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With an Hiftorical Detail of the Acqjjisitions, and Conqjjests, made by the BRITISH ARMS in thofc Parts. Giving a particular Account of the CLIMATE^ SOIL, MINERALS, ANIMALS, VEGETABLES, MANUFACTURES, TRADE, COMMERCE, AND LANGUAGES. TOGE''HER WITH The Religion, Government, Genius, Charadier, Manners and Cuftoms of the Indians and other Inhabitants. ILLUSTRATED BY Maps and Plans of the principal Places^ CoUefled from the bed Authorities, and engraved by T. JEFFERYS, Geographer to his MAJESTY. PART I. Containing A Defcription of Canada and Louifiana. L O N D O N: Printed for T. Jeffervs, atCharing-Crofs; W. Johkston, in Ludgatc-llrect ; J, Uichakdsom in Patcr-noftcr-Row ; and B. Law and Co. in Avc-Mary-Lanu. MDCCLXI. \4f .:*i:i J X ': -'O ■ 'i i -i ik Ju^ r:,.i^!OMi#\ illild'*^' Ki.- \Jk |J;./j.BC;^'!i^ i..i* :>'i 1/ Vf. ^ To the Honourable GEORGE TOWNSHEND, •■ ■ , .": . , , ., BrIGADIER-KjENE RAL Of His Majesty's Forces in North-America, And Colonel of The Twenty-eighth Regiment of Foot. SIR, A Natural and civil hiftory of the French empire in North- America, publifhed by ?, fubjedt of this kingdom, could fcarce appear with propriety, at this time, if it was not addrelTed to General Townshend, who, by the redu(5tion of Quebec, the capital of that empire, has fubje<5ted the whole to the domi- nion of Great-Britain. It is not however neceflary on this oc- cafion either to relate the event, or to particularize the virtues that effected it. The event is necefTarily known by its impor- tance, and the addition of fo great an extent of territory, and fo many thoufand fubjeAs to rhe Briti(h crown, are memorials which can neither be overlooked nor forgotten, and which ren- der all others, not only unnecefTary but impertinent j neither can it be neceflTary to tell the world, that he is eminent for courage, a(Stivity, and fpirit, who, when he was in a civil capacity, iur- roundcd by the luxuries of peace, with a fortune by which they were beft lecured, and at an age when they are moft enjoyed, went a volunteer in the fervice of his country, to traverfc the wilds of America, and expofe his life to dangers not common even to warj to ambufhes which vigilance can fcldom cfcapc, tofavages who attack without being (een, and inilcad of taking prifoners, the wounded or unarmed, murder them in cold blocct, and carry off their fcalps as a trophy. That General Town- shend has an undoubted claim to this merit, and that one of the beft concerted, yet molt daring cnterprifes that military ge- nius DEDICATION. nius ever, formed, was by him earned ii;ito cxecutiqn, cannot fail to be recorded in that period ot the Britilh hiftdry, which tvill do us more honour than any bther, as it will mclude a greater number of events, in the nigheft degree glorious and important, the editor of this work therefore can only hope to do hirnfelf honour by taking this opportunity to fubfcribe him- Sir, 'io .; n vo toO bi.'A »••;■• ,1.. yl 'io ■i::^::ii^A ihn^^i>pno/i » oak Your moft « ^ 1 o ■L.i. ^-Vi'mo '. ' : \ ■:-j:yji lii ii' ^v/i^^diiidi?-^ ,:ob a\i\ -tf^- '■ ; L.J. '.-'][;: :• and'^r-'::; "lifU '^o »T,ii!'.n.> ' '■ . .' ': ' ::.■•■••:; Ci ;• Devoted ' 4' -'^ ^^^■- • ' ' 1 •- • > ' r f ■ i Humble Servant> * 5*3 Thomas Jefferys* // -Vf.^ > \ J i > c .\ IN TRODUGTION. THE Pofleffions of the French upon the Continent of North America^ were always an intereftinj^ Objedl to Great-Britain^ as it is always neceffary to know the Situation, Strength and Refourccs of contigu- ous Dominions that belong to a powerful State, whofe Oppofition of Interefl: makes her a natural Enemy, and whofe military and commercial Knowledge makes her formidable as well in Peace as in War. But the Knowledge of this Territory is now become yet more important, as Provi- dence has thought fit by a Series of SuccefTes almofl miraculous, to make it cur own. It is hoped therefore that this Work needs no Recommendation as to its Deiign, as to the Execution, if it fliould be found to deferve Recom- mendation, it will efledhially recommend itfelf : It has been compiled with the utmoft Diligence and Attention from the beil Accounts that are already extant, either in our own or other Languages, and improved by Materials that have from Time to Time been communicated to the Editor, by Perfons whofe Names, if he was at Liberty to mention them, would do him Honour ; it contains therefore in one View, a more regular, comprehenfive and parti- cular Account of the SubjeA than has hitherto appeared, and as fuch is fub- mitted to the Candour of the Public. CONTENTS T O PART I. CANADA, Limits dcfcribed icrording lo the Frntt tni tHtliJh, Climate, Soil, Minei, Riven, Lalcei Pue i Gulf and River of St. LauriMt, AnticoSi, Sept. Iflci and roint del Mont Pelts a TadoulTac. Ifle aux loudres, Ifle of Orleaiu, Tidct and Va- riation of the compafi J '"nthe. Harbour, City, principal Buildingi and Portificationi defcribed J American Lorttto, Point aux Tremblei, Bcfancourt 9 Trtii Riviirts, Lake St. Peter, Richlieu Iflci and Sorel River 10 Mutirtal ox nila Marie C'xiy, Fottilicationi and Iflandi ii Cadma^Mi or htqutii Rivtr, Fort La Galette and Frontenac ■ 4 Account of the Navigation of the River Sc. Laurence from Lake Oniarioio the Ifle of Anticolli 17 Saimtiuti, tniOkimvaii Riven, Laki Supfri'r ig A Defcription of eight new Forts erefted by the French to the Wcllward of Lake Superior, Michilimakinac 19 A'j tural Hi/in c/ Canada 20 Salt made there. Sword tuers, Malhommes, Huront 41 tHJttrj tf ttt Difcmtrj and SillUmnt if CtnaJa 97 Qisebcc founded, Canada how called New France 99 Conquer'd by the F.ngliih 1629. loi French Defign againlf New York mifcarrics 1 1 s En^lilh Expedition againtt Quebec in 1690, commanded by Sir William Phippi. mircarries 1 1 1 Expedition againd QlieUc in 1712, mifcarries 119 Cai-e BaiTON anJ Harttnr tf /.eay/ioi/rjf (iefcribrd 119 Canada improved by Cape Breton, Louilbourg built, Cape Breton taken by the F.ngliih in 1710, and ceded 10 th: French by the Treaty of Utrecht 122 Siege and Conqueil of Louilbourg and Cape Breton in 174;, by the New Fngland troops 1 2) Rellorcd 10 the French in 1748. I2|/ Siece and Keduttion of Cape Breton in I7;8, by the Britiiii Fleet and Army 126,' Siege and ReduAion of Quebec by the Britiflt Fleet and Arm/ in 17,-9. i]i Louisiana drfcrifa'd 13] Inland Navigation from Canada 10 Louifiana, Silver and Cop- per Mines, Indian Nations of Louiliana, Spaoilh Colony maffacrtd 1 3 7 Dcfolaiion by Small pox 144 Induttry of the German Setllen 147 Kfw Oritani ddcribed I4S Navigation of the Miinflpi i;j Nulur.il Ibjiari oi Lov\i\Min l;4 Ihf Origin, MinncTt, Cn/ltnu, Liiit anJ Rilipm, »/ ibt aatint PART CONTENTS. PART II. T> r S C O V E R V of the AniilUi, or W.f.lmA,,, \J why they were lb ctlled Pige • Frtmth Jntillu t HISPANIOLA. iti Importioce, Extent ind Siiiiition, lo- conrriiicncei, Soil, Moumaini, Minn, Silipiu lod Riven, ■nticnily divided into Are Kingdomi t Origin of the different Inhabiiantt of the Aniillei 8 t/nmifr tf iht trifinat hhthittmit tf Hi^tm$U, — 8 Their L'onlliiution, Chuader and Tradition), Mannen, Ho- fpitalit)(, Uoreromenl. Wan, and Hunting, their Prepa- raiiont lo look for Gold, Huibandr/, Canoes, Religion, Antiquiiiet, and I'uneraU t Cmilij of the Sftuujrti, Hounlhing Stale of their Colonici, and decay |6 The FriKi itA Settlement on Hi/^tU, Rife of the Bocca- neeri and Freebooten. i g 7trttga dclcribed, Le VaiTeur appointed Governor, repulfct tbt Spaniards, becomei a Tyrant, and b alTaffinated. 'I'he Illand regained by the Spaniards, and retaken by the French 1 8 Simtt •/ lit Frntk oa Hi/}mitiiU, the Buccanccri, their Man- ners, Laws, Religion, Apparel, Anns, Hunting, and Dif- ealVt It M. d'Ogeron Governor of Tortuga, &c. his wife and chari- table Behaviour, auni over Ike Freebooters, their SucccHei, bis Schemes and Ucaih lli French Ships at Petit Guave burnt by the Dutch, kc 33 Infune^on of the Negroes, fuppreiTed by the Buccaneers, Commoiioni, Peace, Increafe and Decay of the Krench Colony 3 3 Freebooter! obnoxious to ike Englilh, French and Spaniards, and declared Pirates 3; The Colony remonllrates againft the Tobacco-farm, cultivate Indigo and Sugar, fee. 36 CouncU and Courts of Juflice ellabliih'd 36 Petit Guave furprized by the Spaniards, the Colony dillrefled for want of Trade, rife in arms, their Leader executed St. Jago de los Cavalleros burnt by the French, and are routed by ine Spaniards 38 Englilh attempt a defccnt, particular furvey of the French Co lony in 1691, the Knglilh intend to invade it, but are pre vented by an Barthqaake and repulfcd ! I. !_;_ .1 :^ . n_/*. -a IfitnJi/ St. MhKTin, Soil, ProduAIons, lira fettled by tha Spaniards, and abandon'd, afterwards divided between tha French and Dutch, who arc expelled by the Spaniards, the/ return, and the French chufe fur Governor a burgeon, who aAs as PricI) and Judge 7$ f/la»/ ./ Jr. B A R r U O L O M E W, Soil and Produfli 11 i. SpBni.trds firft fenled, and evacuate it, French fettle, and are dcllroyed by the Natives, a new Colony ol Irilh Calholica under a Krench G^ivernor 78 f/tm/ yGUADALOUPE, Extent, Situation, Climatt, SoU Produce 79 Bafi Ttrrt defcribed, taken bv Sir W. Codringfoa, Lei Habi> una, Goyavc, Great Cul de Sac 8< QaAND Taaai, Fort Louis, Los Abymei, Le Gofier, and St. Anns defcrib'd Cabfefterre, Marigut, &c. 86 Mineral Plants, Shrubs, Plants, and infcAi 88 Wild Hogs and Devil Bird 91 tirjl Stii/tmtut erof Inhabitants in 1726, Character of the frcnch Cre- oliant, their Hofpitality, and Charily 64 Defcription of Cape Francois, Pun Margot, Port de Paix, Cul de Sac, &c. 6; State of Cape Francois in 174; 69 Port Louit ukcn by the Englilh 70 Engagement between the French and Englilh Fleet li. Flam of Leogane, Petite Rivi,;re, le Graud and Petit Guave, &c. delcrib'd ft by the Erglilli in 17^0 Im- Ii3 119 121 '7S9- f/la»i tf MAariNico, Extent, Soil, Diviiions, Exports, ports Fort St. Peter iournal of two MilTionaries ort Royal, Cul de Sac Robert, Cul de Sac Francois, &c. 7bt frjl fulling y VfAaTinico, with the varioua Difputct, Wars, and moll material Tranfa^ioni 118 Englilh attack Fort Si. Peter in 1667, make Defcenu in 1693, 1697, 1704, and 1759. ^M^ •/'Gkimada delcribed 149 Purchafed by Count de Cetillac, tdvantagcoui CharaAer of this Place by Le Terre in 16; 7. Cerillac obliged to fell hia Property 15a This Illand cecded 10 the Crown of France 1 ; ; The GrnaJilUt defcribed 1 ; 7 NalyraJ Hiftry tf ANTILlIi. Chap. I. Of the Air, Scafons, Winds, Mines, &c. ijy Chap. 11. Of Pulfe, Plants, Shrubs, &c. i;t Chap. III. Of Treei 161 Chap. IV. Of Quadrupeds, Serpents, InfcAi, &c. 166 Chap. V. Of Birds 168 Chap. VI. Of Filhes 171 Chap. VII. Of the Origiiui/ hhatitanli if ih Alillii 179 Chap. VIII. Of the Negroi Slavn of the Amillii 186 Diferifrim tf ihe I/land and Ctlony tf Cayenni. Chap. 1. 01^ the Ifle of Cayenne in general 19} Chap. l\. Of the Revolutions in the Colony of Cayenne iq{ Chap. III. State of the Colony of Cayenne in 1716 203 Chap. IV. A more particular Delcription of the Ifland of Cayenne, and the Continent of Guiana, from M. Milhaui Memoirs 204 The moll confiderable Rivers in Cayenne 208 Plan of a Seulement on the River Oyapok, begun in 1726. 210 EcclefiaAical Government Military Government Civil Government The King's Domain Commerce and Manufaflurei Quadrupeds in Caynni and the neighbouring Continent Birds great and finall Filhet of Sea and Rivers The Inhabitants and Planters of Cayenne Lharaiter of the Guyanefe Indians 219 220 itid. 211 22> 226 219 230 231 »34 ort, ire compelled iiul conquer ic in 102 /;• a.1' . , > .-!• Y^.., iL :::.: -S»!»;AJ9*i' ■l.j. • ■ ■- .ff.f' ^■*l||v. i^'. >■;■ t. •n •■"i^;,^v^,.'" ..■.■..'ia<.^ '"■"•'^r't ^-^-i- •-. * '.-'••A*^; ' •> • ■ . ••■■ "■■'■«-. .- '-sj^ff-; ^ »-•:: -:v *^r'' ■ « 'A "iu ,-r } >• . w ,1»' " ttt mi i wiiMi V * .>«L»f*4=>»«*f««*' _!-=- }H» [tW 1 Tl^^. DESCRIPTION O F NEW FRANCE; O R T H E French Dominions in North America. ♦^*^♦^^>^^*^^^)•♦^^4•*♦^^*^^^^^)•^^^>^+^)^^}^>^^>^>•+■*^>•^)•*^|^^>•*•*^J^*^)4^4+*•*•*♦«■♦■♦^>•***^♦ TH E Country fubjcft to the Crown of France on the Continent of North America, which is larger tlian the Roman empire ever was, in its moft flourifhing times, is divided into two parts, the Northern named Canada, and the Southern Lcuijiaiia ; both of them under the direftion of a Governor- General, Intendunt, and Supreme Council of New France, rcfiding at ^ebcc, C A N A D A. CANADA, in the Indian language, fignifics tiie Mouth of the Country, from Can^ Mouth, and y/i/.v, the Country. Under tlie name of Canada, the French would CmWa, ac- comprcliend all that part of iVs;7/j America fituated between 40 and 55 degrees of "^"''^']^'"''^' North latitude, and 42 and 75 of longitude Eaft from Ferro, including great part of New England, and New 7~ork, and ah oft the whole of the province of Nova Scotia. CAN AD A, according to the EngliJJj account, is bounded on the North by the Ca^tij^.ac- Highlands, which fcparates it from the country about Uudfon's Bay, Labrador, or AV'ti'C""'i"fito'''e Britain, and tlic country of the F.Jhimcaux, and the Chrif, aux ; on the Eaft, by the "•^ ''"'' river St La/irence ; and on tlic South, by the Outawai River, the country of the Six Nations, and Lc!ti/i,in,i, its limits towards the Weft extending over countries and na- tions hitherto undilcovered. The lull of tills country is generally very fruitful, but the winter, for fix months of the year, ii extremely fevcre ; the fnow is always tix feet deep, and, what contributes to give tlie peojile of I'lurope a worl'e notion of this country than it aiftually deferves, this fealou comes on jull before the (hips fet fail for France and other places on this fide the Atlii'ilic, -UKi that fo Uuliliuly that in two or tlircc days the rivers arc full of vail llioals ot ice, ail the beauties ol' nature are hid, and the eye is pained with an univer- fal whitenefs ; there is no longer any ilifference between land and water, the trees are eoviied with ilicles, which are even dangerous to tliofe that ftand under them ; there is no more tlirringouj of doors, without being wrapped up in fur, and, in fpite of this prexatiti'.)!!, not a winter pallLs without Uil:, ot limbs by the benumbing cold, and though Scve.,;) 01 the weatlur is fomcwhat milder, wlien the wind gets into tiie South or Eaft quarter, yet ucl)cc arc the proprietors of this Bay, where they have lately difcovcrcd an exceeding good lead mine. Six leagues farther is a promontory of a prodigious height, which terminates a chain of mountains running more than four hundred leagues to the Wcftward ; this is called Cap Tcurment, or Stormy Cape. The anchorage is exceeding good here, fincc llie num- tapr.-;««f:/ jj^j. of idjpjs of all fizcs which furround it, make it a place of very good (hclter. The Iflc of Orii- "loft co'i'idcrablc of thefc, is the Ille oi Orleans, the fields of which arc extreme'y well a,„. cultivated, and as they rife in the fliape of an amphitheatre, prefent the eye with a moft plcafing profpedl. This ifland is about fourteen leagues round, and was in 1676, creat- ed into an earldom, under the name and title of St Laurent, in favour of Francois Ber- tMot, fecrctar) general to the artillery, who bought it of Francois de Laval, firft Biihop of ^fciec. It had in 1720, four villages, and they now reckon in it fix very populous parifties. Oi the two channels which this ifland forms, the South is only navigable for lliips, for even floops cannot pafs by the North channel except at high water. Thus from Cape Tourtnent, you muft traverfe the river to go to ^ebec, and this way has its difliculties. Tlierc are moving fands in the way, which often want water for the largcft Hiips, fo that they dare not engage with them till the tide begins to flow. This ein- barraflmcnt might be fliunned by taking the pafs of M. Iberville. Cape Tourmente, whence they take their departure to make this traverfe, is at a hundred and ten leagues diftance itrti. St PeulBiy. p*i: f'^ ti^» .,; ;li- habitants generally in very good circumllances. W heii Jacques dirtier firll difcovered "'■'• this ifiand, he found it covered with wild vines, whence lie g.ive it the name of the ^A- of Bticchui, Hut fince this navigator, who was u native ot Bretagne, there arrived a colony from Normandy, who grubbed up the vines, and turned the ground into tillage, fo that it now produces good wheat, and excellent fruits. Some time fince they began to cultivate tobacco, and witii tolerably good tuccels. Three miles from this illand ftands ^teiec, the capital city of all Canada. Defcription cf QJJ E B E C. * S>UEBEC, fo called from a word in the Algonkin tongue, fignifying a Arait. City o» 4>a/. The river St Lawrence, which is generally from four to five leagues in breadth all *'' the way, from its mouth to the fpot on which this city ftands, that is, for about a hundred and feventy leagues from the lea, grows narrow all at once, fo that at i^ebec C it • V. X P L A N A r I O N A. Rcfiilfr.cc nf the Governor genera). F. B. Ritrtry of the Fort of twenty five Ciuns. K C. Ksire rami di /a I'u-liirr. tile raritli Cliurch of the Ci fxiKiT 'I'wn, built in Memory of the uifmg of tlie Siepe in !( (;'\ D. '1 he Nunj of the Congregation. of tie P 1. A N. F.. Cnv:ilier of the Wir.dmill. K. I rlulinc Convent. Ci. keeollet Convent. H. I he Jtfuits College and Church. K. The Houfe of the Intendant, called \\\e Palace, whert tlic Supreme Cour.cil of CanaJa all'cmblcs, ( 11 Y«F Qi i:be(^ IWlMTVl. of (AN AD A. iis itCurrt'iuit'i-iii i8 S»"|»li'iiil»ri^.;») to tlio JlRrnSHFLKK'I'aml ARMY - i ommum/f^l h ViiY Ailm'S.if'XItKRS . K- lin(!iiui'.''.M/t//t/tmt-m,-n t'/'f^- nitMiut 4»/' Y.,t'uitUurri'i/uH'i'mi>m// V , I \'m^n/of'tht- 1 A--«^W Xujkt K\ 4i'rnnm/i>/'tikt /C^vUi^rk'titKi I S? r. A V U i: N (' i: (»r the G R K A T U I V E U r.illcdl.v \hc / x\ s a x s II () S II K I " as ■* * A^ .* Ho S II E I. A (; A or (' A N A I> A R I V V. R l\ii/ J1..I II ,.'ijiii.' /■ ;./ ./ /'.i/ti.i/ii, .:l ./.lit "■ i^s r^l-.'^v /A' .' /. . ;/j .ir , 'li-i.i.r , ■ ■/, /',.,■ yt D E S C: R I r I I () N Fi'ic Cjf.ailr it is not uliovc a mile over. 1 lie .'/tc//..y///s a I'av.v.r n.itinii, wliof- l.infin^e i> a dialed ol iIr' Algwkri, till it i^/>libtc, that ii to lay, toncciliil. nr hi l.lfii. ki.iulc as you conic ti>'in the little river i'l-'JuJirrr, the coinmun luliai^c ot the Uva;;i» trom 'A'-tv/ Sit:i,!, Ill their way loilii^ tity, the jioint of Lc-. /, which ictts out licyciiil tho lllc vi O'lfiim, entirely hiilcs «hc Ji»")tl» (.Ii.iiiirI dI the river St iL rinvNv, us tiit llle «it 0/7r<»;/nl(xs tliat ot the ri'Mth, uiuJ you tan only ke the port, which vicwtvl iiomlhi* |K)ii)t api>cars like a large lulon. TIk \\\\\ ()l>ict;l that pri tents iticif, as you enter ti>c roail, i* a iinhle cafcaJc, or (hect of water, thirty loot in hcaiUli, and lorty Inch, talliiu' jidl by the entry ot the lillcr ih.innclol the lllc o» Orlfans, and tirll li:tn lidin that Ion;; jxunt, mj the louth lide ot the tivtr, which, ai 1 have obltrved, letnis juintd to tie lllc ot Oiii-.i/n, This beauti- Jul piece ot" water is t.illid the Tall of M iitiiijrtnd, from an admiral ot that name, wiH) with his nephew the Duke tl"<, river in the iinivcrle, capable of containing a hundred Ihips ot war. Ihc North Will luic ol tilt; city is walhed by the river >Si i'.barlfi, between which and Cz/'i* Diaimn.i, i^ifikr is lituatcd. Clote to this Cape is the anchoring; plate, in twenty live l.itlioin water, t;ooi ground, thoui;li when the wind Wdws hard at north ead, ihips are apt to drive, but without danger. When .S'uiiulcd this tity in i6o'', the tide lonictiincs Howcil to the toot ot the rock. Since that time, the river has by »lci;rees retreated, and Icit dry a large Ipacc ot" ground, on which the lower town is built, and at prelent, lulliticntly elevated above the water mark, to lecurc it from any fears ot an inun.iation. The lirll CieyJefciib'il thing you meet at landing is .\n open place, ot a nvKJer.ite compals, and irregular form, with a row of houlcs in tiont, tolerably well built, and joined to tlie rock b;.liind, lo that they have 20 feet dejith backwards. Thele form a pretty long llreet, which takes up all the breadth of the grouiul, ami extends from right to lift to two paliagc*, which leaii to the high town. This opening is Iwunded on the Ictt by a fm ill church, and on the i..;ht by two rows of houlcs running jvirallel to each other. There is alio another range of buildings between the church and the port ; and along the lliorc, as you go to (.'.;/'(• DtiimcnJ, there is a prcttv long row oi hoiiles on the edge of the bay, Bn of Ml- called the Hay ot Mctbcn, This quarter may be looked iipi 1 as a kir.d of liibuib to the Lower Town. Between this luburb and the great (Ircct, Vfui go up to die hi^Tli town, by a pafTa;:© fo lleep, that they have been obliged to cut liens in the rick, fo tliat it is only p.illa- ble to perlons on foot. Hut .is you go from the opening or place on the right, there is another way of a much gentler alcent, with houles on each lidc. In the pl.icc whcro thele two pallliges meet, Inrgins the high town towanls the river, for there is alfo an« fithcr lower town towards the river .St C.kirlfi. The firll building worthv of notice as you afcend from the former on the right, ii the epilcopal palace ; the Icit is t.ikea up with private houles. About twenty paces beyond this, you tiiid yourli. If between two large Iquares ; that i.r the icit, is the place t-1 am-, ailjoining to uliich is the fort, the relidencc of the go.crnor general ; oppolite to this, is the convent of Krcollets, and p.irt of the I'quarc is taken up with well built houles. In thi. liiiure, on the right, Ilands the cathedral church, which is alio the only parilh church 111 the pLicc. The Seminary lies on one lidc, in a corner, formed by the great river, and the river St Cbjrlf:. Oppolite the cathedral is the Jeluits college, :.nd in the iquare between, liandlome buiM- ings. From the place of arms run two lirect;, crollcd by a third, which I'mn a large lipure or ille, entirely taken up by the thine h and convent ot the Recollet:.. The ftcond lijuare has two dc. cents to the river tit (l\irUi ; one Vipv fieep, ailioinini^ to the leminary, with but lew loulcs ; the other near thi- Jeluit. iiicloltire, wliicti winds very much, has the liofp!..il on one lide about nii.l-way, and i^ bi rdtre>l with liiiall houlcs. 'I'hib goes to the pil./i., the relidencc ot the ii.teiKi.int of the provic.if. On the other fide the JefuJts »-c 1 »^e near heir tl urch, is a putty long llreet, in which is the convent of L'rfuhae-."' 'un=. '•. may be pcmarked alio, liut ilie liigh t^vva ij built on a iouiid,iti(in of rock, partiv luarble, an I ,>.itly ll.ife. N..m'xr of riiis lity has a pretty large t>''ent, .::mof^ all ;hc houi'es are bui!t of flonc, and it ;ind i:i )->?, the number \va lompii- t.d Pfincipl buiMlFgi. mhibiuii'!. contaii.ed in J720, about fcvcn tiioul.iiid fuuls ^f 1 N A n A. Igri. ted to he I 5,000 inlialiit.intJ, arul 500 (olilicn. 'I'hc iluirtli ol ;hc lower tf)wn w,ii Ctur>i>Df»>.r Ih;:U in (1 nlcqiitni" ot a v('W 11 ..Jc during the I.cgc i J .'^.Av in 1690. lti»ioii;e- \J,Jl t.rjtci.1 utulir the iiaric oi Our Liiity tj k tilers, and fcrvct as x iliapcl of ealc to die inlijl)it.(r.ts tJ'thc 1 ivvcr tuwn. The liuilding u (lain, it« chict ornament hcini; it^ ix.it. ncU ami rnin'hi.ity. i>i)ine lillcrs of the congrci',.itior. *ic ititlcd hwiwccn thit. church anil the pott I thf' unlKf i. tour or five, and they keep a (• Ijool. Tlie luiliopS p.. , J hai> nothiiif? finilJiLd but the ihapcl, nnd put of the hiiilding dc- U.ii.'Y > r> fi^md by llie plan, whiili is a loni^ tjuadranglc ; when tiniihed, it will Ik; a tine '""' (tri."'turc. Ihc garden extendi to the brow ol tlic hill, tfn<< coninundt the roitd, and has a noble ami moll dcliv^httul prol'c<«j,(.,,:ife to it, the lltti of Orl,;ini, Ut.ut.-.i a' id tilt Uinks of die rive;i Jt Lavtincf ;;i;.i bt ihiilci, on both lidck, cxhi'.)itin3 a inoU riuii't cni!).intinj» mcilley of forelb, rivers, hills, valley, mcadovv.s and corn landi., fo that kartc any where is to be Icrn a terri-. more n»Jt;nilicciitly fifii.ited. It i'l alni'Ul incon- ceivable what a Ihiking light there mult b.- lioin tliii promontory, were the coinitty about it peopled ai it po'l'ibl" mi.:ht be, and ccit.iiiily on many accounts dclervcs. 'f'hc c.ithciir.d, I'o f„r trom woitliy of btini; the imtropolit.m chinch of lo large ac.ibtJi»! province, wheUicr yju 1'h>I' upon the exterior or internal part ot the llrutture, !■> Icjrce luperior to a countiv tiu -ch in Kurafft. It has a very i»i^h tower, built in a very lolid iii.ii'.r.L'r, an i which at a ilillance makes no ill .ip|x.aijnce. The Iciniiury wliitli j jins ;i.,..iiuo the church i. .i 1. . liiuare, and what part of it is yet hnilhcti, is in good talle, and has all til ■, '>nvcniencics proper ti^r the climate. It was twice burnt to the ground, lirit ip 171 ., and aj:iin in (Kfofir 170,-, as it wa< jiill rebuilt, lince which it has been erected a thinl time. I'rom the garden yuu fee the road, and the river St Cliir/it as far as tlie fi^'J" lan extend. The tort is a handlome building with two wing». You enter by a fpacious and regular court, hut there is no garden, bccaulc it is built on the edge ot the rock. This delce't is ;'u;i|'licd in foine meai'ure by a fine gallery, with a balcony or balullradc, which fiiiroiiiu!!) tlie buililiii;'. It conimands the road, trom the miildle of which a (peaking lru;n[X't may be heaul, and you fee all the lower town uiu'.er your feet. Leaving the tort, .iS you go to-.vards the lelf, vou crofsa pretty large etpLinade, and by an eafy dclccnt you reach the luiiimit of (.'tif>/ JJuimcnJ, which forms a molt delightful terras. Bclides Caf/D-j-..iJ the bcaiitvof the prolpect, you breath the purell air imaginable, and may Ice numbers of porpoilef , white as inow, playiiii^on the turface of tlie water. On this Cape alto arc lound a kind of diimoiuN, liner than thole of ytkn^ori ; ntid, what is linguKir enough, loine ot th.in lut by nature every bit as well as if done liv the ablell artill. The great tjiiantity of iiiele lloiics found here in lormcr times is wivat gave name to this Cape : At pi lv.nt they are very Icarce. The delcent towards the country is yet more eafy than tiut on the other lidc of the cfplanade. The Fathers Recollcts have a large r.nd fine church, capaidc of doing them ho- ^^^■■■'"■^ ""' ncur even a: / rr/,:i,',',-s. It is neatly wainliotted, and adorned with a large gallery, fome- Kcculieu'. whit heavy, but ihe work rouml it, winch i-; of wooil, and is the workmaiilhip of a lay-brother, is very well done. Another brother called Father I.uii' has adorned it with p.;iiuiin',s, mucii ellcemed by the coiiiioiilcurs who travel this way. 'Ihe c>)nvent is anlwcr.iblc to the church, large, ' lid, and commodious, with a fpacious g.irden, kept ill j'ot^l order. llu- consent of the Urfulin Nuns has fulVereil twice by fire, like the feni.'iary. torn rrt of » '1 ' ir reveille is betides lo Imaii.and the portions they receive with the young (.'ii//j.//<;n ' V"""^'"'» Lilic?, I > inconii»icr.d)le, that the tiril time their home was burnt, they were u[xin the point ot litin^; lent Kick to I 'am;- -, they have, however, touiid mean< to recover them- Iclves each time, and their chureh is adiiially finilhed. They are all L)dged in a neat and (. iimmodicjiis manner, the mft reward of the character they Ix'ar in the colony, as well .1:. their liug.ility, temp«r.i! ..c nd indutfry, in ulcful works ot a gooil talle proper lor the lex, tuch ai guildin ^nbroiJering, which are their ulual employment.-. Tlie coILue ot the Jelu.: .\ : .J> has been talked of as a very tine piece ot aichi- GiiVfc jt,i till-, and po.libly was tho«*,^tH lo with tome grounds, when i^if/>i'i w.i8 no more til. .11 an at'vinbl.ige of hx .»»> and butts of i.ivage;, lince the city wore lo dijVcient a ta c, V. 13 become rather .. loil than an >— mtnt tii i^ and threatned to tumble down every dav. It is now lei^uilt with grci it»..gnilKCiKc, and judly merits the char.icler it lo bnj L:;rc. Tiie garden is large and well kept, and terminated by a linall wood, the C .: remains liurch ..f lU Jiiu.;-. ^DESCRIPTION remains of that ancient toiert, whitli once covered the whole nunnit.iin. Tlic cluirch has notliin;: he.iutitiii without, but a lian.home llccplc : It is covcrcil with ll.ite, in ivhicli it lias the .iiiv,:nt.i;;c ot all the chualus in Ca't.iJ.i, whicii urc imly rooteil with planks. Tlie inliiie ct it is lii^hly ornanitnttii, the gallery is li;^ht anii bold, and has a balurtradc ot iron gilt, of j^ood worknianihip. Ihc pulpit is all gilt, and the wood ami iron work txquilite. There arc three altars well plated, I'ume good picture, the root not arched, but its tlat ceiling agrceabl) ornamented. The lloor is of wood and not llone, whicli make, this the only church where one i^ tolerably warm in all ^flnr. '.' c'iillLii. The Hotcl-dicu, or hol'pital, has too great halls, appropriated to the diiFtrent fexcs. The beds arc clean, the lick carchilly attended, and everv tiling neat and commodious. T.'ie church adjoins to the womeiisap.irtmeiit, ami has nothing remarkable init the paint- ings of the great altar, which are very line. The houle is I'crvtd by tlu- Nuns hol'pi- talcrs of St yhi^dllith; and ol the congicgation of the mercy of yr/«j, the lull of wlioni tame here from Dicp[^c. Their apartments are convenient, and as their l.oules arc lituated on the declivity ot the hill, on an eminence which conunands the river St U:tjr!c:\ they enjoy a toler.iblc gocKl proipcct. 1 ;.(■ P,i!acc. The lioule ot the intemiant is called the palace, becaufe the fuprcmc council alleiii- ble here. It is a large building to which you after.d by a double riiglit of lU-ps. The tront to the garden, whiLii has .i profpct't to the river St Charles, is much more agreea- ble than that you enter at. The king's m.igavincs form the right fide of tlic court, and the prilun lies behind them. The gate you enter at is hid by tlie mountain, on wliich Hands the high town, and wliich, on this lide, only prefents the eye with a Aeep and iinpleafing rovk. It was confiderably worle before tlie fire, wliich reduced it to allies in 1726, for then it had no court, and the building a»ijoined to the llrcct, which is here very narrow. Tollowing this llrcct, or, to fpcak more properly this road, you enter tlic countrv, Ti.- prnrii and about a ijuarter of a le.igue dilhuit you find the general hofpital. This is not lloipiul. only the fiiiell building in all Ciin.uLi, but would even do honour to any city in Eurrpi-. Tb.c Ri\clii-is were lormcrly in poHdlion ot this ipot ot ground ; St ( \iiiir, billiop of ."^//./'.v, Ixjught it of them, removed them into the city, and laid out an hundred thouiand crowns in the building, furniture, and ciulowment. The only taiilt of thia edifice is its tnarlliy fituation, which they had fome thoughts of amcndnig by means of drains cut towards the river St Ch/irla ; a remedy, which thofe wiio have been on tlie (pot believe to be exceeding ditHcult, il' not impracticable. This noble llrutture is tor the reception and rcliet ot fuch artilans, hamiicr.iftlmen, or other-, whole great age or infirmities may have rendered them inc.ip.ible of getting tiieir liviu'.:, ami luth are always admitted, a> tar as the lounii.ition will admit. This I'oumiation ii a colony from the Hotel J)itu at i^iic, and the perfons admitted here wear a lllver crofs on their bieall, to dillinguilh them from thofe of the old loundation. Thirty nuns, who are generally ol gcKnl t.imiiies, attend the I'ervice of this holpit.d, but as they a-'c often poor, the bilhop tlieir toiinder has given portions to I'evcr.il ot thcni. .';^/(i7'(r is ncjt regularly tortihed, but tlity have been long at work to render it ca- pable of lullaining a liege. Its fituation renders it niturally Itrong, .iiid it would Ik; Fottificiii )i; . 110 cafy mutter to redute it in it> preleiit tondition. The port !■> iLmked by two hadions, vvhith, at the high tuits ut the eiiuinoxc^, .ire almoll even with tlic w.iter. A little iiigher, over tlie baliiop towards the right, i- a h.df-bartion, cut out of the rock ; itnd ;i!ii,ve th.it nearer the tort, i^ a b.ititry o| twentv-five piece, of iinnon. Higher llill is a Iquare twrt, i.illed the C'lt.idcl ; the way-' th..t communic.te between thefe forts arc extremely rugged. To the ktt ot the port, ijuitc along the roati, a; t.tr as the river St Cl.uirlis, .uc llrong b.itteries ol cannon and mortars. On the angle ot the citadel, facing the city, tlicy liavc built what the tngillecr^ tali an Orf/7/<' ,/,• iiiiiii'^n, Irom ulu-nte they h.ivc drawn a lloping euitain, whitli joins to a very hii^Ii cav.dier, on whieh there is a windmil loitilietl. A. \ou come ilown trum tin. ta- valier, you find, within iiiurtict-tliot. a Utwa lonifitd with a lultiui!, .md, at an ei)ual liilhiiRC, .1 keoiid. The ileligii sv.i> to c(A'er all tlii^ p.iit \sitli .( tininterkarp, haviii" the l.ime angles a-, the b.illions, ami tniling at the eMieiiiily nt the loek, ne.ir the hi- temiaiit's pal.ue, where there i- alie.idy a linall redoubt, as there is another on C".ipo D:,:)';:>i,t. This deligii has ii'jt, it lcem\ been tarried into exetiitiun, thuuuli for wliat lealon is haul to Jay. Tlic 10 Lliurcli ill ivjiitli ii plaiiks. 3alullradc r(jn work It .uclicii, wIulIi of CANADA, The The number of inhabitants being conlidcrably intrcafcil, they p-afs tlicir time P'>f"tain v< >/ iiiTccabiy. The Ciovcrnor-gcncral, with liis houlhold ; Icvtral of the no- J^'',;'J„'I"'- ' b!' re, of fxcceding p'Hxl tainilics ; the otikcra of the army, who in France a all gentlemen ; the Iiitendant, with a Uiprcinc council, and the inferior m:i- giib.itcs ; the L'ommilLry of the marine ; the (irand Pr.ovoll ; tlic Grand Hunter ; till Cirand Marter of the waters and forcft.s who has the moft cxtcnfive jurifdidlion in the world ; rich Iner^.hant^, or luch as live as if they were lb ; the Bifhop, and a numerous feminary ; two colleges of RecoUcts ; as many ot JjUiifi ; with three Nun- neries ; amongll ail thele you are at no lofs to find agrecab'e company, and the mod entertaining convtrfation. Add to this the diverfions ot the place ; fuch as the aficm- blies at tlie I .ady Ci(n'ernc(s's and Lady Intendant's ; parties at cards, or of plealure, fuch as, in the winter on the ice, in jlcdgts, or in Ikaiiing ; and in the fummer in chaifes or canoes ; alfo hunting, which it is iiiipoiriblc not u be lond of, in a country abouiidnig with plenty of game of all kinds. li i> remarked of the Caiuidiaiis, that their convcrfation is enlivened by an air ofciunfler rf frejdoin, which is natural and peculiar to them ; and that they I'pcak the hrei:ch ,n ''''''"'■'"'""'' the griatcft purity, and without the lead falfe accent. There arc few rich people in that colony, though they all live well, arc extremely generous and hofpitabic, keep very gooil t..tiies, and love to dreis very finely. They arc re<.koned well m.ide, and to have an exceeding fine ompiexion, witty in their converfation, p(jlite in their behaviour, and moll (/hliging in their manners. The CtnuiJiti-s have carried the love of arms and ot glory, lb natural to their mother-country, along with them, for which reafiii, \hx\- have little of the narrow feltilh fpirit ot the merchant in them ; and, as they never entertain any thought of amafling, they have therefore little to lofe ; lb that war is not op.ly welcome to them, but coveted with extreme ardor. It i> eafy to ima- gine the conlequencc ot fuch neighbours to the /?;////'!' colonies, immerled in luxury, and a prcv to all the palVioiis which accompany cafe and riches, were ihc Curia Jitins lieaded by fuch gcncr.il.; as }ra>icf has formerly had, with an ambitious and wife prince on the throne. Or, at liritaiti therefore cannot be too watchful and expeditious to prevent the danger, whilfl her precautions are of any moment or avail to lier. Three league.- from i^u'trc is the Loretto o( Aorth America, a village of the Ilurons, ^„,r,ij„u. in which is a chajK'l, built after the moilel of the Santa Ccfa, in the city of that name in "'" lta!s\ decoratcil with an iinage of the Virgin Mary, taken tr(;m the flatuc in the Holy Caty. 1 his feat of the devotion of the Ca'ta.liam is lituated in the moll frightful wildernels imaginable, aiid funous for the refort of the devotees of thofe parts, wlio, whether through fancy or religion, arc laid to be lei.xd witii a certain facrcd horror, which is not to be refilled, as alio tor the piety of the inhabitants. This village was formerly very populous, but dilcales, or fbme other ui, known caufe, which has almoll nnniliil.iied all the lavage natioiii of N'^rtb ylnu-rna, have very much reduced the num- ber of its inhabitants. Sivcn leagues from the capital is the Pint aux TrcrniHes. This is one of the better riUmmx fort of parillits in this country. The church i> large, and well built, antl the inhabi- ^'■'■^'"• tints live very comibrtably. In general, the old fettleis here are richer than t!ic lords of the manors ; the rcalbn of which is, that thele latter being incapable of improving their ell.itLS tiieinlelves, as lx;ing heads of comnvariitie^, ollicer<, or gentlemen, who wanted the ncceliary funds for Inch an undertaking, were obliged to let them out to other lettlcrs at a very Imall quit-rent, fo that the revenue of a loi-d, who has an cllate of two k.igucs in front, and an unlimited depth, is very inconlidcrable. After travelling levcntcen leagues farther, you come to the h.ibitation of a French gentlem..n in AVw F.nglanJ, lituated on the river liecanccurt, formerly Riiiere Vuante, or the Stinkii^ River, fo called from the defeat or total extermination of the Ircquet R,\cr>tMi\ u nation, .meiently called Onncuharonnom, by the Al^cnkins, which happened in this '■'!;' "' "'• river, tiic waters of vvhicli were infedcd by the great niimlH;r of the dead Inxiics of '■"''*"' thofe who fell on this occalion. He^anccurt, which is a village of the jihena'jttis, is far fron* being lb populous as it has been fbme years. Thele Indians are reckoned the bc'l Frencb partilans in the whole country, and were always very fbrward in making inroaiis into the inland parts of New K'li^ianJ, where the tcrrcjr of their name has fonjctimes given alarms to lic/hn iticlf. They were equally Icrviccable to the French againll the Irccjuois, being not inferior in courage to thofe lavages, and far beyond them ill point of .'.it'ciplinc. They are all C'hrilliar.s, and were remarkably devout when I) newly !• .-/ DESCRIPTION } ; i m newly converted ; but the ciirhantmcnt of hniiniy, wlilch tlicy never tiriiik but with a delign to get iliuuk, has not ctily, f.iy the mifiion.iries, ab.itcii the Icrvour of tlicir |'itty, but made them dr.uv nearer to the iv/q///^' fcttleineiits, sMnon;;!! whom tlic deloiaiity of this vice huS no fuch tffedts. r,ii»ht leagues larthcr is tlic town called TROIS RIVIERES, or THREE RIVERS, in the moft charming fituation that can be imagined. It is built on :i land . dccli- vitv, but the whole extent of barren ground is no more tiian that wiiiih v ill Ik; \w\\ fufticient to contain the place when it grows tolerably l.irjc, which i^ not its Calc at prcfcnt. Excepting this fingic difadvantagc, it is furrounded witli every thing that can render a city delightful and opulent. A river half a league In breadth run- cloic under it, beyond that you have the profped oi a molt beautiful country, the fields of whicii are extremely fertile, well cultivated, and crowned with the noblcll forreih in the imi- verfe. A little below, and on the fame fide of the city, the river M Lc^'rcncc receives into it a very tine river, divided into tiirec branches, from wiicncc it takes the name of Trcis Rivieres. Dtfcription The city or town of Trois Rhit'rft, contains bnt about fcvcn or eight hundred "' ""'"""■ pcrfons, and has fomc mines in its neighbourhood, whiili .irc capdi'e of enriching it whenever they (hall tliink fit to work them. The lituation is wiiat renders it oi great importance, and it is one of the nnblcif ellabliihments in the colony. It has conftantiy been the leat of a governor from the firft planting of CnnaJti, wiio !ias a tii .'Ufand crowns falary for himfelf, befidcs his hoiidiold. Utrc isallb a convent ol Rccolicts, a handfume churcii, where thefc fathers otriciatc, and a very fine holpital afiioining to the convent of the f V//.//hc Nuns, in iuiml->cr of forty, whole oilkc it is to attend it. This is another foundation of i^e St la/irr, liifhop of i^uefier, f.s early as the year 1650. The fencchal, or lord fteward, of Nnc Frjiice, whole iurifdidlion has lincc been abforbed by the fuperior council and intend.mt of ii^uiSir, had formirrly a licutciMnt at tlie 'Jlne Rivrrs. At prefent this city has a court of jufticiary in ordinary, the preliucnt of which is a lieutenant general of the king's forces. This city was anciently, tliat is in the firft beginning of the colony, greatly rclortcd to for the fake of trade by different InJian nations, and p«rticularly tht r'ofl northern, who ufcd t) C(,inc down by the Thif Rivers. The conveniency of the place, joined to its great trade, was what determined fevcral French to fettle here, and the nearncfs of Riehelicu River, then called Irc^ucis River, induced tiie governor general to build a fort, in whicii lie placed a ftron;^ garrifon. This port was regarded in thofe days xs one of the molt important in all CaUiiJd. But Ibme time after, the I'hiitvj; growing weary of the continual vexation of the Ircqu'iis, from whole ravages the Ertneh themklvcs were* hardly late, all the p.illagcs being fhut up by that nation, who conftantiy lav in ambulh about them, lio that the CiinaJian Indians could hardly think thcmlclves fecurc under the cannon of the fort, left off bringing their furs. Tlic Jeliiits, with their pn^klytes, retired to Cape Magdalen, three leagues below ; but, whether by the inconltancy natural to thole In- dians, or through a long I'eries of wars and difcafts, which have almoft lieltroved this infant church, this million was of no IcMig dur.ition. There is, however, Hill here a troop of ///^');;j.v/«i, baptized in their infancy, but who have nothing more of Chritli- anity about them. taint Si P,ur Two leagues from trois Rivieres l>cgins lake St Peter, about three leagues IvoaJ, and five long, fo that the fight has nothing to confine it on that lidc, where tlie l>rams of the letting fun fecm to link into the water. This lake, which is notliing but the widening of the river St Lawrence, receives into it leveral other rivers that bv con- tinual encroachments on the low land^ near their mouths h.lpto form this l.tkc, whicli no where is fo deep as the river St Laurence, but in the middle, the other part:, being navigable only for canoes, and that with fomc difficulty. To make amends for this defedt, it is full of leveral forts of the molt excellent tilli. Crofs Lake St 'Peter, on the Ne-w England fhorc, lies the canton of 5/ Francit, ftitUfiiu t/,, ^' '^* Wcflcrn extremity of the lame lake appcirs a prodij-.ious nuiltitudc of illands, called Richelieu (/lands ; and on the left, as you come from ::^uel)et., fix others on the coaft of a bay, into which dilchargcs itlelf a very line river, th.it takes its rili* ui the neighbourhood of A'^rtf Tori, The iilatuls, the river, ami ;'ll the cmintrv whiih it wa- ters, bear tlic name of St Francis, Each ol thclc illand» is a good ijuaUcr ul a le.iuuc Ions, of CANADA. II Init with ii tlxir |iitty, (icloiinity nd .' dccli- V'ili Ik: |u cannon of d to (.".ipc ) thole ///- Irovcd this till' here a uf Chrilli- ;iies broad, tlie I'canis il; l^ut tlic t hv con- st, whith urts bciii;» is for this t l-'finiiis, of itlands, rs on the ilt* in the H h it wa- t a le.iv'.nc long, I lon-^, hut their breadth is various ; tiiofc of RicLvlifu arc the largcft. All of them lornierly abounded in deer of feveral forts, poats, and ottcis ; great quantities of game, and a vafl ptolufim of liih, both in the river and in the hike near it. TIic foil of this canton, if one may judge of it by the trers it bears, and by the little already cultivatcii, is exceeding good. The inhabitants, however, are far from being rich, and would be reduced to the lafl degree of it.digence, were tiicy not fup- norted in fome meafurc by tlie trade they carry on with the neighbouring Indians. Thefc arc the ^-ihcuaquii, and amongil them ionic j^lgonktns, Sukoiirs, and Makin- g(ins, otherwile called fCoifs. Their village lies on the banks of the river .S7 fraruis, about two leagues from its mouth, and in a moft delightful fituation. The French give them the charadlcr of being _very docile, being all of them Chriilians, and moft jifleiflionatc to their nation. This whole country has been for a long time the theatre of many a bloody fccne, as it was the moft expoled to the inroatls of the enemy, vvhilfl the war with the hoqw.is laftcd. Thcle Indiana ufed to comedown by the Irc-jwn river that falls into the river /,-.«»; f.rce St Linarcnce^ a little higlier than •he lake St l\tct\ v.\ the tame fide witii th.:t of St '^":/ :,"'''"'' I'mncis, and for that realon it iKjrc their name ; fince that the I'ri/ub have called it ,,vV: Sorel, and now linhlicu river. The illcs of Riih/icu \c:\cd them as tit places to lie M" of Riv- in ambulh, or for a retreat, but fince this way has been lluit up by the Frenib fort S:rc!, '"" built at the mouth of the river, they iiave changed th^ir rout, coming over land above and below it, principally directing their niotions to the canton of St //w;. /f, where they found the lame conveniency of plundering and ravaging tlic country, and where tliey have perpetrated the molt horrid cruelties. In this manner they over-ran the whole country, which obliged the inh.ihitants to T""P"ry build a kind of fort in each parilh, to ferve for a retreat in cale of an alarm. In thtfc forts, which were only (b many large enclofurcs Jcnced with palliladocs, with redoubts in proper place«, arc centinels, who keep watch night and dav, and fomc pieces of fmall cannon, to give the fignal to the inhabitants to be upon their guard, or ii^r afiilbnce in cale of an attack. The church and the manor-houfe were generally in thofc places of fecurity, the remaining fpace being to receive the women, children, and cattle. Weak as thelc fortretlcs are, thry have generally aniwercd tiie end they w:rc built for, none of tlicm having ever been forced by the Iroquois, againit whole infults and fury tlicy were intended. Thefc favagci h..vc rarely fo much as attempted to keep them blockaded, or, if they ever di. A mnrf pr :. :br .Id cripiion. Churchei ir.d Lui.vcnt Ne» runntry /Infplial Ce- Drr;U. M O N T R I-: A I, i cr V ILL E M J R J E, is fituatcd on the ilLiiiil of Montreal, fix leagues aiul a halt" in length from Eaft to Well, anii mar tlircc leagues ov\.r in the bro.uicll part. The moiint.iin from which it has its name, and on which the city i^ built, ftands at an equal dillancc from both ends, and about haU a league from the banks of the river St Z./;-u.r,7;n- on the Soutli lide of the illand. The city was called I'llle Marie by the foumiers, and that name it llill retained in all public adls, and by the lords, or proprietors, who arc very jealous in this point. The Superiors of liie kiiiinary of St Si/ipuius are not only proprietors of the citv, but of the whole illami. Wherefore as the foil lierc is not only cvcellcnt, hut all in cultivation, and the city lull as populous as .';^<cc: Be- fore, it was quite defcncelcfs, and equally txpoftd to rhc infults of the Englijh and Indians, till the Chevalier ct, and about fourteen guns without carriages. Alontrcid is an oblong fquarc or quadrangle, and Hands on the banks of the river St I.aMtcncf. It is divide! info the High and Low Towns, tho' the alient from one to the other is fcarcc perceivable. The hotel-dieu, or hof'pital, the king's magazines, and place of arms, arc in the Lower Town, and moll of the merchants have their hou- ll's in this part. In the higher arc the feminary, the parochial church, the convents of the Recolltts, Jcfuits, and the fillers of the congregation, together with the houfes oi the governor, and moft of the oHicers of the garrifon. Ifcyond a rivulet, which cotnes from the North Wefl, and bounds the city on that fide, is the hofpital general, with fcveral private houfes. And tn the right, beyond the convent t/f the Rccollcts, which is fituatcd at the extremity of the city on the liimc tide, begins a kind of fuburb, which in time is like to be a very tine quarter. The Jcluits have but a fmall coiivciit here ; but their church is large and well built. 'I'he convent of the RecoUets is more Ipacious, and the community more nu- merous. The feminary llands in the center of the city ; ami it appears that thole who built it, were more intent on making it foliil and commwiious, than magnificent. Yoii may, however, perceive fomething about it, which carries an uir of dignity worthy of the lord of the manor : It adjoins to the parochial church, which has ninrc of the gran- deur of a cathedral, than that of ^uthiw The noble aii of this temple with the lo- lemnity and moiletly of the worlliip, inlpirc an awcful relpctf for that deity who is the objccl of it. The houfe of the daughters of the Congregatic.n, tho' one of the largcll in the city, is notwithllanding too fmall for the community. Thi.. is the head of the order, and the no- viciate of an inllitutc, which hail its birth in Nt-w Franif, and is a very noble f lun- dation. The Hotel-Dieu is lervtil bv thele lilltr>^, the firll of whom came fn.-in La lUchc in j-lnj'.u. '\'ou fee nothini' of their povertv, which ii. far from being aflcclcd, cither in their hall, which is large and well furnilhcd, or in their t.huich, which is very fine and richly ornamented j or in their houle, which is well built, neat, and commodious ; but they arc very inditferently provided for in rc(pc(;t to their table, though they are indefatigable both in the education cf the youth ut their lex, and in attending the lick. The Ilolpital (leneral owes its cllablilhment to one Chari'.'i, who had allliciatcd hiin- felf with lumc perlons remarkabi-- fur their piety, not only for promoting iliis wuik of charity, but alio for providing the country pariilies with lcll()<)I-^lalU■r^, who iIuniM Ik: to the boy-, what the Daughters of the Congregation \sere, with uljHct to the youth of their own fcx. But this allbciation fooii came to nothing, and the Skut t/jr/ ^/z % from Euft oin wliicii truin both the Soutli that name try jealous proprietors ^ excellent, r lonilhip, tiic people e lituation ic adj.iccnt It an en- hdil order ; clivity to a uebec. Be- Etiglijh and It the peace time, it is but 1 have place was a he river St rom one to magazines, c their hou- coii vents of ^c hout'es ot kfliich comes ital general, ic Recollcfs, J of fuburb, ;c antl well y iiiort nii- t thole wlio iecnt. Voii y \v(jrtliy of of tlie graii- .vith the lo- who ib the ithc ilty, is and the no- noble foun- tainc hern ir^ arteLlcil, h, which IS , ncaf, and tiitir t.ihle, le.v, .iikl ill K.iatC(l hiin- !li^ WDlk of 1) llioiiiii Ik: I tile yowtii was ri ^ J I.' /-;.•. /' '■Si^:''.fei;^ t"','i'- >■'•';• .•.•.••"■■■•.■■.■-■ ..■>■■;.■ •■":i ^'^(* S'*'i. • ■■■ ••:::■.;;.. ... •*.; 'I '•; :\..ij)nl*itAj/:-utijhw7i^t'.T\r7iiir U..I/.-..'././rynvU'//.ii:. y../\l.-K .viA u I M.iAr aiMJ • ' ■,; 'i 1. tia ^ J'jrant . ■•.••>•■.".'..■■';''.■.•'•'' I'.NisJu.t hi ill. '-:'/'' ('•••'.riii'ltfi- /,' ///.I Hi'Mit llii^/im'i^' liif /Virh a;. . ■ ■ ^ /I'.'iv// /lii'/i/h-f.' ih( /}//!,,■ <■/' h, I /•-.'. •!/ (hdiiM i't\>i.'. Mil ,u' /; -,.•- /!■. , I Ml 4^ :|: of C A N J D A. »3 ■ '&■ was Ich by liunieir. This Jul not, however, ililcciira^c liiin j \<< c.vj)tiiJwJ the rc- inaiiuiLT ul liii iDrttiiic, aiul prociiri.il the alhlLiKc <>t li;iiii.' p.Avciiiil pcrloii.-, anil h.itl the plcafurc, bciorc lie dieil, to Uc iiis prujcdt jull .ill ilain',cr ul milcaii yiti'^, .it Itail with relp^'t^t to the Hoipital (icncral, which i) a vciy itiit ItuilJiii^, u!> ij its chuichi which ■!■ no way iiifcrinr to it. The great trariic tor fuii, alter the city u( Trois Rivii/rs ccafw.l to he Ircqueiitcd by the ludiiiui ol the Nt)rtii and Weft, was, lor lomc time, Ci.rricil on at Montreal, whither tholb lavages rclbrtcil, at certain times hom alt p.ifts ol CuiiaJa ; I'o that there was kept a fort ol lair, wliii.li drew multitudes ot" 1'iini.h to this city. The Governor-general and IntLiiilant hunoured it with tlicir prcfencc, and made life ol' this opportunity to comjujle any diirereuccj that mi;',Iit happen to arile between tlitir allies. Tiic place is llill rreijuented by tl.t Cur.uiuin Inu'iitin, who often conic hither inrrii!.f,r companies, but not by lar in hieh numbeib as lornurly, the war of the /A-cyKon iiin- »>"«"' «i«c«v. dcrini; the great concouric ot tliofe nations. In order to remedy this evil, magazines, with forts, luvc been ereclcd in moil part-, of the eunntry, with a commandant, and a garrilbn, ftrong enough to lecure the niereliaiuiizc. The Indiain are always fond of a gnnfmith, and amongft fevcral ol them tliere arc miil'unaries. In J 688, fonie chiefs of the Five Nations, fcnt on an einbairy to the Pi\ncb go- vernor at M'jiirrtiil, were, through his perfidy, intercepted at one ot the fall;, on diu'ttra- gui River by the Dino/uLiJiis, their enemies. This oulr.igc aiul indignity againft the rights of amballiulors, anim.ittd the conl'ederatcs to the keeiieft tliirll alter revenge ; and on the 26th ui "July tliey landed 1200 of their men on the boutli tide of the illanil of Montreal, while the freiich were in perfect lecniitv ; burnt their lioufes, f.iek.ed their plantations, and put to the fword all the men, womtn, aiiil children without the Ikirt? of the town. (3nc thoufand I'mub were llain 111 thi-. inv.ifion, and twenty-fix carried otT, ami burnt alive. .Many more were made j)rifoiiers in .mother att.ie'r; in Ochh.r k.llow- ing, when the lower part of the illand was wholly dellroyeil. Only three of the con- federates were loft in thii Icenc (d mifery and delolation. Ntvcr ilid C <,«/( w*;. , than the gar- rifon abandoned tiiat fort witli fuch precipitation, that one of the battoe'^, with the I'ol- diers x\\\ crew, weij all loft in lliooting a fall. In this c.ilainity all the LiJijth in .dlianec with the iv<7/i.7' dclerte.l them, except the two tribes of the A'l/'/ivV/;;/',;/;; m\\\ Kika- /'..'.: ; the Oulti:.\i!s and feven other nations inilantly made pe.iee with the J'.'r^fi/l', and, but for the uncommon abilitie.. and addrc^^ of the Sieur I'.mt, the WVdern //;- Jic/ii would h.ivc murilered every l'reni:bmjn among them. Nor did the iliftrellls of the l!.:n.:Ji.'Hi '-lul there : numerous parties from the Five N.itions continually infefteil their ImjuLic., anl the /•'./// a/' tlw Rt, :11ft in memory of a M. nk (jf tli.it order drowned in it. The l''>.v.leliaftics of the Semi- nary of i\Lntrt;il had, for a long time, a minion amongft the liiiliii'h near this place, whkli ti: V have lince removed. The t!ii.d aim ot the river is fo taken up with a number of illands, th.it theie is ,. ^^ almoll .IS much land a^ water. This channel is called tbr •Tb'uf.ir.d Ijlc-s, or St yoi-''i'ijj..j"^','/ • Kivcr. At the extremity of the Ijh- ofjtfus is the little Illand Ih ;< I, lb e.dled from E A t •rm:;r H 111.-, /?,l..rrf L.il.«. of till '.'■u J .*■ mit trljinil Ml- \ir»g.-otUif I nil. Vi!I.ijcof/'f ^i.k%laii. A D i: S C R I P T I O N a former proprietor, wlio was a Sv;'ij\ oHicer, and a little h';;hcr towards the South, yoo find the Itl.iiul I'll rof, (o called troin the firft governor of Mintr,al, who was of tl)is luinc. Tliis illaiid is about one league in length, :ind is very good Und. The ill.md />;.•;'•./ tcrniin.itcs the Lake of the Two Mountains, and the illand Pi-rrct fep«- ratcs the lame lake tioin th.it ot Si LmI). The Liik,' of fli' fzio Mcuntaim is properly the opening of the great river, called the Rher r,J the Oul,iu'iiis, into the River St Laurftice, which l>ounds CcKitib on the South. Tiiis Lake in two leagues long, and very near one league and a h.ilf in breadth. The Like of 5/ L uii is fomewhat finaller, and is inilecd no more than a widening ul tin- Kiver Ht Liiurirui'. The foil is excellent all thib way. But the chief defence ot Montreal, and all the country alxnit it were two villages of I'^oqujit Chii'lians, and the fort of l.hiimH\\ an incroaihment in the province at New t'ori. The firft ot thole villages is th..t ot the l'\iH ^f St Louis, lituated on the continent towards the Soutli, and three le.ii^ucs above Montrfnl. Tliis villaj^e is extremely populous, and has aKviys been reckoned one of the ftrongefl barriers of the French againft the unconverted I--'^q:ioii, ;!nd tlie EngHp.^ of .Vii. J'ork. The fitu.ition has been twice removed. Its fecond flation, crt.ihlilhcd in 1708, (about a league from the former] is near 'i rapid current, called the Ftill rf St L:;.ii, whieh name it llill prclerve-S tliauj;h it llands at a conlider.dMe diO.uice from it. It appe.irs to be now fixed for ever, and the church and convent of the Jefuits are, in their kind, two of tlic fiiKll edifices in all dmitJi!. It^ fituatioii is quite charming. The river is very bro.id here, luid i$ interl'perled with I'cveral ill.mds. the profpcdt whereof has a very tine ctTeilf. The Ille oi Muntrenl forms tlie p.*r(peOlive on one fide, the view having r.othin J to confine it on the other, as the Lake St Louis, whicli begins a little higher, c.vtends itfelf beynd the fight. The feioiid villigc is called thccilb^c of tlfTws Mcuntiiim, bccaufc it Hood for i long time on tlie double-headed mountain, which has given its name to the whole ..: "^d. It is fincc removed to the Full of the Rciollft ; and it (lands atprefent on the Ttrr, I'irm.i, near tlie Weftern extremity of the illand. The Lcclefiaftics of tlic Seminary of Mjiilrcil have the government of it. The inhabitants were once famous for their courage and piety, till the avarice of fomc dealers introtluced the trade of fpirituous liquors anu)n;^(l them, which has done as much, if not more, mifchief here, titan «t the million:; of St Fnrtcis and lif^ancourt. tjffj'ifi U Tr,-. Rlt!. CADARAQJJI, cr IROQUOIS RIVER, belon;;ing to the Six Nations, feized by the French, and by them called St Lj'uri-nre River, begini .it what thev call the CitfaiJes, a rift, clofe by the upper end of the Ille Pfrct, which fepar.itcs Lake St Louis from that of the t-;-o Mounlnins. In order to lliun this rift, you keep a little to the right hand, and are obli^;ed, in a particular place, called Lf Trcu, 01 the Hole, to let the canots pals throu^',h it empty : They aie afterwards hauled on (hore, and carried, with all the baggage, on men's llioulder'5, for about Jialf a quarter ot a league higher. This is done with a view to avoiil a (ccond ritt, e.illcd tv/tn n.f: /(• liuifl^'i, the Hujh, which is a fine llicct of water, f.dling troni a flat ruck, aljout half a toot above the level of the water uniicr it. It is potVible to lave pallcni^crs all this trouble and fitiguc, by deepeiiint; the channel ot a river, which lalU into another I xnewhat hltrjicr than the ealcade , an affair of a very trifling expew e. Above the Buij];'i the river is a quarter of a league in brcadtli, .aid the land on both fides covered with fine wxjdf, and i", betides, extremely fertile. It is long fince the grounds on the Northern bank Iiave been begun to be cle;'.red ; and it woulil Ix: no dilHcult undertaking, to make a high-way tioiu the point lu.ir the illand of M'j'Hrt'al, a^ far as the b.iy called la Galettt'. By this means forty le.igiies of an cxtiemcly difficult and tcdioui navigation, occalioned by the ritts in the river, might be laved. Three leagues hence, from UTrou, is another ritt, lalUd the V.eMv iiil! Ri/:, from the great quantity of cedars formerly growing near this place. A fourth 1 iff, two leagues anti a halt hence, is c.dled the ritt of St Fnvuis, from whence tw Lake St I'ni'ui: you have only half a league. Thii lake is liven leagues in Icni'th, and almofl tlirec in brcdlh, where broadcll. The land on both fides iv low, but appear- t > be i-^f an txecllcnt A new hi;;h- ujj profolnl fl Fra'.unih 1 Of CANADA. excellent fuil. The rout from Montrfal hitlicr lies a little towards the Suutit-Wcil, an » truntainl wofJ for Anhifilaii, the mn- vou meet with i clullfr of i(lt-t, tobt callcJ .frc'i^c', »hi..li Jfrn jpprlluimi of (he .f/^.rum Mj't, .K(.r.ii i/a of the i- ri)inrtiinei alio, ai it u hctr, applnrJ 'O the Jsjjjin; .•«■ ft .incienti, frpAratmg <,V,vf« from A/ia, ;ii»l lull of ilUniln, ilhiiJ", it> COiilcli!!. which properly lus ocwiionej j niiiow Tea, i/t limit, »»licre \' Ik f> inltftai • 1 i!/rt7 tttt. f.i i( A I) r. S C R I P T I O N i''.rcuit. I'lic litiulion of It i* in latituilc ^4, 17, a.,il hn fomcthiiit; very Agreeable, bcin ;; on .1 |HiiiiiUil.i, iii.ir^whith i« jl i^oiul luven. The kinks of" the river prcknis every where a hf.mtilui iaruiicific anil i»t .1 Rieat variety, as docs the entry l.ui.etiiius cxtrcmcl this plaic i"- unliralthy by realon of the inarllic kcuiity toL<»«<;«./, but is advantageous Kir the fur trade with thole ol the i'ivc Nation* wlu> live near the lake, and is a very important place in an active war with the I'o'jw.it, as bcin/ pr()p*.rly lituat>;d tor aliembliny; forces delii^ncd to aCl a^ainll them, and to intercept their hunters as they return from 'UkanitiJctiidr, by the K.ill end of Lake 0/;/jr; -. The } rtiub jMo liavc, by means ot this fort, oblij;cd the live N.itioni to retire troin tiicir lands o:j the Nortii Well tide ot the river IrofWjIs, b.-twecn i'/cn- titiiic and M',ntr:\:l, The live Nations in tiie war witli the French, in yuly 168S, wlun tlicy lacked ■Tcat p.irt of the illc o\ AUntital, and in Oilobir lollowing tompltatcd the delliudtioii of the ill.ind, except t.;e city, oecationcd the h'r,>i,-b garriloii at I'ronfrfiiic to dc- llr.iv the two Iv.rks liicy had on Lake (Jnttim, built by the M. r/c Li SoUe, and a!)an- ilon tiij lort by tiic pivernur's order. Hut in their precipitate tll.;lit, tlie niatcli tlicy had l:tt to Mow up the magazine, and one of the b.-llion;:, inili'cd its eitlcl. litty Ircjuriii entered thi- fort, where tiicy lound twenty eip;ht band, of powd.r, and other llorct, whn.il tlicy took away, and kit tlic fort a little d.nna'.^ed and empty. It remained in this eon. iition, abandoned both by the 7 vc//f/> and InJuint, till the re-inft.ilin^ Count FroHtttidi in tl.e government of CV/ff^/Jj, in 1689. That winter levcral young j^entlc- mcn an.i In'.iii'i tr.idcrs laiiie from ^iibfc, and extended their incroachmcnts to this place, and repaired foiiic little damages llic /W/<;;/j had done, and cllablillied thcnilclvcs in this fort. In i^J99 the toiilederatcs or Five N.itions, concluded a j>eace with the Count, and tlie I'rcmb have ever lince kept pollcliioii of I'roiUi-mic and the country from thence to Montrcti!. I'lie //(/.ri continucil in pofTeftion of this place till 17^8, when M.ijor Cicnc- ral y/''i;r(7cw,0y, commander in chief ot tiie 7i/7////.' forces in Ncr/b jlf/u'rict, detached Ideutcn.uU Colonel /Jr(;,///rps within a niile ot I'oit /•>"/- f'-'iui without oppoiition, and the garriiun lurreiulered priluners of war on tiie J7th. — It was a lipure firt of 100 yards the exterior fide, .i\h\ had in it i lo men, tome wo- men, children, and y«j'/nls plenty of provilion and amtilemcnt to the garrilon. There v.as lormcrly a great trade larried on here, cliictly with tlic Iri^uois ; and the rcali;)!! tor building the fort on thi. (pot wa^, to draw tiiein to the In-ful, to liccp them in awe, and to hiiuki them trom c.iri)iiig 1 a ^M (a '^ of M tl 1,1 m 1 'I tl m tl 1 I'ft.iulc .1 with I 0/-;j.-i;o Without ■■< 111 tlic iti 111 oi is ot iii> Nations with tlic 111 thctii, II CI) J £«- t of C /I N A DA, 1 7 carrying their furs to the Englijh. but this trailic tiul iKJt continue long, anJ the furt haa not Ucii able to prevent titole Inuiam Iroin lioin^ that nation ahuiuiancc c very near ita middle, and advancing pretty fir into the water, under whiili is verv j',oifi- Xo M'jntr,;i/ ()^ leagues navigable only with batf(K's and ca- lUKS. The river (mm the lake Ontaria to La iitiltttc is llill water, from La Ciiilcttf to the upper end of lake St ira>!,i>, and from the 1 iwer end of lake St Jiiiticii to the tluirth ot the Cedir Mills, ate Itvcral Ion;.; rapivl litts, but in moileratc weather may be palled through without landing, w ith gfKj«l pilots : brom thi thurch of the Cedar Hills crols the point Li- Trow, there is a carrying pl.ice of about li.\ or levcn miles in goln;', up they are obligcil to halt unload their battncs, the ritts being very ra- pid, and, in time of tioods, dangerous. The pilots mu(l Ik; well acquainted with the channels. Helow the lake St Lruii, about 12 miles above Mcn.'reat, there is a long, rapid rift, called St Lmis I\t//, it is feveral miles long, they keep near the fouth fide, and run inallrait line till tliey pals the mill, then they mull make fey«r,ll ihort traverki to humour the current and channel. This rilt mull not be attempted by llrani^eis. I'rom .Montrciil tu i^z/iAv (>o leagues, navigable with vel1<:U ot lorty or htty tons. In this p.iflagc there are ihoals in many places, even tJic battiKS run often a-gruund ; .1 pilot is tliercforc ablnlutcly nccellary. The moll dangerous are li'mc rocky ihoaU op- polite t.> the church ot St .Intie's IkIow the 'Drcc Rr-.m. The vcllcls mull keep near ihe fouth lidc, after they have palled the churv h ; many of the rocks appear above wa- ter in clullcrs, which at a dillance look like llocks ot du.ks. From (iiiKur.c diAvu the river. At i^fl'fi ihcy build fevcnty gun ihip. I inimcn nip tides rile li.\teen kct. Theliirt danger ib in makinj^the travcrfc at the lower end of the Ille oi Orleans, which mull not be attempted without a f.iir gale, cnniigh of day light, and a good pilot. The iie.\t danger is at tne It'iir/^yc/, between the illaiid of douJriS and the Continent, where the tide t)f flood throws the Hiipsaihore on the I nith lide, and the tide of ebb upon the north lide, I'o that the palling of it muft not be attempted without a fair Kadir.'.; gale, llrong tiK)iigh to llcm the tide. When they get below tins place the pilots arc dif- iiiilUd, and wluii they pal's G'l./; illand, they keep within a few leagues of th • fouth jliore, until ility iiuke the illand of Atttieojlt. The following Courfe of a Cartel Ship from Quibuc thorough tl^e Traverfes is by another Hand. 1756, October 4th, at nine A. M. half ebb weighed and lleered about N.E. till a Iiotnmoek on the fouth llMrc ap[>e.ired in one with the well end of ///V M.iJitrn, then ^c^ring fouthward of the I .. fur the highell of a pared of rocks, till we had made the li Ui'c of Jjk ,utx Rots, uiul the well end of ///i MiiJiim m one with the low end of the igh land to the S.VV. at this time haled up N.S. fir a barren high lull in the north ftc mi high ihore, at Cape "Tormott, lleered thus till we brou'.;b.t the N.Ii. end e>i Orleans in one K ' .v.;.i. with il il il p iS ^ 1 DESCRIPTION with the miiin high laiul, to the N. of the back o( Orli-ans, then failcil tiowii the river at about the Jillance ot a mile from the N. lliorc. A'. B. 3 tatlioius low water in the travcrfc, anil riles at 4 P. M. T/.Y Rkrr S A G U E N A Y is navigable for twenty-live leagues from TiiJcnJ/ji; where it falls into the River St Liiu-refnc. It illucs from a lake called by the hjians, I'lt-tciiogunti, and by the I>\fic& Lake J: 7/-.1* Lake 5/ JrtPi, which receives its waters from three conftdcrable rivers, near the I'prings Mi/hf-!i, of which arc three great lakes, called the Lake of Mi/faf/ins, the Lake of i^r.- ^/.'/w/;<7, ^^'"'^'/j ^^,^ and Lake Drt;///'/'/. Thcfe three great lakes arc fituatcd in the country belonging tn Hudfon'i Bay, and communicate with eacli other, and dilcharge thcmlelves into that Bav by Rupert River. The h'rcnh have leveral millions on the banks of tlicl'c lakes, as well as of Lake St yfivi and Siiguoiiiy. The million called Checouttmi lies midway between 'Tiul.iifj'iU and Lake St jiau ; and at tliat Called M.:itbc:cl.'.uiin, on the banks ot Lake S: Jctjn, they have alio a Icttlemcnt. All the country to the North and North-Eall is full of l.ikes and rivers, and inlu- inManrMMTtf ijjtcd by different nations of Indiam, ?hc chief of which arc the Chfccutimicns, the imcjcil '"" Pitkouagdmiifis, the Ntlc'^uhu'iijlis, the 0>, the PiipJiucLoHf and feveral others, all in the French intrrclL Tk- River U T A W A I S. rifcs in latitude 4S' ;^o', and after running South about thirty mile, falK inta the Lake Timi/itimi/ig, from whence it continues its cuurl'e in the lame dircilioii to latituile 46, where it receives a river that l)as its fource near Lake .\V- P'J}'"S' i^^lltd by ly Amille, Nif>i-S»rinis, or the S.nerti'i Laie. From tlu> [ilacc tlic Outacuiiis falls with an EaUern courlc into the Lake of the "Tii'o MiUHttuns, furmeJ FrttHh Mil' fions. Ami Icttlr- mcni h'ifijii^ like by the River St Liiuretut, cnpofue to the illand of MGUtrcal. Southern honni'.of Ca- nada . The River Outawitis, witi <'ppo I tlic I ivcr we jull now mentioned as falling into it, anJ fome others running from Lake Nipij/ing into Lake Humn, are to be eonlidercJ a-, the Southern boundaries of CamiJa, fnicc the Five Nations l.iy claim to all the country Southward. Hence the h'rcHcb were tlirmerly obligeil to take thi.s way to Lake Huron, though the navigation is very troublclome, on accmmt ol the: many rifts and portage;^, or carrying-places, till, after their incroaclnuents on the Brinjh tcrntoric!., they fjiiiid means, by tre«fling forts at the principal palJes, to Iccurc tlu; navigation of the River Iroquois, and the Lakes Ontario and l.rw. lu Ilhl.1l riv Lake S I' P E R I O R. Fmentof IS thc moft confidcrablc of the four large lakes which more immcdi,itely co!n- UU ••-/"•" municatc with each other and thc Rivir St I.,iicrtnee. It is generally aliowcil to be at Itaft 80 leagues long, {Cbiir/tioix makes it 200) and from 30 to 40, and even 50 broad j a circumllancc which rendcib the navigation of it extremely dan- gerous in boiftcrous weather. There are, hiwevcr, a numlx-r of little harbours on its courts, in which vellelb may find ihilter. This lake abounds with a multitude of ill.uuls, (onie of whieh arc fcvcn or eight leagues long, and three or four broad. The inofl conliderabk: arc thole c.iil.d by thc hremh, Ijle Resale-, Ijle Phetipetittx, formerly IJlc Minong ; Ijle Ponttbtirtuvn ; IjU Maurepas -, Ijle Hocquart ; and ///(• S.iinte .hine. A number of rivers, fome of which are vtTV confidcrablc, dilch.irge theinfelvci into thib lake. One of thcfe which f.dls into it, near the middle of its northern ihorc, riles about 25 or ; j leagues North of Lake Superior, from a lake called yl.'i'nipei^cfi, near which are thc lources of a liver that falls into HuJ/\.'i\ liiy. Another river that i.ilU into Lake Superior near tlu; lall mentioned, i- called, in tlie /■>■/;,ii. The chain ends with Fort VnJko\iu\ at the bottom i)f a river ot that name, which falib into Lake Hourbon. The Port /•<>./!»»d. river Pcjkosoc is made by Delijle ami iiuacbc to rile witliiii twenty-five leagues of their Wefi ka, whicii, they lay, communicates with the Pacijic Ucean. All thelc forts are under the governor of Canadii. On the Southern coall of Lake Superior, which extends almoft due Eaft and Weft, are the Iflcs tie St Michel, and the Bay of Vbagouamigon, at the bottom of which was '<'" <«'' ^'i" formerly a fmall IiiMiin town, where a mifiiunary and Ibme other French came to ^''''■''■ liittlc in i66r, by means of which this place, at firll fcarcc worth notice, loon became \ fry remarkable. The Oittagtimi, Saki, Oulauai, Hurou, and Ilinois InJinns, relbrtcd /r,„,/, (^^^\^, thither lb early as 166H, for the lake of trade, and many of them fettled there ; and menu. the trafiic is ftill pretty confidcrablc. This fettlemcnt was called La MiJJion du St Du Si titrit Efpr if, or the Mijiicn cf the Ilcly Ghoft. Twenty-five leagues to the Eall is a Pcninfula tliat rtrctches a confidcrablc way into Pont and Bay the Lake, and terminates in a point called the Point of Kioatian. This pcuinfuU f^'""" , forms a bay nf the lame name with the point, at the mouth of which lie a groupc oi fraicnii Xu- illands, cullctl by the French, I/les de St hninijoii Xavier. -•"■■ Lake Superior is very ftrcigbt, full of lands, and extremely dangerous, if you fiiould Navigation of be taken (liort with the North wind. The North fide, thcrctore, is the bell and moll '-''": ■i"/'" -'■ convenient courfc, being lined with rocks from one end to tlic other, which form har- bours, that afford very fafc (heitcr. Thcfc harlxjurs arc c.vtremely ncccil'iry to thofc who fail ill canoes through this lake, in which they have remarked the following lingular pha-'nomeiion. When a ftorm is iKooding, they arc advertifcd of it two days bcfbrc. At firft Prognoflioof they perceive a gentle murmuring on the furfacc of the water, which lalls the whole "' "■"'!'<^"" day '.vithoiit any (enfiblc increale. On the morrow after, the lake is entirely covered with pretty broad waves, which remain all day lung without breaking; lb that you may fafely continue your voyage, and, it the wind Ik laviiur able, make good way ; but oil the third day, anil licforc you are the leall .urarc of it, the lake is all on fire. The ocean in its greatefl fiiry docs not exceed tlic ngit.uion of its waters ; fo that, if you arc not near fome place of fafcty, lliipwrcck Ls unavoidable. This you arc always furc to find on the North fiilc, whereas on the oppofitc fliorc you arc obliged to make to land us fall as potlibic on the lecond day, and take up your quarters at a confidera- blc dulancc from the water fide. In the ehaimcl through which this l.\ke dlfcharges itfelf into that of the llarons, you nurct with a rift, caulcd by very large rocks, or illaiiJs, which the miilionarici, who 5, ^^^ m, have a vtry tiourilhiiig church and congregation near it, have called the Fiill of St Mu' ry. I'herc is likcwilc a French fort here, and fevcral Frenih inhabitants. ( )n u line parts of the coall, and in fome of its illamls, aie found great lumps of copper, mul the inhabitants fay there was formerly a large rock of tJic lame metal, winch rofe -^ "J^k ff (t'lilivkLibly abovx- the luifacc ol' tlic water. This rock now difappcars, and has pro-*"""^' iMbiy lH.en covered with faiul or mud by the waves of tlic lake. It is abfolutcly cer- tain, that pretty large lumps of it have iKcn found in fcveral plates, without digging \try tkcp lor it, and oficn .duiofl without any alloy. Miibiiniiitkiniic is properly the name of a fin.ill iiland, almoti round, and very high, fituatcd to the Well ot the abovementioncd cluniR-l, at the extremity of country round it. Lake Huron, which name cuilom has extended to all the This iflaiul fcems ab(Mjt three or four miles in circumference, iuid is fcen at ' Tlicfc iliiUiicc; of ilic furtj .irc taken from R, F V«r«-fa •JiV.tn the .far y Bf/i», publilVJit I'jrii, 1-;: ao ^ DESCRIPTION II' \ i Scf.lcincrt of Kori l^nalui. Convcnifi-.cy of Mid-ilima- ilHUt. the diftar.cc of twelve leagues. There are two oilier illamis South ot" it, the far- theft of which is five or fix leagues in length ; the other is very liiiail ami qukc roinul. 13oth of them are extremely well wooded, ami the foil excellent ; whereas Michilittuilnmu- is quite rocky ami l\irreii, without the lead verdure, except uiols, ami Miiti/imaii- f,„„(. flramilin" blades of irrafs. It is, however, one of the molt celchrated places in iiloiiA all Ciiiuula, and has been, according t.ia very antient tradition among tiie liiUums, the chief feat of a nation of the fame name, of whom they rtckoneil to the nuiiilH.r of thirty colonics, or fcttlcments, on the adjacent continent. They have bc.n dcllroycd, as it is pretended, by the Iroquois ; but we have no account whtn or wlitre this evenc happened. Some of the millionaries allure u--, that they had Iceii velliges of this capital, though Churh-.'jix lays, that none of them were remaining in his tnie. In 1671, Father McirquiHi made a fcttlciucnt on this itland with a nation of Unions, whom lie induced to follow him. A fort was built here, and it Ut.iinc an im- portant port ; but it tell to ruin by degrees, and the million of 6V Jgii.itiiis has been lincc formed, and a fort Iniilt on the adjacent continent. The litu,ition of Mic /.<:'/: mjiin.u- is admirable, with rcfpedl to tlic conveniencv of trading. This port lies lietwceii three great lakes ; Lake MicLi^mi, which is three hundred le.iinies in ciaumfercnce, without reckoning the great bay th.it falls into it ; Lake llurai, whicii i-- three hundred and fifty le.igues round, and in form of a triangle ? and Lake Suprricr, which is no lefs than five hundred in circuit -, all of them navigable for the largell Kirks, ami the two lirll feparated only by a fmall llr.iit, deep enough for velTelsof the largclt draught of w.itcr, which may alio fail over all Lake Eiic without the leall dirficulty, as tar as tlic famous catar.KJt of Niiigiira. It is true, the channel which (oiiis Lake Huron to Lake Su[>triir is mucli enib.irralfed with rifts, which, how- ever, do not hinder cinoes from arriving at Michilim.ikiiuc, laden with every thing that the country about Lake Sitprri'-.r affor.is. Fiiliin|ltn!y y)^,. chief iiouriilimc lit of the Miil:ilim,ikin,us was filh, there being no place in the world where they are in greater abundance and v.iriety, fuch as herring, carp, gilthead, pike, rturgcon, iiliicitmt-\]Uf, or white filh, and elpetully trouts, all in the greatell plenty, both in the three lakes and tnc rivers whicli fall into tlicin. The light of the circutniacent country prefenta us with ' • idea of its fruitfulnefs ; but there is no need to go a great way from the ihorc to lind land capable of bearing aimoll any kind of vegct.iblc. The (JutiioUiUs, who liave retired hither, low corn here -, a culhmi wliith they have learnt of the lliircm. Tlic Amik'.uih livrmcrly occupied thele illand>, whicli nation has lx;cn reduceil to a fmall number of tainilies, who have removed to the illand Mtriilouuljii, \n the Northern parts of Lake Huron. Natur.al History of C A N J D A. WITH refpcil^ to tlii-; article, the reader i< not to expcCl a minute ^iy litlliltl I. lUL I i.iiiiiifv,iji \ ail 111. II 13 iibiw iiii.Liii.idi i*(.illi' only to give a Ihort iketch of fuch parts ol the produce as are peculiar or of inoft con- fequcnce to this colony. iwiiivuvL \yt iiii;i cuiwiiv. We will Ixrgin witli tlie catching and curing if the C'od-filh, fir whicli the illand q\ Vuipc Hrctrji^ and fomc jurts of Ctvuuia lie fo very tonvcnient. lAery one knows the excellency of thi^ filh, when frclh ; and it is fcarcc inferior when it has lain two days in fait : its fleili even ai quires a firmnefs, which is far from being difidvant.igiTjus to it. Jlut it ib the filhcrmen only who enjoy the pleafure of regaling theinfelvts with what i^ moll delicious iKlonging to it, that is, the head, tongue, and liver, whicli, flctpcd in oil and vinegar, with a little pep|>cr, makes a moll c\v.ellent didi. Hut ai it would oi.ialion tm) great a confumptioii ot fait, to prclerve all tliolc part\ they arc generally thrown into the fea, at Icaft, all that they cannot make ufc of while the filhing feal'on lall. MieUgtr The largtif fort of Cod a' e about three feet in length, ami arc nut with on the ^reat Bank of Nr.rfcunJliviii. There i-. perhaps no filh that has a l.iri'A throat |>r<)pt)rtioii to the rell of it. bixlv, or that i> more voracious ; all lorti ot' luhlances coJ in Jiavi ing been f.und in iti belly, luJi as pieces of broken eaithen ware, ir ^, 1, 1 ll 1 b 1 tl ron, and the fjr- iiui qukc whereas lol's, ami [il.iccs in /.'«, the iinbcr ot .llroycd, us evcnc of this e. Unions^ .111 iin- U!> been )cn It has oiii being of C yi N yl D /I. .fs. It h.is bit u currently believed, tli.it it cduK! dj-ell fiich trafh ; but t 21 \\ :M is now ciirc.i of th...t inill.ikc, which had no()tlier ; iiKiation, but Olll lie that tliolc K .^ii.k\s ot inti wc-ic louietiiiKs half won) .iwav. -n le g( r,d oitinioii ik)W is, tiiat tlic Juccd t'ld has t'le laculty of turning what the l'rcnih ridiemicii call /<■ G.iii, that i^, the fto- mt!cl\ iniide out, like a pocket, and by this means dilcharj^c;; itfclf of" whatever is diu- ^'.rceable or burtlitnloine to it. What is t.iiikid in Uy/Itind the Ciihelinu, is a fort of crnl c,iU2;ht in t!ie C'li.innci, and ill fonie otiier places, which ililVcrs from that of AV//i Anierita in lizc oiilv, beinj^ r.'icMlcrc.«i iiuich 'els t!MU this l.ittrr. '1 hey are contented with faltint^ th.u of the (ireat Hank, which Is then calleil wliitc or more comm inly green cod. Monficur Dinys, a I'rcnch (ientleman, fays, that excellent fait li.is formtrly been . , , m.uie in Ctrhulii, evi.n as j^ootl as that of Broinr^r ; but that after the experiment had ,„ (■,.^j^^.') Iktcii made, the falt-pits dug for that purpofc had been filled up, to the great prejudice ami dilcrelit of tlie colony. Tiie dried cod, or what the I'r:nch call la Ali'r/iicr:i; can only be curi;d on the oafts, •^■'';J <-oJe\- and that with very gie.it care, and after a long experience. Hut what may appear lingu- P""""- jar enough is, that though this liih abounds on all the coafts of A luliti, or A';*;.,' ':.c-.t:,t, there is hardly any Frenchman, who has attempted this filr.cry, t!ut ha^ not been ruined by ic. The reafon given for this is, that, in order to dravs- any advar.tage from it, the pcrliiii VMja'.nr,. who undertakes it mull abfolutely refule in the country. I"or, as this fiiliery can only be evercifed from the beginning of Miiy to the end of A'.rjql, if Tailors were brotight from Fritnce, either they mufl In; paid tor the while year, in whieli cafe the expencc will c.it up the profit, or only for the fidiing fealon, on whi(.h liipp.);i:it;n they are fure to be lolers, fince the only employment they can afterwards have in the Cv)!!ntry is fawing or felling of timber, which is not fudicient to maintain them; U) that cither tiic workmen mull llarve, or the undertaker fail. On the contrary, when the undertaker refides in the country, he is fure to be better Co:r:nrc rffi. fervcd, audit will then be his own fault entirely if he grows not rich. By this means J;'""-' ""^"■ lie will have it in iiis power to fecurc the bell hands, to feize the right times for filhing, ^^' to felcd the proper pLiccs, and to find the tilhermen employment .ibout his own habitation for the rell of the year. Some /•'/vm'A writers were of opinion, and perhaps very iullly, that liad the people of Aaiiia, or Njvu Sotia, employed themtelvcs in t'lis manner, for the lafl luindred and fifty years, this province would have In-en one of the moll powerldl colonies in \;rth yfnrrhj ; and that whilll the people in Frrnce were dif- creditin; thi> province with all their might, as entiuly ulclel's, and abi'olutcly good for noiliing, the inh.ibitants of A'<~ii^ E'tguniJ, t!iou;.!h dellitute of many adv.mtauei whi^li the firll cnioyed, were railing fortunes out of this fuhery. Helidei the cod, there are many other lort^ of tilh in the parts adjacent to the Gulf cf St Laur.Ht,-, and on the banks of Xru/oi^'i /i,;ii./, Inch as whales, blo.vers, fword- fiili, pr.rpoifes, (lettans, with many others ot' inferior worth. Notliing can be more diverting than the fight between the whale and the Iwoul-tilh. This fitter is of tb.e li.rc of an luiicr, from leven to eight tett long, tap.ring .ill the way toward the SworJ.fifl-, tail, it takes i[^ name from the weapon with which nature h.;s armed it, being a '''^•••'''"^'' liirt of tword, about three feet in length, and four fingers broad. This proceeds from it^ fnnut, on each ti>le of whiih is a row of teeth about .in inch long, and let at equal liillanccs. This fiih is excellent eating, and will do with almoil any lauee. riie head ii mou delicious .is well as thicker and kjuarer than a calf'i he.id. Iti eve> .ne of an extraordinary bigneK. Tiu whale and Iword-filh never meet without a battle, and thi-. latter i> beli.vtrd to [■,„)„ ^^ be conllantly the aggreiior. Sometime two fword-filhes io'ii tlieir forces againll one i..it.iiup whale, in whkh cafe the partie-. ate by no me.iiis eijual. Tlu- whale has no arms ci- |''^*j!;'\''''" thcr for att.ick or defence, but hi-, tail, and before he can allail !iis enemy, he is fbic'.i to dive with hi"' head fiMCinoll into the lea, when, if he is f irtun.itc enmigh in hi.-, aim, he i-. lure to dilp.itch his ad\erlary at one blosv. The other is no lets dexterous in (liiinnin;.', the llroke, and inllantly making at the wliale, plunges his weapon in his bai... The wound (.ommonlv goes no farther than the f.it, orblublvr, in which cali; the iiiiury is but flight. The moment the wh.dc lees his foe lance .it him, he dives to the bottom ; but the other purfucb him thither, and obliges bim to come up to the C; furf.icc. anil h f ! li 1 ! 'I I 1 * 22 Flfltan lie- I'cribr.t Other fidio* yiiUingpiollt The f«-»olf Dcfciibed. Several fee. ce.'. Two of AViu iprtics. Srcomi lj>c. cm. NATURAL II I S T O J; Y fiirfjcc. T!ic %ht bcttiiis ag;iin, a'Hl coiuiinits till tlic hvord-fiili luis loll 11.^111 of hi* iulvcrlary, wlio is imicli tlio better uvimircr on the CurKicc of the w.itcr. The rifttaii rcrLiiiblcs .i large plaice, and what is callai l-"lct, is |ii-ol\;hIy the dimi- nutive ot the other. It is grcv on the hack, hut ot a wliitidi colour m der the belly. Its length is commonly liom tour to live k-et, irs breadth ;it leall two ictr, and its tiiickncls one. The head is very iargr, anil every jvat ot it e-.'trenifly teniier and de- licious eating. The juice cxtmdtcd from its hones exceeds the tinrl't tn.irrow. Its eyes are nearly as large as thole of the (word filh, aiul the extremitii- of the rvvo fides, which the J'rcnch call the rtllngues, and which I am not well cnouv^h vcrfcd in cookery to tranlVate, are deemed exquilite morfels. The whole bo>ly is generally thrown into the fea to feed the cod, to wliich the Flettaii is the molt dangerous enemy, and com- monly makes but one meal ot three cods. The remaining filhcf, worthy the notice of the curious in this pro\ incc, arc the fea- wolf, the lea-cow, and the porpoilc, which, with thole already mentioned, are capable of becoming the object of a very lucrative commerce in the gulph of bt Lituiiiice, and even for a conliderablc way up the river of that name. The Sea-wc!f owes its name to its cry, which i.s a fort of howling ; for a? to its (liapc it by no means refcmbles that of a wolf, nor ot any known land animal wliatlbever. Lcfcurhct fays, he has heard thole creatures cry like the mewing ot a cat ; but what he fpcr'ksof mull in all probability be the cry of tiie young ones, whole voice was not yet come to its full pitch and Ibcngth of tone, which thefc animals h..vc when mature. We need not, however, make any fcruple to clals this creature with fillies, though it dif- fers from that genus in that it is not dumb, is brought forth it land, on wliich it hves, at leall as nuich as in the water, is covered with hair, and, in ihort, that it is in every rclped an animal truly amphibious. As it would hc:\ vain piece of lingularity an I pcr- verlirnc'ls to oppolc the received notions and w.iy> of Ipeaking, the war carried on againll this creature, thougli it be as commonly o,i l..nd as in water, th^' weapons m ulc being clubs or bludgeons, is known in this part of the world by tiie name of lilhing, whilft that carried on againil the beavers, tho' in the water, and with nets, is called hunting. The head cf the fea-wnlf fomewhat rcfemblcs that of a dog ; it has four very fiujrt legs, efpccially thofc behind, and is in all other rel'pcds a filh. It rather crawls tliau walks upon its feet ; the fore feet are armed with claws or nails, thole behiiui aie made hke fin? ; its ll;in i>; hard, and cov.Tcd with (hort hair of different colours. There ate fomeof thole animals entirely white, and .ill of them arc fo when vi ung ; li)mc hccomc black and others red as they grow older, whilA others aj;;ain are <4 all thole colours together. The nilicrmen dillinguilh I'cvcral Ipccies of Kn-wolvcs -, the larpcft weigh two thoufand pounds, and thi- fort is laid to have miuii lhari>er nolis than the rell ; IImuc of them are called by the French f.iilors br,i,U:in. A titond fpecics is dillin- guilheel by fhe name of N,:ii, the rcafon and ctvmolu;.'y of whii h ..re eiiuallv unknown. A thin! has the appellation of (lri;tt-/.,;iJs. Tiic young on^s are verv alctt, and c.v- tremcly dextrous in cuitiiig the r.ets that are fpread tor them-, tluy aie ipiitted, lull ol play, and iKMiitiful, at lealf, f(jr aiiiui .Is of tlv.ir (h.ipc. The I'u/i.nn avcnllom tliem to t'ollow their lootlUps like liog-, tiio" they eat them v.ith.uit iVruii,: or rc^'.ird to tlicir fondnefs. There are two forts of fta-wolves oi the coall;. tnv.; oi one of thefe fpeciesarc as Mg as hogs (if the largelt li/e. This tifhery i>- carried on in the month ot h\bru.r-y, betorethe young, which are tiie rhict obicct ol ir, have been tnuih uled to take the water. The old ones tlv at the firll attack, makifi.- a I're.t noilr, as a fignal tor thcyoniigto tbllow them, which they do with gi^at Ipecd, uniei'-. prevrntcd by the filherir.Lii, who kill them by a llight blou on the Inout. Thi. i, umber (>f thole ani- mals mult needs be valUy great, liiice, as t'uine irt'iJj uUth'.rs n l.re, er-jit hundred of their young have been killed in one dav. The fccond fortaie very finall, one of them producing ni more od tl-.an it bladder will contain. They never venture fir from the ih'.re.ai.d have ;dwa\s a (.mtincl iKukI- ing watch. At the firll fignal he gives, the whole body rufhes into the \c.\, and lomc- timc afti r they return, railing themlelvcs on fl'.eir hind legs to Wc vvluthei the coall be dear. 1 here arc, however, great numbers ot th'.m taken, tho' it be only practicable while the V are on fliore. 1 i Tl ic 23 It ot hi» he dimi- hc belly, . ami its and dc- Its eyes vo fides, cookery own into md com- c the fea- capable 'liii't', and ) its lliapc liatibevcr, t wliat he .IS not yet n m.iturc. luii it dit- :li it lives, is in every y ani pcr- on I'.v'ainlt }M til iilc ol tilliini^, h iieti, is very Hiorl rawls tliau d aic made Tlitie ate lie become oic i.)I;)urs ivcigh two reli ; (<)nic ; IS liillin- ' unknown, .rt, and cx- tc.i, lull of in tlitin to ird to ilicir v.ivj, ot one 1 on it) the hccti imuh iKiilr, as a : eveiiicd bv t tl.olc ani- Iii;."..iied ot it Maiiilcr tincl llatul- and lonic- lie coad be I'laClicablc 'I'lir Oiloftl'.cfca- wolf L'f<.of(hc(kin Tb:in,icr ftoiic". 0/ C A N yl D A. The riclh of this animal is excellent food, but their oil turns to much better account, and is obtained, by a vciy cal'y procefs, that is boiling the rtclh, which dillblves over tlic fire. And oftentimes no nioicis required than the ul'e of what they call f/w/z/Vr/, or laige fijuarc of boards, on which is fpiead t!ic tat of a number of lea wolves : It melts of itielf, and the oil liilciiaiges itfelf through an opening made in the frame of boarilnfor the purpofe. 'I'hib (jii, when new and frclli, is very good for culinary ules, but that of the young ones grows very loon rank, and the other fort, if kept the lead while, be- comes too thin, and in that cafe is iifcd for burning, or for curriers work, It prefervcs its tlearnefs a long time, h.is no Imelf and leaves no impurities in the bottom of the barrel. Jn tl-iC infancy of the colony, the Vrench made ufc of the fkins of the fea-wolvcs, for mutts i fuice that tliey -sc out of talhion ; tiic (l:ins are cliicfly emj^loyed to cover trunks and eloak bags } when laiuicd, tliey have a grain mucli like AA//:t\.i3 or "/wy^'v leather. Tliey are not indeed U> tine, but arc lets apt to crack, and they prcfcrvc their fiellinefs much longer. Very good thoes arc made of them, and a tort of boots impe- netrable to the water, not to mention various other uics. They arc tanned in Canada witii the bark of the Iprucc fir, and to dye them black, they uCe the powder (jf certain floncs found on the banks ot rivers, called thunder rtonc<;, being a mineral mar- callitc. Sca-wolvcs couple, and tlic females bring forth their young upon the rocks ; they h.ivc commonly two at a time, and tlio' they ionietim.-s fuckle them under w.iter, yet they more generally do it at land. To teach them to iwim, they take them uj'oii their ih.nddc's, leave thetn in the water for a (hort time, then take them up again, con- tituung thia txerciti.-, l;il t'loy are capable ot Iwimming alone ; a verv lin'j.ulai property Smi^ubr phf iii.in.uni.iticanim.il, linee teirelli.d anim.ds luve iienerally no neevi of this inlhtution, T""" T" °' molt ot tlum bein.; natuially lwlmmer^. I'hc lea-wolf has very acute lenles, and tho' tlfu ii the only thing with which nature hasfurnilhed th-fc animaU fn- their ilctence, they arc however very otten furprizcd, in the manner we have aliea.ly mentioned, tlio' the m )ll cjmmon w.iy is ilelcribed as fol- lows : It is ut'ual with thole cre.iturcs to come with the tide into creeks of the rivers. When the filhcrs have difcovered any of thole creeks where conlider.ible numbers ufed to haunt, they euclore them witli nets and pile, leaving only a Imall opening for the !ca- wolves to enter. This opening islhutupat higli water, fo that at ebb tliey arc left dry, and tiicrc is no further tiouble but to knock them on the head. They alii) give ch.'.cc to lliein It) the w.iter, in canoe-, wlien the moment thev lift their heads above water, they file. It tliem. Ii tliev happen only to wouiui thein, they are however calily taken ; b;it if they arc kill^vl ile.id, they link to the bottom like tlie be.iver. I'he fidiers have lar/e i^o;^^^, that letch them up iu Icven or eight fathom water. CJ.\:rl":''.x tells a citcuiiuLiice, which however he vouches not for tae't, and indeed the llory carries *■■'" '6= f^- y« no; too maiiv m.:iki of prob.dnlity ; th.it a tailor h.ivin.; one A.'.y lur^iri/ed.i pro.iigious nuinlK-r ot thole animals, drove tluin uU home btf-ire him with a fwitcli, li!;e a herd ot c ovv.-., an.l that he .md hii companions killcil nine hundreJ of theiti. 'i'iic .S.M-cow ii anotlier m.uiiic animal taken by the French tiiliermen on t!ie coafl of tlie i;ii!pli ol St Law (lilt-, Imt in fiti.dl numbers, and I am not certain whether they are to be 1-cii cllLwliere. Tlu: l'ns^l:jl: are laid formerly to have had a lilheiv of this foit at t!ie illanl .V.'//,' -, but tliis cdabliiiiment was attended, in all probability, with ve- ry liltle profit tv) the U'id.rt.Uers. Tiii; .■.iiimtl, in ill ijw difiV;^ very little frotn tiie lea- wolf, but i> ;"omew!i.tt rgcr. It u provi.ied with ,i vet y lliigul ir I irt of wcap>iii, which i.-, two teeth, iliuk ar.vl I. ng .l^ .'. mans arm, .i little b;nt upw.Uils, and at a didance appearing like horn*, from whence it i,^ likely tiiey have obtained the name of lea-cows. The /■'•v»/f^ raitor> know incm I'Vthe fimple appellation of the lilh ^vith the long teeth. Miis tooth is, however, a moil iieuititul iw)ry, as well .is all thole in the jaws of this tidi, which aie lour lingers 111 iv-ngth. Thrie are alfo Porpoiles in the river .^t Laurnui^ and thofe of two colours. Thofc in tlie lal: w.iter part of the river, whicii re.iches almoll a? high as the lllc of O'lcans, diffei verv liitlc Ir.iin lueii .is .ire fmiid in tlie lea : In the frelh water part, on the con- tr : V, they arc cntirclv white, and ot' the ti/e of an ordinary cmv. The firit appear ge- lurally in tljcks or ihoal-. ; whether the lame m.iy be laid cf the white fut is not ccr- (f .: tain. W.iy rf Xi' kiv.' tlitm. I'.ic ff IC' w. IXlmlTJ. I'ori'.iilV IW.> kl; . of «+ N A T U R A L HISTORY tain. Tiicrc arc nunc of tlicin to Iv Wa\ .i!v)vc , but grcit luimlicrs of botli kin. Is liff V porpo fcs eaten. oa the iM.iils of Mvii SiOfiti; io that the ilitil'rem.e of their colour is not ovvin;: to the fait or frelh water in wliich they live, ami tiicreforc tliey mull he two »iit]erent fpicics. One white porpoifc yields a ho;.',lheail of dil, of much the fame quality as that extradcil from the fea-wolf. The tklh of this animal is not eaten, but that of tile fpccies calleil p'^urcelL-f, (Jf the j^rty porpoile, is rcckoneil tolerable food. They make pudi.linj;;> and laufa;^es of the j:uts ; the Iiarllct is f.iui to be cxeeiimt fricaileed, and the head, tho' inlliior to a calf's is liowcvcr, cfkemcd beyond that of a iheep. The ikihs of both forts arc taiuu-d, and drelled like Morocco leather. At firll it fecm. iciuLr like hogs lard, and is about an inch thick. They continue (having it down L'u' of i).< jjii ■^^ l^^^^^■,„l)^.5 tranfparent and very thin, tho' it llill retains a vaft llrcn>;,th, as wh n ukJ in wailkivitbor breeches, and fome atHrm it mulket-proof. There are many <.t thim eighteen leet in length, and nine broad, and nothing is fitter, they fay, for coverui.; the toj>s of coadies. The French have two porpoife fillierics below ^/hcc j one in the bay of St Paul, PorpoliV ii;h. the otlicr fevcn or eight kagucs lower, near a plantation called Ctmourufcd, from certan tries. rocks rifinsr confiderablv .diove water. The e\pencc of this fiilicry is but ni(jder.,tc, and the profits would amount to a c.)nfidcrable (um, were it not for the inrtini'l or ca- price of thofe animals, which often breaks the mealures of the filhi.rnicn, by taking a road vervdifi'erent from the acculb)med, or where the filherscxped them to come. Twn incor.- This fiiherv is moreover attended with two inconveniencics ; The firll is th.it it cn- vai.cnccs. riclies nonc but the undertakers ; and in the fecond place, it has conli.ierabiy dinunilli- ed tliat of eels, which uled to be a very gre.:t rclburcc for the poorer fort ot inlial 'ar.ts of this capital. For the porpoiks being diiUirbed below ^t-h,-c, have retired clll v. !iere ; and the eel'; hiuling the p-ll'ige clear of tlioie large filhcs, dcfccnd tlie river without any obllaclc ; fViJUi whence it is, that between Qiu'/uc and the Trcis Rivieres, where tliey formerly took large quantities, there are now fcarcc any to be found. The manner of' taking porpoiles is little different from that of the fea-wolf. W'hea tlic tide is low, thev fix piles or ftakcs in t!ie mud or fand, at moderate intervals, to which they tic thread^ in tl'.e nature of toils, tlie opening of which is confiderably largo, in Inch manner, as that the filh once entered cannot retreat. They take care to garnilh the tops of the rtakes with green boughs. When the tide tlows, thefe filhcs purfuing the hcrii'ig HioaU, w!-iichcoiiftantIy make to the (bore, and attrac'led by the fight of the verdure or boughs, with width ihiV are higldy tltlighte-i, find themrdvcs entangled in the net. As the tide goes out, tlie filhers have tlie entertaiiunent of viewing their contulion, and ufelcis efiorts to make their efcajv.-. In tlie end they are left dry, and often he.ipcd one over another, lb that two or three have been killed with the lame blow. It h.is fwen alferted, that fome of the vdiite foit have weighed tliree thouLnd pounds. livery one knows the m.uincr in whidi the wliale is c.iught, fir wliich reafon I (li.ill fay nothing of it licrc. Tiiey tt!! u<, that the H.i'''jUfi, who f irmerly c.-rrieii on tliis fiijieryin the river J-'t I.u.ircf:.f, quitted it for the fur trade, which wa; cap.ible of being managed .,t .i much lefs e.vpcnce, v, ;th ir.llnitely Icf^ fatigue, and with much tjuit ktr .md .ibund.uuly l.irger profit-, at h.ill .it th.it time. And befidts it mud be .•.cknow!id"cd tlity w.inted many convenies.ciLs for tiiis trade, which might now be h.ul, by means of loine fettlcments pretty fir down .dong thecoalls of the gulf With this view fome at- tempts have bein lir.LC made to rc'.lore this branch of c )mmerce, but wit!):njt fuccel's ; tlie uniierr.\kers either wanting the nei elLry funds for carrying it on, or not having pcr- fevtrance or p.ititnce to wait the proper time for the return of their liilhurlemcnts. It appears, however, that this fiihery nught become a very confiderablc artieic in the tr.ido ot this ci-i<;iiy, .IS it m.iy l)e ciiricd on witii mu( h lefs hazard and e.vpcnve th.;ii (>\\ the coaftsril (ir,-t-ii!itti.i; and might even become a lettlcd and, in fume mealure, .i liomeliic br.iiich ot commerce, acconiing to the iiropjl.d of .M. Dems, a I'retuh gentlcm.iii, who li.ib w.ijtc on this fiibitvil. Tiicodier f-.'hes taken in the fait water part of the river St l,ittir,nci\ or from Cape Tournir-:t to tlie gulf, and wliich ate capable of .idding to the wealth, cnnvcnicnce, and M.i:':irrof; kingporp<>;i ur.f-rofii-b.V Vi-ict\ i;ff.l!, mtiic riui conuneree o f tl lb CO loiiv. A tl oth- as well asol tlie motf'.er c'% fi(h ; plaice ; requiems -, l(.a-dogs a Ipccic^ of the rei]uieiiis, Itls mifchicvous in their lifetime, and much preferable when dead ; and plenty »)f oyllers during the winter fcafon, efpccially on the coads of Nova Hcotia ; the man- ner of filliing for which is fingular enough. A liole Im mule in the ice, thro' which they put two poles tied together fo as to clap like pincers; thcle are feldom brought up without oyllers. The Lencornct is a fpccics of cuttle-fidi, tlxj" very dirfercnt in lliaoc from the com- mon cuttle. It is quite round, or rather oval ; a little above the tail is a fort of bor- der, or ledge, which lerves him for a buckler ; and its head is furrounded with whil- kcrs, whicli he makes ufe of to catch other filhes. There are two forts of them, dif- fering only in magnitude, one as large as a liogflicad, the other not above a ftxjt in length ; tiic fitter are the only fort taken, and arc caught with a torch. Thev are very fond of a light, which being Ihewn thum Irom the ihore, they m.ike towards it, atui run themfelves aground. The lencornct, wiiether boiled, roalted, or fryed, is vciy good eating, but it makes tlie fauce <]uitc bl.ick. The Haddock relcmbles a fmall cod, has much the fame fafle, and is dried in the fame manner. It has two blick fpots, one on each fide t!ic head, and the filhermen fay this is the filh in which St Peter louiui the piece ol money to pay tlie emperor's tribute for himlclf and our Lord, and that thcfe fpots are the places by which t!)e Apolllc held it. Ilencc it has been called St Pttt-r's ji/b. The If.', plaice has much firmer tkl!), and a better tafle, than thuic taken in rivers. It is caught, as well as the hoiim.irtj, or lobftcrs, by means of long poles, armed at the point with a lliarp irop and barbed to hinder the tilh from Uilen- gaging itfclf. In ieveral pl.ices, efpccially tow.irvls AVri/ Scjtin, the pools are full of fahnon trouts, a foot in length, and of turtles, or tortoiitjs, two feet in diameter, the tlelh of which is excellent, i'nd the upficr fcale (Irijicd with white, red, nd blue. Amongft the fillies that abound in Lake C.l:*mf>!iiin, and the rivers that fall into it, Cl.Htmplain mentions one of a very lingular lort wliich he calls 6'/' alio an enemy to the biril>, which, like an expcit fowler, he c.itchcs in this minner : He conceals hinifelt among the reeds, lo tli.it nothing can be dil'covered but his wea- pon, nlinj; |H.Tpendiculaily above the furtace of the water. The lunis that li.;lit near him take it tor a llick, or withered reed, ami perch upon it without the le.ifl .ipprelicn'.ion of what is concealed beneath. That moment the foe in .mibuih opens his iiuiuth, ami lii/es !ii> prey with all the rapidity imaginable. Tin t. etii on loth fides of this bone arc pretty long, and \ery iharj'', aiul, as the hu/i.i'n pittciid, .ire a lovereign remedy for the head-ach, and that by pricking the p.irt mod .iite.Ud, the pain is immediately diliipatcd. The ihit'con lure is both a trelli and a falt-w.iter tilh, being t.iken both in tin. laki's and on the coalls of Ci'uiJ.i. There are of thel'e tidies fror eight to ten, .iiui even twelve feet long, and thick in proportion. I omit to ilelcribe this filh, whiili i^ well known in Euiof^t-. The Iiuiians catch them in this manner : Two nun ll.iiid, one ,it e.ieh end of a canoe ; he at the llern Ifcers, wliild the other at the he.ul ibuuls ready with a ilart tied to .i cord, the other end of which is maile fall to tlie bo it. As loon as he perceives the ihirgcun, he d.irt* it .it him, er.Jcav^aiiinv as much as he c.ii to dirci't II ^ .t 25 l.il.i-i I.oicoriTi t.ou laughi lluW.xlc liciwiibcd. I'Likc jr,.l l"liltrrs, ti(j« Si.mon trout, luiiln. Cluoiaaroii a iing..Ut lilli. St!i'!;rr-Til' .. ijiu'Tit, 1,1 26 N A I U R A f- II I S r O R V It contrary to the iniim iii.ui il fit tlic iLilcs. 'II u- mfiiiiciit Ik- jhtci-ivc' 'liiiifcir woiiini- cJ, he lends away witli all his IpccJ, ilraiigin^ tlit- hoat aUcr hii!i w.:.\ an amazini; rapidity. Alter running alxnit two hundred p.i.cs in this ni.i:;:r.i, he generally dies, and is taken. ,,j,, ,„ , ,( In a word, that I may make an end of thi^ artick*, th: river S.' Luircnrt breeds r'.cniv .ihJ lovtral I'lhis entirely unknown in Fr,iih\ ; the moll cilecnitd <\ th. !>: are t!ie Aehi- »aiKi/. ^j,j juj (jiltlicad. The other rivers oi CiiidJn, and c1pev.i.illy tholl- ot' A'i^w A\ :.'/^;, arc no iefs replcnillicd th,\n tlii> river, wl.ich alnunids wirli the ;^ic.ittll pJciity aid variety of the moll excellent fort of hllio ot any other p.-th.ip? on the I'lobc, there bi lealons, liili liilli 1 the inhab'.anti ol the toU B«vtr, a I'in gul.ir ijiudru pcd. F..r-//.»» btaver. jlmfiuonW\- emg, in lome lealons, liili liillicient to m.unt.iiii aM tne innar:.anti ot tne colony. As to q'.i.idrnpcds, the molt lintiul.ir, and \shat exeites the c»iri"!ity "f the reader above anv other in this country, is the c.illor, or beaver. The I'poils ot this .inimal have hithcito been the chief object of the commerce to th^s colony. This creature is befides in itlelt a miiacle of nature, ami there is not to be found, perhaps in the whole creation, (o llrikingan example of lorelight, indullry, cunning, and p.itienee in labour. The callor, or beaver, was pro!>ably not unknown in Eiirof^c Ixlore the dil'covcry of Ameina; and there are now to be ken, .iinon|.',rt the ancient ih-rters ol the hatters oi Paris, repulations for the muuifu'turc of bi. aver hats. The beaver, or cartor, is undoubtedly the lame animal; but whether it is, iliat the l'.uicf'ii:?i beaver i'. j;rowa very I'earce, or that its fur is not of lo go(,d a quality as th.\f of the .'iiicrican, this hit- ter is the only fort now in repute, the other beii j» never lo much as mentioned, except with relation to the llmple c.dled cinl'.rrum. It i. not improb.ible, that the /i.v ;*r<;« lieavcr is a l.>rt of l.uui beaver, which i< very ditVerent from the other. The beaver of Ctnurdii is an amphibiou; animal, incapable of remainiii;.; any conh- vet deuribc^i Jerablc time in w.itcr, and very ;.ble to Uduill without it, pmvide i it ha'- ii.nv and then the cnveniency of bathing. The lar;.;ell beavers are lomewhat lels tb..in four feet in len^'th, by litteen inches in bieadth iM\\\ h nnieh to haunch, anil weiizh :..\:y pound'. 'J he colour varies according to the liiilerent climates where tlv.y arc found. In the moll ii;llant Northern parts they are {lenerally quite black, thoui^h white ones are l.inetimcs to be lecn in the fame rrj'ion. They are brown in more tem[K. rate climatts their colour growing liuhter in proportion as you adv.mee S.ur,!)- wards. In the country of the IHnoii they arc almoll quite yellow, and fo:n- ha\c been found here of a pale or flraw-colour. It h.is Ix'en remarked, t!ut tlie ligluer the colour, tlie thinner commonly the fur, and C( niequently the black i'^ n\oll clleenv.il, nature fortilying them in this manner againll the kverity of the weather. Theic arc two dilierent fort- of tur .;11 over the body, exeeptir.;.: near the feet, whe;e there is but one fort, and that very lliort. The longttl is from eight to ten lints, and even to two ineht'- on the back, ilimip.i(}iin;4 toward". ''^' t.dl and head. This fort ot hair is coarie, thiek, ihining, an I is what gives the animal its colour, .^cen thnmuh a m':cro(cope, t!:c njiddle is found lels opaque, whence it is natural t.i 1 ip[V)fc it h 'ilow, and llicrefii.e th'S lort is not in ul'c. I'he t)ther is an extremely fine luwn, very cL.fr, :.\\A an ineh at inort in length; and thib I'trt i, what i- coiiui-.only uled. It wa.s I'trmeviv known ;;» I'.ui'jj-e by the name of Mull'.--; ico-J. This i- properly the garment 1 l the bv..vir, ti.j other ferviiig only lor ornament, ami periiap"; to alTill him in Iwimming. It has been allcrted, that tliis anin^.al li'.ci frotn fifteen to twenty year--, t!;..t t!ie female goes with young lour minths an! th..t il.c I'encrally l.i in.!s lorth f -ur ..t a tin.e, attd lome travellers h.'.ve inirc ;leil the number to ci(?ht ; lait thi', mull hippenv.rv r-re!y. Thf female bcivcr. the lee Kid and thiul .Aldff.T.V (■ I lie Ix l.-.'I >..ir (/I 1 mg no^, ,;i.d twjulhen She has lour teat'-, two between about lour fingir> higher. Tlie mulcles of this animal are cxtreiiuly Hron:^, and thick-.r t!i tn i's lu'k iKm. to require. On the eontrary, its int,-lHnes are exceeding .ielieate. it, boii.;; \iiv iianl, and its two jaw , wiiiLh ..re nearly equal, li..ve a v.ll loree. K.ieh ;aw i^ le: widi Un teeth, twlint; tliole oj the badger. The naiU arc cut lloping, and hollow like goolc-quili^. The hind feet are quite different, being Hat, and provided with mtin- liraius Ixtwcen the ties. Hence the beaver walks but aiikwardly, and very llowly, but Ivvims with the lai le facility as other aquatic anim.ils. In relbeCt of hi> ta !, he is n peifei-'t tilh, and his l>ecn juilicially declared fuch by the C'ulltgc of I'hylician' at l\ii ii ; and the lacultv of divinity have, in tonleiiULiKe <i: tli.it kind. The moll rcmark..ble part belonging to this animal is its tail. It is .»Iiii(,rt nval, a- Snc.i! r n- I DUt (our intlics b;o.id U'.-.ir the root, ti\e in the middle, and three at its extremity ; but '-i' fi''<''' ilule inea'.ures aic to be inidcriloixl ot the lari;cll loit ot beavers ; it is about an iiiih ni thicknefs, and a (■ er four, l^j;. I'^il'^rr-'". ing lituated in the lower venter ot the beavtr. The two toremoll, lalled the upper, i,,j.i ' "^ ' bicaulc hi'.!hcr than the other.-, are in the llupe of a pi-ar, and ciniiiumicate one with tiic other, like the pt.ckcts of a knaplack -, the other two, called the lower, aie rour.d towards the boltum. Thele four receptacles contain a rclinou», (bit, and adlu live li- quor, mixed with liiiall iibrcs, of a greyilli colour on the outlide, \e!lo\vi|]i within, le to iliat ot r.;/./..'w. i'lie b..gs ot tlii» l.ill fort are allowed to be much (malk-r th.in the otiu rs , e.;j.>„y.ni ;..id, tv,.n in f '."^^.l.',^ tiie largiil are m;ich more clleemed. It i^ reqinreil bclides in 1,1 1' >(!,;ii, tint the b.i's he he.ivv.ot a brown colour, of a penetrating and llroi^'.', Imell, an I tii'l ol . I haiil, brittle, and lii.ible m.ittcr, ot the lame, or of a yelU>wilh colour, iiiii.iv»< vm wiili a viiy (int mi inbi.ine, and ot a lliarp or .icrid t.dlc. Till, imdinl virtues ol this drug are, to attenuate vilcous m.itter, tortity the brain, '•'•' '"'"-' dilptl v.i|.,)iii>, |ii,ju.ke tlie iTienlcs, prcvctit mortifu ation, atul evatu.iie ill humours by*""' ptiipiLitii'ii. it is alio nicd with luncls ayainll the epilepiV, or tallini^ ritknels, pativ, ai'ojiv.w, and diatiu; ■. '1 he iiiitrior bitis iDiitain an uiu'tuou- ,ind t.ittilh liquor, which rclciiiblis hoiKW lt-ii)iiiiii i~ .1 p.df vcliow, its (mcll dila;.'reeable, little itlfVerin.; from tii.it ol the I.;,.'././;, bi.t \s,.aKii than that. It thickrii.i wi:li time, .uui lakes the coii- ('illeiKc ol talliAV. 'I'hc iu-ti'iii <'t thoii" who iKrIitve th.it thi animal, wliiii he i> clnUlv purliiid, bites inmiioti ot;" tli,;!^. iiiiagiiKil tiliulc--, ubaiid.mi'.i;.', .them to the hunter, to prekaAc his lilr, is an "» cr' ■•^■- eirni now univeilally c.xplmlcd, the moll valii.iblc pirt ofthisaniin.il Iniiig, beyoiul C''ioparilon, his tur ; and cvi n the (kin I't the bcvci, ;ilt-:rllie (iir I lis Int. n t.,ken oil, fc n-H vMiliuUt iliuk-, aiilleivcsto make glovts and Ipattcrdalhei-. .M.;i;y Mtiiti things Hi ' may '!t: I ii a& N A r U K A I. HIS I O R V lur ai'iii M ool. A>'.mi ..l.k- may k- iii.iiic of if. Init .is it is viiv liilVuiilt tn take clVthc li.iir uitlioiit cntting if, tlir (kill ot' tlic I.uui Ik.ivci i>()i\ly utcil, ami lor flit piiipDtcs afurtlaiil. T»f> foil ot Tluri- an- two iDrts oliaOor, tlu' »irv .iiul tin- Lit. The llrll i tlu- ikin offliis ani- *^'''" nial, btloic any iilt- liab ln.tii iiu>ic ot it. 'l lie utlici, or fat i.idor. is the lame Ikiii, .alter it has hetn worn by the lihiitins, wlio, .illcr they have well riibhtii ami workcil it on tlic iiirule, witli the marrow or tat ot lertain animals to rciuler it mure pli.iMc, Tow fivera! lUins toi'.tthtr, witli wliiili tiny lovtr thtmleKes as witii a h>W, witli the nut- fiile inwar^ls ; tliis tlicv eonllaiillv wear in the winter, without ever puttini; it ntV, ni'.;Iu or ilav. Tiie llronj;etl li.ar tails otVpreUntly, Init the liown rem.iins, ami l>y be- in^ W(.:ii in that m..nner, beeoiias miieh titter tor the hatter's biitiiiets. The dry lathn cannot be iileii witlioiil the mixtiiie ft" a little fat. It is even preteiuied, th.it to have the ikins in their utnu-ll perieiti >ii, they on^ht to be worn cijjhteen months at kali. *fuff» in.vU of There have alto been ihitVs matle of this t'lir, with a mixfiirc of wool amonjjft it, lueh a- eloth-, tlanneb, tU)ekin[:s and liieh like, but with very little (iieeels ; and there if ill In! tills a m.innr..<.tiire <>t this loit in //-//c gained by it. Tlic ilothsand drnj^pets wiiieh the Dutih tiiake ot" this lort arc very dear, and do not wear well, 'the t.alor very loin part^ from the wool, and forms a fort of pile on flic (ur- taee ot the lUitV, uhiJi entirely fpnils the look of" it ; and the ftockini^s which the I'l-i'uch make of' it have the lame defetJl. The indiilbv, foreli;;lit, order, and unanimity of thefc animals arc pcrfc^lv Ciir]^ri- /inj', exhibiting to m.;nkiiul a kllim ot thole viitiies no way interior to tliat of the ant orb.is, fo lulllv admired. It is iineertain how they arc governed, whether by a kir.j^ ol within their territories, this defect is remedial by iSippn.g the courfc v\ fomc rivulet, or lir.all river, by means of a dyke. In order to ctfcdt this, they let about felling of timl^cr, and this always above flic place where they are relolved to builil, ti the more ccnimodioii'- traiilporting it. Tlirec or four beavers lit abi.iit felling a large tree, which tliey vcrv loon etVeiit by means of their teeth, whielj ll-rvc ti;em tcr l.^ws and axes, a; well as for leveral other cirpeiiter's tools. Thev never lorgef to make it fall on the lidc towards the w.iter, in order to lliorteii the land carriage alter they ii.'.ve cut it into proper lent"Ii«, which .iie afterwards lolled to the water fide, and thence lio.iteil to the pl.ice wIm :e tiiey are to be emph/yed. M.irtirr arii Theic pieces are mr)re or !i i i;i tliicknelsor length, as tlic nature and tituatii>n of tlic '."'ii'm •' pl-*-*^ reijuirc ; lor thele .:i.l):!cds forefec everything, ioinetimes they m.ikc iiL oi' trunks of laige trees, wliicii they lav kngthwile ; at other«, the mound is compoleii ot piece' of timber iiothicr.er than a man"' thigh, and even fometimes not lo thick, wliicli are I'lippcjted by Very good fl.;ke«, and interwoven with Imall bran>.hes, ami the voi^i plans .;re every wlicre ffopprd up with a fat or clayey liKt ot eartii,.;nJ that lo well wrou ;ht .i'^ not to admit tiie Imalleil drop (jI w.iter. This lo.im, or mortar, tlie beavers prep.nc ami temper with, their toit leet ; the trowels they make iile of are their tails, wl,ii.!i, hoWLver, are not confined to tliis tile only, but alio Icrvc them as a drav, or wliecllurrow, t > convey thi ir mortar from pl.iee to p'.ice. As toon .is the*' arrive at the water tide, they take hold of this clayey matter with their teeth, and, in ordtr to l.iy it on, they ni.ike ute firlf ot their feet, .uid afterw.irds piailler or Imootli it with their taib. ^ ^ _ _ 'J hcle dykes are gcner.illy ten or twelve feel thick at the found.ition, iliminilliing llill fhc Jwc ' '" P'oportion as they rife in height, till at lall they come to the thickncl's of two o.- tlnee. (Icod |>ro|v)rtion ii their paitiiuI.T care ami concern, and every thing is I'onj with a^ muJi cxacliitf-, as it the ablcfl artill liail performed it \\itli Ins inle ;.iid c .mp.lles. Choi'c of !u biutiun «/ 1 N A D A. np if, tlir t tliis ;ini- iinc llviii, ^M)rkc^^ it .iMc, l()\s- tlic ciut- ini; it .itV, iiul I>y bc- iliv i.ilhir I, fli.it to II inontlis mnnj;ft it, .Hill there mix more if. The not wear n the (ur- which fhc ^ly Cuiy ri- ot" fhc ;iiit hy .1 kiiij^ any more ipon (lint, iniloiihtii), hem, t.ich icttU olJcT niimlur of t by tlicm- licrc jhcy Icil edifice, not ha[>njr mciiicii by In order to *htre tlicy luir beavers ■th, wliith rhey never lid i.irri.i;;c water lidc, f ion of tlic m|H)(e.! lit ick, wliii./i I the Vi.iJ II wioti ;ht .Ti prt|vic lj. which, Lell'ariiiw, ■valtr lulc, f on, they il-. illiiiig iliil of two or rg ib ifoii'j > riilr ;.iul .'.inp.lies. 29 cnmpadls. Hno thinj; remarkable is, tli.it ths lIJc ot the buiMiiii; towariN the w.4fer is always built witli a l.ilii , oi llippc. th.it oil the otiier biiirj; ex.iclly jK-rpendieulir. In a word, iiothm^ cm poli'i'.'ly be more lohii or re^;iilar t!i.iii the work^ ul tiiii moll nous .itiiin.i The conflriK'lion of thtir calbini is no left wondcrrul. Tliclc arc commonly built nn piles in the miildlj of thole liiull lakes, wliich are lormcd by the dykes abovtmen- tioncd, iitivl iitiiiitimes on the b.nk of lome livcr, or at the evtremiry of tome point that a round, or (nai, .'iid they are arched in manner of a balktt. 'I'hc wall' arc two Toot thick, tlic inateri.dj bcmi; the fjiiic as ' )t tli< tl lole o ft! leir lc ot nil ei'ht or ten bc.i»>.rs, ainl !i'n ic have been oblerved to contain no kli tiian thuty ; but tin-, it very rare. All of tluin, hov. i-vcr, .irc nt.ir enough to e;:ih other to liavc u very ealy cmmuiiicatinn. The winter never Uirpri/e thcl>eaver: All tlio works I have mentioned are finilhed "flm p'^v. -vi bv the litter ti, of iV/'A'w/'i/-, when each indivuiu.il l.i\s up Ins winter P^'ovilion. l^'H'jJ'"'" % W'hilil tluy confiiiiie to freinient th'. wo(aIs or fitld.., they live on iVuits, and on the ; bark ar.d Ic.ives of trees. They alio cati h cray-(ilh, and lonie other lilh ; and nothing', y| tome'- umil's to tlicni at that fearon. Hut when the lime come-, in which they are to provide .:t;,iinll the barrennel-. ot the C(jld leal'^n, tluy aie I'ati-lied wltii wooiij of .i tender lubllance, luch ab the pc plar and the alp, and the like. Tlielc they lay up in piles, dilpDiln;: them in luch manner as to h.ive thole pieces uhicli h.ive been fleeped in \v.iter iieaieii: at hand. It has been oblerved, that tlicfe piles are always j;re..ter or lei's n\ proportion a^ the enluin^ winter is to \k more or lefs loii^ or levere ; .ind thii i^ to tiic //;, .v'/j the m(r there i but une magazine forth; whole ii»h.d>i'...nts, or f.nnily ot' c.icli c.i!>!>in. When the melting of the fnow is at the hi,;liell, at which fealon ilicrc arc alw.iys very U'c.it l.i.'id Hoods, the beavers ciuit their c.ibbin , which arc then utterly uniiii'uhita- ^'"''"" ■ '''ir' ble, cvciy one goin^; \\liere l.e think': tif. As ioon ,'is the waters are talleii tl;c tem;'.ies ^-,ij,.;, return, andtlan fi\v bring li-rth their v ung. The n.ales keep the fieKis till tow.wdb the month ot 'July, wi.cn they all'emblc in or.icr to lejuir the b.cichei ma.le by t'le wa- ff i. in thiir c.ilbins, or dykes ; if they happen to be deilroyeJ by the hunter^, or it they aie not worth repairing, to crci'l new. liut they .ire often, and tor vcy good rea- 1<)|•^, obliged to I hani;e tlie nl.ice ot tlitir ..boiie ; Tl'.e moll common ij, the want ot pr'.vilions ; and fointtimcb tliev are obliged to take ibi> method by the hunters, or cer- tain carnivi>rou» aniculs, againll which thev have no other defence than tliglit. There are cvtain pl.ice;. of wl'.ieh tb.e leavers are particularly fond, ..nd will luver .\'m.;,m! w, 2bandcn,even limuKl tiieir I'.ifcty ever lo much leiiuiie it. CMi the ro.'.d ft im :^'r '..''.'•/'• '■'•'i''«»i;- to!/,ike llwvn, n.ar the j reat river, we never tail to dii'cover a I'ettlemcnt every year in the very lame pl.ic;, which iheie mimal* repair or re-build coiillantly every I'uminei. Tor the firft thing the traveller, who arrive cai licit let about i-., to dellroy the cibliin, a. well ai file dske which convey, the vv..ter to ir \\.\A iiut this dyke retaineil the water, they wi;uld ne\er 'lave been able to continue their iourncy, but iieccllit.'.ted to take a trip ovir laud. Heme thofc Ijcavcr'- leem a^ it tlicy had Ici/id on this Ipot oisly to be ot lervice'o thole who travel ih-.t way. I have been told, th.i' near ."5^><'A-'C there is much Itii'j an inllancc, where the Ixavcro, by means of their dam, tup; ly water to .i fcjw-mill. The liiduwi were formerly of opinion, that the iK'avcrs vcrc a fort of rcalonable / crcitiirc, witli a l.'.ngua'.'c, l.iws, .ii.d form ot government peculiar to fhemlllves ; aiul that tlii', amphibiiiU'' commonwealth chole governors, wlule otlice it was to alli^;!! each private l)caver his lep.irate tilk, pLice centinels to give the alaim on light ot the enemy, an.! to punini or Iviiiiih the drones. Thole pretended exiles vvese probably no other than the land beavers, w!v) really live o- :!,-;. ,j feparate froui the oilier'^, do no manner ot woik, aiul 1 )'J'.;e under ground, where thev ■— i I ■ hi\e .' .;•. r..'.t,..n 111 Vi- -m I N A T L' R A I, HIS r O I'v Y Ii.ivc nil otiicr c.irc but ti» in.ikc tli.iiitclvc< a Iccrct p.i)l"igc to tlic «.itir. 'rii-.i'c arc known liv the tliinnclN ot tlic !ur upon their Kicks, wliitli is ik) il.uibt, i>ct.iliiiiicJ l>y tluir nil'lMiu!: tliLintdvcs tortinii.illy .i;',..iii(l tlic earth <>l' their h 'li » : t'cluics they .irc uiwjvs lean, tlw natural eunkiuitiKe (I' tluir la/intis ami are iniuli more liniiimt in lidt than ill cdLI ei they fnui on t!ie banks ci\ rivers, elpciiiliy in /'/./«./. They are alio loiiiul ni \ii-'lll,:>fi. aloni; the EH' ; aiul, in /•' i>n tile tlie //( mitlieO//,', What is certain is, that yuij lio not ihleovir that \von.l:rtiil (a^acity in the I u,rf\i't l)e.i\ei , lor which thufe of Ciiii:.!.t arc (o juftly cclehrnte*!. It (iocs not appear, that the Ciiii.;.li,i'i InJiti'n v'.avc thelV cre.itiire'i nnuh ililhiilvinec Cnrr. b:>. t ^"■''"■'^ '''^ an iv.j ot' tiic /•,>/':/■../« i in their countrv. 'I lie Ikiii • ot thile an.iiiais wci into rlU I in l,> l!,i- l» not xh A\ worn Iv thtm \n \ the tUlh ol I'.ars, ami icn lo iniicli worn ly tiitm n^ tii.y nave mux tv-en, I'oine otiur wiM h«.-..(l>, \v..s iniicii lUire in reijucll with them than that nl heaver^. They were, iiowcver, even then acciillomcil to luint tluin, an>l tliis imntiiu', hai it.s f'lveJ I'eali II ami it-< cllal^lilhcii twrin aiiil ceremony; but as it was only the ittcit ot pure nictliltv, anil n ;t of liixniy, the h.ivoek iiiaiie by it was very iiili-^nitii mt. bor tliix rcalon, there was .m amazing quantity ot thole animals wIkii the iroicb lull ci.tereil C.ii.i.L'. IliPtr- 'i- 'liie hiintin.; of the beaver is not :.t all ilifficult, :is this animal has neither flrcnL'th to Lic-i.i ilittml himlllf, ami as the cunning lie liifcover- in lniiliiinj^ hi h..!iitaiion tot .lly I. r- l.kis him when he is attad.e I by any enemy. The v.intcr i^ the l^alon in wliicii th.' l:'J.\:fii licilare war a<'...inll iiim, tiuii it iv that lib tiir i^i tliickLll, ami the ikiii mucit thinmr th.m at any other lealim. Tlii> hiuitinj; is pert. ;:;icil in four tlitlcrent manners, which are th.it of the ncr, the Nr- n-..i gun Riin, the tranche, ami the tiap. The firlt is rarely put in execution, ami tlie lecomi (..u.j.nuud li liioni or never ulnl, as the eyes of this creature, though txtieinely fmall, are (o pier- tiiv% aiui his htarinj^ lo qiiich, that it is very ihtlicult to j%t near ei)tiiii;h to llioot him, belure lie ha;, reaihtil the water, anil h-: njvcr piK-s f..r trom it at this leaion, ami plunges to the bottom the moment he liifcovers any ilan-ier near. Ami cvvii it he Ihoukl liap- p^ii to be womuleil, the hunter wuuM be ci]ua'.ly at a lots, as lie never tail, to run to th le w.itti, ami K'jvcr cimC' up again a Iter lie has once liivcil, llioujil he chance to liic lithe woiiiul. The tranche ami the trap arc thcieforc the methuiis moll in ule in Ins excrci fe. Nijtwithllanding the beaver lavs nphi> rtorc of nrovifion for the winter, he now ani! lys up pr( then makes cxcurlion-- iiiti the neiL'.lib"Uiinj; wooils in i|iiell ot r.utie teiuier ami lieli- cate f )>)ii ; ami thi< luxury otten ctilU hitn his lite. The [ndnrts liy I'nares in his way, much relembliii^; the tV.-iire 4, which thcv bait with Imall pieces of wnoJ th.it i^ tin>!er 1 newly cut. The btavcr no fooncr touches it, than his back is bro'se with a hu.' 11)1 o;r wni1.1i fall s upon him. ami th le luinftr inllantly comiii'.; up, lo'.n »hlpatclies hi m. :.il tfjr.c;. Tlie tr.inche requires (greater prcL.iiiti;.f, and 1 ni.uui;eil as folluw s : w'l-.ii th. ice is as yet but about half a foi,: thick, an opeiiini; is miule in it with a liatchtt, ami the beaver makes tu tlii- opcnirii; f.-r the lake of br'-itl.iii'.; a little trclli air ; the l.iirter. wlio w.iit> for him, ealilv knows wlun he is t^ 111111", aj hi- bre.itliiii'4 cau(e< .m iniulual notion in the water, and it is verv c.;lv to knock I; nil on the It tcai! the mi.meiit Jic railes Ni-t hc/w , it above it. To prevejit his dilcoverini; the hunters, they llrew over tl.c liolc with reeds, or with the tars of reed-mace, and when they find the ufunial within reai h, they ki/.- him by one of hi- feet, ami tlimw him upon the ice, whirc tiny dilp.itch liiin belore he is recovered from his dirpri/'". I If the hnrrow happens to be ncarfonic nrcai'i, the bulinefs is full cafier. The way ' is then to cut the ice quite acrols trom lidc to fide, in order to lay a iKt in if, and tlaii f"dl to brc.kinj; down the ncl< or c.bbin The beavers never l.ol to run to the wa- ter, wluie tiiey are taken in the net l.iiii for tliciii. There i-, however, lome «l..n 'cr in lett wiz, It ri.in.iin too lone, in which caie thcic c;eatures loon fi:.d means to iccw\er their lilKitv. Th o!e wi.o in!ial>i t the l.ikes have, at the i the "■ benefit ot the .lir. In tliis cafe the Ini.iters divide ir.ti tw(j h'xiics, one o\ which bt.its tip ti;e iMLUtiT- of t'lolc in tlij count. V whilil thi- others till tlic luki.. u]'. )!! the habit .tions ot jV, the bcvtrs in the loiuicr ab.jJe, fur the lp\i:» and tiiiiiul ill •. W li.it Icavci.^, .liiibuKC i:i lU WJIC ll'', .iiul I lKavtr>. lu'l itA If itttk! Ut lilt. I'lir rwA tall lliviv.'tli to ti-t My I. r- wliicli tl)c ikiii iitucii ic iicr, tlic tlic UloiuI re lo jiicr- llioot him, rid [>iiiin;cs !)u>iilii lup- I I run to i.mce to liic l) in ulc ill he now ami L'r .nut ilcli- in h)'. \v.iy, i.it i) tiiulcr Kith a hiii^c •itclics him. xs'ilh the .iCklKt, und tlic hurtfi, .III iiiiiilual .'lit he railcs hiilc with ithin rcu li, i.y iiilp..tcli Th'v way ir, .iiul then i) tlic wa- )iue (!, n/er tu iccAcr iir liiiiiilrfd ini's till tlic .viiii.h t>c.i(s hit.tions ot' ly tjkc the I.iuc lime wlica tlv y arc ..II in th.- country, tiy I >r r.iii.tii,;ry to tlu other, v.licrc tl.cy fiiul nothiir; hill luiii aiiil a t! i.i I ot «!iiil, i .ilid on jiur|) 1; t'» Mini rhcm, anil tf) make tlicm an calicr pny to ihcir eiuinic. I.i lomc plaas (hey cuiitcnt thi.mit!v(.i with tlipj',iii>> a hole 111 their (l..ms hy uhi^li imin. the ilitJi th.it rtirrou.-.ilt ilr.m u fi)on liiaiiud, ilicii iliaiul i'. rohlvi..! ol it. eliiel' ilttiiite, ami tluy mull liihinit to tate. Or, in call' they llioiild lUivc to r nicily the evil, a. they otten ilo, the citiie ot which is ciitir-iy i:,il.iiown to thtni, t!uy tail |j;enerally mt > the hands ct'the cr my. Ic ha, U\ii I I.I, tli.it vsln.li tlie heavers fiiul tJK-inlelvcs piiniieil hy hiiiittr , or lomc (if Cliole healls uf prey tli.it g. iieratly nial.e w.ir a ronll tlini:, they riiih int'i tlu water, whieh th'.y lalli witii tlitir taiU in (iich a manner t!i.it the nniie i-. Iieard at h«lt a Ua4ac didaiiee. '1 lie lealijn olthi> i> proKihly to j^ivc the .il.irin to th. ir trien.fs, who m;y"hc abroad 111 tiie lame manner, withuiit kiiowiii^', theii' •[ the tiift be c\c;prtd, abiti nuicli like tliatof liiirs in /',"/(rf|,', as allothe ttlliiles, which contain a perlume ot an cMpiilite odour. This animal, which weighs abiiut four pound.;, 'w, very like tlie Mui yll/nius, of .Mr Riy. The miilk-rat t.ikes the field in tlic inontii of ,U.;,•- mi-iicj, lilt the ;iriiv.d of the Kurepi-nr.i turned the kale in f..v()ur of the beaver. Hunt- tiiij;the bear was a kind d religion; lolemnity, ami liiperllition had a ;.^r'at llure in t!ii> t.\en:iie, the m.inntr whereof, anions; liichot tlie l'ui:u>i) as have n it been converted to chriilitnity, is as follows: It is always loiiie warrior chief, that appoints the time of hunting, and who is to invite tlie hunters. Tliij invitation, which is perfirrncd with a great deal of ceremony, is fol- lowed by a f.ill o: ten days coniiiuiaiue, doling whith they .;re not t > take lo much asa drop of water. This whole time, notwitldhindiii;; the extreme weikne'.s to which they .lie reducevl by it, isempliiyed in linging. The intention ol this ri;.;o!riis ceremony, is to obtain of t!je Clen'i, the knosvledge of tlie place where the greate'.l number ol bears arc to be found. There are fever.il ol them who eiulurc llill more, in order to obt.iin this gr.icc i aiivl l-Jiiietjf them have been kno^vn to cut their llelh in ditferent part, ol their Ixjdirs, kvith .1 view to render tlnjle (»enii pnij itions. IJut it is t > be remembered, that they reipiire no niaiinerof.illillar.ee to overcome thofe furious animals ; it futHces that they kiiosv the places ol their .ihode. h I. witii the fame view, they ad. ircfs their vows to tlie manes, f)r ("miIs df tln-defunrt Pl't-.,' :, ll;l.l■^i II.-. .1 C'lb.J II, (.,.-J. l.^Ji I'lV c( in f^t aU ll.:}i. ■ mi- ct -.■ tc.r y rittui.). bears, which t: cy havi. killed in their former hiiii;in;',s and as this i?. the only lubii their mc.li'.ati.ju .i"Jii.. ' thele v i',v!s, tliev naturally fiuin tlie eim>tinefs of th i i :t ot ti>m.icHs, dr--.,;il If" I 4 4 Jajit huHlcn. A-if ifr.t frnC" ro:'iiy in ilc- tc-n. T:..-.» f.i;. ?.T ■ '■( i..i:;. N A T U R A L 11 I S T O R Y ilic.im ofthofi: animuls. This however is not yet enough to detcrtnine them, fur every in.inot'thc canton, or at Ic.ill much the grc.iter p.irt ot them, mult alio liave tire.unt .t" keinr; bcirs, and th.it in their own dillri^-'l. Ni)W it ii next to impoliillc lo niany dreams (houfd agree ; to bring tliis to pals therefore i^ the iic\t cmharrallment, wlni.li is gene- rally removed, wiien Tome hinmiiua of reputation happens to dream two or three times fucceiiivclv of feeint; thxfe bealls in a certain place. Whether thro' comi>Iailance, or hearing tiie fame thing often repeated, they all prelently fall to dreaming after him, or at lead pretend to do lb, and that quarter is immediately ti\t upon for the place ot iuinting. As loon as the fall is over, and tiie place ot hunting agreed upon, the chief elect wiio is to have tlie n;mmand in it, gives a magnitkent rcpall to all thofe wiio are to be of tiic p.irty, and no pcrlon dares to prelent himfelfat it, before he has tirll bathed himltlf, which ib generally by lhr;>wing himfelfinto tlie river, provided only it be not tro/cn, let the weather be never lb levere. They arc not obliged at this feall to eat up every thing, a« in Ibmc otiurs, and they all obferve great fobriety. I le who does the honours touehcs nothing, his fole emplovment, wliillt the others are at table, is to make the p.megyricof ids own feats informer liuntuigs, Thcfeftival ends with new invocations of the m.uies of the luvr? departed. 'I hev then take tlie field all daubed over witli black in the lame m.inncr as when they go to war, amidll the .i.clam.itions of the whole village. Thus hunting i'. in no IciV reputation amongft the I'lMa'r, than war ; and an alliance with a goo i huntfnun is more coveted, than that of a famous warrior, becaule this cx- ercife furniilies the faiwilv v.ith all the n'.ccllaries ot lite, at le.id, wiib. all that they reckon as fii>.h, tii.it is, uit'i iood and cioatiiing. J)Ut this chara>.'tLr ot a gre.it huntlman is nof ealily acijuircd, for before you arc reckuiied lo, yju mufl h.ive killed at k\'A\ twelve large beads in one day. The I'lMti'is h.wc twoconiiderable advantages l>cyond us in Europe-, fur, in the fill place, no obd.icle is capable of flopping them, neither thickets, ditches, m.iriht', n r rivers. Their way is aUvay^ tlic nearifl, tliat is, forwards in a ihrecl line. Then theic i> no animal, how tleet loever, which tliey cannot overtake by mere fwiitncis of foot. .'Xnd we are toM, th.it it i> common enough for them to come iiome leading a ilrovc of be.;rs into their village like a llock of iheep ; and that the fwittell deer, thougli I will not venture this on my-o,\n authority, is hot fwifrcr than they. Fiwmer'v the hunter had little benefit from his abundance ; every one took what fli.:re of the fpoil he plcaled, leaving the proprietor little belides the glory of labour- ing for the public advantage. He w.is however, .u liberty to make his own family a prelent ot the (iril fruits. Tliis Was tlic cullom (ormerlv, till the arris. d of the Eu- iri'Ciim^ wliole ill example has in a great mcalurc delhciyed thi> ancient and moll com- mendable Ipirit of difi'iterefledncfs, leaving tiicm tiuir own fcllillincfs in e\c!iange. The fealon tor hunting the bear i;, in the wuiter, when thefe aniinah retrc.it in; ) the iiollows of trees, or, when they find them fallen down, make thcmfelves a den witii the root, the entry of wiiich they fill with branches of fir, where they arc perfcltly iccurc fr.)ni the feverity of the we.ither. If they ihould tail nf either of thole onvenitnciei, they dig thcmfelves a liole in the earth, taking jvirtieular caro, alter they iiavc retired intt it, to llop the mouth ; and tlii, they do I'o well as 1 imetimcs to elude the cioleft learch. Hut, liov.ever they happen to be lodged, it is certain, they never once llir out the whole winter. It is equally true, that they carry in with them ii > manner of pro- vifion i fo that all thii long feafoii the be.ir neither eats nor »lrink>. .^11 he d.Ks is con- dantly licking his paws, which are laid by fomc to a fiord a fublbnce trom whence he draws all ids iiouriiliment. I:, very one, however, is at liberty to jiids^c ot it .\< he thinks fit, tliou;;h it is undeniably true, that the experiment has been made by chaining up one of tlmll: animals for a whole winter, wiiliout affoniing him the leall nouriihmcnt, and at the end of fix months lie has been luuiul a. Lt as in the iKginniiig. There u no need of much tourling to take the bear ; the onlv thing required is to find out the place ot tlieir retre.it in an) conliderable number. When the hunters im.i- ^inc tliey have diieovcred their liaunts, they form a large circle of a quartv-r of a league round, more or lets, in proportion to the number of liuntcrs. They afterward', adv.mcc «irawing nearer one another, every one making ftriet fearch as he goes tor thv* rctrc.it of thefe animals. Hence, if there he any K>dgcd in all tliis ip.icc, it is d-.theult for them to clcapc, the IniH.ini being excellent fjr.'tts. On the nioirow the huiuing begin* after the l.inie niiii'Ri, and fo continues from day to day while the leafon lads. As , for cvrrjr liie.imt "t !iy drcaiiH .li is gciic- \ncc tiincs lil.iiict, or him, or at 't hunting, elect wiio t) be of the :A hirnklt", tro/cn, let very thiiv,% us toiu'hi's lue^yriv.- of tlic mines 1 the lime \n .illiancc lie this cx- th.ii they ot a gi>..tt uvc killed ,n the fi-!l irilit«, II r riicn thiic :1s ot foot. .1 I'row of jugh I will took what ot laboiir- \vn t.unily of tile Eu- moll tom- !;.ini;e. Mt int ) the n wit!i the Ctly iceurc ivtnitneiei, i.ive titircd the elofeft ICC ftir out i;r of pro- I.KS is COIl- IV hence he « he thinks li,iiiiii)g up urilluticiit, juircd is to inters im.i- if .1 league ■i'i udv.iace r rctre.it of or thein to icginj after As of CANADA, 33 As fonn as a Iwar is killed, the hunter puts the end of liib lighteearaiice, are all of the fame fpecies, with cred ears, tluir mu/zlc lonu- wh.it long, like th.it of the wolf, and remarkable for their fidelity and atfeition to their mafler^ who never carets, and, in other refpedts, take but veryjill care of them. Thcv are trained early to the exercilc for which they are intcndrd, and are indeed excellent h/ntcrs. The !''lk is an animal formerly common in North ytm:Tiiii, and of as much utility, l.lk licicrlxJ with relped to tr.ide, as the beaver itlclf, hail they not been extirpated, or at lealf driven very far iVom the Eiiropian colonies by thole who went to fettle in thole parts. VVlvit is I, died in L\:niiJ.t the elk, goes by the name of the b.lan, or Ci'rcat Head, in dtTnuinv, /'ci'.r.'i/, ,iiid Kii/fij. This animal is of the lizc ot a horle, or ot a mule u\ .Iti- '.'ir^iuM li.tfuc; is Very broad over the hind p.Jts ; his t.;il no linger than one's K tin::er ; t: 34- N A T URAL 11 I S T O R Y (Iclh finger ; the haunches very Iiigh, witii the legs ami feet of .i (Ijg ; tlu; wahcrs, neck, and upper part of the thii;!is are covered witli long iiair ; the licail is more than tvo foot long, which he ilrettlKS out ltni;thwife before him, giviii'j; liimleU hy tliat means a wry ungraceful appearance ; tlK muzzle ii thick, and brndb downwards al- moft like that of the camel ; and the nolliila are f ) prodi^^ioully wide, that you may thrull your fift and half vour arm into them, liii antkrs are as 1(j:ii', as thok- ot the ftag, and much more fpreading ; they are ;iat and hjrkeil, like thule ot a doe, and no manner ot in- convenience to him. ilis (kin is proof .ngaintl all forts of weapons, and he has an arm froceeding from one of Iiis (boulders, which he ul'cs in tiic I'ainc manner as a man. le is never without a gieat nunilH:r of otlier elks in hi^ retinue, who tuna bis court, and do him all manner of ferviccs. Thus ihc ancients h.i very ditlicult and even dangerous to come near him; for when lie is wounded, he is \ery furio'is, and will turn boldly on the hunters, and knock them down with hiii hoof*. The w,»y to cfcape from him is ti throw him your c(jat, im which he vmII difclurge all lii? venge- ance, wliilll the hunter concealing liimleif b.iiind fome tree, takes m\ op|>ortunity to liilpatch him. TJie common pace (jf the elk is a hard tnit, wliich is almolt as fwitt as a but^alo can run. He holds out a long time, but tlie I/i.hj/ii are lliil U'tltr runner* than he. It is laid, tliat he falls down on his knees when he drink-, tats, airl when he goes to llecp ; and they add, tli..t he has a liiull bone in his heait, which Inriiig reduced to powder, and taken in broth, brings forward tlur bnih, .mA mitigates cliild-bcd paint. Tlic />?/■.;» n.i'.'on 01 inccl'. elk. " thr. m of C A N yJ D /I. Tlic mod northerly IiuUaiis oi Cunailti luvc a vv.iy of iuintinr*, t.'ic (.11;, wliicli i; very ^mjilc, ami not at .ill d;ingcious. The Iminirs (iividc into two Uuiit^ j one tmhark:. on buanl canoes, keeping at (omc didaneo i\um the other, ami ain.l his body ; hi; hair is of a browniili ...ics up with tlie elk, he leaps upon him, fixes on his neck, round which he twines his long tail, and then cuts hi^ jugular. The elk has but one way left to ihun t!ii. difader, which is by tluowing himfelf irito the water the moment he fimls himle't in the hands of this terrible enemy. As the carcajou c.n- not endure the water, he immediately quits his hold ; but if the water be too f.;r ol't", he has time to dedroy his prifoner belore lie reaches it. As tills animal is nut en- dowed with the molt auite I'mell, lie ;;enerallv carries three foxes along witli liim, which he ieiui:> out on dinoverie.^. As lo;!n as they get fcci.t of an tlk, two of them place themlelves one on each fi.ic, and the other direitly behind liim ; and in this manner they manage matters fo well by harratllng the prey, till at lad t!iey ftncc him to betak-.' himlelf tothe place where tiuylefi tlie Circajon, with whom thjy .'.tter- wards I'ettle tb.eir liitlVrent proportions of the i'poil. The C'arcaiou has lllll an.:tiier ih.i- tagem to catch his prey, which i^ to climb a tree, where laying himfelf flat along lome proj>eraiing branch, he wait; till foine elk p.idcs, and thrown Inmfelf upon iihii tiie mo- ment he perceives him within reacli. Tlv; dag al ('.r.'iUj 'w in all rel'pects the fame with ours in pMrcf',-, only 'iimeuh.»t larger. The lii..';.:r:i however feem not to trouble thcmfclvo much abijut tliein, »t le.id I do r.o: find th.it they make war upon the dag in form, and with the fame ceremony as wlitn they hunt the bear and c'k. '1 he Caribou is ,in anim.d not quite fo tall as the elk, has more the appearance of an afs than ;i mule, and is as fwilt as tiic dag. 'I'here was furmeily one of them ieen on Cape Diiims'tJ, near i^t4i!u'c, which had probably been purfued by tlie hunters ; biit he was not long in perceiving th.it he was in no place <.f l.ifety, fo he maiie but y'W. leap thence inti the river, which he fwam over with the fame Licility, but all to no ptirpi fe, being killed by (mne C.,tit,:.i:a':i, who we;e g'lng to war, aiul then en- cuuimI at l\.ii: L,ii\ on the ojijiulite fide. Tiie tongue of this animal is much tdeiiMcd. It.', tine country i-. prol),d)ly in the noighbourhoud I'f Ihiafjn'i Biiy ; for the Meur ^i '''"''"> ^^ho pallLl Icvtral winter-, in thele Noithcm part-, fays, that be- tween llui'i/l Ki\ei ;uid I'uit Nc/Jit, there are prod.ii^'vu- numb.r.- .11 tl.c fuinmci, K ^ v,!nc!i !*1 I! I 'I [ I . n 1^ i-,; 36 NATURAL H I '• T O R Y which hclng driven from the woods b tlic (warms of gnats and pu'-riicf, come to rc- frcdi thcnifelvts by the !"c.i fide, and that tor tlic Ijucc of forty or fitty leagues togc:hcr you continually meet with licrds ot thcin of a tlioufand in a herd at Icafl. It docs not appear tliat the caribous have inultiphcd greatly in the mod frequented pla- ces of Canadtt ; elks, on the contrary, were to be met with every where in prodigious numbers, and miglu have made a very confidcrable branch of traiic, as well as a greai convcnicncy to the inhal->itants, had they been better enan.iged. Hut this has been lad- ly negleded, and whetlicr it is by the multitudes killed, or that by hunting they have obliged tliem to remove to other parts, nothing is rarer ti>bc met with than an elk. the In the wcfter I and fouthcrn parts of LtiiioJit, on both fnUsthc Miffifipfi^ the hiwuing mod in vogue, is that of the Buff' which is done in he manner following. The hunters draw up in four lines, f( n - ig a very large fijuare : f!cy begin by kttin^' fire to the graf , which is dry at t'' >r 1 .-afon, and very rank : aftcrwanls, as the fire gets ground, they advance, conftantly c ' ,ng nearer and nearer to each other. The buffaloes, which arc extremely afraid of thv iirc, fly before it, till at laft they are pent up in fo narrow a fpace, that few or none of them cftapc ; Icldom a party returns from hunt- ing the ButTalo, without, as we arc told, killing fifteen hundred, 01 two thoufand of thofc animals. But left the different companies of hunters fliould incommode one ano- ther, they agree upon tlic place of hunting before they fct out. There arc even ftated penalties for fuch as tranfgrefs thcfe regulations, as well as for thofe who by defirtiiig their F)oft fuffer the prey to cfcapc. Thele penalties are in general, that every perfon (hall lavc a right to rii-privc the delinquent of his fliarc of the fpoil, anil even to take his arms from him, which is reckoned the greatcft r.ffront that can poffibly be given to an Indian^ and to de(froy his hut. The Indian chiefs arc equally fubjcdkd to tho(e puni(hment8 with the rert of the company, and thofe who Hiould attempt an exemp- tion, would probably kindle a war that would not eafily be cxtinguiflicd. BuffJ.iofCj. The Buffalo of Canada is larger th.in ours in Europe ; its horns are low, fhort, and naJaitiah'i black ; a long h.iiry beard dcicends trom its muzzle, and another frory the crown of its head, which (alls over its eyes, and gives the creature a moil hideous look. It has on its back a bunch, beginning from the haunches, and increafing towards the Hiouldcrs. The front of this bunch is higher by a cubit, than the hinder part, and three fingers broad, and the whole bunch is covered with long reddidi hair. Tljc reft of the bo- dy is cloathed with a bla«,'. wool, which is highly valued. It is faid that the wool of a Buffalo weighs eight pounds. This animal is very broad ar the chert, pretty flendcr at the loins, has a very (hort tail, and almoft no neck; but its head is much bigger tlian the European Buffalo's. He commonly flies the mon»ent lie difcovcrs a man, and a dog will drive a whole herd l>c!brc him. He has a very quick fcent, and you muft always be to leeward of him, before you can get near enough to ih.oot him, withou* being difcovcred. But atter he is wounded, he grows furious, and turns upon the huntc-; and he is no lefs dangerous when the temalcs have newly broua;ht forth their young. The flc(h of this animal is very good, but that of tlic cow Buffalo is only eaten, the bull's being too hard. As for the hide, nothing can exceed it; it is eafily dreffed, and tho' it is exceeding rtrong, becomes full as Ibtt and fuppic as tlic bcft fort of fliammy. The Indians make targets of it which arc extremely light, and almoft mullcct proof. There is anotlicr fpccics of the buffalo in the neighbourhood of Ilud/in's Bay, tiic (kin and wool of which is no lefs valuable than tho(c of the buffaloes I have \uA now mentioned. The account which M. "feremie gives of thcin is, that at fittcen leagues from the Danijf: River is the River oj Sea IVohes, (o called from tl.e gre.it numlKr of thofe animals that frequent it. Between thcfc two rivers is a lpetie> oJ biitFahx-s, c.dled Miift Luffilo Mu/k Buffaloes, from their fmcllin§, fo rtrong of that perfume at a cerciin time of the year, that their flefli is not eatable. They arc covered with a very iinc wool, and longer than that of the (heep in Barhary. I carried, fays he, fome into France, in the year 170H, of which I caufed fome pairs of (lockings to be made, which were even (incr and more beautiful than thofc of fiik. Thefe buffaloes, though (hiallcr tlian ours in Europe, have much thicker and longer horns, the roots of which meet on the crown of their head, and coming down clufe by the eyes, ahnoll as Ijw .is the throat, the ends of them afterwardi turn upwards, and form a kind o( crckeiif I have, fjys \f. yeremir, leen a pair of horns which wtiiihtd lixty pounds when (eparated (run the (cull. They have very (hort Icg^, fo that, when they walk, their wool traih iipuii the ground, which ^f C y1 N yl D A. 37 imc to re- s together icntcil pla- proJii;ioas as a grcai bcxii l.id- tlay h.ivc an elk. ic hunting ving. The by llttin^' IC fire gets ; buffaloes, t up in fo roni hunt- loufand of e one ano- cvcn ft.itcd irtiiig their erfon lliall to take his given to an d to thole an cxcmp- fhort, aiAd rown of its It has on : Htouldcrs. ircc fingers of the bo- le wool of tty flcndcr uch bigger crs a man, t, and you n.oot him, turns upon )ught forth UuiTalo is ed itj it is jpic as the hght, and 's i?.;v, tlic fc jurt now ccn leagues luinilKr of l(xs, called ime of the wool, and »«((', in the ; even finer tlian ours icct on the tliioat, the Vi-, fays M. n the (cull. he ij;roiind, uiiich .# '% which renders tlicm fo unfhapt'.y, lli.it at a dill.nec voii arc at .i I 'I's whcr-- to I'>o!< (or the he.ui. Ab tiierc is no great number (il thole animals the I'pecies would lorjn be- come txtiiid, were the buitam to be employed in liuntin;4 them. lUfuk!., tin; lliort- ncls of ' .cir legs makes it c.ily to kill them with launccs, wlieii tiie Inow is deep, \\\ whitli tale tni.y cannot t'oliib Th .lb iC ipc. \da the Roe-I)Uck, whieli ditll 'M •:.i.U< .dlUlu ours, 'll.is creature is laid to llied tears wiien he lees himlclt reduced to extremities by the (^^ liunters. Wiien he is vouiv.:, iii» ikin is m.irked v.ith llrijics <^f ilitl'crent colour-. kn;^th- wile ; alterwaril--, this hair lalK oil, ami in pl..tc ot it ^'lous .uiotlicr lort, whiili i- of tlie common colour of this animal. He is not ut all fierce, \:. ealiiy tamtJ, and is natu- rally ioiivi of tnan. The tame females, wlun pr';ud, will go into the woo!-., and, utter (lie li'.s had tiie male, will return to her ma(kr"!j houle. When llic is rciuiy to brin:; fortli hu' voiiiig, ihe retires to tiie woods again, whence, after (omc time fpeiit in liick- lin;'., (li;; comes b.itk in the lame manner. She i>i mnil.uit in her \ilit>. to hi.r oll- fpring ; t!ie maflcr follows jier vviien lie lee fir, and t.ikcs the young, svhich (he after- wards nurl'es in the houfc. It is fomethin;.; llr.m.^c, tli.it every houle in Laujilj is not lupplied witli a lar^c llock of thelc creatar^'' ; the liit'iin:^ liuiit tliem only occ.ilionally. There are alio in the forcds n{ QinjJa a grct multitude of Wolves, or r.uher Wild- w.ic • Cats, for tliey have notliing of tiie wolf, excejit the iiowling of that anim.d ; in ..vtry other rdJKCt they are of the ieline kind. They arc natur.illv hunter'-, li\'ng loleiv tni the llclli ot' v.ii.it otlier animal they arc a1 le to catch, and uhlcli they pmlue to the tops of the tallert trees. Tiieir tledi is white, and good eating; tlieir h.iir and ikin are well known in l-'r.irur, and make one of the fincll furs of all this country, as well a^ the moll conliderable article in its commerce, lint a greater value llill i-- put on a fort of black fiv, that live, in the ;ni)untain>, in the north part of this province. '^"'•^ '^■''• I iiav..; Iiowever lieard, lay-, my autiior, that the lur of the Ruf/i.in blac!; fox, and of thole ill the North of L'//rfl/^■, are in llill greater requell. Thev are, however, ex- tremely rare, even in CumJa, pr.)b..My bec.iule ot tiie di'iiculty of catching them. The moll common fort,-) here, aie thole who ii.ivc black or grey hairs mixed v.ith ii^'.i- rivj. white ; others of them arc entirely grey, and others ot a c irrotty red. There is a fort "'-'•'■ '"'"'• ■ of tiiem found about the I'ppcr Alij/i/ipi, the Ikin ot' wliicli is of a lilver white, and extremely beautiful. There are all.) tige., found in tliete parts, and wolves interior in fi.'.e to ours. The foxes lumt the w.iter-lowl in a very l.i;.',aeious iiianner. They ad- >; „., .._ „f vance .1 little into tlie w.iter, tlien they retire, m.ikin.', a thoul.iii.l antic motion-. o;i the :*■■'.■ 'i banks. Duek.s biilhirds, and fuch like fowl, are t.d^eii with thi.i .unul'ement, an! draw ne.ir the fox, who, to lull them into a llill greater leeurity, remain^ very qni-.t .it tirll, only ni.:!;ing a lew luotioii'- with hi-, t.iil to ilraw them llill ne.irer. The moment he thinks himt'clt lure of them, he flies at them, and rarely fails of luctel-^. Th-.- InJiiim have brcvl up dog. to the lame excreile, which they perform with admirable dexteri- ty; thole d; g>, too, make a very cruel war on the fo\c . 'I'here i- .i kind of I'olc-Ct, e.illed, i.'ij.rit ilu duil'lc, or Brtc pUiin!', th.it i-, the i?c- :v;;--ci: vil's imp, or llinking heall, bec.iufe its urine, which it dilchargcN when punueil, t..int.^ the air for half a quarter of a league round, lor in other relpect-, it i-. a verv beautiful crea- ture, <'f the li.'e of a finall c.if, Init thicker, its hair ihiniiig or glolly, ot a greyiili call, with f.\i) llruke> ot white forming an oval from the neck to the t.iil, which is Inilhv lik, th.it of' a f)\, and carried eiect over the back, jull like that ol the I'quirre'. 'I'hc fur of tm.-. .-•lim.d, as alto that (jf the Fckan, another creature of the wil.i-e.it kind, al- ,).|.^, |,..;-. moll of the lame iv/.c with tii.)i'c of /'.'rt/Y/ii', that of the otter, the common pole-cit, t... > .ii..m..L the llotc, the Wiiol-rat, the ermine, and martin, are wh.it i-; c.ilKd t!ie M'tUi Pi'k' ti-r:r, or li liir furs. Tiie trmir.e is ot tlie li/e of our tquirrcl, but not to long; the fur of it i> of .1 beautiful white, and it lias a long tail, the tip of whieh is jet bKuk. Tlie M.irtin i- not to reil .i.> thole of I-'rirut-, but the b.iir of it i^ muv h liner. Tiiev generally keep in the mi, Idle oi tlie wood?, out ot whieh they never lUr, but ciiec in two or tliree veais, .ind then alwava in large bodies. I'lie [•iJijui are perlu.uled th.it the year in wiiieli thele aiiim.iK are leen to come abroad, will be a good hunting year, that is, there will be a large fall of fiiow. The ikin of the m.u-tin i-- lold in Cttiiadit for .1 / t->uu crown, even tlic mo; all Old 111 'our li\ res and upward iry foil, for lucli a> are brown I'eteli tweiitv- rhe 1S N A T URAL HIS T O R ^ I •;.! fii'in thf jH)lc-t. tliii-k ■It in tills oalv, that tlic Ii.iir of tiio former cr. Tliclc two .u;mi: i!> |Mcv upon tlio biiils ;ii'ii cvc II upon WooC r.U. TIk St.)tc ilirrlr blickfr, lonutr, .iiul thul'c oi the lair^lt li/f, .\nd in.ikc v.ill 'ivitrudlion in hcn-ronlls iiiil puii'i-on-houlcs 'Ihc \vo>)ii-rat is twice as large as th<' rat ot /•././ yr. 'i lie tail ot tlii^ cuaturc is bulhy, ami tlic hairs of it ol a hv.v'i''.:! lilver rrcv. '1 licrc arc tvcn Ionic ot thctn entirely white, a mi that nt' an extu'nielv heaiitilul i 'iour. 'I'he Liiiale ha^ a ba;; uiii iler I ur ly, uhich th'- opens ami lliuts at ple.iliirj : In t!.:. l\r^ llie cikIoI.s her \ouiu; when purine IC IS J, and riies with the buntcn for I'atctv. Sitiirnl.iiiric As for tlic Siiiirre'., there are vall nnnil.ers ot thtm in this c.>\intrv, as thcv arc ne- ver iiiolc from ours vinirre'., there are vait nnnu.ers ot tiitm in this oiintry, as t! Iclleii. J'liev are ifilliii'.'uiilK\l into lliiei: Illrt^•, the reil, wliieli ilitl thoic ta Ilea .V I ///(■;, w hich arc loinewhat Inialler, anii arc lo ea ITS notliin'/. Kcaiiic lied I their ikin is marked with red, blaek, and wliite ihipes lent-thwire, not unlike the 1 tiie tiyin;', lipiirn., < '"mueh tlie lame fi/e witli the Su-ifs, tlic it that thcv ac- Pope's lSu'v/j j;;uard< ; am (l^iii of" which I'ort, i^ a d.;rk urev. TIk called tlyinj; Iqunrels IK tuallv fly, but from their Ipringin^ from tree to another, at the dillance at leafl ot tCrtv paces, and when they leap tVom „ (iiperior hci;^ht, they will llioot double th.:t ^.illaiicc. What uives them this extraordinary at^ility is two membranes reatliiii;: btt\ tove the tore and liind kgs of the lame lide, ab:)ut two iiiclies broad, very thin, and ■-d will) a very thin down, iiillead of hair. 'l"ius animal is very ealilv tamei om, as he makes his lairc wherever lie can, in your pockets, tlceves, and cutVs of" your toat. He generally gives ane 1 very lively, when he is not alleep, Uut tliis is very leld lis ma iKr the prelerence, ;',nd will rniL'le him out from a Icore of pcopk Hue .-.r.a ral'ba. 'I'iie i'oic'.ipii'ic of (.'<.7/./iviilcd in biriis either witli rcfjiect to iiumlH.rs or variety, as the (eas, lakes, and rivers, an* witii filics. Theie arc I'ome however wliit'i have their merit, and are jK-culiar to h'.rth Amcncj. Here liofivoarc cigles of two forts ; the largcfl have their necks and heads almoll white ; they give ch.icc to the hares and rabbits, whiJithey cirry otl" in their pounces to their nclls. The other I'ort arc Urey, and ]irev u|>on birds only. Hoth kinds are excellent >K' tiihcrs. The falcon, gofs-luwk, and tallel-h.iwk, are exactly the lame With tliofc in Eurrpc; tlicrc are bcfuics a Iccond fort of falcons, that live entirely on filh. Tlic partrid^'cs o\' QitiiJi, arc of three forts ; the grey, red, and blaek ; thele lall are the Icall Valued of the three, having too much the flavour of the grape, iiiniper, ami fir- tree. Thele have alio tlie head and eyes of .i phe.ilaiit, and their ticlli is of a brown- ilh colour, witli long tails, fprcailing like a fan or the tail of a turkey-cock, ami of an extraordinary Ix-auty, fomc of them iK-ing mivt with red, brown, and grey, and otliers a ml'.ture of light grey and brown. Ail thefe f.jrts of partridges arc however larger than ours in hiircpc, but lo rcnurkably tame, that they lutier you not only t" llj(;ot at them, but to tome very near them. Ikliiics fni|x-s which arc c.vcellent in thi. country, and the linallcr fort of water- fowl, which is found every where in the greatelf abundance, you loinetitrcs meet with wu)d-cocki near Ipringt, but in no great numbers In the country of the Ilirt'ii, and I'-iftrulirr tl.ltc !j:t ill over t'.ie louth paiti oi La/iaJa, they are m greater plenty. M. D:fm, Of a A N A D A. .^0 tiiiincr !•; even upon nn-lnuilc-^. c i^ bulhy, in cntialy uinItT lur iiin^; when icy .'.If tie- rs ni)!lun;» ni Ikc.iuic iiiiliki- t!ic .S"«/'/J, the .It tlity ac- ILC .it Ic.iil )()t jlnllWc :s rc.Khiii;!; y tliin, luul ilv t.imcif, s liis l.iirc cr.illy gives d not <|iiitc .i\v, wliitc, K Wc.ipoP.S t wli.itcvcr lit ii)iiiic\!i- m arc very 1 cMtiiiji; ; u ill V.uf'pr, no tonlc- < very tmc, alim, thcfe they live 'llic fox winter on but r.) well cither with ics. There ,1. Here vliite 1 tlicy CCS to their re excellent ■ til thofc in tilh. The A\ arc the XT, ami (ir- )t .1 brown- >ik, anvl of \ I'.rey, aiiil irc however n"t only t<> •t of w.iter- s meet with Hindi, aiu! M. Ihfns, M. Di'tss, a Frrncb writer, who refuieil fonie time on thi. toiiiiiicnt, alTurc tint the U.ivi'ii oi' (..iii.iJii is quite ab good eating as a hen ; winth may Ik true of ylaJin, "jvm: tho' iliiulithii with icl'pcd to other parts ot CiinttJ,!. 'I'lie raveii-. are lometiiing lar- ger tli.m onrs in i.urr.ji,-, hlatlier, an !)«:, nc'.k, with a pcnih.ir lort of cry, Tlie tlelh nf this Mnl is goud eatiiiL', „iid many nnler it to a l).uii-iioor fowl. 'Ilie winter proviiion of thefe owls eonlills of fieid-miec, in whieli tlu V o )bferv e a (in"ul ar piece oi a'coi.omy in ore.ikina; their ^:g^ ;ttcr- w.mls fattening them for ufe on occafion. 'I'lie iJat of this country is larger than tliolc tiic iiuuuns and I'vvaliow? iiere are I'irds ot paflage as in our hemilphcrc, if /•; Tlie firll arc not black like ours, but of a biov. i!'::ii rod. There arc three lorts ot Larks, the linuliell of which is of the fizc ot a fparrow ; aiul this lall dittlrs ahi) from our fp.irrow5, and tho' it retain^ the lame qniliiie';, has iur.vevcr a very difagrecable aljifct. Ducks arc fiund in proviigions numbiT« in tiiis c-iuntry ; of tliofe bird,> tliev reckon two and twenty dirtcrcnt kinds. Tiie moll be.uitiful, and bell to cat, arc w hat the I'rencb call hrancbiS caminls, from their perching on the branc'nes of trcis. Their plumage is moll l)cautifully diverlilied, and the colour exticmclv brii'ht aiui vivid. Swans, lurkies, moor-hens, crane-, teal, geele, tuill.ini^, ;iiid otiur large wa- tcr-fo>vl, are found every where in the gre.itcll abundance, except in the neighbourhood of plantations, where they never come. There are M.igpics of two colours; fomc are all white, .:nd others of alight grey; and both mikc excellent foups. The Wood-jicckeri are beautiful to a:imir.ition. Tiicrc arc of tiiem ot all colour-;, others entirely black, or quite ot a dark brown, except the he.id and neck, which are of a motl bciutiful red. 1 he ThruHi o\ C.'ti.iu'ilLi is very like ours in h'.uro,\\ as to lliapc, but h.-.s (Mily h.ilf tlie I Iiarins of the other's mniic. Tiic CJoldlincli has n.it near fo br.uiti:ul a head as the EurcpCiVi, and all its fcatiiers arc ovcripread with ;' mixture of yellow .uid black ; 1 can f.iy little of its note, as h.iving never Jecn one in a cage. The forells of CitfiaJii are full of a bird of tlie lize of a linnet, which is quite vel- low, has a very llcndcr neck, and a very Ihort fong, witli little variety in it; 'I'liis bird has no other name than that of its colour. Hut the iieil mulician ot .ill the CantiJ.'u.'i groves, is a fort ot ortol.m, the plumage ot which i< of an aiii-coloiir on the tuck, ..lid a white on the belly, whence it i,-. called the white-bird, yielling nothing to the pipe ot the thrulli in Eurc[>c ; but the male is the only long-bird, tlie temale re- maining mute even in a cage. This little creature has a very th.irmin ' outiide, and for ats rclilh well dclervcs the name of Ortol.m. It is not certain to what (juarter he retires in the winter-feafon, but lie is always the tirll harbinger of the fpring. The fno.v is Icarce melted wiien thclc birds are found in great muItitUvics in lonij parts, at which time you may take what i|uantity you pleale. About a hundred le.igues Imith of LvamNy you begin to meet with the bird called Cardinal, lune of which lort have been brought over to I'iirii. The ivveetiiel> ot hi*- fong, ami the beauty of his plumage, which Is of a tine carn.ition, and a little tuft which lie has on his hc.ul, not unlike the ciowns wi:h which painters adorn liidian kings, fecm lutHcient to entitle him to hold the fcejitre amongll the feathered kind. He his, however, a rival in this country, capable of engaging every vote, were tlie charms of liii mulic equal to thoie of his outw.iril appe.irance, 1 mean \>. iiat they call in our country /'Oijtjti AEih/y, or Humming liirJ. Ihi-. name is "iveii him tor two reafoiis, the lirll is, his diminutive lize ; for with all Iiis feathers, he is no bigger than a common May-bugg. The lecond is the great bu.^zing noiic he makes with his wing;, pot unlike that of a large tly. His legs, which a;c an ineli in length, arc like two needles. His bill is no thicker thin his limbs, and lr^;ni this he thrulls a tongue, or r,ithcr a lliiig, with which he pierces the flowers, ex- tra<;ling the iuiee, winch is iiis common nourilhment. The tem.dc has nothing gau- dy in her outlidc, is (jt a be.iutiful white below the bellv, aiul a light alli colour every where ellc; but the male is a perfect icwcl. I roin the top of In-, heail riles u linall tuft of black, the breall is red, the belly white, and the back, wings, and t.iil of a vivid green, with fpccks of gold diipcrlcd over all his plumag<-, which L 2 Ui\is n , Svi ill.m. Lark Spar.-ow. I5;n.k-, :wc.i I; t\» J lyij \S\iCcr !ua1. r;c». (xjMi'ii.ih. w: w i:,d. S.ry-; .■» or;o- C'i.!ln.il lii.-J i;^;...i)c.;. v\ 1- •,! ;, . lir'JUia; I C-. - f '.' 4»^ Cohi NATURAL HISTORY tlvcs it an artonilliin;: IkmuIv in coniunc'linn with .m iinpcrtcptil'Ic ('own tli.it lorriis tiic (ol'tcll .mil l\vci ttll ily IS iiiLi-iinal'lc J'i'"tlljOf C: \\:.t tr.-c, IMU IoUj. f'' li. Sdiuc tr.ivcUcis liavc toiifomulcii tlii-' binl witli tlic C'oliviy , ..lul iiulccil tills up- "'■ pcirs tube a Ipccio ol tlioic birii'- 1 Imt the I oliviy ot the illc.-- i^ (umcwhat larger, has a much brii;hti.r |ilu!naj;e, iinil tlic bill rcciirvcil or bcndinj; downwaiils. Tliis bird is laid to have a vcrv naKuiious pipe ; which, it tiiic, is a ijrc.it aii\antapc over thi* ()ii'i\tu Mciiif.'.-, (een allertevi that it cxpds te^crs, and iiires p.nns in the breall and l-iclly. The way to ulc it is by mixing two drops ot it with broth or loup. It h.;s alio a purgative quality; this is what is called '\n Eurcpf w hite l>.ilfam. The red-prickly fir is nothing like the white; the wotjd n| the ret! is heavy, .md may be uletully employed in ihip-builJin?, an i in carpenters work. The'e trees [•row commonly in clayey and gr.ivelly loils. The fpruce fir produces gum, but not ill any ijuantity worth extratting ; the wooil (it this tree lalts a long time under grf.iiiui without rotting, fo th.it it i^, extremely proper tor makin;', leiues lor enclofures : '1 he b.irk ot it is very good lor taiinin;,s aiut the In.ltani dve a cul.ur with it lomc- ihing like a deep bluv.. The lands where this tree grows arc tor the moll part clayey, iho' there are linnetiims goml numbers ot them to l»e leen in f.iiuiv places; but pof- liblv under th„t land m.;y be l..yer, of a clayey, or perhaps a richer mould. '1 lie ced..r ot diiuititi is ot two lorts, the white and the red. 'llieie l.ill .ire of the largelt growtli, and generally uled tor paling and [lipc-llavts, on account ot its lightncls. There is a lort of incenie tiiat diftils from .t, but it yields no truit like the ccilars of l.r, 4f,: lifii piicK'r, .it.U l^(un I.,' Mount /,;/•,. Tlv e ici I eed ur IS not onlv not lo t.dl. but alio lleiiderer than the white. ill I'lopo.-tiu.'i to Its hei;^iit. The iiioll rtiiLukable duurtnce, howeur, ii that tiu- odour •^rg of C A N A D A, • +1 r.lnnr of tlu white 'v> entirely \\\ the leaves, ami that of the other which is much prc- fcireil, in the wo(jil only ; neither of tlicfc trees, anJ cfpctialiy the white will grow in anv but the bell <-f loils. 'rhtre .\ic twrj forti of oaks foumi over all C>od, a r[H;cics of the poplar which grows among maples, and the bitter cher- ry tree, arc very plentitui. Tliele trees grow very thick and llreight, the woo»l is ve- ry even, eafily worked, and fawed, makes excellent l>o.ird>., and thick planks, aiul .dlo (Lives (or calks. The I'lJIjm make ufe of the b.irk to th.itch their cabbins. The elm is very conimon in every part of thi~, province. The kiiuls are the white, H:m, »hi:e ami the red; the wood of the red is liariler, anil much more ditlicult to work, but it""* ""^ is alio much more killing. It is the bark of the reil elm ot which the I'lJiuns m.ike their canoes ; fome of which ntade of one lingle piece, arc capable ot containing twenty pcrfons. Some ofthcle trees are alfo hollow, and it is in thole cavities that the wiLl cats and bears t.ike up their lodgings from the month of h'ovi'm'h-r to April. The "''■"'■ poplar is commonly lound al >ng the banks of rivers, and in m.iilhy place-'. The woods attl.rd great nun.ticrs of phmib trees, loaden with fruit of a \ery ih.irp Pl-imb ;r«i. acrid taile. Lc I'lnapicr or vinegar tree, is a llirub with a very large pith, which \ Hitgar, pe- produces a Hiarp kind of fruit growing in chillers, of the colour of bullock'^ blood. """^V*'"* Thefe are inluled in w.'.tir, .md make a I'ort t>\ vinegar. The /Vw/'/-, another plant fiirubi' peculiar to this coniitrv, is a liitierent ihrub, growing along the (ides ot rivulets, and in meadows, wliiih alii) l)j..n, a i.liilUriiig fruit of .i very ill. up ..nd allringent tallc. TIktj ire lliiee lurtj o; 'o.jil.crry trees, natives of tlii". country, and exaCllv Inch as thole ot/>.."'C(\ " ' M ' ' The I i ll if 1 1 ' 1 ♦a San llowcr Of the Ofis^i'iy Langua^Cy Rcligiotiy (townimcnl^ &:c. The fort cal'icJ Mcuct jiro-.v, here, a< in /•,'/'. Tlic Irult !■? a fovcrcigti and molk ctlic^>.iau!> rciiialy tor the ily tnttry, wI)iJi it rcim-vcs in \iry little time. The //<•(/. .i'.'i dry or pulcrvi; them in the Uinj lu.iimcf as \vc d.» cher- ries in Europe, Atnca, white The atoca is a fruit prowing in po is, of the fi/e of a cherry. Tiiis plant wliich iliorn, anj creeps along the gronnd in iiurlhy places produces its fruit in t!ic w.itcr. It has a couun urt. j|^j|.j, j^i^g ^u^j jj y,-^ J j,j tjoiitcdions. The white thorn is fomul on the hanks ot ri- vers, and pnwlnces plenty ot triiit witli three lloncs, which is the tood of tcvcra' wild bcalh. \Vh.it they call here the cotton tree, is a plant wiiich fprouts, like alpari^'U, to tiic height ot about tliree tlet, and is ci owned with fcvtral tutts of llowcrs \ thcli; are (liaken early in the morning belorc I'le dew is oif them, when there tails from them with the dew, a kind of honey, wiiich is reduced into lu^!;ar by boiling ; the teed is c.)nt.iincil in a pml, which encloles alio .i very tine lort of cotton. The Heliotroj>e, or lun tlower, i, a plant very common in the tields lulon^in^^ to the I/iJitJus, and grows to the height ot (irven or eiijht ttet ; its tiowcr, which is very l.irje, rctcmbles very much that ot the mangold, and its teed is dilpolcd exactly in the tame in.inner. TIic Indu'.ni by boiling it, cxtrad an oil, witli which they anoint their hair. The M;i.r,l.iJ:ic> legumes, or greci.', which the ^lu:ri^iists, or ancient inh.ibitants of Cttiui.la moll commonly cultivate are, mai/, or /"//'/Yv-corn, kiiincy-Ican--, p'unpion", .ind melons. They have a kind of ponipi;)n much Imaller than ours m Eur ,'", but very I'wect to the talle. Thcle they bun wh»le in water, or roall in the alius, an>l to c.it them without any aditional l'eafon;:i;:. The lihhum knew the ule ot both common and water-melon, before the arrival of tiie Elwop^m in this country. The tirft was lull as grioil as tlu)le of E'rjti, -, efpecially at CLumbh, where they are in great abundance. The hop'!, and capilaire, or maiden h.iir, are alio t!ic prodii*llion ot IJHiiJa, and thii Litter prow> to a greater height, and is much prefcrr.ible to that of I'ljucc. In tiic Southern parts ot CantiJj, arc multitudes of vin^'; it is ubout the entry of the Lake Ontario, where you lirtl meet with them, aiul that in luch numliers, that there is Icarcc any tree without a vine, which climbs to the top ot the liighell of them. Vines abound as much, we are allurcii, all over the country as tar as Miwico. The branches Ipring from a very thick Hem, and bear multitudes of grapes ; but no bigger than a pea, which is owing to their want of pruning and cultivation. When ripe tliey atibrd a plentiful repall tor the bears, who mount in quell ot them, to the tops of the loftitll trees, ^'ct they have only the fragments left by the bird«, wh^* very loon reap the vintage of whole torclls. A> to limples, tliere is a great variety, and amongll thole many which arc peculiar to Ciinatia ; but to give the detail of them all would fwell this account to too great a bulk, and would require a volume to thenilclves. \'.nri ofC •Mid. •Ml? Of the OrigtHy hanguagcSy Religion ^ Go-ccrnment^ GeniuSy ChiiracJery Alanners^ and Cafloms^ of the different Indian X<2tions inhabiting C.\n.\d.\. TII 1". fiift Indiiin lution we meet witli in our voyage from Kur'^pe to QtniiJ^t is that of tile I'.Jkiiniiux, a people inhabiting tlie inimcnle .uid frightful loli- tudes oi Ltihrju'.r, litn.ited on t'lc N'orth TkIc ol the (>'ulph of .SV Luurt'Ut, anii ot the illaiul of Ni\i'j^u'i.l!,iiul, whither tl:cy make unmul e.\curlioin, it being dtmbtcJ, whctlier tlKre are any other iiili.il)itjnts, bcfides tho;l- ilying coloiiies of the EfKtir.aux, to l>c found on that ilhii.l. Here they pal. tlic i^rcitcll part of the year, and eipccially the lummcr, bviiig em})! lyt.l in llic cjiiimon t.xoicilci of lavages, Jiuiuing ami iill.ing, which cunlUtute ail tlie arts known or praetiicJ among ihcnj. The l.jkinurux, though Icarcc ninnerous enough to pcuj)'e two or three lorry villages, polJcIs, or rallier raii,;c t]»rou.;!i, an inimei;lc t.vrtnt ot country, Iving btztwecii the river .V/ Lawcuce, CaiuJj, and tlie .N'l ithern Ocean ; and lomo ot tiiciu li.ive I'cen met witli .is tar a> the n\er U:u'Lr, x'.iixli, fi^vvin^ ifom tl.>: NN'cll, du- charges itivif into ILJj'.'i'ii lJu>\ The OjtwirJ ilc lirjptiun. Tli'lf genlili .ttisi iii.ii ncr.. Of the (iiffercnl Iiuli.iu Nations inhahiting Canada. 43 TI.c rriiMn olilii-i nam of V.jhmaux is doubtful, thoiig!» the mall probable ctymn- Ofii-ormme loi^y (it it i. tr.iiii tlic . I /,'ifiin word E/fninitt'if/Ic, \\\.A \t, Eatrn of raw Jlijh, In la.t, the hJkiHuux .irc tlic only ludiam wc kin)".v, wlio tccil on raw riclli, though they .UL- i.ot li: v.(,vti, ;;;iior.Uit <■! the tnaniicr ol 1 albiij; it, or, at Icall, drying it in the lull. It i^ alio (.crtain, tliat ot ail the known nations ol W//;»7/Vii we in I urcfc at lirft entertain of the inaiiners and qualities ot la- vi.'cs inoiL th.'n t!ii . 'I'licy are alio alinoll the lute pioplc in /Imciii.i who have any In lids, wliiih they h.ivc naturally lo thick, that thtir fate is tovercJ with hair up to the VI ry ivi', and it is with dithtulty one is ahle to dillinguifh the linalleil feature or liiu-aintnt t brute annuals. Thtir manners and tharat'lers arc Uith as, in every refptfl, jurtify tlie iinprtHion one rtctiv-s of them Iroin this horrible phyfiognoiny ; they .\rc hcrte, I'lvaye, ttlHtIs, lulpicious, anil extrenitly delirous ol Join;; milthiel to lliangers, who tan never In; IntHiiently upon tlieir guard a^ainft tlitm. As for their genius, and the qualiti s of the mini, we have lo little commuincatinn with thi'^ nation, that we are not luilititnt'.v qnalill.d to make a jul\ cllimate ol them. Thev have, howevti, a- bui..l.ir,ee of .id.trel's in doin.i miiehicf : 'I hey have been often knu-.vn to cut the cable* f)f(l;ips at anchor in the night, in order to make them lufi'er ihipwreck on their toaft, that they might reap aifvantagc Ir.^m rl;cir dirtrtfs, They arc even bold enou^^li to .'.ttack them in the lice nf day, if they happen to dileowr the crew to be weak. It has always been impolilMe to civilize them, lo that there is no dealing with them but at the end o! a long pole. They not only keep at a diilance from Eufl>i\in. but even rtlufe to tut of any thing prelentcd by them, and in every tiling take lb many prci.autioiis with rilpect to them, as not only to betray an infinite ilillrull and fiil'pi- cion on their livle, but alio to give grounds for the fanje fcirs fr un themlehts. The Ejktmaux are tall of Hature, and indifferently well made, and their ikin is quite as faii as that of the Eumfeani, owing to their never going naked, fuinmcr or winter, Kt the heat be never to excellivc. Some derive their pedigree from (iiiiUlanJ. Their flaxen hair, their beards, the Thnt origin whitenefs of their ikin, their linall conunerce and refemblance with their neighbours, leave no nnjin to doubt their having a different original from the other Anienca'n. This conii'Chire therefore is not improbable ; as we may luppole no nation will much value thcmi.lvts on the honour of an alliance with a people, who arc as inhofpitabic and unciiltiv itcd as the coun» ;hey inhabit. Their i.'>.thes tonfirt of a Ihirt, mavic of the bladders or entrails of fillies cut inf ) bie.»dlh«, and tdirably well fewed together, over which they wear a fort of cloik. made of the ft ins of bears, or other wild bcalls, and even ibmetimes of the ikins of tovvis. A fort of cowl, ct cap, of the fame llufTwith their lliirt, and lowed to it, covers the head, and from the top of it riles a tuft ot hair, which falling down hides tluir firelie.ids. The ihirt reaches to ^he loins only, and the clo.sk hangs down b.tore as far as the thighs, and behind termin.itcs in a point fomewhat l)clow the wailt. The women however wear it hanging down on both fides as far as the ii;id-lij:, and fallen it witii a belt, from which hang linall bones. The men wc.ir biccchc made of' ikiti'-, with the hair inwards, .ind covered on the outlide with ermine, or fume liich fur. Tiicy wear alto tlockings mailc of Ikins, with the hairy Ijde invvar^'t, in the lame manner, and over thele, fur-btwts, witli the luir as the full, then a fecund p.iir of lb)ckin'.;s, and another pair of boots above that ; and tlu)le lbx.kin^',s .mil boots, it is laid, fometimcs trebled and qiiadriij>led, whith, with all their fiKiimbr.iiKt, hin-ici" not fhol'e [•iJi^int from l>eing very nimble. Their arrows, which arc their only arms otl'enlivc or delcniive, are pointed with the teeth of the fiili called the fea-to'.v, to \\ hi Ji thev alio add iron when they can get it. In lummer they are kn )vvn to live ni'.;ht and d.iy in the 0[H.'n air : In winter they live in caveins under gri)imd, where they are crouded one ovtr another, probably for the better keeping cat the cold. We are \crv littl." acquainted with the JriJi,i>:<, living round and above ///d.'- f.:':: /)<.'v. On the Soutlurn parts of that bay ind-.ed they carry on a tr.ide with the Mjlitjiiii, M njlrii^, Cr:jltna:x, .iiul yliji.'iilxj-:!^, thelc lall he very remote, and M :. iiihabic .C'lo.ilhinj. n.ui K.>. :.*; 4+ Of the Origin^ Language^ Ri'ligio/i^ Cover ft/ntfi:, &c. S.i'XtlfCII IVi «i in. inhabit the banks of u lake lyin,', to the Nortl), atiJ Nurth-Wcil «)f the Sioux, a dialcdt of whole language they l[>fak i the tlircc othirs talk the /A,, '"<■''' Ian!;ii.ige. The Cri>tin,:us, or Ku.ii'.inouf, (.(jiuc Ironi tiit couiitrio l\iiig »iii the Nuith ihure tit F-akc Suft-rior. The I'lJijns in the ntighhoiirluKxl of the rivers li'^ur/wn aiul .SV Tlyr/'.i, h.ive no affinity in point of lant;ii.i);e with cither ; thi v nj.iy pHlihly iiniUrlliml the h.i'/:.i"i,ju.y, who have been ken very hig!) above the numtii ot tlie tivcr. Thcle Irrlu'is arc obfervcil to lie extremely rupeillitious, aiul ncvi-r to pcrturni their worihii) wiihout lome ibrt of (acrifice. Thole who have moll trenuentctl their country, athini thun to have, like their brethren in Cit'uiJii, notions of ^ooii ami evil genii ; that the I'un is their principal deity ami that, when they are about to ilelitieiate upon .my atVair of importance, they caule him to l>e linoked ; a ceremony which is jcif rnieJ in tlic ."iirokirg ihf manner following. They alFemble at liay break in the cabbin of one ot their chiefs, '""• who, after lighting his pipo, orters or prelents it to the riling fun, then guiding it with both hands Itum I .ill to Well, jmpl res that planet to be propitioii> to the nation. This done, all th jU' who compote the alFemljly, Im 'ke by turns \n the fame pipe. All thcfe InJiiini, tho' there be ae'tually five or fix ilifferciit n.itions of tlicm, arc comprehended by / 'tWit autlios, under the general ap.llation of »V./au'»c/i, from the nature of the country tiiey inh.ibit, whiJi is low, Iw.mipy, anil iII-wikhIciI, tliolc drowned barren laiuN, benig tilled Sjv.irifs in (.,n:tiJ,t. /•Jijfof'he Higher up the bay Northw.irds, you meet with two livers, one calleil /./ mvc/r ' " DiVtoifi\ or Diiiui rivi-r, the other la nvcif df Loii/> Mari/t ox iint-H'Jvi'i rivfr. On the banks of thefe live teit.iin I'lJmm, called, tor wli.it reaf m it i^; hard to fay, by the name or rather by the niciv-n ime of F/uts cJi'f dc CLhch, that is, /,- u/jw,/ D gs. They arc often at war with the Havitnnis, tho' neither of thefe nations treat their pri- foncrs with that cruelty, common to the CaiuJun J/iJum, l)eing latislicd with mAing ilaves of them. The S,r.itfiois are fomctlmes reduced by famine to inconceivable har.Ilhips, whe- ther owing to their natural l.izincl^, or to the barrennels ot their lands in fome le.ili>ns, in which their harvtll fails them. When thcle inconveniences are attended with a fcircity of game, and a b.id liihing feafon, as they arc then in pcrfei't want of fuf- tenance, fome have made no ftruple to athrm, that in this con;unC,turc they cat one another. The coward is g'-nerally the firll vidiin to necellity, and, it is faid, it is . ijir^'f !'. cullom.iry among them, wlien thev come to fuch an .ige as to Ik- no lonfftr in a condi- Umt Jinu Ctl* ••■II l""i* * I '*"■ I * li.t tion to be krviceable to tlieir timilies, tor the jktIom in thele circumllanccs to tie a rope about his neck, prcfenting the ends of it at the lime time to the child tliat is ddreft t) him, who flrangles him with all the ijuickncls he can cx.rt, and believes he has per- formed a meritor.ous adlion, not only in putting an end to the luffcrings of his lather, hut alio by promoting his h.ipjiinc!^ ; it being an article ol fiith among tJiole I'lJiam, that thole who die old are V irn .igain, and take upon them a fecond life fin earth, begin- ning at the ftatc of infancy as before, and that he, on the tontraiy, who finilhc* hij life betimes, and belorc he is old, b.i. oincs lb on his arrival in the other world, or, .is thev call it, in the country of lnu!<. i'he young women amongil the ^nvivrit marry not till their parents think fir, who alio make choice of him tliey are to elpoule ; and the Ion in law i> oMiged to live with ids father in law, in entire fubicdhon to his will and plealurc till he has chil- liren of his own. The young men cjuit their fithcr's houk- bcti.ues in order to lliilt fur their lively hood. The i'./'.i;/;5/i burn the Ktdiej of their deid, and entlolc their allies in the bark of tree-, which they afterwards bury in the earth : They thei e- !e>;t a fort of monument m.dc with |olcs, to which tliey tie tobxC) t ir the u e of the dccc.:led in the (jther wojld. If the departed were a hunter, \w> lv)W and arrow are fu!pe:u!ed on it, in honour ol him. The lime of mourning oi .1 mother for her tliildrcn lurts tlie fpace of twenty f)ur days, duii:;g ivliieh, prclc-i.t^ are made to the Litlier, who returns thi. compliment by giving a repail. War 1-. lujch leis in lio. n ),ir among tlicm than hunting -, but, in order to acquire tlie ri-}>ut.it.oii of an able hun- ter, the c.indidatc for thia dilliiivtion is to tail three d.u^ fiiceeiiivelv, witho;!t t.illiiiij any thin.T, and to have his lace liaulied with black all the w!;ilf. The fdl ended, lie (jiTer'i as a l.icrificc to t'le graiul fpirit, a morlcl ot eacli wild lieaft he h is been accu!- tom^-d to hunt, and it is con.rr.onlv the tongue and the liiotit. or iiuiz/Ie, which, except on thele otcafions onlv, m; i\\q pirtion >t tlie huritim .:: himf.-ll. His relati'.^n* touJi \i 1 M. Ilurr kui'.uur Th the Of tie different Indian Nations inhabiting Canaila. 45 wi % ttiuth nothing, ami would fooncr ilic of hunger, than cut of it j he is to treat no pertuu whatever with it, but his friends or llr.ingcrv In other relpedts, it iii alhrined, thole ItUiain arc perfcdlly dirmtereftcii, .md of r'u «i'J « an intorriiptibic hdclity ; that they abominate a lie, and hold all in.iiuier of de- l/J/ '' ecitiii the utinoil horror and detcftation. Sueli .ire the manners of the Northern In- iliiim, witlj whom the fn-nJj iiatiuii have never ha.l any eJLbhlhed trade, and eonle- i]uently arc (greater Grangers to tlieir nunners than thole of the nations toilowing. Tiiek- may be dillinguirtied into three did'crcnt tlalFes, ■ i iaiiuuagcs, each of which T*"" '»'» has its [)Ciuliar genius and cliaratler. In aU that vail eAtcnt of country, which is.LS*" more particularly known by the name of A'lti; rnmn; and whole lunits on the Ntirth extend to the Hi^hliiii,li near UuJfon'i Hay, which was fettled and contirmd by the treaty of Utmbt ; and \i Uiunded on the l-'all by the lirilijh colonies ; by l.cui/iiinj towards the South-call ; and by the Sf'j>ti//j dominions on the Weft, there arc but three mother languages, from wlience all the reft arc derived ; namely, that of the Sioux, the Al^onkiti, and the Huron languages. Tlie full of thcl'e nations is little known, mi more than how far their name or Ian- y„f^ ^f ,),( guagc may pollibly reach. The hrtucb have as yet had no manner of commerce, 'xcept '"••» Ai . with the Hioux and the Al/imlnhh, and that not without frcijiKnt interruptions. The "'|"'j^ <>''''-' iniirionarics attempted to make a fettlement amongll the full of thel'c nations -, but thu' this cnde.ivour was not arconiplifticil, the people appeared extremely docile. The ill fuccefs of this entcrprilc is the more to l>c regretted, as no nation could }H)fliMy i'lTord iKttcr lights, with rel'pedl to the unknown countries lying to the North-wel^ jf the Mijjijippi, becaufc they tratiic with all the nations inhabiting thofc vail regions. Tliefe people dwell, for the moft part, in Savannas, t)r meadows, in very c.ipacious tents, made of ikins, and very ingenioully contrived. Their common fo(xl is wiH oats, which grow in great plenty in their marlhcs, and on the banks of their rivers •, anu the tlclh of butValoes, winch arc covered with wckjI, and graze in prinligious multi- tudes in thole meadows. They have no fixed abode, but travel from place to place in large companies, like the Tartan, ftopping no longer in one place, than the plenty of g.mie to be found in it will allow. The French geographers dillinguilli this nation into the tfandering Sioux, the Stoux p,;},^^,, ,, ^i of the Si/vannai, the Eaflern, and the lyfliern Sioux ; a diftin«ition, in the opinion ofihe.;«, fome writers verfed in thole matters, not tcxj well founded. Ail thole Sioux live ex- adlv in the lame manner, lo that a trilK-, or clan, which has rclidcd laft year on the liailern ihorc of tiic Miiifipi, will l>e found next on its Weilcrn bank j and thofc j^r- liaps wh laft lyllables of the '"""^ word i\,iihui;//ioux, the name given tlicm by fevcral nations ; others call them J\'j.hur//is. This nation is by far the moft numerous of any wc know in all Canada, and for- Cfopi^nun,,. iiktIv very peaceable and unwarlikc, till the Hurons and Outaviiis took fanduary a- t..u> aid iuo:i.;il thcMJ, when they tied from the fury of the Iroquois, or live nations -, thcfe r'»'"''ic people laughed at the limplicity c*" the Sioux, and foon inllruilled them .i '!.. art inilit.iry at their own coll. The.S;5.v.v ha\e a plurality of wives, and punifti adultery with extraordinary fcvcrity. |iy„,|i, This i:. done by cutting otV the extremity of the nolc of the delinquent, and by cutting tenrj. the Ikin in form ot a circle on the crown of the head, and afterwards tciiiig it otf. Cbarl."-josx fay>, he has Ipoken with lomc [icrlons who arc jKrrfuaded, that the Sicux have the fanjc accent in pronouncing the words of their la igv.age with the Chi- ^^^^^^.^ ne/i', and it would be no dithcult nutter for any Frtncb gcntlcnun, who knew butli ,,t,„ i.^e ,h, languages, to determine whether this nation derives iis original from that ancient l;^"'/' oriental people. Thole who have had any intcrcourlc with the Ajjinifwis affirm, that they are tall <^„^,„- of llaturc, well m.uie, vigorous, adlivc, inured to cold and all manner of fatigues ; drfcnbcJ that they pierce their boilics in every part, which they adorn with figures ot I'crpcnts or other animals ; and that they undertake journeys of a protligious length. There is nothing, however, in this dcftriptjon much dificriiig from other Indians of this conti- N nent aJu* 46 Of the Origin, Larigua^^c, Religion^ (lover ti»i(nt^ 6ct , ' ! Rrm.itlublc nciit known to iis : But tlic grc.it cl;.u.n;tcrillic of tliis nation is, (heir i>hltj;in.itic temper, wiiich ajuicars loan cxtraoniinaiy ilcgrcc, wlicn toinparcci with the' (>////- w<;tt.<, with whom they tratlic j who art, on tlie contrary, emlowtil witli an extra- ordinary viv.icity ami ipirit, always d.incing anil ii^gin;.^ aiul fpeakini; with Inch a vo- hibility of tongue, and luch a toiriiit ol ixprefli' ii, a^ is rarely to he lunnd in any o- tlicr Indian nation. The true r-on!itry of the /IJlinlhcli is ii\ tlie ntighhourhooJ ol a lake of that name hVe"or"j}i- which is very little known. The common, tho" uncertain opinion is, that this Like is Kittili. fix hundred leagues in circumference; tli.it ail the roads leading', to it arc altnod iin]iaira- ble ; that it.s (horcs on all lidcs are moll ticlightfully pleal.Mit ; that the air is very mild and temperate, tiio' it is commordy placed on the north lide of Lake Su- perior, where the cold is extreme ; ami that it contains liich a numl>er of itlamls, th.it its common name in thefe parts is the l.iki- of Ijluhii. Some InJiiins call it Michini- />;, that is, the CinJt Witter ; and in taCt it appears to be the bafon, or refervoir, of a multitude of very large rivers, .us well as fif ail the lakes in North y/mfriai. From this lake, (.w they, flows Bourhun river, which (alh into Hu/ifr,n's Htiy, the river St l,,iu- rrrur, which carries its waters to tlic occ.m ; the MiJ/i/i/>i, which empties iffelf into the (lulf of .Wcv/c". ; the Mi//ouri, wiiich mixes its w.iters with this laft, and is not at all inferior to it before their juniftion ; and a fifth, which, they tell us, flows Weft- ward, and therefore undoubtedly difembogues itfelf into the Southern or Pacijic ocean. It is pity this lake is not known to thole literati who have fearched every where for the Terreftrial Par.idife, which would have been at lead as properly fixed ■here as in Scuiuiiiut'via. I will not take upon mc to juilify all the accounts which travellers have given us, and flill lefs wliat certain Inditim rtiate, who pretend, that in the neighbourho(xl of this lake of the .Ijii'iibwls arc men refembling us Eurrpfuns, and living in a co.intry where gold and lilver arc fo common, as to be employed in the mod trifling utenlils. Father Miirj;/,t/r, whodifcovcred the Afi/fi/ifi in 1675, tells us, in the account he has lc*t us, that icrtain I>iJiiif:s had not only told him of that river, which takes its rile from this lake, and flows Weftwards, but added, that tluv had feen large lliips at its mouth. It further appear^, that the j^ljinihicts are the Umc people marked in certain old maps under the name of Pcuahtks, whofe country, ..c- cording to lomc relations, adjoins to that of the Crilliruiiix, or Kil/i/linciis. -1'.' £»< 1 ard ^^^ j-li!^-^^iki>i anil liun.n languages divide almoft all the nations of diriiidtt between //«rsi.toiig..ci them, with whom the Irt -id' have any fort of commerce ; antl he who ihould be mad»r of both, might travel over a tr-iiit of country more than filtecn hundred leagues in extent, without any interpreter, and mi^ht alio make himlelf underftood Iw upwards of a huiidred ditVcrerit n.ition^ wlio yet li.ive eath their ptculi.ir '.nd liidinct Ianpua'.:e. The Aigorikin in particular comprehends an iiruncnle Ipace if coiintrv : It bemns at Aciuliii, or Ncja Sictiit, in the ricighliourlvjod of the <^."iilf of .SV /-<;.vr,7.'rf, and m.ikes a circuit of twelve hundred It.igucs, fetching a compals frim fhe South-eaft by the North to the (ippolitc point in tin- .North well It is prLtm.icd alio, that the H'olf uMow, or Miikingaiii, .uid moll uf the InJia'n of AV"u. Ii.'i["'i;nii .uu\ / /'•^.o.-.-j, Ipc.ik a diakiit of tlic yJigonUn lani^uage. / ,.-..;»r^r . ; . The yl'i'Hiijuii, or C;///.'./!, on thf confines of AVv-/v/if /.;';./, havv.- lor tlicir next ",'"'■• 1;' neighbours tlie /■.■/(•( /'.w/'/j, or Main tn, on the lands adiacent to the river Pi-ntii^^c- ;".".','. ' ft; and further e.idw.ird> .ire the Muz/ith 1, or Soun/u.n, wholv.- onintry is proper- ly /?(.;(//<; or Novii Scotiii, being the cxtendcil coall along flu- gulf of. S'.' Ljiinni.- r-.Mching as far as (inf/'r, from whence a certain author has given tl'.ein the name oi (iii/jh'/itins, and the itlaiuls in its neighbourhood. I'rom heiiee, .is f.ir up the river St Laurrnce as Siigunuiy, theic is no />;i//(/'; nation to be louiii! , tho' when Cii'htJu w.is (Irlt dit'covcrcd, and a great m.my years afterward-., they reckoned fcveral nati- ons within this fpacc, who fpread thcmlelves (jver the ille (jI yl-:lii',jti, towartl^ the M.nti N'jtri- l)iinn\ and along the Northern (hotc of the* river. Thole nioll com- monly mciuioiR-d ill the* antieiit leLiiioii-, are the liirfurn::. ., the J'.if'i'i.iihcii, aiul the M'-'ititgii-.-. They were alio called, and cl[H:cially thelc lalf, the Louyr Algonkin^, from their inhabiting along the lower part of the river, with relpeet to }^elifc. 'I'hc others .iTe", for the moll part, reduced to a few (haggling familie:, which wander from plaec to place, without any fixed rclidcncc. 'I'h:rc were alio lomc InJuin nations who ulcl to frequent CaiaJii, coming from the ■■* Iilc.;inafic lie' Ov///- iM cxtia- ui li a vo- iii nnv o- l thit name lis I.ikf is impaira- iir ih very Lake Su- udf, that Mnfiirii- voir, of a From this St I.au- itfclf into is not at )ws Wcft- or Pticijic hcil every u-rly fixed ints which that in the t, that the tiicir nc\t ;r rentage- i- proper- ' L.lll> f/ti :■ K- naiiK- oi Ik* river Si en ('ear of thofe barbarians. They are the more to be tommil'erated, if the ciiaradler tiiey bear in the I'rencb writers be true, that they were witiiout vice, remarkably good naturcd, and exceedingly dif- pofed to embrace Chrillianity. Their hearty and inviolable attachment to the French, in wh'ife inttrells they were, and their regard to treaties, arc al!() qualities extreme- ly worthy c,; our elk-em and commendation. Between !^(e/>et and Montreal, there are alfo towards tlie 'Three Ri%er<, lomc of -^'(li"'"^ '■•'• the yligoniin nation, wlio are not, however, incorporated in one village; they traflic '^' with the French. If what the French writers i 11 us is to be credited, this nation, in the infancy ot the colony, occupied all the Northern ihore of tiie river, from 'J^uebee, wiiere C.hamplain found one of their fettlements, and maile an alliance with them as far as L.ike .SV Peter. From the illand of Montreal, following always the Nortii coart, you meet with foinc villages of the i^'ipij/ings, Temijcaniings, Tetes Je houle, or round-heads, Ami- Njtiou» a- corns, and, laftly, Uutai^ais, or, as fomc pronounce and write, Outuouaks. The firft |'^]]'' ■''''"■"■ wlio are the true Agonkins, and who alone have prelerved the Algonkin tongue in its original purity, liave given their name to a Imall lake lituated between lake Huron, and the river of tlv: Ou!„i>.\iis. The Temifcamingi occupy the banks of ancnher fmall lake, wliieli all.) be.irs their name ; and appears to be the true fource of the rivtr of the Outaiiuiis. The RMnJ-Hea.h live not far trom ihefe, and take their ^«i'»./S'.,7..'.',w/', tli.it 1- the nation living near the lall ; a iiime wliieh wa> \eiy [>robably given tiiem t" .ivo.d tiie trouble of pronouncing their real name, which they fay is impoiiihle to be cxivclfed tuuler two or three brcatliings, lumewhat rclembl;.-.g rAl'OlRU.UL KIt)l il.AK. No In-iian nation, as i am informed, from the French .lutlior;, iiili.ilnts the banks of Lake Superior, tho' the French, in the polls or tort', tiiey have built luar this lake, tratHc with the Chrijtnaux, a nation conving trom the North-K.il', ..nd I'peaking the A'giniin tongue, and, with the Ajlmthoeli, fitUittd towards tiie Noith-W'ell. On t!ic Well of \.:\.^c .U.\ ['iga^i there is a great bay, wb.icli extends twenty eight leagues \,tiom ,. towaril:. the South, called /./ liaye Jes puants, or limply, the Hay. The entry of 1!' "f /.'•■ this bay is very 4V de, .md tb a fort of archiptl, lomc of the illands ot which "' are Irnm lilteen to twenty leagues in circuit. Thele were formerly inliabited by tlw 1' utiuatamn, wliole name they llill retain, exet,niiig a lew which you leave on yvur right luiul, at preteitt inhabited by certain In.ii.-.m called I^yjUiti. The I'uuteuatamii now polfcfs the leall ot thele dies, whicli turmerly iK-longcil to tliem, and h.ive belides two other villages, one lituated on St Jfeph'^ river, and another at the Xariouf. Tow.irds the bottom o( the bay are the Sakit and Otchagr,ii -, thele latter are called by liie dil.igicc.d>le epithet of Fuam, S:inka,i>, tlie realon v\ which N 2 is 48 ^ ,1 ■4 Paanj and nations. Ktnarjj n. tiun. Miami s na tion, three caiuono. Of the Origifiy Language, Religion, Gwcrnmcut , 6cc. is not as yet difcovercd ; but before you arrive in tlicir cmmtry, you leave on the rinht, a I'mall nation called Malhomm.i, MooK-cihci, or h'Jla Avoints, tliat is, JjJIe-Hi'ads. A fma!! river, very much interrupted with falls, or citaracb, difchargcs itUIf into the bottom of the bay, and is known by the name of A; /?/;/,><• lirs Rt'i/iirJs, or the RiviT of Foxfs, on account of the neiglibourhood of the Ou:ti^,imis, connnonly called Renarih, or Foxes. All this country is ixtremcly ple.ifant, and that whieh llrctchcs Southward, as far as the river of the J/imis, is ftill more charming. It is, however, but ill peopled, being only inlubitcd by two weak nations, the Kikapous and M.ifiou- fins. Some geographers have thought tit to diftinguidi thcle Lill by the name of the \atior. of lire Nation of Firf, and their country b) that of the L^nd of Fir,' ; an appellation which owes its rill- to an equivocal term in the language of that people. It is eigiity years fjncc the M.'.-itiis have l^een fettled on the Southern extremity of Lake Mic/.'igan, in a place called ChicngoH, from a fmall river of this name, which throws itfelf into the lake, and has its fource not far diftant from that of tlic liinois. Thclc people are now divided into three cantons, one of which is on the river St Jofrph ; a fccond on a river whicli bears their name, and difcharges itfelf into Lake F,rie ; and the third on the river Oiinluubi-, which carries its waters into the MijUlipi \ Thcfe laft arc l>etter known under tiie name ot Ouyatamiis, Uvm the great affinity in language ; and there is fcarce room to i]uellit)n that the Ou)atiinoui were, not long ago, one people with the Ilincis. In lliort, the grcateft part of the yl/j^c';i-in nations, if you except thofe more advanced towards the South, are very little employed in the cultivation t)f the ground, but live almoll entirely by hunting and filhing ; hence their difpofition and manner of life arc far from iKing fcdentary, and yet they are by no means on the increale ; but, on the contrary, diminilh daily. Not one nation uniong ail thofe of this tongue is capable of reckoning lix thoufand fouls ; (ome amoui.t nut to two thoufand. The Huron language is very far from being as e.vtenfivc as the yfhcniin, an! the rcafon doubtlefs is, lx:caufc the nations who (jKak the former are not of lo w.inderuig a difpofition as the others. The Frfnirb writer, whom I follow in this place, tell^ us, that fome pretend the langiiagc fpokcn by the lyc(juois, or the Five Nations, to be the mother tongue. Be that as it will, all the InJitins, living South of the river St Laurence, from tht river .V re/ as far as the extremity of Lake Eric, and even the confines of Virginia, talk in this language ; and he who knows the Hurci ton^^uc is capable of underllanding that of all the nations within this extent. There is, however, a great variety of ditVerent ilialects, even almort as many ;!•. there arc ilif- tereiit cantotis. The Five Nations, or cantons, who compofe the Irr.ijiwis republic, have each of them their own jKculi.ir dialedt ; nor h..vc all thole n.ttioiis th.it l)ear the name of Hurons, always fpokcn the fame language in termer time?. The fame author fays nothing of the language of the CI er,ikeet, a piettv ninnc- rous nation living amongll thofe vail favannas that Ive between Lake /'.'/c and the Mijilipi. It will, however, be proi'cr to obfervc, that as the greateft part of the ! .Jums v( Ca- nada have been always from time to time in trade witii one auMtlitr, iKirjg fume- times allies and ronietimcs enemies, tho' the three mother or (.rlginal l.inguages I ii.ive been mentioning have no fort of affinity or analogy, thele nations (iiui mc.iii^, ui ipite of this obllaele, to traffic together, without any nccellity ot an interpreter : whether it W that long and antient tullom has taugl-' them to communicate their thoughts hy ligii-, i or th.it tlity have formed a fort ol common jaigon, \vliii.h they aciimrc by repeated ufc. I lliall now lay before the reader the nature and charaflcr of the l.inguages of the India'!:, as they occur in authois mofl worthy ot credit, and on whole iiuigment we have rcaf(jn to rely, Thofe who pretend to have ihidicd tliole languages, .itiirni that each of the three abovcmcntioncd has all the chaiaiJteredii^ of primitive or o- riginal tongues. What is certain is, th.tt tncy arc of a very dittercnt origin.il : This may be proved from the bare pronunciation. The Si:n Indian rather hillis than fpcako. Tlic Hurcri cannot pr(jnounce any of thofe lctttr> talieil lahtal, or winch arc fpokcn only by means of the lips, but Ipc.iks through the throat, and every fylla- blc is uttered with what the prammarians cull an Afpiratc bclorc it. The Al^cnkin pronounces fitrat Rcmitk) on the /lijiaii ol ( anajii. Three oi;j;, nal lyt.^ue. Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 49 n, AwX tlic w.tiiiicrmg CC, tcll'o us, , to be the lie river S/ id even the rev tongue Tlitrc is, crc arc , atiiriii itivc or o- in.it : This hillcs tfian which arc very (ylla- le Alicnkin proiKJUiites pronounces his wonis with more foftncfs, and fpeaks much more naturally, as well as fmoothiy. As to the lirll of thcCc languages I have been able to procure but very ilight information ; but, with refpcct to the two others, as the French mifliona- ries have ftudicd them v.ith great application, I (hall give what Churlevaix liiys he had from the mouths of thole who had applied thcmfelves to this ftudy with mod fucccls. The Hiircn language, fays tliat learned million.'.ry, for copioufnefs, energy, and no- chanflfr ot Mcnefs of expreilion, exceeds all the languages in the world ; and thofc that fpcak j'"' "•"■"• it, tho' but a haiuitul of people, Hill preferve a dignity of foul, and an elevation of ""'^"''8' fcntimint, which agrees much better with th« m.ijfrty of their language, and, he might have added, with what they have in times pall been, than with what they now are in their prtftnt fallen and dirtrefsful condition. Some pretend to derive their language from the Hcbitii-, which is alfo, as they '" J<;fi*^' '" fay, the fource from whence the G'/vc^ likewife flows. Every 1. idy knows what to ^'°^7. ^iri"' think of this etymology, fince whatever is moil ancient and beft, muft all fpring JcJ from the laTiie fountain, without which there is no peace in Jfrael. The reader will gain but very little light on this fubjcdt by confulting the vocabulary of Cahriil Sii^l.\ird, a Recollet of much cflcem, cited by fome in fupport of this moft orthodox I'vllem ; ;ukI ft ill Ids hum thole of '"Jacqita Vartu-r, and the baron La Ilontjii. Thtfe authors took at a venture a few expredions, fome from the Uuicn, and others Trom the ylh^onkin tongues, which they very ill remembered, and which Jiad often a quite contr.iry ligiiir.c.ition to what they imagined to be the fenfe and meaning of them ; an error common enough among the fupcrficial writers of travels. Wc will therefore pal's over the frivolous arguments they adduce on this topic, and proceed to what is lounded, in my opinion, on much better authority. Tl'.c Al^^ikin has not the llrength of the Huron tongue, but it is infinitely more Torpn fmotnh and cle;;aiit. I'otli arc howevir very rich in a great variety and ditferent "'"'"'^' turns of exprcllion, together with a propriety ar.d rcgul.irity, which are pcrfe(Slly afionirtiing. But what is flill more furpiiling is, that nobody (ludies his langu.ige amongft thofe iii,[,mff na- barb.irian.;, or ever knew the ulc of letters or writing, and yet an ill chofen cxpre)]i- tut.- i(i-,,k on, or an improper term, or a fault againll the rules of Syntax, is what is never '■""'^'^' -^^ known amonL,ll tliem ; and that children, in their moft familiar difcourfe, fpeak with the greatert purity and propriety. It is fomething wonderful that this (hould be the cafe with n.itions very little cultivated ; and the fame, as I have been told by thofe who are allowed to be good critics, may be l.iid ot the Spuuiardi, and ot thofe Scotch who have retained their anticnt language, which is a dialedl of the old Celtic ; and that you can never dillinguilh the condition of the loweft peafant or ihepherd, from th.it of pcrfons of the higheft ejuality, by his Ipeech or difcourfe. Hut to return from this (hort digrcllion, the manner in which thofe Iihlians ani- /,y,-.,„ un mate every thing they (ay, leaves no room to doubt but that they undcriland tiie force '••^ ''-"J ''"• and value of all the expreflions they ufc, and all the beautj' and ilelic.ay of their """^ language. The ditVererit dialcets derived from cither of the mother tongues I'avc preferved W.-.UH' dc neither the K-auty nor force of their originals. The 'Tfrinonthouniti, for inllancc, one ''•''"■ ""l*"^'^ of tile c.uitoi.s of the Ircjic^is or ["ive Nations, .ire thought, by the other ///..''/.;.'.■;, to IJK-ak after a very rude an('olute and the other reciprocal : The third perlims have two genders, this larigu.tge having no neuter gender. As to numbers aiul tenlcs, there .ue the fame dilFerences as in the (.ircck; as, for inftance, in (peaking of going a iourney, you exprel'^ yourfelf ditlVrently if that journey W by land, from what you do if it be by water. Theic arc .is many ditfcrent kinds of .idive verbs as there arc things exprcircd by them -, for example, the word to ciit, has as many vari.itions as there are ditiereiit I'mts of eatables. In (peaking of any living creature, you e,\pre(s the verb quite ditVerent from what you do in (peaking of an inanimate thing. Thus, when yoi. fj-eak of y.v.'«j ti mti/i, and again of fciing tt Jlonc, you make ul'c of two O ' liitleieiit on so : Hi Drka of tlic Indiun Uligj.,gcl. Oufn 0;.glnal t'jtij'ur^ how Auvanupc- Ot tflf liltr 1 luiion]. ildVniul,.' ^c <•«', VklitJKC Of the Origin^ LanguagCy Rcligimiy Govcrnincnt^ &.c. ditVcrcnt verbs. To fpeak of uling a thin^ which is your own, aiil of whit lKlu)ig« to another, the verb is quite difi'crtiit. There is ibmcwliat pretty nuich hke this in liic Alg'»ikin tongue, tli)' liilKiing in the tnanner, the detail ot wliich is ut' very httlc confequencc alter what lias been laid ot tiic Hurcn. If the great richneU and variety of cxprefTion in thole two languages rendir them extremely difHeult to he learned, there is no Icfs inconvcnienec arifin}!; from tli'.ir exceeding poverty and barrenncfs in fupplying terms for our ideas and Cvinceptions. For as thole nations, when the Eurcpuitn firit began to have any deal- ings witli them, were almoft entirely ignorant of every thini; but what was in ufe a- mong thcmrcivcs, and what fell immediately under the cognizance of their fcnfcs, thev wantcii terms to exprefs other notions, or, if they once had fuch terms, they had by degrees forgot the ufe ot them. Thus having no regidar fjrin of worlliip, and forming but very indiftimil notions of the deity, and of every tiling relating to religion, and never making any rtlkxions, except on ' :h things as were perceptible to the fenfes, or what rcl.itid to their affairs, and the fc very much limited ; and un- accuftomed to l,icak of the virtues, pallions, and mat. ■ oth- r topieks of common ton- vcrfalion with us ; being entirely ignorant of all irr except thole that were neccfljry to their ftate and condition, and which arc reducible to a very fmall number ; having no knowledge of the feicncc«, and oblerving only what was within their reach, and being entirely ignorant of the fupertUiities or refinements of polilhed life ; when there was oecafion to dileourfe o! all thefe points, then it was that tlie vafl: de- fers of their language were dil'covered ; lo that you were obliged to make ufc of numberlefs circumlocutions, which were extremely tedious and perplexing to Vou, and not a little puzzling, not to fay aliiioll unititclligible to Them. Hence you were firrt of all obliged to learn Their langu.igc, and afterwards to teach Them another, partly compoied of their own terms, and partly of thofe of the Eurcpfun languages, and thofe again transformed and nioiielled afier the Huron or yll^^crikin manner, in order to fieili- tate the underilandiiig of it, as wcil as its pronuiieiation to tliem. As ior letters they had none, th: want of whieli they lupplied by a kind ot hieroglyphics; and they were quite confounded to lee the Eunpciini read their thoughts .is quiek, and explain themfelvcs with the fame f ...ility in writing, .is they could in fpeaking. If it is alked, how we come to know the Sicus, the Huron, and the Al^oakin to be mother languages, and not thofe which we look uj>on .is dialeds, the aniwer i*;, that nothing can polfibly be more eafy : All t!iefe nations have fomewhat of the m.mncr and genius of the yl/iatics in tir.ir way of fpeaking, which confills in giving a figu- r.itivc turn to their thoughts an^i cxprelHons ; from whence fome have probably been led to believe they draw their origin from y//;« Ai-cjLni, ;uhl by the Ircqucis, AgrtjUue; but we are not informed what name he ^''^"'" - '^ °' has ain"i;j;tl tlie Jlg'.nkin n.uions. The relation of this name to that of A»n?, the Greek name for tli.it god, is very hngiilar : I'or Aregzuen in the Huron and Iroquois langu.ige llj,nitus to make war, and is conjugated thus: Gitrego, I make war; Sa- rego, thou makcft war -, ylrego, he maketh war. Befides, Arejkoni is not only the Mirs of thole n.itions but alio the fovcrcigii ot the gods, or, as they cxprcfs them- felves, f!ie Ciie.it Spirit, the cicator and matkr of the univerfe, the genius who go- verns all things, but he is chielly invoked in military expeditions, as if the molt ho- nourable attribute of the deity were that ot being n, titled the G'od of Armies. The Ihouting of this name is what makes the war-cry before the right begins, as . well as in tlie heat and fury of the battle ; and it is often repeated too on a march, ""^ as Weil to encourage themlclves to undergo the fatigues with chearfulnefs, as to im- plore this god's fupport and aflillance. To lift up the h.itchct is another form of declaring war; and every individual I.ir'dngupthe h.is an incontellablc ric:ht to this privilege, except amongll the Uurons and Iroquois, J)-^"'";' » where the matrons make peace anil war at ttieir plealurc. We ihail lee m its proper place, how far their authority extends among thefe n.itions. If a matron has a mind to engage any one, however independent of Iier, to fervc Matrmi m- in the w.ir, whether to appcafe the manes of her hulhand, fun, or near relation, i'sr foUxrj. or whctJic- it is only that ihe may have fome priliuiers to replace thofe (lie might have lofl by dcith or captivity, Ihe is tirll to prefent him with a collar of porce- lain, or fea-lliells ; and it is very rarely known that tliis gratihcation is without When the bufinefs concerns making war in torm between two or more nations, the exprenion, or lymbol, on this octalion, is, to hang the cluldron, or kettle, over iiar.gihg tin the fire ; and this no doubt derives its original from the barbarous cuftom of eating kctiic ovc their prifoiier^, as well as the flain, after boiling them. They plainly f.iy, in their '^J'^^i^J.'; ,^^, fimple manner, thattheyarepreparingtoe.it fuch a n.ition, to lignifyth.it they in- bol. tend to make a cruel war againll them, and they generally fuKil their promife. When tluy intend to engage their ally in the quarrel, they fend him a porcelain, that is, a l.irgc (hell, to invite him to drink the blootl, or, as the terms literally import, the foup IT britli made of tlie tlelli of their enemies. After all, this practice may be very ancient, tho' it by no means follows from hence, that thole nations have al- ways been anthronophagcs, or cannibals ; and perhaps it is only an allegorical way of fpcakiug, of which the fcriptures atford us feveral examples. Disriifs enemies, it is likely, were not tiled to eat human tlelli, tho' he fays. Dun: af-prcpcrjnt juper vie twcentn, ut eJiint utrnes weiis. When the wicked, even mine enemies came upon me to tat up my tUlh. Thus at laft, it fecms, certain nations, grown quite favagc and brutal, fubtlituteJ the reality for the figure. O :: Thefe "4 I 1 i i Porctl»ii.(!, their Jcftt p lion aiij iiif. iinfj, t''P 111... ij:. and jrt' VC1 of the jK.ituni fu(''-rii:cj lor l4 O/' the Oy-igif:^ Laii^uiigc, Rcligiuf:^ Cover nmcnfy Sec. Tlicfc i>orcci.iin«, or w!.a:tliry c.\l. I"'imf>um, x brf'.irc mcntioiul, .;rc urt.iin rtiells found on tlic c •. fib ot AVw Engliind and I ir^nii,: ; they arc loii^', riuteil or iImmcHciL of .m oWong ainic hgarr, without i irs, ami mocicratcU' thick. The tlilli of the aiii- mal contained in th, (peaks of a fort oi ihidl-work iiiade in torm of cornieci, which lie fayj he found in the iiland of Montnuil. He calls it /•^i//v"/, and atlirms it had a virtue in it of flopping bleedings at the iiofe. It i? not in.IilMiy this work conlirts of tlie fune fliclls with thdl'ehcrc mentioned ; but then.: re non. hieli to be lound on the lunk'j of the Illar.d of Mofttmi/, and it is not prctemlcd that tlmlc llielis have the vir'.ue at- tributetl to the Ihcll-work oi dirtier. There arc two (arts of thi is (htUs ; throne white, and the other cf a violet culour. Tlie firfl arc the moft comni./n, and jHilli- bly, on that account, lefs valued : The fecoml leems to t..!.i. a fine ptiliili ; and the deeper, the more vaiii.'.hlv they arc elleemtd. Both vf thciii, I'owever, .i.c made into fmall oblong or cyliri.i. Jcal bead?, whieli are bored and uriir^ed togctiier, and thcic urc called neckl.Jctr or belts of Wampum, Tiiefc ntcklace > are no other than \:aw or five threads or thongs < f iLins, about a foe: in Uni^th, rtrunj, with thoic beads of }x)rcelain. The collars ;-.re made in torm of tillets, or diadems, compofed of tiiof ■ necklaces, bound together with thicui. fi- as to nuke a contexture of four, five, fix, or fevcn rows of lieads of a due pi. j'ortion in length. All tliefc circumllances arc regulated according to the importance tf the f'llinc!"; to he negotiated, and the rank and quality of tlie perlon^ to whom the .ollar r. to Ix; pieli'uted. By the different mixture, of th):i; beads (.!t ^.uious colours, they foim any charadlT at pleafure, and tins often fcrvt: to dillin^ailh the buuncfs in agitation. They .'c Mb fometimcs painted; '.t \\J\, it is certain the red collars are often lent whcr. \ ar is upon the tapis. Th',:ic collars arc prefervcd with care, and r,ot only cottj pofc p.irt of the public treafury, but arc alfo in the n.itureof annals and rcgidcr.-, which thole t~> whom the care of the archives, which arc depofited in the chief's cabbin, is ciururted, arc to make the fu! 't of their Ibulif:?. When there h.ippcn to Ik two chief': of ci) ial authority in one \;;'.ige, the care of the archives and treal'ury devolves upon them I; turns, and each h.is liis own night, wjiich night, as it is taken at prtlent, is fupjvjtai to l;;',! a whole year. None but affair of great confequence are tranf..eleil by means of thofe collars ; for thofe of Icis inipoft .r;tc, they m.ike ale nf brooches, or necklaces of porcelain, fkins, coverings, inaiz, or I'lJian corn, eitlier in grain, or flower, and ftich like matters, for all thefe conilitute part of tlie public treahiry. When the buline^ is to invite fome vill.igc or nation to enter into a league, or alliance with them, a fl,ig dipped in bl^od is fometinus lent inflead of a coll.ir. But thi.' e\illum is modem, and there i- reafon to think th.it the I :Jia>;: have taken the firif Innt cf it from the red tl.igs o;' the E'iglijh. home alTcrt that the brrtub firfl ul'cd thcfe red cnfi^ns in tranladting witli the I'lJiani, who fiom thence have taken the hint to fbiin their tlag'^with blood when tliev intend to dc- cl.ire war. 'file calumet, or pipe, is no lefs facrcd among thofe nations than t!ic collar of por- celain, and is, accoriling to their notion, even of divine original, for they are uer- liiaded that it w.:-^ a preterit m.ule them t y the Sun. ThU inffninient is more in ufc among the Southern and WtlUrn nation , ih.ji thofe of the North and Kail, and it more commonly ufcd in treatic. of pc.cc than in war. A. to the name of calumet, which the 1-renrh give it, it is a Norman word, fignif\ing a rvi ,', or />//>• ; and the caliimtt of the InJitDn is properly the tube, fhatt, m fuiwiei, of a tob.icco- pijH-, though both the ih.ift and the pi[ie t^yither are eiimmonly meant by this woril. In the calumets, or pipes, of flatc oi ceremony, the tube '\> very long, and t!ie pipe in form of one of our battle-axes : It is commonly made o! .i redt1i(h marble, v^iv cny to work, and is f'lund in the country of the .'/rue^, beyond the Mt/ii if>i. I'he mniiel is of light wor.d, |'.!ii;ted with dhTerent cohnir-^, and aiiorncd with the hcai!», tails, ami feathers el tiie mo'll beautiful birds ; but thi> i; probably f .r oir.aiiieiit fike onlv. ' Till- (»'.1 jrt.ii!i HicHs r i'!;.mclleiL of the aiii- lullrc, an.l ar.iMc to it. lom for the in- tiigcthcr. cm as their I tlic fame rtiiT, in his licli lie favb uui a virtue ilids of tlic )n tlic !>ank5 le vir'.iic at- lls i til : (^nr , and jxi'li- fli i and the c- made into ■, and thcic t'lan i.i'A'C or Ic bci.h of ;d of , which 's cabbin, is to Ik two iiry devi lives n at jTclent, collars i for xlain, ikinp, matters, for invite fome \ in hi )od is don to think lijh. Some •iJiwn, who itcnd to dc- oll.ir of por- ley are pcr- nore in iife [•"all, and it ol miunut, ■ I'ip-- i and a toliatco- n-i vvorii. In le in fi»rm of .I'y to work, njnni'l is of , t.iils, and •.e only. of the different Indian Nations inhal/iting Canada. 53 *rhc ciiftom is to fmokc in this pine when the propofal is accepted, and it is very l"f«rfdand rare, or perhaps witln'Ut example, tnat the obligation impofcd by this acceptance has""""" ever liccn violated. The Indians are peifiiadcd, that the fovercign fpirit would never futftr fuch an infradion to pais unpunilhcd. It an enemy in the midft of an engage- ment prclcnts the pipe, it is lawUil to rcjeft the offer ; but if it is once accepted, the party confentin^ muft that moment refrain from all hortilities. There are pipes for all the variety of treaties that may be brought upon the tapis ; even in com- merce with one another, alter the agreement is made, the pipe is prefcnted to ratify the tranfadion, and this ceremony gives it the rtamp and fanftion of religion. VV iicn the bulintts is concerning war, not only the pipe tnen ufed, but alfo the fca- (Ikis vvitl> 'viiich it is adorned, arc red : Sometimes thole on one lidc only arc of this coloar ; MP.i it is pretended, that by the manner in which the ornaments are dilpol'cd, yon may di Lover what nation is dcfigned to be attacked by thofc who prefent this inlHriimei:*. > ere i- ■)- manner of qucftion, but that the Indians, by inducing thofe, whofc al- Rnfont ami liancc or coi.imcrcc they lollicit, to fmoke in the pipe, intend to make the Sun the ">•'"' "f ''■n witnel's and j;uarantce of the treaty ; for they never fail to purt the fmokc towards that P'**"" luminary : but to fay that, from this pradice, as well as from the common ufc of thofc piiKS, we arc to infer, as fome have done, that this pipe is the Ca.iuccw, or wand of Mi^: