fide in this place ; a particular to be carefully remarked by luch as
intend to fettle on the banks of that river.

To theNortli of this cut, and on the fame fide, is another grant, or fcttlement, called
Jm Conceffwn deSteReyne, in a very untliriving condition ; nnd .1 league South is another,
txpofcd to the fame danger with the preceding. The foil on which this lall flands is
excellent, but the building, of nccefTity, ereded at a quarter of a league diftaiice from
the river fide, behind a cyprefs wood, the Ixjttom of which is fwampy, thoi'i;h capa-
ble of producing rice ;.nd gardeiuftuff. Two icngues within the wood is a like two

Ic.i'.'ues

Fort.

Frlnih fct-
clcmenif

" !

of LOUISIANA.

»47

leagues ill circuit, abounding with wild fowl, and its waters might be made pnxludlive L^*'
Lit plenty ui tiHi, by dedroying the crocodiles which fwarm in it,

ihc male cyprefs beam a lort of berry, or knob, which, if gathered green, affords a Mciidnal
ballam, which is a fovcrcign cure fur cuts. That which diHiU from the copalma, be- t>'ii.,ni, ,„d
rules its other virtues, is alfo (aid to cure the dropfy. The root of the grc.it cotton- '°° '•
ircc, formerly mentioned, and which is to be found the whole way from Luke OntU'
rio, is an allured remedy for burns and fcalds of all Ibrts. They take the inner
ficlliclc, or bark, and boil it in wiitcr, then bath the wound with this water, and af-
terwards llrew on it the allies of the fame tKllicle burnt for that purpofe.

Three leagues farther is the well fituatcd grant of M. Diron S Ai taguette, where arc "ugewHBi.
tortoilcs of a monftrous lize, and fo very ftrong that they arc faid to break a thick bar **'■
of iron with their paws. This fjiot is called the grant of the Buton Rougf, or RiJ Cnm o( i\ni
Ht.iJ'. Twelve leagues below are the Bayagoula Indians, the ruink of whofc vill.igc ""/J'o/-
arc ftill to In; fceii. Alv)ut fifty years ago it was very populous, when part of the in- ^'V"^"^"'-
lubitants were carried off by the fmall-pox, and the reft fcattercd and dil'pertcd by their
fears, and have never been heard of fnicc, fo that it is much doubted whether there lie
a liiigle family of them now in being. The fettlcrs here have long applied them-
fclvcs to the cultivation of filk, and for that purpofe have planted great numbers of
mulberry trees. They have alfo cultivated tobacco and indigo, which have long tiiri- Cuiturt.
veil wonderfully.

The next place is the little village of the Oumtis, fituated on the Eaft fide of the ''*""" ■•"''
liver, and containing fome French houfcs i the great vill.jge ftands a quarter of a league 7'^^;" ""''''
higher up the country. This nation is allied, and zcaloufly affedted to the tntub.
Two leagues above this the MiJIiJIipi divides into two Arcams, making what is called
a I'ork in this country, by working and hollowing out to itfclf on the right, upon Fork,
which it continually preffes in thelc parts, a channel called the Fork of the Chitnnacbds,
ox St i mac has, which, lx:furc it pours its waters into the fea, forms a lake of moderate
extent. The Cbetimacha Jndiivis arc now almoft entirely dcftroyed, thole who remain
of them ferving .is ilavcs in the French colony.

Six leagues below the Oumas is the grant of the Marquis d'yln/enis, moft delight-
fully tituated, but fincc reduced to nothing by fire and fome other tatal accidents. The
Colapijfas had formed a fmall village in tJiis place, which fubfiUcd no long time. Be- Grnci.iiige
low is tlic gre.it village of that nation, much the pleafantcft and fined ot all Loui/ia- "' • '" ''^'''■
na, thouj^h it nniftcrs only two hundred warriors, but all of them of uiulauntcd bra- ''
very. Their cabins are in form of a pavilion, like thofe of the Sicux, and they very
Itldom ulc any fire in them. They have double hangings, that on the inlide cunlilU
ini; of a texture of the leaves of the lat.inier, and the outer compofed of matts. The
eliiefs cabin is thirty fix feet in diameter, one of the greatell any where to be fcen,
that of the fun among the Natchrz having only thirty. Five leagues further is feated
the grant called the Burnt Canes, Iwtwecn which and the Colapijfas the ground on which Burnt anci
lornierly relidcd the 'Taeiifas nation, which, in M. de la Salle's time, made a great fi- '?'' ^'','''' "•
guie in this country, but has fomctimc fince entirely difappcarcd. Next in courfe is mci.tj.
ilic i^Kice calit.ll the Chapitculas, two leagues fr(»m New Orleans, which, as well as
fome neighbouring hal' cations, are in a very prolpcrous way. The land is fertile, and,
aikl what is more, h,i fallen into the hands of very induftrious perfons.

'I'cn leagues before the ftrcam reaches Nrw Orleans is the fettlement of the Germans,
who, alter the dilfrracc of Mr Law, abandoned his plantation at Aria/i/as, and
obtained leave of the council to fettle in this country. Here, by me.ins of their
application .uid indufliy, they have got extremely well cultivated plant-itioris and are fni„ftrv oi
the purveyors of the capital, whither they bring, weekly, cabbages, fallads, fruits, 'l"'',,nj,
greens, and pullc of .ill lort.s as well as vaft quantities of wild-fowl, filt pork, and ma-"'""'
iiy excellent forts of fill). Thev load their vcllels on the FriJ.ix evening, tow.irds liin-
Itt, and then pl.icing thcmlelvcs two together in a pirogue, to Ix; carried down by
the current of the river, without ever ufing their oar?, i:irive early on Saturday
morning at New Orleans, wheie they hold their market, wliilll the morning lafis, along
the l>anks of the river. Idling their commodities for ready money. After tliis is done,
and when thev h.ivc provided tliemfelves with what neceliarles they want, they embark
aj^ain on their return, rowing their pirogues up the river againft the llream, and reach
tiieir plantations in the evening with provilions, or tlic money ariiin^i trtin the produce
of their labours.

Nnv

f ; !i

148

■I'

AVri Orltani
cnpita! of
Louijiatia.

AV-.i' Orlrats
in its more
modern flaie.

Ir- I'ltuilion
aiid more re
maikable
eJ Scc!

tiijlory of the Dijiovery and Sdtletfiem

Kev) Orleans, the famous metropolis of Imifiana, is the fird city uliicli tliii
king of rivers, the Miffiffipiy ever beheld upon its banks. The accounts given of tiiu
eight hundred fine houles, in five parilhcs, before the year 1722, appear much exag-
gerated, this place confifting then of about a hundred forry barracks, liifpofed with no
great regularity, a great wooden warehoufe, and two or three houfes, wiiich would he
elteemcd common and ordinary buildings in an European village. 'I'hcrc is, however,
reafon to believe that Nc^v Orleans may in after times become a great and opul •!■,[
city, if we confidcr the advantages of its fituation, thirty leagues from the fca, whi^Ii,
according to fomc authors, requires no more than a cour(e of twenty tuiir hours, on a
noble river, in a moft fertile country, under a mod delightful and wholefome climate,
inhabited by people extremely induftrious, within fifteen days fail of Mexico by ici,
and ftill nearer the Englip.\ French, and Spanij7j iflands in the ff'e/l Indies ; all which
are much more than futficient to enfure the future wealth, power, and profpcrity of
this city.

As the face of this metropolis has been much changed fince the time in which the
preceding defcription was made, it has been thought proper to fubjoin the followin '
from much later memoirs.

At firft New Orleans confifted of a few inconfiderablc houfes, fcattcrcd up and down,
without any order nr regularity, which had been built by fome travellers, come from
the country of the Ilinois. When a refolution therefore wis taken by the comman-
dant in Louifiana in 1720, to build a capital, M. de la Tour an engineer was fent, who
made choice of this as a proper place, and began with clearing the adjacent lands of t!ic
woods, and afterwards, traced the ftreets and quarters which were to compofe the new city,
advcrtifing the inhabitants that, upon prefenting a petition to the council, proper fpaces
fliould be allotted them for building. Each lot was ten fathoms ':; front, by twenty in
depth ; and, as each quarter contained a fquare of fifty fathoms Hioukl contain twelve iot^
whereof the two in the center rtiould nave ten fathoms in fiont, by twenty five in
depth. It was ordered that fuch as Hiould obtain lots rtiould be olijigtd to indole
them within paliladcs, leaving quite round a void fpace of three feet in breadth at Icail,
below which fliould be dug a ditch for draining otf the waters in the leafon of the
river's inundation. Bcfides thefe Idler drains, or defences, againft the overHowings of
the Mijjijfipi, a dike, or bank, of earth, 16 leagues \x\ length, was raifcd on both fules
the river, from EngliJ7.ftuin' s, creek to 10 leagues above the city, ami behind that a
ditch in the fame manner. The buildings were at firrt only of wood, being properly
fo many cabins ; but fince brickworks have been erei^led, they are all o> thole mate-
rials, fo that the governor's houfe, the church, the barracks, and almoft all the houfes
are of brick, or half brick and half wood.

New Orleans ftands on the Eaft bank of the MiJIiJJlpi, in 29 dcg. 57 min. Xorth lati-
tude ; and is faid to be placed in a fituation much interior to many otiieii which
might have been chofen, on account of its vicinity to the Mobile, the chief fetrlenicnt
of the colony in its beginnings. Velfels of a thouland tons may ride here witii thoir
iides clofe to the banks at low water. It is only a league hence to the Creek .)i' .S'.'
yobn, where perfons palling through the Lake of St Louis embark for t!ic M-.-
bile. The place of arms is an open fquare towards the river, in the bottom oi
which flands the parochial church, dedicated to St Luis, and ferved by the Ca-
puchins. On the left of tiie church is the houfe of thole monks ; on the right is tlie
prifon and guard-room; and the two fides of the fquare are taken up with barracks f,)r
the troops. All the flrects are ftrait, and crol's each other at rii;l>t angle?, diviilini' the
city into forty three illands, eleven in length along the river fide, and livjr in depth.
The intendant's houfe is behind the barracks, that of the governor's ftan.is ailjai ent t<»
the place of arms. The new convent of the Urfuline Nuns i^ at the ext. rnity of tli;
city towards the right, at the corner of Rue deCh.irtre^, .loxt the place ot .irms.

In this citv is the council, held commonly onThurfilays and 7 N./.vvf. It is com-
pofed of fix counlellors, a procurator or attorney for tli. ^'i!.;, aa i an intcndant, who"
ads alfo in quality of commifiary, ordMnnateur, or diredlor o; the works ; there arc
belides a regifier and fecretary to the c nincil. Caules are tried iure v.ithout alvocates
or attorneys, and therefore without any charge, every man being lii . own otineil and
follicitor.

The market ftands on the bank on the left, and a little above the intendant's, .ind

oppjiitc

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I 11

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of LOUISIANA.

149

oppofitc to tlhit fide of the fquarc or place of arms, where the magazines arc, is the
ill c hi 'ring place, wlitre the fliips lie with their fides clofe to the bank. The
powilcr ni.in;azinc is at fonie dilhincc from the city, for fear of accidents. In a word,
nothing is wanting to this capital, excepting fortifications. In other rcfpcds, there
;;rc a luinibcr of fine brick buildings, and many houfcs from four to five (lories,

'i liu bank:^ of the river, for fixtecn leagues on both fides, are covered witli plantatl-
f n> not far from each other, each inhabitant raifing a dike to (ccurc his own dwcl-
lin;;, iroin the inundation, which happens, as in l^gypt, regularly every year in the
Ipiini';, when fuch (hips as happen to be at Ncv> OrUiins take tare to let fail, for fear
ot bui:^; prevented by the vail quantity of trees that the river carries along with it,
wli':li would break tlie (Irongcft cables,

AiU> Orkii/!s, in 1 720, made a very contemptible figure, being only, :n C/jarkviix ^au of Si-<'j
tills us, an encampment of two hundred people on the banks of a great river, fent to Vrham'm
Iniiiii a city, and thinking of nothing farther than barely how to Icrceii themfelves ''^"'
Iri :ii the inclemency of the weather, till a plan fliould be fettled, by wliich they
would be regulated in building their houles.

I'licre is nothing very remarkable in the neighbourhood of New Orleans : With re- Advanwi;?-
fpcrt to the advantages or difadvantages of the Utuaiion of that capital, opinions are di- fu' litu.ition
vi.cd. Tiicy who maintain the former, alledge the convenicncy of its com municati- '''^'^"'' ''"'''
0:1 with the fea, by mc^ns of a fmall river, fometime fincc difcovercd, about a league
from the place towards the North Eall, called k Bayouc di ■!>'/ y«v;«, or i'/ "ffJm's
crat:. This way, fay tliey, a very fafe trade may be eafily carried on between the
niLtropolis and tiie Mo/jiL\ Biltxi, and the other French ports fituatcd along the fea.
TIkv moreover obferve that the river makes a great circuit below the city, called the
E>igl'jl.''nan'& criik, which, by retarding the progrefs of vcflels in their way to New
(ji,.<i/ >, ftcurns it cfi'eiihially from being furprifed by an enemy,

1 he gentlemen, who are of another opinion, alledge that thcfe reafons are rather Objcflions.
fjKxious than lyjid. For, in the firft place, fay they, thofe who argue in this man-
nii .dmit that the river is only capable of fmall velFcls. Now on this fuppofition,
they afk, what need has the capital, if ever fo little fortified, need to fear a furprifc,
fmce it is thus granted that it can be attacked only with fmall craft, utterly incapable
ot heavy ordnance ? However, fay the fame opponents, let the city be placed where
it will, the mouth of the river is, at all cvent-s to be lecured >vith a fort and good bat-
teries, vvhicii would, at leaft, ferve to give timely notice to the capital to prepare for
the reception of the enemy. Secondly, they alii where lie the great advantages of' a
tommunicition which can only be kept open by means of (hallops, and with porti
which, in cule of an attack, could nxt l)c defended, and whence but feeble allillanccj
ol no manner of utility, could be drawn in return. To thcfe objcdlions they
■M, that when a velTel is g<)ii>g up through Englijkman'i creek, it ftands in need of a
ciunge of wind almoft every minute, which is enough to detain it whole weeks in a
paliage of no more th.ui Icvcn or eight leagues,

A little below Nexv Orleans the land begins to be very low, on both fides the Pi-inniis
river, trob the country, and gradually declines as it approaches nearer the fc.i. [j! "'j;L*'i^^-
This point of land is, to all appearance, of no longdate ; tor upon diggijig ever ll> little
below the lurface, you Come to the water. Bcfides, the number of beaches, or bieak-
cif, and ilU't.'. formed within the lafl half century at all the feveral mouths (.'' the ri-
ver, leaves no rotiin to doubt th.it this peninfula has been entirely formed in tl. fame
in.inm r. And it is very certain that when M. de la Salle failed down the M^'Hi-t" ^
till- lea, ti;c opening ol that river was very diti'erent trom what it is at prclLiit.

The nearer yuu approach to the fea, the truth of what is here laid becomes more in,!.!? fo.m-
viiiiile. The b.us which trols the mof" tiart of thole fmall channe's which the ri- ^"J^'^^ ^^J^'^,
vc-r has opened for itfelf, have been i..uitiplied tinly by me.in.s ot the trees carried "
(I'lwn by the current, one of which, lloppeil by its roots or branciics, in places of
linilow water, will retain a thoul'and more in the fame place. Clarlexux fays he has
Ittn gatherings of trees, lornied in this manner, two liunuuLl leagues hon) this cap^i-
tal, one of which, alone, would have filled all the tiiuUr .uid fuel yard> in Pans.
/\s no human force is, in this cafe, able to remove tiKiii, the mud caiiied down by
live river Icrvcs to biml and cement them together, till, 1/ degrees, it entirely covers
tlitm. Lvcry inundation leaves a new layer, or bed, and, alter ten years lime, canes

Q q and

v^l

ISO

Land un-
grantcJ.

Indium.

fafffsofthe

inand of

'ihcuUuJi.

Waters of the

Prindpal
(lunncl.

E«ftf rn cban-

Ml.

tiijlory of the Difcovcry a^rl istttlcmint

and fiiTubs begin to grow a-topof them, thns forming point? ;in<i ill.imls, which fre*
quchtly oblige (he river to (htft its bei?, and take a iu"w courlo.

Between AVw Orkan% and the fe;i you find no grants*, on aciT»iint of the fmall
breadth of land ; fo that all you fee in this route is only a tew private habitations,
with public Warchoufcs for fupplying the large grants with ncccfLrics.

Behind one of thefe habitations, and immediately below the F,nglifl}man't crttk,
were formerly fettled the Cbtrwachns, the ruins of whole village are Hill to be feen.
The chiefs cabin was not unlike the cottage of fonie Froicb pcafant, exceptiF)g only
that it had no windows. It was built of branches of trees, the void places between
which v^rerc filled with the leaves of the latanier. The roof was conltru<ited in the
fame manner ; this chief is ablohite, like all thofe of Florida -, he hunts only for
his picafurc, his fubjeifls being obliged to fupply him with game out of what they
take for themfclves. The village now ftands on the other fide of the river, and a
league lower down, whither the Indians have tranfportcd even the very bones of their
dead.

A little below their new abode the coaft is much higher than any where clfe this
way ; and here, according to Charlevoix's opinion, is the bcft place for building the
capital, which would then be but twenty leagues from the fea -, (b, that with u moderate
breeze of wind at South Eaft, a fliip might cafily reach it in Hftcen hours. Lower is au
other winding of the river, called If detour aux Piakimincs, or Piir/cimirie tree Creek.
Soon after great care mull be taken in navigating amidft the Channels of the Mijiffipi,
for fear of falling into a wrong channel, in which calc it is pad all pollibility of ever extri-
cating the veffcl. Thefe channels, for the moft part, arc but Imall ftreams, fome of
which are only feparated by means of the bottom, xvhich riJcs in ridges above the fur-
fece of the wattr, occafioned by the choaking up of its conrfc w^th mud and trees,
the bar of the MiJJi//ipi multiplying thofe channels by flipping tl>c veuf of the water,
and fo forcing it to break out into new openings, through the foftcft and newcfl-form-
ed earth near itj and it might happen in time, if great cue be not taken to prevent
it, that all the paflTes (hould become alike imprthflicablc, tit lead for Ihips.

Oppofitc to the bar is the IJland of Tbonlou/'e, formerly called IJle de la Bafi/'t; (Ifland
of the fea-mark) from a fca-mark, fome time fince eredlcd here for the conveniency
of fliipping. This ifland is about half a league r6und, including another ifland fepa-
rated from it by means of a charrncl always wet. It is every where very low land, ex-
eptin one place, which is never covered with the inundation, and comprehends kifficient
T06m to contain the fort and magarine. Here fliips may unload, when otherwtfe unable to
'get over the bar. The bottom is hard, clayey ground, with five or lix fmall fprinsrs
ifiuing from it, which leave a very fine kind of lalt on the linface. When the river
is at the loweft, or during the three hottcft months, the w.iti.r k lalt round this ifland ;
but in he time of inundation perfcftly frcfh, and retains this quality a full league out
at fea ; at other times it is brackifli after pafling tlic bar. Hence what we are told
of the Mij/iJ/i/>i's prcferving its w.iters unmixed with the fea, for twenty leagues, is u
meer fable.

The following is the Rate of the principal channel of tlie MijUj/ipi, as evamintJ
by the Pilot Kcrlasio in 1722. This opening runs North Wtfl and South liaft for
the fpace of three hundred fathoms, it is 250 broad, nfccnding from the feu to the
iflind of Tbouloufe, oppofite to whivh are three fniull iflands, which, though conlidtr-
ably elevated above the level of the water, had no herbage. All this way the ilcpth
of the channel in the middle is eighteen Icet, on a bottum ot (bit mud : but fuch as
are not acquainted mufl always have the lead in their hand. Alcending from hence
four hundred fiithoms more, in the fame dircdtion North Well, there is l>ill fifteen
feet water, and the fame bottom, with good anchorage all the way, and (heltcrcd
from all winds, except the bouth and South Itart, which might caufc the driving of
the lliips from their anchors when it blows a llorm ; but without datiger, fince they
muft ftrikc on the bar, which is loft mud. Afterwanls the cou'lb is North Weft, ore
quarter North Eaft, for five hundrt 1 fathoms. The river at the bar is 250 tiithoms
broad between low lands covered wirh buihcs, and has tw.Ive ftct depth ; and at half
low water great caution muft be taken, becaulc of banks in the way.

In failing through theEaftern channel, which is 250 fathoms broad, and from 4to ij
deep, tlicy ftecr full Weft for a league, ami then all of a fuddcn find no bottom. Then en-
tcri.iij the great thanncl, after leaving the bar, they fail llill Nuitii Well for the fpace el

thi.c

of LOUISIANA.

»S^

Uii.c

three hundred fathoms, conftantly in forty five feet water. 0« the left is what tlie
h'rcnch call the ^ajje a SauvoU, by which Ihallops inay go to Biloxi, ftccrinc their ^.^^^ . .^^
courte Northwards. This chiuinel takes its name from an orticer, left by M. mr'uille ■,»:," ""
as commandant in the colony, when he returned to France.

Then turning VVertwanl, one quarter North Well, for fifty fiuhoms, and on the left
Jiand, is a bay, at the end of which are three channels, one on the South Eaft, another
on the South, and a third on the Weft South Weft qiurter. This bay has no more '''^''
than ten fathoms in brcudtli, and one in diameter ; and all thcfe channels have very
little water, Followinj;; the lame courfe, fifty fathoms further, lies another bay, which
ij twenty paces in diameter, and fifty in depth within land. It contains two fmall
channels, though they arc Iwrdly reckoned in that number, fincc a canoe of bark can
fcarcc make its way through tiiem.

From hence, vou ftccr Wcftward five hundred fathoms, to the Tajfe </ X-cutre, or Ot- ^ ^ ,^ .
tir Cbanntl. This is on the right Iiand, and runs towards the South Eaft. It is five hun-
ilrcd fathoms broad, but is only cipabik; of receiving pirogues. AU'jrwards you I. ill South
Weft twenty fathoms, ami tlicii llanding Wcllvvanl three hundred, after th.it Weft one
quarter North Weft, for a lunulicd m»o c ; again as muth Weft North Wtft, then
North Wert eight Jjundred, to the /'<//f <m Siui, or the Soutb:nt Puji, two humlred
and fifty fathoms in breadth, which Ins nine fathoms wafer at its entry into the MiJJiJI'fi,
and only two feet wliere it falls into the lea. Two In^ndrcd and fifty fathoms farther,
is the PaJJt au 6uJ (Juejl, or South Weft pafs, of the liimc breadth nearly, and never
Icfs than from (even to eight feet water.

Near the entrance of the river, and on tlie Eaft of the Southern paflage, are the cUxUUif
iflaniis called Ijlcs de Cbandekt^r, on which arc found v^ft quanfities of eggs of all iibuj.
manner of fca fowl. It is believed that between tlieic iflapds and the land there is
a paflage for fliips of tlie greatcft burthen, and that it would be no dirticult matter \o
make an cxceUent port here. The , aflage Js bounded on the left by a ferics ol' finall
lakes, lituated towards the extremity of ^hat of the Chetimacbus, and on the right, as
above, by the IJks de Cbandeltur, or Candknufs IJfaitJs. Large barks may go up as high
as the lake of the Ojelimaihas, whpre they may freely cut fine oaks, with wW.ch all
this coaft is covered. Near thi« gut the lands liegiii to be lefs murfliy, tjiough they
»re drowned four months in the year. All a^oijg the hanks of the river tlius far you li-'fi
rotliing but fand and caites. U is alfo remarkable that, for the Ipacc of eleven leagues TuortmarKJ
up the river, tjic banks »rc fo bare and naked as to produce but two trees, both ou ^^'° (''«'>•
the Eaft fide, and at a league dtftance from each other : The one is called l\iil>rc a
bouUiUcj or tbi btttU tree, from a bottle hung on it when firft dil'covcred by the
French, and inclufing a letter from fome pcriba inforjuing liis fellow travellers which
way he had gone. Tiie fccond is called la Patt'nct.' a Picard, qr Pi^jrd's giilhvs,
and owes this ill omened appellation to a faying of one Picard, who, p.illing by this
tree in a pirogue, Irtid, if ever it were bis fortupe to be hanged, he willicd it i/iight
be cither on this tree, ur at leaft on fuch another. Ilcre too tiie hanks begin ,to be
covered with lofty trees, and tjiofc -n fuch nuipbas, and fo thick, as to becalm the
liiipi tlut pafs, fo that they arc often obliged to warp dwir way with the windlals /ii^m
point to point -, whence it Ibmctimcs happens that ^cy take iip two months tiinc to
niikc the nineteen leagues hence to the capital. Were it not lor this difliculty, lliips
jni;.;ht with e.iic fail up the MlJJiJJipi above five hundred leagues ; and tliis might be
rcniovci' by dealing its banks of the wood.

Som: have been of opinion that the l)cft way would be to flait up .ill tlie paf- Reji:fl:nn -.^
Ils except the principal one, hy conveying tlie trees which are contiiuially tloatiiig i-"- .'".'yv'-
from above into tiie other ch.mnelf.. I'hc advantage arifing from tiiia improvement
would, in tlic firft place, he this ; that, by rendering the river iiia'cefiil'le even to Ihiall
vcliid.s antl canoes themlclvcs, the colony would be almoft cttlctualiy fccurcd from
any lurpriie. The lecond is, that all the water* of tlie Aliijiiipi, Juving been thus
conveved into one and the only remainijig channel, would i.aturalfy, ai^l ot tlienilelvc^,
bv ilcgrcts, hollow its be<l, and polfibly, in time, remove tiie bar itlelf. ^^'llat h...s
acliKiiiy happened in regard to the two Pointis CoHpets, already taken notice of, rcudti s \h\i
notion far from being unrealonable. All that vvyuld thtii remain to be done, would b<-
to keep the channel clear of any cmbarrafliucnts Ironi tkuting trees j a matter of j;o
iiifurmuuntable iluiiculty.

As to the bre.idth of tlw river between tlu: pafTes^ tlut is, for four leagues diflanic i ,f.ict
from the illand of the Tboukufe to the South Weft pafs, it never exceeds fifty fathoms, i'-- ''•'';■'■

Hut '

bii^

III'

'■ il

isa

Plantation
diflant fttm
tlieti»cr Ji-
gible.

Navigation
o» the Mifff-

Coaft of

Louiftana.

//• fir£Jo.

Nohili
Frenih fettle-

nicht.

Id-J ThclMlt

Jtaut,

Ij"., Daaptint
4clcrjbcJ.

Hijlory of the Difc<n*ery ' nnd Settktnefif

But juft above this pafs the Mijjipipi recovers infciifilily, and l\v (low ilcgrecs, its or-
dinary breadth, which is never under a mile, and fcldmn above two miles. Its depth in-
crcafes in like manner, from the bar upwards, contrary to what is in otJicr rivers, which
generally have their greatcft depth ncareft the fea.

It appears that the plantation-^ would be better placed, at Icaft a quarter, if not half a
league from the banks, than clofe by the river, from the inconveniences of living on
land which is always moift, and where with ever To little digging you come prelent-
ly to water, and confequently can have neither cellar nor vault. Ferhups too it
might be no fmall bene*it to remove farther off, anc' leave the intermediate grounds
and fcttlements free to the inundations, which migiit pollibly contribute much to their
improvement. The mud, which remains after the waters .ire fallen, renews and fat-
tens the foil, part of which might be employed in pafture, and on the other might
be fown rice, pulfe, and, in general, fuch plants as profper bed in fat, moift lands. The
banks of thr MiJJiJfipi might be made to produce, from its gardens, meaduw and pafture
ground, not only a ftock of provifions fufficient to fupport the inhabitants, but might
furnifli articles in commerce proper for the iflands and neighbouring colonies. Thole
wiio have failed down this river, and gone on fliore twice or three times every day,
fiy that almo.1 every where at the fmallell diftance from the banks arc riling grounds,
where houfes and other buildings may be erefted on folid and durable foundations, and
where wheat would grow very well, provided the timber was felled, and by that
means the grounds left open to the falutary effedls of the free circulation of the air.

As to the navigation of the river, this will always continue to be attended with diffi-
culty in its afcenfion, on account of the ftrcngth of the current, which even obliges
perfons to be very careful when defcending, as it often carries them upon the points
which projeft into the river, and upon the breakers or beaches. Hence, to navigate with
fafcty, they will be under the necefllty of ufing fuch veflils as are proper for failing
and rowing at the fame time. Belides, as it is impoflible to purluc their way in tlie
night, when dark weather, thefc voyages muft confequently be always very tedious and
expeniivc, at leaft till fuch time as the banks of the river become better and more clofe-
ly peopled through its whole courfe, that is, from the river llinois to the fea.

The coaft of Louijiana is bounded, according to the French writers, on the Weft by
St Bernard's Bay, where M. de la Stih landed, imagining it to be the mouth of the
MiJJiJJipi. Into thb Bay falls a fmall river, with feveral others, as into Afcenlion Bay \
the inhabitants of the colony fcarce ever vifit this coaft. Towards the Eaft the coaft
is, by the fame writers, faid to be bounded by* Rio Perdido, corruptly termed, by the
Frtncb, Riviere aux Perdrix, or Partridge River. The Spaniards call it Rio PerdiJo,
or, the River tobicb hjes itfelf, from its nmning under ground, and afterwards emer-
ging, and continuing its courfe till it falls into the fea, a fmall diftajice Blaftward
from the Mobile, where the French of this colony had their firft lettlement. TJie coaft,
from the Ifland of Tbouhuje to the I^ aux Vaifjeaux, oppjfitc to Btloxi, is fo very
flat, that merchants dart not approacfi nearer than four, and barks than two leagues oi
the fhore ; and even thefe latter muft keep at a greater diftaiKc when the wind is North
or North Weft, or elfe they will run aground, as it fometimcs happens- The road
lies along the ftiorc of the Ifland aux Vaijfeaux, extending a fliort league from Eall to
Weft, and very narrow.

Eaft from this ifland is IJle Dauphine, formerly Mafliicre IJIattd, fo called from the
great quantity of human bones found in it on its firft dilcovery, where the French had
their firft fettlement in thefe parts. Its length from Eaft to Weft is about 1 7 leagues,
and its breadth from North to South one large league. It is conflantly expoled to the
burning heat of the fun, and the foil fo barren as to be fcarce nroduftive of fallads and
other greens. The foil confifts of little more than fand, which near the lea is (o white
and glittering, that when the rays of the fun fall direilly upon ir, the eye cannot be-
hold it without great pain ; and fome have been obliged to leave it on account of thb
inconvenience, which endangered their fight. Though this ifland be entirely furroundcd
by the fea, it has this very great advantage, that by digging in the land, at a very fmall
diftance from the Ihore, you meet with the greatcft plenty ol the lineft frelh water. The
anchoring place is at two leagues diftance from the ifland, l>ecaule of the land banks.
The fcas about it abound with ftorc of excellent filh. VV'itJj re('pc<it to trees, the moil
common are, the pine and the firr, with fomc (hrubs, and great quantities of a plant,
which bears a fruit called P(;»M»« </f r<;y«f//<', [Racket ApplcsJ which is a Ibvcreign rc-

• ..._.., iiicdy

of L U I S I yl N A

»S3

rtily ag.iinft the dyfciitcry antl blooJy flux. Sun-burns are iill'o extremely frequent in
il\is illuiil. H-rc w;». aiic.ciitly a comn.oJio.is liarLour, hut ddlroycd by having
it; ciitiy tiKiiitcd with fand in two houi's limc by a huiriLjiic.

Ic) the VViAw.iril ot Ilk aux l\iijj:aux lie /"///'■ de Cijti, or Citt-I/lnml, otherwife /A-.A r**/',
Bi,-T.i/I:- l/i:ml, ijlc df laa.mL-hw, or dndl.-mafi IJIind*, and to iIk- h.dl ;;rc fl/!e J *"^ * ^•''"•
tornr, or U<rncd I.l.tnd, and the ///<• llaiiphini'.

On the c.M.tiuei I o[i[:(,liti; to tlic IJle ,tuy f'di'.'njux arctlic 0/d an] AV'u^ /?//i.v', two /»,/;*; o.V»nii
pKiccs rcrnaiivahlc >or their h.iving been fucctllivi.ly the chi'-* Ictilcinents ut the itriicb^'^-
after their ab.uuloii.ng tlie Ijlc lliuif^hiih', and io called IV. .. jn Indian luition anciently
ri-riJing in tliis place, and lince removed higlier up the country towardi the NorthWcft,
on the baiil;s of a little river called /,; ri.tcrc de I'trles, or Petirl rhfr, rr.ni the great ^'^'■'^ ''^^"■
quantity ol [xMrU, of an ordinury quality, found in it. The fituation of the Nf-u>Bihxi is fo New BiUx!
bjd that a worn- c^Jiild lu.t liavc been found, buth an account of the <iiiliculty of it> being '"'"'' '"'"'*
jnpruachcd by the lhippin;;,for icarons alie.idy nienrionti), and btciufc ilic road has two '

grtatinionv.riL-'icies'^'^'.thcoxtretnebi.lnefiof the anchi.ra^c.ai d the I warms of worms
whivh dedroy t!ic flilpping, its fole ufe being to lhe!tcr (hipi (ro:n thj \ioleiice of liiir-
ric.iiiC!! ill c.Uij ot tlv.ir Handing in fur the moutlis of the M///i/;rd w hen they wai.t wa'er-
iii^, it beir^j d.tngcrous, on account of tlii flat icf, of ti.e liUll, to upproicli it otlKr-
wife. It i> nu better in tcfpeiil of its fituitiin with rcg.i.d to the l.in I ; the foil coidllts
oj.lv './faid, ..nd produces nothing but jiiiivs.ird Lelia^^, .ind the cifiiiu-, .;th-rvvi:'c called (:unnc|.I*rir.
thr .I'hiliichin' p ant, whxh fpriiiii;s on every where in treat ab m l.ince. The heats k: r „_ , .„

■ ■ •• • ' 'ijio^riii kino

here prodigious in -he funimeis, efpeciilly .i ter the l"in h;is fet the f'..nds on fire, if 1 inay«ni Utituac.

be pcr;:ii:t d I'o fpeak. iUv\ we are all'tired liiat were it n it for the lea breezes,

v.hi.h arife rcgjlarly everyday between nine and t'--n in the morn;ng, this part w>nilci

l. Ay lutely u.iinhabitable. N iv liiloxi lla:uis in th rty derrees (it ecu minut.s Xorth

Iriiiulc, as the mouth of the Mi/uj/i/'i ^oci in twenty nine. I'hc toKl hi.re in l\liruuiyi%

pretty Ih.irp, when the wind comes tri;m the North or NorihWert, but lafh no long time,

and ia-vcn Ijtnetim.i followed with i-onfiderahle licit", llorms, and thunder, fo that in

tlv. marling you are in the wintcr.'und in the afternoon in thel'ummcr fi.alons, with inter-

v.i!5 of :pri!ig and anfnmn. The breeze co.iies regidarly always from the Ki(\, anu when

it proccciis from the Noith it is o.-ily the retlexi )n of th; w'.n.l, and is lefs rcfrcthing,

but .Jways welcome, as without win! Iiere is no brci;hing at all.

Co 1 ling .iloiii? this (bore, the profped is .dw..ys a^r.eahle tothe eye.but coming near SanJy coim-
it the fCvMu is quire chan:;ed ; the whole is a I'andy bottom as ..t Bi/cxi, and nothing but ^T-
glnoniy wofnis arc to be found. _ ,

Thirteen • r fourteen U-agnes ["aftward from BUoxt is the Mc!>:!c, on Mauiile, called
bv th-' N.:ti.-f: .nd En^li/b CLirnf.r.v rivr r^mning from Nortel to South, one of the
priiieiial rive s of Lo:!i,:,tnii, on ;'.ecount of the I'n'ncb lett'enuti's on it, and falling into
the lea oppofi'c to IJIj D.iu: ii t.". This river tikes it< rife in 3 flicams at the tbn: of
a cii.il of mountains in th;- coutitry of the C'jicj/'.iti's, and after a courfc of a hundred
an.l h rtv, or, as others l.iy, three hundred leagues falls into a biy of the fame name,
at the dilhiivc of to;ir feore lca'.',ues by fta fr. tn that tf the Mii''i!i[>i, at the VVeiK-rn
enfr.ince of the river is litn.ited Ic lo't Coi.it df h ^hi.-h, built of brick with fur
Kith'ins, beildes half moons, a gnid direii, covor'd ways .md g'-.i-is in the m:th .d nf
l'aub.in\ with a in:'.;':'.zine mid ca^ierns tor tlie f Idlers of th^- gaitifm, which is alw..y8
viry n itn ri us, 1 wr!ve lc;ij;u.s t j th; N rth on the fame tide of the river. Is the
/r,m/i 7 i/r/ called i'orf L':;ii di- It Mchik, b ii!t in 17.2, ;Mid de'erttd in 1711. Tlic
\t\ I f the Vf '/,V is vtTy n.irrow, and winding, and at the lame time very rapid, but is
luv^g l)!e oidv for pira^^ues ^^hrn the w.Uers are low. The I'rcticb fort on this river
wa^fir a I ti ; time t!ie thief I'ettletnent of th.e wh.ole color.y. It is moil v.dued on
ace lint of i's I'crvinu; tii k.eo i.i awe the Cia.'-faws, a numerous nitx n, forming a good
hnrricr to the French agaiiill the lJ.'ic<'pzcs, and other Indian nati.': s, in the prt)vineo
(iUafjHui. S(;me fay that a iVjne q larrv has been dilcovered n iu- this place, which
miy he made of great fervicc. l he foil near this river is uid to b-.- extremely
birrfii. but ihe ii.teiioitr p:irts, .intl f.ich as are at a greater ditt.' ve from it, arc t Lra-
liiy ferti.e. A hundred and furty lea;iie8 hiu;her is the Fort ot T mb.cbJ, built in 1735,
t') IItvc as a Ciimmiiniciti )n in the w.ir with the Ch'u\!'.r.v . 'Vcml'cchJ is a kind
'>f m iiint.iin, emli lin^; of a white, I'oft lime, and i; the canton which molt ..bounds
ill ce'i.i!S of the whole province ; t!ie e.uth here is .dl'o very proper for potters w^irk.
•■1 >ut lixtv ic:igics from thj m ■itii of the McbiL- it neeiv.s on the left the w.itern
I-; the river Aiil>.ini9..s, on wiiieli, at tiie di:l;nee of li\ty leigncs from iu ope lin^',

K r in

'^.•i

*54

Hiftory of the Difcovery and Settletmnt

jtfi the .Coontrjr «/ tbe CretJk JtuUoHs in South Carolina the h'rrnih have built }\it
'Iffi^ft. Tbi« ctnton isftid to be one of the fined cuuntries --i tl)c vvliok worM.

The foil on the coaft, from Rio Perdido as far as St l.ouii liiiy , is a very
J^ne (wi, a9 white as fnuw, and produces pines, cedars, and fume gi ten oaks. Tlic
xiver MMItt wliofc bed is ot' a fine fund is far from being equal in plcnry ot liih i,,
A ftrfite •''* '''*'"^ ^^HHIJipi- 1 be banks from its fource to the fea are equally unfertile, Wm^
lij"" nothiiig but gravel, with a fnwll mixture of earth} and, though not alW'jIutciy l.i .
ren, its produdUons differ extremely from that of fucb lauds as tic contiguous to ti.e
grefit river. This country is in fooie parts mountainous, though it is nit certainly
knowo whether they have any quarries of (lone fit for building. The lands a'e 1' m;-
ybat better about the river of Aiikimaus.
CooMMuka- 1 he lands aiwl water of the MobiU are extremely unfertile, not only in pldnit
«nd fifhet, but, as tbe <:}i>aljty of both thefe contr butcs mucli to the dcctraie
oS aninoals, the fame effedt happens with reipedt to the Inhabitants, many of the
V'oineji having become barren on their fettling in thefe parts ; as on the contrary,
tb/ey have recovered on removing to tbe baoJcs of the MilJiJJipi. The ii.tcrrar
parts of thifi country muft be exempted from tbit quality common to m.iny parts near
tbe iiea.

tivr nflvir
rrnnefs to

womea.

Natural History of L O U I S I A N A.

Introduflion

Beautiful
tcuntry.

Herd? of
bcevc».

Defr, roe-
buck).

Natunit,
Singing l>irjs

Waterfowl.
Miut ani mi

Crrim sni

NO iludy can be more pleafing than that of Natural Hiftory, every advance
therein difpofcs the muid to adore the Almighty providence, whole pa\^cr,
the more immediately it is examined, appears ftill more wonderful and
beneficent : every new difcovery is a frefh gratificatioo to the curious inqui-
rer, and its ufes are manifcfl both in commerce and medicine. Laui/lana, it mull b:
confcfTed, aflbrds a large field for the purfuit of this fcience, which has been the objcilt
of our careful attention, taking du Pratz, for our principal guide baiting wiih him .n
the moft remarkable places, though without (laying too long at one ibgc, or wall-
ing the time in needlcfs excurfiuns, or too circumf intial dcfcriptions.

The inland co\ir\\ty oi Leuifiana affords as 'great a variety of beautiful landfkips, as
the imagination can form ; the fields are diverfified with the fweetcil flowers, and the
Hopes conveniently covered with woods, where the beafls find a lure Iheltcr from tL
dews which fall here very heavily.

As you advjHtce the country becomes pleafantcr and more fertile, (^ame aboun.l)
on every hand, and it is not uncommon to meet with five or fix hundred beeves feed-
ing in a herd. When yoti fire upon one, the refl run away-, but it the creature ..:
whom the hunter aimed, is njt diubled, he turns with infinite fury upon his afiailan:.
Peer arc every where fcen in numbers, and large roc-bucks, which lumetiines niarui
under the dire£lion of a white one of their own fpecies, whom they all fecm to rc-
fpe^, treading cxadly in his Acps, and none prefuming to advance b;:forc h;m.

In the woods arc many forts of fong-birds, that delight the car, nor is their coaccr:
diAurbed by the hawk, or any other bird of prey. In travelling, it a man chances to
b; necefTitated to pitch his tent near a large lake or river, he is not to cxpct^l iiuiih
refl; for the fereaming of the flamingos, the cranes, herons, wild gecli:, ducks, aoii
other water ibwis are fure to keep him waking.

Here are mines of gold, Giver, copper and lead, with good coals, and water near :i:
hind to render the working tbcm cneap. In ibme places they find roeks of hard cry-
ftal, marble, a fubftance rclcmbling porphyry, fait, falt-petrc, and fomctiuies lloiic
fit for building. But the£; laft are in many parts fo fcarce as not to be foand in a
fpace of loo leagues.

European grains and pulfc thrive here very well. They have al "o various forts ot
raaiz, and what wo cjII Turkiy corn, which is natural to this country, Ihoots up a
ftalk 7 or 8 feet high, with 6 or 7 beards, each perhaps 2 inches in dianicter, ami
cgnbUAing 6 or 700 grains. TUIs grain fiouriflies b«U in a light, loolc lull, m vp^A

nou;ilhinc::t

of LOUISIANA.

tSl

nourirtiment bolh for men and bcafts, and cr(>ec;ally fattening to fowl. They have
kans of (litfcrcnt colo.irs, as red, bijck, &;c. called the forty days bean, ai it runs up
in that time, and is good fund, andtheapaiachcnc bean, whiLJi is delicitc eating, but
rather infipd, if not well dreflcvl. The latter was either bruuj;!it from Guinea, or
from the hnt^li/h sit Carolina. Tiic Aalk creeps the length (;f 4 or j feci on the ground,
and the leaf refcmblcs that of ivy.

Tluir pompions are of two f.jrts, one of which is round, and but little regarded j Pompion.
the other h.tt a firm pulp with few feeds : und being cut in form of 3 pear, or of any
other fruit, is laid by to keep in jtrrs, covered with fugur, of which it requires but
little, bein^; naturally fwcet and pleulant ) it is alfo ufcd to give a roli^ to fricaflees,
foups, and f.iuccs. Melons of every fort arc found in Louijiini:, but all inacli better M>-I'"n«
thantho(e of Europe of the fame IpecieF. The v\ater melon is here particularly fine,
trunlcending that of ytjrica, and is perhaps the mod delicious in the world. It
fometimes wci;;hs 30lb. is very light and rcfrelhing, melts in the mouth like fnovv,
and may be given without any danger to the fick. The feed is flat and oval, fome-
timcs black, luinctimes red \ but the former produces the bc(l fruit, if Town in a light
lull, which is the moll proper, otherwilc it degenerates, and the melon it prcxiuccs,
contains a rcdiiith kinil of fctd. They have alio tine potatics, from which the '''"*'°*>-
//(■w/idirtil .1 I' ong l^jirit, (o that thty ,ftin\) both meat ami drink.

Vines arc hcic lo plenty th.it a man tann;)t go 100 yards from the coaft for 500 ^"'"~*'
Icngucs to the Norih, without meeting with a vine cir..l.ng round a tree; but fo
llraiied from the heat of tlic fun that the grapes IcKljiii atiairi any degree of ripenefs.
Eut with proper management our author thinks good winf mi.'Jit he maJc of them}
und he takes notice of a vine here l^caring two crops of fruit withio the fealon. Among
them he thinks he found the currant, the Burgundy, and the Mulladiilo grajtc. I Icre is A 1 rt of
a Art ot medlar, called by the ir,m A Placminier. or l'i.itminicr, theti'W^r ot which ;|^'j'D,'_.^j'**
is white i com(>olcd of ^ petals. The fruit is rather tweeter and more dclicate-than Uie '

medlar, which it otherwilc reicmbles, being however as large us an hcn't egg. ^ The
natives make it up in cakes, a foot and half long, a foot broad, and an inch high, q^tfully
I'cparating from them the ikin and feed, and dry them in the lun or with k gent)*
heat, the former is the better v. ay of preparation, as it prefcrves the Havour. The
henchhuy this cake, which is good againd the dyfentery and gripes after a proper
athartic. liut in this cali: it mull be taken not at random, but tncdicinalljr, being of
an adringent nature,, and the fruit of which it is made Hiould be gathered ripe.

Here is a plcafant violet plum, which in a garden might be made tribiitary to the rtum.
table's elegance ; and another of a bright cherry colour, fmall, but t kj four to be ti'«rrief.
eaten. It is common to meet with a fmall cherry, whkh communicatos a pleafant
rchlh to brandy, and may perhaps be the fame with what is ul'ed for ihnt purpofe in
E':g!anJ, aiul ilillinguilhrd by the name ot" mazarine. The bluet is a flirnb pr jiltjcing ^'^' ^'»^
a bhie, Iwect fruit, like a goolVbcrry, which agrees well with brandy^ and is faid
to have feme ;;>H)d phylical qualities.

'ihe black mullicrry is not found in Louifmna, but they have the ret), and two forts Mulijcrne*.
iif white, ore ot which is very fwect and palatable. The firft of tlicia makes g^xxl
vin'^gar, provided it be kept in a Hiudy place, and clofc Hopped. As the mulberry is
extremely common, the manufacture of liik might be calily introduced, the leaf
htin;.^ the iKiirilhmeat of the lilk-worm.

1 he olive Iktj is a tine tree growing often to the height of 30 feot, yielding pa- Otivn.
Ijtihle fniir, and rxcellcut oil. Among other kinds ot walnuts, this country pro- Walnuts,
(iaccs one a^ big as a l.irge ci;;;, which is plcafant enough, hut the Ihell io hard, that
the gLitini,' at it is fcarccly worth the paius. The natives bruifc the nut, and then
throwini< it into water continue dirring it, tiU liia (km and oil being quite feparated
f'.n the pulp, the two foimcrfwim upon.tho ttirfacc, and of the latter, which finks
to tlic bottom, thcv make a cake. There is • fnallcr nut kS this kind, fo.very bitter. Smaller Sort.
>hat none will nuddlc with it but the pcvrotjuet, to whom it le< ms a tnal\ deli ;ious
niorl'cl ; if we La:i judie, by bis atitiviiy and auife, while upon the tree. This nut is
rinilier than ours, and the ihdl is foft. Of the bark, which is white, and dole grain-
cii, ihe natives make a fort of fpade to ulc in the fields. Hazel-nuts rciiuiro a lei's lUzie-nut.
tcrtiie liiil, aiid thercfotc are not here in great plenty.

'Ihe copalni is very common, and the balm which dillils from it has an infinity ofcoi>alm.
jjokI qudiiies. The bark of this tree is black and hard ; its iimber loo foft for any
lie; belidc!., if always runs into Iplin'.crs, fj that there ii n.> woi king ot it. A fmall

quantity

IS6

Ili/lory cf the Di/tovcry ami Seit!a.\:Kt

Csftfi.

S^J,/>u,.

(]uintity of it rhrowii on tiic fire yields a mod charming oJour, Init thrre wr.iMI,? i, ,
bearing much of it with >nt (uffnui n ; its Ic.it ii a pciir:i^. i» ^M.i.tc I lie i liar, 1 |,c

VI fiir»f)fiti balm of tliii tree is a \v<'iuli ifii! fiirml t,> Imm.jn nature j tlic q .int ty of iO(,ri.

*"'"'■ «lr<)}'.>. t.iken in .i dilli of tci u a fcbritui'C. It cures .i pre: ii vvoimd in tw) I'ay , u d

it ci|iially ertivMcioiH in all f»rts of ultirs, provide I the (ore l)C full prepared I v a
pliill r o; iMuiCe I groimd-ivy. It cures iculiiinptinns, rciiidvei obtlri dtioi.i, rilitvi,
tl'.e iholic, ;ii!d .(11 dili)id;.rs ol the bowels, and cl.icrs tlic liciit.

C v*' riJn^ 'llie red and v» bite tcdar, a; cording to our author, are both inc irniptible, fo loft tin;
they arc rafily wnni^^ht, and their odour, which is exipiifitc, is fuflkiently rtiunn i,,
dtltroy infcits. T hccyprefs raaks, next to tlij c.-ilar in value, an I i>b\ funic held ul o ;
torrupfiun. This is certain liiat i.cithcr one tur ytt 2 centuries will corrupt it) .11
was (ibfcrvcd from o.ic fouid 20 feet under j-r.-iind at AVu) Oz/.'/fl, whitii tho' burci
2C0 years, was yet not in the lead impaired. Out cf the trunk of one <l ihcfe tras, t
is ufcd to hollow a cv.noe of not murj th n an inch in thickucf, wlij.h (hall carrv ;
(r .;ooo weight. The branJiLS oftlic cyprcfi are few, thele.ivts fnaljiui ll.ndcr, anj
•„/... wood of a beautiful reddiili C(,|our, fi.fr,' light, yielding and cunpact.

The laurel-tulip, whi.li is entirely unknown in i'.i,rr[<\ grows, to the htig'u anJ
thickicfi of a common w.ill-iiiir, the tap t)J it is round, aiui lo trained a> to be iin,!cnt-
tiahlc both t.) fua and rain. It's Icav.s arc pretty thick about < in*. ho broad and 4
h)ng: the upper part 01 a line le.i-grcen, the under white. I he hark is tuiigh, jht
of a liaik-brown ; litc wooti foft, white and flexile. It takes h's name from a iir^e
white flower, tliat adoins it 111 the fpring, and has a fine ctVed at a dillaii^c. The tall, n
llo'Ati is luccecJed by a fruit rJ'eiiibrng th'.' pine apple ; and it's grain changes to 1 neh
ted, at the tird rc;uM of tlic cold fcalon. The parro]iiets, are fynd oi it, at it is very
bitter, and lome eilcein it a fcbritnge.

baHufras, well kn^wn among the faculty, is a iar;'e, thick tree witii a courfo,

chapped baik, anil a cinnaiiioii-tolijur wooii, wh ch is c.ili:y vvorktd and has a pK: In t

^ fmcll, particularly when burning. IJut it mud bo anilli.-d by fomc o.her wo.,d \.\ iis

conflagration ; for as foon as the auxiliary fuel fails, it goes cut, as if water had bcm

c.ill upon it.

Far to the Nor:luv»rd the map'e grows ujwn the high lands, and yicl.lt a fyrup f.id
to be an excellent ll-michic. 'Ihe wax-tree mull be tfpecially ui'cful in this ceunity
where the bees arc obliged to dcpofit the fruits of t! cir labo irs under ground, to pro.
teift them fiom the bears, their great enemy. At full fight the bark leaf, end heij;;
of thij tree will imj^ofc it on you for the laurel, liut the leaf is lefs bright and no. li
thitk. Its fruit tomes in clullers an J produces a tail about 2 inches long, to which h.in.s
a fin.all ahnonu, inclofcd in a nu: covered with wax. This wjX is cf two forts, a
ycilowifli white, and a grcn ; 'f which the former be.rs more than djii'lc the piic;.it
liie Liter. It is gathered by throwing the nut int.) boiling water, wh-'t' y the w.!X ;;
tctaiiy I'epara'.ed f om the Ikin, fwims at top, and is taiily ikimmrd oft", and imdr 1..: >
Cikes for ufc. This tree is lu t delicate in its lit latioii, it grows as w.il in die dc"p lh..:j
cf the w< od, as in open fun-lli!nc. in a dry as a warm i'oil, and is cijually common ia
IsiXi'Orl am as in lome parts li' Cun.ii/a, where the weatlier is a< cm! us in Iln-
mark. '1 his wax bleaches i^uickly and well, and inake^ a^ fihd a;.d as [;ood cmdics
as any in Euro/><:

1 he voiton tice of this climate his but little title to that nnmc ; it Ir.s a prnt.i?"iiil
leaf, and a fruit ahoiil as large as a nut containing its Ice.i. The wo.d s yedow, I lid
haidilh, and uftful to joiners. The bark is fin.- and coinpait ; tli.it of it's roct wi.l
lliin red, and is fuvi reign incuts.

The inhabitants look upjn the wood of the jlca.ia to be pereni i.d. Of it tiiey ma.ke
their bows, a ufe f r whieo it is very proper, 0.1 account of it's t u;..;iiiv. l'^ ; a;.d it Icrv.i
the Flinch in hoult I'uilding. The bl.ick oak takes it's nam,- 1 iin the c Jour ol n i
baik. The wood is hard, of a deep red, and may perhaps be hereafter f mnd uU-iul
in dying ; this our author infers from i;'s communicating a red colour to i'licii r.in as
falls upon it. Ikfi.lcs the black, they have red, white and green o.iks, and the l..:l ha. b^ca
f aind as god in workmanlldp as any other.

"^lU find alfo good elm, beei.h, elder, willow, tci:. i,i which th?y m.ike wlicels,
Nvh.ih there i< no necelhty of binding with iron in a country where is nether gr.vcl
nor dones, and where you in.ty travel fomc luiiuired of league^ without iiieetirg vuth
any. We fliijuld have remaikcd that the girjcns arc not defHtute oi ie.iior.s, oiaiu;-s,
citrons, and peaches.

l!;c

UjfU nnJ

11 -A lUt,

I'.f-nil.

A^t

OAi

Cil.a r.-r: cf

tluC.

of L V 1 S 1 A N A. ,57

Th« ayJi; W(i)(l i« a rtirub witli a le.if rcfcmblin^ tlie latucl, luit xicliling a much A)i.-wo<;J.
|ci!i plcalinj; I'lnill •, it itiflilt a ycllowidi water, wliith the n itivci ul'c m colouring their
lkm>. It i!> uf a glutinous (|iulity, aiul might |;r(iw to t'»iuc height, did they not
tAe care t>i ctirh it* growth by h)pping.

Ihc liai i)» ihc tJMchoiitti, or vmci»ar-trce, rclemMeH the l)ccvh, and mixed by the ,,. . .

I 'II* l_ i*r I' I * t' v • ' ■■ iil'it noil', tl t

natives with ihcir tohicco tor Imoaking, aw it takvi utt luinc 01 itt acrimony, u has an
.illiinycnt i|iiility The leaf of' the aivilachin- taken a« tc,» ii a lV>mathic. and tlie Apuiuliinr.
lutiui by buihii^ it jirutuc an intoxitatmi; I'mrit, <it vvhii.li they are very t'oiid. It
.;r iw- generally ti the hcijjht of i ^ feet, hit a injooth b.rk, .1 dole wood, and heirs a
tail on whiih black-birds like to feed.

Li)ve-w.ioil (6,it if Ji/i-M'ittf) grows 10 or lafccthiuh, and of a '"O'^'catc bulk. . ^.^ ^^^
It ii Icnccd wi:h Oiort, thick irickics, which arc catily rcinovcd, and contains a pith
|;k' i!ut of cMer, whofe le f it alio rclcmblcs. Thi- llirub his i barks, the exterior of
a dulky line, the interior ni a very pale red. The bigiicli of a pea Ibipjed from the
latter and chewed, nJvcs cafe in the tootii.ich.

The natives hold in hiyh clliinition a fhrub called the paflion-thorn, which is co- r-iltlm thurn
vcrc.i from the root to the branches all round with pritkUk (liaped like a crof'i, fo that
one mull be cautious in touchioe it. iJu Pnitz knows nothm;.; of its virtues, and here
he doles his account of the arbonlic produdtions of Lotii/i,in,', with obl'trviij; thai
ill )' he h.'S deltribcd every thing tiiai came to his knowlcdije, yet he has not f j much
ot the traveler about him as to go farth':r. lie takes notice however, in this tliipt.
ot a kind it atjaric, or cii..mpinni)n, t!i..t giows under tlu- Wjll-mit tree, pariituLrly Ag^ilc.
when fallen, which the inh.tbiitiiii, wiio are very choiee in their I >otl, feather carefully,
ami l.avin;; boiled in waiir, mix with their gruel. It it delicate, a little iiilipid, but
c;iti!y made icliihing.

Tiiere is unotiier excrcfccnce called Sfianl/h hfarj, f lund (Uckin?; to the branches of ^ ^^^^ ^^^^j
trees nrai the lides of lake- arid rivers. Ii is of .1 grcyilh colour, but when diied, the
cuter ikin falls off, and diliovers a Ikain of lon^', blaek threads, as iboiig as liorfc-
hair. This cxcrefccnce may be u'i.d in IhifTiiig qjilts, c ucbes tec. The Pitncb on
their t'lift coming found it a gmxl ingrcdien; in their imi I (or building. It is faid to be
incorruptible, and tierivcs itb name trom the refemblance the natives found between it,
and the beards of the ^p.tniarjs, who were tiie tiril Eiirr.p,- m they faw.

Among the variety (if creeping plants, wiiich the ri.hiiel's of the foil renders very ij„i, j,.^,,.
common, the barbed creeper is not the le.ift remarkable in that it has fuch a liking to per.
the copal m, or b.dm-tree, that it. will pal's by any other to attach iti'cif tothis. It de-
livc? its name from being covered With an h iiry cxcrclcencv;, about an inch l'"'ng,
hiif)k?d at the ciui, and no thckrr tlv.ira h rk-hair. A decndion of this creeper is a
certain cure t.ir a fever, and tho' birter, it excels i]uinc]uina in as much as it fortitiesthe
Unmach, whcre;'.s the latter is acinled of havinj' a contrary eftcc^.

This country vleliis as tr'Knl farlaparilla as any in the w rid, and here is a fhrub very . r», t.
like i(, bearini; a lindl nut, lin oih on jiie fidi., and rough on the other, like the cowrie
lliclis that pais as money on the Ciuiriij coaA. Our autiior is lilcnt as to it's pro-
perties, which he hints to be fomething myfterious, laying, ' the ul'e of thcle nuts
' !'< t;)0 wcl! known to the w men and girl> of L- /////./«</, who have recourfc to them
' oficner than they lliould. Reader ! make thine own inference.

I,'ei"iniiie is a kind of thorny bramble, found amotig canes, with a fliinln-?, hard l' f^iu'iw
ft-lk and a fpun^y root. It is a famuus fudorific; and a conllant wafliing of tlic head
will a llrong decow^tioii if it, contributes fo much to ihe growth of hair, that it will
brill;; it ciovvn 10 the ancle.

Of canes or Reeds here are 2 forts. What is found in marfliy places the natives work C.»/(.
into mats, fievcs, h.ts, b.ilkets, and various other kinds of things. The pro.lucc of
llic itry grounds is not fo l.irgc, but fi very bar 1 that, before the coming of the
I'rcnib, the natives ulcd them in cutting their vidluals. At the end of a certain luimber
of Near s theic canes, having attained lull mat.irity, produce a crop of grain, every way
larger than oats, which the inhalMtaiits carefully gaihcr, and make into bread. The
Rce.i then dies, and it is a good while before another f'prin.;^ up in it's place.

The Vlat J>' Bois, the H'oodfti I'Lt.'fr, is highly efleeined by the native phylicians for /i.„^,, ^^^
it's f.dorific efr.dls. It bears, upon a ftrong llalk 16 or 17 inches high, a cinn.imon
coloured leaf, abt.ut 2 inches long, and one broad, with a blull'om like broom, it's I'ced
lies within a fort of crowned calix cup.

S t

/;/.••/'*

158

fit'f tir iht

Aclictccliy.

I in I mull-.

li;acl.ll>.l..S

bn.

p.-

Hijlory of the Difcovery arid SdthffteKt

Vh.rfc i) t,rfcn! a coriuttis, the rattle-fiu!<c-r;ict, callcii in tlic l.in;;iinge oftli-
ciiiiUry OuiiLi cOiuHrgciiille, gu ws .ihrntt ; f"cc-t high, aiui htaiv a purple Howtr witli -
pct;iis, about an inch broad, and formed like a c.ip. '1 his il >wcr, Jailing nlFwhrn
ripe, ihfws a fort of nut, divi.ied into 4 ("cparate apnrtinrnts, t-icli containing a im.ill
black feed. It" you fliake this nut it luiinds cxat'tly like a rattle- Iniike, as it' nauirc
thup wilcly gave it voice to proclaim it's virtue; it is an aMMute rcii.cdyaiiaiiifl the lii:c
nJ that dangerous reptile, by applyinc; it chewed to tic injured patt ; for ni 9 or 6
hour's it cntTcly draws out the venom, A plaidcr of the L^ruun^'-iv,' ol Lou t/ian,i |ai,|
dole to the ikull gives prefcnt cafe in tlie hcadach ; and c ur author cured a Inend, nu
f^w minutes, of a megnn, by making iiim Inuff up lulls cxtraded from tliis herb.

The achetchy is a very valuable plant, fouiui generally in the lliade of the tureflc
and growing not more than 6 indies high. Ihe iiativts boil tht; root, and then by
f.jue'."/ing it hard obtain a beautiful red dye, which they apply variotillv.

In the beginning (.f yr/r/V appear whole fields civcied uitii the tinell ftrawberrics.
Hemp grows fpoKtaiieoitlly, and thj (lax-feed that hab been br(Mii;ht from Ew-'pe ihrivcs
exceedingly. The plains are covered all the luiiimcr with divufjty ui fine tl< wer-, of
v.iiidi it our aiith')r declines an account, it is becaule he lather ..pplieii h inle f tu
matters that migh' be ufcful to focicty, rather than to thufe of mere mriofity. He t^kts
notice however ot one fluwcr called the lirju's mouth [gurulfje/icri) w hich is, he U\^^ a
nofegay in itfelf, on account of it's be.iuiiful colours and ijurability ; as it le dom lii- s m
let's thin ; or 4 muntiis. In this country, tiicy alfo raiie, indig >, cotton, tobacco, h.vi
and lati'ron.

Tiie wolves oi Lcuifiana arc feldom more than 14 inclu-s high and everv way pin.
portioned, they ate lo taine that they come down to the habitati"i,s in Icaich of t..rAi,
and rci re without hurting any body. If the huntlman when he e;ic.:i^i;^s at ni^ht n.ar
a river, difcerns a wolf lurking in the environs, he miy atrurc hiiiileif that tlit-ic i a
herd cf cattle not far < ft"; and the wolf icrvcs as a guide to them, being reward. 1 witii
the otf.ils. Thefe animals Simulated by himger, attack the wild cattb btfuie an!
behind. In the latter thcv flicw tome cimning tor tiie creature louks about htm a.l
<l„nds upon his defence. When they !iave brought down one bealt ihev Ifrangic hi:',
and then proceed to another ; for they dellroy as many as they can, without rc>;ari] ta
what will lerve their tutn.

It hippened that 2 men, fiiliiig up a livcr in Lc:,!/i,,nj, went a tli re at tiigiit to
lie, and covered thtrnfclves dofcly from the rain, having brought ive.y th;n:; on
rtiorc f-MU tlie canoe, vhich they (aliened to a ll..ke in the Hiand, with th g otcuw
liide iii({ead of rope. One of them, more careful, rofe as loon .is he waked to look after the
canf;e, and when he came to the w, ter (.;W it wa- gone. As ih- y were ?o lc.i'.;iir^
from any habitation, the ac< iileiit ..larmcdaiulmulc him very uiu-aiy. Her. i:lcd liisi. •!!-
panion wi h the unhappy tiilings, and both repaired tu the I ■.ci.h, win re liion alter tit;:
moonlliining out with agcod degree of c!carnt(i, (hewed tiiem tluir little vellel InKMh-
ly liaiuing d .wn with tlie current. One of iheui im.iedi.utiy lir'.,^jic.l .aid l<>' n v.iiiic
up \Mth it, nor was he intimidated Ir.un board. ng it inllantls', th.j' Ijc lound a llranucr
at the helm who glared upon him with a rr.o.l niei.acing alp,ect, ilun leaped iiuo ihc
water, and left b.iiii dear pofldlion. Tiiii ftiaii;:cr was a wolt, whii li du ing their lice,',
had cbmlifd into the vcdll in I'.ardi of proviliou; but lindi:ig notii ng eile made tm
with t!ie caMe, a!v! then put oit" tV m lliore, wiiliout meaning a:'.\ liariii.

Tw(j large black wolves, of a much llrungtr Ipecies, and hh'il- cirnivrro'.is tl;;:i
thofe common to the country were killed lieie in our auiher's time. They were li;;-
pf'fed to cme frr in fonu! dillant clim.ite, the cldclt iii!ia!)ita,it never lemtmbiiiig 10
liave leen any of them belorc ; f)nc of then; w.u a ttmale, big widi voung.

As we have dwelt largdy en the bear, b;.lVala, elk, and (iiii;e 1 tlicr (juac'rupeds in
our arcount of C'(/W'.y/.7, the reader would bli'in^ us to lepeat tlieii). W'lierelore weilull
ci.nfine ourlelvcs gLnir.lly to ihe notice of ludi as have ik t been betorc mentioiu-i'.
Among the(c is a (mall tiger, (circdy more than twuity iiiLlie> high, and every w.w
proportionable. Mis (kin is ol a bright baytuloiir, but li.isiiriiie ot iIkIj ip.ark^ ijiit
r( 11 er it in other c untries valuable, it isvcry t)ui. k an.! aCinj- b.it no \^av, da. ing, f r
it will run from the (Ight of a man, a:id incrcafc ii'> Ipce.l if (h ued af er. 'I hi.-. ' ■ r
aiith r alJirms (rt»m Ins own !;.'.f)wledge, having one tunc relcued h;s d g, and aiio:iier
tjne his pi'..', from this aiiimifi vuraciuus jaws. What he tali liie pidiou whicli, he
(.Wi, i-. as high as the t g. r, w th a r.i.jfl b.ju'.iiul toat, and an enemy t . poaliiy, tn.iV
be perhaps tlie leopard.

■1 lie

of LOUISIANA.

»59

The foxes here think the farmer's yard beneath their notice, as tiny fiml fufticicnt '•J""-
fubfiilnue in ilic woods. I heir liair is thick, (mooth, of a dcc|> brown colour; un-
dernealh it is long, and filvcr coloiireil, which has a jilealant cft'tit, th.y are vartly iiu-
mcious ;imon^ t!ic wo"dsof the fma!l hills, and here alio t"ie fj^tr and pichou moll
commiii)ly inl.abit, nothinc; but imnger bringing them down to the farms.

The Wild cat of Loniliami is very dift'erent fiom that ot' Qinadi, or indeed from any WlU-cat.
other vi the ipecics, and very improperly lo named, it having nothing of a cat about it,
but i:s nimWeiief!:. It is cafily famiiiarilcd to a houfc, and then it becomes larger and
fatter ; but its ikin is not fo beautitul as tliat of a fox. It is not above S or lo inches
hr^h, fmeiimis i 5 l^ng, and when tamed full of diverting tricks. This animal ii
ioiiKtimes fcrvcd up to tabic, and not bad food. It lives upon fruit and vegetables,
and is not fond of game ; to catch which its fhort claws were never formed by na-
ture.

The head and tail of the wood-rat are like thofe of the common rat, only his WogJ-nt.
fjil lias hardly anv h..ir upon it, if you take hold of it, it winds about your finger. It is a
How, lazy aiiimal, wliitli icartcly any thing can put out of its common pace; but it
has cunning ciKiiigli on apprchenfion ord..nj;er, lo counterfeit death '0 well, tiiat the
riectit was n .t to be dilcovcr-jd, nor %sill it llir, though you llio Id toi's it about till you
a c weary. It is very common, and eafi y taken. Nothing can be more dcfcncelcfb ; and
t'mugh it is a violent enemy to poultry ; ih^- blood ot which it fucks, one would iina-
rjne it bad no cticmits among the br. tc creation. 1 he down is thin, grtyilh and
roU'ih i theii-'ti^es fpin it, and makes uirdics (jf it, which they die red. It climbs
well, and leeks its prey in tlx "^ight. '1 he iUlh is very go d food, tafting like young
pi? J the fat is laid to ailay the pain ot the rheuiiuir:i;n and lliatica. ^cc more particu-
lars of this lit le animal, and our account cflliiiirrcls, porcupines, 6cc. in the Natural
H.ftory of LmaJii, p. 3*^.

The beavor, hedge-hog, crocodile, and lorn c land tortoilVs are foimd in thefc re- O^ha liu.li.
r'oas, with fogs a toot and half lonu, the croak of which is loud and horridly difa-
nccible. In thj woods and Savannal.- are fevcr..l lorts of lerpcnts, nine of which is
10 much fo be feared as the ratle fnak •, whole t .il, in whicli is a rattle, proclaims the Rattl? r„»ke.
danger of li;s coming, and that plant wiiich is an antidote 3;:ainll his poifon, is always '^"'i'"'"-
f.uiul ne..r him. We have iiere alio ciiamclions, various other forts of lizards, and
vcrv largt Ipidcrs.

VVc Ihall now proceed to the birds and fiilrs peculiar to this part of the world, in Birds aiJ
which our author contini"; himfcif, wish his ullul ti iclity, to dclcnbing fuch only as liihej. '
he had an opportunity of knowing; a:id tlielc, iit oblervcs, are very few in compari-
f il with what the country affords. The eagle is not here lb large as in Europe; its j:^ ,.
tfaiuirs -re white cd^'.ei with black, v.,lby cllcmcd by the natives, and uled in
adorning their calmut, or lignal of pcaje. They have ahj Icveral forts of hawks; but n.uvl;s.
thcr birds ot pttyratlur level their rage a^jainll lures, rabbits, fquirrels, and other qua-
liriipeis, than againll their own fjetiei.

Their fwan is large, tat, and good eating ; and its feathers in high cflimation for^^.,,„
adorning crv)wns, and making hcad-drclVcs tor women, and tipiiets. It flics high, and
is larger than ours.

The faw bill f> named from part of its bill being indented like a law, lives only, asi.i«L;ii.
it is laid, t)ii ihrimjis, \\ Inch it piiks fiom the Ihell, after breaking it with iti bill.
Thccrook-biU [/' ccicchc] is as larj;e as a cap^n ; its ttaihcrs arc white, and its flclh, cvouk-LHl.
thou .'h red, pood eating. It teeds on cray-hlli. 'I'he hatciiet-bill [/»tv^/i-/6tfr/{' ] takes ,
its nan-.e from the relemblance of its bill, which is red, to the edge of a hatchet, it is
r.)nict.mcs called rr.l-foot, the legs and tcet bcinu of a beautitul red. It hunts by the
lea-fide in fcarch of llicU-tith, on whicli it lublifts, and its reinat within land is an in-
lalliMe li.'n ot a iln:ii. 'I he kiig tidier ditfcrs tiom that in hurcpi^ only by the Iv;.l^,'■rlll.er.
kauty of his plumige, whiJi dilplays all the colours of the rainbow.

Our author obtcrves, that when the booby, the nun of w..i-bird, and chefs bird,
(one f rmir!.'Iy 1 f the lame f( eclf s but fwifter flighted, ami checiuercd with brown
and white) lly liw, they arc lure pr gnoftics ot a llurni; whereas the appearance of a Pnigmnicks
halycon is quite the icveric ; an oSfrrvation known to all the world. He dellribesi^t' ' it"'",
the lall ab lonu.wh.t larger tiian a Iwallow, with a longer bill, and the tinell violet "'''^ '"
feathers, with two llrcaks ot ycliowilli brown near the extremity ol its wings, and one
I min/ over the back.

i6o

(ll>kiv,ii!"ns
0:1 "!■" l.';iJ.

P.irr, qu.'ts.
C.>t'.i,'r.^u.

\v..j,;-..

r,.i-..

liifi.rr

A.c;.;vi:t.

(i..i!li"i'prr>

r.-s.

( ;U....i. s

1 .;i.es.

H'lfiory of the Difcovery and Scttkmcfit

IT. r.ivs that one of them, to the j^icat joy of t!ic f^ildis, fuiluwid il.c I'^iip, in \vl^!;[i
lie reiiiriicH to Europe for % liays, liii.iiig which time it olton diveii, to piik up, as h;
l'uppi.(eJ, (iiih inlcits as thanicil to drop from the liiics or buttoui ; and rofc exjcdv
\vhcie it liiliippeaied. As it made nt> life o\ iis legs or feet in liij^ fubin,rfi.)n, like
other ..(i^^atic birds, he fuppofes it to have been ali'illtd in its iiio'iMi hy tiie fuction ot
tiic iliip ; and he was confirmcii in this opinion hy its t.ikirjj wifig when it Icli them.
'I'he p,irroqnct> arc e.dily t;ui^,ht to fpcak, b;it, hl;e the natives are u!d ni i-.cjni.
Tiieyaie inoiily of a fine fia-grcen, witii a faffron-coloiir head, rcddilh n ar ihe I ;ii.
The co.-hijeau is very comnum, ami as l.irjjc as the wcodc(ck; the feathers cxliiinta
pltafing v.iriety of colours ; tlie beak is cro >ked, lony; and reddilh, winch is .dlb the to-
lour ot its feet. The autlior prefers its HeHi to that cf the woodcock ; he alfo lliiJus
tlie meat of the phcafanr, whith is however, in his eye, the muft beautiful bird he ever
fju : hut lie lias omitted to deferibe it; and his fijjure of thj li.iiningo is fo iiicorntt,
that we may venture t ) iidinn it was never drawn from the htc, or, if it was, theartiii
mull have bicii a f.id buiif;lei. Ihe nui:il c-r ot wood-pigeons which fwarm h re in
v\ inter, and in Lamuiit, wlicrc they remain till autumn is aftniiiliiing ; in Lcuiji.ina
tliey feed unoii acorns, in CnutJa tiicy do nuii.li ir.iithief by di.voUi ;; tht I'.riin,
They m..y be t.^kcn by finding out their rcceills, and lumigiting th.m with brii.ilone
in the night, ijy this means they fall from ilie branches in he;.'ps, and to-chcs lliould
alf ■ be provided to frighten them, and afford liglu at the famj time for collui^Ur.g ihcm.
W'c ii.ive already Ipoken of the cardinal ; and ought to l>ig pardon of his in;.il,ibi-
liiy lor not r.avin^ given precCiieiue to the pope, a b.rd with red and bl.!tk feathers, but
oi a grave afp^dt. When it lings, which ia rare, its notes are loft and we.;k, as 11 k
were u!d.

We ihouldbc wanting in refpccttothe dignity of the two laft iT.entionedecclcf: .iic?,if
we tock no ncliee ol an miericjr order of cleigv provided to attend tlicm ; whcrctute tin;
naturalirts have appointed them a biihop. He is not to large as a finch, anu fcdi
upon a fvjft of millet, natural to thi^ foii ; his wings are of a deep violet, and the rcll
of his plumage a dark blue. His forg is to h.irmoiiious, and his note- fo ll>it ai.d va-
rious, that thofc who hear him fcrupic not to let him in cempaition with tk'
nightingale. It continues it here a quarter of an hour, wiihout fccming to breath: c
then paules, and when once he begins leldom ccalcs, except to reft, in lets than 2 hours,
One of thefc birds was wont to vifit 71/. du i\,it'z every evening, which m the caJ
had like to have almoft literally verified the proverb, ;!nd have brought an old Ii u;.
about the good father's ears. A Iirgc oak, on whieh his vili:ant was uont to pcreh.aivl
of which he was therefore very carttui, came thundering down one llormy night up-
on his roof, and went near to demolilh it.

litfnies thefe, and many o;Iiers, of whicii we have no account, thry li.ive here the
flaiu.ngo, the c.:ru)n-trow el tlic Antiliti, the grand-gofar, lometinie^ called a pc.i-
can, cormorants, cranes, wild geefe, wild ducks, teal, widgtou, oivcrs, wdd tur-
keys, herons, egrets, fp.itulas, go'ains, bitterns, gnl's fea-pics, liiipc'-, p.itrit!e'-t,
owl- large and white, fvvallows, martins, wood-peckeis, ortolans, turtles, nightinga!i;>,
black-birtis, finchef, wrens, and humming birch.

A'lvjng the ini ll rcmaikable inlecH- is the fi;k-\v.irm, one c.ilit-d the tibacco worm,
whici) IS very dcllruvtive to tli.at (hiub, and caterpillars ; the iat:er are indeed fe»v, but
prodiice butterili s (.f inc>impaiablc b.auty. In the incaikiws are bl ick gralh ippti>,
or locuAs, whic;i fc'.d jm leap, .uid fcldumer take wing. Tluy aie iftcn ^ inchc> lon^',
and as thick as ones ti.>ger, with a head like a horic, and liave beautifd purple wing-.
Cats feed on th- in wi'.h great avidity. The Ix-as fcarch c.ig.rlv lor lioiiey, \Mlii-
out regarding the Ihnv;, <A the bees, wiiic!) its rough ikm prcvait> tiom leeling. TIh-
bees h'. re either burrow nil ler ground, or retire to dcpolit their iioney in ttie depth uf
the toied, whither their enemies fcldom pcnctra'c.

Th'" green lly is larger than ihe tommon bee, and his back i:. covered with a bcjuiilul
green armour, which l»as a jiieiliug eife;t. Tiie lire or lantlicrii-tly abouuih here, as alio
canthiridcs, which inH.unci the ikin that they touch, and in.iv be fed witii aih-lcavei.
lirimftonc burned morning and evcni.ig is lure toilrive av.'.,y tlic mulketloe^, as our
author has experienced. Here uie miny other (ort> uftrcubl. fun crtatuies, too ttiii-
ou«. to nuntii n.

Of full we have here flic fiirgeon and fudinia fiih, baiblcs ;? 01 4 feet lonir, carp, pikr,
ca!, oiiU-rs, mulck!, and in iny others wliii.li Imvc Iv.-ch tidur OclcniKd a -ove, o; luvc
no; Lonie under the ii.fp Cti';!! of the .aitho;. wh .m wt !i..\e cvniuhcd.

■] li;

of L U 1 S I A N A^

tei

of the On'^ifJy Miifwcrs, Cujlom^^ Laivsy and Religion of the ancient
hikibitants 0/ L O U I S I A N A.

HAD vvc uiiiicrt.-ikcn a complete account of a country which had prefcrved its introiuftion.
annals ana lecords from agt to age, ami had unJcrgonc, as well as mod
others, revolutions in literature, wc doulitlcfs (hould begin its hillory
witli tra.ing the origin of the people. But, as wc have no lights from an-
tieiit liidmy (.r tra lition to ihew us the dired w.iy, wc are dbliged to take a contrary
co.ir'e. ar.d I roin conlid^ring the manners, culloms, laws, and religion of the different
ii.iti'Jiis or rathcrr tribes, 01 tii;s v.:lt trail ot land, and comparing them with thofe of other
rati :ns, endeavour to deliver fjme probable tonjcdlurc concerning their firll origin and
txiradion : the necellity of this manner of proceeding will we hope cxcufe our fcem-
iii'' deteit in p int of me hod.

I lie indurtry of the inhabitants of Louifiana extends no farther than their necefTities : In.lulencf of
to I'upply themtelv.s witii lubfillcncc, and provide fecurity againll the inclemency of '''•' ^•!/*'*'"
the fe Ions, is the iitinort extent of their invention. To cut down trees for fuel and""'"
liuildiiig. they had lucJi a fo:t of hatchet as that ufcd by the natives of Cunadj; their
knives were torined out of a reed, which is very common; their bows were made
ct Acucia, and llrupgfiift with 1 tou£;h bark a\ a tree, but exchanged in procefs of
tiir.e !cr thon;^s twiiltd of the skins of the beads which they hunted down ; the fe..thers
of birds atfbrded them ornament, and their utenlils, drcfs 6cc. as were much the fame
ailiaS been already (iefcribed in the hiilory oi Canada.

Ihc continent of ylme/ii\: appears to have been very populous before the arrival o( Amnita very
{he Sf^iiniardi i asiscviit,/ '-ih from tiadition, and the hiftorics of their difcoverics P"P"'°"'-
and cor.quefts. The deftr,. ade among thdc people by the Spani^} arms is too iinpoopIeJ

well knwwn to need in thi ' :• a recapitulation. LvthciworJ

Wc ;ire aluired alio that muny tribes, both in Pttu and Mexico, devoted tliemfelves '],J,^' ''
voluntarily as latrificcst) the u^aiies of their fovcreign, who perillied either by nature B> luiciJo.
(T the (Word , whhc others, prcKning faicidc to ILvcry, fell the vidiins to liberty by
their own hands, to efcape tlic tyranny of the Spaniards.

The waiiikc di politi m alio of f^mc of thcle pco| le has helped to thin them con- civil win.
fultfubiy. fur while i: lli;^ateJ by revenge, animolity, or fume other palTion, they
\v.i;;i.d Ion J and bloody war^ with tiieir neighbours, they weakened themfelvcs very
iiwth, th■iughe^cn ciowncd with contiucft.

They h.ive been aH > vifited by two dileafcs, which have made confiderablc ravage
:m nj; tliem, and againd wiiich their phyficians, or cunning men, have no defence,
though ill otlicr cafes of'en w.iiidetfiilly ikilful. Thei'e dillempcrs arc t!ic Imallpox j^^^^i,
anleoKis They fall >eloie the linall-pox like grafs under the Icythc ; tor they live
all uiulcr one roof, and r.eit'.ier light nur air can enter but through the door, which is
fil:om more than four feet hi;.;h, aHvl two bro.id. This diforder no fo 'ncr fc zcs one,
but the whole tain Iv, not even the olded exc pted, contradt the infedtion. As they
are naturally clean skinned, and well made, contcquentlygreatly alarmed at the erupti-
on? of iIk- pulhiles fnnn thi^didcmper ; they tlv to the water, to waHi them otf, if
poiiible, ami though thev kii 'W it tj be a fatal tcfjurce, they will pcrfill, uiilels prc-
vintiil bv foiiie iif ilieir liieiuU.

Our author ilefircs u.-' to cl'lerve, that in the maps and charts of Louifi.ina tlirre will Miaakc! of
be f lund many more nation:; named, than he takes notice of in his hi(V.<ry : but this !;=-'S'"i'pl>eM
lie iklirc the reader will not impute to his ncgleiY, but to the caretersiicb of travellers,
wlu) have taken many things u[n)n trurt, ,.nil given imaginary fituati ns to nations with
whole bare names ihty wt.re cnlv iit>;uained : fome of thef'c perhaps no longer cxilf,
ami others have been fwallowcd up by their mo:e powerful neii^hbours, among whom
their name i^ mtirely loft. Upon ihe whoK', he fays, it is certain, that their number
i^ j:teatly diminillied and that !c.n\elv more than one third of the country, marked in
the maps as loiuilou-, is at prelent inhabited.

On the firil ellahlillnncnts, made by the Ircnch in this country, they carried on a AUtmn,
iricndly correfpondcn^c, drove lome trade with the /lltkimsus, who are no friends to-J'^'j''"" •■>*
the Lru^lijh, and lie North of the /Ipiih'chinu They arc a powerful people, but of',^,'„'" '""

T t late

'«

i 1^1

l62

Hijiory of the D'f very and Sdtlctr.cr.t

CJtiUti nati
on.

flimiK.

late the Intcrcourre with them has been dropped, is being too far ^movcii fiom the
Mijlijlipi river on tiie banks of whith the colony is fettled.

After this our author gives a fiiccindt hiftory of the nations inh. biting the b.u.iij
of the river Mobih, from its mouth upward. The L.hatati conlilling of about 40
hamlets, arc ncarelt the fca ; tliey proPcfs thcmfelves Koiiuin catholiLS, aiui endeavour
to (hew the Flinch every it\ of kindncls in tiicir power. The ii\-iuh culony of I'ort
Louis lies neir them to the North.

A little North of the fort arc the Tloumez, a fmall catliolic nation, vvhofc I'crvili;
fricndlhip often makes them troublcfome. The 1a<.tijhs coii'illing of about loo ham-
lets are a lit.le more to the North. They arc dcrivd from the K^tchcz, and com-
mlt the care of the etp- - 1 fire to young men , bcini; ftrongly pcrfu.idvd that women
would never faciifice tr. ,f liberty to it. But mc>re - f this hcrtattcr. K'cr the Kiy
"'"'"'"^^'i""; is found the A/iPtt'/V/r.,; ,• 1, called by the /rcwZi i1/r/'/7f, whofe name is alfo given to
r.ici an ">• jj^g ^j^g^ g^j )^^y - , French on their arrival here found all the fniall n.itions at pcuc,
in which they ftill C'ji..mue, being covered on the Fr.ft by other nations, wiilth Uand
as bulwarks between them and the /roy^s/V. The C/n.<7:/.."ii,'i regard thelc nitions .s
brethren, becaufe tiiey fj>eak the fame tongi-.-, which is the langu.a^c of thofe border-
ing on the EalT: of the Mo/iik.

The Pacha-cgkuiis, or tbe nation of head, confifling of about 30 hamlets, lies
Weft of the hkbilc, near a bay bearing the fame iiamc. Among them arc mixcii
fomc Canadians, who live with them as brethren. For as they are naturally of ai
cafy temper, and well acquainted with the charadcrs of the diftcrent people, they
know how to deport thcmfelves ami. ably among any ( f the Indian nations.

The Tiienfas have prcfervcJ among them their native tongue, which is that ofthe
Natchez, but they fpcak a corrupted Chickalaws, called by the Irench, the Akluun
language. The Chat-kaws, who, in comparifon of the Chickaf.ws, are mere mo-
derns, prcferve alio their own tongue intermixed with fomc Chickafaw words; and (ur
avithor dire.iurfed with them in the latter tongue. Tb-fe people aic dependant on
Gnat Britiiiu,

r There h a fmall nation within a league of Ne^v Orleans, and North of the lak:,
with which the French have no great communication; they fpeak a fort olChickaLu;,
a:;d have about twenty hamlets, or r.ither huts They ;>re called ylji,ek,t /<i//aj, whch
liL^'nifics a nation th.^tcan both hear and fee; the French all thrm CclajUJlis.

On t!:c Fall coart of the Mi/fiJ/ipi river lies the OuniaH or red nation. Some French
who were at litlt fixed litre, did them great preiudiic, by allowing them an iininoiic-
ratc ulc of ftrong waters. N.ii' Orleans is about .0 bagues d:flant.

The Tonicis a ii.'.^Tnient c f a nation alway- upon good terms with the French ;;rc
fitu.ited up r.K Pg the 'v.^v M/jij/pi, oppolitc ihc Red River. They ufcd to affill
the French m their wars, and their chct was ftronidy nttachtd to their infcrift, which
being properly reprelcnfed at I'erJadUs, the king, by brevet, appoin'ed him tna-
dier of his rrmies, ai.d lent bim a g^ Id leaded cane, and a blue nl-bon, to wiiiJi
was hung a fi.vcr medal reprell-nting lii^ m.irriage. And the reverie w.is a view rt
Paris. Of ihefe ilgnnl marks of fricndlhip the Imiinn w.is very olleiitatioii«. The To-

arguagcs.

nicas differ in foine particulars, and a litt!e in the r l.i

iir

fron) tiie nei'hU

f-'jul IX.

tji ig'at.

1:,

nations: as for inlhnce, in ulingthe letter /' to which 'he others arc rtraifcrs. Their
chief abuvemcntioned w.as wounded in aflilling ag.inft tl.c .W./i/jt-v, who were tcir-
mcrly one of the moll; refpciftable of all thcfc natiotis, both \v;;h rtfpcdt to their cu-
ftoms and behaviour.

In 1720 the \.:rche:, were fettled on and about a fjiill river, to which they gave
name. They had ,;mong thcin two nati')i'S, who ha.i implored, and obtained their
protei^ion ; one of thefe the /-Vcw/) call OV/^'/v/i, from their fiequent uttering thtle twj
fyllables. But this name will hardly appe:ir confident with our author's oliferv.ition,
that thofe pcDpIc were ealily dillinguilhed I7 Itrangers among the Natclez, as bciii;
incapable of pronouncing th: letter A'. Their language is n ;n ly the fame with that
of the Chick \faws. The other nation fettled am^ng the NiUcb-.-z is' the remainder of the
Tf.icux, a people once very furmidable, warlike, and reftlcfi, by which means they
drew upon themlclves the indignation ofthe Chiekalaw.s whom they refilled with
ddj crate obflinacy, .nnd never gave wav till they wc;e no longer able to oppof; the
irms of their enemies.

Thai

of LOUISIANA.

163 4

Tluii

Thefc three nations together can now murter about 1200 men, whereas tradition
informs us, that the Natchez were formerly the moll powerful nation in all North
/imcic^, and rcfpeded by all others as their fu^iciiors. Tlicy formerly rtrctchtd Irom
Mofiihare, which is 50 Ica^uci from the fca, to the river li'nbtiche, at the diftance oiKait.z ! r-
^60. Among them were 500 princes, whom they called fum, [loleih] nothint; could m.?,iyp,;«c,.
exceed the vanity of thefc i;r:mikcs, in preparing the dctclljblt; cuilom of ptrmitting'"'"
people to facrificc thcmfclscs upon their funeral bier; a (kllruilion which men and
women voluntarily, nay gladly embraced, imagining by tiiis aiftion to fccure to ihcni-
icivcs a happy fuuation in a future world ; that thev fliould be retained in the (crvice
of their prince, without fear or punifliment, that they fliouKl not fufll-r by hunger, J;'S'^' <■";
tiiirft, heat, or cold ; that they (hould have every fort of food tluy cuuld wifli ; and ry\u,j'tK'ju-
to crown a!', they ihould neither futicr nor die. It muft however be obferved that two'">
branches of thefc people, whofc princes were more humane than the reft, withdrew
from the main body, and with fomc few followcis fettled upon dilVint lr..v.is toprclerve
their people from falling a prey to this defperatc barbarity, rhcfi; are the -ruitifai, of
whom we have jull now fpokcn, and the 'TchitimacLis, wliomthc Xjuiez always re-
garded as brethren.

Forty leagues North keeping tlie great river on the Eaft, arc the liizonx, pofldVing >:.!,., mrU
about 100 huts on the banks ol a livtr, to which they give name; and t.uthcr upon""'"^''"''.
this river arc xhcCorojs in about 40 huts; who proncninte 11. drca, ^u.

The Chaclioumas, or red hhjlurs, have about cj huts on the fame river. The Ouf^- ?','• ,.
(U^lji about 00, and the Jti/vi^J/Js not more than 25. Jjr.M^/a,.

North of the r.ver /ruTwiZif, near the bank'. oJ the A//.//////*; arc the lllinoi', who *"'. ''"/""J^--
givc nutnc to a river, along the fides ot which they arc fcarrticd in fcvcial villages, near //;^""^
one of which, called Tdw.irctt.H, thrr; is one of the moft c )nfidcrablc /vvvci) fettle- '"'•«'■" j,
merits podelfcd by fume ('ati.idians: f.r thclc people liavc been always ftanch to the ^' ["'/'"''"
French intcrcll, and aflilkd them as much as poliibic in their liiiccivcMcs, particularly
of Loui/iiin.i, nor is that coniplaifanie, which gives them fo e.ify an mgrds among
other American people, nny mark of their want of courage, which has been often tried
Diid approved.

The Rcnards lie farther North, and are a large nation, who have for a long time R.;,a-j,.
been in peace, tho' they were formerly tond of war. The A/fi.vA,- are a v.ifl way bc-i,.a.v.
vond thefe, without any intermediate nation, and aicdilpcrled Kail .iiid Well, on both
iides of the grc.it river. In going from the' fca Nortli, keeping Wed of the river
hV.fiffifiy the firft nation we find m a very (hmII one, kiuAvn by tlie name of Tcl.ona- '^''■""■l*i
chji, and Ofiachtis, the lall being a fiuall village ui.iteil lu it. It lies between the'"' '"''"'•■■'•
river Mi/''jli/'i, and the lake.

In this neighbourhood arc alfo the romains of the Tilti/riackis, who from a nu- r.-
mcrous people are dwindled into nothing. Many of rhcr.i were deflrovcd by the Iii-
di^m in :.lliain:c with ilie l'r,'nc'i, whom they therefore li.'.te, and p;ci"er l.ving fol.ta-
ry and remote from other pctijile, and tfpecially dctiining all corrclpi)iideiKe with
thofc Eu>r'l>:i,ui, to whom they wonld by no me.ins be (;hliged. 'I'lic tirll occalioii
ef diis <iitt"ertncc waj their murder of a milVion.ry, who w.is going dovsn the
river. His dc.th was revenged: and hence hollilitics ci inmcnccd on Imth
fnlv.-'!. 'I'liis nati'in, which is imt of a martial turn, lull in;'.:.y of its l)ravell pto- t:i tr„.
p!e ; in c 'nlciucnce of which they Uied tor peace, and ii vv.js granted than, on
(.oudition of tho'r bringing in the hcni of the alLarin. '1 hty did fo, and at tlii.- f.iiu
iiiiic prclei.tcd the cahnut to the I rench governor.

Along the wcltern coall, no: far liouj the fea, there is a nation of incn-catcrs, whof;,,,;!,^.,
are liippofcd to feed upon their enemies. The //-.v/fj!) call tlicni yltth-.'i'H, but our
autl'.or f.ivs they have f )mo more proper appellation, which 1 c could never learn.
They correlpond with other InJiun nations, but have no communication with Euro-
ftaiii.

'Ihe adventures of an othccr of fomc confidcMti-m, who in the infancy ot the .\|>,„f„
colony fell into the hands of thefe Anthropophagi, may not be tliought ptrh.ips amifs an ■ li.v 1
in tins place, as it may afl'rd proper caution to people, uhofe fortune may le.id "'"'i^ '•'
them into this part of the world. A vellcl from l-'raUiC c.;mi:g to an aiiLhoi at the" ' *'
bottom of the river Mij/iJ/ipif the captain-gcntral feiit liinvn a briirintine, on board
which was Mr. t'/ijr/r:///,', ■ACiinadui'i, pcrlcitly well aapiaint>d with all the hiJi-
(in nations, among whom he had utten tr4vellfd, with otilers to the mailer to Inp-
ply the brig.intinc with <ii cWiccr aiul a few luldicrs, ;.? pi.icc.d on diu\neii.s ; but

the

'lim.i^'^i.

At w i:

■ )■

!il

164

Ihjlory of the Difcovcry aikl SaikvxrA

tlic particubr orders cur author has not nctui. The mafier, in crmp'irncc with ttie
[^overivi's orders, lent an oti'n'-., naincti licl'..-JJh\ a fcij.ant called SHvdler, and ionic
men on board tlic bri^.mt'.ic, with vvli m (he proceeded to St.IirrutJ'iff' B v. Mere
the crew went alhorc. pleMcd witli tlic hiauty ot' thccoun.ry, which abounded wiiii
game, whereby they wire iciuptrd to walk iti the worlds, laithcnhaii prui'.cncc ihuuld
have I'uggeiled ; nor were all '.he rcini ndrances of M. (Air/rji/U, whole txpcriciicc
hau taught him that tiic conll\;ueiicc. might bi- f;tt;il, of force t> dilVuade them
from a proiceding of which in the end they had realon h>:artily to rep;nt:
when they left the lliip, the I'laflcr warned iheni not to w;ind.r too far, r.nd dcfircd
they would re urn early in the evei.ing. ilc alio told them that if tlicy Oid not return
back that ni[;iir, he wi lil.i lire t<.o warning gnus in the iiv rning, ai.d fet fail in two
hours after, if tJ~c Vvind ccnti' ucd fair; promiling niorcovcr, that, if they flioulJ not
app.car txtin-.es in the e\cij !ie would tire a gun for dirciting them to tiie
lea ( dc. lie kc^ t his word. J they heard the difcharge at the time appointd,
but imagircd from the rtvcil .ion, tliat it came from a contrary quait.r ; lo that
wliat wab intmdcd for their pcrlcrvation, led them farther aflray. In the nion ins;, tlie
fijinal guns of departure were fired fruin the brigaiuinc, and the Cap'ain w.iited tur
them, till he aliiiofl loft his tide, to no purpi fe ; the next day, ammunition beginning
to run Hirrt, Llarl rillc Uruck oft" to the Lajl, lupp(.fu g it the way to the river, hut
cuuid not prevail on h'.s ci nipany to follow. The fcijcant quite (p"nt with fatigue
ai.d hunger, dropped down under a tree, where probably he ended his days. Bd!--
JJle being )oung and vi-or. us ki pt up his fplris, and piocecded, till in a little time, he
lighted on a woodiat, an .initnal extremely lluggilli, which he knocked down, ileiri
and devoured with high reliili. Soinctiinc af.er, he fired upon a rdc-buck, w litn he
killed, and having huflmnded his ammunition, had a little lett, but the noife of iiis
piece brough' down »;■( ;\ liim fomc of the natives of y!t,^c-:!jfai, in whole c;)untry he
was, and he touid himlelt I'urrounded, and a piifoner, be, ore he had the fmallcd ap-
prehti lion of dapper ; rtfill-nce was in vain, and it was to as little purpoie to euilca-
vour in'^ormiiig them by Itgns of h\^ being a traveller, who had tnilTcd his wav. Ihd
he known ihc cullonis of this part of the world, where the people lie in ambnlcii,-,
and Ihal upon their enemy like a wolf on its prey, he would nut have gone a: rp
\v;th(Mit looking c.iuti^:uilv about him to prevent a furprife ; and in th t e. le 1:«
would have g(,nc up directly to the lirll man that approach' d him, wirh a plcj. it
yet refolutc ci;U.ite: ancc, laid down his arms, and hclil out his liaiui in token
of amity. A tiaveller in f.ch circumliances, who oblervcs thtfe dirc^^tioiif, haS
roth ng to fear; I ut may [ romile IiimfJl every pulliblc ail'iftance. He remained lev:-
ral niOi.ths in fi.ve'V anoiiu ihe'e ptoje, I ut the natnie if his cmp'oymciit, or the
h..idfl;iis Ik- uniKiwent, we ..re ret told: it docs nut ap( ejr, howevtr, lujtwith-
ftai.di: g their Mnthropuph.TL'an charadcrs. that tiny hail .nny intention of lattcnin;: him
fur the Ipit or ti e pot. At length he was diKovcrcd by hi> mcin to be a Irincl.mm by
certain fiJ ,!':< ot A ;;> >/ii.>i who had brought hither lUc Culmuf. They (i..n id I.)
him .M. St. L\ ;.7J who crimiranded aiiong the NiubtuLouLn. It was .Jl he uaic-
flood ot thtir langua;:e ; b t he knew tl.c name to be F-itich, and expreffed his (atii-
fadtion by figns at he ring it. lie then male a Ihift tolLawl upon a bit of paper,
which he lu kilv had about hi.ii. tin: he was a l-nih/j cmc.ryl' Lci.i/i., tut, whoiud
been hfl with C LuL^illi-. Ths he directed to .St. Dtti'n, and dii'patched it lb pri-
vately by two liiiiiiiiis, whom the.r countrymen gave cut to be 1,(1, and d..Ia>ed t!n.ir
d;p..rture, ui der p:e'ercc (jf w.'.iting tlieir return. The two Jn.H.ins did not (lav I >ng,
but when they came back, kept themielvc-, very privaie in the v.oods, contriving how-
ever to give notice ot their proximity to their lomradts, aii.i (.onvcying by the l.ime
channel to St. £)(W/j's an(wer, the I'um of which was a di ciftion to take thcl'e two
men for two guides ; and I'epcnd upon tl is ci nduift, for his ia:c dchveiancc fr.iin the
preknr cal.iii.ny ; which w.is accv.ri.ingiy efildc 1. We ilio;ild have remarke I, ilut liiS
ink, when he wrote to .St. Dmis, was chartual, pounded an.i iiii.iccd w;;li water, and n
fort of pen n.adc of a turkey qui!l ; and alio that the i-o:rclp.jiidence b-twc-ii him and
his u:.expcc(id iVicnds for his rele.le, was carried on fi piivately, that his talk-mafttri
ha.i I of the leaft lulpicion of it ; fj that he luund it tafy to lecret himlelt in the woods,
accoriiing 10 his ii,lliu.;iions.
ji',r»>.n<-C^«,- 'I he people wh 1 ' me inhabited the tcrntrrv called Ba\c>in,' Ogcuhi^, r.re now dil-
/«, leiriiory. pciicii ellewlitre. On the bonkr of two lin,,ll lakes to the weltward, covered by a
craggy piiiit of lai/d, is a nation kncwn '.:ily bv iian:e to the i'/vwJ' called Oiint

coininaiKler

of LOUISIANA.

165

t^u'^au or Tihuk ir<itfr, hrcaul'c the likes are covered with leaves which give the wa- q^,, /, 1.^,.
tcrtliit c iloiir. Iktwccii tlicle ami the ylvcyeh, a frnall nation inhibiting the banks of
tlic rcil river, which is Vt'iy rapid, wc find the couniry quite dcfcrtcd. Thefe people 'f"^'-' ^»*
ul't'd to H|ipl- the />Yw/i, Icttlfd ^i Lonijiiinj, with horfcs, cows and calves, at a very
nui.'.critc price. At prcfi nt tlicy liwe them in vail plenty, without any purchafc.

Iiitv lcu;ii!.s up tlic u'd river, nc.ir a l-nnch Icttk'inent, is the nation of Naffcbt- S'aai/jiicdti.
tci'Irt,' i-oiilillin^ of ^bout 200 hu;s, tlicy h.ivc no love lor the Spuniarji, but arc well
a-ue'id to the Ihnc/', who h.ivc a fettlcmcnt very near them. There are lome fcattercd
braiiche.- of this ii.itirn, bit iDiie of thctn numerous.

Aboiit a huriiired leagues f oin tlie place where this river fills into the MiJJiJIipi, arc o.v ..•,i;.,«u.r.
the li.iliitation^ of a vail nation tailed Ctid'idii'jUio:ix, which extend^ in d tTcreni tribes
a v',1 wav. '1 iiey as well ; s tlie pcop'e bcfurcrnt ntioncd, liavc a laiit^ua^:^e peculiar to
theai. elves ; biit tliat of C/.irij/aus h und.rllood among them all, like lingua Jranca
in h- Lf'tuit i they call it the vulgar tongue.

The Ouadittu are intcrtiiixedainon^' them, hav!n<^ abandoned the black river, to which Our.Aiiai.
thev !;.venanie, to nv<;id the rage of the ( //'< -ijA/ii'!, who due not follow them ; for
the lame reafon the /./('w/jf, wlio tormerly inh .bited thi^ coall, n:ar a liver ta which
thev 'ji'.t their diiiDoiin.ition, witl.dri.w totiie neighbour!) o 1 of the Mchilinn^, where
we before look notice of theai. Tlufc martial gentry alio made war upon the yA- .-/r^.n/r.iA'v-
kanhn, a nation of good warriors, and able hun;lmen, but met a recept.on |") very f •'■ 'I'f"'"-'''
w.irm, th.t they were glad to di fill, inore efpcciaily as they found fhtm joined bv the"""" """""'
Aw ■','(.', Mitel igiiin-iii and a party ff Illinois. There arc no other people on the banks
ot tl.!s liver, th( ugh the co;,trar;> his been advanced by f rnur travclbrs.

The Mill urii are a numerous people, on the banks of the famous river fo called. :':£:u'iu
The ircKch had h.rc a fettlemcnt, the garrilbn of which was lurprled and cut oft'by
the natives. There arc many oth;r 'iiiall luitioiii about the Mijj'itrit, the re-capitulat-
iiia: which would be tedious ; an I north of them all, a branch of the Sioux was thought
foiinerlv to have rclided. Our author is inclined to believe, that 'hey formerly were
to be !.,iind on lv->th iides of tiic great river-, and he juiily obfervis th.Tt we mull be con-
tent to w lit fome centuries before we can arrive at any certain knowledge of the vail
tra>.'t (!f lai;d running Ncr/h of L.uifi I'hJ.

The liril 7-';(Y,t/> Icttieiiient made in this province, was upon the Alohilf, where the

commander in chief relidc.l ; hut fince the foundation of New Orkaiu on the banks of

the sri. at river, which is now the cipital, it has been in a good mcafiire dcfertcd. Here

is however a garrilbncd fort, with fo ;r rtr:ng baiiions, that fecure the furr trade on

thi- fide, awes the neighbouring nation.', and cuts, off the ( I'.itiaus from correlponding

wiih the E'lzii/I-', who are alio curtailed in their Views en the Cl.uijfjus fide, by fort , . ,x ,
„.,.,• z ' - 1 rt Ijrr.it:.

Tom ,x. biiiu in i7;o.

Not fir Iron the M,!::h- is a fettlemcnt of fomc Canadians, who contented with lit- . . ,,1 •.,
tie, prefer the tmdl a Ivanrages of ru al Iibour to all the profits of tillage j and who -liirnr ( f'
iiilv vlfit X.ivO'ians when they want nccelTaries. (.■.-.•.i,,/,,.

Ainont; the different nations into which L'ui/iiina is divided, Du Vriitz informs us ,
that cf the \.:tih:^. is the inofl rcmirk..b!ej being not only very numerous, but bet- n'
t:r pdUlhed ih.in th" nil, the'r way of thinking more conlillcnt witli humnnitv; th:ir'''"-
Icntinicnts m rerelinedi and their cuiloiivi more rrcoiciliablc t.i rcafoii : therefrc in
(leUribing the cuiloms and mani-ers ot the people ol this country in gcneial, he
d'.i'.v-. Ins inf imvition principally Irom tlie h'ntibe^.

The natives of /.'.■.'-'/. r.'.;, and almoll all the .//w /w.v;;, are (Irong. nervous and c •• pi x! n
Well made ; w tii black eyes and hair, regular feature?, and none Ids than live feet ••"•'''■' ''^*'
am! a half high; the w^ivivn are rather lower than the men; but giants, dwarfs, and '"^''"''■^"'
lief rmed nun are unknown amrng them. They are white when born, at which
tire care is taken to w..ln then i;i co'd water : by degrees they becun.- brown, and
t.i'Iiis, the nililMuc; th.in wi.h oil an 1 be-ars fat, contributes not 1 little: belides whicli,
it ren !crs their limbs more flc.xile, and fives them from the nin;.;ing of the mulkiroes.
As 1: rv grow up tliev arc fiiinilhed with bows and arrows proportioned to their
llrer,'"l), and bv way of exercilJ attii diverfion, try tluir ft.:!! .it .1 mark. Ifc that ex-
Cfl'.i IS I'liic of great pr it"*, and lli'icd the gre.t w.irriour, a litle of which tlic\ are not
a h'tle proud: thev ail > delight in runni; 'i races.

As they live to a very great age, the oMell of a f.mily is the" moll rcfperled, aivl his n .;• <» ,;j
wi.i o'lyed w th as miiLh cuiiiou as it he wa'- a lo'.eieigii prince. Great care is i >-! ■>;;.•
token to prevent auv 11^ hem ijuarrcls .md dilputcb ; they i.aely happen. .A!! :"rc

U u la'u'lu

' 'r, «
i.ihcd lu-

Tlitir belief.

Til* firrfd
firec»i)!»lirj

Precept n(
their firft
granJ Stiti/.

Government
oftlf^'udin;.

Fe»ft of the
new corn.

Thiir rulei
f'lr inteimar
r%ing.

Marriage ce-
remonict.

Cr«nJ li'.i.
(i"u i/f the

' Hijiory of the Difcovery and Settlement

taught the ufc and neceflity of labcnir -, but the -omf n arc rather more employed than
the nicn, they are obliged when yuung, every moti..i)g to waili and iwim unJer the
dircdion of one of their elders, without regard to lex, (mothers who h.ive the care of
infdDti excepted) and ihik inures them tofaiii(ue, Hrengthcns iheir limbs, a-.id fits them
better f T war. They never (Irike or beat their youth, but endeavour to InArui^t them by
repeated precepts and example.

Thefe people believe in one great and good God inciipable of evil, who created the
worlJ, and whufc common commands arc executed by angels, or fubkrvient fpiriis, of
which an inferior order who have otFunded him, govern in the air ; and thcfc they in-
voke, for rain, or fun-fhinc, as it may be wanting to the ground. Man he crraled, fay
they, with his own hand, and the whole world is the ptoduce of hit wifdom ai\d
power.

The facred fire, of which we h.ive before made fome mention, was, according to
the account given of it to our miflioner, by the principal perfon eniruftcd with the larc
of it, enkindled by means of a miraculous flame, bought from the tun, by a holy ptr.
Ton who had defcended himfcif from that planet, and whom they had chufcn for their
fovercign, (ubmitting to a fet of laws which he Lid down for their government, ar.d
which were admirably adapted to the advantage of f(x:ie;y.

He taught benevolence, focial love and refignation tu the divine will, ai points indif-
pcnfably ncceflary to be obfervcd ; to avoid quarrelling, and to detcd murder, adultery,
untruth, avarice and drunkennefs. From him are their fovercigns dckxnded, who are
alfo called folcils. Sum, fur he lived to a very great age, and law the children ol hit
children flourifh. Our authc- afloniOied the prieft, who had given him this accuunt,
by enkindling fyme fuel ^ith reflcdion of the fun beams upon a piece of glafs, which
glafs, the grand folcil intrcated of the father as a very great tarour ; it was given hitn,
and he was very fond to ufc it.

This monarch, if we may be fo allowed to ca!' him, governs with defpoilc power)
he has no law but that of rcifon, and difpofes at will of the lives of his fubjeCti. So
good ufe does he happen to make of this authority, that no evil attempt upon him ii
ever heard of. His Aipenc^s arc very confiderable, tho' not dated, being free gif-,
pledges of his people's love, and rcfpedl, and never levied by any fort of taxation.

Among their many religious fcflivafs, the mofl folcmn is, that of gathering in the
new corn, on which they all afrcinble to feed in common, and have fome t>articular ce-
remonies, with a relation of whch we (hall not now detain the reader. They are par-
ticularly tenacious of precetlency, whether in public or private, and fuch is the dif-
tindion of fexes, that a boy of two years of age, is permitted to take place of a wo-
man. Each man is ablblute in his own family, as long as he lives j he governs his
children, and his children's children, with au uncontruulalile lule, and when he dici,
the next to him in years affumes the domedic command.

They never marry within the third decree, and ihc oidcfl of each family, agree up-
on the terms of the match, without tonfuhin^ r.ny of the minors, whnm, however they
never join iigainft their confcnt ; the ii a i having firft alkcd her hand if the woman.

The day for the ceremony being arrived, the bride is con imlkd to th- houfe of th:
bridegroom by all her family, with filercc and fulemniry. 'I'hcv arc received at the
door by all hii friinds, who invite them to enter the houi •, wliicli they do, with few
words and little ceremony. Fur compliments and talkat.vcnt.l"'., arc hv them decmci
Icfs of tiiTic. Having feated thetDfeivcs, after fome fpatc, the uld men on each fide
arifc, and the contradled parties do the fame. A lln rt Ipectli is then made them, in
which they are dfrfircd nut to marry unlcfs they find thcmlcKcs impelled by mutual
liking J and previoufly relolved to live togcihcr happily ; " thi> uiaini," favs the ai>
cicnt orator, " muft he of your own choice, think i.ot your fiiimU arc lure artcmblcd
" to foicc your inclinations; if cither cl you has any o; ic.tii.n, licclarc it, th.it we
** may break off"." The father of the luiJcgroom then delivers the pDttion iiitcmlcii
for his fon, into his cufto<ly, and he, having atked the lovr and hand oi the b iitf,
and being anlwcred fatisfadkorily, gives it in keeping to hi r father. The nuptials btiiii;
celtbratcd with (•)me other ceremonies, their company gives tlicmldvts up to iiicui-
mcnt, and generally <lance ti.I morning.

The Nauher. ixt divided into two grand clalfes. './;-. The ni>!>Irs and the pc'ple.
The people are alio ilidmguirtied by an appcllaiion that implies rti king, Miibi-niiih-]
iitliipy, however they do not much rclilli being called lo. Thiv c.ic!i of ilem I avcil

\mzmk

of LOUISIANA.

167

pl^ed than
» under the
the care of
-id iitt them
\si.\ them by

created iht
!nt fpiriti, of
hcfe they in-

crraled, fay

1 wifdom aiiil

according to
>vi(h the circ
y a holy pcr-
ufcii fur their
rrnment, unl

I points indir>
dcr, adu!ttiy,
dcit, who are
iildrcn ot bii
thit accou(\l,
' glafs, which
as given him,

fpotic power;

iubjeiits. So

t upon him w

ing free gif-,

taxation.

ithcring in the

: particular ce-

They arc pr-

ch is the dil-

place of a wo-

jc governs hh

when he diei,

ily, agree up-
however the;
he woman.

Iioufe of th:
received at the
f do, with tc*
them deemed
n (in each hii«
naiic them, in
lied by inutiial
liivs the iif'*
lure afletnblcd
arc it, th.it «c
ittmn iiitcinicJ
li oi the h i>'<.
nuptials Ik'Ii^
u^ to mtiii-

and the pc.'ple-

of il.cm 1 .»"'!

language peculi.r to thtniklvci, th.it of the nobles being much the purer and njore ex-
cellent, hieing Along, fin loth and copious, having nouns fubflantive declined like the
litiiii witli'iut articles.

The nobles are div.ded into ft)liil«, nobles and refpeiled (confijfrri). We have al- SubJivifinni.
rea 'y made mention that the f^l'-ils are fo named, becaulc they arc defjcndcd from 1
man and a womir who made the people Ulieve they came from the lun, the French
for which is Solcil. I'his couple commani^ed that their poflerity ()ionld be always dif-
|in;:ui(hcd above the main body of the nation } that none of them Ihould lie on any
account put to death, but be permitted to end their diys m peace according to the
courfe of nature.

Ill order to prcfcrvc purity of blood, ilie title of foicils is only tranfmlted in the fc- Rinkrranr-
nialc hue. The mile children In-ar the appellation but for their natural lives ( their ^'"'-^ ''."''•
iflue are ranked amoig the nobles, and the offspring of thefe among the confidcres,
or refpe^d ; thus declining until they are reduced among the people. Nor is it un-
ufual for a Sokil to live to fie his pollerity thus degcncratid. When the grand Soleil
dies, he is not fuccccilcd by any ol his children, but by the cidefl fon of his nearcfl
kinlwi n.aii ; and at hi;; or her interment, the hufbanJ or wife is always put to death to
keep them company in the world of fpiiits. And often, all his next akin, voluntarily
dcvoic ihcinfclvcs to the Aimes, or tall by the fword. The natives of this countiy Supcrftiriwi
are in ijcneral very fiiperflitious, obfcrvcrs of omens, the flight of birds, &c. and curii us "f ''^'='''
to dive into the fccrctf of tutui ity. When on*' people, are about to decL.re war againft an-
other. A C( uiu i! of their olHcft and beft warriors is aflcmbled in a hut, at (he door of <>unc;is of
which the lalmet of war is tixcd on a pole. The occaftDn of the intended breacii is *''
thtn difcourfed upon, and unmediutc hoftilitics always recommended by the chiefs, in
which they find their account, being in war more refpcd^ed and invcAcd with more au-
thority than in time of peace ; tlieir determination it always fubtcribcd to by the chief
or fovcreign, the council being held in his prclencc. and he, as well as his fubje<3i
holding in the higheft edeem the elders and their judgement. i)omLt:mcs it is agreed,
to fend an amb ..iTador to the power, with whom they are at v.iriance, to offer the cal-
met of p< ace, but v-thout any prefents, leaft it (hould be thought they wanted to
purchafc it, in the mean ''m<: they follicit tlic aid and JRdance of their neighbours.
They moll commonly mart, by night to prevent their enemies difcovering them, and
carry on the war as much as (Kjlfibie by ambufcade and furprife, taking care to leave
beliind them as few marks as poflible whereby they may be traced. Such women and
children as tlicy make priftjners they eiiflavc, the men they rcfcrvc for a public fatri-
ficc, putting them with great cruelty to death; and drowning their cries with inceiTant
rc[^ictitions ol the war-hoop.

None but the foltils and guardians of the facred fire are permitted to enter the tem-
ple containing the tat red fire; tlic gi ardians are eight; their bufmefs is to fee the fire
kot up, two of ihcm aie always at^fing, and they are relieved c]uatcrly: the fjcred
tire is prefcrved in more trmplcs than one, that it may be reflored, in cafe of its expir-
ing in one place, fr ni another.

The alhc^i.fthefirft grand i'clcil aredepofiied infhegrandtempleof AWfAz-z, inafortof
urn made of cane, and very prettily wrought. It ftands upon an altar four feet high,
fu long, and two btoad. They have a partictilar veneration f r the memory of their
licid, and eieCt a fort of tomb over ivtrj o dy that i> interred, to which for a great
while tluy cany viiluals and drink All the nations of Loi<i/iana have their relpeCtive
temples, vvhi^h are either grander or meaner, according to their refpe^tivc f.ncc or
weal h. That of NutcUz in p.irti ular, is a ft)lid regular building, on an eminence
iinr a fi)i.-ill river, it is .ib( nt thirty feet every way; the wood compofing it being cyprefs,
isilitincd iiuoirui'tdile ; -.xnA mi the rof; which is rtielviiig, arc thice l.irge birds cut
ill w(>od, ftMiietbini; i kc ^'cerc, and I coking to the Eall.

Ml. V b ive tew hodid.tys, and fcarcely any fort of divtrfions; except a fatiguing Tlieir JUer-
g.iiie, ulMid'bnj; our pit>.liiiig the b r, and pUying the cjiioits both intermixed, of"""''
thi> they aie lo very fond, that they olien play away every tliiiij; they have, and when
thus rcdated, become piihlic fpoilers. taking by force from the neighbours, whatever
t'cv \n.\ rtand in lued of. In iluir v tits, they fpcak lit le, the giicft takes his I'rat,
S'll 1 fill liknic is I'bl'ervcd, till he breaks it. Yo'i niver lee two people in compinv , . .,.,
ill tt. rin^ at ihc fame tiiut ; and for this tliey laugh at the l/encb, who often all talk
ii^jethcr.

Their

i
i 'i

i68

Tl'rlr foo,!,
•tiJbcviT.ij;c,

Tl\'.ir fading.

1 lis r.;ti>in
flic .'', , If 4. '

Commercial

nJviint -p i
t.i [< .limvn
t'iciulu'i;^e.

A c.'in!:1u;'\c

,.L,.-,tt,.. ,f

thctouiury.

Ilijlory of the Difccvery arj Si.'f/iiwnt

Their faot\ is beet, veniUm, licar's and iioj;s ricdi, with every fort of aqnjril
Mnls, and ulh without exception. 'I'hcy citlicr ro.ill tlicir meat on a wojJtti Ipie, oj
hioil it, -inii fiii-y li.uc in.ii.' Icivc.l up at all tl.tir im ;\K, ilili'-rcii'ly prepircil j or in | ft
of it potatoes. 1 hey have no lU hours f. rdinini!;, except at puhl c ci)tiTt.iiiuncnt$, wlicfl
thty all lit down tiiL;ether, an i in token of iin.ininiity e.it <.ut nt tiu" laini; thlli, the wo.
men and chiMten excepted, who hivc their relpeclivo ih.irif t;lveii to tlRinrtlves: a|
other times, tluyeat or drnk, according as tiiey find iluy hi-c aj.peiite. 'I'liiyiirfl
afraid of made dilhcs, aiiil tlK /vim/i have never heen al)le, Cith.r hy exui^plc or rcaJ
foning, to perluadc them to their foiip«, or ra;oiits, tiify n 't knowing what to niaij
of tlic ingredients. They will ilrink noihitij; hut w.iter, ir hr.uuiy, the ileariit-rs dl"
theCe liijuours determine tlitir yuo.inels ; f jr il it be ek- ir, tiiey do not think it can p fl
fibly he lophilllcateii.

W'lun tiuy want ti make intercelTion with heav n, for any pirtieular h;ncfit, tliev
make intcrell with one of their cldus repuird tor undtity aim ng them, tn intercede f
them. Helloes it hy faftin? n'.ncdays, diirini; wii eii time lie aMhins entirely fion
venery .md from all manner i.t food tul lun fet, when .i incli of ^ruel with.^ut fait, anj
a draught of water ii hrought for his retredimcnt.

iJcfukb the I bedicncc nn.l profound rcfpcil pail hy the Ni;!chfz, to the jTr.nid fn
Icil, they are fo ilrongly attatiieil to him; that when his nrar^ fl i(.!a!i')ns die, ;: it > :ily
all thole who are in his tr.iin, hut numhera of oth^ri, f.trihcc tiiemlllves to the inaiiesj
to have the honour of attending him or her, in tjic w ild to cnme, ai;d hence com.-
it, that thib nation is not near lo populous as it niight otlu'-w;lc he.

In the year 1730, they v\ere entirely tut otThy tii. irtnch, on .tec unit "f their li.iv^
ing joined in fome fcheines intended for their dellrudlion, lo ti>nt at prcfent \\ v.
aiy thing remains oftliii once celebrated nation, hut the name. Mod anthc!- \\\\\
treat ot this vail traft, oblervc th.it tl.c brjl way of keeping pcace \'iih the (ti'i'ercnl
people, is to keep them at futh a ddlaHee, as may itupreft them with a\\c a ul xtnei
ration ; but this imprcirn^n vanill\cs if you tr< at thetn \vitl» too much familiarity, vcJ
rilyingthc proverb : " that familiarity brecvls contempt."

France draws confidcr.ible advantages from the turrs fii L'uifian.t, and in out h.imll
they might be greatly impu^ftd. Lar<;e profits inis'.ht alio be drawn tm ji the hnicsj
and fat it then oxen, for wliich. alone the diiVeiei.t nati(;ns kll tluin. Tiie fuiil
of the- wax-tree, is alio a Coinm 'dity worth df.iling ir> a'-aie the variru> kinds of wotxij
for !\uufe-l)uilding, fliip-building and ornament ; and lor the compleating a naval lurce
here il plenty of Jicmp, and excellent iron.

The foil fcems admirably a.iapted to the hearing of l.dt petrc ; and v.<l] qnantitiif ol
filk inij^ht be pro>iuied, as the worms thrive lierc well, baliron, I'lliaf'ias the cojvili
balm, and various other kinds of ulcful druggs are the produce 1 1 thcle climates, and u
wavi fure ot a rcadv market in Etifcpt-.

To give a br;et charailUr of Lcui/iiina, wv may venture to al; rm that it abounds 1
grr.in, lattle, and rich commodities, which the many flrrams watering the coiin:rvj
and tailing into tlic great river .W///!y,''>/ render llill more valuable; and no
of the world letms more happily ;,daptea to Iteoiid tile ofierations, and improve ihJ
glory of a maritime power, than this province ot J//i. t ica.

The End of the Account of LOUISIANA.

- .;*■ u: ' ^ iia'. ■'.. "

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